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Anbe Sivam
Anbe Sivam - wikipedia Anbe Sivam Jump to : navigation , search Anbe Sivam Theatrical release poster Directed by Sundar C . Produced by K. Muralitharan V. Swaminathan G. Venugopal Sundar C . Written by Kamal Haasan Madhan ( dialogue ) Starring Kamal Haasan R. Madhavan Kiran Rathod Music by Vidyasagar Cinematography Arthur A. Wilson Edited by P. Sai Suresh Production company Lakshmi Movie Makers Distributed by Lakshmi Movie Makers Release date 15 January 2003 Running time 160 minutes Country India Language Tamil Anbe Sivam ( English : Love Is God ) is a 2003 Indian Tamil - language comedy - drama film directed and co-produced by Sundar C. The film 's story and screenplay were written by Kamal Haasan , and the dialogues were provided by Madhan . Anbe Sivam features Kamal , R. Madhavan and Kiran Rathod in the lead roles , with Nassar , Santhana Bharathi , Seema and Uma Riyaz Khan playing supporting characters . The film tells the story of an unexpected journey from Bhubaneswar to Chennai undertaken by two men of contrasting personalities , Nallasivam ( Kamal ) and Anbarasu ( Madhavan ) . The musical score was composed by Vidyasagar . Arthur A. Wilson and M. Prabhaharan undertook responsibility for cinematography and art direction , respectively . Produced on a budget of ₹ 120 million , Anbe Sivam takes on several themes , including communism , atheism , and altruism , and depicts Kamal 's views as a humanist . The film was released on 15 January 2003 to positive reviews from critics , but it underperformed at the box office . However , it is now regarded as a classic and a cult film in Tamil cinema . Anbe Sivam was screened as part of the Indian Panorama section of the International Film Festival of India in 2003 . At the 51st Filmfare Awards South , it received a Special Jury Award and received nominations in the Best Film and Best Actor ( Kamal ) categories . Madhavan was awarded Best Actor at the 2003 Tamil Nadu State Film Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Themes and influences 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Legacy 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Two men waiting for a flight to Chennai at the Biju Patnaik International Airport in Bhubaneswar engage in conversation . One is an advertisement filmmaker , Anbarasu ( R. Madhavan ) , who prefers the abbreviated name `` A. Aras '' , and the other is a scarred , deformed but witty socialist , Nallasivam , alias `` Nalla '' ( Kamal Haasan ) . When the flight is cancelled due to heavy rain , Aras initially suspects Nalla is a terrorist and informs the authorities , only to discover that he was mistaken . When the entire city becomes flooded , the two men find themselves forced to share a room for the night . Both need to return to Chennai : Aras to be present at his wedding , and Nalla so he can deliver a ₹ 3,200,000 cheque , recently awarded to him after he won a court case , to a group of union workers . After a traumatic night , and no hope for a flight , the two men take a bus to board the Coromandel Express train . Aras ' bag gets stolen on the way leaving him with only his credit card , which no one accepts . Using his presence of mind , Nalla repeatedly bails Aras out of trouble while Aras tries escaping from him at every juncture , only to end up with him again . While waiting for the train at the Ichchapuram railway station , Nalla begins to tell Aras his story . A few years earlier , a healthy Nalla took part in various street theatre performances protesting against multinational corporation - driven industrialisation , that resulted in the marginalisation of the labour force . He was at odds with Kandasamy Padayatchi ( Nassar ) , a manipulative factory owner who refused to give his workers a raise . Nalla satirically imitated Padayatchi in many of his shows . However , in an unexpected turn of events , Nalla and Padayatchi 's daughter Balasaraswathi , called Bala ( Kiran Rathod ) , fell in love with each other . Realising their chances of getting together would be slim if Padayatchi knew about their relationship , Nalla and Bala decided to elope to Kerala . Nalla boarded a bus bound for Kerala , and on his way to meet Bala , the bus crashed on a hillside leaving him scarred , disfigured , and partially paralysed for life . After recovering from his wounds , he visited Bala only to be informed by Padayatchi that his daughter was already married and has settled abroad . Padayatchi had earlier lied to Bala that Nalla died in the accident . It was also at this time that Nalla became a firm believer in kindness and love . Despite suffering from an inferiority complex due to his scarred and deformed body , Nalla performs community service and social work with renewed fervour while continuing to fight for union causes . Upon their arrival at Chennai , Aras delivers Nalla 's cheque to the union workers . He invites Nalla to his wedding , where , to his utter astonishment , Nalla sees that Aras 's bride is Bala . Padayatchi spots Nalla and asks him why he is at the wedding , to which Nalla replies that he was invited by Aras . Nalla then persuades Padayatchi to sign the papers which will help the workers obtain a raise . To prevent the disruption of Bala 's wedding and avoid damaging his own reputation , Padayatchi yields to Nalla 's demands . After signing the papers , Padayatchi instructs his assistant ( Santhana Bharathi ) to eliminate Nalla . Padayatchi 's assistant , however , has a change of heart as he is about to kill Nalla . Padayatchi 's assistant believes that the misdeeds he committed for Padayatchi resulted in the death of the assistant 's daughter . Padayatchi 's assistant requests Nalla to leave Chennai and stay as far away from Padayatchi as possible ; Nalla assents and walks away . Cast ( edit ) Kamal Haasan as Nallasivam alias Nalla R. Madhavan as Anbarasu alias A. Aras Kiran Rathod as Balasaraswathi alias Bala Nassar as Kandasamy Padayatchi Santhana Bharathi as Padayatchi 's assistant Seema as Balasaraswathi 's mother Yugi Sethu as Uthaman Uma Riyaz Khan as Mehrunnissa Sujatha Narayanan as a tea shop owner who helps Nallasivam Balu Anand as the train ticket checker for the Coromandel Express R.S. Sivaji as the Ichchapuram railway station master Ilavarasu as a police inspector and aide of Padayatchi Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) After completing a draft of the film 's script in early 2002 , Kamal approached the Malayalam filmmaker Priyadarshan to direct the film . The two men were keen to work together since the late 1990s , and upon reading the script , Priyadarshan believed that it had the potential to be an `` emotional love story '' . The film 's title was derived from the Shaivite saint Tirumular 's poem Tirumantiram . In June 2002 , Priyadarshan opted out of the project . Regarding the director 's exit , Kamal said Priyadarshan wanted to collaborate with the director on a bigger project than Anbe Sivam . He was replaced by Sundar C. , who agreed to produce the film as well . Anbe Sivam was co-produced and distributed by Swaminathan , K. Muralitharan and G. Venugopal under the production banner of Lakshmi Movie Makers . In a 2008 interview with The Times of India , Sundar C. stated that Anbe Sivam `` changed ( him ) personally and professionally '' , making him a more confident person and changing his outlook towards life . Casting ( edit ) R. Madhavan was selected to play the film 's second lead in January 2002 . According to Kiran Rathod , she received a phone call from Kamal 's office informing her that she was offered the role of Balasaraswathi , which she accepted . Rathod 's voice in the film was dubbed by the singer Anuradha Sriram . Uma Riyaz Khan played the role of Kamal 's friend and professional colleague , Mehrunissa . In an interview with Deccan Chronicle in 2013 , Uma Riyaz Khan described her role in the film as `` her magnum opus '' . He ( Kamal ) came over to me and said , ' Madhavan , I have seen some of your work and they were good . ' ( ... ) Then he continued , ' I have something for you . We should catch up ! ' ( ... ) that was how Anbe Sivam happened . -- R. Madhavan on how he was cast in Anbe Sivam The actors Nassar and Santhana Bharathi played the roles of Kandasamy Padaiyatchi and his assistant , respectively , while cartoonist Madhan featured in a cameo appearance as himself in addition to writing the film 's dialogues . In an interview with S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu in 2006 , Bharathi considered both Anbe Sivam and Michael Madana Kama Rajan ( 1990 ) to be the most favourite roles of his career . Arthur A. Wilson , M. Prabhaharan and P. Sai Suresh handled the film 's cinematography , art direction and editing , respectively . Brinda , Chinni Prakash and Dinesh Kumar were in charge of the choreography while the stunt sequences were co-ordinated by Vikram Dharma . Muthulakshmi Varadhan , Bharathi 's sister - in - law , worked as an assistant editor in the film . The make - up for Kamal 's scars was designed by Michael Westmore and Anil Premkarikar . The make - up process was completed in Los Angeles in April 2002 after Kamal filmed the song sequences for Panchathantiram ( 2002 ) . When Kamal was en - route to Los Angeles from Toronto , he was detained by the authorities at the Toronto Pearson International Airport , who suspected him of being a terrorist because of his surname , which he described as sounding `` very Islamic '' . Kamal was left stranded at the airport until the authorities from the American Embassy at Toronto intervened and resolved the issue . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for Anbe Sivam commenced in July 2002 . The first scene featuring the lead actors was shot at Pollachi Junction railway station . Kamal and Madhavan interacted closely during the initial stages of the shoot to ensure that the on - screen chemistry between the pair was apparent . Anbe Sivam was shot on a restricted budget of ₹ 120 million , with the train and bus disaster sequences involving the use of settings and CGI . Madhavan , who began shooting his portions in September 2002 , stated the film was shot in relatively empty locations . The flood scenes set in Odisha were re-created with outdoor sets consisting of city roads submerged under water erected in the Odisha - Andhra Pradesh border . Filming also took place in Chennai , Visakhapatnam and on the Tamil Nadu - Karnataka border . The pre-climax scenes were filmed in what was then known as the Campa Cola compound in Guindy . Post-filming , Kamal revealed to film critic and journalist Subhash K. Jha that he was impressed with Madhavan 's enthusiasm and performance during the making of the film , subsequently signing him to appear in his production venture , Nala Damayanthi ( 2003 ) . Themes and influences ( edit ) Mexican painter Diego Rivera 's fresco , Man at the Crossroads ( top ) , served as an inspiration for Nallasivam 's painting ( bottom ) to indicate the atrocities committed by Kandasamy Padayatchi . Anbe Sivam follows the events of a journey from Bhubaneswar to Chennai undertaken by two men of contrasting personalities , Nallasivam ( Kamal ) , a physically challenged and witty socialist , and Anbarasu ( Madhavan ) , an arrogant advertising filmmaker who supports capitalism and globalisation . Due to unforeseen circumstances , the two are forced to undertake the journey together . During the journey , a series of themes pertaining to communism , compassion , globalisation , atheism , and altruism are addressed ; the film also shows Kamal 's views as a humanist . According to M. Kalyanaraman of The Times of India , Anbe Sivam proposes that when faced with death , a man may make a morally superior choice . By making that choice in the form of humanism against capitalism and globalisation , Kamal indicates that man 's transformation into God occurs through the belief that `` Siva is love '' . The film features a Tamil proverb from Manikkavacakar 's Tiruvacakam , `` Tennāṭuṭaiya Śivanē pöṛṛi '' ( `` Praise Śiva who resides in the ancient land and who belongs to all of humanity '' ) . Kandasamy Padayatchi utters this every time before he murders or assaults a person . According to Kamal , the characterisation of Nallasivam was inspired by the life of Communist playwright , actor , director , lyricist and theorist Safdar Hashmi , who was chiefly associated with his work on street theatre in India . Hashmi died on 2 January 1989 after being attacked by members of the Indian National Congress while staging a play , Halla Bol . S. Anand of Outlook magazine notes that Kamal 's views on humanism in the film were also inspired by those of Charlie Chaplin . M. Kalyanaraman and Abdullah Nurullah of The Times of India opined that Nallasivam was `` akin to '' street theatre artist Pralayan . The film critic Baradwaj Rangan , in his review of another Kamal film , Vishwaroopam ( 2013 ) , found the ethnicity of the characters in the film to be a continuation of Kamal 's inclusion of non-Tamil characters in his films . Rangan considered this to be Kamal 's acknowledgement of the `` interconnectedness of the nation '' and `` the world beyond India '' . He pointed out in his article that Kamal had experimented with the concept before by including the usage of Bengali language and meeting Bengalis in Mahanadi ( 1994 ) , a Telugu - speaking love interest in Nammavar ( 1994 ) , marrying a Bengali woman in Hey Ram ( 2000 ) , conducting investigations with an American associate in Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu ( 2006 ) , and marriage to a Frenchwoman in Manmadan Ambu ( 2010 ) . Rangan notes that in Anbe Sivam , the inclusion of and interaction with the Odia people was another example of including non-Tamil characters in his films . Rangan also compared Kamal 's fight sequence with the use of an umbrella to the way he used a book and stool in Thoongadhey Thambi Thoongadhey ( 1983 ) . The basic plot of Anbe Sivam bears resemblance to the 1987 road film , Planes , Trains and Automobiles directed by John Hughes , which starred Steve Martin and John Candy in the lead roles . Kamal and Madhavan reprise the roles played by Candy and Martin in that film , respectively . The portrait painted by Nallasivam on the walls of Padayatchi 's house is inspired by the Mexican painter Diego Rivera 's fresco , Man at the Crossroads . The painting shows Nallasivam posing as Padayatchi 's deity Lord Shiva , the number 910 indicating the salary Padayatchi pays to his factory 's workers , and the communism symbol . Srinivasa Ramanujam , writing for The Times of India in 2008 , noted that the religious undertone in the film was similar to that of Rajinikanth 's Baba ( 2002 ) . Music ( edit ) Anbe Sivam Soundtrack album by Vidyasagar Released 2002 Genre Film soundtrack Length 35 : 16 Language Tamil Producer Vidyasagar Vidyasagar chronology Karmegham ( 2002 ) Karmegham 2002 Anbe Sivam ( 2003 ) Anbu ( 2003 ) Anbu 2003 The soundtrack album and background score for Anbe Sivam were composed by Vidyasagar , and the lyrics for the songs were written by Vairamuthu and P. Vijay . After composing the tune for the title song , Vidyasagar explained the situation of the song to Kamal , who wanted the song to be sung in such a way that the protagonist is singing according to the situation he finds himself in . Vidyasagar suggested that Kamal should sing the song himself to achieve the desired result , which the latter accepted . The song `` Mouname Paarvayai '' was not included in the film . The song `` Poovaasam '' is based on the Shuddh Sarang raga . The male portions for the reprise of `` Poovaasam '' were sung by Sriram Parthasarathy , while the original version was sung by Vijay Prakash . Sadhana Sargam sang her portion of both versions of the song . Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu wrote , `` Vidyasagar is scaling great heights as a composer . The theme song and the melodious `` Pon Vaasam '' ( sic ) are pointers . Vairamuthu 's lyrics deserve special mention here . '' Singer Charulatha Mani , in her column for The Hindu , `` A Raga 's Journey '' , noted , `` Poovaasam '' possessed `` a charm that is born out of classicism incorporated in a populist piece '' . Arkay of Rediff.com found the songs to be `` at best , okay '' . M. Suganth of The Times of India , in his review for the music album , `` Lovers Special -- Vol. 2 - 4 '' , included `` Poovaasam '' among the `` Hot Picks '' of the album . Tracklist No . Title Lyrics Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Anbe Sivam '' Vairamuthu Kamal Haasan , Karthik 04 : 22 2 . `` Elo Machi '' Vairamuthu Kamal Haasan , Udit Narayan 04 : 37 3 . `` Mouname Paarvayai '' P. Vijay S.P. Balasubrahmanyam , Chandrayee 04 : 39 4 . `` Poovaasam '' Vairamuthu Vijay Prakash , Sadhana Sargam 04 : 30 5 . `` Naatukkoru Seithi '' Vairamuthu Kamal Haasan , Chandran 08 : 12 6 . `` Elo Machi ( Reprise ) '' Vairamuthu Udit Narayan , Tippu 04 : 37 7 . `` Poovaasam ( Reprise ) '' Vairamuthu Sriram Parthasarathy , Sadhana Sargam 04 : 25 Total length : 35 : 16 Release ( edit ) According to S.R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu , the producers were confident that Anbe Sivam would be a strong competitor at the 50th National Film Awards that they had the film reviewed by the Central Board of Film Certification , which cleared it with a `` U '' certificate , before the end of 2002 so that they could enter the film into the 2002 awards list . The film 's release coincided with the Thai Pongal festival and opened alongside five other films , including Vikram 's Dhool , Vijaykanth 's Chokka Thangam , and the Vijay starrer Vaseegara . Anbe Sivam was screened as a part of the Indian Panorama section of the International Film Festival of India in 2003 . As a tribute to Safdar Hashmi , a special preview of the film was organised by Kamal in association with Safdar Hashmi Memorial Trust ( SAHMAT ) on 9 January 2003 at Siri Fort Auditorium . The film was dubbed into Telugu as Sathyame Sivam and released on 28 February 2003 . It was dubbed into Hindi as Shivam two years later in 2005 . After the release of the original Tamil version , the dubbing rights for the Hindi version were sold at a low price , much to the irritation of the lead actors as they were not able to dub for themselves in Hindi . Critical response ( edit ) Baradwaj Rangan described the film as `` Kamal 's latest solo attempt to bend , twist , shape - shift Tamil cinema into forms never - before seen . '' Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu believed that `` well - defined characters , a strong storyline and intelligent screenplay '' were the film 's `` vital ingredients '' . She further noted Kamal 's treatment of the story , and that his `` diligence that has gone into the chiselling of the story and screenplay is only too evident '' , while calling the film `` a laudable effort '' . P. Devarajan of Business Line praised Kamal 's performance and facial expressions and concluded his review by stating , `` This man has intrigued me and will always . '' In his review of the film 's DVD , M. Suganth , writing for The Times of India , called it `` one of the finest movies of the decade '' and praised the story , screenplay and dialogues before concluding his review by terming the film as `` a modern classic '' . Reviewing the Telugu dubbed version , Sathyame Sivam , Jeevi of Idlebrain.com said that `` this art - kind - of film does entertain the people who love Kamal Hassan flicks '' while concluding that it `` would remain as one of the good films made in the recent times '' . Another critic from The Hindu , Gudipoodi Srihari , appreciated the pair of Kamal and Madhavan , noting that the duo `` make a fine combination of pals each with different mental make up , but goodness overflowing . '' A reviewer from Sify , in comparison , labelled the film as `` average '' , stating that it was `` another predictable and corny film which is neither a comedy caper nor a class act . '' Similarly , Arkay of Rediff.com praised the performances of the lead cast but wrote the film `` tries to do too many things , and ends up failing at most , if not all , of them . '' S. Anand of Outlook called the ideas of communism depicted in the film as `` cliched '' , and concludes by stating , `` If Rajnikant staked claim to divinity on a right - wing plank with Baba , Kamal does it with pretensions to rationalist - left rhetoric . '' Box office ( edit ) During the first week of its theatrical run , an analysis by Sudhish Kamath of The Hindu showed the film to have grossed ₹ 13.1 million in Chennai alone . Despite this , the film underperformed at the box office and incurred heavy losses for Lakshmi Movie Makers , effectively stopping them from investing in other ventures for the year 2003 . An estimate by D. Govardan of The Economic Times places the losses at ₹ 65 million , while Arun Ram of India Today states the losses incurred to be ₹ 50 million . Srinivasa Ramanujam of The Times of India compared the film 's failure at the box office to that of Baba . Both K. Muralitharan and Kamal defended the film 's failure by blaming video piracy , with the latter stating that `` lots of people saw it , but they did n't pay '' . Sundar C. revealed that due to the failure of Anbe Sivam , he did not have any chance to direct further films and remained unpaid for his work . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Filmfare Awards South 12 June 2004 Special Jury Award K. Muralitharan , V. Swaminathan , G. Venugopal Won Best Film K. Muralitharan , V. Swaminathan , G. Venugopal Nominated Best Actor Kamal Haasan Nominated South Indian Cinematographers Association ( SICA ) Awards 23 November 2003 Best Actor Kamal Haasan Won Best Supporting Actor R. Madhavan Won Best Art Director M. Prabhaharan Won Tamil Nadu State Film Awards 30 September 2004 Best Actor R. Madhavan ( also for Kannathil Muthamittal and Run ) Won Legacy ( edit ) There 's only one artiste in the whole Universe ( ! ) . It 's Kamal Hassan . Without him there 's no cinema . Have you watched Anbe Sivam ? -- Actor Nagesh in an interview with Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu on whom he considered to be `` the best actor '' . Following its release , Anbe Sivam has attained cult status in Tamil cinema and receives re-runs on television channels . Baradwaj Rangan wrote that Anbe Sivam was `` leagues ahead of the average Tamil -- why , even Indian -- film '' , though he felt that `` the masses were unwilling to accept the experimental nature of the film '' , while talking about the film 's box office failure . During his acceptance speech after winning the Vijay Award for Best Director in 2010 for Naan Kadavul ( 2009 ) , director Bala revealed that a scene in Anbe Sivam where Kamal says to Madhavan , `` when we love others unconditionally without any expectation , we become Gods '' , inspired him to make his film . Bala also made a reference to Anbe Sivam in his 2003 film , Pithamagan , in a scene where Suriya 's character goes for a screening of the film with his friends . A dialogue told by Kamal to Madhavan , `` Do you what a tsunami is ? Periya alai illa ... malai . '' ( It 's not just a big wave ... it 's a mountain ) also attained popularity . In 2008 , S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu listed Anbe Sivam among the `` top five directorial ventures of Sundar C . '' In 2013 Haricharan Pudipeddi of the Indo - Asian News Service agency , included Anbe Sivam in his list of `` Kamal 's most underrated films '' . He believed the reason for the film 's commercial failure was that audiences misunderstood the `` sarcastic undertones associated with atheism '' . On Kamal 's birthday , 7 November 2015 , Latha Srinivasan of Daily News and Analysis considered Anbe Sivam to be one of the `` films you must watch to grasp the breadth of Kamal Haasan 's repertoire '' . The character of Nallasivam was ranked fourth in The Times of India 's list of `` Kamal Haasan 's top 10 mind - blowing avatars '' . In Vasool Raja MBBS ( 2004 ) , the character Vasool Raja ( Kamal Haasan ) , while attending a class says `` Anbe Venkatachalam '' , to which one of his classmates gently asks him , `` is n't it Anbe Sivam ? '' . The street theatre sequence featuring Kamal 's character , Nallasivam , and his friends performing to make people aware of the atrocities committed by Nassar 's character , Kanadasamy Padayatchi , was re-created at Tiruchirappalli in 2008 by Pralayan and his troupe from `` Chennai Kalai Kuzhu '' under the title Nammal Mudiyum . In contrast , Pralayan 's play explored gender inequality and domestic violence instead of unemployment . Kannada actor Vishnuvardhan noted in 2010 that fellow actor Sudeep 's film Just Maath Maathalli ( 2010 ) bears resemblance to Anbe Sivam . Hari Narayan , writing for The Hindu in 2014 , mentions in his article on the Indian rationalist and author Narendra Dabholkar that Umesh Shukla 's OMG -- Oh My God ! ( 2012 ) was `` a toned down version of Anbe Sivam where rationality propels humans to find God in themselves , with flaws , which extols the virtue of becoming as much as that of being '' . In 2015 Uthiran of The Hindu in Tamil , mentions in his review of Orange Mittai ( 2015 ) that the film 's plot `` might remind viewers of Anbe Sivam '' . In 2017 , Ashok , who directed the comedy film Peechankai , mentions he was inspired by Anbe Sivam to become a director . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The average exchange rate in 2003 was 45.66 Indian rupees ( ₹ ) per 1 US dollar ( US $ ) . ^ Jump up to : Nalla and Aras argue about the topics at the Ichchapuram railway station . Jump up ^ Aras donates blood to save a boy injured in a train accident from dying . Jump up ^ According to singer Charulatha Mani , the Shuddh Sarang raga closely resembles the Carnatic rāga , Hamsanadam . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Anbea Sivam ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2003 Indian Panorama '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rupee vs dollar : From 1990 to 2012 '' . Rediff.com. 18 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pyramid Movies 2014 , Opening credits from 01 : 25 to 03 : 05 . Jump up ^ Pillai , Sreedhar ( 5 February 2010 ) . `` Content is king '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 10 April 2016 . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Pyramid Movies 2014 , Clip from 53 : 18 to 53 : 25 . Jump up ^ Nair , Vidya ( 26 April 2017 ) . `` Not just a star wife : Uma '' . 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Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ K. Jha , Subhash ( 14 June 2002 ) . `` Priyadarshan out of Kamal 's film '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 25 March 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Manigandan , K.R. ( 5 May 2012 ) . `` It 's all fun and frolic '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 28 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anbe Sivam '' . Bollywood Hungama . Archived from the original on 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A producer 's delight ! '' . The Times of India . 11 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ K. Jha , Subhash ( 19 January 2002 ) . `` Kamal , Madhavan : Boys just wan na have fun '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 25 March 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Ramanujam , Srinivasa ( 6 November 2014 ) . `` How I met Kamal Haasan '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 25 March 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . 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( 7 April 2008 ) . `` A street play in a theatre ambience '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 28 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kumar , S. Shiva ( 12 February 2010 ) . `` It 's more than mere banter '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 28 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Narayan , Hari ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Fulcrum for the faithless souls '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 28 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Uthiran ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` முதல் பார்வை : ஆரஞ்சு மிட்டாய் -- இனிப்பும் , புளிப்பும் '' ( First Look : Orange Mittai -- The pros and cons ) . The Hindu ( in Tamil ) . Archived from the original on 28 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ J. Rao , Subha ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` Director Ashok talks about his first feature , the quirky ' Peechaankai ' '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramanujam , Srinivasa ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` ' Peechankai ' : the left comes to power '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Kamal Haasan , R. Madhavan , Kiran Rathod , Nassar ( 30 May 2014 ) . Anbe Sivam Tamil Full Movie -- Kamal Haasan , Madhavan , Kiran ( Motion Picture ) . India : Pyramid Movies . Archived from the original on 23 May 2016 . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Anbe Sivam on IMDb Anbe Sivam at Rotten Tomatoes Kamal Haasan As director Chachi 420 ( 1997 ) Hey Ram ( 2000 ) Virumaandi ( 2004 ) Vishwaroopam ( 2013 ) Vishwaroopam II ( TBA ) Sabaash Naidu ( TBA ) As screenwriter Raja Paarvai / Amavasya Chandrudu ( 1981 ) Vikram ( 1986 ) Apoorva Sagodharargal ( 1989 ) Michael Madana Kama Rajan ( 1990 ) Thevar Magan ( 1992 ) Mahanadhi ( 1994 ) Magalir Mattum ( 1994 ) Nammavar ( 1995 ) Kuruthipunal ( 1995 ) Kaathala Kaathala ( 1998 ) Aalavandhan / Abhay ( 2001 ) Panchathantiram ( 2002 ) Anbe Sivam ( 2003 ) Nala Damayanthi ( 2003 ) Mumbai Express / Mumbai Xpress ( 2005 ) Dasavathaaram ( 2008 ) Manmadan Ambu ( 2010 ) Uttama Villain ( 2015 ) Thoongaa Vanam ( 2015 ) Sabaash Naidu ( TBA ) See also Raaj Kamal Films International Filmography Discography Accolades Raaj Kamal Films International Key People Kamal Haasan Chandrahasan Films produced Raja Paarvai / Amavasya Chandrudu ( 1981 ) Vikram ( 1986 ) Kadamai Kanniyam Kattupaadu ( 1987 ) Sathya ( 1988 ) Apoorva Sagodharargal ( 1989 ) Thevar Magan ( 1992 ) Magalir Mattum ( 1994 ) Kuruthipunal ( 1995 ) Sathi Leelavathi ( 1995 ) Chachi 420 ( 1997 ) ( Hindi ) Hey Ram ( 2000 ) Nala Damayanthi ( 2003 ) Virumaandi ( 2004 ) Mumbai Express / Mumbai Xpress ( 2005 ) Unnaipol Oruvan ( 2009 ) Eenadu ( 2009 ) ( Telugu ) Vishwaroopam / Vishwaroop ( 2013 ) Uttama Villain ( 2015 ) Thoongaa Vanam / Cheekati Rajyam ( 2015 ) Sabaash Naidu / Shabash Kundu ( 2016 ) Films distributed Gunaa ( 1991 ) Subha Sankalpam ( 1995 ) Kaathala Kaathala ( 1998 ) Filmography of Sundar C . Murai Maman ( 1995 ) Murai Mappillai ( 1996 ) Ullathai Allitha ( 1996 ) Mettukudi ( 1996 ) Arunachalam ( 1997 ) Janakiraman ( 1997 ) Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar ( 1998 ) Unnai Thedi ( 1999 ) Suyamvaram ( 1999 ) Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga ( 1999 ) Azhagarsamy ( 2000 ) Kannan Varuvaan ( 2000 ) Unnai Kann Theduthey ( 2000 ) Ullam Kollai Poguthae ( 2001 ) Rishi ( 2001 ) Azhagana Naatkal ( 2001 ) Anbe Sivam ( 2003 ) Winner ( 2003 ) Giri ( 2004 ) Chinna ( 2005 ) London ( 2005 ) Thaka Thimi Tha ( 2005 ) Rendu ( 2006 ) Nagaram ( 2010 ) Kalakalappu ( 2012 ) Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru / Something Something ( 2013 ) Aranmanai ( 2014 ) Aambala ( 2015 ) Aranmanai 2 ( 2016 ) Kalakalappu 2 ( 2018 ) Sangamithra ( 2019 ) Madha Gaja Raja ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anbe_Sivam&oldid=818222806 '' Categories : Tamil - language films 2000s Tamil - language films 2000s comedy - drama films 2003 films Films directed by Sundar C . Films set in Andhra Pradesh Films set in Odisha Indian comedy - drama films Indian films Indian road movies Nonlinear narrative films Screenplays by Kamal Haasan Tamil film scores by Vidyasagar Tamil - language films dubbed in Telugu Hidden categories : CS1 Tamil - language sources ( ta ) EngvarB from April 2016 Use dmy dates from April 2016 Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu नेपाल भाषा Polski Português தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 09 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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love is god tamil movie with english subtitles
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The Godfather
The Godfather - wikipedia The Godfather Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1972 film . For the novel on which the film is based , see The Godfather ( novel ) . For male godparent in many Christian traditions , see Godfather . The Godfather Theatrical release poster Directed by Francis Ford Coppola Produced by Albert S. Ruddy Screenplay by Mario Puzo Francis Ford Coppola Based on The Godfather by Mario Puzo Starring Marlon Brando Al Pacino James Caan Richard Castellano Robert Duvall Sterling Hayden John Marley Richard Conte Diane Keaton Music by Nino Rota Cinematography Gordon Willis Edited by William Reynolds Peter Zinner Production company Alfran Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date March 15 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 15 ) ( Loew 's State Theatre ) March 24 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 24 ) ( United States ) Running time 177 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 -- 7 million Box office $245.1 million The Godfather is a 1972 American crime film directed by Francis Ford Coppola and produced by Albert S. Ruddy , based on Mario Puzo 's best - selling novel of the same name . It stars Marlon Brando and Al Pacino as the leaders of a fictional New York crime family . The story , spanning 1945 to 1955 , chronicles the family under the patriarch Vito Corleone ( Brando ) , focusing on the transformation of Michael Corleone ( Pacino ) from reluctant family outsider to ruthless mafia boss . Paramount Pictures obtained the rights to the novel for the price of $80,000 , before it gained popularity . Studio executives had trouble finding a director ; their first few candidates turned down the position . They and Coppola disagreed over who would play several characters , in particular , Vito and Michael . Filming was done on location and completed earlier than scheduled . The musical score was composed primarily by Nino Rota with additional pieces by Carmine Coppola . The film was the highest - grossing film of 1972 and was for a time the highest - grossing film ever made . It won the Oscars for Best Picture , Best Actor ( Brando ) and Best Adapted Screenplay ( for Puzo and Coppola ) . Its seven other Oscar nominations included Pacino , James Caan , and Robert Duvall for Best Supporting Actor and Coppola for Best Director . The Godfather is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in world cinema and one of the most influential , especially in the gangster genre . It was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 1990 , being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' and is ranked the second - greatest film in American cinema ( behind Citizen Kane ) by the American Film Institute . It was followed by sequels The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) and The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Direction 3.2. 1 Coppola and Paramount 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 3.5 Filming 3.6 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 4.3. 1 American Film Institute recognition 5 Cinematic influence 5.1 Popular culture and legacy 5.2 Television 6 Home media 6.1 The Godfather : The Coppola Restoration 6.2 Video game 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1945 , at his daughter Connie 's wedding , Vito Corleone hears requests in his role as the Godfather , the Don of a New York crime family . Vito 's youngest son , Michael , who was a Marine during World War II , introduces his girlfriend , Kay Adams , to his family at the reception . Johnny Fontane , a famous singer and Vito 's godson , seeks Vito 's help in securing a movie role ; Vito dispatches his consigliere , Tom Hagen , to Los Angeles to persuade the obnoxious studio head Jack Woltz , into giving Johnny the part . Woltz refuses until he wakes up in bed with the severed head of his prized stallion . Shortly before Christmas , drug baron Virgil `` The Turk '' Sollozzo , backed by the Tattaglia crime family , asks Vito for investment in his narcotics business and protection through his political connections . Wary of involvement in a dangerous new trade that risks alienating political insiders , Vito declines . Suspicious , Vito sends his enforcer , Luca Brasi , to spy on them . However , a Tattaglia button man garrotes Brasi during Brasi 's first meeting with Bruno Tattaglia and Sollozzo . Later Sollozzo has Vito gunned down in the street , then kidnaps Hagen . With Corleone first - born Sonny in command , Sollozzo pressures Hagen to persuade Sonny to accept Sollozzo 's deal , then releases him . The family receives fish wrapped in Brasi 's bullet - proof vest , indicating that Luca `` sleeps with the fishes . '' Vito survives , and at the hospital Michael thwarts another attempt on his father ; Michael 's jaw is broken by NYPD Captain Marc McCluskey , Sollozzo 's bodyguard . Sonny retaliates with a hit on Bruno Tattaglia . Michael plots to murder Sollozzo and McCluskey : on the pretext of settling the dispute , Michael agrees to meet them in a Bronx restaurant . There , retrieving a planted handgun , he kills both men . Despite a clampdown by the authorities , the Five Families erupt in open warfare and Vito 's sons fear for their safety . Michael takes refuge in Sicily and Fredo is sheltered by Moe Greene in Las Vegas . Sonny attacks his brother - in - law Carlo on the street for abusing his sister and threatens to kill him if it happens again . When it does , Sonny speeds to their home , but is ambushed at a highway toll booth and riddled with submachine gun fire . While in Sicily , Michael meets and marries Apollonia Vitelli , but a car bomb intended for him takes her life . Devastated by Sonny 's death , Vito moves to end the feuds . Realizing that the Tattaglias are controlled by the now - dominant Don Emilio Barzini , Vito assures the Five Families that he will withdraw his opposition to their heroin business and forgo avenging his son 's murder . His safety guaranteed , Michael returns home to enter the family business and marry Kay , who gives birth to two children by the early 1950s . With his father at the end of his career and his brother too weak , Michael takes the family reins , promising his wife the business will be legitimate within five years . To that end , he insists Hagen relocate to Las Vegas and relinquish his role to Vito because Tom is not a `` wartime consigliere '' ; Vito agrees Tom should `` have no part in what will happen '' in the coming battles with rival families . When Michael travels to Las Vegas to buy out Greene 's stake in the family 's casinos , their partner derides the Corleones for being run out of New York ; Michael is dismayed to see that Fredo has fallen under Greene 's sway . Vito suffers a fatal heart attack . At the funeral , Tessio , a Corleone capo , asks Michael to meet with Don Barzini , signalling the betrayal that Vito had forewarned . The meeting is set for the same day as the christening of Connie 's baby . While Michael stands at the altar as the child 's godfather , Corleone assassins murder the other New York dons and Moe Greene . Tessio is executed for his treachery and Michael extracts Carlo 's confession to his complicity in setting up Sonny 's murder for Barzini . A Corleone capo , Clemenza , garrotes Carlo with a wire . Connie accuses Michael of the murder , telling Kay that Michael ordered all the killings . Kay is relieved when Michael finally denies it , but , when the capos arrive , they address her husband as Don Corleone , and she watches as they close the door on her . Cast ( edit ) Al Pacino as Michael Corleone Marlon Brando as Vito Corleone Marlon Brando , in the title role , is Vito Corleone ( born Vito Andolini ) , the Don of the Corleone crime family . A native Sicilian , he is married to Carmela Corleone and the father of Tom ( adoptive ) , Sonny , Fredo , Michael , and Connie . Al Pacino as Michael Corleone , the Don 's third son , recently returned from World War II . The only college - educated family member , he is initially steered from the family business . His progression from the family 's last - born son to its ruthless boss is the main subject matter of the film . James Caan as Santino `` Sonny '' Corleone , Don Corleone 's hot - headed eldest son . As underboss , he is the heir - apparent to succeed his father as head of the Corleone family . Robert Duvall as Tom Hagen , Don Corleone 's informally adopted son , he is the family lawyer and consigliere . Unlike the Corleones , he is of German - Irish descent , not Sicilian . Diane Keaton as Kay Adams - Corleone , Michael 's non-Italian girlfriend and his second wife and mother of his two children . John Cazale as Frederico `` Fredo '' Corleone , the middle son of the Corleone family . Deeply insecure and not very bright , he is considered the weakest Corleone brother . Talia Shire as Constanzia `` Connie '' Corleone , the youngest child and only daughter of the Corleone family . Her wedding reception begins the film . Gianni Russo as Carlo Rizzi , Connie 's abusive husband . Introduced to the Corleone family by Sonny , whom he ultimately betrays to the Barzini family . Richard S. Castellano as Peter Clemenza , a caporegime for the Corleone family . He is an old friend of Vito Corleone and Salvatore Tessio . Abe Vigoda as Salvatore Tessio , a caporegime for the Corleone family . He is an old friend of Vito Corleone and Peter Clemenza . Al Lettieri as Virgil `` The Turk '' Sollozzo , a heroin dealer associated with the Tattaglia family . He seeks both financial investment and the protection of the Tattaglia family 's narcotics business through Don Corleone 's political connections . Sterling Hayden as Captain Mark McCluskey , a corrupt NYPD police captain on Sollozzo 's payroll . Lenny Montana as Luca Brasi , Vito Corleone 's enforcer . Richard Conte as Emilio Barzini , Don of the Barzini family . Al Martino as Johnny Fontane , a world - famous singer and Vito 's godson . The character is loosely based on Frank Sinatra . John Marley as Jack Woltz , a powerful Hollywood producer . Alex Rocco as Moe Greene , a longtime associate of the Corleone family who owns a Las Vegas hotel . The character is based on Bugsy Siegel . Morgana King as Carmela Corleone , Vito 's wife and mother of Sonny , Fredo , Michael , and Connie , and adoptive mother to Tom Hagen . Salvatore Corsitto as Amerigo Bonasera , a mortician who , in the opening scene , asks Don Corleone for revenge against two boys who severely beat and attempted to rape his daughter . Corrado Gaipa as Don Tommasino , an old friend of Vito Corleone , who shelters Michael during his exile in Sicily . Franco Citti as Calò , Michael 's bodyguard in Sicily . Angelo Infanti as Fabrizio , Michael 's bodyguard in Sicily . He helped set up the assassination attempt on Michael that kills Apollonia . Johnny Martino as Paulie Gatto , a soldier under Peter Clemenza and Vito 's driver . He is executed for his part in the assassination attempt on Vito . Victor Rendina as Philip Tattaglia , Don of the Tattaglia family . Tony Giorgio as Bruno Tattaglia , Philip Tattaglia 's son and underboss of the Tattaglia family . Sonny Corleone has him assassinated in retaliation for the shooting of Vito Corleone . Simonetta Stefanelli as Apollonia Vitelli - Corleone , a young woman Michael meets and marries while in Sicily . She is killed a few months later in an assassination attempt on Michael . Rudy Bond as Don Cuneo , head of the New York - based Cuneo family . Louis Guss as Don Zaluchi , Don of the Zaluchi family of Detroit . Tom Rosqui as Rocco Lampone , a soldier under Clemenza who eventually becomes a caporegime in the Corleone family . Joe Spinell as Willi Cicci , a soldier in the Corleone family . Richard Bright as Al Neri , Michael Corleone 's personal bodyguard and hitman who eventually becomes a caporegime . Julie Gregg as Sandra Corleone , Sonny 's wife and later widow , and the mother of their four children . Jeannie Linero as Lucy Mancini , Sonny 's mistress . Sofia Coppola ( uncredited ) as infant Michael Francis Rizzi , the nephew and godson of Michael Corleone . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The film is based on Mario Puzo 's The Godfather ; a novel that remained on The New York Times Best Seller list for 67 weeks and sold over nine million copies in two years . Published in 1969 , it became the best selling published work in history for several years . Paramount Pictures originally found out about Puzo 's novel in 1967 when a literary scout for the company contacted then Paramount Vice President of Production Peter Bart about Puzo 's sixty - page unfinished manuscript . Bart believed the work was `` much beyond a Mafia story '' and offered Puzo a $12,500 option for the work , with an option for $80,000 if the finished work were made into a film . Despite Puzo 's agent telling him to turn down the offer , Puzo was desperate for money and accepted the deal . Paramount 's Robert Evans relates that , when they met in early 1968 , it was he who offered Puzo the $12,500 deal for the 60 - page manuscript titled Mafia after the author confided in him that he urgently needed $10,000 to pay off gambling debts . In March 1967 , Paramount announced that they backed Puzo 's upcoming work in the hopes of making a film . In 1969 , Paramount confirmed their intentions to make a film out of the novel for the price of $80,000 , with aims to have the film released on Christmas Day in 1971 . On March 23 , 1970 , Albert S. Ruddy was officially announced as the film 's producer , in part because studio executives were impressed with his interview and because he was known for bringing his films in under budget . Direction ( edit ) Francis Ford Coppola was selected as director , as Paramount wanted the picture to be directed by an Italian American to make the film `` ethnic to the core '' . Evans wanted the picture to be directed by an Italian American to make the film `` ethnic to the core '' . Paramount 's latest mafia based movie , The Brotherhood , had been a box office bomb ; Evans believed that the reason for its failure was its almost complete lack of cast members or creative personnel of Italian descent ( the director Martin Ritt and star Kirk Douglas were both Jewish ) . Sergio Leone was Paramount 's first choice to direct the film . Leone turned down the option to work on his own gangster film Once Upon a Time in America . Peter Bogdanovich was then approached but he also declined the offer because he was not interested in the mafia . In addition , Peter Yates , Richard Brooks , Arthur Penn , Costa - Gavras , and Otto Preminger were all offered the position and declined . Evans ' chief assistant Peter Bart suggested Francis Ford Coppola , as a director of Italian ancestry who would work for a low sum and budget after the poor reception of his latest film The Rain People . Coppola initially turned down the job because he found Puzo 's novel sleazy and sensationalist , describing it as `` pretty cheap stuff '' . At the time Coppola 's studio , American Zoetrope , owed over $400,000 to Warner Bros. for budget overruns with the film THX 1138 and when coupled with his poor financial standing , along with advice from friends and family , Coppola reversed his initial decision and took the job . Coppola was officially announced as director of the film on September 28 , 1970 . Paramount had offered twelve other directors the job with The Godfather before Coppola agreed . Coppola agreed to receive $125,000 and six percent of the gross rentals . Coppola and Paramount ( edit ) Before The Godfather was in production , Paramount had been going through an unsuccessful period . In addition to the failure of The Brotherhood , the studio had usurped their budget for their recent films : Darling Lili , Paint Your Wagon , and Waterloo . The budget for the film was originally $2.5 million but as the book grew in popularity Coppola argued for and ultimately received a larger budget . Paramount executives wanted the movie to be set in then modern - day Kansas City and shot in the studio backlot in order to cut down on costs . Coppola objected and wanted to set the movie in the same time period as its eponymous novel , the 1940s and 1950s ; Coppola 's reasons included : Michael Corleone 's Marine Corps stint , the emergence of corporate America , and America in the years after World War II . The executives eventually agreed to Coppola 's wish as the novel became increasingly successful . The studio heads subsequently let Coppola film on location in New York City and Sicily . Gulf & Western executive Charles Bluhdorn was frustrated with Coppola over the number of screen tests he had performed without finding a person to play the various roles . Production quickly fell behind because of Coppola 's indecisiveness and conflicts with Paramount , which led to costs being around $40,000 per day . With the rising costs , Paramount had then Vice President Jack Ballard keep a close eye on production costs . While filming , Coppola stated that he felt he could be fired at any point as he knew Paramount executives were not happy with many of the decisions he had made . Coppola was aware that Evans had asked Elia Kazan to take over directing the film , because he feared that Coppola was too inexperienced to cope with the increased size of the production . Coppola was also convinced that the film editor , Aram Avakian , and the assistant director , Steve Kestner , were conspiring to get him fired . Avakian complained to Evans that he could not edit the scenes correctly because Coppola was not shooting enough footage . Evans however was satisfied with the footage being sent to the west coast , and authorized Coppola to fire them both . Coppola later explained : `` Like the godfather , I fired people as a preemptory strike . The people who were angling the most to have me fired , I had fired . '' Brando threatened that he would quit if Coppola were fired . Paramount wanted The Godfather to appeal to a wide audience and threatened Coppola with a `` violence coach '' to make the film more exciting . Coppola added a few more violent scenes to keep the studio happy . The scene in which Connie smashes crockery after finding out Carlo has been cheating was added for this reason . Writing ( edit ) On April 14 , 1970 , it was revealed that Puzo was hired by Paramount for $100,000 , along with a percentage of the film 's profits , to work on the screenplay for the film . Working from the book , Coppola wanted to have the themes of culture , character , power , and family at the forefront of the film , whereas Puzo wanted to retain aspects from his novel and his initial draft of 150 pages was finished on August 10 , 1970 . After Coppola was hired as director , both Puzo and Coppola worked on the screenplay , but separately . Puzo worked on his draft in Los Angeles , while Coppola wrote his version in San Francisco . Coppola created a book where he tore pages out of Puzo 's book and pasted them into the book . There , he made notes about each of the book 's fifty scenes , which related to major themes prevalent in the scene , whether the scene should be included in the film , along with ideas and concepts that could be used when filming to make the film true to Italian culture . The two remained in contact while they wrote their respective screenplays and made decisions on what to include and what to remove for the final version . A second draft was completed on March 1 , 1971 , and was 173 pages long . The final screenplay was finished on March 29 , 1971 , wound up being 163 pages long , 40 pages over what Paramount had asked for . When filming , Coppola referred to the notebook he had created over the final draft of the screenplay . Screenwriter Robert Towne did uncredited work on the script , particularly on the Pacino - Brando garden scene . Despite finishing the third draft , some scenes in the film were still not written yet and were written during production . The Italian - American Civil Rights League wanted all uses of the words `` mafia '' and `` Cosa Nostra '' to be removed from the script , in addition to feeling that the film emphasized stereotypes about Italian - Americans . The league also requested that all the money earned from the premiere be donated to the league 's fund to build a new hospital . Coppola claimed that Puzo 's screenplay only contained two instances of the word `` mafia '' being used , while `` Cosa Nostra '' was not used at all . Those two uses were removed and replaced with other terms , which Coppola felt did not change the story at all . The league eventually gave its support for the script . Casting ( edit ) Al Pacino ( pictured above in The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel ) was chosen to portray Michael Corleone Puzo was first to show interest in having Marlon Brando portray Don Vito Corleone by sending a letter to Brando in which he stated Brando was the `` only actor who can play the Godfather . '' Despite Puzo 's wishes , the executives at Paramount were against having Brando play the part due to the poor success of his recent films and his short temper . Coppola favored Brando or Laurence Olivier for the role , but Olivier 's agent refused the role claiming Olivier was sick ; however , Olivier went on to star in Sleuth later that year . The studio mainly pushed for Ernest Borgnine to receive the part . Other considerations were George C. Scott , Richard Conte , Anthony Quinn , and Orson Welles . After months of debate between Coppola and Paramount over Brando , the two finalists for the role were Borgnine and Brando , the latter of which Paramount president Stanley Jaffe required to perform a screen test . Coppola did not want to offend Brando and stated that he needed to test equipment in order to set up the screen test at Brando 's California residence . For make - up , Brando stuck cotton balls in his cheeks , put shoe polish in his hair to darken it , and rolled his collar . Coppola placed Brando 's audition tape in the middle of the videos of the audition tapes as the Paramount executives watched them . The executives were impressed with Brando 's efforts and allowed Coppola to cast Brando for the role if Brando accepted a lower salary and put up a bond to ensure he would not cause any delays in production . From the start of production , Coppola wanted Robert Duvall to play the part of Tom Hagen . After screen testing several other actors , Coppola eventually got his wish and Duvall was awarded the part of Tom Hagen . Al Martino , a then famed singer in nightclubs , was notified of the character Johnny Fontane by a friend who read the eponymous novel and felt Martino represented the character of Johnny Fontane . Martino then contacted producer Al Ruddy , who gave him the part . However , Martino was stripped of the part after Coppola became director and then awarded the role to Italian singer Vic Damone . Damone eventually dropped the role because he did not want to play an anti-Italian American character , in addition to being paid too little . According to Martino , after being stripped of the role , he went to his godfather and crime boss Russ Bufalino who then orchestrated the publication of various news articles that talked of how Coppola was unaware of Ruddy giving Martino the part ; that , when coupled with pressure from the mafia who felt Martino deserved the role , led Damone to quit as Fontane . Either way , the part of Johnny Fontane ended up with Martino . James Caan ( pictured in 1976 ) was chosen to play Sonny Corleone Robert De Niro originally was given the part of Paulie Gatto . A spot in The Gang That Could n't Shoot Straight opened up after Al Pacino quit the project in favor of The Godfather , which led De Niro to audition for the role and leave The Godfather after receiving the part . After De Niro quit , Johnny Martino was given the role of Gatto . Coppola cast Diane Keaton for the role of Kay Adams due to her reputation for being eccentric . John Cazale was given the part of Fredo Corleone after Coppola saw him perform in an Off Broadway production . Gianni Russo was given the role of Carlo Rizzi after he was asked to perform a screen test in which he acted out the fight between Rizzi and Connie . Nearing the start of filming on March 29 , Michael Corleone had yet to be cast . Paramount executives wanted a popular actor , either Warren Beatty or Robert Redford . Producer Robert Evans wanted Ryan O'Neal to receive the role in part due to his recent success in Love Story . Pacino was Coppola 's favorite for the role as he could picture him roaming the Sicilian countryside , and wanted an unknown actor who looked like an Italian - American . However , Paramount executives found Pacino to be too short to play Michael . Dustin Hoffman , Martin Sheen , and James Caan also auditioned . Caan was well received by the Paramount executives and was given the part of Michael initially , while the role of Sonny Corleone was awarded to Carmine Caridi . Coppola still pushed for Pacino to play Michael after the fact and Evans eventually conceded , allowing Pacino to have the role of Michael as long as Caan played Sonny . Evans preferred Caan over Caridi because Caan was seven inches shorter than Caridi , which was much closer to Pacino 's height . Despite agreeing to play Michael Corleone , Pacino was contracted to star in MGM 's The Gang That Could n't Shoot Straight , but the two studios agreed on a settlement and Pacino was signed by Paramount three weeks before shooting began . Coppola gave several roles in the film to family members . He gave his sister , Talia Shire , the role of Connie Corleone . His daughter Sofia played Michael Francis Rizzi , Connie 's and Carlo 's newborn son . Carmine Coppola , his father , appeared in the film as an extra playing a piano during a scene . Coppola 's wife , mother , and two sons all appeared as extras in the picture . Several smaller roles , like Luca Brasi , were cast after the filming had started . Filming ( edit ) Before the filming began , the cast received a two - week period for rehearsal , which included a dinner where each actor and actress had to assume character for its duration . Filming was scheduled to begin on March 29 , 1971 , with the scene between Michael Corleone and Kay Adams as they leave Best & Co. in New York City after shopping for Christmas gifts . The weather on March 23 predicted snow flurries , which caused Ruddy to move the filming date forward ; however snow never materialized and a snow machine was used . Principal filming in New York continued until July 2 , 1971 . Coppola asked for a three - week break before heading overseas to film in Sicily . Following the crew 's departure for Sicily , Paramount announced that the release date would be moved from December to spring 1972 . The Don Barzini assassination scene was filmed on the steps of the New York Supreme Court building on Foley Square in Manhattan Cinematographer Gordon Willis initially turned down the opportunity to film The Godfather because the production seemed `` chaotic '' to him . After Willis later accepted the offer , he and Coppola agreed to not use any modern filming devices , helicopters , or zoom lenses . Willis and Coppola chose to use a `` tableau format '' of filming to make it seem if it was viewed like a painting . He made use of shadows and low light levels throughout the film to showcase psychological developments . Willis and Coppola agreed to interplay light and dark scenes throughout the film . Willis underexposed the film in order to create a `` yellow tone . '' The scenes in Sicily were shot to display the countryside and `` display a more romantic land , '' giving these scenes a `` softer , more romantic '' feel than the New York scenes . 1941 Packard Super Eight featured in The Godfather One of the film 's most shocking moments involved an actual , severed , horse 's head . Coppola received some criticism for the scene , although the head was obtained from a dog - food company from a horse that was to be killed regardless of the film . On June 22 , the scene where Sonny is killed was shot on a runway at Mitchel Field in Mineola , where three tollbooths were built , along with guard rails , and billboards to set the scene . Sonny 's car was a 1941 Lincoln Continental with holes drilled in it to resemble bullet holes . The scene took three days to film and cost over $100,000 . Coppola 's request to film on location was observed ; approximately 90 percent was shot in New York City and its surrounding suburbs , using over 120 unique locations . Several scenes were filmed at the Filmways Studio in East Harlem . The remaining portions were filmed in California , or on - site in Sicily , except for the scenes set in Las Vegas because there were insufficient funds to travel there . Savoca and Forza d'Agrò were the Sicilian towns featured in the film . The opening wedding scene was shot in a Staten Island neighborhood using almost 750 locals as extras . The house used as the Corleone household and the wedding location was at 110 Longfellow Road in the Todt Hill neighborhood of Staten Island . The wall around the Corleone compound was made from styrofoam . Scenes set in and around the Corleone olive oil business were filmed on Mott Street . After filming had ended on August 7 , post-production efforts were focused on trimming the film to a manageable length . In addition , producers and director were still including and removing different scenes from the end product , along with trimming certain sequences . In September , the first rough cut of the film was viewed . Of the scenes removed from the film , many were centered around Sonny because they did not advance the plot . By November , Coppola and Ruddy finished the semifinal cut . Debates over personnel involved with the final editing remained even 25 years after the release of the film . The film began to be shown to Paramount staff and exhibitors in late December and going into the new year . Music ( edit ) See also : The Godfather ( soundtrack ) Love theme from The Godfather The famous theme , composed by Larry Kusic and Nino Rota . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Coppola hired Italian composer Nino Rota to create the underscore for the film , including the main theme , `` Speak Softly Love '' . For the score , Rota was to relate to the situations and characters in the film . Rota synthesized new music for the film and took some parts from his Fortunella score , in order to create an Italian feel and evoke the tragic film 's themes . Paramount executive Evans found the score to be too `` highbrow '' and did not want to use it ; however , it was used after Coppola managed to get Evans to agree . Coppola believed that Rota 's musical piece gave the film even more of an Italian feel . Coppola 's father , Carmine , created some additional music for the film , particularly the music played by the band during the opening wedding scene . There are a total of nine instances within the film where incidental music can be heard . There was a soundtrack released for the film in 1972 in vinyl form by Paramount Records , on CD in 1991 by Geffen Records , and digitally by Geffen on August 18 , 2005 . The album contains over 31 minutes of music coming from the movie , with most being composed by Rota , along with a song from Coppola and one by Johnny Farrow and Marty Symes . Allmusic gave the album five out of five stars , with editor Zach Curd saying it is a `` dark , looming , and elegant soundtrack . '' An editor for Filmtracks believed that Rota did a great job of relating the music to the core aspects of the film , which the editor believed to be `` tradition , love , and fear . '' Release ( edit ) The world premiere for The Godfather took place in New York City on March 14 , 1972 , almost three months after the planned release date of Christmas Day in 1971 , with profits from the premiere donated to The Boys Club of New York . Before the film premiered , the film had already made $15 million from rentals from over 400 theaters . The following day , the film opened in New York at five theaters . Next was Los Angeles at two theaters on March 22 . The Godfather was commercially released on March 24 , 1972 , throughout the rest of the United States . The film reached 316 theaters around the country five days later . Box office ( edit ) The Godfather was a blockbuster , breaking many box office records to become the highest grossing film of 1972 . It earned $81.5 million in theatrical rentals in the USA & Canada during its initial release , increasing its earnings to $85.7 million through a reissue in 1973 , and including a limited re-release in 1997 it ultimately earned an equivalent exhibition gross of $135 million . It displaced Gone with the Wind to claim the record as the top rentals earner , a position it would retain until the release of Jaws in 1975 . News articles at the time proclaimed it was the first film to gross $100 million in North America , but such accounts are erroneous since this record in fact belongs to The Sound of Music , released in 1965 . The film repeated its native success overseas , earning in total an unprecedented $142 million in worldwide theatrical rentals , to become the highest net earner . Profits were so high for The Godfather that earnings for Gulf & Western Industries , Inc. , which owned Paramount , jumped from 77 cents per share to $3.30 a share for the year , according to a Los Angeles Times article , dated December 13 , 1972 . To date , it has grossed between $245 million and $286 million in worldwide box office receipts , and adjusted for ticket price inflation in North America , ranks among the top 25 highest - grossing films . Critical response ( edit ) The Godfather has received critical acclaim and is seen as one of the most influential films of all time , particularly in the gangster genre . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 99 % rating based on 85 reviews with an average rating of 9.2 / 10 and the site 's critical consensus reads , `` One of Hollywood 's greatest critical and commercial successes , The Godfather gets everything right ; not only did the movie transcend expectations , it established new benchmarks for American cinema '' . Metacritic assigned the film an average score of 100 % based on 14 reviews from mainstream critics , considered to be `` universal acclaim '' . The film is ranked at the top of Metacritic 's top 100 list , and is ranked 7th on Rotten Tomatoes ' all - time best list ( 100 % `` Certified Fresh '' ) . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times praised Coppola 's efforts to follow the storyline of the eponymous novel , the choice to set the film in the same time as the novel , and the film 's ability to `` absorb '' the viewer over its three - hour run time . While Ebert was mainly positive , he criticized Brando 's performance , saying his movements lacked `` precision '' and his voice was `` wheezy . '' The Chicago Tribune 's Gene Siskel gave the film four out of four stars , commenting that it was `` very good . '' The Village Voice 's Andrew Sarris believed Brando portrayed Vito Corleone well and that his character dominated each scene it appeared in , but felt Puzo and Coppola had the character of Michael Corleone too focused on revenge . In addition , Sarris stated that Richard Castellano , Robert Duvall , and James Caan were good in their respective roles . Desson Howe of The Washington Post called the film a `` jewel '' and wrote that Coppola deserves most of the credit for the film . Writing for The New York Times , Vincent Canby felt that Coppola had created one of the `` most brutal and moving chronicles of American life '' and went on to say that it `` transcends its immediate milieu and genre . '' Director Stanley Kubrick thought the film had the best cast ever and could be the best movie ever made . Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote negatively of the film in a contemporary review , claiming that Pacino `` rattles around in a part too demanding for him , '' while also criticizing Brando 's make - up and Rota 's score . Previous mafia films had looked at the gangs from the perspective of an outraged outsider . In contrast , The Godfather presents the gangster 's perspective of the Mafia as a response to corrupt society . Although the Corleone family is presented as immensely rich and powerful , no scenes depict prostitution , gambling , loan sharking or other forms of racketeering . Some critics argue that the setting of a criminal counterculture allows for unapologetic gender stereotyping , and is an important part of the film 's appeal ( `` You can act like a man ! '' , Don Vito tells a weepy Johnny Fontane ) . Remarking on the fortieth anniversary of the film 's release , film critic John Podhoretz praised The Godfather as `` arguably the great American work of popular art '' and `` the summa of all great moviemaking before it '' . Two years before , Roger Ebert wrote in his journal that it `` comes closest to being a film everyone agrees ... is unquestionably great . '' Accolades ( edit ) The Godfather was nominated for seven awards at the 30th Golden Globe Awards : Best Picture -- Drama , James Caan for Best Supporting Actor , Al Pacino and Marlon Brando for Best Actor -- Drama , Best Score , Best Director , and Best Screenplay . When the winners were announced on January 28 , 1973 , the film had won the categories for : Best Screenplay , Best Director , Best Actor - Drama , Best Original Score , and Best Picture -- Drama . The Godfather won a record five Golden Globes , which was not surpassed until 2017 . Rota 's score was also nominated for Grammy Award for Best Original Score for a Motion Picture or TV Special at the 15th Grammy Awards . Rota was announced the winner of the category on March 3 at the Grammys ' ceremony in Nashville , Tennessee . When the nominations for the 45th Academy Awards were revealed on February 12 , 1973 , The Godfather was nominated for eleven awards . The nominations were for : Best Picture , Best Costume Design , Marlon Brando for Best Actor , Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola for Best Adapted Screenplay , Pacino , Caan , and Robert Duvall for Best Supporting Actor , Best Film Editing , Nino Rota for Best Original Score , Coppola for Best Director , and Best Sound . Upon further review of Rota 's love theme from The Godfather , the Academy found that Rota had used a similar score in Eduardo De Filippo 's 1958 comedy Fortunella . This led to re-balloting , where members of the music branch chose from six films : The Godfather and the five films that had been on the shortlist for best original dramatic score but did not get nominated . John Addison 's score for Sleuth won this new vote , and thus replaced Rota 's score on the official list of nominees . Going into the awards ceremony , The Godfather was seen as the favorite to take home the most awards . From the nominations that The Godfather had remaining , it only won three of the Academy Awards : Best Actor , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Picture . Brando , who had also not attended the Golden Globes ceremony two months earlier , boycotted the Academy Awards ceremony and refused to accept the Oscar , becoming the second actor to refuse a Best Actor award after George C. Scott in 1970 . Brando sent American Indian Rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather in his place , to announce at the awards podium Brando 's reasons for declining the award which were based on his objection to the depiction of American Indians by Hollywood and television . In addition , Pacino boycotted the ceremony . He was insulted at being nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor award , noting that he had more screen time than his co-star and Best Actor winner Brando and thus he should have received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor . The Godfather had five nominations for awards at the 26th British Academy Film Awards . The nominees were : Pacino for Most Promising Newcomer , Rota for the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music , Duvall for Best Supporting Actor , and Brando for Best Actor , the film 's costume designer Anna Hill Johnstone for Best Costume Design . All of The Godfather 's nominations failed to win except for Rota . Awards and nominations received by The Godfather Award Category Nominee Result 45th Academy Awards Best Picture Albert S. Ruddy Won Best Director Francis Ford Coppola Nominated Best Actor ( refused ) Marlon Brando Won Best Supporting Actor James Caan Nominated Robert Duvall Nominated Al Pacino Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Mario Puzo , Francis Ford Coppola Won Best Costume Design Anna Hill Johnstone Nominated Best Film Editing William Reynolds , Peter Zinner Nominated Best Sound Bud Grenzbach , Richard Portman , Christopher Newman Nominated Best Original Dramatic Score Nino Rota Revoked 26th British Academy Film Awards Best Actor Marlon Brando ( Also for The Nightcomers ) Nominated Best Supporting Actor Robert Duvall Nominated Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Al Pacino Nominated Best Film Music Nino Rota Won Best Costume Design Anna Hill Johnstone Nominated 25th Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Francis Ford Coppola Won 30th Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture - Drama Won Best Director - Motion Picture Francis Ford Coppola Won Best Motion Picture Actor - Drama Marlon Brando Won Al Pacino Nominated Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture James Caan Nominated Best Screenplay Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola Won Best Original Score Nino Rota Won 15th Grammy Awards Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or TV Special Nino Rota Won 25th Writers Guild of America Awards Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola Won 1990 Selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . 1998 Time Out conducted a poll and The Godfather was voted the best film of all time . 1999 Entertainment Weekly named it the greatest film ever made . 2002 Sight & Sound polled film directors voted the film and its sequel as the second best film ever ; the critics poll separately voted it fourth . 2002 The Godfather was ranked the second best film of all time by Film4 , after Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back . 2005 Named one of the 100 greatest films of the last 80 years by Time magazine ( the selected films were not ranked ) . 2006 The Writers Guild of America , West agreed , voting it the number two in its list of the 101 greatest screenplays , after Casablanca . 2008 Voted in at No. 1 on Empire magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time . 2012 The Motion Picture Editors Guild listed The Godfather as the sixth best - edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership . American film Institute recognition ( edit ) 1998 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 3 2001 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 11 2005 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` I 'm going to make him an offer he ca n't refuse . '' -- # 2 2006 AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 5 2007 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 2 2008 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 1 Gangster Film Cinematic influence ( edit ) Although many films about gangsters preceded The Godfather , Coppola 's heavy infusion of Italian culture and stereotypes , and his portrayal of mobsters as characters of considerable psychological depth and complexity was unprecedented . Coppola took it further with The Godfather Part II , and the success of those two films , critically , artistically and financially , opened the doors for numerous other depictions of Italian Americans as mobsters , including films such as Martin Scorsese 's Goodfellas and TV series such as David Chase 's The Sopranos . A comprehensive study of Italian American culture on film , conducted from 1996 to 2001 by the Italic Institute of America , showed that close to 300 movies featuring Italian Americans as mobsters ( mostly fictitious ) have been produced since The Godfather , an average of nine per year . Popular culture and Legacy ( edit ) The Godfather epic , encompassing the original trilogy and the additional footage Coppola incorporated later , is by now thoroughly integrated into American life and , together with a succession of mob - theme imitators , has led to a highly stereotyped concept of Italian American culture . The first film had the largest impact and , unlike any film before it , its depiction of Italians who immigrated to the United States in the early decades of the 20th century is perhaps attributable to the Italian American director , presenting his own understanding of their experience . The films explain through their action the integration of fictional Italian American criminals into American society . Though the story is set in the period of mass immigration to the U.S. , it is rooted in the specific circumstances of the Corleones , a family that lives outside of the law . Although some critics have refashioned the Corleone story into one of universality of immigration , other critics have posited that it leads the viewer to identify organized crime with Italian American culture . Released in a period of intense national cynicism and self - criticism , the American film struck a chord about the dual identities inherent in a nation of immigrants . The Godfather increased Hollywood 's negative portrayals of immigrant Italians in the aftermath of the film and was a recruiting tool for organized crime . The concept of a mafia `` Godfather '' was an invention of Mario Puzo 's and the film 's effect was to add the fictional nomenclature to the language . Similarly , Don Vito Corleone 's unforgettable `` I 'm gon na make him an offer he ca n't refuse '' -- voted the second-most memorable line in cinema history in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes by the American Film Institute -- was adopted by actual gangsters . In the French novel Le Père Goriot , Honoré de Balzac wrote of Vautrin telling Eugene : `` In that case I will make you an offer that no one would decline . '' Real - life gangsters responded enthusiastically to the film , with many of them feeling it was a portrayal of how they were supposed to act . Salvatore `` Sammy the Bull '' Gravano , the former underboss in the Gambino crime family , stated : `` I left the movie stunned ... I mean I floated out of the theater . Maybe it was fiction , but for me , then , that was our life . It was incredible . I remember talking to a multitude of guys , made guys , who felt exactly the same way . '' According to Anthony Fiato after seeing the film , Patriarca crime family members Paulie Intiso and Nicky Giso altered their speech patterns closer to that of Vito Corleone 's . Intiso would frequently swear and use poor grammar ; but after the movie came out , he started to articulate and philosophize more . Television ( edit ) John Belushi appeared in a Saturday Night Live sketch as Vito Corleone in a therapy session trying to express his inner feelings towards the Tattaglia Family , who , in addition to muscling in on his territory , `` also , they shot my son Santino 56 times '' . In the television show The Sopranos , Tony Soprano 's topless bar is named Bada Bing , echoing the line in The Godfather when Sonny Corleone says , `` You 've got ta get up close like this and bada - bing ! You blow their brains all over your nice Ivy League suit . '' The film has been parodied several times on the animated television series The Simpsons . In the season three episode `` Lisa 's Pony '' Lisa wakes up to find a horse in her bed and starts screaming . The music and the scene itself resemble the famous `` horse 's head '' scene in The Godfather . In the season four episode `` Mr. Plow '' , the scene in which Sonny Corleone is shot at the tollbooth is mimicked when Bart Simpson is pelted with snowballs . The scene is again parodied in the season sixteen episode `` All 's Fair in Oven War '' , which includes James Caan as himself in a guest voice role . In the season eighteen episode `` The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and Her Homer '' , the film 's final scene is mimicked with a door being closed on Lisa Simpson . Home Media ( edit ) The theatrical version of The Godfather debuted on American network television on November 16 , 1974 , on NBC , and again two days later , with only minor edits . The television airings attracted a large audience and helped generate anticipation for the upcoming sequel . The next year , Coppola created The Godfather Saga expressly for American television in a release that combined The Godfather and The Godfather Part II with unused footage from those two films in a chronological telling that toned down the violent , sexual , and profane material for its NBC debut on November 18 , 1977 . In 1981 , Paramount released the Godfather Epic boxed set , which also told the story of the first two films in chronological order , again with additional scenes , but not redacted for broadcast sensibilities . The Godfather Trilogy was released in 1992 , in which the films are fundamentally in a chronological order . The Godfather Family : A Look Inside was a 73 - minute documentary released in 1991 . Directed by Jeff Warner , the film featured some behind the scenes content from all three films , interviews with the actors , and screen tests . The Godfather DVD Collection was released on October 9 , 2001 , in a package that contained all three films -- each with a commentary track by Coppola -- and a bonus disc containing The Godfather Family : A Look Inside . The DVD also held a Corleone family tree , a `` Godfather '' timeline , and footage of the Academy Award acceptance speeches . The Godfather : the Coppola restoration ( edit ) During the film 's original theatrical release , the original negatives were worn down due to the reel being printed so much to meet demand . In addition , the duplicate negative was lost in Paramount archives . In 2006 Coppola contacted Steven Spielberg -- whose studio DreamWorks had recently been bought out by Paramount -- about restoring The Godfather . Robert A. Harris was hired to oversee the restoration of The Godfather and its two sequels , with the film 's cinematographer Willis participating in the restoration . Work began in November 2006 by repairing the negatives so they could go through a digital scanner to produce high resolution 4K files . If a negative were damaged and discolored , work was done digitally to restore it to its original look . After a year and a half of working on the restoration , the project was complete . Paramount called the finished product The Godfather : The Coppola Restoration and released it to the public on September 23 , 2008 , on both DVD and Blu - ray Disc . Dave Kehr of The New York Times believed the restoration brought back the `` golden glow of their original theatrical screenings '' . As a whole , the restoration of the film was well received by critics and Coppola . The Godfather : The Coppola Restoration contains several new special features that play in high definition , along with additional scenes . Video game ( edit ) Main article : The Godfather ( 2006 video game ) A video game based on the film was developed by Electronic Arts and first released in 2006 . Duvall , Caan , and Brando supplied voiceovers and their likenesses , but Pacino did not . Francis Ford Coppola openly voiced his disapproval of the game . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1972 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sources disagree on the date where Paramount confirmed their intentions to make Mario Puzo 's novel The Godfather into a feature - length film . Harlan Lebo 's work states that the announcement came in January 1969 , while Jenny Jones ' book puts the date of the announcement three months after the novel 's publication , in June 1969 . Jump up ^ Sources disagree on both the amount of the original budget and the final budget . The starting budget has been recorded as $1 million , $2 million , and $2.5 million , while the final budget has been named at $5 million , $6 million , and $6.5 million . 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Since The Godfather had earned over $85 million in U.S. - Canada rentals ( the worldwide box - office gross was $285 million ) , a sequel , according to the usual formula , could be expected to earn approximately two - thirds of the original 's box - office take ( ultimately Godfather II had rentals of $30 million ) . 1997 re-release : `` The Godfather ( Re-issue ) ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . North America : $1,267,490 Total : `` The Godfather '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Worldwide Gross : $245,066,411 Jump up ^ `` All TIme Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ History.com Staff ( 2009 ) . `` The Mafia in Popular Culture '' . History . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Godfather '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ ( Father Goriot , page 104 in Chapter 1 ) ; `` Dans ces conjonctures , je vais vous faire une proposition que personne ne refuserait . Honoré de Balzac , Œuvres complètes de H. de Balzac ( 1834 ) , Calmann - Lévy , 1910 ( Le Père Goriot , II . L'entrée dans le monde , pp. 110 - 196 ) ; viewed 10 - 2 - 2014 . Jump up ^ Sifakis , Carl ( 1987 ) . The Mafia Encyclopedia . New York City : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 1856 - 1 . Jump up ^ De Stefano 2006 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , John L. ( July 7 , 2004 ) . `` In mob world , life often imitates art of Marlon Brando 's ' Godfather ' '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis ( March 2 , 2002 ) . `` Top five John Belushi moments '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maria Newman , How Much for That ' Sopranos ' Stripper Pole ? NYTimes August 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ Reardon , Jim ( 2004 ) . The Simpsons Season 4 DVD commentary for the episode `` Mr. Plow '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Clarisse Loughrey ( 11 February 2016 ) . `` The Simpsons ' film parodies seen side - by - side with their references '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Iverson ( 7 September 2006 ) . `` The Simpsons : `` The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and His Homer '' Advance Review `` . IGN . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 2005 , p. 245 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 2005 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Lebo 2005 , p . XIV . ^ Jump up to : Alice Duncan . `` The Godfather Family : A Look Inside ( 1991 ) '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Alice Duncan ( October 9 , 2001 ) . `` The Godfather DVD Collection '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Snider ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` ' Godfather ' films finally restored to glory '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fred Kaplan ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` Your DVD Player Sleeps With the Fishes '' . Slate . Graham Holdings Company . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Kehr ( September 22 , 2008 ) . `` New DVDs : ' The Godfather : The Coppola Restoration ' '' . The New York Times . New York Times Company . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Keith Phipps ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` The Godfather : The Coppola Restoration '' . The AV Club . Onion Inc . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Noller ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` The Godfather Collection : The Coppola Restoration '' . Slant . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Slagle ( March 31 , 2006 ) . `` ' Godfather ' is the offer you ca n't refuse '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 13E . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Victor Godinez ( March 31 , 2006 ) . `` Game Reviews '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 13E . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Slagle ( May 20 , 2005 ) . `` Gameplay makes certain titles rock '' . Gadsden Times . p . C4 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Coppola Angry over Godfather Video Game `` , April 8 , 2005 '' . Retrieved August 22 , 2005 . Bibliography ( edit ) Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - by - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . New York , New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177889 - 6 . Cowie , Peter ( 1997 ) . The Godfather Book . London , England : Faber and Faber Limited . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19011 - 1 . De Stefano , George ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Don Corleone Was My Godfather '' . An Offer We Ca n't Refuse : The Mafia in the Mind of America . New York : Faber and Faber . pp. 94 -- 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 21157 - 9 . OCLC 60420173 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Gelmis , Joseph ( August 23 , 1971 ) . `` Merciful Heavens , Is This The End of Don Corleone ? '' . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC. 4 ( 34 ) . ISSN 0028 - 7369 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jones , Jenny M. ( 2007 ) . The Annotated Godfather : The Complete Screenplay . New York , New York : Black Dog & Leventhal . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5791 - 2739 - 8 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Lebo , Harlan ( 1997 ) . The Godfather Legacy : The Untold Story of the Making of the Classic Godfather Trilogy . London , England : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9780684836478 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Lebo , Harlan ( 2005 ) . The Godfather Legacy : The Untold Story of the Making of the Classic Godfather Trilogy Featuring Never - Before - Published Production Stills . London , England : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8777 - 7 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Phillips , Gene D. ( 2004 ) . Godfather : The Intimate Francis Ford Coppola . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 4671 - 3 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Santopietro , Tom ( 2012 ) . The Godfather Effect : Changing Hollywood , America , and Me . New York , New York : Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 2500 - 0513 - 7 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Stanley , Timothy ( 2014 ) . Citizen Hollywood : How the Collaboration Between LA and DC Revolutionized American Politics . New York , New York : Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 2500 - 3249 - 2 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Williams , Joe ( 2012 ) . Hollywood Myths : The Shocking Truths Behind Film 's Most Incredible Secrets and Scandals . Minneapolis , Minnesota : MBI Pub. Co. and Voyageur Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 2500 - 3249 - 2 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Welsh , James M. ; Phillips , Gene D. ; Hill , Rodney F. ( 2010 ) . The Francis Ford Coppola Encyclopedia . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7651 - 4 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Von Gunden , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Postmodern Auteurs : Coppola , Lucas , De Palma , Spielberg and Scorsese . McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8995 - 0618 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Godfather Official website The Godfather on IMDb The Godfather at the American Film Institute Catalog The Godfather at Box Office Mojo The Godfather at Rotten Tomatoes The Godfather at Metacritic The Godfather Novels The Godfather The Sicilian The Godfather Returns The Godfather 's Revenge The Family Corleone Films The Godfather The Godfather Part II The Godfather Part III Video games The Godfather ( 1991 ) The Godfather ( 2006 ) The Godfather II ( 2009 ) Corleone family Vito Corleone Michael Corleone Tom Hagen Sonny Corleone Fredo Corleone Carmela Corleone Kay Adams - Corleone Connie Corleone Anthony Corleone Mary Corleone Vincent Corleone Sandra Corleone Family allies Genco Abbandando Luca Brasi Willi Cicci Peter Clemenza Johnny Fontane Paulie Gatto Carmine Marino Rocco Lampone Sal Narducci Al Neri Tommy Neri Ritchie Nobilio Frank Pentangeli Salvatore Tessio Don Tommasino Carlo Tramonti Family enemies Don Altobello Momo Barone Emilio Barzini Don Fanucci Vincent Forlenza Nick Geraci Archbishop Gilday Moe Greene Johnny Ola Carlo Rizzi Carmine Rosato Hyman Roth Louie Russo Virgil Sollozzo Anthony Stracci Tattaglia family Bruno Tattaglia Philip Tattaglia Jack Woltz Joey Zasa Others Amerigo Bonasera Pat Geary Cardinal Lamberto Lucy Mancini Danny Shea Mickey Shea Billy Van Arsdale Aldo Trapani Albert Volpe Music The Godfather ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part II ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part III ( soundtrack ) `` Speak Softly , Love '' `` Promise Me You 'll Remember '' Miscellaneous List of minor characters in The Godfather series Mario Puzo Mark Winegardner Edward Falco Five Families Corleone The Godfather Effect The Godfather Papers and Other Confessions The Sicilian The Freshman The Godfather Saga The Last Don Omertà Book Category Francis Ford Coppola Films directed The Bellboy and the Playgirls ( 1962 ) Tonight for Sure ( 1962 ) Battle Beyond the Sun ( 1962 ) Dementia 13 ( 1963 ) You 're a Big Boy Now ( 1966 ) Finian 's Rainbow ( 1968 ) The Rain People ( 1969 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Conversation ( 1974 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ; Redux , 2001 ) One from the Heart ( 1982 ) The Outsiders ( 1983 ) Rumble Fish ( 1983 ) The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Peggy Sue Got Married ( 1986 ) Gardens of Stone ( 1987 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) New York Stories ( segment `` Life Without Zoë '' , 1989 ) The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Jack ( 1996 ) The Rainmaker ( 1997 ) Youth Without Youth ( 2007 ) Tetro ( 2009 ) Twixt ( 2011 ) Written only Is Paris Burning ? ( 1966 ) This Property Is Condemned ( 1966 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) Produced only American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Junky 's Christmas ( 1993 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) Don Juan DeMarco ( 1995 ) Lani Loa -- The Passage ( 1998 ) The Florentine ( 1999 ) The Virgin Suicides ( 1999 ) Enterprises American Zoetrope Zoetrope : All - Story Rubicon Estate Winery Francis Ford Coppola Presents Works by Mario Puzo Novels The Dark Arena ( 1955 ) The Fortunate Pilgrim ( 1965 ) The Runaway Summer of Davie Shaw ( 1966 ) Six Graves to Munich ( 1967 , as Mario Cleri ) The Godfather ( 1969 ) Fools Die ( 1978 ) The Sicilian ( 1984 ) The Fourth K ( 1991 ) The Last Don ( 1996 ) Omertà ( 2000 ) The Family ( 2001 , with Carol Gino ) Screenplays The Godfather ( 1972 ) Earthquake ( 1974 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Superman II ( 1980 ) The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) Christopher Columbus : The Discovery ( 1992 ) Superman II : The Richard Donner Cut ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Godfather Papers and Other Confessions ( 1972 ) Inside Las Vegas ( 1977 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1933 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) VIAF : 316753502 GND : 4133657 - 4 SUDOC : 098309358 BNF : cb13751570m ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Godfather&oldid=802168187 '' Categories : 1972 films English - language films American films The Godfather The Godfather films 1970s crime films American crime films BAFTA winners ( films ) Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Fictional American people of Italian descent Films based on American novels Films based on organized crime novels Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in the Bronx Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films set in Los Angeles Films set in New York City Films set in Sicily Films set in the 1940s Films set in the 1950s Films shot in New York City Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Films adapted into video games Mafia films United States National Film Registry films Paramount Pictures films Film scores by Nino Rota Films directed by Francis Ford Coppola Screenplays by Francis Ford Coppola Screenplays by Mario Puzo Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from July 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 12 : 08 . 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Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas
Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas - wikipedia Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas Jump to : navigation , search Oakland -- Alameda Coliseum before a football game . The Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas was a successful effort by the owner of the Oakland Raiders ( Mark Davis ) to relocate the American football club from its current and longtime home of Oakland , California to Las Vegas , Nevada . The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League ( NFL ) season ( although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium ) , playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium . NFL team owners voted 31 -- 1 to approve the move , which was announced at the annual league meetings in Phoenix , Arizona on March 27 , 2017 . The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s , following the Rams ' move from St. Louis , Missouri to Los Angeles , California on January 12 , 2016 , and the Chargers ' move from San Diego , California to Los Angeles on January 12 , 2017 . The Raiders ' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which has been rated by multiple sources as one of the worst stadiums in the NFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The hunt for a home 2.1 2011 : Levi 's Stadium 2.2 2012 − 2013 : Coliseum City 2.3 2013 : Concord , California 2.4 2014 : San Antonio , Texas 2.5 2015 : Raiders attempt to put together a project with Athletics 2.6 2015 : Los Angeles project and losing to the Rams 3 2016 − 2017 : Negotiations to move to Las Vegas and last Oakland stadium effort 3.1 2016 3.2 2017 4 Relocation to Las Vegas 5 Popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The Oakland Raiders were founded as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . The team joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 . From 1966 until 1981 , it played home games at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which it shared with Major League Baseball 's Oakland Athletics after that team moved to Oakland in 1968 . In 1980 Al Davis , dissatisfied with the stadium situation in Oakland and seeing luxury boxes as the future of the NFL came to an agreement with the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum commission to move the Raiders to Los Angeles . The NFL had refused to let the team move , but a court over-ruled the league , clearing the way for the Raiders to move to Los Angeles and become the Los Angeles Raiders . In 1982 , the Raiders ( then owned by Al Davis ) were approved to relocate from Oakland to Los Angeles . The Raiders played home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum from 1982 -- 1994 . In 1995 , after being unable to secure a new stadium in the Los Angeles area the Raiders moved back to Oakland . Meanwhile , Las Vegas had been home to a number of other professional football franchises between 1994 and the Raiders ' arrival , none of which were particularly successful . The Las Vegas Posse , part of the Canadian Football League 's effort to enter the U.S. market , lasted one season in 1994 and suffered from poor on - field product and worse attendance figures . The XFL included the Las Vegas Outlaws in its lone 2001 season ; its attendance and on - field performance were respectable , and the team embraced the city 's culture , but the Outlaws ' modest success was overshadowed by the failure of the XFL . The Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League were a major on - field success and were one of the UFL 's best teams ; it nonetheless suffered from poor attendance to start that continued to decline throughout the league 's existence to the point that its last home game drew only 600 fans . The Arena Football League included three teams in Las Vegas over the course of its history : the Las Vegas Sting ( 1994 and 1995 ) , Las Vegas Gladiators ( 2003 to 2007 , now the Cleveland Gladiators ) , and another Las Vegas Outlaws ( 2015 ) . The Las Vegas Sin of the Lingerie Football League ( now the Legends Football League ) played in the city from 2011 to 2014 . The hunt for a home ( edit ) Raiders owner Mark Davis Recent efforts to either renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum with a new football stadium in Oakland or elsewhere date back to November 18 , 2009 . In 2011 , Al Davis died and control of the team was assumed by his son Mark Davis who made finding a solution to the 3 decade long stadium problem a top priority . The Raiders were free to move after the 2013 NFL season , when its lease on the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum expired . While exploring possible solutions in the Bay Area and potential relocation candidates , the Raiders signed one - year extensions of its lease on the Coliseum . 2011 : Levi 's stadium ( edit ) There had been discussions for the Raiders to share Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California with the San Francisco 49ers . However , the 49ers went ahead without the Raiders and broke ground on the $1.2 billion stadium on April 19 , 2012 and afterwards sold $670 million worth of seats including 70 % of club and luxury suites , making it more unlikely that the Raiders would continue to explore the idea of sharing the stadium as they would then be secondary tenants with little to no commercial rights over the highly lucrative luxury suites . Mark Davis further increased the unlikelihood of the Raiders and the 49ers to share Levi 's stadium when he told NFL Network reporter Ian Rapoport that he had no plans to share the stadium but that he did recognize the Raiders ' need for a new home and that he hoped the new home would be in Oakland . When Levi 's Stadium had its grand opening on July 17 , 2014 , NFL commissioner Roger Goodell mentioned to the live crowd that it would make a great home for the Raiders and that it was up for the team to decide whether or not it wanted to play there or build a stadium on the site of the Oakland Coliseum . 2012 − 2013 : Coliseum city ( edit ) On March 7 , 2012 , then - mayor Jean Quan unveiled an ambitious project to the media that was designed to improve the sports facilities of all three major league sports teams in the city ( the Raiders , Major League Baseball ( MLB ) 's Athletics and the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's Golden State Warriors ) , as well as attract new businesses to the city . The project , dubbed Coliseum City , had entailed the redevelopment of the existing Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum complex . The redevelopment would have seen the construction of two new stadiums on the present location , a baseball - only stadium and a football - only stadium , while Oracle Arena , home of the Warriors , would have been either rebuilt or undergone extensive renovations . A sum of $3.5 million was committed to preliminary planning on the project . However , no officials from either of Oakland 's major league teams were present at the media conference . According to the San Francisco Business Times , Oakland 's assistant city administrator Fred Blackwell said the Bay Investment Group LLC , an entity being formed by Colony Capital LLC , Rashid Al Malik ( chairman and CEO of HayaH Holdings ) , and the city , had numerous details to continue working out for the prospective $2 billion Coliseum City project , which covered 800 acres surrounding the Oakland -- Alameda Coliseum Complex . The development team also included JRDV Urban International , HKS Architects , and Forest City Real Estate Services . In an ideal situation , construction could have started by the end of 2014 . Meanwhile , the Warriors began to go forward with plans to build a new arena at Mission Bay , not far from AT&T Park , and move back across the Bay Area from Oakland to San Francisco as soon as 2019 . 2013 : Concord , California ( edit ) The abandoned Concord Naval Weapons Station , 26.6 miles from Oakland , was announced in 2013 as a possible location for a new stadium but developments failed to materialize . 2014 : San Antonio , Texas ( edit ) In July 2014 , San Antonio , Texas , emerged as a potential relocation candidate for the team , after Raiders owner Mark Davis visited an event hosted for former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch in the city . San Antonio , while it was in a smaller media market than the San Francisco Bay Area , had the advantage of having a relatively new and NFL - ready stadium in the Alamodome and less sporting competition . On July 29 , 2014 , it was reported by the San Antonio Express - News that Mark Davis met with officials from the city of San Antonio to discuss the possibility of relocating the Raiders to San Antonio after the 2014 -- 15 NFL season . Davis confirmed that he did speak with San Antonio city officials while visiting San Antonio to honor former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch 's induction into a local Hall of Fame , but did not comment on whether he was considering relocation to San Antonio . The Raiders would have played at the 65,000 - seat Alamodome until a new stadium could be built . San Antonio remained in contention as a site through at least November 2014 , when Raiders staffers scouted the stadium and began negotiating with San Antonio officials . 2015 : Raiders attempt to put together a project with Athletics ( edit ) It was reported in early 2015 that the Raiders sat down with Athletics owner Lewis Wolff in an effort to create a stadium solution where two separate stadiums ( one for the Raiders and one for the Athletics ) would have been built on the coliseum site . The Athletics balked at the deal . In an interview with J.T. the Brick on KGMZ on April 4 , 2017 , Davis revealed that he offered Wolff ( the owner of the Athletics ) 20 percent of the Raiders in an attempt to get a deal done . Davis further elaborated that the closest that the Raiders came to a deal in Oakland was in 2013 with Colony Capital , before the Athletics agreed to a 10 - year lease extension at the Coliseum with the city of Oakland . 2015 : Los Angeles project and losing to the Rams ( edit ) Main articles : National Football League in Los Angeles , Carson Stadium , Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , and History of the Los Angeles Raiders § Attempted return to Los Angeles On February 19 , 2015 , the Raiders and the then San Diego Chargers announced that they would build a privately financed $1.78 billion stadium in Carson , California if they were to move back to the Los Angeles market . Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities . The Carson City Council would bypass the public vote and approved the plan 3 -- 0 . The council voted without having clarified several issues , including who would finance the stadium , how the required three - way land swap would be performed , and how it would raise enough revenue if only one team moved in as tenant . On January 12 , the NFL rejected the Raiders ' relocation request in favor of a competing plan by Stan Kroenke to move the then St. Louis Rams back to Los Angeles and construct a stadium and entertainment district in Inglewood , California . However , the NFL left open the possibility of the Raiders relocating to Los Angeles by 2019 and playing in the new stadium under construction to house the Los Angeles Rams . The San Diego Chargers however had the first option to join the Rams at the new stadium , the Raiders would have been authorized to negotiate an agreement if the Chargers did not exercise their option by January 2017 . The Chargers exercised their choice and announced their relocation to Los Angeles in January 2017 , shutting the Raiders out of the Southern California market . Around this time other markets expressed interest in luring the Raiders . For example Duluth , Minnesota submitted a proposal to construct a new stadium for the team , a proposal that was not taken seriously because of the metro area 's small size , proximity to the Minnesota Vikings and unwillingness to commit money to the stadium proposal . Less than a month after the Chargers announced their move to Los Angeles , Las Vegas had emerged as the most likely destination candidate for the Raiders . 2016 − 2017 : negotiations to move to Las Vegas and last Oakland stadium effort ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas Stadium 2015 view of the Las Vegas Stadium site , adjacent to Mandalay Bay and Interstate 15 2016 ( edit ) On January 29 , 2016 , Davis met with Las Vegas Sands owner Sheldon Adelson about possibly relocating to a $2.3 billion , 65,000 capacity domed stadium in Las Vegas , Nevada . During Davis ' meeting with Adelson , he also visited the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) , which included a contingent consisting of the university 's president Len Jessup , former university president Donald Snyder , Steve Wynn , and former Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) owner Lorenzo Fertitta . The proposed stadium would replace Sam Boyd Stadium and would serve as the home of both the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels college football program . A relocation to Las Vegas would be a long - term proposal , as Sam Boyd Stadium is undersized for the NFL and there are no other professional - caliber stadiums in Nevada . Raiders officials were also in Las Vegas to tour locations in the valley for a potential new home ; they were also on the 42 - acre site of the proposed stadium to ask questions about the site . Interviewed by sports columnist Tim Kawakami of the San Jose Mercury News , Davis said that he had a `` great '' visit in the city he described it as interesting . Davis also said that Las Vegas was a global city and that `` it 's absolutely an NFL city , '' as well as saying that `` the Raider brand would do well '' and `` I think Las Vegas is coming along slowly . '' On March 21 , 2016 , when asked about Las Vegas , Davis said , `` I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan , '' and `` it 's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan , '' referring to the stadium plan in Las Vegas . Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan . On April 1 , 2016 , Davis toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether UNLV could serve as a temporary home of the team and was with UNLV football coach Tony Sanchez , athletic director Tina Kunzer - Murphy , adviser Don Snyder and school president Len Jessup to further explore the possibility of the Raiders moving to Las Vegas . On April 28 , 2016 , Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of a proposed $2.4 billion domed stadium . `` Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state , '' Davis said . At a media conference in UNLV 's Stan Fulton Building , Davis also said the club had `` made a commitment to Las Vegas at this point in time and that 's where it stands . '' In an interview with ESPN after returning from a meeting for the 2016 NFL draft he expanded upon reasons why Southern Nevada held a certain appeal over the East Bay of the Oakland -- San Francisco Bay Area , how he tried to make it work in Oakland and why ( as he told Sandoval ) he hopes to turn Nevada into the `` Silver and Black State '' ; he also spoke of the meeting saying , `` It was a positive , well - organized presentation that I believe was well - received '' , and stating , `` It was a very positive step in finding the Raiders a home . '' On May 20 , 2016 , New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft said he would support Davis and the Raiders move to Las Vegas , stating , `` I think it would be good for the NFL . '' On May 23 , 2016 , the San Francisco Chronicle and other media outlets reported that a group led by former San Francisco 49ers safety ( and Pro Football Hall of Fame member ) Ronnie Lott and retired quarterback Rodney Peete were looking into building a new Oakland stadium for the Raiders . The group met with team executives and Oakland city officials to brief them on their proposal . They also met with mayor Libby Schaaf . The Alameda County Board of Supervisors voted to begin negotiations with Lott 's group and with the city of Oakland regarding the `` price and terms of sale '' for the 120 - acre land of the Oakland Coliseum and Oracle Arena . Davis publicly reiterated his commitment to his announced plans to relocate the Raiders franchise to Las Vegas , Nevada with the support of the state of Nevada and casino mogul Sheldon Adelson , and said he did not wish to negotiate further with Oakland while the Las Vegas deal was still actively in progress ; any relocation to Las Vegas needed to be approved by a three - quarters majority of all NFL owners , and NFL commissioner Roger Goodell publicly stated his preference for keeping the Raiders franchise in Oakland if at all possible . However , it was reported that the NFL had issues with the Lott Group 's financier Fortress Investment Group due to past issues the group had . On August 11 , 2016 , Raiders ' officials met with Northern Nevada officials about the possibility of Reno being the site of a new training camp / practice facility and toured several sites including the University of Nevada , Reno , Reno area high schools , and sports complexes . On August 25 , 2016 , the Raiders filed a trademark application for `` Las Vegas Raiders '' on the same day renderings of a new stadium ( located west of Interstate 15 at Las Vegas ) were released to the public . On September 15 , 2016 , the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan . On October 11 , 2016 , the Nevada Senate voted 16 -- 5 to approve the funding bill for the Las Vegas stadium proposal . The Nevada Assembly voted 28 -- 13 three days later to approve the bill to fund the new Las Vegas stadium proposal ; two days later , Sandoval signed the funding bill into law . Davis told ESPN on October 15 , 2016 that even if the Raiders were approved by the league to relocate to the Las Vegas metropolitan area , the club would play the next two seasons at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum in 2017 and 2018 , stating `` We want to bring a Super Bowl championship back to the Bay Area . '' The team would then play at a temporary facility in 2019 after its lease at the Coliseum expires . Davis has also indicated a desire to play at least one preseason game in Las Vegas , at Sam Boyd Stadium , as early as the 2017 season . ( The Raiders ' 2017 schedule has both preseason games in Oakland . ) On October 17 , 2016 , Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval signed into law Senate Bill 1 and Assembly Bill 1 which approved a hotel room rate tax increase to accommodate $750 million in public funding for the new stadium . On November 12 , 2016 , a report from the NFL 's own in - house media team outlined how Las Vegas might not be a done deal . The report stated that the majority of owners favored the Raiders staying in Oakland due to market size and stability . The vast majority of the NFL 's revenue comes from TV contracts . So because of that , it made little sense for the other 31 NFL owners to vote in favor of one of their partners abandoning the 6th biggest media market for the 42nd . On November 30 , 2016 , a framework deal to keep the Raiders in Oakland was announced . In addition to the public land , the city of Oakland would commit $200 million to improve the infrastructure of the surrounding area . The Raiders would contribute $500 million to the stadium , while Lott 's group would contribute $400 million ; the NFL already committed $300 million when it rejected the Raiders ' bid to return to Los Angeles in 2015 . Ronnie Lott had no financial or ownership stake in the Raiders ; some sources indicated that Lott was also asking for an ownership stake ( reportedly around 20 percent ) in the Raiders franchise as part of the deal , a condition that was unacceptable to Raiders owner Mark Davis . The Oakland proposal was officially announced in December 2016 , and called for a $1.3 billion , football - only stadium built on the existing Coliseum site . It included mixed use development for possible office or retail space , hotel or residential living and parking , as well as 15 acres set aside for a new baseball - only facility for the Oakland Athletics if the A 's so desired . The site also could have been expanded to include the land Oracle Arena sits on , with the Warriors cleared to move to their new San Francisco arena by the 2019 season . The Ronnie Lott proposal was voted on by the Oakland city and Alameda County elected officials on December 13 , 2016 and approved by Oakland in a 7 -- 0 vote and by Alameda County in a 3 -- 1 vote . 2017 ( edit ) The Raiders officially filed paperwork to relocate from Oakland , California , to Las Vegas , Nevada , on January 19 , 2017 . The Raiders needed 24 of the 32 NFL club owners to vote to officially approve the move to Las Vegas . On January 30 , 2017 , it was announced that Adelson had dropped out of the stadium project , also withdrawing the Las Vegas Sands ' proposed $650 million contribution from the project . Instead , the Raiders would increase their contribution from $500 million to $1.15 billion . One day after Adelson 's announcement , Goldman Sachs ( the company behind the financing to the proposed Las Vegas stadium ) announced its intent to withdraw from the project . On January 31 , 2017 , in the aftermath of Adelson and Goldman Sachs ' withdrawal from the Las Vegas deal , the San Diego Union - Tribune reported that Mayor Kevin Faulconer reached out to an NFL official to let them know they were eager to engage ; a city official also spoke to a Raiders official on the phone . The Union - Tribune noted that any possible Raiders relocation to San Diego or bringing a team to the city would have been aided by a proposal for a soccer - specific stadium and mixed development . NFL commissioner Roger Goodell reiterated , during his State of the NFL address , that San Diego would need a new stadium in order to be a relocation possibility . Another roadblock for a Raiders relocation to the city would have been the owners of the current Los Angeles teams . Stan Kroenke and Dean Spanos would block any team from sharing Southern California , especially if that team is the Raiders ( given the team 's continued popularity in the region ) . San Diego , as an option for the Raiders , was remote . San Diego was previously home to the San Diego Chargers from 1961 until 2016 ( when the team relocated to the Greater Los Angeles Area ) ; a Raiders move there would have been ironic given that the team 's primary rival the Chargers were based in that city . On February 16 , 2017 , the San Diego Union - Tribune obtained a letter from Doug Manchester that stated he had `` assembled a powerful group of associates '' who would develop a 70,000 - seat stadium on the land of Qualcomm Stadium ; the letter also stated the project would provide `` a viable alternative '' to the Raiders in case Las Vegas fell through ; the group also stated that they were `` open to working with the Chargers , Raiders , other NFL owners , or a new ownership group '' ; it also stated an NFL franchise could participate as a partner or tenant : `` Our group will provide the funds previously allocated to be provided by the City of San Diego and guarantee the stadium 's expeditious construction . Accordingly it will not require voter approval . '' It also said they would provide `` new state of the art scoreboards and upgrade Qualcomm Stadium while the new stadium is being constructed '' . On March 1 , 2017 , Fortress Investment Group submitted a tweaked version of the Oakland stadium plan to the NFL . Relocation to Las Vegas ( edit ) On March 6 , 2017 , the Raiders revealed that Bank of America would be replacing Sheldon Adelson 's portion of the funding for the new stadium in Las Vegas . On March 27 , 2017 , the National Football League officially approved the Raiders move from Oakland to Las Vegas in a 31 -- 1 vote , ensuring them a new stadium in the process . However , even though the Raiders were approved to move to Las Vegas , the club will still play the 2017 and 2018 NFL seasons at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum and still be known as the Oakland Raiders so as long as they play in the San Francisco Bay Area . About one thousand season ticket holders asked for and received refunds after the move to Las Vegas was announced . Their tickets were sold to other fans within hours , and the Raiders ' 53,250 season tickets were all sold out by late May . The league levied a $350 million relocation fee on the Raiders , which will be paid in ten annual installments beginning in 2019 . This figure is slightly more than half of the $650 million fee that the Rams and Chargers each paid to relocate to Los Angeles . Popular culture ( edit ) In season 3 of the HBO television series Ballers , which was produced in 2016 and aired in 2017 , Spencer Strasmore ( Dwayne Johnson ) leads an effort to relocate the Raiders to Las Vegas . See also ( edit ) Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis Cleveland Browns relocation controversy National Football League franchise moves and mergers Relocation of professional sports teams National Football League controversies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL team owners approve Raiders ' move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raiders Media Relations ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders Receive NFL Approval For Las Vegas Relocation '' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rams to relocate to L.A. ; Chargers first option to join '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers announce decision to relocate to Los Angeles '' . National Football League . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Ranking the best and worst NFL stadiums , from No. 1 ( Lambeau ) to 31 ( Soldier ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking the NFL 's Best and Worst Stadiums '' . Athlon Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Puma , Mike ( December 1 , 2003 ) . `` Good guys wear black '' . ESPN Classic . Retrieved January 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Timothy W. ( June 24 , 1995 ) . `` PRO FOOTBALL ; Raiders Run a Reverse Play Back to Oakland '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kantowski , Ron ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Grey Cup stirs memories of Posse '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kantowski , Ron ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` New ESPN film examines XFL 's short life , legacy '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . I spent a lot of time in Las Vegas a couple of years ago , '' said Charlie Ebersol , son of Dick Ebersol , the NBC Sports executive who co-founded the XFL with pro wrestling mastermind Vince McMahon . `` I think it spoke to the ethos of what that city is about . Jump up ^ Dewey , Todd ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Sparse crowd sees Las Vegas Locos roll over Omaha '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders relocation to Las Vegas : Timeline of events '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kukura , Joe . `` NFL May Bribe Raiders , 49ers Into Shotgun Wedding '' . Nbcbayarea.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Raiders '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Taylor Price ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` 49ers break ground on Santa Clara stadium '' . 49ers.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike Florio ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Niners strike gold with new stadium '' . profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NFL.com ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Oakland Raiders have no plans to share stadium with 49ers '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodell : Levi 's might fit Raiders ESPN.com ( 07 / 18 / 2014 ) Jump up ^ Torres , Bianca ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Oakland 's Coliseum City project could cost $2 billion '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders owner scouts Concord site for new stadium '' . SF Gate . October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders owner confirms talks with San Antonio '' . Associated Press ( AP ) . 2014 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Davis , San Antonio group meet '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ @ DailyNewsVinny ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` 2 . To propose a joint development project on Coliseum land that would have built new stadiums for both teams . But A 's declined '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ J.T. the Brick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis breaks down relocation brick by brick with JT `` the Brick '' `` . KGMZ . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Eric D. ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders reveal L.A. plan '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapoport , Ian ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders team up for stadium proposal in Los Angeles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jablon , Robert ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` City Council approves plan for NFL stadium near Los Angeles '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Logan , Tim ; Nathan Fenno ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Carson City Council may be set to approve NFL stadium , sight unseen '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Chargers think L.A. proposal has doable components '' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` An NFL team in Duluth - Superior ? Proctor is going long '' . Twin Cities Pioneer Press . May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Sands wants stadium for UNLV , possibly Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders owner willing to give $20 M toward Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says he wants to move team to Las Vegas '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders owner willing to spend $500 million to move team to Vegas '' . Fox News . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Kraft would support Raiders move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matier & Ross ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ronnie Lott wants to help build a Raiders stadium in Oakland '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis rails against Oakland ' disrespect , ' has sole focus on Las Vegas '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breech , John ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Goodell wants Raiders in Oakland , while Davis wants game in Vegas in 2017 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Seth ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders relocation could include Reno training camp '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland Raiders file to trademark ' Las Vegas Raiders ' name '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium plan to lure Raiders to Las Vegas passes vote '' . National Football League . Associated Press . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chereb , Sandra ; Whaley , Sean ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders stadium project for Las Vegas clears Nevada Senate in 16 -- 5 vote '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas stadium plan gains approval from Nevada Legislature '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Mark Davis : Raiders ' Oakland plan unchanged even if Las Vegas deal OK 'd '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada governor signs bill to approve Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Brian Sandoval signs Raiders stadium bill -- VIDEO '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boilard , Kevin ( November 12 , 2016 ) . `` Report : NFL against Las Vegas , wants to keep Raiders in Oakland '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matier & Ross ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Outline emerges of Oakland stadium deal to keep Raiders '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oakland , Ronnie Lott Group Unveil Stadium Plan To Keep Raiders '' . KPIX - TV . Associated Press . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vergara , Andre . `` Oakland reveals stadium proposal to keep Raiders '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland , Alameda County approve stadium deal to try to keep Raiders '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Raiders stay in Oakland ? Negotiations on $1.3 - billion stadium OK 'd '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders file Las Vegas relocation paperwork '' . National Football League . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders file paperwork for Las Vegas relocation '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adelson no longer involved in Raiders ' Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Financial giant Goldman Sachs backs out of Raiders ' stadium deal '' . ESPN . January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders secure financing for potential Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Mark Saraceno ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' Las Vegas stadium gets boost from Bank of America '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move led about 1,000 fans to seek ticket refunds '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leuty , Ron ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move led about 1,000 fans to seek ticket refunds '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skurski , Jay ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Bills ' piece of national NFL revenue pie revealed to be a whopping $244 million '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dodson , Aaron ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ballers ' recap : Meet Candace Brewer , the brilliant woman between Spencer and Las Vegas '' . The Undefeated . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Sin City Or Bust -- A profile on how Mark Davis moved the Raiders to Las Vegas from ESPN 's Outside the Lines Las Vegas Raiders from the Oakland Raiders ' official website ( hide ) Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jack Del Rio Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KGMZ KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Playoff appearances ( 22 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1977 1980 1982 1984 1985 1990 1991 1993 2000 2001 2002 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 2001 2017 Championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_Raiders_relocation_to_Las_Vegas&oldid=806312419 '' Categories : Oakland Raiders Las Vegas Raiders National Football League controversies National Football League franchise relocations 2017 in sports in California 2017 in sports in Nevada Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 04 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when is the raiders first game in las vegas
[ "The Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas was a successful effort by the owner of the Oakland Raiders (Mark Davis) to relocate the American football club from its current and longtime home of Oakland, California to Las Vegas, Nevada. The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League (NFL) season (although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium), playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium. NFL team owners voted 31–1 to approve the move, which was announced at the annual league meetings in Phoenix, Arizona on March 27, 2017.[1][2] The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s, following the Rams' move from St. Louis, Missouri to Los Angeles, California on January 12, 2016,[3] and the Chargers' move from San Diego, California to Los Angeles on January 12, 2017.[4] The Raiders' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, which has been rated by multiple sources as one of the worst stadiums in the NFL.[5][6]" ]
[ "2020" ]
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Yahoo! Answers
Yahoo ! Answers - Wikipedia Yahoo ! Answers Jump to : navigation , search Yahoo ! Answers A screenshot of a Yahoo ! Answers question . Type of site Collaboration Available in Chinese , English , French , German , Indonesian , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Portuguese , Spanish , Thai , Vietnamese Website answers.yahoo.com Commercial No Launched June 28 , 2005 ; 12 years ago ( 2005 - 06 - 28 ) Current status Active Yahoo ! Answers is a community - driven question - and - answer ( Q&A ) website or a knowledge market from Yahoo ! , that allows users to both submit questions to be answered and answer questions asked by other users . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Site operation 3 Level table 4 Badges 4.1 Top Contributor 4.2 Staff 4.3 Official 4.4 Knowledge Partners 5 Academic studies 6 Quality of answers 7 Promotions and events 7.1 Yamster 7.2 Special guests 8 Site statistics 9 In popular media 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) The website Yahoo ! was officially incorporated on March 2 , 1995 , and was created by Jerry Yang and David Filo . The website began as a search directory for various websites , and soon grew into an established Internet resource that features the `` Yahoo ! Answers '' platform . Yahoo ! Answers was launched on June 28 , 2005 , while in internal alpha testing by Director of Engineering , Ofer Shaked . Yahoo ! Answers was launched to the general public while in beta testing on December 8 , 2005 , which lasted until May 14 , 2006 . Yahoo ! Answers was finally incorporated for general availability on May 15 , 2006 . Yahoo ! Answers was created to replace Ask Yahoo ! , Yahoo ! 's former Q&A platform which was discontinued in March 2006 . The site gives members the chance to earn points as a way to encourage participation and is based on Naver 's Knowledge iN . Yahoo ! Answers is available in 12 languages , but several Asian sites operate a different platform which allows for non-Latin characters . The platform is known as Yahoo ! Chiebukuro ( Yahoo ! 知恵袋 ) in Japan and as Yahoo ! Knowledge in Korea , Taiwan , China , and Hong Kong . An Arabic language Q&A platform called Seen Jeem is available through the Yahoo ! subsidiary Maktoob . On December 8 , 2016 , Yahoo ! released an app for the platform called Yahoo ! Answers Now ( formally known as Yahoo ! Hive ) for iOS and Android . The number of poorly formed questions and inaccurate answers has made the site a target of ridicule . Site operation ( edit ) Yahoo ! Answers allows any questions that do not violate Yahoo ! Answers community guidelines . To encourage good answers , helpful participants are occasionally featured on the Yahoo ! Answers Blog . Though the service itself is free , the contents of the answers are owned by the respective users -- while Yahoo ! maintains a non-exclusive royalty - free worldwide right to publish the information . Chat is explicitly forbidden in the Community Guidelines , although categories like Politics and Religion & Spirituality are mostly opinion . Users may also choose to reveal their Yahoo ! Messenger ID on their Answers profile page . Misuse of Yahoo ! Answers is handled by a user moderation system , where users report posts that are in breach of guidelines or the Terms of Service . Posts are removed if they receive sufficient weight of trusted reports ( reports from users with a reliable reporting history ) . Deletion may be appealed : an unsuccessful appeal receives a 10 - point penalty ; a successful one reinstates the post and reduces the ' trust rating ' ( reporting power ) of the reporter . If a user receives a large number of violations in a relatively short amount of time or a very serious violation , it can cause the abuser 's account to be suspended . In extreme , but rare cases ( for a Terms of Service violation ) , the abuser 's entire Yahoo ! ID will be suddenly deactivated without warning . To open an account , a user needs a Yahoo ! ID but can use any name as identification on Yahoo ! Answers . A user can be represented by a picture from various internet avatar sites or a user - made graphic uploaded to replace their default Yahoo graphic . Yahoo ! Avatars was discontinued in 2012 . When answering a question , a user can search Yahoo ! or Wikipedia , or any source of information that the user wishes , as long as they mention their source . Questions are initially open to answers for four days . However , the asker can choose to pick a best answer for the question after a minimum of one hour . However , comments and answers can still be posted after this time . To ask a question , one has to have a Yahoo ! account with a positive score balance of five points or more . The points system is weighted to encourage users to answer questions and to limit spam questions . There are also levels ( with point thresholds ) , which give more site access . Points and levels have no real world value , can not be traded , and serve only to indicate how active a user has been on the site . A notable downside to the points / level system is that it encourages people to answer questions even when they do not have a suitable answer to give to gain points . Users also receive ten points for contributing the `` Best Answer '' which is selected by the question 's asker . The voting function , which allowed users to vote for the answer they considered best , was discontinued in April 2014 . In addition to points awarded for activity , Yahoo ! Answers staff may also award extra points if they are impressed with a user 's contributions . The Yahoo ! Answers community manager has stated that `` power users '' who defend the company should be thanked and rewarded . Level table ( edit ) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 Points 1 -- 249 250 -- 999 1,000 -- 2,499 2,500 -- 4,999 5,000 -- 9,999 10,000 -- 24,999 25,000 + Questions 5 10 15 20 20 20 20 Answers 20 80 120 160 160 160 160 Commentaries 10 20 30 40 40 40 40 Stars 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 Evaluation permission No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Note : All limitations are per day . Users begin on level 1 and receive 100 free points . Prior to this , they began on level 0 , could only answer one question , and then were promoted to level 1 . Before April 20 , 2012 , users levels 5 and above could give an unlimited amount of questions , answers , and comments . Yahoo ! Answers established an upper limit to curb spam and unproductive answers . Before April 2014 users were also able to vote for a best answer if the asker did not choose one , but this was discontinued . Badges ( edit ) Top Contributor ( edit ) The point system ostensibly encourages users to answer as many questions as they possibly can , up to their daily limit . Once a user achieves and maintains a certain minimum number of such contributions ( See Note * , further ... ) , they may receive an orange `` badge '' under the name of their avatar , naming the user a Top Contributor ( TC ) . Users can lose this badge if they do not maintain their level of participation . Once a user becomes a `` Top Contributor '' in any category , the badge appears in all answers , questions , and comments by the user , regardless of category . A user can be a Top Contributor in a maximum of 3 categories . The list of Top contributors is updated every Monday . Although Yahoo ! Answers staff has kept secret the conditions of becoming a TC , many theories exist among users , for example : Maintaining a weekly ( mystery ) `` quota '' of answers in the category . User wanting to become a TC must have more than or equal to 12 % Best answers . User should be at least on level 2 , although there have been claims that first - level users with TC Badge have been seen . User should concentrate only on one particular category to become a Top Contributor for that category . Out of these , none have an official status . This feature began March 8 , 2007 . Staff ( edit ) Badge is seen under the name staff members of Yahoo ! Answers . Official ( edit ) This type of badge is found on the name of celebrities ( like mentioned above ) and government departments like the health department . Knowledge partners ( edit ) These badges are found under the name of the companies or organizations who share their personal knowledge and experience with the members of Yahoo ! Answers . Academic studies ( edit ) A number of studies have looked at the structure of the community and the interaction between askers and responders . Studies of user typology on the site have revealed that some users answer from personal knowledge -- `` specialists '' -- while others use external sources to construct answers -- `` synthesists '' , with synthesists tending to accumulate more reward points . Adamic et al. looked at the ego networks of users and showed that it is possible to distinguish `` answer people '' from `` discussion people '' with the former found in specialist categories for factual information , such as mathematics and the latter more common in general interest categories , such as marriage and wrestling . They also show that answer length is a good predictor of `` best answer '' choice . Kim and Oh looked at the comments given by users on choosing best answers and showed that content completeness , solution feasibility and personal agreement / confirmation were the most significant criteria . Quality of Answers ( edit ) Researchers found that questions seeking factual information received few answers and that the knowledge on Yahoo ! Answers is not very deep . Despite the presence of experts , academics and other researchers , Yahoo ! Answers ' base consists of a much more general group ; hence , it has been criticized for the large number of dubious questions , such as `` how is babby formed how girl get pragnent '' ( sic ) , which sparked an Internet meme . This `` Internet language '' of incorrect spelling and improper grammar also contributes to Yahoo ! Answers ' reputation of being a source of entertainment rather than a fact based question and answer platform , and for the reliability , validity , and relevance of its answers . A 2008 study found that Yahoo ! Answers is suboptimal for questions requiring factual answers and that the quality decreases as the number of users increases . One journalist observed that the structure Yahoo ! Answers provides , particularly the persistence of inaccuracies , the inability to correct them , and a point structure that rewards participation more readily than accuracy , all indicate that the site is oriented towards encouraging use of the site , not offering accurate answers to questions . The number of poorly formed questions and inaccurate answers has made the site a target of ridicule . Likewise , posts on many Internet forums and Yahoo ! Answers itself indicate that Yahoo ! Answers attracts a large number of trolls . The site does not have a system that filters the correct answers from the incorrect answers . At one time , the community could vote for the best answer among the posted answers ; but that option was disabled in March 2014 . For most of the life of Yahoo ! Answers , once the `` best answer '' was chosen , there was no way to add more answers nor to improve or challenge the best answer chosen by the question asker ; there is a display of thumbs down or thumbs up for each answer , but viewers can not vote . In April 2014 , this was changed to allow for additional answers after a best answer is chosen , but the best answer can never be changed . Also , while `` best answers '' can be briefly commented upon , the comment is not visible by default and is hence hardly read . ( Even the user who posts the question is n't notified , before or after the best answer is picked , about a comment on the question or on the best answer . ) If the best answer chosen is wrong or contains problematic information , the only chance to give a better ( or correct ) answer will be the next time the same question is asked . The older answer will likely get higher priority in search engines . Any new answer will most probably not be seen by any original questioner . Promotions and events ( edit ) Yamster ( edit ) The Yahoo ! Answers green smiley . The official Yahoo ! Answers mascot is a cartoon hamster called Yamster . Yamster is a combination , or portmanteau , of the words `` Yahoo '' and `` hamster '' . The mascot is also used as an avatar for Yahoo ! Answers staff . During beta testing of Yahoo ! Answers in 2005 , the Director of Product Management would use a Gemmy Kung Fu Hamster to summon employees to meetings . The toy was a battery - operated , dancing , musical plush hamster clothed in a karate uniform . A Yahoo ! Answers employee selected a photo of the toy as the staff avatar . A user then questioned the potential trademark / copyright infringement of using such an avatar . At that time , the photo was replaced with the Yahoo ! Answers green smiley face . At the beginning of 2006 , the green smiley face was replaced by the cartoon Yamster clad in a karate uniform . As of November 2009 , the history of Yamster , complete with photos of the toy , was available on the Yahoo ! Answers Team Vietnam blog . Special guests ( edit ) Several celebrities and notables have appeared on Yahoo ! Answers to ask questions . These users have an `` official '' badge below their avatar and on their profile page . During the 2008 U.S. Presidential campaign , Hillary Clinton , John McCain , Barack Obama , and Mitt Romney posted questions on Yahoo ! Answers , in addition to YouTube . In an awareness campaign , `` UNICEF Up Close 2007 '' , nine UNICEF ambassadors asked questions . The launch of Answers on Yahoo ! India included a question from A.P.J. Abdul Kalam , the President of India at that time . Other guests have included international leaders ( Queen Rania of Jordan , candidate for United Nations Secretary - General Shashi Tharoor ) , Nobel Peace Prize laureates ( Al Gore , Muhammad Yunus ) and other international activists ( Bono , Jean - Michel Cousteau ) , intellectuals ( Stephen Hawking , Marilyn vos Savant ) , and numerous other celebrities . Site statistics ( edit ) Yahoo ! used comScore statistics in December 2006 to proclaim Yahoo ! Answers `` the leading Q&A site on the web '' . Currently Yahoo ! Answers is ranked as the second most popular Q&A site on the web by comScore . The slogan `` The world 's leading Q&A site '' has since been adopted by Answers.com . In 2009 , Yahoo ! Answers staff claimed 200 million users worldwide and 15 million users visiting daily . Google Trends has reported around 4 million unique visitors ( Global ) daily . In January 2010 , the web analytics website Quantcast reported 24 million active users ( US ) per month ; in November 2015 , that had fallen by 77 % to 5.6 million . Quantcast traffic statistics for Yahoo ! Answers , January 2010 : 24,201,619 people per month ( US ) 62,171,200 visits per month ( US ) For January 1 -- 30 , 2015 : 11,273,839 people per month ( US ) For October 31 -- November 29 , 2015 : 5,555,080 people per month ( US ) For December 1 -- December 30 , 2015 : 4,546,016 people per month ( US ) Google Ad Planner traffic statistics for Yahoo ! Answers , December 2009 : 26,000,000 unique visitors ( users ) ( US ) 110,000,000 total visits ( US ) Compete Site Analytics traffic statistics for Yahoo ! Answers , December 2009 : 33,090,163 unique visitors ( US ) 64,928,634 visits ( US ) Yahoo ! Answers represents between 1.03 % to 1.7 % of Yahoo ! traffic . In popular media ( edit ) The comedy / advice podcast My Brother , My Brother and Me features a reoccurring segment in which co-host Griffin McElroy selects and reads a particularly humorous or outrageous question from Yahoo ! Answers . The hosts then discuss and attempt to answer the question , to comedic effect . The Internet troll Ken M is a regular user on Yahoo ! Answers , posting comments that confound and annoy other users . There are several communities on social media sites such as Reddit and Facebook dedicated to observing his antics , especially on Yahoo ! Answers . Ken was named as one of Time 's most influential people online in 2016 . See also ( edit ) List of question - and - answer websites Ask MetaFilter Askalo Askville Blurtit GirlsAskGuys Google Answers Q&A software Hunch Knowledge Search LinkedIn Answers Quora Stack Exchange Wiki Answers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mccullough , Brian . `` On the 20th Anniversary -- The History of Yahoo 's Founding '' . Internet History Podcast . Jump up ^ `` First / oldest Y ! A account - Director of Engineering , Ofer Shaked 's Yahoo ! Answers account , created on June 28 , 2005 '' . Yahoo ! Answers . 2005 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` SiliconBeat : Yahoo Answers '' . SiliconBeat. 2005 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Birth of Yahoo Answers - Search Engine Watch '' . Search Engine Watch . 2005 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo launches Q&A service - CNET News.com '' . CNET. 2005 - 12 - 07 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2005 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Answers - Home on December 10 , 2005 '' . Wayback Machine . December 10 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2005 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo - Yahoo ! Search Leverages Human Knowledge From Yahoo ! Answers to Improve Web Search ; Yahoo ! Answers Surpasses 10 Million Answers to Everyday Questions From Real People '' . Yahoo ! Investor . 2006 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Barry ( December 13 , 2006 ) . `` Yahoo Answers Birthday : One Year Old '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Chiebukuro Website '' . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo Answers Now on the App Store '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo Answers Now - Android Apps on Google Play '' . Google Play . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo Answers Now is a standalone app for iOS '' . Engadget. 2016 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo officially launches its Yahoo Answers Q&A mobile app - VentureBeat '' . VentureBeat. 2016 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo Answers makes its official mobile debut - TechCrunch '' . TechCrunch. 2016 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Raphael , J.R. ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` The 20 Dumbest Questions on Yahoo Answers '' . PC World . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmed , Murad ( January 3 , 2009 ) . `` Ask a silly question ... '' The Times . London . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Community guidelines '' . Yahoo ! Answers . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Terms of Service '' . Yahoo ! Terms . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . 9 ) Content submitted or made available for inclusion on the Yahoo ! Services : Yahoo ! does not claim ownership of Content you submit or make available for inclusion on the Yahoo ! Services . However , with respect to Content you submit or make available for inclusion on publicly accessible areas of the Yahoo ! Services , you grant Yahoo ! the following worldwide , royalty - free and non-exclusive license ( s ) , as applicable ^ Jump up to : Moore , Nicole Casal ( April 21 , 2008 ) . `` Users of Yahoo Answers seek advice , opinion , expertise '' . University of Michigan News Service . Ann Arbor , Michigan . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What if my question does n't receive any answers ? '' . Yahoo ! Help . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yahoo ! Answers -- Point System '' . Yahoo ! Answers . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A person in my category has - 9,000 points this week . ( Yes , that 's a minus . ) Someone else has - 22 % Best Answers . ( Also a minus ) '' . Yahoo ! Answers Suggestion Board . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Sometimes when we ( Yahoo ! Answers employees ) are impressed with a user 's answer quality or overall contribution to make Answers a better place , we award extra points as a mark of encouragement . Jump up ^ `` Managing the Mob : What to do when things go wrong '' . Socialtext . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Limitations on Level 5 , 6 and 7 Users '' . Yahoo ! Answers Blog. April 18 , 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is a Top Contributor ? '' . Yahoo ! Answers . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` What do the different badges on Yahoo ! Answers mean ? '' . Yahoo ! Answers . December 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gazan , R. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Specialists and Synthesists in a Question Answering Community '' . 69th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology ( ASIST ) , Austin ( US ) , 3 -- 8 November 2006 . Richard B. Hill . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.124. 6014 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Adamic , L. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Knowledge Sharing and Yahoo Answers : Everyone Knows Something '' . WWW 2008 / Refereed Track : Social Networks & Web 2.0 - Analysis of Social Networks & Online Interaction . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kim , S. ; Oh , S. ( 2009 ) . `` Users ' relevance criteria for evaluating answers in a social Q&A site '' . Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology . 60 ( 4 ) : 716 . doi : 10.1002 / asi. 21026 . Jump up ^ `` Stet '' . The New York Times . July 20 , 2008 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Modine , Austin ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` Wolfram Alpha to venture beyond boron nucleus '' . The Register . Southport , England : Situation Publishing . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Liu , Yandong ; Agichtein , Eugene ( 2008 ) . `` On the Evolution of the Yahoo ! Answers QA Community '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Liebenluft , Jacob ( December 7 , 2007 ) . `` A Librarian 's Worst Nightmare : Yahoo ! Answers , where 120 million users can be wrong '' . Slate . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Angwin , Julia ( December 23 , 2008 ) . `` Looking for a Few Good Answers Online '' . WSJ . Jump up ^ `` Important Changes to Answers '' . Yahoo ! Answers official blog . March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Answers Team 's Profile '' . Answers.yahoo.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MyThings -- View Item : KungFu Hamster '' . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What is the history of the Yahoo ! Answers Hamster ? '' . Answers.yahoo.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Y ! Answers _ Yamster '' . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mills , Elinor ( April 11 , 2007 ) . `` Presidential candidates to appear on YouTube '' . CNET News . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo Answers Unicef And Widgets Vista '' . WebProNews . January 30 , 2007 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF Up Close 2007 '' . 2007 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ` Yahoo ! Answers ' launched '' . The Hindu Business Line . The Hindu Group . January 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Rania of Jordan 's Activity -- Yahoo ! Answers '' . Answers.yahoo.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shashi Tharoor 's Activity -- Yahoo ! Answers '' . Answers.yahoo.com . February 1 , 2007 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sample , Ian ( July 8 , 2006 ) . `` Hawking turns to Yahoo for answers to his big question '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Herman , Michele ( June 23 , 2006 ) . `` Answer Al Gore 's Question , Win a Prius '' . Extra Helping . School Library Journal . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How can you help to create a poverty - free world ? -- Yahoo ! Answers '' . Answers.yahoo.com . December 6 , 2006 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jean - Michel Cousteau 's Activity -- Yahoo ! Answers '' . Answers.yahoo.com . June 7 , 2007 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Answers Celebrates One Year of Knowledge and Success as Poll Reveals Use and Influence of Q&A Sites '' ( Press release ) . Business Wire . December 13 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Scorched Up comScore In September , You Ask ? '' . October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers.com Announces September comScore Rank of No. 13 , up from No. 18 in August '' ( Press release ) . Business Wire . October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Answers hits 200 million visitors -- December 14 , 2009 '' . Yanswersblog.com . December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Did you know ? -- October 5 , 2009 '' . Yanswersblog.com . October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google Trends for Yahoo ! Answers '' . Google . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Quantcast profile for Yahoo ! Answers '' . Quantcast.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Site profile for Yahoo ! Answers '' . Google . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Site Profile for answers.yahoo.com '' . Site Analytics . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Heather ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` Yahoo ! Mail More than One Third of Yahoo ! Traffic '' . Experian Hitwise blogs . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo.com site info '' . Alexa.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` My Brother , My Brother , and Me '' . Maximum Fun . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Lavender , Dave ( 8 November 2010 ) . `` McElroy brothers find success with podcast '' . The Herald - Dispatch . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ken M dedicated Reddit site '' . Reddit.com . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ken M official Facebook page '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Independent article on Ken M '' . independent.co.uk . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Gomes , Lee ( August 23 , 2006 ) . `` Portals : Success , greed in the new economy of web point payouts '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Official website Quicken Support Phone Number Yahoo Answers Answers architect Yahoo ! Answers Suggestion Board Answers API Ask Yahoo ! , Yahoo ! 's former Q&A site , now merged with Answers Python wrapper over Answers API Introducing the new Yahoo ! Answers ( Tumblr announcement ) Yahoo ! Websites Yahoo.com Beauty Celebrity Fantasy Sports Finance Movies Music News Search Shopping Sports Style Tech TV View Advertising Flurry Panama Communication Answers Groups Mail Rivals.com Software Messenger versions Smart TV Development Developer Network BOSS Query Language UI Library Corporate Oath Verizon Communications Acquisitions Criticism History Timeline Related People David Filo Marissa Mayer Jerry Yang Related Altaba Yahoo ! China Koprol Maktoob Sport4ever Yahoo7 Yahoo ! Japan Yahoo ! Korea Yahoo ! Xtra Oath Inc . Brands AOL AOL Mail Autoblog Cambio.com Engadget HuffPost MapQuest Netscape RYOT TechCrunch Yahoo ! BrightRoll Flurry Panama Polyvore Rivals.com Tumblr Yahoo ! Answers Yahoo ! Finance Yahoo ! Groups Yahoo ! Query Language Yahoo ! Mail Yahoo ! Movies Yahoo ! Music Yahoo ! News Yahoo ! Messenger Yahoo ! Search Yahoo ! Smart TV Yahoo Sports Yahoo ! Tech Yahoo ! View Corporate Verizon Communications Former Flickr Moviefone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahoo!_Answers&oldid=843609901 '' Categories : Question - and - answer websites Yahoo ! Social information processing Internet properties established in 2005 Products introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from September 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2018 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Sardu தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 07 : 57 . 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Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs
Maxwell School of citizenship and public affairs - wikipedia Maxwell School of citizenship and public affairs The Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Type Private Parent institution Syracuse University Dean David Van Slyke Postgraduates 800 Location Syracuse , NY , USA Affiliations APSIA , NASPAA , APPAM , Truman Scholarship , Rangel Fellowship , Robertson Foundation ) , Pickering Fellowship , PPIA , Open Society Foundations , and Teach For America Website maxwell.syr.edu The Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs ( commonly known as the Maxwell School ) is Syracuse University 's home for professional degree programs in public administration and international relations ; scholarly , doctoral programs in the social sciences ; and undergraduate instruction in the social sciences . Maxwell is ranked as the # 2 program for public affairs in the country . The Maxwell School hosts the oldest public administration degree in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Departments 3 Rankings 4 Joint and concurrent degrees 5 Notable alumni 5.1 Government and politics 5.2 Non-profit 5.3 Academia 5.4 Private sector 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The Maxwell / Eggers complex in Syracuse , New York . The school is named for George Holmes Maxwell , a Syracuse alumnus and Boston patent attorney who in 1924 donated $500,000 to the university to establish a school which would aim `` to cull from every source those principles , facts , and elements which , combined , make up our rights and duties and our value and distinctiveness as United States citizens '' . Maxwell 's initial interest was in training all undergraduates for their roles as informed citizens in the American democracy ; University officials convinced him the school should also provide professional training for future government officials and other public servants . The Maxwell School was dedicated on October 3 , 1924 , and was the first program to offer a graduate professional degree in public administration . That Master of Public Administration program is the oldest continuously operating , University - based MPA in the United States . In 1937 , the school took its full name and moved into Maxwell Hall , a purpose - built building on the west end of Syracuse University 's main campus . In that year , Syracuse University 's graduate programs and undergraduate instruction in the social sciences were moved into Maxwell , giving the school the unusual hybrid structure that remains today . In 1968 , Maxwell professor Dwight Waldo presided over the Minnowbrook I conference , which established the foundations for New Public Administration . Subsequent Minnowbrook II and III conferences were held in 1988 and 2008 at the eponymous Blue Mountain Lake retreat . The school 's rapid growth necessitated the 1990 `` Campaign for Maxwell '' , which raised capital to fund a new building to accommodate the expansion . The result of the campaign was the Bohlin Cywinski Jackson - designed Eggers Hall , which opened in 1994 . Eggers Hall adjoins Maxwell Hall at the corner , together forming an `` L '' shaped complex that houses the present - day Maxwell School . In 2013 , the Maxwell School and the Center for Strategic and International Studies , a think tank in Washington , D.C. , entered into a collaborative agreement that included headquartering all Maxwell operations at CSIS . Departments ( edit ) Anthropology Economics Executive Education Geography History International Relations Public Administration and International Affairs Political Science Social Science Sociology The school also hosts or co-hosts nine research institutes , encouraging interdisciplinary study and conversation within such broad rubrics as global affairs , domestic policy , conflict and collaboration , environmental studies , aging , public wellness , citizenship , and national security and counterterrorism . Rankings ( edit ) Maxwell was ranked as the top graduate program for public affairs in the country by U.S. News and World Report from 1995 - 2017 , and # 2 in 2018 . Maxwell is ranked the top school in the sub-specialty of Public Management / Administration and top - ten in four other areas . Maxwell is listed as one of the top 20 professional schools for International Relations by Foreign Policy -- most recently ranked 16th . Joint and concurrent degrees ( edit ) Master of Public Health , with SUNY Upstate Medical Public Diplomacy , with the Newhouse School Documentary Film and History , with the Newhouse School Masters in Public Administration with School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) , Johns Hopkins University Maxwell maintains formal relationships with a number of American and global institutions , among them the Chinese Academy of Governance , East China Normal University , Fudan University , the Hertie School of Governance , the Indian Institute of Management , Bangalore , the Korea Development Institute , the Korea Institute for Public Administration , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Seoul National University , and Tsinghua University , . Notable alumni ( edit ) Government and politics ( edit ) John R. Bass , US Ambassador to Georgia and Turkey ( BA ' 86 ) John Berry , US Ambassador to Australia ( MPA ' 81 ) David Bing , Mayor , City of Detroit ( MS ' 06 & JD ' 06 ) Andrew R. Ciesla , Senator , State of New Jersey ( MPA ' 76 ) James B. Cunningham , Ambassador for Kabul , Afghanistan ( BA ' 74 ) Kwabena Duffuor , Finance Minister of Ghana ( MA ' 75 ) Robert Duffy , New York Lieutenant Governor ( MPA ' 98 ) James E. Graves , Jr. , Federal Judge , United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ( MPA ' 81 ) Stanley L. Greigg , former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from northwestern Iowa ( MPA ' 56 ) Ponatshego Kedikilwe , Vice President , Republic of Botswana ( MPA ' 72 ) Stephanie Miner , Mayor , Syracuse , NY ( BA ' 92 ) Mohammad Al Murr , Speaker , UAE Federal National Council ( BA ' 78 ) Bismark Myrick , former Ambassador to Liberia ( MA ' 73 ) Masahide Ota , Governor , Okinawa Prefecture ( MA ' 56 ) Matt Rhoades , American political consultant and strategist for the Republican National Committee ( MPA ' 00 ) Steve Rothman , member , US House of Representatives ( BA ' 74 ) Arun Shourie , Indian politician and civil servant ( PhD ' 66 & MA ' 65 ) Christine Varney , former Antitrust Officer Department of Justice ( MPA ' 78 ) John P. White , Former Deputy Secretary , U.S. Department of Defense ( PhD ' 69 & MPA ' 64 ) Matthew Zeller , the 2010 Democratic Nominee for the United States House of Representatives in New Yorks 's 29th district and Co-Founder and CEO of No One Left Behind ( MPA ' 06 & MA ' 06 ) Benjamin Diokno , Professor Emeritus at the University of the Philippines Diliman School of Economics and Department of Budget and Management secretary of the Philippines , 1998 - 2001 and 2016 - present ( PhD ' 81 ) Non-profit ( edit ) Marc S. Ellenbogen , President , Prague Society for International Cooperation and Chairman , Global Panel Foundation ( MIR ' 85 ) Mark Emmert , President , NCAA ( former President , University of Washington ) ( MPA ' 76 , PhD ' 83 ) Academia ( edit ) Walter Broadnax , former President , Clark Atlanta University ( PhD ' 75 ) Sean O'Keefe , University Professor at the Maxwell School ; former CEO , EADS North America ( former Administrator of NASA and former Chancellor , Louisiana State University ) ( MPA ' 79 ) Kent John Chabotar , President , Guilford College ( MPA ' 69 & PhD ' 73 ) Michael Crow , President , Arizona State University ( PhD ' 85 ) William M. LeoGrande , former Dean , American University School of International Service ( BA ' 71 & MA ' 73 ) Joseph Rallo , former President , Angelo State University and Vice Chancellor , Texas Tech University ( MA ' 78 & PhD ' 80 ) Kenneth P. Ruscio , President , Washington and Lee University ( MPA ' 78 & PhD ' 83 ) Donna Shalala , President , University of Miami ( former Secretary of Health and Human Services ) ( MPA ' 70 & PhD ' 70 ) Mitchel B. Wallerstein , President , Baruch College ( formerly 8th Dean of the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs ) ( MPA ' 72 ) James F. Rinehart , Dean , Troy University , College of Arts and Sciences ( MS ' 91 & PhD ' 93 ) Private sector ( edit ) Al - Waleed bin Talal , founder and CEO of Kingdom Holding Company , member of the Saudi Royal Family ( MSSc ' 85 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/syracuse-university-196413 Jump up ^ `` About Maxwell '' . The Maxwell School of Syracuse University . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maxwell School of Syracuse University '' . Archived from the original on 2 May 2004 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Box , Richard C. ( 19 February 2018 ) . `` Democracy and Public Administration '' . M.E. Sharpe . Retrieved 19 February 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` FindArticles.com - CBSi '' . findarticles.com . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eggers Hall / Maxwell Expansion '' . Archived from the original on 14 March 2011 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maxwell School Again Named # 1 Graduate School of Public Affairs by U.S. News & World Report '' . The Maxwell School of Syracuse University . 27 January 2009 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Maliniak , Daniel ; Peterson , Susan ; Powers , Ryan ; Tierney , Michael J. `` The Best International Relations Schools in the World '' . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CNYMPH - SUNY Upstate Medical University '' . www.upstate.edu . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY PUBLIC DIPLOMACY - `` Perhaps we should warn you that there is one thing you wo n't read , and that is a pat answer for the problems of life . '' -- Edward R. Murrow `` . publicdiplomacy.syr.edu . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maxwell School of Syracuse University '' . The Maxwell School of Syracuse University . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` You are being redirected ... '' www.iimb.ernet.in . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Coordinates : 43 ° 02 ′ 17 '' N 76 ° 08 ′ 09 '' W  /  43.038038 ° N 76.13571 ° W  / 43.038038 ; - 76.13571 Syracuse University Located in : Syracuse , New York Academics Architecture Arts and Sciences Citizenship and Public Affairs Information Studies Law Management Public Communications Affiliated institutions SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry SUNY Upstate Medical University Departments African American Studies National Security and Counterterrorism Athletics Teams Football Men 's basketball Men 's lacrosse Men 's soccer Women 's basketball Women 's ice hockey Facilities Archbold Stadium Ben Schwartzwalder Trophy Carrier Dome Tennity Ice Skating Pavilion Other Otto the Orange Atlantic Coast Conference Greek Organizations Alpha Gamma Delta Alpha Phi Gamma Phi Beta Delta Kappa Epsilon Theta Chi Phi Iota Alpha Phi Kappa Psi Phi Tau Syracuse Triad History Feiner v. New York Genesee College Genesee Wesleyan Seminary NYS College of Forestry Orangemen baseball Pan Am Flight 103 bombing Campus List of buildings Comstock Tract Buildings Crouse College Hall of Languages Pi Chapter House People Alumni Faculty Chancellors Student life Alma Mater CitrusTV The Daily Orange WAER ( 88.3 FM ) WJPZ ( 89.1 FM ) WERW ( webcast ) Founded : 1870 Deans of the Maxwell School William E. Mosher Paul H. Appleby Harlan Cleveland Steven K. Bailey Alan K. Campbell Guthrie S. Birkhead John L. Palmer Mitchel B. Wallerstein James Steinberg The Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs Member schools North America School of International Service ( American University ) Norman Paterson School of International Affairs ( Carleton University ) School of International and Public Affairs ( Columbia University ) Sanford School of Public Policy ( Duke University ) Elliott School of International Affairs ( George Washington University ) Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service ( Georgetown University ) John F. Kennedy School of Government ( Harvard University ) Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies ( Johns Hopkins University ) Sam Nunn School of International Affairs ( Georgia Institute of Technology ) Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs ( Princeton University ) Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs ( Syracuse University ) Bush School of Government and Public Service ( Texas A&M University ) Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy ( Tufts University ) Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies ( University of California , San Diego ) Josef Korbel School of International Studies ( University of Denver ) University of Maryland , College Park Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy ( University of Michigan ) Humphrey School of Public Affairs ( University of Minnesota ) University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public and International Affairs University of Southern California School of International Relations Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs ( University of Texas at Austin ) Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies ( University of Washington ) Jackson Institute for Global Affairs ( Yale University ) Europe Graduate Institute Geneva Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris London School of Economics Moscow State University Saint Petersburg State University Stockholm School of Economics University of St. Gallen IE University Asia Korea University Ritsumeikan University Seoul National University Yonsei University Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy ( National University of Singapore ) Australia University of Queensland Affiliate member schools North America Brandeis University DePaul University Florida International University Fordham University George Mason University Monterey Institute of International Studies Munk School of Global Affairs ( University of Toronto ) New York University North Carolina State University Pardee School of Global Studies Pennsylvania State University Pepperdine University Rutgers University School of Diplomacy and International Relations ( Seton Hall University ) Stanford University University of Miami University of Oregon Europe Hertie School of Governance University of Economics , Prague Diplomatic Academy of Vienna Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals Asia International University of Japan Utsunomiya University National Chengchi University S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies ( Nanyang Technological University ) Graduate School of Asia - Pacific Studies ( Waseda University ) ADA University South America Universidad Externado de Colombia Africa Al Akhawayn University Australia University of Sydney Transatlantic Policy Consortium North America Monterey Institute of International Studies USC Sol Price School of Public Policy University of Georgia School of Public and International Affairs Indiana University Maurer School of Law Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs University of Maryland School of Public Policy Suffolk University Law School Rutgers University School of Public Affairs and Administration Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Rockefeller College of Public Affairs & Policy University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public and International Affairs Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs George Mason University School of Public Policy American University School of Public Affairs Europe Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Danish School of Public Administration École Nationale d'Administration Paris - Sorbonne University University of Reims Champagne - Ardenne German Research Institute for Public Administration German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer Hertie School of Governance Karlsruhe Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis Max Planck Institute of Economics Potsdam University University of Bremen Willy Brandt School of Public Policy Zeppelin University Delft University of Technology Erasmus University Rotterdam Leiden University Tilburg University Utrecht University Polish Institute of International Affairs Instituto Superior Técnico King Juan Carlos University Pompeu Fabra University Jönköping University University of Birmingham University of Glasgow Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maxwell_School_of_Citizenship_and_Public_Affairs&oldid=846023659 '' Categories : Public administration schools in the United States Public policy schools Syracuse University Schools of international relations in the United States Educational institutions established in 1924 1924 establishments in New York ( state ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 19 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
maxwell school of citizenship and public affairs ranking
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Steve Rowe (businessman)
Steve Rowe ( businessman ) - wikipedia Steve Rowe ( businessman ) Steve Rowe Stephen Joseph Rowe July 1967 ( age 50 -- 51 ) Residence Purley , England Nationality British Occupation CEO , Marks & Spencer Salary £ 810,000 plus benefits and bonuses Parent ( s ) Joe Rowe Stephen Joseph Rowe ( born July 1967 ) is a British businessman , CEO of Marks & Spencer since April 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 References Early life ( edit ) Stephen Joseph Rowe was born in July 1967 . He is from Croydon . His father , Joe Rowe also worked for M&S , where he was head of food , and a main board director . Career ( edit ) Rowe has spent almost his entire career at Marks & Spencer , starting in Croydon working on Saturdays , aged 15 . Aged 18 , Rowe joined Topshop as a trainee , and soon became a store manager , but returned to M&S , `` frustrated with the lack of career development at the company '' . On 7 January 2016 it was announced that Marc Bolland , who was CEO since 2010 would step down on 2 April 2016 , and be replaced by Rowe , who was then head of clothing , and had previously been head of the food business . On 2 April , he became the CEO of M&S . Personal life ( edit ) Rowe is a `` diehard Millwall fan '' . He lives in Purley . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chris Green ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` Marks & Spencer names Steve Rowe as new chief executive Business News News '' . The Independent . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Joseph ROWE - Personal Appointments ( free information from Companies House ) '' . Beta.companieshouse.gov.uk . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Rowe : Everything you need to know about the man replacing Marc Bolland at Marks & Spencer '' . City A.M. 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Sarah ; Kollewe , Julia ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` M&S boss Marc Bolland to step down '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Zoe Wood ( 1 January 1970 ) . `` New M&S boss Steve Rowe faces baptism of fire as sales fall Business '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel O'Mahony ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` Croydon businessman Steve Rowe appointed Marks and Spencer chief executive after joining company as 15 - year - old Saturday boy ( From Croydon Guardian ) '' . Croydonguardian.co.uk . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Business positions Preceded by John Dixon Director of General Merchandise at Marks & Spencer July 2015 - April 2016 Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by John Dixon Director of Food at Marks & Spencer November 2012 - July 2015 Succeeded by Andy Adcock Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Rowe_(businessman)&oldid=803296207 '' Categories : Living people 1967 births People from Croydon British chief executives English businesspeople in retailing Marks & Spencer Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2017 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 17 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who is chief executive of marks and spencer
[ "Stephen Joseph Rowe (born July 1967) is a British businessman, CEO of Marks & Spencer since April 2016.\n" ]
[ "Stephen Joseph Rowe" ]
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Edna St. Vincent Millay
Edna St. Vincent Millay - wikipedia Edna St. Vincent Millay Jump to : navigation , search Edna St. Vincent Millay Edna St. Vincent Millay , photographed by Carl Van Vechten , 1933 ( 1892 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1892 Rockland , Maine October 19 , 1950 ( 1950 - 10 - 19 ) ( aged 58 ) Austerlitz , New York Pen name Nancy Boyd Occupation Poet Nationality American Alma mater Vassar College Notable awards Pulitzer Prize for Poetry ( 1923 ) Robert Frost Medal ( 1943 ) Edna St. Vincent Millay ( February 22 , 1892 -- October 19 , 1950 ) was an American poet and playwright . She received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1923 , the third woman to win the award for poetry , and was also known for her feminist activism . She used the pseudonym Nancy Boyd for her prose work . The poet Richard Wilbur asserted , `` She wrote some of the best sonnets of the century . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 New York City 3 Career 4 Death and legacy 5 Works 5.1 Publications 5.1. 1 Poetry collections 5.1. 2 Plays 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Millay was born in Rockland , Maine , to Cora Lounella Buzelle , a nurse , and Henry Tolman Millay , a schoolteacher who would later become a superintendent of schools . Her middle name derives from St. Vincent 's Hospital in New York , where her uncle 's life had been saved just before her birth . The family 's house was `` between the mountains and the sea where baskets of apples and drying herbs on the porch mingled their scents with those of the neighboring pine woods . '' In 1904 , Cora officially divorced Millay 's father for financial irresponsibility , but they had already been separated for some years . Cora and her three daughters , Edna ( who called herself `` Vincent '' ) , Norma Lounella ( born 1893 ) , and Kathleen Kalloch ( born 1896 ) , moved from town to town , living in poverty . Cora travelled with a trunk full of classic literature , including Shakespeare and Milton , which she read to her children . The family settled in a small house on the property of Cora 's aunt in Camden , Maine , where Millay would write the first of the poems that would bring her literary fame . The three sisters were independent and spoke their minds , which did not always sit well with the authority figures in their lives . Millay 's grade school principal , offended by her frank attitudes , refused to call her Vincent . Instead , he called her by any woman 's name that started with a V . At Camden High School , Millay began developing her literary talents , starting at the school 's literary magazine , The Megunticook . At 14 she won the St. Nicholas Gold Badge for poetry , and by 15 , she had published her poetry in the popular children 's magazine St. Nicholas , the Camden Herald , and the high - profile anthology Current Literature . While at school , she had several relationships with women , including Edith Wynne Matthison , who would go on to become an actress in silent films . Edna St. Vincent Millay in Mamaroneck , NY , 1914 , by Arnold Genthe . Millay entered Vassar College in 1913 when she was 21 years old , later than usual . She had relationships with several fellow students during her time there and kept scrapbooks including drafts of plays written during the period . New York City ( edit ) Edna St. Vincent Millay 's home in 1923 -- 24 at 751⁄2 Bedford Street , Greenwich Village ( 2013 photo ) After her graduation from Vassar in 1917 , Millay moved to New York City . She lived in a number of places in Greenwich Village , including a house owned by the Cherry Lane Theatre and 751⁄2 Bedford Street , renowned for being the narrowest in New York City . The critic Floyd Dell wrote that the red - haired and beautiful Millay was `` a frivolous young woman , with a brand - new pair of dancing slippers and a mouth like a valentine . '' Millay described her life in New York as `` very , very poor and very , very merry . '' While establishing her career as a poet , Millay initially worked with the Provincetown Players on Macdougal Street and the Theatre Guild . In 1924 Millay and others founded the Cherry Lane Theater `` to continue the staging of experimental drama . '' Magazine articles under a pseudonym also helped support her early days in the village . Counted among Millay 's close friends were the writers Witter Bynner , Arthur Davison Ficke , and Susan Glaspell , as well as Floyd Dell and the critic Edmund Wilson , both of whom proposed marriage to her and were refused . Career ( edit ) Millay 's fame began in 1912 when she entered her poem `` Renascence '' in a poetry contest in The Lyric Year . The poem was widely considered the best submission and when it was ultimately awarded fourth place , it created a scandal which brought Millay publicity . The first - place winner Orrick Johns was among those who felt that `` Renascence '' was the best poem , and stated that `` the award was as much an embarrassment to me as a triumph '' . A second - prize winner offered Millay his $250 prize money . In the immediate aftermath of the Lyric Year controversy , wealthy arts patron Caroline B. Dow heard Millay reciting her poetry and playing the piano at the Whitehall Inn in Camden , Maine , and was so impressed that she offered to pay for Millay 's education at Vassar College . Her 1920 collection A Few Figs From Thistles drew controversy for its exploration of female sexuality and feminism . In 1919 she wrote the anti-war play Aria da Capo which starred her sister Norma Millay at the Provincetown Playhouse in New York City . Millay won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1923 for `` The Ballad of the Harp - Weaver '' ; she was the third woman to win the poetry prize , after Sara Teasdale ( 1918 ) and Margaret Widdemer ( 1919 ) . In January 1921 , she went to Paris , where she met and befriended the sculptor Thelma Wood . Main house at Steepletop , where Millay spent the last years of her life In 1923 she married 43 - year - old Eugen Jan Boissevain ( 1880 -- 1949 ) , the widower of the labor lawyer and war correspondent Inez Milholland , a political icon Millay had met during her time at Vassar . A self - proclaimed feminist , Boissevain supported her career and took primary care of domestic responsibilities . Both Millay and Boissevain had other lovers throughout their twenty - six - year marriage . For Millay , a significant such relationship was with the poet George Dillon . She met Dillon at one of her readings at the University of Chicago in 1928 where he was a student . He was fourteen years her junior , and the relationship inspired the sonnets in the collection Fatal Interview ( published 1931 ) . In 1925 , Boissevain and Millay bought Steepletop near Austerlitz , New York , which had been a 635 - acre ( 257 ha ) blueberry farm . The couple built a barn ( from a Sears Roebuck kit ) , and then a writing cabin and a tennis court . Millay grew her own vegetables in a small garden . The couple later bought Ragged Island in Casco Bay , Maine , as a summer retreat . During the first world war Millay had been a dedicated and active pacifist ; however , from 1940 she supported the Allied Forces , writing in celebration of the war effort and later working with Writers ' War Board to create propaganda , including poetry . Her reputation in poetry circles was damaged by her war work . Merle Rubin noted : `` She seems to have caught more flak from the literary critics for supporting democracy than Ezra Pound did for championing fascism . '' In The New York Times , Millay mourned the Czechoslovak city of Lidice , the site of a Nazi massacre : The whole world holds in its arms today The murdered village of Lidice , Like the murdered body of a little child . In 1943 Millay was the sixth person and the second woman to be awarded the Frost Medal for her lifetime contribution to American poetry . Boissevain died in 1949 of lung cancer , and Millay lived alone for the last year of her life . Death and legacy ( edit ) Millay died at her home on October 19 , 1950 . She had fallen down stairs and was found approximately eight hours after her death . Her physician reported that she had suffered a heart attack following a coronary occlusion . She was 58 years old . She is buried alongside her husband at Millay Colony for the Arts , Austerlitz , New York . Millay 's sister Norma and her husband , the painter and actor Charles Frederick Ellis , moved to Steepletop after Millay 's death . In 1973 , they established Millay Colony for the Arts on the seven acres around the house and barn . After the death of her husband in 1976 , Norma continued to run the program until her death in 1986 . Edna St. Vincent Millay 's gravestone at Steepletop At 17 , the poet Mary Oliver visited Steepletop and became a close friend of Norma . Oliver eventually lived there for seven years and helped to organize Millay 's papers . Mary Oliver herself went on to become a Pulitzer Prize - winning poet , greatly inspired by Millay 's work . In 2006 , the state of New York paid $1.69 million to acquire 230 acres ( 0.93 km ) of Steepletop , with the intention to add the land to a nearby state forest preserve . The proceeds of the sale were to be used by the Edna St. Vincent Millay Society to restore the farmhouse and grounds and turn it into a museum . The museum has been open to the public since summer 2010 , and guided tours of Steepletop and Millay 's gardens are available from the end of May through the middle of October . Parts of the grounds of Steepletop , including the Millay Poetry Trail that leads to her grave , are now open to the public year - round . Details of Millay 's life were compiled by biographer Nancy Milford in the book titled Savage Beauty : The Life of Edna St Vincent Millay , published in 2001 . Milford was sought out by Millay 's only living connection at the time , her sister Norma Millay Ellis , and was chosen for her previous , successful biography Zelda . Milford would then go on to edit and write an introduction for a collection of Millay 's poems called The Selected Poetry of Edna St. Vincent Millay . In 2015 , she was named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of the 2015 LGBT History Month . Works ( edit ) My candle burns at both ends ; It will not last the night ; But ah , my foes , and oh , my friends -- It gives a lovely light ! `` '' `` First Fig '' from A Few Figs from Thistles ( 1920 ) Millay wrote five verse dramas early in her career , including Two Slatterns and a King and The Lamp and the Bell , a poem written for Vassar College about love between women . She was commissioned by the Metropolitan Opera House to write a libretto for an opera composed by Deems Taylor . The result , The King 's Henchman , drew on the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle 's account of Eadgar , King of Wessex , and was described as the most effectively and artistically wrought American opera ever to reach the stage . Within three weeks , her publishers had run through four editions of the book . Her pacifist verse drama Aria da Capo , a one - act play written for the Provincetown Players , is often anthologized . It aired live as an episode of Academy Theatre in 1949 on NBC . `` Euclid alone has looked on Beauty bare '' ( 1922 ) is an homage to the geometry of Euclid . `` Renascence '' and `` The Ballad of the Harp - Weaver '' are often considered her finest poems . On her death , The New York Times described her as `` an idol of the younger generation during the glorious early days of Greenwich Village ( ... ) One of the greatest American poets of her time . '' Thomas Hardy said that America had two great attractions : the skyscraper and the poetry of Edna St. Vincent Millay . Publications ( edit ) Main article : Edna St. Vincent Millay bibliography The following comprises works published during her lifetime : Poetry collections ( edit ) Edna St. Vincent Millay ( 1917 ) . Renascence : and other poems . Harper & brothers . ( title poem first published under name E. Vincent Millay in The Lyric Year , 1912 ; collection includes God 's World ) , M. Kennerley , 1917 . reprinted , Books for Libraries Press , 1972 . A Few Figs From Thistles : Poems and Four Sonnets , F. Shay , 1920 , 2nd ( enlarged ) Edna St. Vincent Millay ( 1921 ) . A Few Figs from Thistles : Poems and Sonnets . F. Shay . , Edna St. Vincent Millay ( 1921 ) . Second April . Harper & Brothers . ( poems ; includes Spring , Ode to Silence , and The Beanstalk ) ; reprinted , Harper , 1935 The Ballad of the Harp - Weaver , F. Shay , 1922 , reprinted as The Harp - Weaver , in The Harp - Weaver , and Other Poems ( includes The Concert , Euclid Alone has Looked on Beauty Bare , and Sonnets from an Ungrafted Tree ) , Harper , 1923 . Poems , M. Secker , 1923 . ( Under pseudonym Nancy Boyd ) Distressing Dialogues , preface by Edna St. Vincent Millay , Harper , 1924 . The Buck in the Snow , and Other Poems , Harper , 1928 ( includes The Buck in the Snow ( also see below ) and On Hearing a Symphony of Beethoven ) . Fatal Interview ( sonnets ) , Harper , 1931 . Wine from These Grapes ( poems ; includes Epitaph for the Race of Man and In the Grave No Flower ) , Harper , 1934 . ( Translator with George Dillon ; and author of introduction ) Charles Baudelaire , Flowers of Evil , Harper , 1936 . Conversation at Midnight ( narrative poem ) , Harper , 1937 . Huntsman , What Quarry ? ( poems ) , Harper , 1939 . There Are No Islands , Any More : Lines Written in Passion and in Deep Concern for England , France , and My Own Country , Harper , 1940 . Make Bright the Arrows : 1940 Notebook ( poems ) , Harper , 1940 . Collected Sonnets of Edna St. Vincent Millay , Harper & Brothers , 1941 . The Murder of Lidice ( poem ) , Harper , 1942 . Second April ( and ) The Buck in the Snow , introduction by William Rose Benét , Harper , 1950 . Mine the Harvest , A Collection of New Poem , Edited by her sister , Norma Millay , and posthumously published by Harper & Brothers , 1954 ( This collection consists of the poems that Edna St. Vincent Millay was preparing at the time of her death ) . Love is Not All , Engeler Urs Editor , 2008 . Plays ( edit ) ( And director ) Aria da capo ( one - act play in verse ; first produced in Greenwich Village , NY , December 5 , 1919 ) , M. Kennerley , 1921 ( also see below ) . The Lamp and the Bell ( five - act play ; first produced June 18 , 1921 ) , F. Shay , 1921 ( also see below ) . Two Slatterns and a King : A Moral Interlude ( play ) , Stewart Kidd , 1921 . Three Plays ( contains Two Slatterns and a King , Aria da capo , and The Lamp and the Bell ) , Harper , 1926 . ( Author of libretto ) The King 's Henchman ( three - act play ; first produced in New York , February 17 , 1927 ) , Harper , 1927 . The Princess Marries the Page ( one - act play ) , Harper , 1932 . Poetry portal Biography portal United States portal Maine portal New York City portal LGBT portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Obituary Variety , October 25 , 1950 . Jump up ^ Pulitzer site Jump up ^ Millay , Edna St. Vincent . Selected Poems. Harper Collins , 1991 ^ Jump up to : `` Edna St. V. Millay Found Dead At 58 '' , The New York Times ( obituary ) , October 20 , 1950 , retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Epstein , Daniel Mark ( 2001 ) . What Lips My Lips Have Kissed : The Loves and Love Poems of Edna St. Vincent Millay . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6727 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Millay biography from the Academy of American Poets Jump up ^ Edna St. Vincent Millay at Mitchell Kennerley 's house in Mamaroneck , New York - Library of Congress Jump up ^ Brinkman , B. `` Modern American Archives and Scrapbook Modernism . '' The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Poetry ( 2015 ) : Jump up ^ Nevius , Michelle and James ( 2009 ) . Inside the Apple : A Streetwise History of New York City . New York : Free Press . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher ( November 10 , 1996 ) . `` For Rent : 3 - Floor House , 9 1 / 2 Ft . Wide , $6,000 a Month '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Barbanel , Josh ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` Grand on a Small Scale '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Wetzsteon , Ross . 2002 . Republic of Dreams : Greenwich Village , the American Bohemia , 1910 - 1960 . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 283 Jump up ^ Delaney , Edmund T. 1968 . New York 's Greenwich Village . Barre , Mass : Barre Publishers . p. 112 Jump up ^ Milford , Nancy ( 2001 ) . Savage Beauty : The Life of Edna St. Vincent Millay . New York : Random House . pp. 191 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 76081 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dash , Joan ( 1973 ) . A Life of One 's Own : Three Gifted Women and the Men They Married . New York : Harper & Row . Jump up ^ Reuben , Paul P. `` Chapter 7 : Edna St. Vincent Millay '' . PAL : Perspectives in American Literature -- A Research and Reference Guide . CSUSTAN . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Millay , Edna St. Vincent . A few Figs from Thistles Jump up ^ Millay , Edna St. Vincent , `` The Ballad of the Harp - Weaver '' Jump up ^ `` Poetry '' , Pulitzer , retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Herring , Phillip ( 1995 ) . Djuna : The Life and Work of Djuna Barnes . New York : Penguin Books . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 017842 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Edna St. Vincent Millay '' . Poetry Foundation . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . Millay Colony for the Arts . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Grounds at Steepletop '' . Edna St. Vincent Millay Society . 2008 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Milford 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Edna St. Vincent Millay '' Vassar Encyclopaedia , Vassar College Jump up ^ Rubin , Merle ( 6 September 2001 ) . `` Lyrical , Rebellious And Almost Forgotten '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Milford 2001 , p. 508 . Jump up ^ Epstein 2001 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Scott . Resting Places : The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons , 3d ed. : 2 ( Kindle Location 32422 ) . McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ `` The Land and Words of Mary Oliver , the Bard of Provincetown '' , The New York Times , July 5 , 2009 , retrieved 2010 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Poetry Foundation Oliver biography . Accessed 2010 - 09 - 07 Jump up ^ Milford , Nancy ( 2002 ) . The Selected Poems of Edna St. Vincent Millay . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 76123 - 3 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Lazin ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Op - ed : Here Are the 31 Icons of 2015 's Gay History Month '' . Advocate.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Michael Browning ( 18 August 1996 ) . `` The Eternal Flame '' . The Miami Herald . Jump up ^ Sinclair , N. et al. ( 2006 ) . Mathematics and the Aesthetic . New York : Springer . p. 111 . Jump up ^ Millay , Edna St. Vincent . `` Renascence '' Jump up ^ Millay , Edna St. Vincent . `` The Ballad of the Harp - Weaver '' Further reading ( edit ) Atkins , Elizabeth ( 1936 ) . Edna St. Vincent Millay and Her Times . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Barnet , Andrea ( 2004 ) . All - Night Party : The Women of Bohemian Greenwich Village and Harlem , 1913 -- 1930 . Chapel Hill , NC : Algonquin Books . ISBN 1 - 56512 - 381 - 6 . Epstein , Daniel Mark ( 2001 ) . What Lips my Lips Have Kissed : The Loves and Love Poems of Edna St. Vincent Millay . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6727 - 2 . Milford , Nancy ( 2001 ) . Savage Beauty : The Life of Edna St. Vincent Millay . New York : Random House . pp. 191 -- 92 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 76081 - 4 . Milford , Nancy ( 2002 ) . The Selected Poems of Edna St Vincent Millay . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 76123 - 3 . Millay , Edna St. Vincent ( 1991 ) Selected Poems. Harper Collins External links ( edit ) Library resources about Edna St. Vincent Millay Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Edna St. Vincent Millay Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikisource has original works written by or about : Edna St. Vincent Millay Wikiquote has quotations related to : Edna St. Vincent Millay Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edna St. Vincent Millay . Edna St. Vincent Millay at the Poetry Foundation . Selected Poetry of Edna St. Vincent Millay - Biography & 18 poems ( Ashes of Life , The Betrothal , Departure , Dirge , Ebb , Feast , First Fig , ( Four Sonnets 1922 ) , Grown Up , Humoresque , Lament , The Penitent , Recuerdo , Second Fig , Sonnets 1923 , Sonnets from an Ungrafted Tree , Sorrow , Spring ) Works by Edna St. Vincent Millay at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Edna St. Vincent Millay at Internet Archive Works by or about Edna St. Vincent Millay at Internet Archive Works by Edna St. Vincent Millay at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Edna St. Vincent Millay at Find a Grave Archive and images at the Smithsonian Institution . New York Times Obituary October 20 , 1950 `` Edna St. V. Millay Found Dead At 58 '' . Accessed 2010 - 09 - 13 `` Il raccolto a mano aperta di Edna St. Vincent Millay '' an article in Italian Miriam Gurko - Floyd Dell Papers at The Newberry Library Guide to the Edna St. Vincent Millay at Vassar College Archives and Special Collections Library ( hide ) Pulitzer Prize for Poetry ( 1922 -- 1950 ) Edwin Arlington Robinson ( 1922 ) Edna St. Vincent Millay ( 1923 ) Robert Frost ( 1924 ) Edwin Arlington Robinson ( 1925 ) Amy Lowell ( 1926 ) Leonora Speyer ( 1927 ) Edwin Arlington Robinson ( 1928 ) Stephen Vincent Benét ( 1929 ) Conrad Aiken ( 1930 ) Robert Frost ( 1931 ) George Dillon ( 1932 ) Archibald MacLeish ( 1933 ) Robert Hillyer ( 1934 ) Audrey Wurdemann ( 1935 ) Robert P.T. Coffin ( 1936 ) Robert Frost ( 1937 ) Marya Zaturenska ( 1938 ) John Gould Fletcher ( 1939 ) Mark Van Doren ( 1940 ) Leonard Bacon ( 1941 ) William Rose Benét ( 1942 ) Robert Frost ( 1943 ) Stephen Vincent Benét ( 1944 ) Karl Shapiro ( 1945 ) Robert Lowell ( 1947 ) W.H. Auden ( 1948 ) Peter Viereck ( 1949 ) Gwendolyn Brooks ( 1950 ) Complete list ( 1922 -- 1950 ) ( 1951 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) VIAF : 90721763 LCCN : n79062746 ISNI : 0000 0001 2143 3460 GND : 118641107 SELIBR : 248979 SUDOC : 032705271 BNF : cb12368425k ( data ) MusicBrainz : 55182b78 - d596 - 4148 - b5e3 - 5fb0251cfa92 NLA : 35352096 NKC : js20090526007 BNE : XX1244219 IATH : w6057dvc Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edna_St._Vincent_Millay&oldid=817622797 '' Categories : American dramatists and playwrights 1892 births 1950 deaths American feminist writers American librettists American opera librettists American women poets American women dramatists and playwrights Bisexual feminists Bisexual women Bisexual writers Formalist poets LGBT poets LGBT writers from the United States Sonneteers Women librettists Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winners LGBT people from Maine LGBT people from New York ( state ) Poets from Maine Writers from Maine Writers from New York ( state ) Vassar College alumni People from Camden , Maine People from Greenwich Village People from Rockland , Maine Accidental deaths from falls Accidental deaths in New York ( state ) 20th - century American poets 20th - century American writers 20th - century dramatists and playwrights 20th - century women writers Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2013 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 15 : 16 . 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who wrote my candle burns at both ends
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Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
Battle of the Sexes ( tennis ) - wikipedia Battle of the Sexes ( tennis ) Battle of the Sexes I Margaret Court vs. Bobby Riggs Set Margaret Court Bobby Riggs 6 6 Date May 13 , 1973 Location Ramona , California Battle of the Sexes II Billie Jean King vs. Bobby Riggs Set Billie Jean King 6 6 6 Bobby Riggs Date September 20 , 1973 Location Astrodome Houston , Texas Battle of the Sexes III Martina Navratilova vs. Jimmy Connors Set Martina Navratilova 5 Jimmy Connors 7 6 Date September 25 , 1992 Location Caesars Palace Las Vegas , Nevada In tennis , `` Battle of the Sexes '' is a term that has been used to describe various exhibition matches played between a man and a woman ( or , in one case , a doubles match between two men and two women ) . Most famously , the term is used for a nationally televised match in 1973 , held at the Houston Astrodome , between 55 - year - old Bobby Riggs and 29 - year - old Billie Jean King , which King won in three sets . The match attracted massive attention and was viewed by an estimated 90 million people around the world . King 's win is considered a milestone in public acceptance of women 's tennis . Two other matches commonly referred to as a `` battle of the sexes '' include a match held four months earlier in 1973 between Riggs and Margaret Court , over the best of three sets , and one in 1992 between Jimmy Connors and Martina Navratilova , over the best of three sets and hybrid rules favoring the female player , dubbed `` The Battle of Champions '' . At least eight other exhibition matches have been played between notable male and female tennis players , starting in 1888 , though only some of them were referred to at the time as a `` battle of the sexes '' . Contents 1 1973 : Riggs vs. Court 2 1973 : Riggs vs. King 2.1 Allegations of match - throwing 2.2 Effects on women 's tennis 2.3 In popular culture 3 1992 : Navratilova vs. Connors 4 Other matches of men against women 4.1 1888 : Ernest Renshaw vs. Lottie Dod 4.2 1922 : Bill Tilden vs. Suzanne Lenglen 4.3 1933 : Helen Wills vs. Phil Neer 4.4 1975 : Challenge of the Sexes 4.5 1985 : Battle of the Sexes : The Challenge ! ( doubles ) 4.6 1998 : Karsten Braasch vs. the Williams sisters 4.7 2003 : Yannick Noah vs. Justine Henin 4.8 2013 : Novak Djokovic vs. Li Na 5 Challenges that never came to be 6 References 1973 : Riggs vs. Court ( edit ) Riggs had been one of the world 's top tennis players in the 1940s ; he was ranked year - end World No. 1 three times and had won six major titles during his career . After he retired from professional tennis in 1951 , Riggs remained a master promoter of himself and of tennis . In 1973 , he opined that the female game was inferior and that even at his current age of 55 he could still beat any of the top female players . Riggs first challenged Billie Jean King , but when she declined , Margaret Court stepped in . At the time , Court was 30 years old and in the midst of earning her seventh year - end ranking as World No. 1 female player in the world . On the day of their match on May 13 , 5,000 fans came to the Mother 's Day match in Ramona , California . Televised by CBS Sports , Riggs descended the stadium steps and presented Court with Mother 's Day flowers , which she accepted while curtsying . Riggs used his drop shots and lobs to keep Court off balance . His quick victory ( 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 ) landed Riggs on the cover of both Sports Illustrated and Time . 1973 : Riggs vs. King ( edit ) Paraphernalia from the Billie Jean King vs Bobby Riggs match Suddenly in the national limelight following his win over Court , Riggs taunted all female tennis players , prompting King to accept a lucrative financial offer to play Riggs in a nationally televised match in prime time on ABC that the promoters dubbed the `` Battle of the Sexes . '' The match , which had a winner - take - all prize of $ 100,000 ( $551,000 today ) , was held in Texas at the Houston Astrodome on Thursday , September 20 , 1973 . Then 29 - year - old King had earned her fifth year - end ranking as World No. 1 female player the previous year , and would finish second to Court in 1973 . King entered the court in the style of Cleopatra , on a feather - adorned litter carried by four bare - chested muscle men dressed in the style of ancient slaves . Riggs followed in a rickshaw drawn by a bevy of scantily clad models . Riggs presented King with a giant Sugar Daddy lollipop , and she responded by giving him a squealing piglet , symbolic of male chauvinism . Riggs was given $50,000 ( $276,000 today ) to wear a yellow Sugar Daddy jacket during the match , which he took off after three games . Riggs also placed many bets on and invested a lot of money in the match . King , who also competed in the Virginia Slims of Houston during the same week , won in straight sets , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 . In the first set , she fell behind 3 -- 2 when Riggs broke her serve . In a 2015 interview , she said that most people do not remember that she was initially behind in the first set , and it looked bad for her in the early going . At this point , King realized that she `` had to win '' given the importance of the match , and broke right back and again in the tenth game to close out the set . She had learned from Court 's loss and was ready for Riggs ' game . Rather than playing her own usual aggressive game , King mostly stayed at the baseline , easily handling Riggs 's lobs and soft shots , making him cover the entire court as she ran him from side to side and beat him at his own defensive style of play . After quickly failing from the baseline , where he had intended to play , Riggs dropped his comedic effect and showed a more serious demeanor , as he was forced to change to a serve - and - volley game . A few critics were less than impressed by King 's victory ; she was 26 years younger , and some experts claimed that it was more an age versus youth game . According to Jack Kramer , `` I do n't think Billie Jean played all that well . She hit a lot of short balls which Bobby could have taken advantage of had he been in shape . I would never take anything away from Billie Jean -- because she was smart enough to prepare herself properly -- but it might have been different if Riggs had n't kept running around . It was more than one woman who took care of Bobby Riggs in Houston . '' Before the match , however , King had forced the American television network ABC to drop Kramer as a commentator . King said , `` He does n't believe in women 's tennis . Why should he be part of this match ? He does n't believe in half of the match . I 'm not playing . Either he goes -- or I go . '' After the match , Pancho Segura declared that Riggs was only the third best senior player , behind himself and Gardnar Mulloy , and he challenged King to another match . King refused . The match had an audience of an estimated 50 million in the U.S. and 90 million worldwide . The attendance in the Houston Astrodome was 30,472 ; as of 2012 , it remains the largest audience to see a tennis match in the United States . Allegations of match - throwing ( edit ) There was also widespread speculation , based on Riggs ' unusually poor play and large number of unforced errors , that Riggs had purposely lost the match in order to win large sums of money that he had bet against himself , as a way to pay off his gambling debts . ESPN 's Outside the Lines on August 25 , 2013 featured a man who had been silent for 40 years who said he heard several members of the mafia talking about Riggs throwing the match in exchange for cancelling his gambling debt to the mob . On the other hand , the article says Riggs ' close friend and estate executor Lornie Kuhle vehemently denied he was ever in debt to the mob or received a payoff from them . The article also quotes Riggs ' son who claims his father felt he had made a terrible mistake and was depressed for six months following the match . Riggs wanted a rematch but not King . He considered suing her as a rematch had been part of the contract . King and Riggs would appear together spoofing their rivalry less than two months after the match on an episode of The Odd Couple ( titled `` The Pig Who Came To Dinner '' ) and they became good friends . Kramer wrote , however , that `` Billie Jean beat him fair and square . A lot of men -- especially around our age -- were so stunned when he lost that they figured he must have tanked . Budge is convinced of that . But what motive would Riggs have for that ? Bobby Riggs , the biggest ham in the world , gets his greatest audience -- and purposefully looks bad ? There 's no way . If he had beaten Billie Jean , he could have kept the act going indefinitely . Next they would have had him play Chrissy on clay . '' Selena Roberts claimed in her book documenting the match , A Necessary Spectacle , that Riggs later undertook a public polygraph test to prove he did not throw the match . Effects on women 's tennis ( edit ) King viewed the match as more than a publicity stunt , feeling that beating Riggs was important both for women 's tennis and for the women 's liberation movement as a whole . She said later , `` I thought it would set us back 50 years if I did n't win that match . It would ruin the women 's tour and affect all women 's self - esteem . '' She believed that she had a destiny to work for gender equality in sports . Billie Jean was part of the Original 9 , which formed the Virginia Slims Series , created because the women wanted to end inequality of pay between male and female victors . These nine women created their own tournaments and played wherever they could . Eventually this turned into the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) . In popular culture ( edit ) In 2001 , ABC aired a television film about the match between King and Riggs titled When Billie Beat Bobby , starring Holly Hunter and Ron Silver as King and Riggs respectively . In 2013 , New Black Films released the documentary movie Battle of the Sexes in cinemas , with television broadcast following soon after . It was directed by James Erskine and Zara Hayes . The film was released on DVD in 2014 . The 2017 film Battle of the Sexes , directed by Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris , is about the King / Riggs match , and stars Emma Stone and Steve Carell as King and Riggs , respectively . 1992 : Navratilova vs. Connors ( edit ) Nineteen years later , a third `` Battle of the Sexes '' match , entitled Battle of Champions , was played in 1992 . Outdoors at Caesars Palace in Paradise , Nevada , it matched 40 year - old Jimmy Connors and Martina Navratilova , age 35 . Navratilova had previously turned down invitations to take on John McEnroe and Ilie Năstase , as she considered them undignified . The promoters initially tried to match Connors with the then top - ranked female player , Monica Seles . Connors called the match ' war . ' Navratilova , on the other hand , called it a battle of egos . A pay - per - view telecast , the match was played on Friday night , September 25 , under hybrid rules to make it more competitive ; Connors was allowed only one serve per point , and Navratilova was allowed to hit into half of the doubles alleys . Each player received a $650,000 guarantee , with a further $500,000 for the winner . Connors won 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , as Navratilova made eight double faults and 36 unforced errors . Connors , too , was nervous and there was a rumor that he had placed a bet on himself to win at 4 : 1 . According to Connors ' book The Outsider , he placed a million - dollar bet that he would lose no more than eight games . Other matches of men against women ( edit ) 1888 : Ernest Renshaw vs. Lottie Dod ( edit ) In 1888 , the Wimbledon 's men 's champion , Ernest Renshaw , played a handicap match against the ladies ' champion , Lottie Dod , where Dod was starting each game with a 30 -- 0 advantage . The match was played in Exmouth , England , and ended with Renshaw 's victory -- 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 5 . 1922 : Bill Tilden vs. Suzanne Lenglen ( edit ) On May 27 , 1921 Bill Tilden and Suzanne Lenglen played a match at Saint Cloud , France . It was only a single set but Tilden prevailed 6 -- 0 . When later asked about the match , Lenglen said , `` Someone won 6 -- 0 , but I do n't recall who it was . '' 1933 : Helen Wills vs. Phil Neer ( edit ) Former NCAA champion Phil Neer played a two - set match against Helen Wills on January 28 , 1933 , in San Francisco . Neer had been ranked nationally as high as No. 20 and had occasionally played mixed doubles with Wills . Wills had won at Wimbledon the year prior . Though Neer was only 32 , Wills won the match 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 . 1975 : challenge of the Sexes ( edit ) October 26 , 1975 a Challenge of the Sexes event was held in Mission Viejo , CA televised on CBS . It involved male and female athletes from various sports , such as Laura Baugh and Jane Blalock vs. Hale Irwin and Doug Sanders in golf , and Jerry West vs. Karen Logan in basketball . The tennis event pitted future Wimbledon champion Virginia Wade vs. Björn Borg , and Nastase vs. Evonne Goolagong . A single set was played where the men were limited to one serve and the women had the added area of the alleys for shot placement . Borg , Wade , and Goolagong entered the court in standard attire and demeanor , while Nastase entered wearing a dress . With Martina Navratilova also in the packed audience , Borg defeated Wade 6 -- 3 , but Goolagong defeated Nastase 7 -- 5 . 1985 : Battle of the Sexes : the challenge ! ( Doubles ) ( edit ) On August 23 , 1985 , at age 67 , Riggs returned to the tennis spotlight when he partnered with Vitas Gerulaitis , at the time a top - 20 player , to launch another challenge to female players . He challenged Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver to a doubles match . Navratilova said that she accepted because she believed she and Pam had no weaknesses when playing doubles , and that they were going to ' do a Billie ' and win , especially given Riggs ' age . The match took place at The Atlantic City Convention Hall in Atlantic City , New Jersey . Riggs ' health had deteriorated somewhat from his last outing as he was now deaf in addition to his poor eyesight . Moreover , because Riggs was a finesse player and not a power player , the women expected that defeating him would be easier than a retired power player . Riggs ' return was short lived when the women won 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 . Mike Penner ( of The Los Angeles Times ) wrote : `` The great misconception about ' The Challenge ! ' was that it might actually serve as a legitimate proving ground for the sexes . '' The sports writer went on to point out that there were things keeping this match from being seriously viewed as a legitimate challenge . `` First , it was a doubles match , not a one - on - one competition . The strategy is different in doubles , weaknesses can be more easily masked and stamina is not nearly so critical a factor . '' The other point to be made : `` Riggs amounted to a 67 - year - old ball - and - chain shackled to the ankle of Gerulaitis . Riggs could n't serve , could n't return serves , could n't hit overheads with any amount of force . Older than the combined ages of Navratilova and Shriver , Riggs was painfully out of place in this match . Even John McEnroe , on his finest day , would be an underdog against Navratilova and Shriver if Riggs were his partner . '' 1998 : Karsten Braasch vs. the Williams sisters ( edit ) Another event dubbed a `` Battle of the Sexes '' took place during the 1998 Australian Open between Karsten Braasch and the Williams sisters . Venus and Serena Williams had claimed that they could beat any male player ranked outside the world 's top 200 , so Braasch , then ranked 203rd , challenged them both . Braasch was described by one journalist as `` a man whose training regime centered around a pack of cigarettes and more than a couple bottles of ice cold lager '' . The matches took place on court number 12 in Melbourne Park , after Braasch had finished a round of golf and two shandies . He first took on Serena and after leading 5 -- 0 , beat her 6 -- 1 . Venus then walked on court and again Braasch was victorious , this time winning 6 -- 2 . Braasch said afterwards , `` 500 and above , no chance '' . He added that he had played like someone ranked 600th in order to keep the game `` fun '' . Braasch said the big difference was that men can chase down shots much easier , and that men put spin on the ball that the women ca n't handle . The Williams sisters adjusted their claim to beating men outside the top 350 . 2003 : Yannick Noah vs. Justine Henin ( edit ) In December 2003 , Yannick Noah and Justine Henin played a friendly match at the Forest National in Brussels . Noah donned a dress for much of the match . He played predominantly trick shots and slices , but still ended up winning 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 . 2013 : Novak Djokovic vs. Li Na ( edit ) In October 2013 , Novak Djokovic and Li Na played a light - hearted exhibition mini set in Beijing , China to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the China Open . Djokovic clowned to the amusement of the crowd , and at one point swapped places with a ballboy . Li was given a 30 -- 0 advantage at the start of each service game , and she went on to win 3 -- 2 . Challenges that never came to be ( edit ) In 2013 , Andy Murray responded to a Twitter user who asked whether he would consider challenging Serena Williams , saying , `` I 'd be up for it . Why not ? '' Williams also reacted positively to the suggestion , remarking `` That would be fun . I doubt I 'd win a point , but that would be fun . '' In August 2015 , John McEnroe was interviewed on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . At that time , McEnroe was 56 years old but still active on the seniors tennis circuit , Serena Williams was 34 years old and in the chase for a `` calendar - year '' Grand Slam . McEnroe mentioned to Kimmel that about 15 years prior , Donald Trump had suggested that he would like to put together a `` battle of the sexes '' match between McEnroe and Williams . McEnroe said he would face Williams but that Trump was not offering a big enough payout . McEnroe said that he believed he could defeat Williams in a tennis match . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Riggs `` Courts '' Margaret - then hustles a victory `` . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Associated Press . May 14 , 1973 . p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billie Jean slam - bangs Riggs to defeat '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Associated Press . September 21 , 1973 . p. 1 , sec. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martina 's miscues aid Connors ' win '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . September 26 , 1992 . p. 1B . Jump up ^ Jares , Joe ( September 10 , 1973 ) . `` Riggs to riches - take two '' . p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkpatrick , Curry ( October 1 , 1973 ) . `` There she is , Ms. America '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkpatrick , Curry ( May 21 , 1973 ) . `` Mother 's Day Ms. match '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Daily Comprehension : February . Remedia Publications -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` How Bobby Runs and Talks , Talks , Talks '' . Time . September 10 , 1973 . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Husar , John ( May 13 , 1973 ) . `` Riggs challenges Court in tennis match today '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 1 , sec. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Can middleaged Bobby back up his big boast '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . May 13 , 1973 . p. 3C . Jump up ^ The Battle of the Sexes . Performed by Amanda Edwards , Billie Jean King , Bobby Riggs . United Kingdom , 2013 . Film . Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day Massacre : Margaret Court vs Bobby Riggs '' . YouTube . ( CBS Sports ) . May 13 , 1973 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Time Magazine Cover : Bobby Riggs -- September 10 , 1973 '' . Jump up ^ `` Battle of the Sexes '' . Chicago Tribune . ( advertisement ) . September 20 , 1973 . p. 5 , sec. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Riggs hopes to make it a King 's ransom '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . ( New York Times ) . September 20 , 1973 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Riggs already winner - for talking '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . Associated Press . September 20 , 1973 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Markus , Robert ( September 20 , 1973 ) . `` ' Hogston ' turns into Roman circus '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 1 , sec. 3 . Jump up ^ Kleiman , Carol ( September 20 , 1973 ) . `` Better sex wins '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 1 , sec. 1 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ( December 17 , 2010 ) . `` Was the `` Battle of the Sexes '' tennis match between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs fixed ? `` . The Straight Dope . Jump up ^ Roberts , Selena ( September 20 , 2008 ) . `` A ray of progress for women as Battle of the Sexes turns 35 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Berkow , Ira ( July 27 , 1982 ) . `` PLAYERS ; RIGGS SEES DOUBLE '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Greenspan , Jesse ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Billie Jean King Wins the ' Battle of the Sexes , ' 40 Years Ago '' . History . Jump up ^ `` First look at their period tennis drama ' Battle of the Sexes ' '' . ^ Jump up to : `` King whips Riggs in straight sets '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . ( Florida ) . Associated Press . September 21 , 1973 . p. 1D . Jump up ^ `` Billie Jean King . '' CNN Special Presentation -- The 70s : Battle Of The Sexes . August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sport : How King Rained on Riggs ' Parade '' . Time . October 1 , 1973 . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Buzinski , Jim . `` King a True Pioneer , HBO Hits an Ace with Tennis Documentary '' . OutSports.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USTA Northern California celebrates National Hispanic Heritage Month '' . USTA Northern California . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Riggs Vs. Billie Jean King '' . Essortment.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Van Natta Jr. , Don ( August 25 , 2013 ) . `` The Match Maker '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ A Necessary Spectacle . Roberts , Selena . Crown Books , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5146 - 5 Jump up ^ Blattman , Elissa ( 2013 ) , `` Billie Jean King and the Battle of the Sexes '' , National Women 's History Museum Jump up ^ Greenspan , Jesse ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Billie Jean King Wins the ' Battle of the Sexes , ' 40 Years Ago '' . History.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Larry . `` Billie Jean Won For All Women '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billie Jean King . '' PBS . September 10 , 2013 . Accessed March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Game , Set Match ? Searchlight Serves Up ' Battle Of The Sexes ; ' Dayton & Faris Direct Emma Stone As Billie Jean King , Steve Carell As Bobby Riggs '' . deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Connors , Martina get set for Battle of the Sexes '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . September 25 , 1992 . p. 3B . ^ Jump up to : Penner , Mike ( March 10 , 1985 ) . `` Navratilova , Shriver vs. Riggs , Gerulaitis : At Least , It 's Different '' . The Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Meyers , Kate ( September 25 , 1992 ) . `` Serve them up in Sin City '' . EW.com . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Bruce ( October 5 , 1992 ) . `` Scorecard : Double faux '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE : TENNIS ; Connors - Navratilova for $500,000 '' . New York Times . July 29 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Tennis Jimmy Connors Martina Navratilova B '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard : Double Faux '' . Sports Illustrated . October 5 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Matt ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Connors admits to million - dollar bet in match vs. Navratilova '' . Tennis . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Conner , Floyd ( 2002 ) . `` Battle of the Sexes '' . Tennis 's Most Wanted : The Top 10 Book of Baseline Blunders , Clay Court Wonders , and Lucky Lobs . Washington , DC : Potomac Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 363 - 3 . Jump up ^ Conner , Floyd ( 2002 ) . Tennis 's Most Wanted . Potomac Books . Jump up ^ `` USA Today : This day in sports '' . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2009 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ohnsorg , Roger ( 2011 ) . Robert Lindley Murray : The Reluctant U.S. Tennis Champion . Trafford Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Goolagong ' Conquers ' Nastase '' . New York Times . 1975 . Jump up ^ Sarni , Jim ( August 24 , 1985 ) . `` Women Win War Of Sexes '' . South Florida Sun Sentinel . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Penner , Mike ( September 1 , 1985 ) . `` Tennis : Navratilova Admits she is no match for men '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to ... beat both Williams sisters in one afternoon '' . The Guardian . September 2 , 2001 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Serena Williams still savouring Andy Roddick ' win ' 16 years on '' , OnTennis.com , posted January 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Sister Act falls in Battle of Sexes '' . The Free Lance Star . January 27 , 1998 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How to ... beat both Williams sisters in one afternoon '' . September 1 , 2001 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Dispatch Online '' . Dispatch.co.za . November 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gilbert says Henin no match for low - ranked men '' . Tennis X . Jump up ^ `` Djokovic , Li Na put on a show in Battle of the Sexes at China Open '' . Sports Illustrated . October 10 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hart , Simon ( 27 June 2013 ) . `` Wimbledon 2013 : Serena Williams believes playing Andy Murray in a battle of the sexes ' would be fun ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Marszal , Andrew ( 21 August 2015 ) . `` John McEnroe : I could still beat Serena Williams '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Tennis exhibition tournaments Current Kooyong Classic ( since 1988 ) Boodles Challenge ( since 2002 ) Liverpool International ( since 2002 ) BNP Paribas Tennis Classic ( since 2007 ) World Tennis Championship ( since 2009 ) World Tennis Challenge ( since 2009 ) BNP Paribas Showdown ( since 2009 ) Hua Hin Tennis Exhibition ( since 2010 ) Necker Cup ( since 2012 ) Tie Break Tens ( since 2015 ) The Skills Challenge ( since 2017 ) Next Generation ATP Finals ( since 2017 ) Previous 1971 -- 1985 , 1995 -- 2013 Torneo Tenis Playa 1973 , 1985 , 1992 , 1998 Battle of the Sexes 1981 -- 1989 Challenge of Champions Hamlet Challenge Cup 1982 -- 1991 ECC Antwerp 1988 -- 1989 Eurocard Open 1999 -- 2011 Hong Kong Tennis Classic 2003 -- 2012 Copa Peugeot Argentina de Tenis 2004 Superset Tennis 2007 Battle of Surfaces 2007 Turbo Tennis 2008 -- 2009 Masters France 2009 -- 2012 Masters Guinot - Mary Cohr 2009 -- 2014 Diamond Games 2010 Hit for Haiti ( Australian Open ) 2010 Best of Belgium 2010 Match for Africa 2010 Joining Forces for the Benefit of Children 2011 Rally for Relief 2011 Bratislava Tennis Exhibition 2011 Li Na & Friends 2011 Singapore Women 's Tennis Exhibition 2011 -- 2012 La Grande Sfida Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Sexes_(tennis)&oldid=853797191 '' Categories : Billie Jean King 1973 in tennis History of tennis Tennis matches 1992 in tennis Feminism and history May 1973 sports events September 1973 sports events September 1992 sports events 1973 in American tennis 1992 in American tennis Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Português Русский Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 01 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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Triple Alliance (1882)
Triple Alliance ( 1882 ) - wikipedia Triple Alliance ( 1882 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the pre World War I alliance . For the pre-Columbian Mexican empire , see Aztec Empire . Triple Alliance Dreibund Hármas szövetség Triplice alleanza Tripla Alianță Military alliance 1882 -- 1915 The Triple Alliance in 1913 Capital none ( de jure ) Berlin ( de facto ) Political structure Military alliance Historical era Belle Époque Dual Alliance ( Germany / Austria - Hungary ) 7 October 1879 Triple Alliance ( Germany / Austria - Hungary / Italy ) 20 May 1882 Romania secretly joins 18 October 1883 Italy leaves 3 May 1915 Preceded by Succeeded by Dual Alliance ( 1879 ) Central powers Events leading to World War I Triple Alliance 1882 Franco - Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 -- 1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906 Anglo - Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914 The Triple Alliance was a secret agreement between Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Italy . It was formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until it expired in 1915 during World War I. Germany and Austria - Hungary had been closely allied since 1879 . Italy sought support against France shortly after it lost North African ambitions to the French . Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any other great power . The treaty provided that Germany and Austria - Hungary were to assist Italy if it was attacked by France without provocation . In turn , Italy would assist Germany if attacked by France . In the event of a war between Austria - Hungary and Russia , Italy promised to remain neutral . When the treaty was renewed in February 1887 , Italy gained an empty promise of German support of Italian colonial ambitions in North Africa in return for Italy 's continued friendship . Austria - Hungary had to be pressured by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck into accepting the principles of consultation and mutual agreement with Italy on any territorial changes initiated in the Balkans or on the coasts and islands of the Adriatic and Aegean seas . Italy and Austria - Hungary did not overcome their basic conflict of interest in that region despite the treaty . In 1891 attempts were made to join Britain to the Triplice , which , though unsuccessful , were widely believed to have succeeded in Russian diplomatic circles . Shortly after renewing the Alliance in June 1902 , Italy secretly extended a similar guarantee to France . By a particular agreement , neither Austria - Hungary nor Italy would change the status quo in the Balkans without previous consultation . On 1 November 1902 , five months after the Triple Alliance was renewed , Italy reached an understanding with France that each would remain neutral in the event of an attack on the other . When Austria - Hungary found itself at war in August 1914 with the rival Triple Entente , Italy proclaimed its neutrality , considering Austria - Hungary the aggressor and defaulting on the obligation to consult and agree compensations before changing the status quo in the Balkans , as agreed in 1912 renewal of the Triple Alliance . Following parallel negotiation with both Triple Alliance , aimed to keep Italy neutral , and the Triple Entente , aimed to make Italy enter the conflict , Italy declared war on Austria - Hungary . Carol I of Romania , through his Prime Minister Ion I.C. Brătianu , had also secretly pledged to support the Triple Alliance , but he remained neutral since Austria - Hungary started the war . Contents ( hide ) 1 Germany 2 Austria - Hungary 3 Italy 4 Romania 5 Notes 6 References 7 Sources Germany ( edit ) The man chiefly responsible for the Triple Alliance was Otto von Bismarck , Chancellor of Germany . Bismarck wanted to prevent a war on two fronts , which is why he targeted these two countries specifically . Austria - Hungary ( edit ) By the late 1870s , Austrian territorial ambitions in both the Italian peninsula and Central Europe had been thwarted by the rise of Italy and Germany as new national powers . With the decline and failed reforms of the Ottoman Empire , Slavic discontent in the occupied Balkans grew , and both Russia and Austria - Hungary saw an opportunity to expand in this region . In 1876 , Russia offered to partition the Balkans , but Hungarian statesman Gyula Andrássy declined because Austria - Hungary was already a `` saturated '' state and it could not cope with additional territories . The whole Empire was thus drawn into a new style of diplomatic brinkmanship , first conceived of by Andrássy , centring on the province of Bosnia and Herzegovina , a predominantly Slav area still under the control of the Ottoman Empire . On the heels of the Great Balkan Crisis , Austro - Hungarian forces occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in August 1878 and the empire eventually annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in October 1908 as a common holding under the control of the finance ministry , rather than attaching it to either Austria or Hungary . The occupation of Bosnia - Herzegovina was a step taken in response to Russian advances into Bessarabia . Unable to mediate between Turkey and Russia over the control of Serbia , Austria -- Hungary declared neutrality when the conflict between the two powers escalated into the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 1878 ) . To counter Russian and French interests in Europe , an alliance was concluded with Germany in October 1879 and with Italy in May 1882 . World War I started in 1914 . Italy ( edit ) Cartoon of the Berlin newspaper Lustige Blätter . In the Triple Alliance Germany drags the Austrian boy while the Italian child throws a tantrum to stay with the French cockerel . The Kingdom of Italy , like some of the other European powers , wanted to set up colonies and build up an overseas empire . With this aim in mind , Italy joined the German -- Austrian Alliance to form the Triple Alliance , partly in anger at the French seizure of Tunisia in 1881 ( the so - called Schiaffo di Tunisi by Italian press ) , which many Italians had seen as a potential colony , and partly to guarantee herself support in case of foreign aggression : the main alliance compelled any signatory country to support the other parties if two other countries attacked . At the time , most European countries tried to ensure similar guarantees , and because of the Tunisian crisis , Italy found no other big potential ally than its historical enemy , Austria - Hungary , against which Italy had fought three wars in the 34 years before the first treaty signing . However , Italian public opinion remained unenthusiastic about their country 's alignment with Austria - Hungary , a past enemy of Italian unification , and whose Italian populated districts in the Trentino and Istria were seen as occupied territories by Italian irredentists . In the years before World War I , many distinguished military analysts predicted that Italy would attack its supposed ally in the event of a large scale conflict . Italy 's adherence to the Triple Alliance was doubted and from 1903 plans for a possible war against Rome were again maintained by the Austrian general staff . Mutual suspicions led to reinforcement of the frontier and speculation in the press about a war between the two countries into the first decade of the twentieth century . As late as 1911 Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf , chief of the Austrian general staff , was advocating a military preemptive strike against Austria 's supposed Italian ally . This prediction was strengthened by Italy 's invasion and annexation of Libya , bringing it into conflict with the German - backed Ottoman Empire . Romania ( edit ) King Carol I of Romania was of German ancestry . That , coupled with his wish to turn Romania into a centre of stability in South - Eastern Europe ( as well as his fear of Russia and the issue of Bassarabia ) , led to Romania joining the Triple Alliance on 18 October 1883 . The alliance was a secret . Only the King and a handful of senior Romanian politicians knew about it . Romania and Austria - Hungary pledged to help each other in the event of a Russian , Serbian or Bulgarian attack . There were , however , several disputes between the two countries , the most notable being the policy of Magyarization of Transylvania 's Romanian population . Romania did eventually manage to achieve the status of Regional Power in the aftermath of the Balkan Wars and the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest , but less than a year later , World War I started and Romania , after a period of neutrality , in which both the Central Powers and the Allies tried persuading Romania to join their respective sides , eventually joined the Allies in 1916 , after being promised Romanian - inhabited Austro - Hungarian lands . Romania 's reason for not siding with the Triple Alliance when the war started was the same as Italy 's : the Triple Alliance was a defensive alliance , but Germany and Austria - Hungary had taken the offensive . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` However , if , in the course of events , the maintenance of the status quo in the regions of the Balkans or of the Ottoman coasts and islands in the Adriatic and in the Aegean Sea should become impossible , and if , whether in consequence of the action of a third Power or otherwise , Austria - Hungary or Italy should find themselves under the necessity of modifying it by a temporary or permanent occupation on their part , this occupation shall take place only after a previous agreement between the two Powers , based upon the principle of a reciprocal compensation for every advantage , territorial or other , which each of them might obtain beyond the present status quo , and giving satisfaction to the interests and well founded claims of the two Parties . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ George Frost Kennan ( 1984 ) . The Fateful Alliance : France , Russia , and the Coming of the First World War . Manchester University Press . pp. 82 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 1707 - 0 . Jump up ^ Charles Seymour ( 1916 ) . The Diplomatic Background of the War . Yale University Press . pp. 35 , 147 . Jump up ^ Grenville , John ; Wasserstein , Bernard , eds. ( 2013 ) . The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century : A History and Guide with Texts . Routledge . p. 38 . ISBN 9780415141253 . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ ( art . 7 ) https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Expanded_version_of_1912_(In_English ) Jump up ^ Hentea , Călin ( 2007 ) . Brief Romanian Military History . Scarecrow Press . p. 102 . ISBN 9780810858206 . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Becker , Jean - Jacques ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` Chapter Fourteen : War Aims and Neutrality '' . In Horne , John . A Companion to World War I. Blackwell Publishing . p. 208 . ISBN 9781405123860 . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Alliance '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austria : Constitutional experimentation , 1860 -- 67 '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothenburg 1976 , pp. 124 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Rothenburg 1976 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Rothenburg 1976 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Keith Hitchins , A Concise History of Romania , p. 149 Jump up ^ James Lyon , Serbia and the Balkan Front , 1914 : The Outbreak of the Great War , Chapter 3 Jump up ^ Richard F. Hamilton , Holger H. Herwig , The Origins of World War I , p. 401 Jump up ^ Manfried Rauchensteiner , The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy , 1914 -- 1918 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Rebecca Haynes , Romanian Policy Towards Germany , 1936 -- 40 , p. 3 Sources ( edit ) Coolidge , Archibald Cary . Origins of the Triple Alliance ( 1917 ) online Conybeare , John AC , and Todd Sandler . `` The triple entente and the triple alliance 1880 -- 1914 : A collective goods approach . '' American Political Science Review 84 # 4 ( 1990 ) : 1197 - 1206 . online Conybeare , John AC . `` A Portfolio Diversification Model of Alliances The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente , 1879 - 1914 . '' Journal of Conflict Resolution 36.1 ( 1992 ) : 53 - 85 . Coolidge , Archibald Cary . Origins of the Triple Alliance ( 1917 ) online Kann , Robert ( 1974 ) . A History of the Habsburg Empire . University of California Press . pp. 470 -- 472 . ISBN 0520042069 . LCCN 72097733 . Langer , William L. European alliances and alignments , 1871 - 1890 ( 2nd ed 1951 ) pp 217 - 50 . A standard scholarly history . Lutz , Ralph Haswell , ed . Fall of the German Empire , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2 vol 1932 ) . 868pp online review , primary sources Rothenburg , Gunther E. ( 1976 ) . The Army of Francis Joseph . West Lafayette : Purdue University Press . pp. 124 -- 125 . Pribram , Alfred Francis , ed . The Secret Treaties of Austria - Hungary , 1879 - 1914 v2 ( 1921 ) , the most thorough history of the Triple Alliance , with text of major documents . online Schmitt , Bernadotte E. `` Triple Alliance and Triple Entente , 1902 - 1914 . '' American Historical Review 29.3 ( 1924 ) : 449 - 473 . in JSTOR Sontag , Raymond James . European Diplomatic History , 1871 -- 1932 ( 1933 ) pp 99 - 52 online review . Margaret Macmillan , The War That Ended Peace : The Road to 1914 ( 2013 ) ch 8 ( hide ) Diplomacy of the Great Powers 1871 -- 1913 Great powers Austria -- Hungary France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Alliances Triple Alliance Dual Alliance Triple Entente Franco - Russian Alliance Entente Cordiale Anglo - Russian Entente Anglo - Japanese Alliance Trends Ottoman Decline Eastern Question Revanchism New Imperialism Scramble for Africa Pan-Slavism The Great Game The Great Rapprochement Treaties and agreements Treaty of Frankfurt League of the Three Emperors Treaty of Berlin Reinsurance Treaty Treaty of Paris Treaty of Björkö Taft -- Katsura Agreement Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty Racconigi agreement Events Congress of Berlin Berlin Conference Weltpolitik German Naval Laws Anglo - German naval arms race Dreadnought Fashoda Incident Annexation of Hawaii First Moroccan Crisis Algeciras Conference Agadir Crisis Bosnian crisis Wars Russo - Turkish First Sino - Japanese Spanish -- American Banana Wars Philippine -- American Boxer Rebellion Second Boer Russo - Japanese Italo - Turkish Balkan Wars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triple_Alliance_(1882)&oldid=815711462 '' Categories : Former countries in Europe States and territories established in 1882 States and territories disestablished in 1915 1882 in Austria - Hungary 1882 in Germany 1882 in Hungary 1882 in Italy 1882 treaties 19th - century military alliances 20th - century military alliances History of international relations Military alliances involving Austria - Hungary Military alliances involving Italy Military alliances involving the German Empire Politics of the Ottoman Empire World War I by country Austria - Hungary -- Germany relations Austria - Hungary -- Italy relations Germany -- Italy relations 1882 in international relations Hidden categories : EngvarB from December 2016 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Former country articles requiring maintenance All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 16 : 26 . 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Aaron Judge
Aaron Judge - wikipedia Aaron Judge Jump to : navigation , search Aaron Judge Judge with the Yankees in 2017 New York Yankees -- No. 99 Right fielder Born : ( 1992 - 04 - 26 ) April 26 , 1992 ( age 25 ) Linden , California Bats : Right Throws : Right MLB debut August 13 , 2016 , for the New York Yankees MLB statistics ( through 2017 season ) Batting average . 270 Hits 169 Home runs 56 Runs batted in 124 Teams New York Yankees ( 2016 -- present ) Career highlights and awards All - Star ( 2017 ) Home Run Derby champion ( 2017 ) AL home run leader ( 2017 ) MLB Records Most home runs in a rookie season ( 52 ) Aaron James Judge ( born April 26 , 1992 ) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Judge played college baseball at Fresno State . A right - handed batter and thrower , Judge , who stands 6 feet 7 inches ( 2.01 m ) tall and weighs 282 pounds ( 128 kg ) , is one of the physically largest players in the major leagues . The Yankees selected Judge in the first round of the 2013 MLB draft . After making his MLB debut in 2016 and hitting a home run in his first career at bat , Judge went on to have a record - breaking rookie season in 2017 . He was named an All - Star and won the Home Run Derby , the first rookie to do so . He broke the Yankees ' record for home runs by a rookie ( besting Joe DiMaggio 's 29 with 30 before the All - Star break ) . He won the American League 's ( AL ) Rookie of the Month Awards for April , May , June and September , as well as the AL 's Player of the Month Award for June and September . Judge hit 52 home runs as a rookie , breaking Mark McGwire 's MLB rookie record of 49 . He also hit 33 home runs at Yankee Stadium , breaking the record of 32 set by Babe Ruth in 1921 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and amateur career 2 Professional career 2.1 Minor leagues 2.2 New York Yankees 2.2. 1 2016 2.2. 2 2017 2.3 New York Yankees franchise records 2.4 MLB records 3 Uniform 4 Player profile 5 Personal life 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life and amateur career Judge was born and raised in Linden , California and was adopted the day after he was born by Patty and Wayne Judge , who both worked as teachers . When he was 10 years old , his parents told him that he was adopted ; he recalls , `` I knew I did n't look like them . '' ( He is African - American . ) He telephones his parents every day . He has an older brother , John , who was also adopted . Judge attended Linden High School , where he was a three - sport star . He played as a pitcher and first baseman for the baseball team , a wide receiver for the football team , and as a center for the basketball team . He set a school record for touchdowns ( 17 ) in football and led the team in points per game ( 18.2 ) in basketball . In baseball , he was part of the Linden High School team that made the California Interscholastic Federation Division III playoffs . Various colleges recruited Judge to play tight end in football , including Notre Dame , Stanford , and UCLA , but he preferred baseball . The Oakland Athletics selected him in the 31st round of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft , but he opted to enroll at California State University , Fresno ( Fresno State ) to play for the Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team in the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) . Louisville Slugger named him a Freshman All - American . He won the 2012 TD Ameritrade College Home Run Derby . In his junior year , Judge led the Bulldogs in home runs , doubles , and runs batted in ( RBIs ) . Judge was named to the all - conference team in all three of his seasons for the Bulldogs -- in the WAC in his first two seasons , and the Mountain West Conference ( MW ) as a junior ( the Bulldogs joined the MW in July 2012 , between his sophomore and junior seasons ) . Professional career Minor leagues Judge during Yankees ' spring training in 2015 The Yankees drafted Judge in the first round of the 2013 Major League Baseball draft with the 32nd overall selection , a pick the team received as compensation after losing Nick Swisher in free agency . Judge signed with the Yankees , receiving a $1.8 million signing bonus . He tore a quadriceps femoris muscle while participating in a base running drill , which kept him out of the 2013 season . He made his professional debut with the Charleston RiverDogs of the Class A South Atlantic League in 2014 . He had a . 333 batting average , . 428 on - base percentage ( OBP ) , . 530 slugging percentage ( SLG ) , and hit nine home runs with 45 RBIs in 65 games for Charleston . The Yankees promoted him to the Tampa Yankees of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League during the season , where he hit . 283 with a . 411 OBP , . 442 SLG , eight home runs , and 33 RBIs in 66 games for Tampa . The Yankees invited Judge to spring training as a non-roster player in 2015 . Judge began the 2015 season with the Trenton Thunder of the Class AA Eastern League . After Judge batted . 284 with a . 350 OBP and 12 home runs in 63 games for Trenton , the Yankees promoted Judge to the Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders of the Class AAA International League in June . He was chosen to represent the Yankees at the 2015 All - Star Futures Game . The Yankees decided not to include Judge in their September call - ups . Judge batted . 224 with eight home runs in 61 games for Scranton / Wilkes - Barre . The Yankees invited Judge to spring training in 2016 , and he began the season with Scranton / Wilkes - Barre . Judge was named to the International League All - Star Team in 2016 , but did not play in the 2016 Triple - A All - Star Game after he spent a month on the disabled list due to a knee sprain . In 93 games for the RailRiders , Judge had a . 270 batting average , 19 home runs , and 65 RBIs . New York Yankees 2016 Judge batting in 2016 Judge made his MLB debut on August 13 , 2016 , starting in right field against the Tampa Bay Rays . In his first at - bat , Judge hit a home run off Matt Andriese ; the previous batter , Tyler Austin , also making his MLB debut , had done the same . This marked the first time that two teammates had hit home runs in their first career at bats in the same game . Judge also hit a home run in his second MLB game , becoming the second Yankees player to do so , after Joe Lefebvre in 1980 . Judge 's debut season , in which he batted . 179 and struck out 42 times in 84 at - bats ( 95 plate appearances ) , ended prematurely when he was placed on the 15 - day disabled list with a grade 2 right oblique strain on September 13 , 2016 against the Los Angeles Dodgers . 2017 The Yankees named Judge their right fielder for Opening Day against the Tampa Bay Rays . He had his first multi-home run game on April 28 against the Baltimore Orioles to help the Yankees win 14 -- 11 , coming back from a 9 -- 1 deficit . One of the home runs had a measured exit velocity of 119.4 miles per hour ( 192.2 km / h ) , the fastest exit velocity for a home run measured by Statcast since it was adopted in 2015 . Judge ended the month of April with 10 home runs , tying the rookie record set by José Abreu and Trevor Story . He was named the American League 's ( AL ) Rookie of the Month for April . In April , he had a . 303 batting average , 10 home runs , 20 RBIs , and a . 411 OBP in 22 games . The Yankees debuted a cheering section in the right - field seats of Yankee Stadium on May 22 , called `` The Judge 's Chambers '' , three rows in section 104 , containing 18 seats . Fans are chosen by the team to sit there and are outfitted with black robes , wigs , and foam gavels . In a game against the Oakland Athletics on May 28 , Judge hit his first career grand slam . Judge was named AL Rookie of the Month once again for May . In May , he had a . 347 batting average , seven home runs , 17 RBIs , and a . 441 OBP in 26 games . On June 10 , Judge hit a home run that had an exit velocity of 121.1 miles per hour ( 194.9 km / h ) , again setting a new record for the hardest measured by Statcast . The following day , Judge went 4 - for - 4 with two home runs , one of which traveled 495 feet ( 151 m ) , which was the longest in MLB in the 2017 season . On June 12 , Judge was named the AL Player of the Week . His week ended with him leading the AL in all three Triple Crown categories . Judge was named the AL Player of the Month for the month of June , batting . 324 with 10 home runs , 25 RBIs and a . 481 OBP . His performance in the month of June also earned him his third consecutive AL Rookie of the Month award , the longest streak since Mike Trout won four in a row in 2012 . Judge had a 32 - game on - base streak , including reaching base in every game in the month of June . On July 2 , Judge was voted as a starting outfielder to the 2017 MLB All - Star Game , receiving 4,488,702 votes , the most out of any player in the AL . Judge broke Joe DiMaggio 's record for most home runs hit in a Yankees ' rookie season with his 30th on July 7 . He became the second rookie to hit 30 home runs before the All - Star break after Mark McGwire in 1987 , the first Yankee to do so since Alex Rodriguez in 2007 and the first player in baseball since Chris Davis and Miguel Cabrera in 2013 . Before the All - Star break , Judge hit . 329 with 30 home runs and 66 RBIs . Judge won the 2017 Home Run Derby , besting Minnesota Twins third baseman Miguel Sanó 11 -- 10 in the final round to become the first rookie to win the Derby outright . Judge hit four home runs over 500 feet , one of which travelled 513 feet , the farthest in the Derby . After his performance , MLB commissioner Rob Manfred stated that Judge is a player `` who can become the face of the game . '' On July 21 , Judge a hit a home run that almost travelled out of Safeco Field . The ball was hit so hard that Statcast could not measure the details on the home run . On July 27 , Judge lost a portion of his front left tooth during a celebration circle after Brett Gardner hit a walk - off home run . The next game , Judge hit his 33rd home run of the season , for 37 home runs total through his first 125 career games , third-most in MLB history . On August 17 , Judge hit a 457 - foot home run at Citi Field that reached the third deck but also struck out in the game , which marked 33 consecutive games with a strikeout , breaking Adam Dunn 's record for a position player . On August 20 , Judge tied pitcher Bill Stoneman 's streak of striking out in 37 consecutive games . On September 4 , Judge became the first AL rookie to record 100 walks in a single season since Al Rosen ( 1950 ) , and the first player in MLB to do it since Jim Gilliam ( 1953 ) . During a game on September 10 , Judge received his 107th walk , the most walks by a rookie in a season since Ted Williams in 1939 . During the same game , he also became the second rookie in MLB history to hit 40 home runs in a season since McGwire ( 1987 ) . He joined Babe Ruth ( 1920 ) , Lou Gehrig ( 1927 ) , Joe DiMaggio ( 1937 ) and Mickey Mantle ( 1956 ) as the only Yankees to hit 40 home runs in a season at age 25 or younger . On September 20 , Judge became the first player since José Bautista in 2010 and the first rookie to record 100 runs , 45 home runs , 100 RBIs , and 100 walks in a single season . On September 25 , Judge hit his 49th and 50th home runs , tying and surpassing Mark McGwire 's single season rookie home run record . On September 30 , Judge hit his 52nd home run of the season and his 33rd at Yankee Stadium , beating Babe Ruth 's record for the franchise set in 1921 . After the conclusion of September , Judge won Player of the Month for the second time and Rookie of the Month for the fourth time , slashing . 311 /. 463 /. 889 with 15 homers , 32 RBIs , 28 walks and 29 runs scored . Entering September , Judge 's second - half batting average was . 179 , but he managed to raise it to . 228 by the end of the month . Judge finished the 2017 season with a . 284 batting average , 154 hits , 114 RBIs , a . 422 on - base percentage , a . 627 slugging percentage , and nine stolen bases . He led the American League in three categories , with 128 runs scored , 52 home runs , and 127 walks ( 11 intentional ) . He became the first Yankee to lead the league in home runs , walks , and runs scored since Jason Giambi ( who led the AL in walks in 2005 ) , Mark Teixeira ( who was the AL home run leader in 2009 ) , and Curtis Granderson ( who scored the most runs in the AL in 2011 ) . He ranked second in the league in RBIs , on - base percentage , and slugging . He also struck out an MLB - leading 208 times , breaking the Yankees record previously set by Curtis Granderson in 2012 and a rookie record previously set by Kris Bryant in 2015 . With the Yankees finishing the year with a 91 - 71 record , the team clinched a Wild Card spot . During the AL Wild Card Round against the Minnesota Twins , Judge hit his first career postseason home run en route to an 8 - 4 victory . In Game 3 of the ALDS , Judge robbed Francisco Lindor of a home run , preserving the tie game . Judge struck out 16 times in the series , setting a ALDS - record . Judge hit three home runs for the Yankees in the ALCS , also robbing Yulieski Gurriel of a potential home run in the Game 7 loss to the Houston Astros , but finished with 27 strikeouts in the entire postseason , a major league record ( this record would be broken by Cody Bellinger in Game 7 of the 2017 World Series just 11 days later ) . End of season awards for Judge included selection as an outfielder on Baseball America 's All - MLB Team . New York Yankees franchise records Most home runs in a season hit at home : 33 ( Babe Ruth held the record with 32 ) . Most home runs in a season by a rookie : 52 ( Joe DiMaggio held the record with 29 ) Fifth Yankee to have 50 home runs in a single season . He joins Babe Ruth ( 54 in 1920 , 59 in 1921 , 60 in 1927 , 54 in 1928 ) , Mickey Mantle ( 52 in 1956 , 54 in 1961 ) , Roger Maris ( 61 in 1961 ) , and Alex Rodriguez ( 54 in 2007 ) . First Yankee with at least 110 walks and 110 runs scored since Mickey Mantle in 1961 ( 126 walks , 131 runs ) . Second player in Yankees history to hit a home run in each of his first two games . ( Joe Lefebvre was the first Yankee to do so in 1980 ) . Holds the Yankees single season record for strikeouts with 208 ( Passing Curtis Granderson 's 195 ) 33 home runs in 36 games at Yankee Stadium in a single season . ( Broke Babe Ruth 's record , 32 in 1921 ) . First right - handed hitter in Yankees history with at least 100 RBIs , 100 runs scored and 100 walks ; in a single season Eighth player in Yankees history with at least 100 runs , 100 RBIs and 100 walks in a season . Fourth rookie in franchise history with 100 RBIs in a season ( joining Joe DiMaggio , Tony Lazzeri and Hideki Matsui ) . Third rookie in Yankees history to hit a homerun in postseason debut after Elston Howard ( 1955 ) and Shane Spencer ( 1998 ) . MLB records Most home runs by a rookie , 52 ( Mark McGwire held record with 49 ) Became the youngest player to hit 13 home runs within the first 26 games of a season . Measured exit velocity of 119.4 miles per hour ( 192.2 km / h ) , the fastest exit velocity for a home run measured by Statcast. ( April 28 , 2017 ) Measured exit velocity of 121.1 miles per hour ( 194.9 km / h ) , again setting a new record for the hardest ever measured by Statcast . ( June 10 , 2017 ) Second rookie to hit 30 home runs before the All - Star break after Mark McGwire ( 33 in 1987 ) . Holds the MLB record for striking out in 37 consecutive games . ( 2017 ) Holds the MLB record for most strikeouts by a rookie with 208 . Holds the MLB record for most walks by a rookie with 127 . First rookie in MLB history with at least 45 home runs , 100 RBIs and 100 runs scored . Second rookie in MLB history with 100 + RBIs , 100 + runs scored and 100 + walks in a season . ( Ted Williams is the other ) . Fourth rookie to post an OPS of more than 1.000 with a 1.049 mark , only behind `` Shoeless '' Joe Jackson ( 1911 ) , Ted Williams ( 1939 ) and Albert Pujols ( 2001 ) . Most Golden Sombreros in postseason play since 1903 . Second AL rookie to hit 4 home runs in a single postseason . Evan Longoria has 6 HR ( 2008 ) . Uniform Judge has worn the unusual uniform number of 99 since it was given to him during 2016 spring training ( higher numbers are often given to young players who are not expected to make the regular - season team ) . Judge has stated he would prefer either No. 44 ( retired by the Yankees to honor Reggie Jackson ) or No. 35 ( worn by Michael Pineda since 2014 ) , but is not sure whether he would switch if the latter two were to become available . MLB along with the MLB Players Association , created Players Weekend to let players ' express themselves while connecting with their past in youth baseball ' . From August 25 -- 27 , 2017 , players wore alternate team jerseys inspired by youth league designs . They also had the option to replace their last names with their nicknames on their jersey nameplates , and the vast majority of players did so . Judge chose the nickname `` All Rise '' ( given to him by teammate Todd Frazier ) to be worn on the back of his jersey nameplate . Player profile Judge is listed at 6 feet 7 inches ( 2.01 m ) and 282 pounds ( 128 kg ) . Due to his large size and strength , he has elicited comparisons to Giancarlo Stanton , Richie Sexson , Dave Winfield , and Willie Stargell . Personal life Judge is a Christian and has posted about his faith on his Twitter account . He keeps a note on his phone that reads ``. 179 '' , his batting average with the Yankees in 2016 , and looks at it daily as a source of motivation . Judge appeared on the cover of the edition of May 15 , 2017 of Sports Illustrated . On May 15 , 2017 , he appeared on an episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon where he posed undercover to ask Yankee fans questions about himself . Judge has earned praise for his humble personality and willingness to be a team player . See also Baseball portal 50 home run club References ^ Jump up to : `` Klapisch : Yankees ' Aaron Judge never forgot his roots '' . northjersey.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fourteen alumni from RBI selected in the 2013 MLB Player Draft '' . Major League Baseball . 13 June 2013 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Reid , Alvin ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` Big week for black players -- present and future -- in Major League Baseball '' . St. Louis American . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kernan , Kevin ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Blessed ' Yankees prospect elicits Stargell , Stanton comps '' . New York Post . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Apstein , Stephanie ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Powerful Yankees slugger Aaron Judge stands out , but all he wants to do is blend in '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Braziller , Zach ( May 6 , 2017 ) . `` Where Aaron Judge comes from explains who he is '' . New York Post . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ballew , Bill ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` SAL notes : Yanks ' Judge advocates patience '' . MiLB.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feinsand , Mark ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Yankees prospect Aaron Judge has a huge future in pinstripes '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bulldogs ' Judge takes College Home Run Derby title '' . Omaha.com . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MLB draft : Fresno State 's Aaron Judge looks like a first - round pick '' . Fresno Bee . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge is making a powerful impression on the Yankees -- FOX Sports '' . foxsports.com . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yanks come to terms with first - round pick Judge '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Santasiere III , Alfred ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Feature on Prospect Aaron Judge -- in the Spring Issue of Yankees Magazine '' . MLB.com / Yankees Magazine . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuty , Brendan ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Yankees spring training : Aaron Judge , Luis Severino headline non-roster invitees '' . NJ.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge hits 3 - run homer as Thunder open with win '' . trentonian.com. April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge , Yankees ' top position prospect , gets a hit in first Triple - A game '' . Newsday . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Prospects Aaron Judge and Gary Sanchez to represent Yankees in Futures Game '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DiPietro , Lou ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Yankees ' September call - ups will be ' all hands on deck ' -- except Aaron Judge : GM Brian Cashman confirms top prospect wo n't be in the Bronx on Sept. 1 '' . YES Network . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kuty , Brendan ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Why Yankees prospect Aaron Judge struggled at Triple - A '' . NJ.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Triple - A All - Star Game Rosters BaseballAmerica.com '' . BaseballAmerica.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge to come off DL in 4 -- 5 days Bronx Pinstripes BronxPinstripes.com '' . bronxpinstripes.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mazzeo , Mike ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Yanks release Alex Rodriguez , promote Aaron Judge , Tyler Austin '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Ebenezer ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` After A-Rod's final game , Yankees call up Aaron Judge and bat him 8th vs. Rays '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vorkunov , Mike ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Yankees ' Tyler Austin and Aaron Judge Hit Back - to - Back Homers in Debuts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kussoy , Howie ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge shows off power with encore Day 2 homer '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Braziller , Zach ; Kerber , Fred ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` If Aaron Judge 's strange year is finished , he gets a thumbs up '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan . `` Judge named Yanks ' Opening Day right fielder '' . MLB . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees 14 , Orioles 11 : Judge , Castro , Holliday help Yankees come back from 9 -- 1 deficit -- River Avenue Blues '' . River Avenue Blues. April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davidoff , Ken ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Aaron Judge craze hits stunning peak after stunning shot New York Post '' . Nypost.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge continues destroying baseballs and Statcast records '' . yahoo.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Aaron Judge has big April with 10 homers MLB.com '' . M.mlb.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mazzeo , Mike . `` Aaron Judge wins AL Rookie of the Month after dominant April '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge wins AL Rookie of the Month after dominant April '' . NY Daily News . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Matt ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` LOOK : Yankee Stadium now has ' The Judge 's Chambers ' in right - field seats '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Clair , Michael ; Hoch , Bryan ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Judge now has very own Judge 's Chambers section at Yankee Stadium '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Every team needs a Judge 's Chambers section , and here are some suggestions '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jane ; Martell , Matthew . `` Yankees break out behind Aaron Judge 's 1st slam '' . MLB . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge named AL Rookie of Month for May '' . Newsday . June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tasch , Justin . `` VIDEO : Aaron Judge hits hardest home run ever recorded '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan . `` Aaron Judge crushes a 495 - foot HR '' . MLB . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adler , David ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Triple Crown - leading Judge named AL POW : Yankees rookie earns distinction for 1st time in career '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge makes more history after a scorching June '' . NJ.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ III , George A. King ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Yankees finally get to splurge on international free agents '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge Receives Most All - Star Votes For AL Players '' . www.fanragsports.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge hits 30th HR , breaks Joe DiMaggio 's mark for Yankees rookies '' . Boston.com . July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge hits 30th homer to break Joe DiMaggio 's rookie record for Yankees '' . Los Angeles Times . July 7 , 2017 . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge obliterates Joe DiMaggio 's Yankees rookie home run record '' . Sporting News . July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge drops the gavel on Miguel Sano to win All - Star Home Run Derby '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge puts on unbelievable show , wins 2017 Home Run Derby '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Home Run Derby moonshots that compare to Aaron Judge 's 500 - footers '' . For The Win . July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wells , Adam . `` Rob Manfred Says Aaron Judge Could Become the Face of MLB '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruff , Rivea . `` Aaron Judge Seems to Break Statcast with Ridiculous Home Run '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Walk - off celebration goes awry as Judge loses tooth in 6 -- 5 victory over Rays '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martell , Matthew . `` Aaron Judge OK , but tooth caper a hot topic '' . MLB . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge Reveals Safety Plan After Belting Another Homer '' . NY Post . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despite HR , Judge sets dubious strikeout mark '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan . `` Aaron Judge hits 117 - mph rocket into 3rd deck at Citi Field '' . MLB . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judge whiffs again , extends streak to 37 games '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Davidoff , Ken ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Aaron Judge 's strikeout streak ends with whiff of controversy '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rapp , Timothy . `` Aaron Judge Sets MLB Rookie Record for Most Walks in a Season '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Perry , Dayn ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge becomes second rookie to reach 40 home runs '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge hits 40th , 41st home runs , as Yankees crush Rangers '' . The Denver Post . 2017 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge hits 45th home run '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Judge bashes 49th and 50th to surpass Mark McGwire rookie record '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natham , Alec . Aaron Judge Breaks Babe Ruth 's Yankees Record for Most HRs at Home in a Season . CNN.Com September 30 , 2017 . ( 1 ) Accessed October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Leaderboards '' 2017 '' Batters '' Standard Statistics FanGraphs Baseball `` . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees Beat Orioles 8 - 2 '' . NBC New York . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge breaks MLB record in first inning Saturday '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan . `` Judge goes deep in first postseason game '' . MLB . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Conway , Tyler . `` Aaron Judge Sets Record for Strikeouts in Postseason Series in ALDS vs. Indians '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge sets record for postseason strikeouts in Yankees Game 7 loss '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Cody Bellinger broke Aaron Judge 's postseason strikeout record '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Baseball America Press Release ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` From afterthought to foundation of a winner '' . Baseball America . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joltin ' Judge : Rookie tops DiMaggio HR mark '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Katie ( 14 September 2017 ) . `` Yankees with 110 + runs and 110 + walks in a season : Aaron Judge Mickey Mantle ( 6x ) Lou Gehrig ( 5x ) Babe Ruth ( 10x ) '' . @ ktsharp . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Writer , RONALD BLUM AP Baseball . `` Yankees go from perennial to millennials '' . sandiegouniontribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge , Todd Frazier homer in Yankees ' blowout win over Orioles '' . syracuse.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aaron Judge keeps forcing his way into the record books '' . September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , ABC . `` Gregorius tops Jeter HR total , Yankees top Twins for sweep '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge breaks Mark McGwire 's rookie home run record '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Yankees ' Judge breaks a record as home - run binge continues '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge sets exit velocity record '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Woo , Jeremy . `` Watch : Judge HR sets Statcast - era exit velocity record '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge obliterates Joe DiMaggio 's Yankees rookie home run record '' . Sporting News . 2017 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge 's historic strikeout streak does n't mean anything '' . For The Win. 2017 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge : Hits 45th home run '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://nyp.st/2fIr5pH Jump up ^ Baer , Bill . Aaron Judge sets postseason series record for strikeouts . NBCsports October 11 , 2017 ( 2 ) Accessed October 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge on wearing 99 , not his favorite number '' . NJ.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nickname Jerseys Revealed '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mercandetti , Vince . `` Aaron Judge , Comparing Top Yankees Prospect to Other Players of his Stature '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge on Twitter : `` Happy Easter everyone ! He is Risen ! '' `` . Twitter.com. April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From . 179 to the All - Star Game : The climb of Aaron Judge '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge latest highlight : Sports Illustrated cover man ( PHOTO ) '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge wore a disguise to interview Yankees fans on ' The Tonight Show ' '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge 's high school coaches say he was always a humble star '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aaron Judge . Career statistics and player information from MLB , or ESPN , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Aaron Judge on Twitter 2013 Major League Baseball Draft First Round Selections Mark Appel Kris Bryant Jon Gray Kohl Stewart Clint Frazier Colin Moran Trey Ball Hunter Dozier Austin Meadows Phil Bickford Dominic Smith D.J. Peterson Hunter Renfroe Reese McGuire Braden Shipley J.P. Crawford Tim Anderson Chris Anderson Marco Gonzales Jonathon Crawford Nick Ciuffo Hunter Harvey Chi Chi Gonzalez Billy McKinney Christian Arroyo Eric Jagielo Phillip Ervin Rob Kaminsky Ryne Stanek Travis Demeritte Jason Hursh Aaron Judge Ian Clarkin New York Yankees first - round draft picks 1965 : Burbach 1966 : Lyttle 1967 : Blomberg 1968 : Munson 1969 : Spikes 1970 : Cheadle 1971 : Whitfield 1972 : McGregor 1973 : Heinhold 1974 : Sherrill 1975 : McDonald 1976 : Tabler 1977 : S. Taylor 1978 : Hudler , Winters , Ryder 1979 : None 1980 : None 1981 : None 1982 : None 1983 : None 1984 : Pries 1985 : Balabon 1986 : None 1987 : None 1988 : None 1989 : None 1990 : Everett 1991 : B. Taylor 1992 : Jeter 1993 : Drews 1994 : Buchanan 1995 : Morenz 1996 : Milton 1997 : Godwin , Bradley 1998 : Brown , Prior 1999 : Walling 2000 : Parrish 2001 : Griffin , Sardinha , Skaggs 2002 : None 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Hughes , Poterson , Marquez 2005 : Henry 2006 : Kennedy , Chamberlain 2007 : Brackman 2008 : Cole , Bleich 2009 : Heathcott 2010 : Culver 2011 : Bichette 2012 : Hensley 2013 : Jagielo , Judge , Clarkin 2014 : None 2015 : Kaprielian , Holder 2016 : Rutherford 2017 : Schmidt American League season home run leaders 1901 : Lajoie 1902 : Seybold 1903 : Freeman 1904 : H. Davis 1905 : H. Davis 1906 : H. Davis 1907 : H. Davis 1908 : Crawford 1909 : Cobb 1910 : Stahl 1911 : Baker 1912 : Baker & Speaker 1913 : Baker 1914 : Baker 1915 : Roth 1916 : Pipp 1917 : Pipp 1918 : Ruth & Walker 1919 : Ruth 1920 : Ruth 1921 : Ruth 1922 : K. Williams 1923 : Ruth 1924 : Ruth 1925 : Meusel 1926 : Ruth 1927 : Ruth 1928 : Ruth 1929 : Ruth 1930 : Ruth 1931 : Ruth & Gehrig 1932 : Foxx 1933 : Foxx 1934 : Gehrig 1935 : Greenberg & Foxx 1936 : Gehrig 1937 : DiMaggio 1938 : Greenberg 1939 : Foxx 1940 : Greenberg 1941 : T. Williams 1942 : T. Williams 1943 : York 1944 : Etten 1945 : Stephens 1946 : Greenberg 1947 : T. Williams 1948 : DiMaggio 1949 : T. Williams 1950 : Rosen 1951 : Zernial 1952 : Doby 1953 : Rosen 1954 : Doby 1955 : Mantle 1956 : Mantle 1957 : Sievers 1958 : Mantle 1959 : Killebrew & Colavito 1960 : Mantle 1961 : Maris 1962 : Killebrew 1963 : Killebrew 1964 : Killebrew 1965 : Conigliaro 1966 : Robinson 1967 : Yastrzemski & Killebrew 1968 : Howard 1969 : Killebrew 1970 : Howard 1971 : Melton 1972 : Allen 1973 : Jackson 1974 : Allen 1975 : Jackson & Scott 1976 : Nettles 1977 : Rice 1978 : Rice 1979 : Thomas 1980 : Jackson & Oglivie 1981 : Grich , Murray , Evans & Armas 1982 : Jackson & Thomas 1983 : Rice 1984 : Armas 1985 : Evans 1986 : Barfield 1987 : McGwire 1988 : Canseco 1989 : McGriff 1990 : Fielder 1991 : Canseco & Fielder 1992 : González 1993 : González 1994 : Griffey Jr . 1995 : Belle 1996 : McGwire 1997 : Griffey Jr . 1998 : Griffey Jr . 1999 : Griffey Jr . 2000 : Glaus 2001 : Rodriguez 2002 : Rodriguez 2003 : Rodriguez 2004 : Ramirez 2005 : Rodriguez 2006 : Ortiz 2007 : Rodriguez 2008 : Cabrera 2009 : Peña & Teixiera 2010 : Bautista 2011 : Bautista 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : C. Davis 2014 : Cruz 2015 : C. Davis 2016 : Trumbo 2017 : Judge Home Run Derby champions 1985 : Parker 1986 : Joyner , Strawberry 1987 : Dawson 1988 : ( canceled due to rain ) 1989 : Davis 1990 : Sandberg 1991 : Ripken Jr . 1992 : McGwire 1993 : J. González 1994 : Griffey Jr . 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Bonds 1997 : Martinez 1998 : Griffey Jr . 1999 : Griffey Jr . 2000 : Sosa 2001 : L. Gonzalez 2002 : Giambi 2003 : Anderson 2004 : Tejada 2005 : Abreu 2006 : Howard 2007 : Guerrero 2008 : Morneau 2009 : Fielder 2010 : Ortiz 2011 : Canó 2012 : Fielder 2013 : Céspedes 2014 : Céspedes 2015 : Frazier 2016 : Stanton 2017 : Judge New York Yankees current roster Active roster 11 Brett Gardner 12 Chase Headley 14 Starlin Castro 18 Didi Gregorius 19 Masahiro Tanaka 22 Jacoby Ellsbury 24 Gary Sánchez 26 Tyler Austin 27 Austin Romine 30 David Robertson 31 Aaron Hicks 33 Greg Bird 39 Tyler Wade 40 Luis Severino 41 Caleb Smith 43 Adam Warren 45 Chasen Shreve 47 Jordan Montgomery 48 Tommy Kahnle 50 Giovanny Gallegos 54 Aroldis Chapman 55 Sonny Gray 57 Chad Green 61 Ben Heller 64 Domingo Germán 65 Jonathan Holder 66 Bryan Mitchell 67 Miguel Andújar 68 Dellin Betances 74 Ronald Torreyes 77 Clint Frazier 85 Luis Cessa 99 Aaron Judge -- Garrett Cooper -- Ronald Herrera -- Kyle Higashioka Coaching staff Manager Vacant Bench 59 Rob Thomson First base 56 Tony Peña Third base Vacant Hitting 62 Alan Cockrell Pitching 58 Larry Rothschild Bullpen 60 Mike Harkey Assistant hitting 63 Marcus Thames Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaron_Judge&oldid=808993464 '' Categories : 1992 births Living people People from Linden , California Baseball players from California American adoptees Major League Baseball outfielders New York Yankees players Fresno State Bulldogs baseball players Charleston RiverDogs players Tampa Yankees players Scottsdale Scorpions players Trenton Thunder players Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders players Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2017 Twitter username same as Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 14 : 08 . 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what race is aaron judge of the new york yankees
[ "Judge was born and raised in Linden, California and was adopted the day after he was born by Patty and Wayne Judge, who both worked as teachers. When he was 10 years old, his parents told him that he was adopted; he recalls, \"I knew I didn't look like them.\"[1] (He is African-American.)[2][3] He telephones his parents every day.[1] He has an older brother, John, who was also adopted.[4]" ]
[ "African-American" ]
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Y-Δ transform
Y - Δ transform - wikipedia Y - Δ transform Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the mathematical technique . For the device which transforms three - phase electric power without a neutral wire into three - phase power with a neutral wire , see delta - wye transformer . For the application in statistical mechanics see , see Yang -- Baxter equation . For the regional airline brand name for Delta Air Lines , see Delta Connection . The Y - Δ transform , also written wye - delta and also known by many other names , is a mathematical technique to simplify the analysis of an electrical network . The name derives from the shapes of the circuit diagrams , which look respectively like the letter Y and the Greek capital letter Δ . This circuit transformation theory was published by Arthur Edwin Kennelly in 1899 . It is widely used in analysis of three - phase electric power circuits . The Y - Δ transform can be considered a special case of the star - mesh transform for three resistors . In mathematics , the Y - Δ transform plays an important role in theory of circular planar graphs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Basic Y - Δ transformation 2.1 Equations for the transformation from Δ to Y 2.2 Equations for the transformation from Y to Δ 3 A proof of the existence and uniqueness of the transformation 4 Simplification of networks 5 Graph theory 6 Demonstration 6.1 Δ - load to Y - load transformation equations 6.2 Y - load to Δ - load transformation equations 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Names ( edit ) Illustration of the transform in its T - Π representation . The Y - Δ transform is known by a variety of other names , mostly based upon the two shapes involved , listed in either order . The Y , spelled out as wye , can also be called T or star ; the Δ , spelled out as delta , can also be called triangle , Π ( spelled out as pi ) , or mesh . Thus , common names for the transformation include wye - delta or delta - wye , star - delta , star - mesh , or T - Π . Basic Y - Δ transformation ( edit ) Δ and Y circuits with the labels which are used in this article . The transformation is used to establish equivalence for networks with three terminals . Where three elements terminate at a common node and none are sources , the node is eliminated by transforming the impedances . For equivalence , the impedance between any pair of terminals must be the same for both networks . The equations given here are valid for complex as well as real impedances . Equations for the transformation from Δ to Y ( edit ) The general idea is to compute the impedance R Y ( \ displaystyle R_ ( Y ) ) at a terminal node of the Y circuit with impedances R ′ ( \ displaystyle R ' ) , R '' ( \ displaystyle R ' ' ) to adjacent nodes in the Δ circuit by R Y = R ′ R '' ∑ R Δ ( \ displaystyle R_ ( Y ) = ( \ frac ( R'R ' ' ) ( \ sum R_ ( \ Delta ) ) ) ) where R Δ ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ Delta ) ) are all impedances in the Δ circuit . This yields the specific formulae R 1 = R b R c R a + R b + R c R 2 = R a R c R a + R b + R c R 3 = R a R b R a + R b + R c ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) R_ ( 1 ) & = ( \ frac ( R_ ( b ) R_ ( c ) ) ( R_ ( a ) + R_ ( b ) + R_ ( c ) ) ) \ \ R_ ( 2 ) & = ( \ frac ( R_ ( a ) R_ ( c ) ) ( R_ ( a ) + R_ ( b ) + R_ ( c ) ) ) \ \ R_ ( 3 ) & = ( \ frac ( R_ ( a ) R_ ( b ) ) ( R_ ( a ) + R_ ( b ) + R_ ( c ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Equations for the transformation from Y to Δ ( edit ) The general idea is to compute an impedance R Δ ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ Delta ) ) in the Δ circuit by R Δ = R P R o p p o s i t e ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ Delta ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( P ) ) ( R_ ( \ mathrm ( opposite ) ) ) ) ) where R P = R 1 R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R 3 R 1 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( P ) = R_ ( 1 ) R_ ( 2 ) + R_ ( 2 ) R_ ( 3 ) + R_ ( 3 ) R_ ( 1 ) ) is the sum of the products of all pairs of impedances in the Y circuit and R o p p o s i t e ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ mathrm ( opposite ) ) ) is the impedance of the node in the Y circuit which is opposite the edge with R Δ ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ Delta ) ) . The formula for the individual edges are thus R a = R 1 R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R 3 R 1 R 1 R b = R 1 R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R 3 R 1 R 2 R c = R 1 R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R 3 R 1 R 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) R_ ( a ) & = ( \ frac ( R_ ( 1 ) R_ ( 2 ) + R_ ( 2 ) R_ ( 3 ) + R_ ( 3 ) R_ ( 1 ) ) ( R_ ( 1 ) ) ) \ \ R_ ( b ) & = ( \ frac ( R_ ( 1 ) R_ ( 2 ) + R_ ( 2 ) R_ ( 3 ) + R_ ( 3 ) R_ ( 1 ) ) ( R_ ( 2 ) ) ) \ \ R_ ( c ) & = ( \ frac ( R_ ( 1 ) R_ ( 2 ) + R_ ( 2 ) R_ ( 3 ) + R_ ( 3 ) R_ ( 1 ) ) ( R_ ( 3 ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Or , if using admittance instead of resistance : Y a = Y 3 Y 2 ∑ Y Y Y b = Y 3 Y 1 ∑ Y Y Y c = Y 1 Y 2 ∑ Y Y ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) Y_ ( a ) = ( \ frac ( Y_ ( 3 ) Y_ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sum Y_ ( Y ) ) ) \ \ Y_ ( b ) = ( \ frac ( Y_ ( 3 ) Y_ ( 1 ) ) ( \ sum Y_ ( Y ) ) ) \ \ Y_ ( c ) = ( \ frac ( Y_ ( 1 ) Y_ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sum Y_ ( Y ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Note that the general formula in Y to Δ using admittance is similar to Δ to Y using resistance . A proof of the existence and uniqueness of the transformation ( edit ) The feasibility of the transformation can be shown as a consequence of the superposition theorem for electric circuits . A short proof , rather than one derived as a corollary of the more general star - mesh transform , can be given as follows . The equivalence lies in the statement that for any external voltages ( V 1 , V 2 ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 1 ) , V_ ( 2 ) ) and V 3 ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 3 ) ) ) applying at the three nodes ( N 1 , N 2 ( \ displaystyle N_ ( 1 ) , N_ ( 2 ) ) and N 3 ( \ displaystyle N_ ( 3 ) ) ) , the corresponding currents ( I 1 , I 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( 1 ) , I_ ( 2 ) ) and I 3 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( 3 ) ) ) are exactly the same for both the Y and Δ circuit , and vice versa . In this proof , we start with given external currents at the nodes . According to the superposition theorem , the voltages can be obtained by studying the superposition of the resulting voltages at the nodes of the following three problems applied at the three nodes with current : ( 1 ) ( I 1 − I 2 ) / 3 , − ( I 1 − I 2 ) / 3 , 0 ( \ displaystyle ( I_ ( 1 ) - I_ ( 2 ) ) / 3 , - ( I_ ( 1 ) - I_ ( 2 ) ) / 3 , 0 ) ( 2 ) 0 , ( I 2 − I 3 ) / 3 , − ( I 2 − I 3 ) / 3 ( \ displaystyle 0 , ( I_ ( 2 ) - I_ ( 3 ) ) / 3 , - ( I_ ( 2 ) - I_ ( 3 ) ) / 3 ) and ( 3 ) − ( I 3 − I 1 ) / 3 , 0 , ( I 3 − I 1 ) / 3 ( \ displaystyle - ( I_ ( 3 ) - I_ ( 1 ) ) / 3 , 0 , ( I_ ( 3 ) - I_ ( 1 ) ) / 3 ) The equivalence can be readily shown by using Kirchhoff 's circuit laws that I 1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( 1 ) + I_ ( 2 ) + I_ ( 3 ) = 0 ) . Now each problem is relatively simple , since it involves only one single ideal current source . To obtain exactly the same outcome voltages at the nodes for each problem , the equivalent resistances in the two circuits must be the same , this can be easily found by using the basic rules of series and parallel circuits : R 3 + R 1 = ( R c + R a ) R b R a + R b + R c , ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 3 ) + R_ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( ( R_ ( c ) + R_ ( a ) ) R_ ( b ) ) ( R_ ( a ) + R_ ( b ) + R_ ( c ) ) ) , ) R 3 R 1 = R a R c . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( R_ ( 3 ) ) ( R_ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( a ) ) ( R_ ( c ) ) ) . ) Though usually six equations are more than enough to express three variables ( R 1 , R 2 , R 3 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 1 ) , R_ ( 2 ) , R_ ( 3 ) ) ) in term of the other three variables ( R a , R b , R c ( \ displaystyle R_ ( a ) , R_ ( b ) , R_ ( c ) ) ) , here it is straightforward to show that these equations indeed lead to the above designed expressions . In fact , the superposition theorem establishes the relation between the values of the resistances , the uniqueness theorem guarantees the uniqueness of such solution . Simplification of networks ( edit ) Resistive networks between two terminals can theoretically be simplified to a single equivalent resistor ( more generally , the same is true of impedance ) . Series and parallel transforms are basic tools for doing so , but for complex networks such as the bridge illustrated here , they do not suffice . The Y - Δ transform can be used to eliminate one node at a time and produce a network that can be further simplified , as shown . Transformation of a bridge resistor network , using the Y - Δ transform to eliminate node D , yields an equivalent network that may readily be simplified further . The reverse transformation , Δ - Y , which adds a node , is often handy to pave the way for further simplification as well . Transformation of a bridge resistor network , using the Δ - Y transform , also yields an equivalent network that may readily be simplified further . Every two - terminal network represented by a planar graph can be reduced to a single equivalent resistor by a sequence of series , parallel , Y - Δ , and Δ - Y transformations . However , there are non-planar networks that can not be simplified using these transformations , such as a regular square grid wrapped around a torus , or any member of the Petersen family . Graph theory ( edit ) In graph theory , the Y - Δ transform means replacing a Y subgraph of a graph with the equivalent Δ subgraph . The transform preserves the number of edges in a graph , but not the number of vertices or the number of cycles . Two graphs are said to be Y - Δ equivalent if one can be obtained from the other by a series of Y - Δ transforms in either direction . For example , the Petersen family is a Y - Δ equivalence class . Demonstration ( edit ) Δ - load to Y - load transformation equations ( edit ) Δ and Y circuits with the labels that are used in this article . To relate ( R a , R b , R c ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( R_ ( a ) , R_ ( b ) , R_ ( c ) \ ) ) from Δ to ( R 1 , R 2 , R 3 ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( R_ ( 1 ) , R_ ( 2 ) , R_ ( 3 ) \ ) ) from Y , the impedance between two corresponding nodes is compared . The impedance in either configuration is determined as if one of the nodes is disconnected from the circuit . The impedance between N and N with N disconnected in Δ : R Δ ( N 1 , N 2 ) = R c ∥ ( R a + R b ) = 1 1 R c + 1 R a + R b = R c ( R a + R b ) R a + R b + R c ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) R_ ( \ Delta ) ( N_ ( 1 ) , N_ ( 2 ) ) & = R_ ( c ) \ parallel ( R_ ( a ) + R_ ( b ) ) \ \ & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( R_ ( c ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( R_ ( a ) + R_ ( b ) ) ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ frac ( R_ ( c ) ( R_ ( a ) + R_ ( b ) ) ) ( R_ ( a ) + R_ ( b ) + R_ ( c ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) To simplify , let R T ( \ displaystyle R_ ( T ) ) be the sum of ( R a , R b , R c ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( R_ ( a ) , R_ ( b ) , R_ ( c ) \ ) ) . R T = R a + R b + R c ( \ displaystyle R_ ( T ) = R_ ( a ) + R_ ( b ) + R_ ( c ) ) Thus , R Δ ( N 1 , N 2 ) = R c ( R a + R b ) R T ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ Delta ) ( N_ ( 1 ) , N_ ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( c ) ( R_ ( a ) + R_ ( b ) ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) ) The corresponding impedance between N and N in Y is simple : R Y ( N 1 , N 2 ) = R 1 + R 2 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( Y ) ( N_ ( 1 ) , N_ ( 2 ) ) = R_ ( 1 ) + R_ ( 2 ) ) hence : R 1 + R 2 = R c ( R a + R b ) R T ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 1 ) + R_ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( c ) ( R_ ( a ) + R_ ( b ) ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) ) ( 1 ) Repeating for R ( N 2 , N 3 ) ( \ displaystyle R ( N_ ( 2 ) , N_ ( 3 ) ) ) : R 2 + R 3 = R a ( R b + R c ) R T ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 2 ) + R_ ( 3 ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( a ) ( R_ ( b ) + R_ ( c ) ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) ) ( 2 ) and for R ( N 1 , N 3 ) ( \ displaystyle R ( N_ ( 1 ) , N_ ( 3 ) ) ) : R 1 + R 3 = R b ( R a + R c ) R T . ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 1 ) + R_ ( 3 ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( b ) ( R_ ( a ) + R_ ( c ) ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) . ) ( 3 ) From here , the values of ( R 1 , R 2 , R 3 ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( R_ ( 1 ) , R_ ( 2 ) , R_ ( 3 ) \ ) ) can be determined by linear combination ( addition and / or subtraction ) . For example , adding ( 1 ) and ( 3 ) , then subtracting ( 2 ) yields R 1 + R 2 + R 1 + R 3 − R 2 − R 3 = R c ( R a + R b ) R T + R b ( R a + R c ) R T − R a ( R b + R c ) R T ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 1 ) + R_ ( 2 ) + R_ ( 1 ) + R_ ( 3 ) - R_ ( 2 ) - R_ ( 3 ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( c ) ( R_ ( a ) + R_ ( b ) ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( R_ ( b ) ( R_ ( a ) + R_ ( c ) ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( R_ ( a ) ( R_ ( b ) + R_ ( c ) ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) ) 2 R 1 = 2 R b R c R T ( \ displaystyle 2R_ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( 2R_ ( b ) R_ ( c ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) ) thus , R 1 = R b R c R T . ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( b ) R_ ( c ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) . ) where R T = R a + R b + R c ( \ displaystyle R_ ( T ) = R_ ( a ) + R_ ( b ) + R_ ( c ) ) For completeness : R 1 = R b R c R T ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( b ) R_ ( c ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) ) ( 4 ) R 2 = R a R c R T ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( a ) R_ ( c ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) ) ( 5 ) R 3 = R a R b R T ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 3 ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( a ) R_ ( b ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) ) ( 6 ) Y - load to Δ - load transformation equations ( edit ) Let R T = R a + R b + R c ( \ displaystyle R_ ( T ) = R_ ( a ) + R_ ( b ) + R_ ( c ) ) . We can write the Δ to Y equations as R 1 = R b R c R T ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( b ) R_ ( c ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) ) ( 1 ) R 2 = R a R c R T ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( a ) R_ ( c ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) ) ( 2 ) R 3 = R a R b R T . ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 3 ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( a ) R_ ( b ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) . ) ( 3 ) Multiplying the pairs of equations yields R 1 R 2 = R a R b R c 2 R T 2 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 1 ) R_ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( a ) R_ ( b ) R_ ( c ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( 4 ) R 1 R 3 = R a R b 2 R c R T 2 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 1 ) R_ ( 3 ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( a ) R_ ( b ) ^ ( 2 ) R_ ( c ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( 5 ) R 2 R 3 = R a 2 R b R c R T 2 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 2 ) R_ ( 3 ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( a ) ^ ( 2 ) R_ ( b ) R_ ( c ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( 6 ) and the sum of these equations is R 1 R 2 + R 1 R 3 + R 2 R 3 = R a R b R c 2 + R a R b 2 R c + R a 2 R b R c R T 2 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 1 ) R_ ( 2 ) + R_ ( 1 ) R_ ( 3 ) + R_ ( 2 ) R_ ( 3 ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( a ) R_ ( b ) R_ ( c ) ^ ( 2 ) + R_ ( a ) R_ ( b ) ^ ( 2 ) R_ ( c ) + R_ ( a ) ^ ( 2 ) R_ ( b ) R_ ( c ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( 7 ) Factor R a R b R c ( \ displaystyle R_ ( a ) R_ ( b ) R_ ( c ) ) from the right side , leaving R T ( \ displaystyle R_ ( T ) ) in the numerator , canceling with an R T ( \ displaystyle R_ ( T ) ) in the denominator . R 1 R 2 + R 1 R 3 + R 2 R 3 = ( R a R b R c ) ( R a + R b + R c ) R T 2 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 1 ) R_ ( 2 ) + R_ ( 1 ) R_ ( 3 ) + R_ ( 2 ) R_ ( 3 ) = ( \ frac ( ( R_ ( a ) R_ ( b ) R_ ( c ) ) ( R_ ( a ) + R_ ( b ) + R_ ( c ) ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) R 1 R 2 + R 1 R 3 + R 2 R 3 = R a R b R c R T ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 1 ) R_ ( 2 ) + R_ ( 1 ) R_ ( 3 ) + R_ ( 2 ) R_ ( 3 ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( a ) R_ ( b ) R_ ( c ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) ) ( 8 ) Note the similarity between ( 8 ) and ( ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) ) Divide ( 8 ) by ( 1 ) R 1 R 2 + R 1 R 3 + R 2 R 3 R 1 = R a R b R c R T R T R b R c , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( R_ ( 1 ) R_ ( 2 ) + R_ ( 1 ) R_ ( 3 ) + R_ ( 2 ) R_ ( 3 ) ) ( R_ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( a ) R_ ( b ) R_ ( c ) ) ( R_ ( T ) ) ) ( \ frac ( R_ ( T ) ) ( R_ ( b ) R_ ( c ) ) ) , ) R 1 R 2 + R 1 R 3 + R 2 R 3 R 1 = R a , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( R_ ( 1 ) R_ ( 2 ) + R_ ( 1 ) R_ ( 3 ) + R_ ( 2 ) R_ ( 3 ) ) ( R_ ( 1 ) ) ) = R_ ( a ) , ) which is the equation for R a ( \ displaystyle R_ ( a ) ) . Dividing ( 8 ) by ( 2 ) or ( 3 ) ( expressions for R 2 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 2 ) ) or R 3 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 3 ) ) ) gives the remaining equations . See also ( edit ) Star - mesh transform Analysis of resistive circuits Electrical network , three - phase power , polyphase systems for examples of Y and Δ connections AC motor for a discussion of the Y - Δ starting technique Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A.E. Kennelly , `` Equivalence of triangles and three - pointed stars in conducting networks '' , Electrical World and Engineer , vol. 34 , pp. 413 -- 414 , 1899 . Jump up ^ E.B. Curtis , D. Ingerman , J.A. Morrow , Circular planar graphs and resistor networks , Linear Algebra and its Applications , vol. 238 , pp. 115 -- 150 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Klaus Truemper . On the delta - wye reduction for planar graphs. J. Graph Theory 13 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 148 , 1989 . References ( edit ) William Stevenson , Elements of Power System Analysis 3rd ed. , McGraw Hill , New York , 1975 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 061285 - 4 External links ( edit ) Star - Triangle Conversion : Knowledge on resistive networks and resistors Calculator of Star - Triangle transform Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y - Δ_transform&oldid = 819079525 '' Categories : Electrical circuits Electric power Graph operations Circuit theorems Three - phase AC power Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский සිංහල Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 08 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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when is the delta connection of resistors equivalent to the wye connected resistors
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United States Secret Service
United States Secret Service - wikipedia United States Secret Service United States Secret Service Secret Service Special Agent badge U.S. Secret Service flag Common name Secret Service Abbreviation USSS Agency overview Formed July 5 , 1865 ; 153 years ago ( 1865 - 07 - 05 ) Employees 7,000 + ( 2017 ) Annual budget $2.2 billion ( 2017 ) Headquarters Washington , D.C. Agency executives Randolph Alles , Director William Callahan , Deputy Director Parent agency U.S. Department of Homeland Security ( 2003 -- present ) U.S. Department of the Treasury ( 1865 -- 2003 ) Facilities Field and resident offices 116 Overseas offices 20 Website www.secretservice.gov The United States Secret Service ( also USSS or Secret Service ) is a federal law enforcement agency under the United States Department of Homeland Security , charged with conducting criminal investigations and protecting the nation 's leaders . Until 2003 , the Service was part of the U.S. Department of the Treasury , as the agency was originally founded to combat the then - widespread counterfeiting of U.S. currency . The U.S. Secret Service is tasked with two distinct and critical national security missions : Investigative Mission -- The investigative mission of the USSS is to safeguard the payment and financial systems of the United States from a wide range of financial and electronic - based crimes . Financial investigations include counterfeit U.S. currency , bank & financial institution fraud , mail fraud , wire fraud , illicit financing operations , and major conspiracies . Electronic investigations include cybercrime , network intrusions , identity theft , access device fraud , credit card fraud , and intellectual property crimes . The Secret Service is a key member of the FBI 's Joint Terrorism Task Force ( JTTF ) which investigates and combats terrorism on a national and international scale , as well as of the High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas ( HIDTA ) task force which seeks to reduce and eliminate drug trafficking in critical regions of the United States . The Service also investigates missing and exploited children and is a core partner of the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children ( NCMEC ) . Protective Mission -- The protective mission of the USSS is to ensure the safety of the President of the United States , the Vice President of the United States , the President 's and Vice President 's immediate families , former presidents , their spouses , and their minor children under the age of 16 , major presidential and vice presidential candidates and their spouses , and foreign heads of state . The USSS also provides physical security for the White House Complex , the neighboring Treasury Department building , the Vice President 's residence , and all foreign diplomatic missions in Washington , D.C. The protective mission includes protective operations to coordinate manpower and logistics with state and local law enforcement , protective advances to conduct site and venue assessments for protectees , and protective intelligence to investigate all manners of threats made against protectees . The Secret Service is the lead agency in charge of the planning , coordination , and implementation of security operations for events designated as National Special Security Events ( NSSEs ) . As part of the Service 's mission of preventing an incident before it occurs , the agency relies on meticulous advance work and threat assessments developed by its Intelligence Division to identify potential risks to protectees . The Secret Service 's initial responsibility was to investigate the counterfeiting of U.S. currency , which was rampant following the American Civil War . The agency then evolved into the United States ' first domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency . Many of the agency 's missions were later taken over by subsequent agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) , Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) , and IRS Criminal Investigation Division ( IRS - CI ) . Contents 1 Dual mission 2 History 2.1 Early years 2.2 20th century 2.2. 1 Taft assassination attempt 2.2. 2 1950s 2.2. 3 1960s 2.2. 4 1980s 2.2. 5 1990s 2.3 21st century 2.3. 1 2000s 2.3. 1.1 September 11 attacks 2.3. 1.2 Domestic expansion 2.3. 1.3 International expansion 2.3. 2 2010s 3 Attacks on presidents 4 Significant investigations 5 Structure 6 Special Agent 7 Uniformed Division Officer 8 Special Officer 9 Weapons and equipment 9.1 Previous firearms 9.2 Current weapons 9.3 Badges 9.4 Attire 9.5 Vehicles 10 Field offices 11 Misconduct 12 In popular culture 12.1 Films 12.2 Television 12.3 Video games 13 Other U.S. federal law enforcement agencies 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 Further reading 18 External links Dual mission ( edit ) Secret Service agents conducting electronic investigations . Secret Service agents protecting President George W. Bush in 2002 . Secret Service and FBI agents investigate the Boston Marathon bombing . The Secret Service is mandated by Congress to carry out a unique dual mission : safeguarding the financial and critical infrastructure of the United States , and protecting the nation 's leaders . The two core missions of investigations and protection synergize with the other , providing crucial benefits to special agents during the course of their careers . Skills developed during the course of investigations which are also used in an agent 's protective duties include but are not limited to : Proficiency in analyzing handwriting and forgery techniques being applied in protective investigations of handwritten letters and suspicious package threats . Expertise in investigating electronic and financial crimes being applied in protective investigations of threats made against the nation 's leaders on the Internet . Tactical operation ( i.e. surveillance , arrests , and search warrants ) and law enforcement writing ( i.e. affidavits , after action reports , and operations plans ) skills being applied to both investigative and protective duties . Partnerships that are created between field offices and local law enforcement during the course of investigations being used to gather both protective intelligence and in coordinating protection events . The Secret Service 's primary investigative mission is to protect the payment and financial systems of the United States from a wide range of financial and electronic - based crimes including counterfeit U.S. currency , bank & financial institution fraud , illicit financing operations , cybercrime , identity theft , intellectual property crimes , and any other violations that may affect the United States economy and financial systems . The agency 's key focus is on large , high - dollar economic impact cases involving organized criminal groups . Financial criminals include embezzling bank employees , armed robbers at automatic teller machines , heroin traffickers , and criminal organizations that commit bank fraud on a global scale . The USSS plays a leading role in facilitating relationships between other law enforcement entities , the private sector , and academia . The Service maintains the Electronic Crimes Task Forces , which focus on identifying and locating international cyber criminals connected to cyber intrusions , bank fraud , data breaches , and other computer - related crimes . Additionally , the Secret Service runs the National Computer Forensics Institute ( NCFI ) , which provides law enforcement officers , prosecutors , and judges with cyber training and information to combat cybercrime . Protection of the nation 's highest elected leaders and other government officials remains the other key mission of the United States Secret Service . After the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley , Congress also directed the Secret Service to protect the President of the United States . The Secret Service is authorized by law to protect : The President , Vice President ( or other officer next in the order of succession to the Office of President , should the Vice Presidency be vacant ) , President - elect and Vice President - elect The immediate families of the above individuals Former Presidents and their spouses for their lifetimes ( except when the spouse divorces or remarries ) , under the Former Presidents Act . From 1997 until 2013 , legislation was in place limiting Secret Service protection to former Presidents and their spouses to a period of 10 years from the date the former President leaves office . President Barack Obama signed legislation on January 10 , 2013 , reversing this limit and reinstating lifetime protection . The widow or widower of a former President who dies in office or dies within a year of leaving office for a period of one year after the President 's death ( the Secretary of Homeland Security can extend the protection time ) Children of former Presidents until age 16 or 10 years after the presidency Former Vice Presidents , their spouses , and their children under 16 years of age , for up to 6 months from the date the former Vice President leaves office ( the Secretary of Homeland Security can extend the protection time ) Visiting heads of states or governments and their spouses traveling with them Other distinguished foreign visitors to the United States and official representatives of the United States performing special missions abroad , as directed by the President Major presidential and vice presidential candidates The spouses of major presidential and vice presidential candidates ( within 120 days of a general presidential election ) Other individuals as designated per executive order of the President National Special Security Events , when designated as such by the Secretary of Homeland Security The laws states that individuals other than the President , the Vice President ( or other officer next in the order of succession to the Office of President ) , the President - elect , and the Vice President - elect may decline Secret Service protection , but the law neither allows nor disallows these excepted offices from declining . When Hillary Clinton became Secretary of State in 2009 , the Secret Service continued to protect her at home ; however the Diplomatic Security Service protected her while she was performing her duties as the Secretary of State , including foreign travel . The Secret Service investigates thousands of incidents each year of individuals threatening the President of the United States . In the face of budget pressure , hiring challenges and some high - profile lapses in its protective service role in 2014 , the Brookings Institution and some members of Congress are asking whether the agency 's focus should shift more to the protective mission , leaving more of its original mission to other agencies . History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Logo of the United States Secret Service With a reported one third of the currency in circulation being counterfeit at the time , the Secret Service was created on July 5 , 1865 in Washington , D.C. , to suppress counterfeit currency . Chief William P. Wood was sworn in by Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch . It was commissioned in Washington , D.C. as the `` Secret Service Division '' of the Department of the Treasury with the mission of suppressing counterfeiting . The legislation creating the agency was on Abraham Lincoln 's desk the night he was assassinated . At the time , the only other federal law enforcement agencies were the United States Customs Service , the United States Park Police , the U.S. Post Office Department 's Office of Instructions and Mail Depredations ( now known as the United States Postal Inspection Service ) , and the United States Marshals Service . The Marshals did not have the manpower to investigate all crime under federal jurisdiction , so the Secret Service began to investigate everything from murder to bank robbery to illegal gambling . After the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901 , Congress informally requested that the Secret Service provide presidential protection . A year later , the Secret Service assumed full - time responsibility for presidential protection . In 1902 , William Craig became the first Secret Service agent to die while serving , in a road accident while riding in the presidential carriage . The Secret Service was the first U.S. domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency . Domestic intelligence collection and counterintelligence responsibilities were vested in the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) upon the FBI 's creation in 1908 . The Secret Service assisted in arresting Japanese American leaders and in the Japanese American internment during World War II . The U.S. Secret Service is not a part of the U.S. Intelligence Community . 20th century ( edit ) Taft assassination attempt ( edit ) In 1909 , President William H. Taft agreed to meet with Mexican President Porfirio Díaz in El Paso , Texas and Ciudad Juárez , Mexico , the first meeting between a U.S. and a Mexican president and also the first time an American president visited Mexico . But the historic summit resulted in serious assassination threats and other security concerns for the then small Secret Service , so the Texas Rangers , 4,000 U.S. and Mexican troops , BOI agents , U.S. marshals , and an additional 250 private security detail led by Frederick Russell Burnham , the celebrated scout , were all called in by Chief John Wilkie to provide added security . On October 16 , the day of the summit , Burnham discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route . Burnham signaled a Texas Ranger , Private C.R. Moore , and the two men captured and disarmed the assassin within only a few feet of Díaz and Taft , preventing the shooting of both Presidents . 1950s ( edit ) In 1950 , President Harry S. Truman was residing in Blair House while the White House , across the street , was undergoing renovations . On November 1 , 1950 , two Puerto Rican nationalists , Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola , approached Blair House with the intent to assassinate President Truman . Collazo and Torresola opened fire on Private Leslie Coffelt and other White House Police officers . Though mortally wounded by three shots from a 9 mm German Luger to his chest and abdomen , Private Coffelt returned fire , killing Torresola with a single shot to his head . As of 2017 , Coffelt is the only member of the Secret Service killed while protecting a US president against an assassination attempt ( Special Agent Tim McCarthy stepped in front of President Ronald Reagan during the assassination attempt of March 30 , 1981 , and took a bullet to the abdomen but made a full recovery ) . Collazo was also shot , but survived his injuries and served 29 years in prison before returning to Puerto Rico in late 1979 . 1960s ( edit ) In 1968 , as a result of Robert F. Kennedy 's assassination , Congress authorized protection of major presidential and vice presidential candidates and nominees . In 1965 and 1968 , Congress also authorized lifetime protection of the spouses of deceased presidents unless they remarry and of the children of former presidents until age 16 . 1980s ( edit ) Secret Service analyst examining counterfeit documents . The Secret Service Presidential Protective Division safeguards the President of the United States and his immediate family . They work with other federal , state , and local law enforcement agencies and the military to safeguard the President when he travels in Air Force One , Marine One and by limousine in motorcades . Although the most visible role of the Secret Service today , personal protection is an anomaly in the responsibilities of an agency focused on fraud and counterfeiting . In 1984 , the US Congress passed the Comprehensive Crime Control Act , which extended the Secret Service 's jurisdiction over credit card fraud and computer fraud . 1990s ( edit ) In 1990 , the Secret Service initiated Operation Sundevil , which they originally intended as a sting against malicious hackers , allegedly responsible for disrupting telephone services across the entire United States . The operation , which was later described by Bruce Sterling in his book The Hacker Crackdown , affected a great number of people unrelated to hacking , and led to no convictions . The Secret Service , however , was sued and required to pay damages . In 1994 and 1995 , it ran an undercover sting called Operation Cybersnare . The Secret Service has concurrent jurisdiction with the FBI over certain violations of federal computer crime laws . They have created 24 Electronic Crimes Task Forces ( ECTFs ) across the United States . These task forces are partnerships between the Service , federal / state and local law enforcement , the private sector and academia aimed at combating technology - based crimes . In 1998 , President Bill Clinton signed Presidential Decision Directive 62 , which established National Special Security Events ( NSSE ) . That directive made the Secret Service responsible for security at designated events . In 1999 , the United States Secret Service Memorial Building was dedicated in DC , granting the agency its first headquarters . Prior to this , the agency 's different departments were based in office space around the DC area . 21st century ( edit ) 2000s ( edit ) September 11 attacks ( edit ) The New York City Field office was located at 6 World Trade Center . Immediately after the World Trade Center was attacked as part of the September 11 attacks , Special Agents and other New York Field office employees were among the first to respond with first aid . Sixty - seven Special Agents in New York City , at and near the New York Field Office , helped to set up triage areas and evacuate the towers . One Secret Service employee , Master Special Officer Craig Miller , died during the rescue efforts . On August 20 , 2002 , Director Brian L. Stafford awarded the Director 's Valor Award to employees who assisted in the rescue attempts . Domestic expansion ( edit ) Secret Service Electronic Crimes Task Force ( ECTF ) Secret Service Asset Forfeiture and Money Laundering Task Force ( AFMLTF ) . Effective March 1 , 2003 , the Secret Service transferred from the Treasury to the newly established Department of Homeland Security . The USA Patriot Act , signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26 , 2001 , mandated the Secret Service to establish a nationwide network of ECTFs in addition to the one already active in New York . As such , this mandate expanded on the agency 's first ECTF -- the New York Electronic Crimes Task Force , formed in 1995 -- which brought together federal , state and local law enforcement , prosecutors , private - industry companies , and academia . These bodies collectively provide necessary support and resources to field investigations that meet any one of the following criteria : significant economic or community impact ; participation of organized criminal groups involving multiple districts or transnational organizations ; or use of schemes involving new technology . The network prioritizes investigations that meet the following criteria : Significant economic or community impact , Participation of multiple - district or transnational organized criminal groups , Use of new technology as a means to commit crime . Investigations conducted by ECTFs include crimes such as computer generated counterfeit currency ; bank fraud ; virus and worm proliferation ; access device fraud ; telecommunications fraud ; Internet threats ; computer system intrusions and cyberattacks ; phishing / spoofing ; assistance with Internet - related child pornography and exploitation ; and identity theft . International expansion ( edit ) Secret Service Cyber Intelligence Center ( CIS ) On July 6 , 2009 , the U.S. Secret Service expanded its fight on cybercrime by creating the first European Electronic Crime Task Force , based on the successful U.S. domestic model , through a memorandum of understanding with Italian police and postal officials . Over a year later , on August 9 , 2010 , the agency expanded its European involvement by creating its second overseas ECTF in the United Kingdom . Both task forces are said to concentrate on a wide range of `` computer - based criminal activity , '' including : Identity theft Network intrusions Other computer - related crimes affecting financial and other critical infrastructures . 2010s ( edit ) As of 2010 , the Service had over 6,500 employees : 3,200 Special Agents , 1,300 Uniformed Division Officers , and 2,000 technical and administrative employees . Special agents serve on protective details and investigate financial , cyber , and homeland security - related crimes . In September 2014 , the United States Secret Service came under criticism following two high - profile incidents involving intruders at the White House . One such intruder entered the East Room of the White House through an unlocked door . Another incident involved a violation of procedure in which an armed security guard for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention rode in the same elevator as President Barack Obama during a visit to that agency 's headquarters in Atlanta , Georgia , to discuss U.S. response to the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa . The guard used his phone to record a video of Obama and refused to comply with a request to stop . The guard had been arrested multiple times in the past , but had never been convicted of a crime . Attacks on Presidents ( edit ) Main article : List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots Secret Service agents in response to the assassination attempt of Ronald Reagan by John Hinckley , Jr. on March 30 , 1981 Since the 1960s , Presidents John F. Kennedy ( killed ) , Gerald Ford ( twice attacked , but uninjured ) and Ronald Reagan ( seriously wounded ) have been attacked while appearing in public . Agents on scene though not injured during attacks on Presidents include William Greer and Roy Kellerman . One of the agents was Robert DeProspero , the Special Agent In Charge ( SAIC ) of Reagan 's Presidential Protective Division ( PPD ) from January 1982 to April 1985 . DeProspero was deputy to Jerry Parr , the SAIC of PPD during the Reagan assassination attempt on March 30 , 1981 . Secret Service agents guard President George W. Bush in 2008 . The Kennedy assassination spotlighted the bravery of two Secret Service agents . First , an agent protecting Mrs. Kennedy , Clint Hill , was riding in the car directly behind the presidential limousine when the attack began . While the shooting continued , Hill leapt from the running board of the car he was riding on and jumped onto the back of the President 's moving car and guided Mrs. Kennedy from the trunk back into the rear seat of the car . He then shielded the President and the First Lady with his body until the car arrived at the hospital . Rufus Youngblood was riding in the vice-presidential car . When the shots were fired , he vaulted over the front seat and threw his body over Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson . That evening , Johnson called Secret Service Chief James J. Rowley and cited Youngblood 's bravery . Youngblood would later recall some of this in his memoir , Twenty Years in the Secret Service . The period following the Kennedy assassination was the most difficult in the modern history of the agency . Press reports indicated that morale among the agents was `` low '' for months following the assassination . The agency overhauled its procedures in the wake of the Kennedy killing . Training , which until that time had been confined largely to `` on - the - job '' efforts , was systematized and regularized . The Reagan assassination attempt also highlighted the bravery of several Secret Service agents , particularly agent Tim McCarthy , who spread his stance to protect Reagan as six bullets were being fired by the would - be assassin , John Hinckley Jr . McCarthy survived a . 22 - caliber round in the abdomen . For his bravery , McCarthy received the NCAA Award of Valor in 1982 . Jerry Parr , the agent who pushed President Reagan into the limousine , and made the critical decision to divert the presidential motorcade to George Washington University Hospital instead of returning to the White House , was also honored with U.S. Congress commendations for his actions that day . Significant investigations ( edit ) Arrest and indictment of Max Ray Butler , co-founder of the Carders Market carding website . Butler was indicted by a federal grand jury in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , after his September 5 , 2007 arrest , on wire fraud and identity theft charges . According to the indictment , Butler hacked over the Internet into computers at financial institutions and credit card processing centers and sold the tens of thousands of credit card numbers that he acquired in the process . Operation Firewall : In October 2004 , 28 suspects -- located across eight U.S. states and six countries -- were arrested on charges of identity theft , computer fraud , credit - card fraud , and conspiracy . Nearly 30 national and foreign field offices of the U.S. Secret Service , including the newly established national ECTFs , and countless local enforcement agencies from around the globe , were involved in this operation . Collectively , the arrested suspects trafficked in at least 1.7 million stolen credit card numbers , which amounted to $4.3 million of losses to financial institutions . However , authorities estimated that prevented loss to the industry was in the hundreds of millions of dollars . The operation , which started in July 2003 and lasted for more than a year , led investigators to identify three cybercriminal groups : Shadowcrew , Carderplanet , and Darkprofits . Arrest and indictment of Albert Gonzalez and 11 individuals ; three U.S. citizens , one from Estonia , three from Ukraine , two from the People 's Republic of China , one from Belarus , and one known only by an online alias . They were arrested on August 5 , 2008 , for the theft and sale of more than 40 million credit and debit card numbers from major U.S. retailers , including TJX Companies , BJ 's Wholesale Club , OfficeMax , Boston Market , Barnes & Noble , Sports Authority , Forever 21 , and DSW . Gonzalez , the main organizer of the scheme , was charged with computer fraud , wire fraud , access device fraud , aggravated identity theft , and conspiracy for his leading role in the crime . Structure ( edit ) Secret Service agents protecting President Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama Ranks of the Secret Service ( not inclusive ) Director of Secret Service Deputy Director Chief Operating Officer Assistant Director Deputy Assistant Director -- - Special Agent in Charge ( SAIC ) Deputy Special Agent in Charge ( DSAIC ) Assistant Special Agent in Charge ( ASAIC ) Assistant to the Special Agent in Charge ( ATSAIC ) Special Agent ( SA ) Special Officer ( SO ) Uniformed Division Officer ( UD ) -- - Administrative , Professional , Technical ( APT ) Special agent ( edit ) Secret Service agents executing a protective operation . The Secret Service special agent position is highly competitive . In 2011 , the Service accepted less than 1 % of its 15,600 special agent applicants . While the Secret Service has always been a popular career path for former military and law enforcement personnel , the Service seeks to hire agents from a diverse range of backgrounds in fulfilling its dual mission , including accountants , lawyers , scientists , engineers , and foreign language specialists . At a minimum , a prospective agent must be a U.S. citizen , possess a current valid driver 's license , be in excellent health and physical condition , possess visual acuity no worse than 20 / 60 uncorrected , correctable to 20 / 20 in each eye , and be between the ages of 21 and 37 at the time of appointment . However , preference eligible veterans may apply after age 37 . In 2009 , the Office of Personnel Management issued implementation guidance on the Isabella v. Department of State court decision : OPM Letter . Prospective agents must also qualify for a TS / SCI ( Top Secret / Sensitive Compartmented Information ) clearance , and undergo an extensive background investigation , to include in - depth interviews , drug screening , medical diagnosis , and full - scope polygraph examination . Secret Service agent trainees at the James J. Rowley Training Center ( RTC ) Special agents receive training in two locations , totaling approximately 7 months . The first phase , the Criminal Investigator Training Program ( CITP ) is conducted at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers ( FLETC ) at Glynco , GA , lasting approximately 12 weeks . The second phase , the Special Agent Training Course ( SATC ) is conducted at the Secret Service Academy , James J. Rowley Training Center ( JJRTC ) , just outside Washington , D.C in Laurel , Maryland , lasting approximately 18 weeks . Secret Service agent trainees practice executing a search warrant . A typical special agent career path , depending upon performance and promotions that affect individual assignments , begins with the first six to eight years on the job assigned to a field office . Applicants are directed to list their office location preference during the application process , and upon receiving a final job offer , usually have several locations to choose from . After their field office experience , agents are usually transferred to a protective assignment where they will stay for three to five years . Following their protective assignment , many agents return to a field office for the rest of their careers , or opt for a headquarters based assignment located in Washington , D.C. During their careers , agents also have the opportunity to work overseas in one of the agency 's international field offices . This typically requires foreign language training to ensure language proficiency when working alongside the agency 's foreign law enforcement counterparts . Special agents are hired at either the GL - 07 or GL - 09 grade level , depending on individual qualifications and / or education . Agents are eligible for promotion on a yearly basis , from GL - 07 , to GL - 09 , to GS - 11 , to GS - 12 , to GS - 13 ( GL - 08 and GS - 10 grade levels are skipped ) . The full performance grade level for a journeyman agent is GS - 13 , which a GL - 07 and GL - 09 agent may reach in as little as four and three years respectively . GS - 13 agents are eligible for competitive promotion to supervisory agent positions , which compasses the GS - 14 , GS - 15 , and SES grade levels . GS - 13 agents who wish to remain as senior field agents continue to advance the GS - 13 step level , capping at GS - 13 Step - 10 . Special agents also receive Law Enforcement Availability Pay ( LEAP ) , a type of premium overtime pay which provides them with an additional 25 % bonus pay on top of their salary , as agents are required to work an average workweek of 50 hours as opposed to 40 . Therefore , an agent living in the Greater New York City area will earn an annual salary of approximately $65,733 ( GL - 07 ) , $74,850 ( GL - 09 ) , $87,639 ( GS - 11 ) , $105,044 ( GS - 12 ) , $124,909 ( GS - 13 ) , $147,606 ( GS - 14 ) , and $164,200 ( GS - 15 ) . Moreover , due to the nature of their work and unique among their federal law enforcement counterparts ( e.g. FBI , DEA , ATF , ICE ) , Secret Service agents are regularly eligible for scheduled overtime pay ( SOT pay ) in addition to LEAP for hours they work beyond 50 per week , and enjoy a raised statutory pay cap of $189,600 per year ( Level II of the Executive Schedule ) as opposed to $164,200 per year ( Level IV of the Executive Schedule ) . Uniformed Division Officer ( edit ) Main article : United States Secret Service Uniformed Division Secret Service officer and his police dog as part of the Emergency Response Team ( ERT ) The Secret Service Uniformed Division is a security police similar to the U.S. Capitol Police or DHS Federal Protective Service and is in charge of protecting the physical White House grounds and foreign diplomatic missions in the Washington , D.C. area . Established in 1922 as the White House Police , this organization was fully integrated into the Secret Service in 1930 . In 1970 , the protection of foreign diplomatic missions was added to the force 's responsibilities , and its name was changed to the Executive Protective Service . The name United States Secret Service Uniformed Division was adopted in 1977 . Secret Service Uniformed Division officers provide protection for the White House Complex , the Vice President 's residence , the main Treasury Building and Annex , and foreign diplomatic missions and embassies in the Washington , D.C. , area . Additionally , Uniformed Division officers travel in support of presidential , vice presidential and foreign head of state government missions . Officers may , as their careers progress , be selected to participate in one of several specialized units , including the : Canine Unit : Performing security sweeps and responding to bomb threats and suspicious packages . Emergency Response Team : Providing a coordinated tactical response for the White House and other protected facilities . Counter-sniper Team : Utilizing observation , sighting equipment and high - performance weapons to provide a secure environment for protectees . Motorcade Support Unit : Providing motorcycle tactical support for official movements of motorcades . Crime Scene Search Unit : Photographing , collecting and processing physical and latent evidence . Office of Training : Serving as firearms and classroom instructors or recruiters . Special Operations Section : Handling special duties and functions at the White House Complex , including conducting the daily congressional and public tours of the White House . Special Officer ( edit ) Secret Service special officers ( not to be confused with Uniformed Division Officers ) are federal agents who work within the Special Agent Division and perform a wide range of security functions and support assignments as part of the protective mission for the Secret Service . Whereas special agents alternate between protection and investigative assignments , special officers are hired only to work protection details . They must have a familiarity with all phases of protective responsibilities sufficient to assist in protective movements , cover designated security posts and drive protective vehicles . Assignments may include Maintaining designated protective security posts that control movement of persons into and around multiple Secret Service facilities and associated areas Inspecting all operational , safety , emergency , and convenience equipment of protective vehicles to ensure peak - operating condition Driving protective or follow - up vehicles Monitoring and operating various communications equipment Using various advanced x-ray screening technologies to detect and identify high - risk items Special officers are sworn law enforcement officers , and are authorized to make arrests in connection with their official duties . They are classified as federal agents but use `` special officer '' as their official title much the same way as Deputy US Marshals are special agents but use the title `` Deputy US Marshal '' . Newly appointed special officers must successfully complete eight ( 8 ) weeks of intensive training at the Special Officer Basic Training Course at the Secret Service James J. Rowley Training Center just outside Washington , D.C. The training includes courses such as Criminal Law , Laws of Arrest , Search and Seizure , Control Tactics , Civil Liability , Emergency Medicine , Basic Water Safety , Firearms and Weapons Handling , Radio Communications , Emergency Driving and Physical Fitness Training . Weapons and equipment ( edit ) Secret Service snipers protect Vice President Mike Pence in Indianapolis , 2017 Since the agency 's inception , a variety of weapons have been carried by its agents . Previous firearms ( edit ) Initially the firearms were privately procured and there was little if any standardization . In the 1930s , the USSS issued the Colt M1911A1 pistol in . 45 ACP caliber . In the 1950s and 1960s , Special Agents carried the Smith & Wesson Model 36 and Colt Detective Special . 38 - Special revolvers . Following President Kennedy 's assassination , USSS Special Agents were authorized to carry the . 357 Magnum Smith & Wesson Model 19 revolver . Between 1981 and 1991 , the Secret Service issued the Smith & Wesson Model 19 and the Smith & Wesson Model 66 . 357 Magnum revolvers , with 2.5 - inch barrels all the way up to the 4 - inch - barreled models , loaded with hollow - point rounds . By 1992 , the standard issue weapon became the SIG Sauer P228 9mm pistol . This weapon stayed in service through 1999 . The Secret Service replaced the Thompson submachine gun with the Uzi submachine gun in the 1970s . Uzis that the Secret Service used have slightly shorter - than - standard barrels so they could to fit inside the standard size Samsonite briefcases that concealed them . They phased out the Uzi in the mid 1990s and replaced it with the H&K MP5 . The Secret Service was the last Federal agency to use the Uzi . The Counter-Assault Team used the M4 carbine from the early 1990s until 2006 . Current weapons ( edit ) Secret Service `` counter-sniper '' marksman on top of the White House 's roof , armed with a sniper rifle . The current sidearm for USSS agents is the SIG Sauer P229 chambered in . 357 SIG ( which entered service in 1999 ) or FN Five - seveN chambered in FN 5.7 x28mm . Agents and officers are trained on standard shoulder weapons that include the FN P90 submachine gun , the 9mm Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun , and the 12 - gauge Remington 870 shotgun . The agency has initiated a procurement process to ultimately replace the MP5 with a 5.56 mm rifle . As a non-lethal option , Special Agents , Special Officers , and Uniformed Division Officers are armed with the ASP 16 '' expandable baton , and Uniformed Division officers also carry pepper spray . Special Operations Division ( SOD ) units are authorized to use a variety of non-standard weapons . The Counter Assault Team ( CAT ) and the Emergency Response Team ( ERT ) both use the 5.56 mm Knight 's Armament Company SR - 16 CQB assault rifle in an 11.5 '' configuration . CAT also deploys 12 gauge Remington 870 MCS breaching shotguns . Uniform Division technicians assigned to the Counter Sniper ( CS ) team use custom built . 300 Winchester Magnum - chambered bolt - action rifles referred to as JARs ( `` Just Another Rifle '' ) . These rifles are built with Remington 700 long actions in Accuracy International stocks and use Schmidt & Bender optics . CS technicians also use the 7.62 mm KAC SR - 25 / Mk11 Mod 0 semi-automatic sniper rifle with a Trijicon 5.5 × ACOG optic . Badges ( edit ) Secret Service badge ( 1875 - 1890 ) Secret Service badge ( 1890 - 1971 ) Secret Service badge ( 1971 - 2003 ) Secret Service badge ( 2003 - Present ) Attire ( edit ) Secret Service agent in business suit working President Obama 's protection detail . Special Agents and Special Officers of the Secret Service wear attire that is appropriate for their surroundings , in order to blend in as much as possible . In most circumstances , the attire of a close protection shift is a conservative suit , but it can range from a tuxedo to casual clothing as required by the environment . Stereotypically , Secret Service agents are often portrayed wearing reflective sunglasses and a communication earpiece . Often their attire is customized to conceal the wide array of equipment worn in service . Agents wear a distinctive lapel pin that identifies them to other agents . The attire for Uniformed Division Officers includes standard police uniforms or utility uniforms and ballistic / identification vests for members of the counter-sniper team , Emergency Response Team ( ERT ) , and canine officers . The shoulder patch of the Uniformed Division consists of the U.S. coat of arms on white or black , depending on the garment . Also , the shoulder patch is embroidered with `` U.S. Secret Service Uniformed Division Police '' around the emblem . Vehicles ( edit ) When transporting the President in a motorcade , the Secret Service uses a fleet of custom - built armored Cadillac Parade Limousines , the newest and largest version of which is known as `` The Beast '' . Armored Chevrolet Suburbans are also used when logistics require such a vehicle or when a more low profile appearance is required . For official movement the limousine is affixed with U.S. and presidential flags and the presidential seal on the rear doors . For unofficial events the vehicles are left sterile and unadorned . Field offices ( edit ) Secret Service Field Offices Main article : List of United States Secret Service field offices The Secret Service has agents assigned to 136 field offices and field agencies , and the headquarters in Washington , D.C. The Service 's offices are located in cities throughout the United States and the world . The offices in Lyon and The Hague are respectively responsible for liaison with the headquarters of Interpol and Europol , located in those cities . Misconduct ( edit ) See also : 6th Summit of the Americas § U.S. security misconduct In April 2012 , an incident involving the president 's security detail received international press attention . The incident involved 11 agents and personnel from four branches of the U.S. military ; they allegedly engaged prostitutes while assigned to protect the U.S. President at the 6th Summit of the Americas in Cartagena , Colombia . As of April 24 , 2012 , nine employees had resigned or retired . After the incident was publicized , the Secret Service implemented new rules for its personnel . The rules prohibit personnel from visiting `` non-reputable establishments '' and from consuming alcohol fewer than ten hours before starting work . Additionally , they restrict who is allowed in hotel rooms . A few weeks later , stories emerged of Secret Service agents hiring strippers and prostitutes prior to Obama 's 2011 visit to El Salvador . In 2015 , two inebriated senior service agents drove an official car into the White House complex and collided with a barrier . One of the congressmen in the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform that investigated that incident was Jason Chaffetz . In September 2015 , it was revealed that 18 Secret Service employees or supervisors , including Assistant Director Ed Lowery , accessed an unsuccessful 2003 application by Chaffetz for employment with the agency and discussed leaking the information to the media in retaliation for Chaffetz ' investigations of agency misconduct . The confidential personal information was later leaked to The Daily Beast . Agency Director Joe Clancy apologized to Chaffetz and said that disciplinary action would be taken against those responsible . In March 2017 , a member of US Vice President Mike Pence 's detail was suspended after he was caught visiting a prostitute at a hotel in Maryland . In popular culture ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Mister 880 ( 1950 ) : Unlike most films with a Secret Service theme , this one features their anti-counterfeiting role : an agent ( Burt Lancaster ) tracks down an elderly man ( Edmund Gwenn ) who counterfeits only small amounts of money . Suddenly ( 1954 ) : A group of hired assassins take over a house overlooking a rail - station in the small town of Suddenly where the President of the United States is expected to make a stop . The town 's sheriff and a team of Secret Service agents work to foil the plot . Stars Frank Sinatra , Sterling Hayden , James Gleason and Nancy Gates . Being There ( 1979 ) : Peter Sellers is seen advising a Uniformed Division Officer at post # W - 4 in front of the White House . Also Secret Service agents are seen throughout the movie escorting and protecting the president . The film was an inductee of the 2005 National Film Registry list . To Live and Die in L.A. ( 1985 ) : A Secret Service agent ( William L. Petersen ) is determined to bring down , by any means necessary , a counterfeiter ( Willem Dafoe ) who murdered the agent 's partner . Assassination ( 1987 ) : U.S. Secret Service agent Jay Killion ( Charles Bronson ) must protect First Lady Lara Royce Craig ( Jill Ireland ) from a plot on her life . The Bodyguard ( 1992 ) : Kevin Costner stars as a former Secret Service agent who is hired as a bodyguard to protect a music star , played by Whitney Houston , from an unknown stalker . In the Line of Fire ( 1993 ) : Psychological thriller in which Clint Eastwood plays a Secret Service Agent who had been on the presidential protection detail during the assassination of John F. Kennedy . He is now pursuing a deranged former CIA special operations assassin who is intent on killing the current U.S. President . Guarding Tess ( 1994 ) : Nicolas Cage plays an agent assigned to guard a former First Lady . Hackers ( 1995 ) : Secret Service Agent Richard Gill ( Wendell Pierce ) is responsible for the pursuit of the young hackers throughout the entire film . First Kid ( 1996 ) : Sinbad and Timothy Busfield appear as Secret Service agents in charge of protecting the President 's son . Air Force One ( 1997 ) : Xander Berkeley plays a Secret Service agent , who is secretly a mole that helps Kazakh terrorists that hijack Air Force One . Murder at 1600 ( 1997 ) : A thriller adaptation starring Wesley Snipes of the novel Murder In The White House by Margaret Truman , daughter of President Truman . First Target ( 1999 ) : Daryl Hannah is a Secret Service agent who uncovers a plot involving senior US politicians and rogue Secret Service agents to kill the President whilst on vacation . Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) : Action parody starring Will Smith and Kevin Kline as , respectively , U.S. Army Captain James West and U.S. Marshal Artemus Gordon . Set in 1869 , they battle a madman who kidnaps President Ulysses S. Grant as part of his plot to dismember the United States . At the end of the film , President Grant promotes them to Agents # 1 and # 2 of his new Secret Service . First Daughter ( 2004 ) : Katie Holmes as the daughter of the President , who goes to college . The Sentinel ( 2006 ) : Thriller starring Michael Douglas , Kiefer Sutherland , and Eva Longoria as Secret Service agents investigating a potential assassination attempt and traitor in the Secret Service . Vantage Point ( 2008 ) : An assassination attempt on the President of the United States is seen from a different set of vantage points through the eyes of eight witnesses . Dennis Quaid plays the Secret Service agent pursuing the terrorists . Olympus Has Fallen ( 2013 ) : An attempt to target and capture the White House and the President of United States , Benjamin Asher ( Aaron Eckhart ) , by a North Korean terrorist leader , Kang Yeonsak ( Rick Yune ) with his commandos . A former Army Ranger - turned Secret Service agent , Michael Banning ( Gerard Butler ) , was trapped in the White House ( Olympus ) and works with officials at The Pentagon to save the President . Continued in the next sequels London Has Fallen ( 2016 ) and Angel Has Fallen . White House Down ( 2013 ) : John Cale ( Channing Tatum ) is a U.S. Capitol Police officer and is a hopeful candidate for a special agent position at the U.S. Secret Service . Cale attempts to foil a terrorist attack on the White House and save the President from the terrorists . The Purge : Election Year ( 2016 ) : Former LAPD sergeant Leo Barnes ( Frank Grillo ) is the chief of security for a US Senator running for the presidency and hoping to outlaw an annual 12 - hour period taking place from March 21 to 22 wherein all crimes are legal . He is later promoted to chief of the Secret Service upon the Senator 's victory in the election two months after the final annual Purge . Television ( edit ) The Wild Wild West ( 1965 ) : A highly popular Western action series , set in the early - to mid - 1870s , starring Robert Conrad and Ross Martin as Secret Service agents James West and Artemus Gordon . West and Gordon pursue a variety of villains across the old west and often report directly to President Ulysses S. Grant . Two reunion telemovies were screened in 1979 and 1980 , followed by the film Wild Wild West ( above ) . 24 ( 2001 ) : Involves many characters and operations within the Secret Service as they protect the presidents throughout the series , most notable Agent Aaron Pierce , played by Glenn Morshower . House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Edward Meechum initially serves as a bodyguard to President Frank Underwood when he was Majority Whip but later gets promoted to the Secret Service when Underwood became Vice President ( remaining on his detail when he becomes president ) . During an assassination attempt on President Underwood , Edward Meechum takes a bullet for the president and shoots and kills the gunman before immediately dying from his injuries . Intelligence ( 2014 ) : U.S. Secret Service agent Riley Neal ( Meghan Ory ) is recruited by the U.S. Cyber Command to provide protective services for Cyber Command agent Gabriel Vaughn ( Josh Holloway ) , into whose brain a high - tech microchip has been implanted . Wayward Pines ( 2015 ) : After a car crash , U.S. Secret Service agent Ethan Burke ( Matt Dillon ) wakes up in the mysterious town of Wayward Pines , where the inexplicable happens and from which there is no escape . Video games ( edit ) Resident Evil 4 ( 2007 ) : Leon S. Kennedy is a Secret Service agent after the events of Resident Evil 2 . His mission in the game is to find the President 's daughter , who has been kidnapped . Secret Service ( 2008 ) : A first - person shooter video game , developed by Cauldron HQ and published by Activision Value for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 . Other U.S. federal law enforcement agencies ( edit ) Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Marshals Service ( USMS ) Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) Federal Air Marshal Service ( FAMS ) Postal Inspection Service ( USPIS ) Naval Criminal Investigative Service ( NCIS ) Army Criminal Investigation Command ( CID ) Air Force Office of Special Investigations ( OSI ) See also ( edit ) United States portal Law enforcement / Law enforcement topics portal Title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations Bodyguard Commander - in - Chief 's Guard -- The American Revolutionary War unit that also had the dual responsibilities of protecting the Commander - in - Chief and the Continental Army 's money . Secret Service codename References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.secretservice.gov/about/leadership/ Jump up ^ Resse , Shawn ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` The U.S. Secret Service : An Examination and Analysis of Its Evolving Missions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secret Service History '' . United States Secret Service . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service : Investigative Mission '' . Secretservice.gov . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service : Protective Mission '' . Secretservice.gov . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Code : Title 18 , Section 3056 '' . Jump up ^ Gillman , Todd J. `` Obama signs lifetime Secret Service protection for George W. Bush , himself and future presidents '' . Trail Blazers Blog . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Compton , Ann ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Lifetime Secret Service Protection Restored for Presidents Bush and Obama '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ USSS . `` USSS Fiscal Year 2010 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Service : What 's next for the new director Brookings Institution '' . Brookings . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Service Recruitment Campaign Amps Up '' . www.wbur.org . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Secret Service '' . Clinton2.nara.gov . July 1 , 1922 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Petro , Joseph ; Jeffrey Robinson ( 2005 ) . Standing Next to History , An Agent 's Life Inside the Secret Service . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 33221 - 1 . Jump up ^ 11 Asian L.J. 147 ( 2004 ) , Foreword : Sixty Years after the Internment : Civil Rights , Identity Politics , and Racial Profiling ; Tamaki , Donald K . Jump up ^ Intelligence.gov Archived May 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Harris & Sadler 2009 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Harris & Sadler 2009 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Taft 's Peril ; Reported Plot to Kill Two Presidents '' . Daily Mail . London . October 16 , 1909 . ISSN 0307 - 7578 . Jump up ^ Hammond ( 1935 ) , pp. 565 -- 566 Jump up ^ Harris & Sadler 2009 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 90 -- 331 Jump up ^ `` Wireless Industry Salutes U.S. Secret Service '' . Ctia.org . September 11 , 1995 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . www.secretservice.gov . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Master Special Officer Craig J. Miller '' . ODMP.org . The Officer Down Memorial Page , Inc . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kessler , Ronald . In the President 's Secret Service : Behind the Scenes with Agents in the Line of Fire and the Presidents They Protect . Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service : Electronic Crimes Task Forces and Working Groups '' . Secretservice.gov . October 26 , 2001 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the U.S. Secret Service Electronic Crimes Task Forces '' . Secretservice.gov . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service Electronic Crimes Task Forces '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service Signs Partnership Agreement With Italian Officials Establishing the First European Electronic Crimes Task Force '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . July 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service Signs Partnership Agreement With United Kingdom Officials Establishing the Second European Electronic Crimes Task Force '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . August 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service : Frequently Asked Questions '' . SecretService.gov . January 1 , 1997 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Henry , Ed ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` House intruder entered East Room , used unlocked door '' . FOX News , Associated Press . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Armed contractor with arrest record was on elevator with Obama in Atlanta '' . Washington Post . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` One Day in an Elevator With Obama , Then Out of a Job '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elaine Quijano ( May 10 , 2005 ) . `` Secret Service told grenade landed near Bush '' . CNN.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chilcote ( January 11 , 2006 ) . `` Bush grenade attacker gets life '' . CNN . Retrieved January 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Petro , Joseph ; Jeffrey Robinson ( 2005 ) . Standing Next to History , An Agent 's Life Inside the Secret Service . New York : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 140 -- 141 & 202 -- 204 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 33221 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Robert L. DeProspero '' . WVUAlumni . West Virginia University Alumni Association . 2005 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson Praises Agent 's Bravery : Honors Guard Who Shielded Him in Dallas Shooting ' Courage ' Is Cited '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . December 5 , 1963 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` The Transfer of Power '' . Time . November 29 , 1963 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( November 27 , 1963 ) . `` Johnson Says Agent in Dallas Screened Him With His Body '' . The New York Times . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Youngblood , Rufus ( 1973 ) . Twenty Years in the Secret Service . New York : Simon and Schuster . pp. 147 -- 149 . Jump up ^ `` Survivor 's Guilt : The Secret Service and the Failure to Protect the President '' . Jump up ^ `` He Took a Bullet for Reagan '' . CBS News . June 11 , 2004 . ' In the Secret Service , ' ( McCarthy ) continued , ' we 're trained to cover and evacuate the president . And to cover the president , you have to get as large as you can , rather than hitting the deck . ' Jump up ^ By means of the NCAA Award of Valor , the National Collegiate Athletic Association recognizes `` courageous action or noteworthy bravery '' by persons involved with intercollegiate athletics . McCarthy had played NCAA football at the University of Illinois . Jump up ^ Wilber , Del Quentin ( 2011 ) . Rawhide Down : The Near Assassination of Ronald Reagan . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 9346 - X . Jump up ^ `` Secret Service Investigation Disrupts Identity Theft Ring '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . September 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Secret Service 's Operation Firewall Nets 28 Arrests '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . October 28 , 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Additional Indictments Announced in Ongoing Secret Service Network Intrusion Investigation '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . August 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Service Agent Selection Tougher Than Harvard '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Agent : Career Path '' . US Secret Service . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` CHCOC.gov '' . CHCOC.gov . August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Agent Training '' . Jump up ^ `` LEAP Pay '' . Jump up ^ `` LEAP Salary Calculator '' . Jump up ^ `` Secret Service Agent Overtime Pay '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Uniformed Division Careers '' . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Richard D. Jane 's Infantry Weapons 2009 / 2010 . Jane 's Information Group ; 35th edition ( January 27 , 2009 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7106 - 2869 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Additional Presolicitation Conference for Rifle Requirement -- Federal Business Opportunities : Opportunities '' . Jump up ^ `` The Gear and Guns of the Secret Service '' World of Firepower , Vol 4 Issue 3 , May / June 2016 , pp 9 - 10 , ASIN : B01GK8XJEY Jump up ^ `` The American Presidency '' . Americanhistory.si.edu . March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service Field Office Contact Details '' . United States Secret Service . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` 3 in Scandal Being Forced Out of Secret Service , Officials Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David Jackson ; Richard Wolf ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` Obama : ' Angry ' if Secret Service allegations are true '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Service amends standards of conduct after KIRO 7 investigation '' . KIRO - TV . April 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Norah O'Donnell ; Jillian Hughes ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` New code of conduct issued for Secret Service agents '' . CBS News . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Secret Service Tightens Travel Rules for Its Staff '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David Nakamura ; Ed O'Keefe ( April 28 , 2012 ) . `` Secret Service imposes new rules on agents for foreign trips '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Secret Service investigating more allegations of misconduct '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Alicia A. , `` Investigation : Secret Service tried to discredit US lawmaker `` , Associated Press / Stars and Stripes , September 30 , 2015 Jump up ^ Landers , Elizabeth Secret Service agent on VP 's detail caught after meeting with prostitute at Maryland hotel April 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/complete-national-recording-registry-listing/ accessed March 18 , 2018 . Bibliography ( edit ) Hammond , John Hays ( 1935 ) . The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond . New York : Farrar & Rinehart . ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 05913 - 1 . Harris , Charles H. III ; Sadler , Louis R. ( 2009 ) . The Secret War in El Paso : Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue , 1906 -- 1920 . Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 4652 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Costello , Mark ( 2002 ) . Big If . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05116 - 2 . Emmett , Dan ( 2014 ) . Within Arm 's Length : A Secret Service Agent 's Definitive Inside Account of Protecting the President ( First ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 9781250044716 . Kessler , Ronald ( 2010 ) . In the President 's Secret Service : Behind the Scenes with Agents in the Line of Fire and the Presidents They Protect ( 1st paperback ed . ) . New York : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 9780307461360 . Roberts , Marcia ( 1991 ) . Looking Back and Seeing the Future : The United States Secret Service , 1865 -- 1990 . Association of Former Agents of the United States Secret Service . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Secret Service . Official website United States Secret Service at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 1 , 2000 ) `` Protecting the U.S. President abroad '' , by BBC News `` Inside the Secret Service '' -- slide show by Life Agencies under the United States Department of Homeland Security Headquarters : Nebraska Avenue Complex Kirstjen Nielsen , Secretary of Homeland Security Claire Grady , Acting Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary United States Coast Guard Immigration and Customs Enforcement Citizenship and Immigration Services Customs and Border Protection Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Law Enforcement Training Center United States Secret Service Office of Operations Coordination Transportation Security Administration Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office Office of Strategy , Policy , and Plans Office of Immigration Statistics Homeland Security Advisory Council National Protection and Programs National Protection and Programs Directorate Federal Protective Service Office of Cybersecurity and Communications Office of Infrastructure Protection Office of Biometric Identity Management Office of Cyber and Infrastructure Analysis Science and Technology Science and Technology Directorate Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency Explosives Division Chemical and Biological Defense Division Border and Maritime Security Division Human Factors and Behavioral Sciences Division Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division Cyber Security Division ( National Cybersecurity Center ) Intelligence and Analysis Office of Intelligence and Analysis Management Management Directorate Law enforcement in the United States Terrorism in the United States Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States Department of Commerce Office of Export Enforcement National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - 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when did the secret service start guarding the president
[ "Protection of the nation's highest elected leaders and other government officials remains the other key mission of the United States Secret Service. After the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley, Congress also directed the Secret Service to protect the President of the United States. \n" ]
[ "After the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley" ]
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Foreign language influences in English
Foreign language influences in English - wikipedia Foreign language influences in English Jump to : navigation , search According to one study , the percentage of modern English words derived from each language group are as follows : Latin ( including words used only in scientific / medical / legal contexts ) : ~ 29 % French : ~ 29 % Germanic : ~ 26 % Others : ~ 16 % The core of English language descends from Old English , the language brought with the Angles , Saxon , and Jutish settlers to what was to be called England in and after the 500s . The bulk of the language in spoken and written texts is from this source . As a statistical rule , around 70 percent of words in any text are Anglo - Saxon . Moreover , the grammar is largely Anglo - Saxon . A significant portion of the English vocabulary comes from Romance and Latinate sources . Estimates of native words ( derived from Old English ) range from 20 % -- 33 % , with the rest made up of outside borrowings . A portion of these borrowings come directly from Latin , or through one of the Romance languages , particularly Anglo - Norman and French , but some also from Italian , Portuguese , and Spanish ; or from other languages ( such as Gothic , Frankish or Greek ) into Latin and then into English . The influence of Latin in English , therefore , is primarily lexical in nature , being confined mainly to words derived from Latin roots . While some new words enter English as slang , most do not . Some words are adopted from other languages ; some are mixtures of existing words ( portmanteau words ) , and some are new creations made of roots from dead languages : e.g. , thanatopsis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Word origins 2 Languages influencing the English language 2.1 Celtic 2.2 French 2.3 Latin 2.4 Greek 2.5 Norman 2.6 Dutch 2.7 Spanish 2.8 Italian 2.9 Indian Languages 2.10 German 2.11 Old Norse 2.12 Hebrew and Yiddish 2.13 Arabic 3 Counting 4 Opposition 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Word Origins ( edit ) A computerized survey of about 80,000 words in the old Shorter Oxford Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) was published in Ordered Profusion by Thomas Finkenstaedt and Dieter Wolff ( 1973 ) that estimated the origin of English words as follows : Influences in English vocabulary French : 28.3 % Latin , including modern scientific and technical Latin : 28.24 % Germanic languages -- inherited from Old English , from Proto - Germanic , or a more recent borrowing from a Germanic language such as Old Norse ; does not include Germanic words borrowed from a Romance language , i.e. , coming from the Germanic element in French , Latin or other Romance languages : 25 % Greek : 5.32 % No etymology given : 4.04 % Derived from proper names : 3.28 % All other languages : less than 1 % A survey by Joseph M. Williams in Origins of the English Language of 10,000 words taken from several thousand business letters gave this set of statistics : French ( langue d'oïl ) : 41 % `` Native '' English : 33 % Latin : 15 % Old Norse : 5 % Dutch : 1 % Other : 5 % Languages influencing the English language ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) Here is a list of the most common foreign language influences in English , where other languages have influenced or contributed words to English . Celtic ( edit ) Main article : Lists of English words of Celtic origin Words are almost absent , except for dialectal words , such as the Yan Tan Tethera system of counting sheep . However , hypotheses have been made that English syntax was influenced by Celtic languages , such as the system of continuous tenses was a cliché of similar Celtic phrasal structures ; this is controversial , as the system has clear native English and other Germanic developments . French ( edit ) Main article : English words of French origin The French contributed legal , military , technological , and political terminology . Their language also contributed common words , such as the names of meats : veal , mutton , beef , pork , and how food was prepared : boil , broil , fry , roast , and stew ; as well as words related to the nobility : prince , duke , marquess , viscount , baron , and their feminine equivalents . Nearly 30 percent of English words ( in an 80,000 word dictionary ) may be of French origin . Latin ( edit ) Main article : Latin influence in English Scientific and technical words , medical terminology , academic and legal terminology . Greek ( edit ) See also : English words of Greek origin and List of Greek morphemes used in English Scientific and medical terminology ( for instance - phobias and - ologies ) , Christian theological terminology . Norman ( edit ) Castle , cauldron , kennel , catch , cater are among Norman words introduced into English . The Norman language also introduced ( or reinforced ) words of Norse origin such as mug . Dutch ( edit ) See also : List of English words of Dutch origin , List of place names of Dutch origin , Dutch linguistic influence on naval terms , and List of English words of Afrikaans origin There are many ways through which Dutch words have entered the English language : via trade and navigation , such as skipper ( from schipper ) , freebooter ( from vrijbuiter ) , keelhauling ( from kielhalen ) ; via painting , such as landscape ( from landschap ) , easel ( from ezel ) , still life ( from stilleven ) ; warfare , such as forlorn hope ( from verloren hoop ) , beleaguer ( from beleger ) , to bicker ( from bicken ) ; via civil engineering , such as dam , polder , dune ( from duin ) ; via the New Netherland settlements in North America , such as cookie ( from koekie ) , boss from baas , Santa Claus ( from Sinterklaas ) ; via Dutch / Afrikaans speakers with English speakers in South Africa , such as wildebeest , apartheid , boer ; via French words of Dutch / Flemish origin that have subsequently been adopted into English , such as boulevard ( from bolwerk ) , mannequin ( from manneken ) , buoy ( from boei ) . Spanish ( edit ) See also : List of English words of Spanish origin Words relating to warfare and tactics , for instance flotilla and guerrilla ; or related to science and culture , whether created in Arabic , originated in Amerindian civilizations ( Cariban : cannibal , hurricane ; Mescalero : apache ; Nahuatl : tomato , coyote , chocolate ; Quechua : potato ; Taíno : tobacco ) , or Iberian Romance languages ( aficionado , albino , alligator , cargo , cigar , embargo , guitar , jade , mesa , paella , platinum , plaza , renegade , rodeo , salsa , savvy , sierra , siesta , tilde , tornado , vanilla etc . ) . Italian ( edit ) See also : List of English words of Italian origin Words relating to some music , piano , fortissimo . Or Italian culture , such as piazza , pizza , gondola , balcony , fascism . The English word umbrella comes from Italian ombrello . Indian languages ( edit ) See also : List of English words of Hindi origin Words relating to culture , originating from the colonial era . Many of these words are of Persian origin rather than Hindi because Persian was the official language of the Mughal courts . e.g. , pyjamas , bungalow , verandah , jungle , curry , shampoo , khaki . German ( edit ) See also : List of German expressions in English German words relating to World War I and World War II found their way into the English language , words such as Blitzkrieg , Führer and Lebensraum ; food terms , such as bratwurst , hamburger and frankfurter ; words related to psychology and philosophy , such a gestalt , Übermensch , zeitgeist and realpolitik . From German origin are also : wanderlust , schadenfreude , kaputt , kindergarten , autobahn , rucksack . Old Norse ( edit ) See also : List of English words of Old Norse origin Words of Old Norse origin have entered English primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and northern England between the mid 9th to the 11th centuries ( see also Danelaw ) . Many of these words are part of English core vocabulary , such as egg , sky or knife . Hebrew and yiddish ( edit ) Words used in religious contexts , like Sabath , kosher , hallelujah , amen , and jubilee or words that have become slang like schmuck , shmooze , nosh , oy vey , and schmutz . Arabic ( edit ) See also : List of English words of Arabic origin Trade items such as borax , coffee , cotton , hashish , henna , mohair , muslin , saffron ; Islamic religious terms such as jihad , hadith and sharia ; scientific vocabulary borrowed into Latin in the 12th and 13th centuries ( alcohol , alkali , algebra , azimuth , cipher , nadir ) ; plants or plant products originating in tropical Asia and introduced to medieval Europe through Arabic intermediation ( camphor , jasmine , lacquer , lemon , orange , sugar ) ; Middle Eastern cuisine words ( couscous , falafel , hummus , kebab , tahini ) . Counting ( edit ) Cardinal numbering in English follows two models , Germanic and Italic . The basic numbers are zero through ten . The numbers eleven through nineteen follow native Germanic style , as do twenty , thirty , forty , fifty , sixty , seventy , eighty , and ninety . Standard English , especially in very conservative formal contexts , continued to use native Germanic style as late as World War I for intermediate numbers greater than 20 , viz. , `` one - and - twenty , '' `` five - and - thirty , '' `` seven - and - ninety , '' and so . But with the advent of the Industrial Revolution , the Latin tradition of counting as `` twenty - one , '' `` thirty - five , '' `` ninety - seven , '' etc. , which is easier to say and was already common in non-standard regional dialects , gradually replaced the traditional Germanic style to become the dominant style by the end of nineteenth century . Opposition ( edit ) Main article : Linguistic purism in English Linguistic purism in the English language is the belief that words of native origin should be used instead of foreign - derived ones ( which are mainly Romantic , Latin and Greek ) . `` Native '' can mean `` Anglo - Saxon '' or it can be widened to include all Germanic words . In its mild form , it merely means using existing native words instead of foreign - derived ones ( such as using `` begin '' instead of `` commence '' ) . In its more extreme form , it involves reviving native words that are no longer widely used ( such as `` ettle '' for `` intend '' ) and / or coining new words from Germanic roots ( such as word stock for vocabulary ) . This dates at least to the inkhorn term debate of the 16th and 17th century , where some authors rejected the foreign influence , and has continued to this day , being most prominent in Plain English advocacy to avoid Latinate terms if a simple native alternative exists . See also ( edit ) Linguistic purism in English Cultural globalization Internet culture Neologism Untranslatability Philosophy of language References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fennell , Barbara 1998 . A history of English . A sociolinguistic approach . Oxford : Blackwell . Jump up ^ McWhorter , Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue , 2008 , pp. 89 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Finkenstaedt , Thomas ; Dieter Wolff ( 1973 ) . Ordered profusion ; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon. C. Winter . ISBN 3 - 533 - 02253 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph M. Willams , Origins of the English Language at '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Origins Jump up ^ Algeo , John ( 2010 ) . The Origins and Development of the English Language ( PDF ) ( 6th ed . ) . Boston : Wadsworth . ISBN 1 - 4282 - 3145 - 5 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Joseph M ( 1986 ) . Origins of the English Language . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0029344700 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Mathematical Words : Origins and Sources ( John Aldrich , University of Southampton ) The contribution of French , Latin , Greek and German are surveyed . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_language_influences_in_English&oldid=809543835 '' Categories : English language Cultural exchange Global culture Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from May 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 20 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what percent of the english language is greek
[ "Greek: 5.32%" ]
[ "5.32%" ]
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Seven Brides for Seven Brothers
Seven Brides for Seven brothers - Wikipedia Seven Brides for Seven brothers Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Seven Brides for Seven Brothers ( disambiguation ) . Seven Brides for Seven Brothers Theatrical release poster Directed by Stanley Donen Produced by Jack Cummings Screenplay by Albert Hackett Frances Goodrich Dorothy Kingsley Based on The Sobbin ' Women by Stephen Vincent Benét Starring Howard Keel Jane Powell Jeff Richards Matt Mattox Marc Platt Jacques d'Amboise Tommy Rall Russ Tamblyn Julie Newmar Ruta Lee Norma Doggett Virginia Gibson Betty Carr Nancy Kilgas Ian Wolfe Marjorie Wood Russell Simpson Howard Petrie Music by Gene de Paul Johnny Mercer Adolph Deutsch Saul Chaplin Cinematography George J. Folsey Edited by Ralph E. Winters Distributed by Metro -- Goldwyn -- Mayer Release date July 22 , 1954 ( 1954 - 07 - 22 ) Running time 102 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2,540,000 Box office $9,403,000 Seven Brides for Seven Brothers is a 1954 musical film , photographed in Ansco Color in the CinemaScope format . The film was directed by Stanley Donen , with music by Saul Chaplin and Gene de Paul , lyrics by Johnny Mercer , and choreography by Michael Kidd . The screenplay , by Albert Hackett , Frances Goodrich , and Dorothy Kingsley , is based on the short story `` The Sobbin ' Women '' , by Stephen Vincent Benét , which was based in turn on the Ancient Roman legend of The Rape of the Sabine Women . Seven Brides for Seven Brothers , which is set in Oregon in 1850 , is particularly known for Kidd 's unusual choreography , which makes dance numbers out of such mundane frontier pursuits as chopping wood and raising a barn . Film critic Stephanie Zacharek has called the barn - raising sequence in Seven Brides `` one of the most rousing dance numbers ever put on screen . '' Seven Brides for Seven Brothers won the Academy Award for Best Scoring of a Musical Picture and was nominated for four additional awards , including Best Picture of the Year ( where it lost the award to Elia Kazan 's On the Waterfront ) . In 2006 , American Film Institute named Seven Brides for Seven Brothers as one of the best American musical films ever made . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Brothers 2.2 Brides 2.3 Townspeople 3 Production 4 Songs and music 5 Reception 6 Publicity slogan 7 Awards and honors 8 Adaptations and remakes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1850 , backwoodsman Adam Pontipee comes into a town in the Oregon Territory to search for a bride . Met with ridicule by some locals , he comes upon the local tavern where he meets Milly . Convinced of her worth by the quality of her cooking and her insistence on finishing her chores before she would leave with him , he proposes and she accepts despite knowing each other for only a few hours . On the journey home Milly talks about how she is excited to be cooking and taking care of only one man , visibly upsetting Adam . When they arrive at his cabin in the mountains , Milly is surprised to learn that Adam is one of seven brothers living under the same roof . The brothers have been named alphabetically from the Old Testament in order of birth : Adam , Benjamin , Caleb , Daniel , Ephraim , Frank ( short for frankincense , the Old Testament having no names beginning with F ) , and Gideon . All of the brothers have red hair and all but Gideon are well over six feet tall . Understandably sad about having to tend to the needs of not one , but seven men , and with an idea to solve the situation , a smart and reasonable Milly decides to marry Adam 's brothers off to some girls from the town . During an attempt to accomplish this , Milly teaches Adam 's rowdy , ill - behaved younger brothers some manners and social mores . She also shows them how to dance . At first , the brothers have a hard time changing from their `` mountain man '' ways , but eventually each comes to see that the only way he will get a woman of his own is to do things Milly 's way . They try out their new manners and make an attempt to begin courting the girls . This takes place at a social gathering in the town ( dance + barn - raising ) , where they meet six women they like -- Dorcas , Ruth , Martha , Liza , Sarah , and Alice . The girls take a fancy to the brothers as well . However , they already have suitors among the young men of the town , who jealously taunt the brothers into fighting during the barn - raising . At first the six brothers remember Milly 's teaching and try to resist being drawn into a fight by accepting physical indignities . Adam refuses to let himself be pushed around by the rival suitors and calls his younger brothers cowards for letting them get away with their behavior . The girls ' suitors from the town finally go too far when they attack Adam , provoking Gideon into fighting back . A free - for - all ensues in which the brothers dominate their physically weaker townie rivals . Although the Pontipees did not start the fight , they are banished from the town after demolishing the barn they were raising in the course of the brawl . Winter finds the six younger brothers pining for the girls for whom they had fallen fast and hard . Milly asks Adam to talk to the brothers as she fears they will want to leave because of missing the girls . Adam reads his brothers the story of `` The Sobbin ' Women '' ( taken from Plutarch 's story of the Sabine Women ) , one of the books Milly brought to the homestead . He tells them that they should stop moping around and take whatever action is necessary to get their women . Aided by Adam , the brothers kidnap the six girls , then cause an avalanche in Echo Pass so that they can not be followed by the townspeople . The only problem : they forgot to bring the parson to perform the marriages . Milly is furious with Adam , as are the six kidnapped women . Milly consigns the brothers to the barn `` with the rest of the livestock '' while the women live in the house . Adam , feeling betrayed by Milly 's reaction , leaves for the trapping cabin farther up the mountain to live out the winter by himself , unknowingly hurting Milly 's feelings . Soon after , Milly realizes that she is pregnant by Adam . The winter months slowly pass . The women vent their frustration and resentment by playing pranks on the brothers , such as hitting them with rock - filled snowballs and dumping basins of wash water on them . By spring , the women have forgiven their kidnappers and fallen in love with the brothers , who are now allowed to court them . Milly gives birth to a daughter , Hannah . Gideon rides to the cabin to inform Adam of his daughter 's arrival and asks him to come home . Adam refuses , saying that he had said he would return home only when the snow had melted enough that the pass was open to traffic . Having time to think about his baby daughter , Adam returns home in the spring just as Echo Pass is opening and reconciles with Milly . As a newly responsible father , he has become aware of how worried the townspeople would be about what has happened to the six abducted girls . Adam realizes he was wrong to tell his brothers to kidnap them . He tells his brothers they need to take the women back to their homes in town , but his brothers are unwilling . The six women also do not want to return to their homes ; they all want to stay at the farm with their new suitors and hide so they will not be taken back home . When Milly discovers that the women are not in the house , Adam tells his brothers to go after them and bring them back . The townspeople arrive with the intention of lynching the Pontipee brothers for the kidnappings . Upon finding the brothers trying to force the women to return , the fathers believe their daughters are being assaulted and charge to their rescue . Alice 's father ( Ian Wolfe ) , a preacher , hears baby Hannah cry in the distance , and worries that the baby might belong to one of the kidnapped girls . The fathers and other townsmen round up the Pontipees and announce they intend to hang them . Alice 's father , the Reverend Alcott , asks the women whose baby he had heard . They all decide , simultaneously , to claim the baby as their own . This misinformation gives the women and the brothers their wish : the townspeople , including the girls ' fathers , insist that all six couples marry at once in a shotgun wedding , performed by the parson while Adam and Milly watch and the fathers stand behind their daughters ' grooms , shotguns over their arms . Cast ( edit ) The Brothers and their Brides : Howard Keel as Adam and Jane Powell as Milly Jeff Richards as Benjamin and Julie Newmar ( Newmeyer ) as Dorcas Matt Mattox as Caleb and Ruta Lee ( Kilmonis ) as Ruth Marc Platt as Daniel and Norma Doggett as Martha Jacques d'Amboise as Ephraim and Virginia Gibson as Liza Tommy Rall as Frank and Betty Carr as Sarah Russ Tamblyn as Gideon and Nancy Kilgas as Alice Brothers ( edit ) To perform the dance numbers and action sequences , choreographer Michael Kidd wanted dancers to portray all six of Adam Pontipee 's brothers . Kidd said that he `` had to find a way to have these backwoods men dance without looking ridiculous . I had to base it all around activities you would accept from such people -- it could n't look like ballet . And it could only have been done by superbly trained dancers . '' However , he was able to integrate into the cast two non-dancer MGM contract players who were assigned to the film , Jeff Richards , who performed just the simpler dance numbers , and Russ Tamblyn , utilizing him in the dance numbers by exploiting his talents as a gymnast and tumbler . The other four brothers were portrayed by professional dancers -- Matt Mattox , Marc Platt , Tommy Rall , and Jacques d'Amboise . All four balanced on a beam together during their barn - raising dance . The wood - chopping scene in Lonesome Polecat was filmed in a single take . Adam ( light green shirt ) : Howard Keel , a professional singer , appeared as the eldest of the seven brothers . He also appeared as Petruchio in the film version of Kiss Me Kate , and appeared , in leading roles , in other musical films including Rose Marie and Show Boat . Benjamin ( orange shirt ) : Jeff Richards was a former professional baseball player who topped out at the AAA level of the minor leagues . Although obviously athletic , he is noticeably in the background , seated , or standing during the dance numbers so as to not expose his lesser dancing skills . This often relegated his partner , the classically trained ballet dancer Julie Newmar , to the background as well . Caleb ( yellow shirt ) : Matt Mattox , a professional dancer , appeared on stage on Broadway and also danced in many Hollywood musical films . His singing voice for the film was dubbed by Bill Lee . Daniel ( mauve shirt ) : Marc Platt , a professional dancer , danced the role of Chalmers / Dream Curly in the original 1943 Broadway production of Oklahoma ! and also had a dancing / speaking role in the 1955 film version of Oklahoma ! as the friend of Curly who bought Curly 's saddle for $10 at the auction and who said that Ado Annie 's pie had given him a ' three day bellyache ' . Ephraim ( dark green shirt ) : Jacques d'Amboise , a principal dancer with New York City Ballet , was given special leave for the filming of Seven Brides for Seven Brothers ( although he was recalled before filming was completed ) . He also danced in other musical films , including the ballet role of the Starlight Carnival `` barker '' in the film Carousel ( in which he partnered Susan Luckey in Louise 's ballet ) . The Academy Award and Tony Award winning documentary film , He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' is about Jacques d'Amboise and his teaching children how to dance . Frank ( red shirt ) : Tommy Rall , a professional dancer and singer , appeared on stage on Broadway and in many musical films . These included the role of Bill Calhoun ( Lucentio ) in the film version of Kiss Me Kate -- and as one of the Gallini brothers in the film Merry Andrew ( including him being one of the three featured acrobatic dancers in the circus engagement scene -- Tommy Rall is the dancer in the center wearing the red shirt ) . He was also in the film Funny Girl , in the role of the Prince who partnered Barbra Streisand in a parody of the ballet Swan Lake . Gideon ( blue shirt ) : Russ Tamblyn was cast in the role of youngest brother Gideon . Tamblyn showcased his gymnastics training throughout the action sequences . Brides ( edit ) Professional dancers played all seven of the brides . The four girls , whom Adam sees in the Bixby store when he first goes into town , are Dorcas , Ruth , Liza and Sarah . Milly : Jane Powell channeled her experiences growing up in Oregon to create Milly . She and Howard Keel would later reprise their roles in a Seven Brides for Seven Brothers stage revival . She also appeared in dancing and singing roles in many other musical films , including Royal Wedding , and Rich , Young and Pretty and also A Date with Judy . Dorcas Gaylen : Julie Newmar ( Newmeyer ) , wore a purple dress in the barn raising scene . Dorcas is one of the more confident girls , and has stated that she always wanted to be a June bride and have a baby right away . She is also the only girl shown to have a sibling , a younger sister . At the end of the film , she marries Benjamin . A classically trained ballerina , she would later rise to fame as Catwoman in the 1960s TV version of Batman . She also won a Supporting Actress Tony Award for The Marriage - Go - Round ( starring Claudette Colbert ) . She appeared on her neighbor James Belushi 's sitcom According to Jim after the two settled a highly publicized lawsuit . Her singing voice for the film was dubbed by Betty Allen . Ruth Jepson : Ruta Lee ( Kilmonis ) enjoyed a long stage and television career , appearing in dozens of films and TV series , working with Lucille Ball , Sammy Davis , Jr. , Elizabeth Taylor , Natalie Wood , and Frank Sinatra. Lee appeared in the sitcom Roseanne as the first girlfriend of Roseanne 's mother . Her singing parts for the film were dubbed in post-production by Betty Noyes . She is wearing a blue dress in the barn raising scene , and is shown to like baking pies . She marries Caleb . Martha : Norma Doggett performed in the 1940s - 50s Broadway shows Bells Are Ringing , Fanny , Wish You Were Here , Miss Liberty , and Magdalena . Her singing voice for the film was dubbed by Bobbie Canvin . She wears a green dress during the barn raising scene . She marries Daniel . Liza : Virginia Gibson was nominated for a Tony Award in 1957 and performed regularly , as singer and dancer , on the Johnny Carson show . She wears a pink dress during the barn raising scene . She marries Ephraim . Sarah Kine : Betty Carr was also a Broadway veteran , dancing in Damn Yankees , Happy Hunting , Mask and Gown , and Fanny ( alongside Norma Doggett ) . Her singing voice for the film was dubbed by Norma Zimmer . She wears a yellow dress during the barn raising . She marries Frank . Alice Elcott : Nancy Kilgas made her film debut in Seven Brides for Seven Brothers . The youngest of the girls in the story , she is especially close with Milly and wears a peach colored dress in the barn raising scene . Her father is the town reverend . Gideon falls in love with her at first sight . She danced in the film versions of Oklahoma ! , Shake , Rattle & Rock ! , and Alfred Hitchcock 's Torn Curtain . Her singing voice for the film was dubbed by Marie Greene . She marries Gideon . Townspeople ( edit ) Reverend Elcott ( Ian Wolfe ) is the local preacher and father of Alice , one of the brides . He is the officiant in both wedding ceremonies in the movie . A longtime Hollywood character actor , he is perhaps best remembered for his roles as Carter , chief clerk to `` Wilfred the Fox , '' Sir Wilfred Roberts in Witness for the Prosecution ; Mr. Atoz in the Star Trek episode `` All Our Yesterdays '' ; as Father Joseph the Abbot in The Frisco Kid ; and as `` Hirsch , '' `` Mrs. Carlson 's '' butler on WKRP in Cincinnati . Pete Perkins ( Howard Petrie ) is a leading citizen of the town where the Pontipees do their trading . Another longtime Hollywood character actor , he is also known for his role as Tom Hendricks in Bend of the River and as Mr. Lattimore , the prosecuting attorney in the Randolph Scott movie Rage At Dawn . Mrs. Bixby ( Marjorie Wood ) , co-owner of the general store in the town . Perhaps best known for playing Lady Lucas opposite Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier in Pride and Prejudice , she was a Hollywood veteran of 34 films going back to the silent movie era . She died a year after shooting wrapped on the movie . Mr. Bixby ( Russell Simpson ) , co-owner of the general store in the town . A longtime Hollywood actor with 244 movie and television credits to his name going well back into the silents in 1914 , his best known roles are as Pa Joad in The Grapes of Wrath , and Red Kelly in San Francisco . Harry ( Earl Barton ) Matt ( Dante DiPaolo ) Carl ( Kelly Brown ) Ruth 's Uncle ( Matt Moore ) Dorcas ' Father ( Dick Rich ) Production ( edit ) Choreographer Michael Kidd originally turned down the film , recalling in 1997 : `` Here are these slobs living off in the woods . They have no schooling , they are uncouth , there 's manure on the floor , the cows come in and out -- and they 're gon na get up and dance ? We 'd be laughed out of the house . '' Lyricist Johnny Mercer said that the musical numbers were written at Kidd 's behest , as an example `` of how a songwriter sometimes has to take his cue from his collaborators . '' For example , Kidd explained to Mercer and dePaul his conception of the `` Lonesome Polecat '' number , the lament of the brothers for the women , and the two worked out the music and lyrics . In his introduction to a showing on Turner Classic Movies on January 17 , 2009 , host Robert Osborne , as well as Jane Powell in her autobiography , The Girl Next Door , both say MGM was much less interested in Seven Brides than it was in Brigadoon which was also filming at the time , even cutting its budget and transferring the money to the Lerner and Loewe vehicle . Most of the movie was shot on the MGM sound stages . One exterior sequence not filmed at the studio was shot on location at Corral Creek Canyon in Sun Valley , Idaho . It was here that the escape following the brothers ' kidnapping their future brides and the avalanche that closed the pass was filmed . On the 2004 DVD commentary , Stanley Donen states that the film was originally shot in two versions , one in CinemaScope and another in normal ratio , because MGM was concerned that not all theaters had the capability to screen it . Despite the fact that it cost more than the widescreen version to make , he says , the other version was never used . However both versions are available on the 2004 DVD release . The dresses worn by the female cast were made from old quilts that costume designer Walter Plunkett found at the Salvation Army . Songs and music ( edit ) The `` Main Title '' is a medley of the songs `` Sobbin ' Women '' , `` Bless Your Beautiful Hide '' and `` Wonderful , Wonderful Day '' . In the film , Matt Mattox 's voice is dubbed in by Bill Lee on `` Lonesome Polecat '' . Mattox can be heard singing the song on the soundtrack album . Song / Music Title Characters Vocalists ( Singers and speakers etc . ) Instrumental Music Year recorded Main Title N / A N / A M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 Bless Your Beautiful Hide Adam Howard Keel M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953 Bless Your Beautiful Hide ( reprise ) Adam Howard Keel M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 Wonderful , Wonderful Day Milly Jane Powell M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 When You 're in Love Milly Jane Powell M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953 Goin ' Courtin ' Milly and Brothers Jane Powell , Tommy Rall , Russ Tamblyn , Marc Platt , Matt Mattox , Jacques d'Amboise , Jeff Richards , Howard Hudson , Gene Lanham & Robert Wacker M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953 Barn Dance N / A N / A M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953 Barn Raising N / A N / A M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 When You 're in Love ( reprise ) Adam Howard Keel M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953 Lonesome Polecat The Brothers Bill Lee and the M-G-M Studio Chorus M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 Sobbin ' Women Adam & Brothers Howard Keel , Tommy Rall , Russ Tamblyn , Matt Mattox , Alan Davies , C. Parlato , Marc Platt , Robert Wacker , Gene Lanham & M. Spergel M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953 Kidnapped And Chase N / A N / A M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 June Bride The Brides Virginia Gibson , Barbara Ames , Betty Allan , Betty Noyes , Marie Vernon & Norma Zimmer M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 June Bride ( reprise ) Brides & Milly Virginia Gibson , Barbara Ames , Betty Allan , Betty Noyes , Marie Vernon & Norma Zimmer & Jane Powell M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 Spring , Spring , Spring Brothers & Brides Howard Keel , Tommy Rall , Russ Tamblyn , Matt Mattox , Alan Davies , C. Parlato , Robert Wacker , Gene Lanham , M. Spergel , Bill Lee , Virginia Gibson , Barbara Ames , Betty Allan , Betty Noyes , Marie Vernon & Norma Zimmer M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 End Title N / A N / A M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 Reception ( edit ) Seven Brides for Seven Brothers was the 5th most popular film at the British box office in 1955 . According to MGM records it made $5,526,000 in the US and Canada and $3,877,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $3,198,000 . The film came in third in a BBC Radio 2 listener poll of the UK 's `` Number One Essential Musicals '' and was listed as number eight in the `` Top 10 MGM musicals '' in the book Top 10 of Film by Russell Ash . In 2004 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' In 2006 , it was ranked # 21 on the American Film Institute 's list of best musicals . In 2008 , the film was ranked number 464 in Empire magazine 's list of the 500 greatest films of all time . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes awards Seven Brides for Seven Brothers an 88 % `` Fresh '' rating based on 24 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . The critics ' consensus states : `` Buoyed by crowd - pleasing tunes and charming performances , Seven Brides for Seven Brothers makes a successful transition from Broadway to screen that 's sure to please the whole family . '' Publicity slogan ( edit ) The following slogan was used to publicize the film in 1954 : Adam abducted Milly Benjamin brought Dorcas Caleb caught Ruth Daniel detained Martha Ephraim eloped with Liza Frank fetched Sarah Gideon grabbed Alice Awards and honors ( edit ) Awards Award Date of ceremony Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards March 30 , 1955 Best Picture of the Year Jack Cummings Nominated Best Writing , Adapted Screenplay Albert Hackett , Frances Goodrich , and Dorothy Kingsley Nominated Best Cinematography , Color George J. Folsey Nominated Best Film Editing Ralph E. Winters Nominated Best Music , Scoring of a Musical Picture Adolph Deutsch and Saul Chaplin Won BAFTA Awards February 16 , 1955 Best Film from any Source Stanley Donen ( United States ) Nominated Directors Guild of America February 13 , 1955 Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Stanley Donen Nominated National Board of Review December 20 , 1954 Top Ten Best Films of the Year 2nd place National Film Registry December 28 , 2004 Honored Satellite Awards December 17 , 2005 Best Youth DVD For the 50th Anniversary Two - Disc Special Edition DVD Nominated Writers Guild of America February 28 , 1955 Best Written American Musical Albert Hackett , Frances Goodrich , and Dorothy Kingsley Won The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2006 : AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- # 21 Adaptations and remakes ( edit ) The 1978 stage musical Seven Brides for Seven Brothers is an adaptation of the film , with a book by Lawrence Kasha and David Landay . Four songs from the film ( `` Bless Your Beautiful Hide '' , `` Wonderful Wonderful Day '' , `` Goin ' Courtin ' '' , and `` Sobbin ' Women '' ) were kept for the stage musical ; the rest of the score consisted of new songs written by Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn . The TV series Seven Brides for Seven Brothers , loosely based on the film , ran weekly on CBS from September 19 , 1982 to March 23 , 1983 . The 1982 Bollywood film Satte Pe Satta ( `` Seven On Seven '' ) was a remake of Seven Brides for Seven Brothers . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Eddie Mannix Ledger , Los Angeles : Margaret Herrick Library , Center for Motion Picture Study . Jump up ^ For domestic figures see `` All Time Domestic Champs '' , Variety , 6 January 1960 p 34 Jump up ^ Gold , Sylviane ( March 2008 ) . `` DEATHS : Michael Kidd ( 1915 - 2007 ) '' . Dance Magazine . 82 ( 3 ) : 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Tom ( March 3 -- 9 , 1997 ) . `` Kidd embraced by the Academy '' . Variety . p. 54 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ TCM 's article about Seven Brides for Seven Brothers Jump up ^ Silverman , 1996 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Filming notes in the DVD anniversary edition Jump up ^ The Seattle Times - interview with Marc Platt Jump up ^ Jacques d'Amboise - Ballet Encyclopedia ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jane ( 1988 ) . The Girl Next Door ... and How She Grew ( 1st ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 688 - 06757 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Kidd '' . The Independent . 29 December r2007 . p. 44 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Furia , Philip & Patterson , Laurie ( 2010 ) . The Songs of Hollywood . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 188 . ISBN 0195337085 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047472/trivia?ref_=tt_ql_2 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Dirk Bogarde favourite film actor ' , The Irish Times ( 1921 - Current File ) ( Dublin , Ireland ) 29 Dec 1955 : 9 . Jump up ^ Top ten musicals - BBC Radio 2 Jump up ^ The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . `` Seven Brides for Seven Brothers : Rotten Tomatoes '' . Retrieved 16th May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Seven Brides for Seven Brothers on IMDb Seven Brides for Seven Brothers at Rotten Tomatoes Seven Brides for Seven Brothers at AllMovie Seven Brides for Seven Brothers at the TCM Movie Database Seven Brides for Seven Brothers at the American Film Institute Catalog Jacket Magazine : some background information ( hide ) Films directed by Stanley Donen On the Town ( 1949 ) Royal Wedding ( 1951 ) Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) Fearless Fagan ( 1952 ) Give a Girl a Break ( 1953 ) Seven Brides for Seven Brothers ( 1954 ) Deep in My Heart ( 1954 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Funny Face ( 1957 ) The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) Kiss Them for Me ( 1957 ) Indiscreet ( 1958 ) Damn Yankees ( 1958 ) Once More , with Feeling ! ( 1960 ) Surprise Package ( 1960 ) The Grass Is Greener ( 1960 ) Charade ( 1963 ) Arabesque ( 1966 ) Two for the Road ( 1967 ) Bedazzled ( 1967 ) Staircase ( 1969 ) The Little Prince ( 1974 ) Lucky Lady ( 1975 ) Movie Movie ( 1978 ) Saturn 3 ( 1980 ) Blame It on Rio ( 1984 ) Love Letters ( 1999 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_Brides_for_Seven_Brothers&oldid=805716220 '' Categories : 1954 films English - language films American films 1950s musical films 1950s romantic comedy films Films about weddings Films adapted into plays Films adapted into television programs Films based on short fiction Films directed by Stanley Donen Films set in Oregon Films set in the 1850s American musical films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films United States National Film Registry films Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Fictional septets Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 04 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played alice in seven brides for seven brothers
[ "\nHoward Keel as Adam and Jane Powell as Milly\nJeff Richards as Benjamin and Julie Newmar (Newmeyer) as Dorcas\nMatt Mattox as Caleb and Ruta Lee (Kilmonis) as Ruth\nMarc Platt as Daniel and Norma Doggett as Martha\nJacques d'Amboise as Ephraim and Virginia Gibson as Liza\nTommy Rall as Frank and Betty Carr as Sarah\nRuss Tamblyn as Gideon and Nancy Kilgas as Alice\n" ]
[ "Nancy Kilgas" ]
-8406474985317788581
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show)
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( U.S. game show ) - wikipedia Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( U.S. game show ) Jump to : navigation , search Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Genre Game show Created by David Briggs Mike Whitehill Steven Knight Developed by Michael Davies Directed by Mark Gentile ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Matthew Cohen ( 2002 -- 10 ) Rob George ( 2010 -- 13 ) Brian McAloon ( 2013 -- 14 ) Rich DiPirro ( 2014 -- present ) Presented by ABC : Regis Philbin Syndication : Meredith Vieira ( 2002 -- 13 ) Cedric the Entertainer ( 2013 -- 14 ) Terry Crews ( 2014 -- 15 ) Chris Harrison ( 2015 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Keith Strachan ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Matthew Strachan ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Jeff Lippencott ( 2010 -- present ) Mark T. Williams ( 2010 -- present ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 19 ( 3 on ABC , 16 in syndication ) No. of episodes ABC ( Original ) : 363 Syndicated : 2,655 ( as of October 6 , 2017 ) ABC ( Super Millionaire ) : 12 ABC ( 10th Anniversary Special ) : 11 Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Davies ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Paul Smith ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Leigh Hampton ( 2004 -- 10 ) Rich Sirop ( 2010 -- 14 ) James Rowley ( 2014 -- present ) Location ( s ) New York , New York ( 1999 -- 2014 ) Stamford , Connecticut ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Las Vegas , Nevada ( 2016 -- present ) Running time 39 -- 48 minutes ( ABC ) 19 -- 25 minutes ( syndication ) Production company ( s ) Valleycrest Productions ( 1999 -- present ) Celador ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 2waytraffic ( 2007 -- present ) Distributor Buena Vista Television ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network ABC ( 1999 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2009 ) Syndication ( 2002 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1999 -- 2011 ) 720p / 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) Audio format Stereo Original release ABC August 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 16 ) -- June 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 27 ) Syndication September 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 16 ) -- present External links Website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( often informally called Millionaire ) is an American television game show based on the same - titled British program and developed for the United States by Michael Davies . The show features a quiz competition in which contestants attempt to win a top prize of $1,000,000 by answering a series of multiple - choice questions of increasing difficulty ( although , for a time , most of the questions were of random difficulty ) . The program has endured as one of the longest - running and most successful international variants in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? franchise . The original U.S. version aired on ABC from August 16 , 1999 , to June 27 , 2002 , and was hosted by Regis Philbin . The daily syndicated version of the show began airing on September 16 , 2002 , and was hosted for eleven seasons by Meredith Vieira until May 31 , 2013 . Later hosts included Cedric the Entertainer in the 2013 -- 14 season , Terry Crews in the following season ( 2014 -- 15 ) , and Chris Harrison , who began hosting on September 14 , 2015 . As the first U.S. network game show to offer a million - dollar top prize , the show made television history by becoming one of the highest - rated game shows in the history of American television . The U.S. Millionaire has won seven Daytime Emmy Awards , and TV Guide ranked it No. 6 in its 2013 list of the 60 greatest game shows of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Core rules 1.2 Format history 1.3 Payout structure 1.4 Lifelines 1.5 Top prize winners 2 Personnel 2.1 Hosts 2.2 Production staff 3 Production 3.1 Origins 3.2 Audition process 3.3 Music 3.4 Set 4 Broadcast history 4.1 ABC 4.2 Syndication 4.3 GSN 5 Special editions 5.1 Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire 5.2 10th Anniversary Celebration 5.3 Million Dollar Tournament of Ten 6 Reception 7 Other media 7.1 Merchandise 7.2 Disney Parks attraction 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Core rules ( edit ) Screenshot illustrating how question text and answer choices appear on - screen At its core , the game is a quiz competition in which the goal is to correctly answer a series of fourteen ( originally fifteen ) consecutive multiple - choice questions . The questions are of increasing difficulty , except in the 2010 -- 15 format overhaul , where the contestants were faced with a round of ten questions of random difficulty , followed by a round of four questions of increasing difficulty . Each question is worth a specified amount of money ; the amounts are cumulative in the first round , but not in the second . If the contestant gives a wrong answer to any question , their game is over and their winnings are reduced ( or increased , in the first two questions ) to $1,000 for tier - one questions , $5,000 for tier - two questions , and $50,000 for tier - three questions . However , the contestant has the option of `` walking away '' without giving an answer after being presented with a question , in which case the game ends and the contestant is guaranteed to walk away with all the money they have previously received . With the exception of the shuffle format , upon correctly answering questions five and ten , contestants are guaranteed at least the amount of prize money associated with that level . If the contestant gives an incorrect answer , their winnings drop down to the last milestone achieved . Since 2015 , if the contestant answers a question incorrectly before reaching question five , he or she leaves with $1,000 , even on the first question that is worth only $500 . For celebrities , the minimum guarantee for their nominated charities is $10,000 . Prior to the shuffle format , a contestant left with nothing if ( s ) he answered a question incorrectly before reaching the first milestone . In the shuffle format era , contestants who incorrectly answered a question had their winnings reduced to $1,000 in round one and $25,000 in round two . Format history ( edit ) On the ABC versions , ten contestants competed in a preliminary `` Fastest Finger '' round for the right to play the main game on each episode . The contestants were presented with a question and a list of four answers which needed to be put in a specific order . Using keys on their podiums , each of the contestants attempted to enter the correct order in the shortest amount of time , with a maximum time limit of 20 seconds . If the main game ended and there was still time available for another game , the remaining contestants played another Fastest Finger round for a chance to play the main game . In the event of a tie between two or more contestants , those contestants played an additional Fastest Finger question to break the tie . If all contestants answered the question incorrectly , the round was repeated with another question . Fastest Finger was eliminated from the gameplay when the syndicated version premiered in 2002 . From 2008 to 2010 , time limits were used for each question . Contestants were given up to 15 seconds each for questions one through five , 30 seconds each for questions six through ten , and 45 seconds each for questions eleven through fourteen . Unused time was banked , and if the contestant reached question fifteen , he or she was given 45 seconds plus the amount of time previously banked . If the clock reached zero before a contestant could provide a final answer , the contestant was forced to walk away with the winnings they had at that point . During the clock format era , a `` Millionaire Menu '' was introduced , in which categories are revealed for each question at the beginning of the game , and are made visible to the contestant for their future reference . Some prize levels also changed at the start of season eight . Most of the episodes in season eight ( from the `` Million Dollar Tournament of Ten '' onward ) featured special `` Celebrity Questions '' that were mid-level in monetary value , and were provided by notable individuals whose identities were not revealed until the contestant reached their special questions . When the ninth syndicated season began on September 13 , 2010 , the format was overhauled . Ten questions were asked in round one , each assigned one of ten different money amounts which were randomized at the beginning of the game , as were the questions themselves . The difficulty of the questions was not tied to the dollar value . The dollar values for each question remained hidden until a contestant either provided a correct answer or chose to `` jump '' the question . The value of each question answered correctly was added to the contestant 's bank , for a maximum total of $68,600 . A contestant who completed the round successfully could walk at any subsequent point with all the money in their bank , or could walk without completing the round with half that amount ( e.g. , a contestant who banked $30,000 would leave with $15,000 ) . After completing round one , the contestant moved on to a second round of gameplay ( the `` Classic Millionaire '' round ) , in which four non-categorized questions were played for set non-cumulative values and a correct answer augmented the contestant 's winnings to that point , as in the older formats . The shuffle format changes , including the randomization and double - round distribution of questions , were reverted for the fourteenth syndicated season . From 2011 to 2014 , certain weeks of the show were designated as `` Double Your Money '' weeks . In those , a pre-selected question in round one was designated the `` Double Money Question . '' When a contestant answered such a question correctly , the monetary value behind the question was doubled and added to his or her bank , giving him or her the possibility of adding up to $50,000 to his or her bank on a single question ; under these special rules , it was possible for a contestant to finish round one with a maximum total of $93,600 in their bank . However , when a contestant `` jumped '' the question , they forfeited the doubled money . In the event that a contestant leaves and very little time remains ( in the final part of an episode ) , a randomly selected audience member is given one chance to win $1,000 by answering the next question intended for the previous contestant ( or $2,000 if the next question was on a Double Money episode ) . Regardless of the outcome , the audience member receives a special prize . In seasons nine and ten , the prize was a copy of the Millionaire video game ; as of season eleven , audience members now receive 20 free playings for a Facebook game based on the show 's format . In season thirteen , which gave this game the name `` Thousandaire '' , the question the audience player faced did not come from the previous player 's stack , but was instead a separate question . Two additional audience games were also introduced and played in season thirteen : `` Team Millionaire '' , where two audience members are both presented with a single question and lock in their individual answers separately for the chance to win $500 and a bonus question with which they can double their money ; and `` Fastest Feet '' , a variation of Fastest Finger which four audience members play for the chance to split $1,000 . Payout structure ( edit ) Five different ladders have been used for a season or more over the course of the series . Question number Question value 1999 -- 2004 2004 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 15 2015 -- present $100 $500 Random value ( $100 , $500 , $1,000 , $2,000 , $3,000 , $5,000 , $7,000 , $10,000 , $15,000 , and $25,000 ) The value of each correct response accumulated through the first 10 questions , for a potential maximum of $68,600 . $500 $200 $1,000 $1,000 $300 $2,000 $2,000 $500 $3,000 $3,000 5 $1,000 $5,000 $5,000 6 $2,000 $7,500 $7,000 7 $4,000 $10,000 $10,000 8 $8,000 $12,500 $20,000 9 $16,000 $15,000 $30,000 10 $32,000 $25,000 $50,000 11 $64,000 $50,000 $100,000 12 $125,000 $100,000 $250,000 13 $250,000 $500,000 14 $500,000 $1,000,000 15 $1,000,000 The original primetime payment structure was also used for the first two seasons of the syndicated version . The third syndicated season saw a reduction in the values for questions ten through twelve . In the eighth syndicated season , the lower question values were adjusted to raise the first safe haven to $5,000 . When the `` shuffle format '' was used , the first ten questions had random amounts from $100 to $25,000 , as listed above . In addition , the number of questions needed to win the million was reduced to 14 , removing the $50,000 level ; the last four values remained the same for round two . When the shuffle format ended at the start of the 2015 -- 16 season , the switch to 14 questions was retained ; the first safe haven was kept at $5,000 , but the second was raised to $50,000 . The $500,000 and $1,000,000 prizes were initially lump - sum payments , but were changed to annuities in September 2002 when the series moved to syndication . Contestants winning either of these prizes receive $250,000 thirty days after their show broadcasts and the remainder paid in equal annual payments . The $500,000 prize consists of $25,000 per year for 10 years , while the $1,000,000 prize consists of $37,500 per year for 20 years . Any contestant who answers one of the first five questions incorrectly still receives a $1,000 consolation prize , contrary to what the home audience is told . This is in contrast to the old format , in which contestants who answered one of the first five questions incorrectly actually left with nothing at all . Lifelines ( edit ) Contestants are given a series of lifelines to aid them with difficult questions . They can use as many lifelines as desired per question , but each lifeline can only be used once per game . Three lifelines are available from the start of the game . Depending on the format of the show , additional lifelines may become available after the contestant correctly answers the fifth or tenth question . In the clock format , usage of lifelines temporarily paused the clock while the lifelines were played . The show 's original three lifelines were `` 50 : 50 '' , in which the computer eliminates two of the incorrect answers ; `` Phone - a-Friend '' , which allowed the contestant to make a 30 - second call to one of a number of friends ( who provided their phone numbers in advance ) and read them the question and answer choices , after which the friend provided input ; and `` Ask the Audience '' , in which audience members use touch pads to designate what they believe the correct answer to be , after which the percentage of the audience choosing each specific option is displayed to the contestant. 50 : 50 was eliminated at the end of the show 's sixth syndicated season , only to be restored in season fourteen . Phone - a-Friend was removed on the episode aired January 11 , 2010 , after it was determined that there was an increasing trend of contestants ' friends using search engines and other Internet resources , unfairly privileging individuals who had computer access over those who did not , and that it was contrary to the original intent of the lifeline where friends were supposed to provide assistance based on what they already knew . From 2004 to 2008 , there was a fourth lifeline called `` Switch the Question '' , earned upon answering question ten , in which the computer replaced , at the contestant 's request , one question with another of the same monetary value ; however , any lifelines used on the original question were not reinstated for the new question . Switch the Question returned as `` Cut the Question '' on a special week of shows with child contestants aired in 2014 . During the Super Millionaire spin - off , two new lifelines were introduced : `` Double Dip '' , which allowed the contestant to make two guesses at a question , but required them to play out the question , forbidding them to walk away or use any further lifelines ; and `` Three Wise Men '' , in which the contestant was allowed to ask a sequestered panel of three people chosen by the producers , appearing via face - to - face audio and video feeds , which answer they believed was correct , within a time limit of 30 seconds . When the clock format was implemented , Double Dip replaced 50 : 50 , and the show introduced a new lifeline called `` Ask the Expert '' , which was like Three Wise Men but had one person ( usually a celebrity or a former Millionaire contestant ) functioning as an expert instead of a panel of three people , lacked the time limit of its predecessor , and allowed the contestant and expert to discuss the question . Ask the Expert was originally available after the fifth question , but was moved to the beginning of the game after Phone - a-Friend was removed . The show 's lifelines sometimes used corporate sponsorship . The Phone - a-Friend lifeline was sponsored by the original AT&T throughout the run of the ABC primetime show and in the first season of the syndicated version , then by the current AT&T for the 2009 primetime episodes . From 2004 to 2006 , Ask the Audience was sponsored by AOL , which allowed users of its Instant Messenger to add the screen name MillionaireIM to their buddy list and receive an instant message with the question and the four possible answers , to which the users replied with their choices . In addition , the Ask the Expert lifeline was sponsored by Skype for its live audio and video feeds . During the shuffle format era , the show introduced a new lifeline , `` Jump the Question '' , which was able to be used twice in a single game for seasons nine through twelve . At any point prior to selecting a final answer , a contestant could use Jump the Question to skip the current question and move on to the next one , thus reducing the number of questions they had to correctly answer . However , if the contestant used Jump the Question , they did not gain any money from the question they chose to skip ( for example , a contestant would not gain the typical $100,000 if they jumped to the $250,000 question ) . This lifeline could not be used on the $1 million question , since it is the final question in the game . The `` Plus One '' lifeline , introduced in season thirteen , allows a contestant to bring a companion with him or her to the podium for help in answering a question . The introduction of this lifeline reduced the number of Jump the Question lifelines available from two to one . On occasional specially designated weeks , starting with a Halloween - themed week that aired from October 29 to November 2 , 2012 , the shuffle format used a special lifeline called `` Crystal Ball '' , which allows the contestant to see the money value of a round one question prior to giving an answer . Jump the Question was removed at the end of the show 's thirteenth syndicated season . For the show 's fourteenth season , during a special week of college shows , players got another lifeline called `` Extra Help '' , played similarly to `` Plus One '' and allowing for another companion to help the player ; however , it could only be used after `` Plus One '' was used . Top prize winners ( edit ) See also : List of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? top prize winners The first contestant to correctly answer all 15 questions and win the top prize of $1,000,000 was John Carpenter , on the episode aired November 19 , 1999 . In 2000 , the million dollar top prize was awarded five times : to Dan Blonsky on the episode aired January 18 , to Joe Trela on March 23 , to Bob House on June 13 , to Kim Hunt on July 6 , and to David Goodman on July 11 . In January 2001 , when no contestant had won $1 million in any show that aired over a period of five months , the top prize was then changed from a flat $1 million to an accumulating jackpot that increased by $10,000 for each episode where the top prize was not won . On April 10 , 2001 , Kevin Olmstead correctly answered the final question and won $2,180,000 , making him the biggest winner in television history at the time . The top prize for correctly answering the final question returned to $1 million following Olmstead 's win and has remained unchanged since ; just five days after Olmstead 's win , the standard $1 million prize was awarded to Bernie Cullen . The last top prize winner on the original network version was Ed Toutant , on the episode aired September 7 , 2001 ; he had previously appeared on the episode aired January 31 , 2001 when the jackpot was $1,860,000 , where he was ruled to have answered his $16,000 question incorrectly , but when it was discovered that there was a mistake in that question , Toutant was invited back and won the $1,860,000 jackpot . On the Super Millionaire spin - off , Robert Essig won $1,000,000 after answering the twelfth question and then walked away , not reaching the final question for $10,000,000 . On the syndicated version 's first season , two contestants correctly answered all 15 questions and won the top prize of $1,000,000 : Kevin Smith on February 18 , 2003 , and Nancy Christy on May 8 of the same year . During the Million Dollar Tournament of Ten which aired in November 2009 , Sam Murray , who had previously supplied correct responses for eleven questions , risked his winnings on a special $1,000,000 question ; he was the only contestant to answer his question correctly . Personnel ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Regis Philbin , host of the original network version The original network version of the U.S. Millionaire and the subsequent primetime specials were hosted by Regis Philbin . When the syndicated version was being developed , the production team felt that it was not feasible for Philbin to continue hosting , as the show recorded four episodes in a single day , and that the team was looking for qualities in a new host : it had to be somebody who would love the contestants and be willing to root for them . Rosie O'Donnell was initially offered a hosting position on this new edition , but declined the opportunity almost immediately . Eventually Meredith Vieira , who had previously competed in a celebrity charity event on the original network version , was named host of the new syndicated edition . ABC originally offered Vieira hosting duties on the syndicated Millionaire to sweeten one of her re-negotiations for the network 's daytime talk show The View , which she was moderating at the time . When the show was honored by GSN on its Gameshow Hall of Fame special , Vieira herself further explained her motivation for hosting the syndicated version as follows : `` I did the show because I fell in love with the show , and really , first and foremost , as a parent , ( I feel that ) there are n't that many shows on television that you can watch as a family . And when Michael Davies approached me and said , `` Would you be interested in hosting the syndicated version ? '' , I said , `` Just point me toward the contract ! I am so there ! '' '' From 2007 to 2011 , when Vieira was concurrently working as a co-host of Today , guest hosts appeared in the second half of each season of the syndicated version . Guest hosts who filled in for Vieira included Philbin , Al Roker , Tom Bergeron , Tim Vincent , Dave Price , Billy Bush , Leeza Gibbons , Cat Deeley , Samantha Harris , Shaun Robinson , Steve Harvey , John Henson , Sherri Shepherd , Tim Gunn , and D.L. Hughley . On January 10 , 2013 , Vieira announced that after eleven seasons with the syndicated Millionaire , she would be leaving the show as part of an effort to focus on other projects in her career . She finalized taping of her last episodes with the show in November 2012 . While Philbin briefly considered a return to the show , Cedric the Entertainer was introduced as her successor when season twelve premiered on September 2 , 2013 . On April 30 , 2014 , Deadline announced that Cedric had decided to leave the show in order to lighten his workload , resulting in him being succeeded by Terry Crews for the 2014 -- 15 season . Crews was succeeded by Chris Harrison , host of The Bachelor and its spin - offs , when season 14 premiered on September 14 , 2015 . Production staff ( edit ) The original executive producers of the U.S. Millionaire were British television producers Michael Davies and Paul Smith , the latter of whom undertook the responsibility of licensing Millionaire to American airwaves as part of his effort to transform the UK program into a global franchise . Smith served until 2007 and Davies until 2010 ; additionally , Leigh Hampton ( previously co-executive producer in the later days of the network version and in the syndicated version 's first two seasons ) served as an executive producer from 2004 to 2010 . Rich Sirop , who was previously a supervising producer , became the executive producer in 2010 and held that position until 2014 , when he left Millionaire to hold the same position with Vieira 's newly launched syndicated talk show , and was replaced by James Rowley . Vincent Rubino , who had previously been the syndicated Millionaire 's supervising producer for its first two seasons , served as that version 's co-executive producer for the 2004 -- 05 season , after which he was succeeded by Vieira herself , who continued to hold the title until her departure in 2013 ( sharing her position with Sirop for the 2009 -- 10 season ) . Producers of the network version included Hampton , Rubino , Leslie Fuller , Nikki Webber , and Terrence McDonnell . For its first two seasons the syndicated version had Deirdre Cossman for its managing producer , then Dennis F. McMahon became producer for the next two seasons ( joined by Dominique Bruballa as his line producer ) , after which Jennifer Weeks produced the next four seasons of syndicated Millionaire shows , initially accompanied by Amanda Zucker as her line producer , but later joined for the 2008 -- 09 season by Tommy Cody ( who became sole producer in the 2009 -- 10 season ) . The first 65 shuffle format episodes were produced by McPaul Smith , and as of 2011 , the title of producer is held by Bryan Lasseter . The network version had Ann Miller and Tiffany Trigg for its supervising producers ; they were joined by Wendy Roth in the first two seasons , and by Michael Binkow in the third and final season . After Rubino 's promotion to co-executive producer , the syndicated version 's later supervising producers included Sirop ( 2004 -- 09 ) , Geena Gintzig ( 2009 -- 10 ) , Brent Burnette ( 2010 -- 12 ) , Geoff Rosen ( 2012 -- 14 ) , and Liz Harris ( 2014 -- 16 ) , who currently serves as the co-executive producer . The original network version of Millionaire was directed by Mark Gentile , who later served as the syndicated version 's consulting producer for its first two seasons , and then as the director of Duel , which ran on ABC from December 2007 to July 2008 . The syndicated version was directed by Matthew Cohen from 2002 to 2010 , by Rob George from 2010 to 2013 , and by Brian McAloon in the 2013 -- 14 season . Former Price Is Right director Rich DiPirro became Millionaire 's director in 2014 . Production ( edit ) The U.S. version of Millionaire is a co-production of 2waytraffic , a division of Sony Pictures Entertainment , and Valleycrest Productions , a division of The Walt Disney Company . 2waytraffic purchased Millionaire 's original production company Celador in 2008 , while Valleycrest has produced the series since its beginning , and holds the copyright on all U.S. Millionaire episodes to date . The show is distributed by Valleycrest 's corporate sibling Disney - ABC Home Entertainment & Television Distribution ( previously known as Buena Vista Television ) . The U.S. Millionaire was taped at ABC 's Television Center East studio on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York from 1999 to 2012 . Tapings were moved to NEP Broadcasting 's Metropolis Studios in East Harlem in 2013 , and production moved to studios located in Stamford , Connecticut the following year . For the 2016 -- 17 season , production relocated to Bally 's Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . Episodes of the syndicated version are produced from June to December . The show originally taped four episodes in a single day , but that number has since been changed to five . Origins ( edit ) When the U.S. version of Millionaire was first conceived in 1998 , Michael Davies was a young television producer who was serving as the head of ABC 's little - noticed reality programming division ( at a time when reality television had not yet become a phenomenon in America ) . At that time , ABC was lingering in third place in the ratings indexes among U.S. broadcast networks , and was on the verge of losing its status as one of the `` Big Three '' networks . Meanwhile , the popularity of game shows was at an all - time nadir , as with the exception of The Price Is Right , the genre was absent from networks ' daytime lineups at that point . Having earlier created Debt for Lifetime Television and participated with Al Burton and Donnie Brainard in the creation of Win Ben Stein 's Money for Comedy Central , Davies decided to create a primetime game show that would save the network from collapse and revive interest in game shows . Davies originally considered reviving CBS 's long - lost quiz show The $64,000 Question for a new era , with a new home on ABC . However , this effort 's development was limited as when the producer heard that the British Millionaire was about to make its debut , he got his friends and family members in the UK to record the show , and subsequently ended up receiving about eight FedEx packages from different family members , each containing a copy of Millionaire 's first episode . Davies was so captivated by everything that he had seen and heard , from host Chris Tarrant 's intimate involvement with the contestant to the show 's lighting system and music tracks , that he chose to abandon his work on the $64,000 Question revival in favor of introducing Millionaire to American airwaves , convinced that it would become extraordinarily popular . When Davies presented his ideas for the U.S. Millionaire to ABC , the network 's executives initially rejected them , so he resigned his position there and became an independent producer . Determined to bring his idea for the show to fruition , Davies decided that he was betting his whole career on Millionaire 's production , and the first move that he made was planning to attach a celebrity host to the show . Along with Philbin , a number of other popular television personalities were considered for hosting positions on the U.S. Millionaire during its development , including Peter Jennings , Bob Costas , Phil Donahue , and Montel Williams , but among those considered , it was Philbin who wanted the job the most , and when he saw an episode of the British Millionaire and was blown away by his content , Davies and his team ultimately settled on having him host the American show . When Davies approached ABC again after having hired Philbin , the network finally agreed to accept the U.S. Millionaire . With production now ready to begin , the team had only five months to finish developing the show and get it launched , with Davies demanding perfection in every element of Millionaire 's production . Audition process ( edit ) With few exceptions , any legal resident of the United States who is 18 years of age or older has the potential of becoming a contestant through Millionaire 's audition process . Those ineligible include employees , immediate family or household members , and close acquaintances of SPE , Disney , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; television stations that broadcast the syndicated version ; or any advertising agency or other firm or entity engaged in the production , administration , or judging of the show . Also ineligible are current candidates for political office and individuals who have appeared on a different game show outside of cable that has been broadcast within the past year , is intended to be broadcast within the next year , or played the main game on any of the U.S. versions of Millionaire itself . Potential contestants of the original primetime version had to compete in a telephone contest which had them dial a toll - free number and answer three questions by putting objects or events in order . Callers had ten seconds to enter the order on a keypad , with any incorrect answer ending the game / call . The 10,000 to 20,000 candidates who answered all three questions correctly were selected into a random drawing in which approximately 300 contestants competed for ten spots on the show using the same phone quiz method . Accommodations for contestants outside the New York City area included round trip airfare ( or other transportation ) and hotel accommodations . The syndicated version 's potential contestants , depending on tryouts , are required to pass an electronically scored test comprising a set of thirty questions which must be answered within a 10 - minute time limit . Contestants who fail the test are eliminated , while those who pass are interviewed for an audition by the production staff , and those who impress the staff the most are then notified by postal mail that they have been placed into a pool for possible selection as contestants . At the producers ' discretion , contestants from said pool are selected to appear on actual episodes of the syndicated program ; these contestants are given a phone call from staff and asked to confirm the information on their initial application form and verify that they meet all eligibility requirements . Afterwards , they are given a date to travel to the show 's taping facilities to participate in a scheduled episode of the show . Unlike its ABC counterpart , the syndicated version does not offer transportation or hotel accommodations to contestants at the production company 's expense ; that version 's contestants are instead required to provide transportation and accommodations of their own . The syndicated Millionaire also conducts open casting calls in various locations across the United States to search for potential contestants . These are held in late spring or early summer , with all dates and locations posted on the show 's official website . The producers make no guarantee on how many applicants will be tested at each particular venue ; however , the show will not test any more than 2,500 individuals per audition day . In cases when the show features themed episodes with two people playing as a team , auditions for these episodes ' contestants are announced on the show 's website . Both members of the team must pass the written test and the audition interview successfully in order to be considered for selection . If only one member of the team passes , he or she is placed into the contestant pool alone and must continue the audition process as an individual in order to proceed . Music ( edit ) Originally , the U.S. Millionaire carried over the musical score from the British version , composed by father - and - son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan . Unlike older game show musical scores , Millionaire 's musical score was created to feature music playing almost throughout the entire show . The Strachans ' main Millionaire theme song took some inspiration from the `` Mars '' movement of Gustav Holst 's The Planets , and their question cues from the $2,000 to the $32,000 / $25,000 level , and then from the $64,000 / $50,000 level onwards , took the pitch up a semitone for each subsequent question , in order to increase tension as the contestant progressed through the game . On GSN 's Gameshow Hall of Fame special , the narrator described the Strachan tracks as `` mimicking the sound of a beating heart , '' and stated that as the contestant worked their way up the money ladder , the music was `` perfectly in tune with their ever - increasing pulse . '' The original Millionaire musical score holds the distinction of being the only game show soundtrack to be acknowledged by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers , as the Strachans were honored with numerous ASCAP awards for their work , the earliest of them awarded in 2000 . The original music cues were given minor rearrangements for the clock format in 2008 ; for example , the question cues were synced to the `` ticking '' sounds of the game clock . Even later , the Strachan score was removed from the U.S. version altogether for the introduction of the shuffle format in 2010 , in favor of a new musical score with cues written by Jeff Lippencott and Mark T. Williams , co-founders of the Los Angeles - based company Ah2 Music . Set ( edit ) The U.S. Millionaire 's basic set is a direct adaptation of the British version 's set design , which was conceived by Andy Walmsley . Paul Smith 's original licensing agreement for the U.S. Millionaire required that the show 's set design , along with all other elements of the show 's on - air presentation ( musical score , lighting system , host 's wardrobe , etc . ) , adhere faithfully to the way in which they were presented in the British version ; this same licensing agreement applied to all other international versions of the show , making Walmsley 's Millionaire set design the most reproduced scenic design in television history . The original version of the U.S. Millionaire 's set cost $200,000 to construct . The U.S. Millionaire 's production design is handled by George Allison , whose predecessors have included David Weller and Jim Fenhagen . Unlike older game shows whose sets are or were designed to make the contestant ( s ) feel at ease , Millionaire 's set was designed to make the contestant feel uncomfortable , so that the program feels more like a movie thriller than a typical quiz show . The floor is made of Plexiglas beneath which lies a huge dish covered in mirror paper . Before the shuffle format was implemented in 2010 , the main game had the contestant and host sit in chairs in the center of the stage , known as `` Hot Seats '' ; these measured 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) high , were modeled after chairs typically found in hair salons , and each seat featured a computer monitor directly facing it to display questions and other pertinent information . Shortly after the shuffle format was introduced to Millionaire , Vieira stated in an interview with her Millionaire predecessor on his morning talk show that the Hot Seat was removed because it was decided that the seat , which was originally intended to make the contestant feel nervous , actually ended up having contestants feel so comfortable in it that it did not service the production team any longer . The lighting system is programmed to darken the set as the contestant progresses further into the game . There are also spotlights situated at the bottom of the set area that zoom down on the contestant when they answer a major question ; to increase the visibility of the light beams emitted by such spotlights , oil is vaporized , creating a haze effect . Media scholar Dr. Robert Thompson , a professor at Syracuse University , stated that the show 's lighting system made the contestant feel as though they were outside of prison when an escape was in progress . When the shuffle format was introduced , the Hot Seats and corresponding monitors were replaced with a single podium , and as a result , the contestant and host stand throughout the game and are also able to walk around the stage . Also , two video screens were installed -- one that displays the current question in play , and another that displays the contestant 's cumulative total and progress during the game . In September 2012 , the redesigned set was improved with a modernized look and feel , in order to take into account the show 's transition to high - definition broadcasting , which had just come about the previous year . The two video screens were replaced with two larger ones , having twice as many projectors as the previous screens had ; the previous contestant podium was replaced with a new one ; and light - emitting diode ( LED ) technology was integrated into the lighting system to give the lights more vivid colors and the set and gameplay experience a more intimate feel . Broadcast history ( edit ) ABC ( edit ) The U.S. version of Millionaire was launched by ABC as a half - hour primetime program on August 16 , 1999 . When it premiered , it became the first U.S. network game show to offer a million - dollar top prize to contestants . After airing thirteen episodes and reaching an audience of 15 million viewers by the end of the show 's first week on the air , the program expanded to an hour - long format when it returned in November . The series , of which episodes were originally shown only a day after their initial taping , was promoted to regular status on January 18 , 2000 and , at the height of its popularity , was airing on ABC five nights a week . The show was so popular during its original primetime run that rival networks created or re-incarnated game shows of their own ( e.g. , Greed , Twenty One , etc . ) , as well as importing various game shows of British and Australian origin to America ( such as Winning Lines , Weakest Link , and It 's Your Chance of a Lifetime ) . The nighttime version initially drew in up to 30 million viewers a day three times a week , an unheard - of number in modern network television . In the 1999 -- 2000 season , it averaged No. 1 in the ratings against all other television shows , with 28,848,000 viewers . In the next season ( 2000 -- 01 ) , three nights out of the five weekly episodes placed in the top 10 . However , the show 's ratings began to fall during the 2000 -- 01 season , so that at the start of the 2001 -- 02 season , the ratings were only a fraction of what they had been one year before , and by season 's end , the show was no longer even ranked among the top 20 . ABC 's reliance on the show 's popularity led the network to fall quickly from its former spot as the nation 's most watched network . As ABC 's overexposure of the primetime Millionaire led the public to tire of the show , there was speculation that the show would not survive beyond the 2001 -- 02 season . The staff planned on switching it to a format that would emphasize comedy more than the game and feature a host other than Philbin , but in the end , the primetime show was canceled , with its final episode airing on June 27 , 2002 . Syndication ( edit ) In 2001 , Millionaire producers began work on a half - hour daily syndicated version of the show , with the idea being that it would serve as an accompaniment to the network series which was still in production . ABC 's cancellation of the network Millionaire ended that idea ; however , the syndicated Millionaire still had enough interest to be greenlit and BVT sold the series to local stations for the 2002 -- 03 season . The syndicated series nearly met the same fate as its predecessor , however , due in part to worries that stemmed from a decision made by one of its affiliates . In the New York media market , BVT sold the syndicated Millionaire to CBS 's flagship station , WCBS - TV . In the season that had passed , WCBS ' mid-afternoon schedule included the syndicated edition of NBC 's Weakest Link , which aired at 4 pm from its January 2002 premiere . Joining Millionaire as a new syndicated series was a spinoff of The Oprah Winfrey Show hosted by Dr. Phil McGraw . WCBS picked up both series for 2002 -- 03 , with Dr. Phil serving as lead - in for the syndicated Millionaire , which was plugged into the time slot that Weakest Link had been occupying . At mid-season , WCBS announced that for the 2003 -- 04 season it had acquired the broadcast rights to The People 's Court after WNBC , which had been airing the revived series since its 1997 debut , dropped it from its lineup . WCBS announced plans to move The People 's Court into the time slot that was occupied by Millionaire and the still - airing 4 : 30 pm local newscast once it joined the station 's lineup in September 2003 . This led to speculation that the syndicated Millionaire would not be returning for a second season , and BVT 's concerns over losing its New York affiliate were compounded by the fact that there were not many time slots available for the show in New York outside of the undesirable late - night slots that syndicators try to avoid . In June 2003 , a shakeup at one of BVT 's corporate siblings provided the series with an opening . ABC announced that it would be returning the 12 : 30 pm network time slot to its affiliates in October of that year following the cancellation of the soap opera Port Charles . ABC 's flagship , WABC - TV , was thus in need of a program to fill the slot and BVT went to them asking if the station would pick up Millionaire . WABC agreed to do this and when the new season launched that fall , the station began airing Millionaire at 12 : 30 pm . Millionaire continued to air on WABC in the afternoon until the end of the 2014 -- 15 season , when it acquired the broadcast rights to FABLife for the 2015 -- 16 season . To make room for FABLife , the afternoon airing of Millionaire was moved to independent station WLNY - TV ; however , FABLife was canceled in January 2016 , and as a result , Millionaire moved back to WABC for the 2016 -- 17 season . According to e-mails released in the Sony Pictures Entertainment hack , Millionaire narrowly avoided cancellation after the 2014 -- 15 season . The show 's declining ratings prompted DADT to demand a dramatically reduced licensing fee for renewal , which SPE was hesitant to accept . The series was nonetheless renewed for the 2015 -- 16 season , with various cuts to the show 's production budget and a return to the original format ( but with only 14 questions ) . Had the show not been renewed , SPE would have placed the show on extended hiatus for three years , reclaimed full rights to the show ( without the innovations and format added in the syndicated run , to which DADT owns intellectual property rights ) , and shopped the revived show to another network or syndicator . In January 2017 , it was announced that Millionaire has been renewed through 2018 . GSN ( edit ) Game Show Network ( GSN ) acquired the rerun rights to the U.S. Millionaire in August 2003 . The network initially aired only episodes from the three seasons of the original prime - time run ; however , additional episodes were later added . These included the Super Millionaire spin - off , which aired on GSN from May 2005 to January 2007 , and the first two seasons of the syndicated version , which began airing on November 10 , 2008 . On December 4 , 2017 , GSN acquired the rerun rights to the Harrison episodes of Millionaire ( seasons fourteen and fifteen ) , which began airing December 18 , 2017 . Special editions ( edit ) Various special editions and tournaments have been conducted which feature celebrities playing the game and donating winnings to charities of their choice . During celebrity editions on the original ABC version , contestants were allowed to receive help from their fellow contestants during the first ten questions . The most successful celebrity contestants throughout the show 's run have included Drew Carey , Rosie O'Donnell , Norm Macdonald , and Chip Esten , all of whom won $500,000 for their respective charities . The episode featuring O'Donnell's $500,000 win averaged 36.1 million viewers , the highest number for a single episode of the show . There have also been special weeks featuring two or three family members or couples competing as a team , a `` Champions Edition '' where former big winners returned and split their winnings with their favorite charities , a `` Zero Dollar Winner Edition '' featuring contestants who previously missed one of the first - tier questions and left with nothing , and a `` Tax - Free Edition '' in which H&R Block calculated the taxes of winnings to allow contestants to earn stated winnings after taxes , and various theme weeks featuring college students , teachers , brides - to - be , etc. as contestants . Additionally , the syndicated version once featured an annual `` Walk In & Win Week '' with contestants who were randomly selected from the audience without having to take the audition test . Special weeks have also included shows featuring questions concerning specific topics , such as professional football , celebrity gossip , movies , and pop culture . During a week of episodes in November 2007 , to celebrate the 1,000 th episode of the syndicated Millionaire , all contestants that week started with $1,000 so that they could not leave empty - handed , and only had to answer ten questions to win $1,000,000 . During that week , twenty home viewers per day also won $1,000 each . Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire ( edit ) In 2004 , Philbin returned to host 12 episodes of a spin - off program titled Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire in which contestants could potentially win $10,000,000 . ABC aired five episodes of this spin - off during the week of February 22 , 2004 , and an additional seven episodes later that year in May . As usual , contestants had to answer a series of 15 multiple - choice questions of increasing difficulty , but the dollar values rose substantially . The first five questions for Super Millionaire were worth $1,000 , $2,000 , $3,000 , $4,000 , $5,000 ( the first safe haven ) , the remaining ten questions were worth $10,000 , $20,000 , $30,000 , $50,000 , $100,000 ( the second safe haven ) , $500,000 , $1,000,000 , $2,500,000 , $5,000,000 , and $10,000,000 . Contestants were given the standard three lifelines in place at the time ( 50 : 50 , Ask the Audience , and Phone - a-Friend ) at the beginning of the game . However , after correctly answering the $100,000 question , the contestant earned two additional lifelines : Three Wise Men and Double Dip . The Three Wise Men lifeline involved a panel of three experts , one of whom was always a former Millionaire contestant and at least one of whom was female . When this lifeline was used , the contestant and panel had 30 seconds to discuss the question and choices before the audio and video feeds were dropped . Double Dip gave a contestant two chances to answer a question . Once used , no further lifelines could be used ; moreover , if the `` first final answer '' was incorrect , the contestant could not walk away . If the `` second final answer '' was also wrong , the contestant left with $100,000 . 10th Anniversary Celebration ( edit ) To celebrate the tenth anniversary of Millionaire 's U.S. debut , the show returned to ABC primetime for an eleven - night event hosted by Philbin , which aired August 9 -- 23 , 2009 . The Academy Award - winning movie Slumdog Millionaire and the 2008 economic crisis helped boost interest of renewal of the game show . The episodes featured game play based on the previous rule set of the syndicated version ( including the rule changes implemented in season seven ) but used the Fastest Finger round to select contestants . Various celebrities also made special guest appearances at the end of every episode ; each guest played one question for a chance at $50,000 for a charity of their choice , being allowed to use any one of the four lifelines in place at the time ( Phone - a-Friend , Ask the Audience , Double Dip , and Ask the Expert ) , but still earned a minimum of $25,000 for the charity if they answered the question incorrectly . On August 18 , 2009 , New York City resident Nik Bonaddio appeared on the program , winning $100,000 with the help of the audience and later , Gwen Ifill as his lifelines . Bonaddio then used the proceeds to start the sports analytics firm numberFire , which was sold in September 2015 to FanDuel , a fantasy sports platform . The finale of the tenth anniversary special , which aired on August 23 , 2009 , featured Ken Basin , an entertainment lawyer , Harvard Law graduate , and former Jeopardy ! contestant , who went on to become the first contestant to play a $1,000,000 question in the `` clock format '' era . With a time of 4 : 39 ( 45 seconds + 3 : 54 banked time ) , Basin was given a question involving President Lyndon Baines Johnson 's fondness for Fresca . Using his one remaining lifeline , Basin asked the audience , which supported his own hunch of Yoo - hoo rather than the correct answer . He decided to answer the question and lost $475,000 , becoming the first contestant in the U.S. version to answer a $1,000,000 question incorrectly . After Basin finished his run , Vieira appeared on - camera and announced that all remaining Fastest Finger contestants would play with her on the first week of the syndicated version 's eighth season . After this , the million dollar question was not played again on a standard episode until September 25 , 2013 , when Josina Reaves became the second U.S. Millionaire contestant to incorrectly answer her $1,000,000 question , but only lost $75,000 as she used her Jump the Question lifelines on her $250,000 and $500,000 questions . Million dollar tournament of ten ( edit ) Although the syndicated Millionaire had produced two millionaires in its first season , Nancy Christy 's May 2003 win was still standing as the most recent when the program began its eighth season in fall of 2009 . Deciding that six - plus years had been too long since someone had won the top prize , producers conducted a tournament to find a third million dollar winner . For the first nine weeks of the 2009 -- 10 season , each episode saw contestants attempt to qualify for what was referred to as the `` Tournament of Ten '' . Contestants were seeded based on how much money they had won , with the biggest winner ranked first and the lowest ranked tenth . Ties were broken based on how much time a contestant had banked when they had walked away from the game . The tournament began on the episode aired November 9 , 2009 , and playing in order from the lowest to the highest seed , tournament contestants played one at a time at the end of that episode and the next nine . The rules were exactly the same as they were for a normal million dollar question under the clock format introduced the season before , except here , the contestants had no lifelines at their disposal . Each contestant received a base time of 45 seconds . For each question they had answered before walking away , the contestants received any unused seconds that were left when they gave their answers . The accumulated total of those unused seconds was then added to the base time to give the contestants their final question time limit . Each contestant had the same decision facing them as before , which was whether to attempt to answer the question or walk away with their pre-tournament total intact . Attempting the question and answering incorrectly incurred the same penalty as in regular play , with a reduction of their pre-tournament winnings to $25,000 . If the question was answered correctly , the player that did so became the tournament leader . If another player after him / her answered correctly , that player assumed the lead and the previous leader kept their pre-tournament winnings . The highest remaining seed to have attempted and correctly answered their question at the end of the tournament on November 20 , 2009 would be declared the winner and become the syndicated series ' third millionaire . The first contestant to attempt to answer the million dollar question was Sam Murray , the tournament 's eighth - seeded qualifier . On November 11 , Murray was asked approximately how many people had lived on Earth in its history and correctly guessed 100 billion . Murray was still atop the leaderboard entering the November 20 finale as he remained the only contestant to even attempt to answer his or her question . The only person who could defeat him was top seed and $250,000 winner Jehan Shamsid - Deen , who was asked a question regarding the Blorenge , cited as `` a rare example of a word that rhymes with orange '' . Shamsid - Deen considered taking the risk , believing ( correctly ) that the name belonged to a mountain in Wales . However , she decided that the potential of losing $225,000 did not justify the risk and elected to walk away from the question , giving Murray the win and the million dollar prize . Reception ( edit ) Since its introduction to the United States , GSN credited Who Wants to Be a Millionaire with not only single - handedly reviving the game show genre , but also breaking new ground for it . The series revolutionized the look and feel of game shows with its unique lighting system , dramatic music cues , and futuristic set . The show also became one of the highest - rated and most popular game shows in U.S. television history , and has been credited with paving the way for the rise of the primetime reality TV phenomenon to prominence throughout the 2000s . The U.S. Millionaire also made catchphrases out of various lines used on the show . In particular , `` Is that your final answer ? '' , asked by Millionaire 's hosts whenever a contestant 's answer needs to be verified , was popularized by Philbin during his tenure as host , and was also included on TV Land 's special `` 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases '' , which aired in 2006 . Meanwhile , during his tenure as host , Cedric signed off shows with a catchphrase of his own , `` Watch yo ' wallet ! '' The original primetime version of the U.S. Millionaire won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show in 2000 and 2001 . Philbin was honored with a Daytime Emmy in the category of Outstanding Game Show Host in 2001 , while Vieira received one in 2005 , and another in 2009 . TV Guide ranked the U.S. Millionaire # 7 on its 2001 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later ranked it # 6 on its 2013 `` 60 Greatest Game Shows '' list . GSN ranked Millionaire # 5 on its August 2006 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later honored the show in January 2007 on its only Gameshow Hall of Fame special . Other Media ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) In 2000 , Pressman released two board game adaptions of Millionaire as well as a junior edition recommended for younger players . Several video games based on the varying gameplay formats of Millionaire have also been released throughout the course of the show 's U.S. history . Between 1999 and 2001 , Jellyvision produced five video game adaptations based upon the original primetime series for personal computers and Sony 's PlayStation console , all of them featuring Philbin 's likeness and voice . The first of these adaptations was published by Disney Interactive , while the later four were published by Buena Vista Interactive which had just been spun off from DI when it reestablished itself in attempts to diversify its portfolio . Of the five games , three featured general trivia questions , one was sports - themed , and another was a `` Kids Edition '' featuring easier questions . In 2008 , Imagination Games released a DVD version of the show , based on the 2004 -- 08 format and coming complete with Vieira 's likeness and voice , as well as a quiz book and a 2009 desktop calendar . Additionally , two Millionaire video games were released by Ludia in conjunction with Ubisoft in 2010 and 2011 ; the first of these was a game for Nintendo 's Wii console and DS handheld system based on the clock format , while the second , for Microsoft 's Xbox 360 , was based on the shuffle format . Ludia has also created a Facebook game based on Millionaire , which debuted on March 21 , 2011 . This game features an altered version of the shuffle format , condensing the number of questions to twelve -- eight in round one , and four in round two . A contestant can compete against eight other Millionaire fans in round one , and play round two alone if they make it into the top three . There is no `` final answer '' rule ; the contestant 's responses are automatically locked in . Answering a question correctly earns a contestant the value of that question , multiplied by the number of people who responded incorrectly . Contestants are allowed to use two of their Facebook friends as Jump the Question lifelines in round one , and to use the Ask the Audience lifeline in round two to invite up to 50 such friends of theirs to answer a question for a portion of the prize money of the current question . Disney parks attraction ( edit ) Main article : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! The building that housed the Californian version , shown here after its 2004 closure Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! was an attraction at the Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park ( when it was known as Disney - MGM Studios ) at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando , Florida and at Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim , California . Both the Florida and California Play It ! attractions opened in 2001 ; the California version closed in 2004 , and the Florida version closed in 2006 and was replaced by Toy Story Midway Mania ! The format in the Play It ! attraction was very similar to that of the television show that inspired it . When a show started , a `` Fastest Finger '' question was given , and the audience was asked to put the four answers in order ; the person with the fastest time was the first contestant in the Hot Seat for that show . However , the main game had some differences : for example , contestants competed for points rather than dollars , the questions were set to time limits , and the Phone - a-Friend lifeline became Phone a Complete Stranger which connected the contestant to a Disney cast member outside the attraction 's theater who would find a guest to help . After the contestant 's game was over , they were awarded anything from a collectible pin , to clothing , to a Millionaire CD game , to a 3 - night Disney Cruise . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The simplified title is often used by hosts and in promotional materials . Jump up ^ To qualify for 2004 's Super Millionaire spin - off , potential contestants were required to answer five questions . Each person who successfully answered all five questions chose one tape date , and the contestants for that tape date were drawn from that pool . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Gameshow Hall of Fame . GSN . January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Syndicated Version original rules '' . Valleycrest Productions , Ltd. and Buena Vista Television . June 28 , 2002 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Official Rules ( Season 13 ) '' . dadt.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New Season of `` Millionaire '' is a Real Game - Changer `` . Disney - ABC Domestic Television . August 16 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire primetime on WCHS - TV8 '' . wchstv.com . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Network Version Rules '' . Valleycrest Productions and Buena Vista Television . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2000 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( TV Series ) ( 2002 ) '' . Blockbuster . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Kicks Off Seventh Season by Introducing New Changes to the Game , Creating New Levels of Excitement , Emotional Drama and Heart - Pounding Tension for Both Viewers and Contestants '' . The Futon Critic . August 18 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , Trisha ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` '' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' to Add Celebrity Questions `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Season 13 With New Host Terry Crews to Premiere Monday , September 8 '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 8 . Episode 6 . September 14 , 2009 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire : Official Rules ( Archive ) '' . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 8 . Episode 66 . January 11 , 2010 . Syndicated . Vieira : `` For the sake of the audience here ( in the studio ) and the audience at home , there has been a slight change in gameplay that I want to explain to you folks . On the board , we no longer have Phone - a-Friend as a lifeline . Now , I want to explain to you why . Technology has changed , as you know , over the years and we feel that it has compromised the integrity of that lifeline and the ( original ) intent ( thereof ) , because often when a contestant calls somebody , a friend at home , who do they get ? They get Mr. Internet , and we feel that it is n't fair that some people have access to a computer and some do n't , because the game is really not about that ; it 's about what 's inside somebody 's head . '' ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Ask the Expert Lifeline '' . About.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America Online and Buena Vista Television Break New Ground by Expanding ' Ask the Audience ' Lifeline beyond the ' Millionaire ' Studio via Instant Messaging '' . Business Wire . August 23 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Who Wants to be a Millionaire ' Celebrates Halloween With an Added `` Crystal Ball '' Lifeline , A Spooky Set Makeover and a Contestant in Drag `` . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 14 . Episode 21 . September 28 , 2015 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Taxman scoops a million '' . BBC News . November 21 , 1999 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire Makeovers ! '' . People . Vol. 54 no . 20 . Time Inc . November 13 , 2000 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Double jackpot winner on US Millionaire '' . BBC News . April 11 , 2001 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( April 16 , 2001 ) . `` Improbably , Millionaire Strikes Again '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Berr , Jonathan ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Million Dollar Game Show Winners : What Happens After the Money Comes In '' . Aol.com . Daily Finance . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 3 . Episode 1 . September 7 , 2001 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Gary ( February 24 , 2004 ) . `` Millionaire could be ABC 's Interim Answer '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Pulls Out All the Stops for November Sweeps '' . The Futon Critic . October 27 , 2004 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Tournament of Ten Results '' . ThoughtCo . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weprin , Alex ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` Who Wants To Be a Millionaire ? Returning To ABC '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime ' Millionaire ' Considered '' . ABC News . June 8 , 2001 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Kicks Off Coast to Coast Bus Tour '' . BusinessWire . July 23 , 2002 . The weekday version of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire , featuring Meredith Vieira as host , premieres on Monday , September 16 in nationwide syndication . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Meredith Vieira Leaving Syndicated `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' Series `` . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2009 ) . `` Regis Philbin Hosts Daytime Millionaire November 30 -- December 4 '' . TV By the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Roker Fills in on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , 1st Contestant from Jacksonville '' . First Coast News . Gannett Company . March 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Bergeron Net Worth '' . The Richest . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Folkerth , Kathleen ( July 12 , 2007 ) . `` Resident Takes Turn in Millionaire Hot Seat '' . Akron.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nachman , Laura ( March 4 , 2008 ) . `` Former Good Day Philadelphia Host Dave Price Subs on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Philly TV and Radio . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Cast '' . tv.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Holly ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Cat Deeley to present Who Wants To Be A Millionaire in the States '' . NOW . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , Monica ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Samantha Harris to Host Millionaire -- For a Week '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monroe Native to Appear on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . WKOW . June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Jersey Journal ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Jersey City Man Wins $15,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . nj.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wipeout : John Henson '' . ABC . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Needham , Bob ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Ann Arbor Resident Appearing on Who Wants To Be a Millionaire this Week '' . The Ann Arbor News . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , Caitlin ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Gunn Takes over Millionaire '' . Lifetime . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DL Hughley , Tony Roberts , Timmy Hall and Hope Flood '' . UpOut . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Vieira to leave `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' `` . The New York Times Media Decoder . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shain , Michael ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Regis considering return to Who Wants to be a Millionaire '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cedric the Entertainer Will Host `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , '' Replace Meredith Vieira `` . The Huffington Post . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cedric The Entertainer To Succeed Meredith Vieira As Host Of Syndicated Who Wants To Be A Millionaire '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Who Wants To Be Millionaire ' Host Cedric The Entertainer To Depart '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Terry Crews Named New Host of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` Chris Harrison Named New Host Of ' Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ' , Replacing Terry Crews '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : End credits lists of appropriate U.S. Millionaire episodes . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire '' . Andy Walmsley , Production Designer . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Meredith Vieira Show . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 8 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` ' Switch the Question ' Added as New Lifeline on ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' '' . August 24 , 2004 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sony buys Who Wants To Be a Millionaire ? parent '' . mcvuk.com . March 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Loveday , Samantha ( December 1 , 2006 ) . `` New owners take on Celador International and Millionaire brand '' . toynews-online.biz . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Valleycrest Productions LTD '' . PowerProfiles . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire has the First Million Dollar Question of the Season ! '' . Fox 43 Central Pennsylvania . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Just , Olivia ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` Disney moves filming of ' Millionaire ' to Stamford '' . CT Post . Hearst Media Services Connecticut , LLC . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Relocates to Las Vegas '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Furman , Elina ; Furman , Leah ( 2000 ) . So You 'd Like to Win a Million : Facts , Trivia , and Inside Hints on Game Show Success . Macmillan . ISBN 9780312976354 . Jump up ^ Davies , Michael ( 2000 ) . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : The Official Book from the Hit TV Show . Hyperion Books . p. 14 . ISBN 9780786885770 . ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` Be a Contestant on Who Wants to be a Millionaire '' . about.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perry , Claudia ( March 28 , 2007 ) . `` Who wants to be a game - show contestant ? '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Smurthwaite , Nick ( March 21 , 2005 ) . `` Million Pound Notes : Keith Strachan '' . The Stage . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ah2 Music Marks 10th Anniversary '' . TrailerMusicVibe . August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Disney - ABC Domestic Television ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` Season 23 , Episode 8 '' . Live ! with Regis and Kelly . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Anderson Live , Wendy Williams , Rachael Ray Among Syndicated Shows Getting Set Makeovers ( Photos ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 9 , 2009 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Returns for its Ten Year Anniversary '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Bill ( August 9 , 2009 ) . `` Millionaire Far From Its Final Answer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Company ( February 5 , 2001 ) , Disney Factbook 2000 -- Year in Review , p. 7 Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` '' ABC Hopes `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire '' Lightning Can Strike Twice `` '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings 1999 -- 2000 '' . fbibler.chez.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings 2000 -- 2001 '' . fbibler.chez.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings 2001 -- 2002 '' . fbibler.chez.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( November 29 , 2001 ) . `` ABC 's Millionaire May Not Survive Beyond the Current Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : ABC Game Show Returning to primetime '' . TV Series Finale. April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( June 20 , 2001 ) . `` TV Notes : Games to Clash on Syndication '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pendleton , Jennifer ( May 13 , 2002 ) . `` ' Dr. Phil , ' ' Millionaire , ' ' John Walsh ' arrive , but heat factor is lacking '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire poorer in N.Y '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Highbeam Business . December 2 , 2002 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire nabs key slots in syndication '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 2 , 2003 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2003 . 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Jump up ^ `` Meredith Vieira - Hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Episodes Make Cable Debut Beginning November 10 , 2008 '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . November 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GSN Adds Who Wants to Be a Millionaire to Daytime Schedule , 12 / 18 '' . GSN Corporate ( Press release ) . Broadway World . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Avalos , Regina ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : Seasons 14 and 15 Coming to GSN '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Chip Esten on Nashville Finale , Show 's Future '' . CBS News . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huff , Richard ( May 5 , 2000 ) . `` Starstruck Millionaire : Celebrity Specials Win Show its Best Ratings Ever '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season Premiere '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : Walk in and Win '' . dadt.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire , and Host Meredith Vieira , Celebrate 1,000 Episodes by Giving $100,000 Away to Home Viewers ! '' . Marketwired . October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Returns With A Hollywood Makeover '' . AccessHollywood.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : 10th Anniversary Celebration . Episode 6 . August 18 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` numberFire : Moneyball for Fantasy Football Leagues '' . FastCompany.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : 10th Anniversary Celebration . Episode 11 . August 23 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 12 . Episode 18 . September 25 , 2013 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . 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Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( 1999 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Second Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 3rd Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Sports Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Kids Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : DVD Game '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire : Quiz Book '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire 2009 Desktop Calendar '' . Desk Calendar Pad . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Releases Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Video Game for Wii and DS '' . IGN . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 2012 Edition '' . GameFAQs . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaul , Brandy ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire now on Facebook : Compete with others for virtual riches '' . AOL . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Joshua C. ( 2010 ) . Discovering the Magic Kingdom : An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide . Author House . p. 207 . ISBN 9781452063133 . Jump up ^ Marx , Jennifer and Dave ( December 29 , 2006 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Winner ? Passport Tips for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! '' . PassPorter.com . Further reading ( edit ) Fisher , David ; Davies , Michael P. ( 2000 ) . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : The Official Book from the Hit TV Show . Cader Books . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8577 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Official website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US -- 1999 -- 2002 ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire at TV.com Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US -- current ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire ( US ) on IMDb Preceded by Win Ben Stein 's Money Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show 2000 -- 2001 Succeeded by Jeopardy ! Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2017 ) Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 - 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 - 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 - 14 , 14 - 15 , 15 - 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=821785562 '' Categories : 1990s American television series 1999 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American Broadcasting Company network shows American game shows American television series based on British television series Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Nielsen ratings winners Quiz shows Television series by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Television series by Sony Pictures Television Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 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90th Minnesota Legislature
90th Minnesota Legislature - wikipedia 90th Minnesota Legislature Jump to : navigation , search Ninetieth Minnesota Legislature ← 89th Minnesota State Capitol Overview Term January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) -- January 7 , 2019 ( 2019 - 01 - 07 ) Election 2016 General Election Website www.leg.state.mn.us Senate Members 67 senators President Michelle Fischbach ( R ) Majority Leader Paul Gazelka ( R ) Minority Leader Tom Bakk ( DFL ) Party control Republican Party House of Representatives Members 134 representatives Speaker Kurt Daudt ( R ) Majority Leader Joyce Peppin ( R ) Minority Leader Melissa Hortman ( DFL ) Party control Republican Party Sessions 2017 January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) -- May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 2018 Reconvenes February 20 , 2018 Special sessions 2017 , 1st May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) -- May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) The Ninetieth Minnesota Legislature is the current legislature of the U.S. state of Minnesota . It is composed of the Minnesota Senate and the Minnesota House of Representatives , based on the results of the 2016 Senate election and the 2016 House election . It convened in Saint Paul on January 3 , 2017 and will end its biennial session on January 7 , 2019 . The legislature 's 2017 session ended on May 22 , 2017 , and reconvened on February 20 , 2018 . The legislature will adjourn no later than May 21 , 2018 , as mandated by the Minnesota Constitution . A special session to complete unfinished budget - related business was held from May 23 to 26 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Major events 2 Major legislation 2.1 Enacted 2.2 Proposed 2.2. 1 Vetoed 2.2. 1.1 2017 , 1st Special Session 3 Summary of actions 4 Political composition 4.1 Senate 4.2 House of Representatives 5 Leadership 5.1 Senate 5.1. 1 Majority ( Republican ) leadership 5.1. 2 Minority ( DFL ) leadership 5.2 House of Representatives 5.2. 1 Majority ( Republican ) leadership 5.2. 2 Minority ( DFL ) leadership 6 Members 7 Changes in membership 7.1 Senate 7.2 House of Representatives 8 Committees 8.1 Senate 8.2 House of Representatives 9 Administrative officers 9.1 Senate 9.2 House of Representatives 10 References 11 External links Major events ( edit ) January 23 , 2017 : Governor Mark Dayton delivered his 2017 State of the State address before a joint legislative session . Nearing the end of his speech , Dayton collapsed and was attended to by , among others , state senators and physicians Scott Jensen and Matt Klein . February 22 , 2017 : A joint legislative session was held to elect regents of the University of Minnesota . March 14 , 2018 : Governor Dayton delivered his 2018 State of the State address before a joint legislative session . Major legislation ( edit ) Enacted ( edit ) January 26 , 2017 : Health insurance premium subsidy act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 2 ) March 7 , 2017 : Off - sale intoxicating liquor sales on Sunday act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 6 ) April 4 , 2017 : Reinsurance act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 13 ) May 18 , 2017 : Real ID implementation act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 76 ) Omnibus appropriations acts : May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus agriculture act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 88 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus higher education act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 89 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus environment and natural resources act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 93 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus jobs , economic development , and energy act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 94 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus judiciary and public safety act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 95 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus transportation act ( Laws 2017 , First Special Session chapter 3 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus state government act ( Laws 2017 , First Special Session chapter 4 ) Two appropriations line - item vetoed . May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus education act ( Laws 2017 , First Special Session chapter 5 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus health and human services act ( Laws 2017 , First Special Session chapter 6 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus legacy act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 91 ) May 30 , 2017 : Environment and natural resources trust fund appropriations act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 96 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus tax act ( Laws 2017 , First Special Session chapter 1 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus capital investment `` bonding '' act ( Laws 2017 , First Special Session chapter 8 ) Proposed ( edit ) Boldface indicates the bill was passed by its house of origin . Cell phone use while driving bill ( H.F. No. 1180 / S.F. No. 837 ) Civil liability for public safety response costs bill ( H.F. No. 322 / S.F. No. 679 ) Defense of dwelling and person bill ( H.F. No. 238 / S.F. No. 292 ) Female genital mutilation bill ( H.F. No. 2621 / S.F. No. 2355 ) Firearm permit to carry repeal bill ( H.F. No. 188 / S.F. No. 650 ) K -- 12 education scholarship donation tax credit bill ( H.F. No. 386 / S.F. No. 256 ) Obstruction of controlled - access highways bill ( H.F. No. 1066 / S.F. No. 918 ) Obstruction of trunk highways bill ( H.F. No. 390 / S.F. No. 676 ) Proposed constitutional amendment allowing recreational marijuana bill ( H.F. No. 926 ) Recreational marijuana bill ( H.F. No. 927 / S.F. No. 1320 ) Renewable energy bill ( H.F. No. 1772 / S.F. No. 1531 ) Uniform State Labor Standards Act ( H.F. No. 600 / S.F. No. 580 ) Vetoed ( edit ) Boldface indicates the act was passed by both houses . May 10 , 2017 : Abortion public funding prohibition act ( H.F. No. 809 / S.F. No. 702 ) May 10 , 2017 : Abortion facility license act ( H.F. No. 812 / S.F. No. 704 ) Omnibus appropriations acts : May 12 , 2017 : Omnibus agriculture act ( H.F. No. 895 / S.F. No. 780 ) May 12 , 2017 : Omnibus environment and natural resources act ( H.F. No. 888 / S.F. No. 723 ) May 12 , 2017 : Omnibus education act ( H.F. No. 890 / S.F. No. 718 ) May 12 , 2017 : Omnibus state government act ( H.F. No. 691 / S.F. No. 605 ) May 12 , 2017 : Omnibus health and human services act ( H.F. No. 945 / S.F. No. 800 ) May 15 , 2017 : Omnibus transportation act ( H.F. No. 861 / S.F. No. 1060 ) May 15 , 2017 : Omnibus judiciary and public safety act ( H.F. No. 896 / S.F. No. 803 ) May 15 , 2017 : Omnibus jobs , economic development , and energy act ( H.F. No. 2209 / S.F. No. 1937 ) May 15 , 2017 : Omnibus higher education act ( H.F. No. 2477 / S.F. No. 2214 ) May 15 , 2017 : Omnibus tax act ( H.F. No. 4 / S.F. No. 2255 ) May 18 , 2017 : Teacher licensing act ( H.F. No. 140 / S.F. No. 4 ) 2017 , 1st Special Session ( edit ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus labor act ( H.F. No. 4 / S.F. No. 3 ) Summary of actions ( edit ) In this Legislature , all acts have been approved ( signed ) by Governor Mark Dayton , with the notable exceptions of H.F. No. 809 , an act that would prohibit public funding of abortion ; H.F. No. 812 , an act that would require facilities that perform abortions to be licensed ; a first set of acts appropriating money for the state budget ; H.F. No. 4 , the first omnibus tax act ; H.F. No. 140 , an act that would change how public school teachers are licensed ; and 2017 , First Special Session S.F. No. 3 , an act that would most notably prohibit local governments from setting a higher minimum wage and requiring benefits for private sector employees than what is required by law , all of which were vetoed . In Laws 2017 , First Special Session chapter 4 , the omnibus state government appropriations act , two appropriations for the Senate and the House of Representatives were line - item vetoed . Chapter 13 , the reinsurance act , became law without the governor 's signature . In total , 18 acts have been vetoed -- including one from the 2017 , First Special Session , two items of appropriation in one act from the 2017 , First Special Session have been line - item vetoed , and two acts have become law without the governor 's signature . No acts or items have been enacted by the Legislature over the governor 's veto . After the adjournment of the First Special Session , legislative leaders sued Governor Dayton over the validity of his line - item vetoes for legislative appropriations . The ensuing court case , Ninetieth Minnesota State Senate v. Dayton , proceeded to the Minnesota Supreme Court ; the Court upheld the Governor 's vetoes . Political composition ( edit ) Resignations and new members are discussed in the `` Changes in membership '' section below . Senate ( edit ) Senate composition 34 Republican 33 DFL Party ( Shading indicates majority caucus ) Total Vacant Republican Democratic -- Farmer -- Labor End of the previous Legislature 28 38 66 Begin 34 33 67 0 December 15 , 2017 34 32 February 20 , 2018 34 33 0 Latest voting share 7001507000000000000 ♠ 50.7 % 7001493000000000000 ♠ 49.3 % House of Representatives ( edit ) House composition 77 Republican 57 DFL Party ( Shading indicates majority caucus ) Total Vacant Republican Democratic -- Farmer -- Labor End of the previous Legislature 73 61 134 0 Begin 76 57 133 February 21 , 2017 77 134 0 November 30 , 2017 76 133 February 2018 77 134 0 Latest voting share 7001575000000000000 ♠ 57.5 % 7001425000000000000 ♠ 42.5 % Leadership ( edit ) Minnesota This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Minnesota Constitution Executive ( show ) Governor : Mark Dayton Lieutenant Governor : Tina Smith Secretary of State : Steve Simon State Auditor : Rebecca Otto Attorney General : Lori Swanson Cabinet Executive Council Legislature ( show ) 90th Legislature Senate President : Michelle Fischbach Majority Leader : Paul Gazelka Minority Leader : Tom Bakk House of Representatives Speaker : Kurt Daudt Majority Leader : Joyce Peppin Minority Leader : Melissa Hortman Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Court of Appeals District Courts Elections ( show ) Political parties Political party strength Divisions ( show ) Counties Cities Townships Federal representation ( show ) United States Senate Amy Klobuchar ( DFL ) Al Franken ( DFL ) United States House of Representatives 1 : Tim Walz ( DFL ) 2 : Jason Lewis ( R ) 3 : Erik Paulsen ( R ) 4 : Betty McCollum ( DFL ) 5 : Keith Ellison ( DFL ) 6 : Tom Emmer ( R ) 7 : Collin Peterson ( DFL ) 8 : Rick Nolan ( DFL ) Politics of the United States Politics portal Senate ( edit ) President : Michelle Fischbach ( R ) President pro tempore : Warren Limmer ( R ) Majority ( Republican ) leadership ( edit ) Majority Leader : Paul Gazelka Deputy Majority Leaders : Michelle Benson Jeremy Miller Assistant Majority Leaders : Gary Dahms Bill Ingebrigtsen Warren Limmer Eric Pratt Minority ( DFL ) leadership ( edit ) Minority Leader : Tom Bakk Assistant Minority Leaders : Jeff Hayden ( from January 5 , 2017 ) Susan Kent ( from January 5 , 2017 ) Carolyn Laine ( from January 24 , 2017 ) Minority Whips : Kent Eken ( from January 24 , 2017 ) John Hoffman ( from January 24 , 2017 ) Ann Rest ( from January 24 , 2017 ) House of Representatives ( edit ) Speaker : Kurt Daudt ( R ) Speaker pro tempore : Tony Albright ( R ) Majority ( Republican ) leadership ( edit ) Majority Leader : Joyce Peppin Majority Whip : Ron Kresha Assistant Majority Leaders : Dan Fabian Kelly Fenton Randy Jessup Jim Nash Marion O'Neill Roz Peterson Minority ( DFL ) leadership ( edit ) Minority Leader : Melissa Hortman Deputy Minority Leaders : Jon Applebaum Paul Marquart Rena Moran Assistant Minority Leaders : Rob Ecklund Mike Freiberg Laurie Halverson Ben Lien Ilhan Omar Dave Pinto Members ( edit ) For full lists of members of the 90th Minnesota Legislature , see Minnesota Senate and Minnesota House of Representatives . Changes in membership ( edit ) Senate ( edit ) District Vacator Reason for change Successor Date successor seated 54 Dan Schoen ( DFL ) Resigned effective December 15 , 2017 . A special election was held on February 12 , 2018 . Karla Bigham ( DFL ) TBD House of Representatives ( edit ) District Vacator Reason for change Successor Date successor seated 32B Bob Barrett ( R ) Ineligible for re-election . A special election was held on February 14 , 2017 . Anne Neu ( R ) February 21 , 2017 23B Tony Cornish ( R ) Resigned effective November 30 , 2017 . A special election was held on February 12 , 2018 . Jeremy Munson ( R ) TBD Committees ( edit ) Senate ( edit ) Committee Chair Vice Chair DFL Lead Aging and Long - Term Care Policy Karin Housley Jerry Relph Kent Eken Agriculture , Rural Development , and Housing Finance Torrey Westrom Mark Johnson Kari Dziedzic Agriculture , Rural Development , and Housing Policy Bill Weber Mike Goggin Foung Hawj Capital Investment Dave Senjem Bill Ingebrigtsen Sandy Pappas Commerce and Consumer Protection Finance and Policy Gary Dahms Karin Housley Dan Sparks E -- 12 Education Finance Carla Nelson Eric Pratt Chuck Wiger E -- 12 Education Policy Eric Pratt Justin Eichorn Susan Kent Energy and Utilities Finance and Policy David Osmek Andrew Mathews John Marty Environment and Natural Resources Finance Bill Ingebrigtsen Carrie Ruud David Tomassoni Environment and Natural Resources Policy and Legacy Finance Carrie Ruud Bill Weber Chris Eaton Finance Julie Rosen Michelle Fischbach Dick Cohen Health and Human Services Finance and Policy Michelle Benson Scott Jensen Tony Lourey Higher Education Finance and Policy Michelle Fischbach Rich Draheim Greg Clausen Human Services Reform Finance and Policy Jim Abeler Paul Utke Jeff Hayden Jobs and Economic Growth Finance and Policy Jeremy Miller Paul Anderson Bobby Joe Champion Judiciary and Public Safety Finance and Policy Warren Limmer Dan Hall Ron Latz Local Government Dan Hall Bruce Anderson Patricia Torres Ray Rules and Administration Paul Gazelka Michelle Benson Tom Bakk Subcommittees Committees Paul Gazelka Conference Committees Paul Gazelka Ethical Conduct Michelle Fischbach Litigation Expenses ( established January 31 , 2017 ) Scott Newman State Government Finance and Policy and Elections Mary Kiffmeyer Mark Koran Jim Carlson Taxes Roger Chamberlain Dave Senjem Ann Rest Transportation Finance and Policy Scott Newman John Jasinski Scott Dibble Veterans and Military Affairs Finance and Policy Bruce Anderson Andrew Lang Jerry Newton Select Committees Health Care Consumer Access and Affordability ( established May 22 , 2017 ) Scott Jensen House of Representatives ( edit ) Committee Chair Vice Chair DFL Lead ( s ) Agriculture Finance Rod Hamilton Tim Miller Jeanne Poppe Agriculture Policy Paul Anderson Jeff Backer David Bly Capital Investment Dean Urdahl Mark Uglem Alice Hausman Civil Law and Data Practices Policy Peggy Scott Dennis Smith John Lesch Commerce and Regulatory Reform Joe Hoppe Kelly Fenton Linda Slocum Education Finance Jenifer Loon Peggy Bennett Jim Davnie Education Innovation Policy Sondra Erickson Brian Daniels Carlos Mariani Environment and Natural Resources Policy and Finance Dan Fabian Josh Heintzeman Rick Hansen Subcommittee Mining , Forestry , and Tourism Chris Swedzinski Dale Lueck Jason Metsa Ethics Sondra Erickson Mary Murphy Government Operations and Elections Policy Tim O'Driscoll Cindy Pugh Mike Nelson Health and Human Services Finance Matt Dean Tony Albright Erin Murphy Health and Human Services Reform Joe Schomacker Glenn Gruenhagen Tina Liebling Subcommittees Aging and Long - Term Care Deb Kiel Tama Theis Susan Allen Childcare Access and Affordability Mary Franson Roz Peterson Peggy Flanagan Higher Education and Career Readiness Policy and Finance Bud Nornes Drew Christensen Gene Pelowski Job Growth and Energy Affordability Policy and Finance Pat Garofalo Jim Newberger Tim Mahoney Karen Clark Jean Wagenius Legacy Funding Finance Bob Gunther Sandy Layman Leon Lillie Public Safety and Security Policy and Finance Tony Cornish ( until November 9 , 2017 ) Brian Johnson ( until February 8 , 2018 ) Debra Hilstrom Brian Johnson ( from February 8 , 2018 ) Rules and Legislative Administration Joyce Peppin Dave Baker Melissa Hortman State Government Finance Sarah Anderson Jim Nash Sheldon Johnson Subcommittee Workplace Safety and Respect ( established February 7 , 2018 ) Division Veterans Affairs Bob Dettmer Matt Bliss Paul Rosenthal Taxes Greg Davids Joe McDonald Paul Marquart Division Property Tax and Local Government Finance Steve Drazkowski Jerry Hertaus Diane Loeffler Transportation Finance Paul Torkelson John Petersburg Frank Hornstein Transportation and Regional Governance Policy Linda Runbeck Jon Koznick Connie Bernardy Ways and Means Jim Knoblach Bob Vogel Lyndon Carlson Select Committees Technology and Responsive Government ( established February 16 , 2017 ) Dave Baker Administrative officers ( edit ) Senate ( edit ) Secretary : Cal Ludeman First Assistant Secretary : Colleen Pacheco Second Assistant Secretary : Mike Linn Third Assistant Secretary : Jessica Tupper Engrossing Secretary : Melissa Mapes Sergeant at Arms : Sven Lindquist Assistant Sergeant at Arms : Marilyn Logan Chaplain : Mike Smith House of Representatives ( edit ) Chief Clerk : Patrick Murphy First Assistant Chief Clerk : Tim Johnson Second Assistant Chief Clerk : Gail Romanowski Desk Clerk : Marilee Davis Legislative Clerk : David Surdez Chief Sergeant at Arms : Bob Meyerson Assistant Sergeant at Arms : Erica Brynildson Assistant Sergeant at Arms : Andrew Olson Index Clerk : Carl Hamre References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` S.C.R. No. 8 '' . Minnesota Senate . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ; Coolican , J. Patrick ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Legislature adjourns special session '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Ricardo ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Gov. Mark Dayton fainted near the end of his annual statewide address '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Dayton recovering after collapsing during his State of the State address '' . Twin Cities . 2017 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Verges , Josh ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Steve Sviggum , General Mills CEO elected to UMN Board of Regents '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dayton , Mark ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Letter '' ( PDF ) ( Letter ) . Letter to Kurt Daudt . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Dayton , GOP legislators strike deal on insurance rebates '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bierschbach , Briana ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Dayton signs booze bill ; liquor stores can be open on Sundays starting July 2 '' . MinnPost . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Dayton wo n't block $542 M for insurance companies , but withholds signature '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bierschbach , Briana ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` With new law , Minnesota becomes the last state to comply with federal Real ID Act '' . MinnPost . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coolican , J. Patrick ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Dayton signs 10 budget bills and tax cuts , but defunds Legislature '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cox , Peter ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Students at Minnesota 's public colleges face likely tuition hikes '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Magan , Christopher ; Vezner , Tad ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Protester penalties out , ban on undocumented immigrant driver 's licenses in '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Janet ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Transportation bill staves off transit cuts -- for now '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Magan , Christopher ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Education budget boosts funding , but teachers union urges veto '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zdechlik , Mark ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Holding his nose , Dayton signs Health and Human Services bill '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Bill ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Get ready for some construction cranes . Mark Dayton signs $990 M infrastructure bill '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Janet ; Harlow , Tim ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Distracted - driving bill aims ' to stop the carnage on our roads today ' '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harlow , Tim ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Measure banning Minnesota drivers from using hand - held devices faces long odds '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Furst , Randy ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Bill to crack down on Minnesota protesters appears to be national trend '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Brandt ; Cox , Peter ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Committee debates bills aimed at self - defense , permit to carry laws '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vezner , Tad ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota gun rights legislation fails to get far , despite Republican legislative control '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Jennifer ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota House cracks down on female genital mutilation '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koumpilova , Mila ; Mahamud , Faiza ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota bill against female genital mutilation raises opposition '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Beatrice ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` School choice debate kicks off at Minn . State Capitol '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lopez , Ricardo ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Bills to crack down on Minnesota protesters advance in House , Senate '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coolican , J. Patrick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Some DFL lawmakers call for legal marijuana , acknowledge uphill battle '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Elizabeth ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Dayton administration pushes ambitious renewable energy mandate '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` In first step , Minnesota House votes to block cities ' wage , workplace rules '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Senate approves bill blocking cities ' wage , sick - leave ordinances '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lopez , Ricardo ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` As expected , Gov. Dayton vetoes two bills that sought limits on abortions in Minnesota '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Republicans in Legislature line up behind budget plan '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Ricardo ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Dayton follows through on threat , vetoes 5 budget bills '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , David ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Dayton vetoes all budget bills -- with only six days to go '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coolican , J. Patrick ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Republicans want to reshape environmental protection , meeting stiff DFL resistance '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Magan , Christopher ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Education budget proposal focuses on flexibility ; critics say it 's not enough '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bierschbach , Briana ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` State budget battle revolves around a basic question : How much should it cost to run Minnesota 's government ? '' . MinnPost . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota House passes $2.2 billion plan to improve roads , bridges '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Ricardo ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Senate GOP transportation plan calls for diverting general fund money '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vezner , Tad ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` From police training to protests , Legislature drafts joint public safety bill '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bierschbach , Briana ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Why higher ed funding could be a major sticking point in budget negotiations at the state Capitol '' . MinnPost . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Budget progress in Minnesota Legislature delayed with lawmaker 's absence '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Magan , Christopher ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Dayton vetoes teacher licensing overhaul bill '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stassen - Berger , Rachel E. ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Dayton vetoes bill curtailing cities ' paid - time off , minimum wage rules '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - Governor Mark Dayton '' . Veto Details , Minnesota Legislature . Minnesota Legislative Reference Library . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Supreme Court upholds Gov. Mark Dayton 's veto of House , Senate budget '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senate DFL Caucus elects Assistant Leaders '' . Minnesota Senate DFL . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senate DFL Caucus Appoints Freshman Assistant Leader and Caucus Whips '' . Minnesota Senate DFL . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Xiong , Chao ; Coolican , J. Patrick ( November 23 , 2017 ) . `` Despite resignation , Sen. Dan Schoen 's lawyer says DFLer ' never meant to sexually harass anybody ' '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , David ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lawmaker does n't live in district , MN Supreme Court rules ; ballot wo n't count '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coolican , J. Patrick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota state Rep. Tony Cornish to resign after harassment claims '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday , February 2 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Senate . Minnesota Senate . p. 458 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monday , May 22 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Senate . Minnesota Senate . p. 6100 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mohr , Jonathan ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Johnson appointed chairman of House Public Safety Committee '' . Session Daily . Minnesota House of Representatives Public Information Services . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cook , Mike ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` House creates subcommittee to address workplace respect issues '' . Session Daily . Minnesota House of Representatives Public Information Services . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday , February 16 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the House . Minnesota House of Representatives . p. 552 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Legislature 2017 Regular Session Laws 2017 , 1st Special Session Laws Legislative Tracker Senate List of popular or interesting bills compiled by the Senate Information Service List of bill summaries prepared by the Senate Counsel , Research and Fiscal Analysis Office Fiscal tracking spreadsheets prepared by the Senate Counsel , Research and Fiscal Analysis Office House of Representatives List of bill summaries prepared by the House Research Department List of act summaries prepared by the House Research Department Fiscal tracking spreadsheets prepared by the House Fiscal Analysis Department Official website of the Minnesota Senate Republican Caucus Preceded by Eighty - ninth Minnesota Legislature Ninetieth Minnesota Legislature 2017 -- 2018 Succeeded by Ninety - first Minnesota Legislature ( hide ) Minnesota Legislatures by year convened Territorial State 1st ( 1849 ) 2nd ( 1851 ) 3rd ( 1852 ) 4th ( 1853 ) 5th ( 1854 ) 6th ( 1855 ) 7th ( 1856 ) 8th ( 1857 ) 1st ( 1857 ) 2nd ( 1859 ) 3rd ( 1861 ) 4th ( 1862 ) 5th ( 1863 ) 6th ( 1864 ) 7th ( 1865 ) 8th ( 1866 ) 9th ( 1867 ) 10th ( 1868 ) 11th ( 1869 ) 12th ( 1870 ) 13th ( 1871 ) 14th ( 1872 ) 15th ( 1873 ) 16th ( 1874 ) 17th ( 1875 ) 18th ( 1876 ) 19th ( 1877 ) 20th ( 1878 ) 21st ( 1879 ) 22nd ( 1881 ) 23rd ( 1883 ) 24th ( 1885 ) 25th ( 1887 ) 26th ( 1889 ) 27th ( 1891 ) 28th ( 1893 ) 29th ( 1895 ) 30th ( 1897 ) 31st ( 1899 ) 32nd ( 1901 ) 33rd ( 1903 ) 34th ( 1905 ) 35th ( 1907 ) 36th ( 1909 ) 37th ( 1911 ) 38th ( 1913 ) 39th ( 1915 ) 40th ( 1917 ) 41st ( 1919 ) 42nd ( 1921 ) 43rd ( 1923 ) 44th ( 1925 ) 45th ( 1927 ) 46th ( 1929 ) 47th ( 1931 ) 48th ( 1933 ) 49th ( 1935 ) 50th ( 1937 ) 51st ( 1939 ) 52nd ( 1941 ) 53rd ( 1943 ) 54th ( 1945 ) 55th ( 1947 ) 56th ( 1949 ) 57th ( 1951 ) 58th ( 1953 ) 59th ( 1955 ) 60th ( 1957 ) 61st ( 1959 ) 62nd ( 1961 ) 63rd ( 1963 ) 64th ( 1965 ) 65th ( 1967 ) 66th ( 1969 ) 67th ( 1971 ) 68th ( 1973 ) 69th ( 1975 ) 70th ( 1977 ) 71st ( 1979 ) 72nd ( 1981 ) 73rd ( 1983 ) 74th ( 1985 ) 75th ( 1987 ) 76th ( 1989 ) 77th ( 1991 ) 78th ( 1993 ) 79th ( 1995 ) 80th ( 1997 ) 81st ( 1999 ) 82nd ( 2001 ) 83rd ( 2003 ) 84th ( 2005 ) 85th ( 2007 ) 86th ( 2009 ) 87th ( 2011 ) 88th ( 2013 ) 89th ( 2015 ) 90th ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=90th_Minnesota_Legislature&oldid=826729922 '' Categories : Minnesota legislative sessions 2010s in Minnesota Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 18 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when does the 2018 mn legislative session end
[ "The Ninetieth Minnesota Legislature is the current legislature of the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is composed of the Minnesota Senate and the Minnesota House of Representatives, based on the results of the 2016 Senate election and the 2016 House election. It convened in Saint Paul on January 3, 2017 and will end its biennial session on January 7, 2019. The legislature's 2017 session ended on May 22, 2017, and reconvened on February 20, 2018.[1] The legislature will adjourn no later than May 21, 2018, as mandated by the Minnesota Constitution. A special session to complete unfinished budget-related business was held from May 23 to 26, 2017.[2]" ]
[ "January 7, 2019" ]
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Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
Twenty - seventh amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Twenty - seventh amendment to the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Twenty - seventh Amendment ( Amendment XXVII ) to the United States Constitution prohibits any law that increases or decreases the salary of members of Congress from taking effect until the start of the next set of terms of office for Representatives . It is the most recent amendment to be adopted , but one of the first proposed . It was submitted by Congress to the states for ratification on September 25 , 1789 , along with eleven other proposed amendments . While ten of these twelve proposals were ratified in 1791 to become the Bill of Rights , what would become the Twenty - seventh Amendment and the proposed Congressional Apportionment Amendment did not get ratified by enough states for them to also come into force with the first ten amendments . The proposed congressional pay amendment was largely forgotten until 1982 when Gregory Watson researched it as a student at the University of Texas at Austin and began a new campaign for its ratification . Watson 's role has been widely popularized , since his original paper proposing the idea received a poor grade ( although a current Professor at Texas , Zachary Elkins , engineered a grade change in 2017 in light of Watson 's accomplishments ) . The amendment eventually became part of the United States Constitution on May 5 , 1992 , completing a record - setting ratification period of 202 years , 7 months , and 10 days . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Historical background 2.1 Proposal by Congress 2.2 Revival of interest 3 Ratification by the states 3.1 Affirmation of ratification 4 Cost - of - living adjustments 5 Prior proposed Twenty - seventh Amendments 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Sources 9 External links Text ( edit ) No law , varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to just show the text that was ratified over 202 years later as the Twenty - seventh Amendment Historical background ( edit ) Several states raised the issue of Congressional salaries as they debated whether to ratify the Constitution . The North Carolina ratifying convention proposed several amendments to the Constitution including the following : `` The laws ascertaining the compensation of senators and representatives , for their services , shall be postponed in their operation until after the election of representatives immediately succeeding the passing thereof ; that excepted which shall first be passed on the subject . '' Virginia 's ratifying convention recommended the identical amendment . New York 's declaration of ratification was accompanied by a similar amendment proposal : `` That the Compensation for the Senators and Representatives be ascertained by standing law ; and that no alteration of the existing rate of Compensation shall operate for the Benefit of the Representatives , until after a subsequent Election shall have been had . '' Proposal by Congress ( edit ) This amendment was one of several proposed amendments to the Constitution introduced by Representative James Madison of Virginia in the House of Representatives on June 8 , 1789 . Madison 's original intent was that it be added to the end of Article I , Section 6 , Clause 1 of the Constitution ( `` The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services , to be ascertained by Law , and paid out of the Treasury of the United States '' ) . This , along with Madison 's other proposals were referred to a committee consisting of one representative from each state . After emerging from committee , the full House debated the issue and , on August 24 , 1789 , passed it and sixteen other articles of amendment . The proposals went next to the Senate , which made 26 substantive alterations . On September 9 , 1789 , the Senate approved a culled and consolidated package of twelve articles of amendment . On September 21 , 1789 , a House -- Senate conference committee convened to resolve numerous differences between the House and Senate Bill of Rights proposals . On September 24 , 1789 , the committee issued its report , which finalized 12 proposed amendments for the House and Senate to consider . The House agreed to the conference report that same day , and the Senate concurred the next day . What would become the Twenty - seventh Amendment was listed second among the twelve proposals sent to the states for their consideration on September 25 , 1789 . Ten of these , numbers 3 -- 12 , were ratified fifteen months later and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights . The remaining proposal , the Congressional Apportionment Amendment , has not been ratified by enough states to make it part of the Constitution . Revival of interest ( edit ) This proposed amendment was largely forgotten until Gregory Watson , an undergraduate student at the University of Texas at Austin , wrote a paper on the subject in 1982 for a political science course . In the paper , Watson argued that the amendment was still `` live '' and could be ratified . Watson received a `` C '' grade on his paper from one of the course 's teaching assistants . Watson appealed the grade to the course instructor , Sharon Waite , who declined to overrule the teaching assistant . Watson responded by starting a new push for ratification with a letter - writing campaign to state legislatures . In 2016 , Zachary Elkins , a Professor in the Department of Government became interested in Watson 's story and began to document its origins . He tracked down Sharon Waite , who had left academia in the 1980s to run a citrus farm in the Rio Grande valley . Elkins suggested to Waite that they change Watson 's grade . In 2017 , Elkins submitted a grade change form with Waite 's signature and a grade change to `` A + '' . The registrar approved a grade change to `` A '' , because the university does not give grades higher than `` A '' . The U.S. Supreme Court , in its decision Coleman v. Miller , 307 U.S. 433 ( 1939 ) , had ruled that the validity of state ratifications of a constitutional amendment is political in nature -- and so not a matter properly assigned to the judiciary . It also held that as a political question , it was up to Congress to determine if an amendment with no time limit for ratification was still viable after an extended lapse of time based on `` the political , social and economic conditions which have prevailed during the period since the submission of the amendment '' . When Watson began his campaign in early 1982 , he was aware of ratification by six states and he erroneously believed that Virginia 's 1791 approval was the last action taken by the states . He learned in 1983 that Ohio had approved it in 1873 as a means of protest against the Salary Grab Act and learned in 1984 that Wyoming had done the same in 1978 , as a protest against a congressional pay raise . Watson did not know , until after the amendment 's adoption , that Kentucky had ratified the amendment in 1792 . In April 1983 , Maine became the first state to ratify the amendment as a result of Watson 's campaign , followed by Colorado in April 1984 . Numerous state legislatures followed suit . Michigan 's ratification on May 7 , 1992 , provided what was believed to be the 38th state ratification required for the archivist to certify the amendment -- Kentucky 's 1792 ratification having been overlooked . Ratification by the States ( edit ) Ratified amendment , 1789 -- 1792 Ratified amendment , 1873 Ratified amendment , 1978 -- 1991 Ratified amendment , May 1992 Ratified post-enactment , 1992 -- present Ratified twice ( NC : 1789 & 1989 ; KY : 1792 & 1996 ) Have not ratified amendment The Archivist did not certify the amendment until May 18 , 1992 , with 40 states listed as ratifying the amendment . Kentucky 's then - unknown 1792 ratification would have made it 41 states that had ratified at the time of certification , 3 more than the 38 required for a three - quarters majority . The following states ratified the Twenty - seventh Amendment : Maryland -- December 19 , 1789 North Carolina -- December 22 , 1789 ( reaffirmed July 4 , 1989 ) South Carolina -- January 19 , 1790 Delaware -- January 28 , 1790 Vermont -- November 3 , 1791 Virginia -- December 15 , 1791 Kentucky -- June 27 , 1792 ( reaffirmed March 21 , 1996 ) Ohio -- May 6 , 1873 Wyoming -- March 6 , 1978 Maine -- April 27 , 1983 Colorado -- April 22 , 1984 South Dakota -- February 21 , 1985 New Hampshire -- March 7 , 1985 ( after rejection -- January 26 , 1790 ) Arizona -- April 3 , 1985 Tennessee -- May 28 , 1985 Oklahoma -- July 1 , 1985 New Mexico -- February 14 , 1986 Indiana -- February 24 , 1986 Utah -- February 25 , 1986 Arkansas -- March 13 , 1987 Montana -- March 17 , 1987 Connecticut -- May 13 , 1987 Wisconsin -- July 15 , 1987 Georgia -- February 2 , 1988 West Virginia -- March 10 , 1988 Louisiana -- July 7 , 1988 Iowa -- February 9 , 1989 Idaho -- March 23 , 1989 Nevada -- April 26 , 1989 Alaska -- May 6 , 1989 Oregon -- May 19 , 1989 Minnesota -- May 22 , 1989 Texas -- May 25 , 1989 Kansas -- April 5 , 1990 Florida -- May 31 , 1990 North Dakota -- March 25 , 1991 Alabama -- May 5 , 1992 Missouri -- May 5 , 1992 Michigan -- May 7 , 1992 On May 18 , 1992 , the Archivist of the United States , Don W. Wilson , certified that the amendment 's ratification had been completed . Michigan 's May 7 , 1992 , ratification was believed to be the 38th state , but it later came to light that the Kentucky General Assembly had ratified the amendment during that state 's initial month of statehood , making Missouri the state to finalize the amendment 's addition to the Constitution . The amendment was later ratified by : 40 . New Jersey -- May 7 , 1992 ( After rejection -- November 20 , 1789 ) 41 . Illinois -- May 12 , 1992 42 . California -- June 26 , 1992 43 . Rhode Island -- June 10 , 1993 ( After rejection -- June 7 , 1790 ) 44 . Hawaii -- April 29 , 1994 45 . Washington -- April 6 , 1995 46 . Nebraska -- April 1 , 2016 Four states have not ratified the Twenty - seventh Amendment : Massachusetts , Mississippi , New York , and Pennsylvania . Affirmation of ratification ( edit ) In certifying that the amendment had been duly ratified , the Archivist of the United States had acted under statutory authority granted to his office by the Congress under Title 1 , section 106b of the United States Code , which states : Whenever official notice is received at the National Archives and Records Administration that any amendment proposed to the Constitution of the United States has been adopted , according to the provisions of the Constitution , the Archivist of the United States shall forthwith cause the amendment to be published , with his certificate , specifying the States by which the same may have been adopted , and that the same has become valid , to all intents and purposes , as a part of the Constitution of the United States . The response in Congress was sharp . Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia scolded Wilson for certifying the amendment without congressional approval . Although Byrd supported Congressional acceptance of the amendment , he contended that Wilson had deviated from `` historic tradition '' by not waiting for Congress to consider the validity of the ratification , given the extremely long lapse of time since the amendment had been proposed . Speaker of the House Tom Foley and others called for a legal challenge to the amendment 's unusual ratification . On May 20 , 1992 , under the authority recognized in Coleman , and in keeping with the precedent first established regarding the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment , each house of the 102nd Congress passed its own version of a concurrent resolution agreeing that the amendment was validly ratified , despite the unorthodox period of more than 202 years for the completion of the task . The Senate 's approval of the resolution was unanimous ( 99 to 0 ) and the House vote was 414 to 3 . Twenty - seventh Amendment 's certification , National Archives Cost - of - living adjustments ( edit ) Congressional cost - of - living adjustments ( COLA ) have been upheld against legal challenges based on this amendment . In Boehner v. Anderson , the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that the Twenty - seventh Amendment does not affect annual COLAs . In Schaffer v. Clinton , the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ruled that receiving such a COLA does not grant members of the Congress standing in federal court to challenge that COLA ; the Supreme Court did not hear either case and so has never ruled on this amendment 's effect on COLAs . Prior proposed Twenty - seventh amendments ( edit ) Before the adoption of the Twenty - seventh Amendment , Congress had proposed two amendments to the Constitution with each intended to be the Twenty - seventh Amendment . Either proposed amendment could have become a twenty - seventh amendment if it had been ratified by three - fourths of the states : Equal Rights Amendment -- would have barred sex - based distinctions in any federal , state , or local law . District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment -- would have required the District of Columbia be treated the same as a state regarding congressional representation , presidential elections , and how the Constitution is amended . See also ( edit ) List of amendments to the United States Constitution List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution United States Bill of Rights Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alabama and Missouri both ratified the amendment on May 5 , 1992 , with the Archivist of the United States then recording Alabama as the 36th and Missouri the 37th state to ratify the amendment . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Berke , Richard ( May 8 , 1992 ) . `` 1789 Amendment Is Ratified But Now the Debate Begins '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Largey , Matt ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` He Got a Bad Grade . So , He Got the Constitution Amended . Now He 's Getting the Credit He Deserves '' . KUT . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law . Britannica Educational Publishing . 2012 . pp. 105 -- 108 . ISBN 9781615307555 . Jump up ^ `` Calculate Duration Between Two Dates -- Results '' . timeanddate.com . Jump up ^ `` The Bill of Rights : A Transcription '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Richard B. ( 1992 ) . `` The Sleeper Wakes : The History and Legacy of the Twenty - Seventh Amendment '' . Fordham Law Review . 61 ( 3 ) : 497 -- 557 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gordon Lloyd . `` Madison 's Speech Proposing Amendments to the Constitution , June 8 , 1789 '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Ashland , Ohio : The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Labunski , Richard E. ( 2006 ) . James Madison and the struggle for the Bill of Rights . Oxford University Press . pp. 235 -- 237 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518105 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Bernard ( 2002 ) . The Great Rights of Mankind : A History of the American Bill of Rights ( First Rowman & Littlefield ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 186 . ISBN 9780945612285 . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frantzich , Stephen E. ( 2008 ) . Citizen Democracy : Political Activists in a Cynical Age ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 12 -- 14 . ISBN 9780742564459 . Jump up ^ `` 27 : Congressional pay raises '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . November 27 , 2002 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dean , John W. ( September 27 , 2002 ) . `` The Telling Tale of the Twenty - Seventh Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Herman , Ken ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Herman : 35 years later , A+ for Austinite who got Constitution amended ? '' . mystatesman . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bomboy , Scott ( 7 May 2016 ) . `` How a C - grade college term paper led to a constitutional amendment '' . National Constitution Center . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rowley , Sean ( 2 September 2014 ) . `` 27th amendment aimed at congressional pay '' . Tahlequah Daily Press . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ webmasters , NC General Assembly . `` North Carolina General Assembly - House Bill 1052 Information / History ( 1989 - 1990 Session ) '' . www.ncleg.net . ^ Jump up to : Chapter XII , June Session 1792 . The Statute Law of Kentucky : With Notes , Prælections , and Observations on the Public Acts ... Frankfort : William Hunter . 1809 . pp. 76 -- 77 . ^ Jump up to : James J. Kilpatrick , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto . Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government . p. 64 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record of the 102nd Congress , Volume 138 -- Part 9 , May 19 , 1992 , p. 11656 . ^ Jump up to : Michaelis , Laura ( May 23 , 1992 ) . `` Both Chambers Rush to Accept 27th Amendment on Salaries '' . Congressional Quarterly . p. 1423 . Jump up ^ Kyvig , David E. ( 1996 ) . Explicit and Authentic Acts : Amending the U.S. Constitution , 1776 -- 1995 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . pp. 467 , 546n17 . ISBN 9780700607921 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Organic Laws of the United States of America '' . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Young , JoAnne ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` It took awhile , but add Nebraska 's name to the list '' . Lincoln Journal - Star . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ 30 F. 3d 156 ( D.C. Cir. 1994 ) Jump up ^ 240 F. 3d 878 ( 10th Cir. 2001 ) Sources ( edit ) The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation . ( Senate Document No. 103 -- 6 ) . ( Johnny H. Killian and George A. Costello , Eds . ) , Washington , D.C. : United States Government Publishing Office . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Coleman v. Miller National Archives : Bill of Rights including Twenty - seventh Amendment Library of Congress Bill of Rights Primary Documents links page Congressional resolutions recognizing ratification : S. Con. Res. 120 H. Con. Res. 320 Certification of the 27th Amendment at National Archives Online Public Access The Unlikely Story of the 27th Amendment , interview of Gregory Watson by the Dallas County Community College District on YouTube Washington Post Constitutional podcast about the ratification of the 27th Amendment ( with transcript ) ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=833068483 '' Categories : 1992 in American politics 1992 in American law 1st United States Congress Amendments to the United States Constitution History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Legislative branch of the United States government 1789 in American law 1789 in American politics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 14 : 06 . 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List of The Land Before Time characters
List of the Land Before Time characters - wikipedia List of the Land Before Time characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The main characters of The Land Before Time from the TV series . From left to right : Spike , Ducky , Cera , Littlefoot , Petrie , Ruby , and Chomper . This is a list of recurring characters in The Land Before Time , a series of animated children 's films . The main characters include Littlefoot ( Apatosaurus ) , Cera ( Triceratops ) , Ducky ( Saurolophus ) , Petrie ( Pteranodon ) , Spike ( Stegosaurus ) , and in the spin - off television series and the fourteenth movie , Chomper ( Tyrannosaurus ) and Ruby ( Oviraptor ) . Other characters include the families of the main characters , the residents of their home , the Great Valley , and outsiders to the Great Valley . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and development 2 Main characters 2.1 Littlefoot 2.2 Cera 2.3 Ducky 2.4 Petrie 2.5 Spike 2.6 Chomper 2.7 Ruby 3 Secondary characters 3.1 Mr. Thicknose 3.2 Mo 3.3 Guido 3.4 Shorty 3.5 Tippy and his Mother 3.6 Hyp , Mutt , and Nod 3.7 Ali 3.8 Mrs. Twoped 3.9 Doc 4 Supporting characters 4.1 Grandpa and Grandma Longneck 4.2 Bron 4.3 Chomper 's Parents 4.4 Ducky and Spike 's Mother 4.5 Ducky and Spike 's Siblings 4.6 Littlefoot 's Mother 4.7 Petrie 's Mother 4.8 Topps 4.9 Tria 4.10 Cera 's Siblings 5 Allies 5.1 The Tinysauruses 5.2 Kosh 5.3 Rooter 5.4 Foobie 5.5 Hidden Runner 5.6 Loofah and Doofah 5.7 Milo , Lydia , and Plower 5.8 Archie 5.9 Tickles 5.10 Elsie 5.11 Sue 5.12 Pat 5.13 Saro 5.14 Rainbow Faces 5.15 Dara 5.16 Swooper 5.17 Etta 5.18 Wild Arms 6 Antagonists + Villains 6.1 Sharptooth 6.2 Ozzy and Strut 6.3 Dil and Ichy 6.4 Red Claw 6.5 Screech and Thud 6.6 Rhett 6.7 Pterano 6.7. 1 Rinkus and Sierra 6.8 The Great Hideous Beast 6.9 Unnamed Sharpteeth 7 References Creation and development ( edit ) The idea for The Land Before Time came during production of An American Tail . Steven Spielberg 's studio Amblin Entertainment was interested in doing a film about dinosaurs , which were popular at the time , leading Spielberg , director Don Bluth , and producer George Lucas to develop the prehistoric setting and its cast . Inspired by the dinosaur - themed `` Rite of Spring '' sequence from Disney 's Fantasia , Spielberg had originally intended for the movie to have no speech , with music queues and body language telling the story , effectively rendering all the characters mute . However , it was decided that the film could n't carry a story without dialogue , and each character was given language accordingly . Despite this , the film 's artists would still use the Fantasia sequence and characters as guides when creating their the very first concept art . Bluth had to learn most of his information about specific dinosaur species before work began , stating `` I had to do lots and lots of research because I never was a fanatic about dinosaurs as a kid . But in many ways it became a fictional fantasy because it 's about these young children who are taught to hate each other ; anyone who is different from him . When they are separated from their parents , these five little children have to learn to get along with each other for survival . So there is a bit of a moral in it , too . '' The films creators wanted to have a Tyrannosaurus as the main villain , which became the `` Sharptooth '' that would define many similar antagonists throughout the series . While Bluth had originally wanted to portray a more `` forceful , dramatic '' representation of prehistoric times , the idea was sometimes at odds with studio executives who wanted a more child - friendly `` get - along gang '' approach , which called for the main characters becoming cuter , but still distinctly detailed , as a compromise . After the release of the first film , neither Bluth , Spielberg , or Lucas had further creative input in the series , with character development and design tweaks now guided by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment and associated studios . Main characters ( edit ) Littlefoot ( edit ) Littlefoot , voiced by Gabriel Damon ( I ) , Scott McAfee ( II - IV ) , Brandon LaCroix ( V ) , Thomas Dekker ( singing voice , V ; singing and speaking , VI - IX ) , Alec Medlock ( X ) , Aaron Spann ( XI ) , Nick Price ( XII ) , Cody Arens ( XIII - TV series ) , Anthony Skillman ( singing voice , XIII - TV series ) and Felix Avitia ( XIV ) , is a brown male Apatosaurus , or `` Longneck '' . He is the protagonist of The Land Before Time series whose birth marked the beginning of the very first film . When his mother dies protecting him from a Sharptooth , he is forced to travel through the harsh wilderness alone to find his surviving grandparents . After meeting several young dinosaurs along the way who would become his best friends , they arrive in the verdant Great Valley where the series primarily takes place . In Journey Through the Mists , Littlefoot is introduced to his female cousin Ali , a member of another Longneck herd . He is eventually meets his father , Bron , in the film The Great Longneck Migration , who adopts an orphaned Brachiosaurus named Shorty who becomes his foster brother . Littlefoot has been referred to by several species names throughout the series . In the first film he is called a Brontosaurus on the home video packaging and by numerous media outlets . He was also called a Brachiosaurus on the later - released VHS clamshell case and Rotten Tomatoes UK . He is now listed as an Apatosaurus the official website and in modern incarnations of the series . He was originally named `` Thunderfoot '' by the creators of the first film , until it was discovered that a Triceratops character from a children 's book had the same name . The original name was kept very late into production , up until just before the movie 's release . Littlefoot has been compared to characters such as Disney 's Bambi , and Dorothy from The Wizard of Oz , on how he goes on a strange journey and meets many new friends along the way . Cera ( edit ) Cera , voiced by Candace Hutson ( I - IV ) , and Anndi McAfee ( V - XIV ) is a female orange Triceratops , or `` Threehorn '' . Like Littlefoot , she hatches in the first film , and is later separated from her parents and sisters during an earthquake . She accompanies Littlefoot to the Great Valley where she is eventually reunited with her father . She is stubborn , boastful , sometimes reckless , and occasionally belligerent , but is often made look foolish when she is proven wrong . The initial film , and a few sequels , attributed an ego to her species , especially to herself and her father , but this is diminished in later appearances . In the movie Invasion of the Tinysauruses , her dad begins a new relationship with a Threehorn named Tria , who Cera dislikes at first , but eventually comes to accept . By the following film , Tria and Cera 's father have become mates , and have a child named Tricia , Cera 's half - sister . The character was originally conceived as a male Triceratops named `` Bambo '' , but was changed to a female named `` Cera '' at the suggestion of producer George Lucas midway through animation of the first movie . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post called Cera `` a fiercely cute and rambunctious little dynamo '' in his review of the 1988 original , with critic Mark R. Leeper likewise calling her `` cute and pugnacious . '' She was the main character of the 2001 children 's book The Land Before Time : Cera 's Big Day Out by Molly Goode , Judy Freudeberg , and Tony Geiss , as well as the 2007 book Cera 's Shiny Stone based on the TV series episode `` The Canyon of Shiny Stones '' . Ducky ( edit ) Ducky , voiced by Judith Barsi ( I ) , Heather Hogan ( II - IV ) and Aria Noelle Curzon ( V - XIV ) , is a female green Saurolophus , known colloquially as a `` Big Mouth '' , `` Duck Bill '' , or `` Swimmer '' . She was one of the young dinosaurs who accompanied Littlefoot to the Great Valley when she was separated from her family . After arriving in her new home , her mother adopted the orphaned Spike , who became her foster younger brother . She has numerous biological siblings , with many being born in the original film and Journey of the Brave . Characterized as having an energetic , cheerful , childlike personality , she speaks enthusiastically often replies to things in triplicate ( `` Yep , yep , yep ! '' or `` Nope , nope , nope ! '' ) . Her species has been inconsistently labeled in various Land Before Time media . While the official website referred to her as a Parasaurolophus , she has also been identified as the similar species Saurolophus , which she more closely resembles , in the 1997 The Land Before Time Sing - Along Songs video cassette . Many sources have also referred to her as an Anatosaurus , including Jerry Beck 's The Animated Movie Guide and David Mansour 's From Abba to Zoom : A Pop - Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century . In her review of the 1988 film , Wendy Miller of the Mohave Daily Miner referred to the character as `` an adorably gregarious young anatosaurus who immediately wins the audiences heart . '' Petrie ( edit ) Petrie , voiced by Will Ryan ( I ) and Jeff Bennett ( II - XIV ) , is a male brown Pteranodon , or `` Flyer '' . The comic relief of the first film , he is characterized as panicky and anxious , and traveled with Littlefoot to find his mother and siblings in the Great Valley while learning the basics of flight along the way . He is talkative , but speaks in broken English , usually omitting linking verbs ( is , are , am ) , using `` me '' in place of `` I '' , and referring to himself in third person . He was originally meant to have a larger role in his debut , but much of his screen time was given to Ducky due to how impressed the producers were with Judith Barsi 's performance . He was a central character in the twelfth film The Great Day of the Flyers . The producers of the original film had difficulty deciding on a voice for the character until it was suggested by Steven Spielberg 's son , Max , that he sound similar to Digit from the previous Don Bluth movie , An American Tail . Digit 's voice actor Will Ryan was then asked to fill the role . It was pointed out in the book Test Prep Your IQ with the Essentials of Film that Petrie is the only one of the original five principal characters that is not technically a dinosaur ; Pteranodons are pterosaurs . Spike ( edit ) Spike , voiced by Rob Paulsen ( II - V , VII - XIV ) and Jeff Bennett ( VI ) , is a male green Stegosaurus , or `` Spiketail '' . Despite being the largest , he is actually the youngest of the original main characters ; his hatching being witnessed by Ducky whose parents later adopted him . He is characterized as gluttonous , laid - back , and rarely speaks , communicating mostly in grunts or scat singing . During the fourth film , Journey Through the Mists , he speaks for the first time , calling Ducky 's name , and again in the eighth film The Big Freeze , where calls out to his mother . In the same movie , it is mentioned that his birth parents were probably lost in the earthquake of the first film , and becomes close friends with another Stegosaurus named Tippy . The TV series episode `` Through the Eyes of a Spiketail '' , is told largely from Spike 's point of view , where he speaks , internally , with a low voice , and can `` hear '' the song of plants that guide him to them . Spike 's design was based on Bluth 's pet Chow Chow , Cubby , with the director commenting that he had a personal fondness for the character , calling him `` a pure soul , simple , accommodating , and eager to please . '' He has been described by journalists as the `` fat kid '' of the group , `` quiet and shy , '' and a `` tagalong . '' Chomper ( edit ) Chomper , voiced by Rob Paulsen ( II ) , Cannon Young ( V ) , Max Burkholder ( TV series ) , and Issac Ryan Brown ( XIV ) is a male purple Tyrannosaurus , or `` Sharptooth '' . He first appeared in the second film , The Great Valley Adventure , as a newborn hatchling whom Littlefoot and the others attempt to raise before returning him to his parents . He re-appeared as a supporting character in the fifth movie The Mysterious Island , now able to speak the language of both Sharpteeth and leaf - eaters , where he must convince his parents and Cera that both groups can get along . He became a main character in the TV series , having migrated to the Great Valley under the care of Ruby , and attempts to discover how its residents can live in harmony so he can pass this knowledge to his own kind . He is also known for having an amazing sense of smell , which comes in handy on occasion . Chomper also appears in the Fourteenth movie Journey of the Brave . When he attempts to greet Wild Arms , who passes out . In his debut in The Great Valley Adventure , Steve Rhodes of Rotten Tomatoes UK commended the character 's design , calling him `` a real scene stealer . '' Chomper is the star of the children 's book The Lonely Dinosaur , based on the TV series episode `` The Lonely Journey '' . Ruby ( edit ) Ruby , voiced by Meghan Strange , is a female pink Oviraptor , or `` Fast Runner '' , who first appeared in the television series , debuting in the inaugural episode `` The Cave of Many Voices '' . Originally from the Mysterious Beyond , she meets Chomper and agrees to accompany him to the Great Valley , and becomes separated from her parents and two siblings after they are ambushed by a Sharptooth named Redclaw . Later , she re-unites with her family in the episode `` Return to Hanging Rock '' , but returns to the Valley in order to keep looking after Chomper as promised . She made her film debut in the fourteenth movie Journey of the Brave . Ruby is characterized as being the wisest of her friends , giving advice or encouragement , and often makes repetitive or redundant statements ( `` Hello my friends , my friends hello . '' or `` I think I need to go do some thinking at my thinking place . '' ) Secondary characters ( edit ) Mr. Thicknose ( edit ) Mr. Thicknose , voiced by Robert Guillaume ( VIII ) and Dorian Harewood ( TV series ) , is an elderly Pachyrhinosaurus . In his first appearance , The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze , he is a very respected resident of the Great Valley ; having convinced the others that he has been everywhere and seen everything . When snow falls in the Valley for the first known time , and he is unable to explain it , the other adults lose faith in him . While stranded in the Mysterious Beyond , he reveals to the children , to whom he acted as a teacher , that most of his knowledge comes from secondary sources . Despite this , he is able to use the knowledge he learned to guide them back to the Great Valley . The character 's only appearance in the films , to date , was in The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze , but he has become a regular in the TV series . Mo ( edit ) Mo , voiced by Rob Paulsen , is a colorful Ophthalmosaurus who first appeared in The Land Before Time IX : Journey to Big Water . The character is bilingual , speaking a broken form of the herbivore language , as well as his native dolphin - like language . He is very playful , and becomes popular with the main characters aside from Cera , who is at first annoyed by his playful antics . Though the character 's only prominent roles are in the ninth movie and in the TV episode `` The Missing Fast - Water Adventure '' , he has made a few cameo appearances in the films . In The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration , he jumps out of the water during the `` Adventuring '' musical number , and he says `` And fly ! '' during the song `` Flip , Flap and Fly '' in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers . Guido ( edit ) Guido , voiced by Rob Paulsen , is a teal blue Microraptor gui , who first appears in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers . He is convinced that he 's the only one of his kind , having never seen another of his kind before . His origins are unknown , as he apparently has no idea what he is or where he came from . Though he tries to fly , he can only glide for a brief period of time . He reappears in the TV episode `` The Hermit of Black Rock '' , in which he and Petrie meet an old blind purple Harpactognathus named Swooper ( voiced by Jess Harnell ) , and learns to fly properly . He often appears neurotic or panicky at times , and easily confused . Shorty ( edit ) Shorty , voiced by Brandon Michael DePaul ( X ) and Elizabeth Daily ( TV series ) is a young dark green Brachiosaurus who first appears in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration . When Bron found Shorty , he was defending a group of much younger Camarasaurus . Shorty bullies Littlefoot at first and antagonizes him , until Littlefoot decides that he can be his adopted older brother , and Shorty accepts . Later , at the end of the film , it is implied that Bron adopts him . Tippy and his mother ( edit ) Tippy , voiced by Jeremy Suarez ( VIII ) and Cree Summer ( TV series ) , is a pink and brown Stegosaurus who first appeared in The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze , in which his herd migrates into the Great Valley temporarily , after which he quickly befriends Spike . Unlike Spike , Tippy , though with limited use of words , is very vocal . Tippy 's mother ( voiced by Susan Krebs ) is a kindly female Stegosaurus , who invites Spike to spend time with her herd upon learning that he has been adopted by another species and has not spent time around his species . She later invites him to travel with the herd when they leave the Valley in search of food during the freeze . She and her son , together with their herd , reappear in the episode `` The Forbidden Friendship . '' Hyp , Mutt , and Nod ( edit ) Hyp , Mutt , and Nod are a trio of adolescent dinosaurs , who first appeared in The Land Before Time III : The Time of the Great Giving , in which they often quarrel with Littlefoot , Cera , and the others . It is also implied near the end of the film that Hyp the gray Hypsilophodon , behaves in this manner because of the aggressive treatment he receives from his father . His lackey , Mutt the green Muttaburrasaurus , is shown to be much softer - hearted , as well as dim - witted , whereas Hyp 's other lackey , Nod the green Nodosaurus , frequently emphasizes Hyp 's statements , as well as allowing him to ride on his back . They become friends with the protagonists after all eight cooperate against a pack of Fast - Bitters . The trio appear again in the season one finale of the television series , `` The Great Egg Adventure . '' In the film , they were voiced by Whit Hetford ( Hyp ) , Jeff Bennett ( Mutt ) , and Scott Menville ( Nod ) . In the TV series , Bennett and Menville resume their roles , but Hyp is voiced by Mikey Kelley . Ali ( edit ) Ali , voiced by Juliana Hansen ( IV ) and Nika Futterman ( TV series ) , is a young female purple Brontosaurus and a cousin of Littlefoot 's , who first appeared in The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists . She quickly befriends Littlefoot , but is wary of the other main characters since they are not Longnecks . However , she befriends them after they all cooperate against common danger . She is their guide through the ' Land of Mists ' through which her family formerly traveled . Ali appears again in the TV episode `` The Brave Longneck Scheme . '' Mrs. Twoped ( edit ) Mrs. Twoped was an unseen friend of Tria around the time of Tricia 's hatching . After Tricia ran for the very first time in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers , Tria remarked that she could not wait to tell Mrs. Twoped about it . Due to her last name , Mrs. Twoped can be presumed to be a two - legged dinosaur . In the Swedish translation , her name is `` Fru . Rörhuvud '' , which translates to `` Mrs. Tubehead '' , so she could be a Parasaurolophus . Doc ( edit ) Doc , voiced by Kris Kristofferson ( VI ) and Jeff Bennett ( TV series ) is a nomadic elderly Diplodocus . In his first appearance , he saves Littlefoot shortly after arriving in the Great Valley , and Littlefoot idolizes him thereafter as the legendary ' Lone Dinosaur ' , who purportedly saved the Great Valley from a particularly powerful Sharptooth long before ; Doc 's own statements about having visited the Great Valley before , as well as a large scar on his face resembling one of the legend , support Littlefoot 's ideas . At the end of the film , after Doc and Grandpa Longneck defeat a marauding Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus Rex together , Doc leaves the Valley . He appears again in the TV episode `` The Lone Dinosaur Returns , '' in which he now has a lady - friend . During the episode , he is initially appalled by Littlefoot 's friendship with Chomper , but is gradually convinced to respect the latter . Supporting characters ( edit ) Grandpa and Grandma Longneck ( edit ) Grandpa Longneck , voiced by Bill Erwin ( I ) and Kenneth Mars ( II - XII , TV series ) and Barry Bostwick ( XIV ) , and Grandma Longneck , voiced by Linda Gary ( II - IV ) and Miriam Flynn ( V - XIV , TV series ) , are two older bluish - grey Brontosauruses and are Littlefoot 's maternal grandparents . They are his primary caregivers after his mother 's ( their daughter 's ) death ; whereas Grandpa Longneck , together with Topsy , serves as a leader of the combined herds of the Great Valley . Littlefoot regards his grandfather as an idol . Although both elders seldom fight , each is fully capable of opposing a tyrannosaur . Grandma and Grandpa Longneck appear in all of the Land Before Time films , and in many episodes of the TV series . Their names have never been given : all the characters address them by title , or by the species name of `` Longneck , '' including by each other ; modifying this , Bron appears as their son - in - law , wherefore he identifies them as `` Papa and Mama Longneck . '' Bron ( edit ) Bron , voiced by Kiefer Sutherland ( X ) and Cam Clarke ( TV series ) , and Scott Whyte ( XIV ) is a brown Brontosaurus , the father of Littlefoot , and adoptive father of Shorty . He first appears in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration , wherein Bron reveals that he was separated from his wife and parents - in - law before Littlefoot hatched . Although Littlefoot and Bron are affectionate , they separate at the end of the film , promising to reunite . Bron eventually fulfills this in the TV episode `` The Big Longneck Test , '' in which he administers a series of difficult tasks to Littlefoot . He reappears in the movie `` Journey of The Brave '' where he is trapped near a volcano and is hurt . He is shown to be proud of his son 's will to save him . Chomper 's parents ( edit ) Chomper 's Parents are a pair of Tyrannosaurus , featured in both of Chomper 's film appearances . They are sexually dimorphic , with Chomper 's father being dark green and his mother having an olive green color . They are very protective of their son , as when they invade the Great Valley to search for his egg in The Land Before Time II : The Great Valley Adventure , and fighting to protect him from a Giganotosaurus in The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island . Although the two initially treat the protagonists as prey , they promise to spare them , as a reward for rescuing Chomper from the Giganotosaurus . In The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists , a dark green Sharptooth resembling Chomper 's father is chasing a herd of Dryosaurus . Ducky and Spike 's mother ( edit ) Ducky and Spike 's Mother , voiced by Tress MacNeille ( II - XII , TV series ) and Meghan Strange ( XIV ) , is a grayish green Saurolophus and has appeared in most of the movies . Ducky and Spike 's father is rarely seen but has appeared in the initial film , and in the background of The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze . The mother is a kindly , attentive figure , and is treated with respect by all children and adults in the Great Valley . She occasionally has doubts on whether to raise Spike in keeping with her own values or with those of his racial heritage ; this was seen in The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze when a stegosaur herd met and befriended Spike . Ducky and Spike 's siblings ( edit ) There are at least 14 young siblings , resembling Ducky herself but seldom seen . In the first film , Ducky 's nest contained about half a dozen eggs , whereas in the second film , Ducky 's parents have another nest , whence an equal number are hatched . As revealed in the latest film , more siblings are younger than Ducky and Spike . Littlefoot 's mother ( edit ) Appearing only in The Land Before Time , Littlefoot 's Mother , voiced by Helen Shaver , lost her life in the first film to save Littlefoot and Cera from the Sharptooth pursuing them . Before her death , she is Littlefoot 's teacher and caregiver , and introduces the story 's principal themes ; and after death , appears in spirit to reveal his destination . She is also shown in a flashback scene in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration , wherein she is blue in color , whereas in the first film , she was brown . Petrie 's mother ( edit ) Petrie 's Mother , voiced by Tress MacNeille ( I - XIII , TV series ) and Anndi McAfee ( XIV ) , is a dark blue Pteranodon who appears in the entire series of The Land Before Time . She has major appearances in The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island , The Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire , and The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers . In the seventh film , she flies to the Mysterious Beyond to find Petrie and Ducky , blaming her brother Pterano for endangering them . Topps ( edit ) Topps , voiced by Burke Byrnes ( I ) , John Ingle ( II - XIII , TV series ) and George Ball ( XIV ) , is a gray Triceratops , and the father of Cera . He was credited as `` Daddy Topps '' in the first film and is otherwise called `` Mr. Threehorn '' . In The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses , the character Tria refers to him by the pet name `` Topsy , '' much to the annoyance of Cera . He is portrayed as belligerent , domineering , sometimes hostile , and stubborn like his daughter , and as such , serves as opposition party to Grandpa Longneck , at any decisive meeting of the herds . Most interspecies racism is associated with him , but his principal anxiety in most appearances , is the protection of Cera . Tria ( edit ) Tria , voiced by Camryn Manheim ( XI - XII ) and Jessica Gee ( XIII , TV series ) , is a pink `` Three - Horn '' ( Triceratops ) , and Topps ' second mate . Tria is introduced in The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses , wherein she is opposed by Cera until later in the story . Tria and Topps have a child in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers . Cera 's siblings ( edit ) Topps and his first mate are shown to have had several children on at least two occasions . The first time can only be inferred , in that the existence of Dinah and Dana - Cera 's niece and nephew and Topps ' grandchildren - implies that Topps and his mate had at least one child before Cera 's egg laying . Cera also had several sisters of an age with herself , though they are seldom seen . As of The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers , she has a half - sister named Tricia : the offspring of her father and stepmother , Tria . Allies ( edit ) The Tinysauruses ( edit ) The Tinysauruses are an underground colony of Mussaurus , who appeared in The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses . Their leader is an old cranky Mussaurus with a huge voice named Big Daddy ( voiced by Michael Clarke Duncan ) along with his daughter Lizzie ( voiced by Cree Summer ) . Other individuals include Skitter ( voiced by Leigh Kelly ) , Dusty ( voiced by Ashley Rose Orr ) , and Rocky ( voiced by Nika Futterman ) . The Tinysauruses make a cameo appearance in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers , and later are mentioned in the TV episode `` Stranger From the Mysterious Above . '' Kosh ( edit ) Kosh , voiced by Rob Paulsen ( III , minus V ) , Jeff Bennett ( XI - XII , TV series ) and Pete Sepenuk ( TV series ) , is a gluttonous , pink Ankylosaurus who appears reduces exile in some of The Land Before Time films and the TV series . He is almost always seen eating , and usually ends up having his meal disturbed or interrupted in some way . He is also rather quick to anger , though maybe not as much as Cera 's father . He is apparently on good terms with him , usually being the first to agree with Mr. Threehorn , but often argues with him too . His first name was revealed in the end credits of the TV episode `` The Star Day Celebration . '' Rooter ( edit ) Rooter , voice by Pat Hingle ( who also narrated the first film ) , is an old Turquoise - colored Scolosaurus , who consoles Littlefoot after the latter 's mother has died . His only appearance was in the first film . Foobie ( edit ) Foobie , voiced by Pete Sepenuk , is a mute Yellow Belly who is considered the Wise One of his herd . Foobie makes friends with Spike . He appears in The Land Before Time XIII : The Wisdom of Friends . Hidden Runner ( edit ) Hidden Runner , voiced by Rob Paulsen , is a green and blue Troodon whose only appearance , so far , has been in The Land Before Time TV series episode `` The Spooky Nighttime Adventure . '' He ( or she ) has the ability to blend in with its habitat due to its multi-colored markings , giving the impression that it can turn invisible , similar to a chameleon or octopus . Loofah and Doofah ( edit ) Loofah and Doofah are two Beipiaosaurus Yellow - Bellies who only appeared in The Land Before Time XIII : The Wisdom of Friends . Loofah is voiced by Cuba Gooding , Jr. and Doofah is voiced by Sandra Oh . Loofah is the cheerful leader of a herd of Yellow - Bellies who , in the film , are looking for the Berry Valley . Doofah is a prominent female in her herd , and is equally friendly and optimistic . Both of them have short - term memory loss , and are motivated by impulsive needs . Milo , Lydia , and Plower ( edit ) Milo , Lydia , and Plower are three Ceratogaulus featured in the TV episode `` Stranger From the Mysterious Above . '' They believe Spike to be `` The Big Wise One '' . Milo was voiced by Rob Paulsen , Plower by Meghan Strange , and Lydia by Anndi McAfee . Archie ( edit ) Archie is an old Archelon , living in a cave - system just outside the Land of Mists . He has only appeared in The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists , wherein he guides Littlefoot and his friends through the caves . Tickles ( edit ) Tickles is an arboreal Megazostrodon who appeared in The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists , to assist the protagonists . He was voiced by Frank Welker . Elsie ( edit ) Elsie is a green Elasmosaurus who returns Littlefoot , Ducky , Cera , Petrie , and Spike to their families at the end of The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island . She is voiced by Christina Pickles . Sue ( edit ) Sue is a bright pink Supersaurus . She saved Littlefoot from a Belly Dragger ( Sarcosuchus ) by simply crushing its face in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration . She wishes to meet somebody who is taller than her , and once in the crater , she meets a Sauroposeidon that is taller than herself . Sue is kind and gentle , but her real personality remains a mystery because of her short amount of screen - time . She was voiced by Bernadette Peters . Pat ( edit ) Pat is an old but not always wise Apatosaurus , who only appeared in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration , and was voiced by James Garner . Saro ( edit ) Saro is an Alamosaurus . He is an old friend of Grandpa Longneck , who has been interested in the stories of the Longnecks all his life . He appears in the episode of the TV series , `` The Legend of the Story Speaker . '' He is voiced by Pete Sepenuk . Rainbow Faces ( edit ) Rainbow Faces are two Gallimimus , who appeared in The Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire . Throughout their appearance , they show scientific knowledge exceeding that attributed to other characters , and are finally implied to be extraterrestrial in origin . The male Rainbow Face appears again in The Invasion of the Tinysauruses . Dara ( edit ) Dara is a wandering female Diplodocus who first appeared in the TV episode `` The Lone Dinosaur Returns . '' She is the lady - friend of Doc , the ' Lone Dinosaur ' . She is voiced by Susan Blu . Swooper ( edit ) Swooper is a blind , elderly Harpactognathus who Petrie and Guido meet in Black Rock in the TV episode `` The Hermit of Black Rock . '' He is voiced by Jess Harnell . Etta ( edit ) Etta is a Pteranodon who appears in The Land Before Time : Journey of the Brave . After Littlefoot meets her after looking for shelter during a `` Sand cloud '' a.k.a. Sand storm , she forces Littlefoot into a cave , and the mouth of the cave is blocked by sand , and later rocks . To cheer up the downtrodden Longneck , Etta tells Littlefoot to ' look for the light ' ; look for the positive in a negative situation . After a song number , she and Littlefoot hear sound from above the cave , coming from a skirmish between the rest of the Prehistoric Pals and a hostile Sharptooth . The dinosaurs ( and pterosaurs ) ride a river and use a waterfall to exit the cave opening , and make their way to the Fire Mountain ; the location of Littlefoot 's imperiled father , Bron . Etta has a burn mark on her arm when a small lava bomb hit her when she was near a volcano called Fire Mountain . She is voiced by Reba McEntire . Wild Arms ( edit ) Wild Arms is a Nothronychus who notifies Littlefoot and the rest of the valley that Bron has been imperiled in the Mysterious Beyond . In the evening , after the kids set off to find Littlefoot 's father , he is enlisted by Grandpa Longneck and Daddy Topps to guide them to the Fire Mountain , the exact location where Bron was put in danger due to a volcanic eruption . It is later revealed by Etta that Wild Arms ' life was nearly cut short during the eruption of the Fire Mountain , the therizinosaur narrowly escaping death due to the involvement of Bron ; though this rescue was ultimately what put Bron 's life on the line . After Bron is rescued , he , alongside Etta , Grandpa , Topps , and the Gang of Seven , head back to the Great Valley as the sun sets . Though Wild Arms is intended to be seen as a protagonistic character , he has few redeeming traits . Though his eccentric behavior does occasionally lead to humor , he is selfish , cowardly , and somewhat mean spirited . He is rather narcissistic , and is very reluctant to help those who need help the most . At the end of the movie , Wild Arms arrogantly tries to take credit for helping with the rescue , saying he `` volunteered '' when boasting to Etta ; who quickly laughs off his arrogance . He also has to be goaded into going into the Land of the Featherhead Sharpteeth , and , despite being told that Chomper is not a threat to him , passes out when Chomper attempts to greet him , forcing the others to have to carry him until they nearly encounter the Horned Sharptooth . He is voiced by Damon Wayans , Jr . Antagonists + villains ( edit ) Sharptooth ( edit ) Sharptooth is the main antagonist of The Land Before Time . He is an extremely strong , athletic , and powerful Tyrannosaurus , injured in pursuit of Littlefoot and Cera , but also the slayer of Littlefoot 's mother . Having fallen into a crack in the earth during an earthquake , he remains comatose until awoken by Cera , and thereafter pursues the protagonists until the end of the film , wherein they drown him in a lake . In the book adaption , he appears to have a grudge against them after Littlefoot inadvertently injured his right eye during his first encounter with him . Ozzy and Strut ( edit ) Ozzy and Strut are two Struthiomimus . They are the main antagonists of the second movie , The Land Before Time II : The Great Valley Adventure , where Ozzy is obsessed with eating eggs while Strut is clumsy and has more interest in plants . Having been prevented thrice from stealing eggs , and twice by Littlefoot and his friends , Ozzy and Strut attempt to drop him from a cliff , but are driven from the Valley by Chomper 's parents , and presumably killed . Ozzy is voiced by Jeff Bennett ( with a British accent ) and Strut is voiced by Rob Paulsen ( also with a British accent ) ; they are the only characters to identify themselves by species name , when Ozzy identifies himself as ' this Struthiomimus ' in their song - sequence . Other characters in the series identify them as `` egg stealers '' , `` fast runners '' , or `` claw - heads '' in movies and books in the franchise . Dil and Ichy ( edit ) Dil and Ichy are the main antagonists of The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists . Dil is a female Deinosuchus ( called a `` big - mouthed bellydragger '' ) and Ichy is a male Ichthyornis ( called a `` sharp beak '' ) . They pursue Littlefoot and his friends throughout the film , but often quarrel among themselves , partly because of the lack of food and partly because Dil is very nearsighted . Ultimately , they separate completely ; immediately afterwards , Dil was chased away by a plesiosaur . Dil is voiced by Tress MacNeille and Ichy is voiced by Jeff Bennett . Red Claw ( edit ) Red Claw , voiced by Pete Sepenuk , is a Tyrannosaurus who is the primary antagonist of the TV series . He has a distinctive scar extending from his left eye to his left hand , with the blood apparently coloring one of his claws bright red . He is sometimes identified with the initial film 's antagonist , either to be one and the same as the original sharptooth or at least a blood - relative . He appears in various episodes of the show , but survives its events . Screech and Thud ( edit ) Screech and Thud , voiced by Pete Sepenuk and Rob Paulsen , respectively , are two Utahraptor , and companions of Red Claw . In the episode `` Escape From the Mysterious Beyond '' Thud is shown to have sociopathic tendencies and not to understand the concept of friendship . However , after Chomper frees Thud , whose tail had been caught in a rock , Thud leads Red Claw and Screech away from the gang . Rhett ( edit ) Rhett ( voiced by Elizabeth Daily ) is a new friend of Littlefoot 's friend Ali , who is introduced in the TV series episode `` The Brave Longneck Scheme . '' He has an arrogant personality and tries to pass off as a hero by telling exaggerated stories of his heroics to his friends , although his lies are discovered by Littlefoot and the others . He is a Rhoetosaurus . Pterano ( edit ) Pterano , voiced by Michael York , is the antihero of The Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire . He is the brother of Petrie 's mother and the uncle of Petrie and his siblings , but exiled from the herd for abandoning his own followers to Deinonychus . Having rejoined the herd , he attempts to capture the titular Stone of Cold Fire , but ultimately fails when it turns out the Stone is just a regular asteroid , and is banished anew temporarily . In The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration , a lone Flyer resembling Pterano is seen when Littlefoot and his grandparents leave the Valley . Rinkus and Sierra ( edit ) Rinkus , a pink Rhamphorhynchus , and Sierra , a brown Cearadactylus , are the henchmen of Pterano in The Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire . They assist in kidnapping Ducky and later turn on Pterano when the Stone of Cold Fire proves to be only a metallic meteorite . They are last seen being thrown into the sky by a violent explosion at the end of the film , alive but severely injured . Rinkus is voiced by Rob Paulsen with a Cockney accent and Sierra is voiced by Jim Cummings . The Great Hideous Beast ( edit ) The Great Hideous Beast ( voiced by Dorian Harewood ) is a Microceratus who appears in the TV episode `` Stranger From the Mysterious Above '' . It terrorized a subterranean group of mammals until Spike accidentally buried it in a rockslide . The Great Hideous Beast then escaped to the surface . Unnamed Sharpteeth ( edit ) Many Sharpteeth were featured as antagonists in several Land Before Time films . A pack of Pachycephalosaurus are seen in The Land Before Time attacking Cera and frightened from her by a disguised assembly of her friends . In The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists , two battling Domeheads ( which are likely the Domeheads from The Land Before Time the first film ; the same ones who attacked Cera in that film and were frightened by a tar covered monster of her friends ) scare a large herd of Egg - Stealers into leaping into a river in the Land of Mists . They later appear , peacefully and friendly as residents of the Great Valley in The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses . Four Velociraptor ( credited as being voiced by Frank Welker ) appear near the end of The Land Before Time III : The Time of the Great Giving . They try to kill the adults , but one is knocked out and killed by a rock falling on his head , while the other three are separated from the herd due to a flood of water . A Cretoxyrhina also appears in The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island as the secondary antagonist . He tries to attack Littlefoot and the gang , but he was defeated when Littlefoot and the gang end up in the island again . A Giganotosaurus , or `` Plated Sharptooth '' , appears in The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island as the main antagonist . He had crossed onto the island that Chomper and his parents lived on during the events of the film . It tries to eat the gang , but they are saved by Chomper 's parents . After a short fight where it incapacitates both Chomper 's parents , it eventually falls down a cliff into the sea when Chomper 's father recovers . An Allosaurus , or `` Browridge Sharptooth '' , ( voiced by Danny Mann ) appears in The Land Before Time VI : The Secret of Saurus Rock , where it tries to eat the gang on two separate occasions while going to and from Saurus Rock . It halls down a chasm while trying to cross a log to get to the gang . Littlefoot later returns to retrieve a tooth from it , only to realize it is still alive . When Grandpa saves Littlefoot from a Tyrannosaurus , the sharptooth returns , and teams with him against Grandpa . Doc comes to the rescue , and the longnecks pull down a rock spire , crushing the predators to death . A Tyrannosaurus also appears in the sixth film in the climax , as the secondary antagonist . It attacks Littlefoot after he temporarily escaped the Allosaurus , but is stopped by Grandpa Longneck . Soon the Allosaurus enters and they team up against the longneck , but Doc comes to the rescue . Both longnecks eventually crush the carnivores to death by pulling a rock spire down on them . A Tyrannosaurus appears in The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze as the main antagonist . Wandering around the landscape during a blizzard , it tries to eat Ducky , but it is incapacitated after Littlefoot and Cera roll a large snowball into it . It returns and tries to eat the gang as they try to go up a hill . Mr. Thicknose rolls a log into its direction , causing it to slip on it , roll down the hill , and fall off a cliff . A Liopleurodon , dubbed a Sharptooth Swimmer , appears in The Land Before Time IX : Journey to Big Water as the main antagonist . A resident of the Big Water , it is stranded in a body of water in the Great Valley after a large rainstorm . It then tries to eat Littlefoot and the gang , but becomes trapped in a cave after an earthquake . After getting free , it relentlessly pursues the gang into the Mysterious Beyond , where they encounter it again . The Liopleurodon is lured away by Mo , who is apparently eaten by it , much to Littlefoot 's distress . However , after finding Mo safe and sound , he tells the gang he managed to hide from the Liopleurodon , after which it sensed the Big Water was nearby and swam away back to its home . A Sarcosuchus appears in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration as the secondary antagonist . Residing in a swamp in the Mysterious Beyond , it tries to eat Littlefoot after he mistakes it for a rock to jump on , but Littlefoot is saved by Sue , who stomps her foot down on its head . It survives and goes on to try and eat Cera , Ducky , Petrie , and Spike when they venture into its territory while going after Littlefoot . It nearly succeeds in eating Petrie , but he is saved after Cera unintentionally knocks a large tree onto the Sarcosuchus , causing it to release Petrie in the process . Again , the Sarcosuchus survives , but winds up being trapped underneath the log , allowing the gang to escape . Three Tyrannosaurus appear in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration . One tries to eat Cera , Ducky , Petrie , and Spike when they mistake it for a rock to sleep against , but loses them . It later reappears alongside two others when they try to eat the gang , along with Bron , Shorty , Pat , and Littlefoot 's grandparents . All three are defeated through the cooperation of the entire group , but they recover and try to attack the entire Longneck herd . However , they are scared off when the Night Circle blocks out the Great Circle . Two Utahraptor appear in The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses . After chasing the Tinysauruses through a cave , they manage to enter the Great Valley through a hole in the wall . They are eventually chased out of the Valley by the adults after a short fight . A Spinosaurus appears in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers . Guido disturbs its sleep after sleep - flying into it , after which it tries to eat him . Guido is saved by Petrie , and the two are pursued by the Spinosaurus . It is later trapped underneath a rock after being lured there by the rest of the gang . Four Baryonyx appear in The Land Before Time XIII : The Wisdom of Friends as the main antagonists . They are led by a purple - brown Baryonyx with a scar running over its jaw . The four try to eat Loofah , Doofah , and Foobie , but they chase them into a cave , where the rest of the gang bury them in rocks . They survive and chase after the gang , but are driven off a cliff by the Yellow Belly herd and the kids . A mother Utahraptor appears in the episode The Great Egg Adventure as the main antagonist . A pair of featherheaded Yutyrannus appear in The Land Before Time XIV : Journey of the Brave as the secondary antagonists . The kids hatch a plan to cover themselves with stinkweed to get through the Land of the Featherhead Sharpteeth . It works , though they are almost discovered by the carelessness of Petrie , but a small mammal distracts the two Yutyrannus . The kids later accidentally wash off the stinkweed , and the carnivores chase them . The kids however , defeat the sharpteeth when they corner the gang at the top of a hill next to a cliff . Both sharpteeth survive . A Carnotaurus , or Horned Sharptotoh , also appears in Journey of the Brave as the main antagonist . It attacks Littlefoot 's friends , but Etta is able to help them get away . Later , it nearly discovers Grandpa , Topps , Chomper , Ruby , and Wild Arms , but is distracted by a flock of ornithomimids . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Universal Pictures Home Entertainment ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` From Universal Pictures Home Entertainment : The Land Before Time : Journey of the Brave '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Don Bluth Land Before Time '' . The Animated Films of Don Bluth. 1994 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leyden , Joe ( December 22 , 1996 ) . `` The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists '' . Variety . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Gregory E. ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` A rundown of the best and worst ' The Land Before Time ' moves '' . The New York Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 18 , 1988 ) . `` The Land Before Time Movie Review ( 1988 ) '' . Roger Ebert.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Wendy ( November 29 , 1988 ) . `` Animated Film Lives Up to Promises '' . The Mohave Daily Miner . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( November 1988 ) . `` The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Land Before Time Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Land Before Time Characters : Littlefoot '' . Landbeforetime.com . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2006 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Jerry ( 2005 ) . The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Review Press . p. 138 . ISBN 1556525915 . Jump up ^ Pudleiner , Mark ( April 11 , 2009 ) . `` Memory lane 2 > Don Bluth Studio 1986 '' . Mark Pudleiner 's Official Blog . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Motion Picture Guide : 1989 Annual . Jenny Mueller ( Editor ) , Jeffrey H. Wallenfeldt ( Senior Editor ) , Jennifer Howe , Michaela Tuohy ( Associate Editors ) , William Leahy ( Editorial Director ) . Evanston , Illinois : Cinebooks , Inc. 1989 . pp. 185 -- 186 . ISBN 0 - 933997 - 20 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Land Before Time Characters : Cera '' . Landbeforetime.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2006 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pope , Bryan ( March 4 , 2005 ) . `` DVD Verdict Review - The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses '' . DVD Verdict . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Horiuchi , Tami . `` DVD : The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers ( DVD ) '' . Tower.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Land Before Time ' '' . The Washington Post . November 18 , 1988 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leeper , Mark R. ( 1988 ) . `` Review for the Land Before Time ( 1988 ) '' . IMdb.com ( originally posted on rec. arts. movies. reviews ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Land before Time : Cera 's Big Day out : Molly Goode , Judy Freudberg , Tony Geiss '' . Book Depository.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Land Before Time : Cera 's Shiny Stone ( I Can Read Book 2 ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Land Before Time Characters : Ducky '' . Landbeforetime.com . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mansour , David ( 2005 ) . From Abba to Zoom : A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century . Andrews McMeel Publishing . p. 272 . ISBN 0740751182 . Jump up ^ `` Dinosaurs Land Before Time / Petrie Dino '' . Thelandbeforetime.com . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kho , Nancy Davis ( February 19 , 2007 ) . `` The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Herzog , Alan David ( 2003 ) . Test - Prep Your IQ with the Essentials of Film . Peterson 's . p. 111 . ISBN 0768911907 . Jump up ^ ^ Benton , Michael J. ( 2004 ) . `` Origin and relationships of Dinosauria '' . In Weishampel , David B. ; Dodson , Peter ; and Osmólska , Halszka ( eds . ) . The Dinosauria ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 7 -- 19 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24209 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Land Before Time Cartoon : Spike '' . Thelandbeforetime.com . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` dOc treehouse : The Land Before Time : The Big Freeze ( 2001 ) '' . Digitally Obsessed . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , MJ . `` The Land Before Time II '' . MJ Simpson.co.uk . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( November 24 , 1988 ) . `` ' Before Time ' movie - the heroes are dinosaurs '' . The Desert News . p. 59 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Land Before Time Other Friends '' . Thelandbeforetime.com . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rhodes , Steven ( July 25 , 2002 ) . `` Rotten Tomatoes : A pleasant little story of no real consequence ... if you want a compelling story you should go for the original '' . Rotten Tomatoes UK . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2008 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scheib , Richard ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island , The '' . Moria . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Land Before Time : The Lonely Dinosaur ( I Can Read - Level 2 ( Quality ) ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Well , this is happening ( The Land Before Time 14 : Journey of the Brave Trailer Review ) . '' . When Dinosaurs Ruled the Mind . September 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` The Land Before Time TV review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . ( hide ) The Land Before Time Film series The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) The Great Valley Adventure ( 1994 ) The Time of the Great Giving ( 1995 ) Journey Through the Mists ( 1996 ) The Mysterious Island ( 1997 ) The Secret of Saurus Rock ( 1998 ) The Stone of Cold Fire ( 2000 ) The Big Freeze ( 2001 ) Journey to Big Water ( 2002 ) The Great Longneck Migration ( 2003 ) Invasion of the Tinysauruses ( 2005 ) The Great Day of the Flyers ( 2006 ) The Wisdom of Friends ( 2007 ) Journey of the Brave ( 2016 ) Related TV series ( episodes ) Characters Video games `` If We Hold on Together '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Land_Before_Time_characters&oldid=798764475 '' Categories : Fictional dinosaurs Lists of animated film characters Lists of fictional animals in animation Lists of fictional animals by work The Land Before Time Universal Studios cartoons and characters Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with a promotional tone from September 2012 All articles with a promotional tone Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from May 2013 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano മലയാളം Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 18 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who does the voice of sarah in land before time
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Gate control theory
Gate control theory - wikipedia Gate control theory The gate control theory of pain asserts that non-painful input closes the `` gates '' to painful input , which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system . Therefore , stimulation by non-noxious input is able to suppress pain . First proposed in 1965 by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall , the theory offers a physiological explanation for the previously observed effect of psychology on pain perception . Combining early concepts derived from the specificity theory and the peripheral pattern theory , the gate control theory is considered to be one of the most influential theories of pain because it provided a neural basis which reconciled the specificity and pattern theories and ultimately revolutionized pain research . Although there are some important observations that the gate control theory can not explain adequately , it remains the theory of pain that most accurately accounts for the physical and psychological aspects of pain perception . Willem Noordenbos ( 1910 -- 1990 ) , a Dutch researcher at the University of Amsterdam , was the first one to propose a model with an interaction between small ( unmyelinated ) and thick ( myelinated ) fibers in 1959 . The fast ( myelinated ) fibers block the slow ( unmyelinated ) fibers , `` fast blocks slow '' . Contents 1 Proposed mechanisms 2 Legacy 3 See also 4 References Proposed Mechanisms ( edit ) Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall introduced their `` gate control '' theory of pain in the 1965 Science article `` Pain Mechanisms : A New Theory '' . The authors proposed that both thin ( pain ) and large diameter ( touch , pressure , vibration ) nerve fibers carry information from the site of injury to two destinations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord : transmission cells that carry the pain signal up to the brain , and inhibitory interneurons that impede transmission cell activity . Activity in both thin and large diameter fibers excites transmission cells . Thin fiber activity impedes the inhibitory cells ( tending to allow the transmission cell to fire ) and large diameter fiber activity excites the inhibitory cells ( tending to inhibit transmission cell activity ) . So , the more large fiber ( touch , pressure , vibration ) activity relative to thin fiber activity at the inhibitory cell , the less pain is felt . The authors had drawn a neural `` circuit diagram '' to explain why we rub a smack . They pictured not only a signal traveling from the site of injury to the inhibitory and transmission cells and up the spinal cord to the brain , but also a signal traveling from the site of injury directly up the cord to the brain ( bypassing the inhibitory and transmission cells ) where , depending on the state of the brain , it may trigger a signal back down the spinal cord to modulate inhibitory cell activity ( and so pain intensity ) . The theory offered a physiological explanation for the previously observed effect of psychology on pain perception . The firing of the projection neuron determines pain . The inhibitory interneuron decreases the chances that the projection neuron will fire . Firing of C fibers inhibits the inhibitory interneuron ( indirectly ) , increasing the chances that the projection neuron will fire . Inhibition is represented in blue , and excitation in yellow . A lightning bolt signifies increased neuron activation , while a crossed - out bolt signifies weakened or reduced activation . Firing of the Aβ fibers activates the inhibitory interneuron , reducing the chances that the projection neuron will fire , even in the presence of a firing nociceptive fiber . Gate control theory asserts that activation of nerves which do not transmit pain signals , called nonnociceptive fibers , can interfere with signals from pain fibers , thereby inhibiting pain . Afferent pain - receptive nerves , those that bring signals to the brain , comprise at least two kinds of fibers - a fast , relatively thick , myelinated `` Aδ '' fiber that carries messages quickly with intense pain , and a small , unmyelinated , slow `` C '' fiber that carries the longer - term throbbing and chronic pain . Large - diameter Aβ fibers are nonnociceptive ( do not transmit pain stimuli ) and inhibit the effects of firing by Aδ and C fibers . The peripheral nervous system has centers at which pain stimuli can be regulated . Some areas in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord that are involved in receiving pain stimuli from Aδ and C fibers , called laminae , also receive input from Aβ fibers . The nonnociceptive fibers indirectly inhibit the effects of the pain fibers , ' closing a gate ' to the transmission of their stimuli . In other parts of the laminae , pain fibers also inhibit the effects of nonnociceptive fibers , ' opening the gate ' . This presynaptic inhibition of the dorsal nerve endings can occur through specific types of GABA receptors ( not through the α1 GABA receptor and not through the activation of glycine receptors which are also absent from these types of terminals ) . Thus certain GABA receptor subtypes but not glycine receptors can presynaptically regulate nociception and pain transmission . An inhibitory connection may exist with Aβ and C fibers , which may form a synapse on the same projection neuron . The same neurons may also form synapses with an inhibitory interneuron that also synapses on the projection neuron , reducing the chance that the latter will fire and transmit pain stimuli to the brain ( image on the right ) . The inhibitory interneuron fires spontaneously . The C fiber 's synapse would inhibit the inhibitory interneuron , indirectly increasing the projection neuron 's chance of firing . The Aβ fiber , on the other hand , forms an excitatory connection with the inhibitory interneuron , thus decreasing the projection neuron 's chance of firing ( like the C fiber , the Aβ fiber also has an excitatory connection on the projection neuron itself ) . Thus , depending on the relative rates of firing of C and Aβ fibers , the firing of the nonnociceptive fiber may inhibit the firing of the projection neuron and the transmission of pain stimuli . Gate control theory thus explains how stimulus that activates only nonnociceptive nerves can inhibit pain . The pain seems to be lessened when the area is rubbed because activation of nonnociceptive fibers inhibits the firing of nociceptive ones in the laminae . In transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation ( TENS ) , nonnociceptive fibers are selectively stimulated with electrodes in order to produce this effect and thereby lessen pain . One area of the brain involved in reduction of pain sensation is the periaqueductal gray matter that surrounds the third ventricle and the cerebral aqueduct of the ventricular system . Stimulation of this area produces analgesia ( but not total numbing ) by activating descending pathways that directly and indirectly inhibit nociceptors in the laminae of the spinal cord . Descending pathways also activate opioid receptor - containing parts of the spinal cord . Afferent pathways interfere with each other constructively , so that the brain can control the degree of pain that is perceived , based on which pain stimuli are to be ignored to pursue potential gains . The brain determines which stimuli are profitable to ignore over time . Thus , the brain controls the perception of pain quite directly , and can be `` trained '' to turn off forms of pain that are not `` useful '' . This understanding led Melzack to assert that pain is in the brain . When it was first proposed in 1965 , the theory was met with considerable skepticism . Despite having to undergo several modifications , its basic conception remains unchanged . Legacy ( edit ) In 1968 , three years after the introduction of the gate control theory , Ronald Melzack concluded that pain is a multidimensional complex with numerous sensory , affective , cognitive , and evaluative components . Melzack 's description has been adapted by the International Association for the Study of Pain in a contemporary definition of pain . Despite flaws in its presentation of neural architecture , the theory of gate control is currently the only theory that most accurately accounts for the physical and psychological aspects of pain . The gate control theory attempted to end a century - old debate about whether pain is represented by specific neural elements ( specificity theory ) or by patterned activity ( pattern theory ) within a convergent somatosensory subsystem . Although it is now considered to be oversimplified with flaws in the presentation of neural architecture , the gate control theory spurred many studies in pain research and significantly advanced our understanding of pain . See also ( edit ) Neuromatrix References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Moayedi , M. ; Davis , K.D. ( 3 October 2012 ) . `` Theories of pain : from specificity to gate control '' . Journal of Neurophysiology. 109 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 12 . doi : 10.1152 / jn. 00457.2012 . ^ Jump up to : Meldrum , Marcia L. `` Physiology of pain '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . The theory of pain that most accurately accounts for the physical and psychological aspects of pain is the gate - control theory Jump up ^ Mander , Rosemary ( 2010 ) . Pain in Childbearing and its Control : Key Issues for Midwives and Women . John Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ Melzack R , Wall PD . Pain mechanisms : a new theory . Science . 1965 ( archived 2012 - 01 - 14 ) ; 150 ( 3699 ) : 971 -- 9 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 150.3699. 971 . PMID 5320816 . Jump up ^ Melzack R , Katz J. The Gate Control Theory : Reaching for the Brain . In : Craig KD , Hadjistavropoulos T. Pain : psychological perspectives . Mahwah , N.J : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Publishers ; 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 4299 - 3 . Jump up ^ Skevington , Suzanne . Psychology of pain . New York : Wiley ; 1995 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 95771 - 2 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Kandel , Eric R. ; James H. Schwartz ; Thomas M. Jessell ( 2000 ) . Principles of Neural Science ( 4th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 482 -- 486 . ISBN 0 - 8385 - 7701 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lorenzo LE , Godin AG , Wang F , St - Louis M , Carbonetto S , Wiseman PW , Ribeiro - da - Silva A , De Koninck Y ( June 2014 ) . `` Gephyrin Clusters Are Absent from Small Diameter Primary Afferent Terminals Despite the Presence of GABA Receptors '' . J. Neurosci. 34 ( 24 ) : 8300 -- 17 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 0159 - 14.2014 . PMID 24920633 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Wall , 76 , British Authority on Pain '' . The New York Times . 21 August 2001 . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Craig , James C. ; Rollman , Gary B. ( February 1999 ) . `` SOMESTHESIS '' . Annual Review of Psychology . 50 ( 1 ) : 305 -- 331 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. psych. 50.1. 305 . Jump up ^ Craig , A.D. ( Bud ) ( March 2003 ) . `` Pain Mechanisms : Labeled Lines Versus Convergence in Central Processing '' . Annual Review of Neuroscience. 26 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 30 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. neuro. 26.041002. 131022 . PMID 12651967 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gate_control_theory&oldid=826814845 '' Categories : Pain Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 04 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
which statement is true regarding the gate control theory (gct) of pain
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Dallas Cowboys
Dallas Cowboys - wikipedia Dallas Cowboys Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dallas Cowboys Current season Established January 28 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( 1960 - 01 - 28 ) First season : 1960 Play in AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas Headquartered in The Ford Center at The Star Frisco , Texas Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1960 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1960 ) Eastern Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Metallic Silver , White , Royal Blue Mascot Rowdy Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Jones CEO Stephen Jones President Jerry Jones General manager Jerry Jones Head coach Jason Garrett Team history Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames America 's Team Doomsday Defense The ' Boys Big D Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) , 1977 ( XII ) , 1992 ( XXVII ) , 1993 ( XXVIII ) , 1995 ( XXX ) Conference championships ( 10 ) NFL Eastern : 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Division championships ( 22 ) NFL Capitol : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFC East : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1971 ) Texas Stadium ( 1971 -- 2008 ) AT&T Stadium ( 2009 -- present ) The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell - outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold - out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record ten Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers , and the AFC 's Patriots ; all three are second to Pittsburgh 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966 -- 85 ) , in which they only missed the playoffs twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) , an NFL record that remains unchallenged . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes . The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014 , a record for a U.S. sports team . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000 -- 09 1.6 2010 -- 13 1.7 2014 1.8 2015 1.9 2016 1.10 2017 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Logo 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 Uniform history 2.2. 2 Home / road jersey history 2.2. 3 Thanksgiving Day uniforms 3 Stadiums 3.1 Cotton Bowl 3.2 Texas Stadium 3.3 AT&T Stadium 4 Training camp sites 5 Rivalries 5.1 Washington Redskins 5.2 Philadelphia Eagles 5.3 New York Giants 5.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 5.5 San Francisco 49ers 5.6 Green Bay Packers 6 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 Super Bowl MVPs 7.5 Ring of Honor 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Main article : History of the Dallas Cowboys This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2015 ) 1960s Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys , there had not been an NFL team south of Washington , D.C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952 . Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas ( as was Lamar Hunt -- who ended up with an AFL franchise ) , but George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , had a monopoly in the South . Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958 . An agreement was struck , but as the deal was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . This infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal . Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas . Since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time , Marshall 's position would prevent Murchison from joining the league . Marshall had a falling out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song `` Hail to the Redskins '' and Marshall 's wife had penned the lyrics . Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchison 's plight to get an NFL franchise . Angry with Marshall , Breeskin approached Murchison 's attorney to sell him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959 . Murchison purchased `` Hail to the Redskins '' for $2,500 . Before the vote to award franchises in 1959 , Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games . After a few Marshall expletives , Murchison gave the rights to `` Hail to the Redskins '' to Marshall for his vote , the lone one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time , and a rivalry was born . 1970s The Cowboys playing against the Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . From 1970 through 1979 , the Cowboys won 105 regular season games , more than any other NFL franchise during that span . In addition , they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls , at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons . 1980s Danny White became the Cowboys ' starting quarterback in 1980 after quarterback Roger Staubach retired . Despite going to 12 -- 4 in 1980 , the Cowboys came into the playoffs as a Wild Card team . In the opening round of the 1980 -- 81 NFL playoffs they avenged their elimination from the prior year 's playoffs by defeating the Rams . In the Divisional Round they squeaked by the Atlanta Falcons 30 -- 27 . For the NFC Championship they were pitted against division rival Philadelphia , the team that won the division during the regular season . The Eagles captured their first conference championship and Super Bowl berth by winning 20 -- 7 . 1981 brought another division championship for the Cowboys . They entered the 1981 - 82 NFL playoffs as the number 2 seed . Their first game of the postseason saw them blowout and shutout Tampa Bay 38 -- 0 . For the Conference Title game they were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . Despite having a late 4th quarter 27 -- 21 lead , they would lose to the 49ers 28 -- 27 . 49ers quarterback Joe Montana led his team to an 89 - yard game - winning touchdown drive connecting to Dwight Clark in a play known as The Catch . The Cowboys playing against the Broncos in Super Bowl XII . The 1982 season was shortened after a player strike . With a 6 -- 3 record Dallas made it to the playoffs for the 8th consecutive season . As the number 2 seed for the 1982 -- 83 NFL playoffs they eliminated the Buccaneers 30 -- 17 in the Wild Card round and dispatched the Packers 37 -- 26 in the Divisional round to advance to their 3rd consecutive Conference championship game . 3 times was not a charm for the Cowboys as they fell 31 -- 17 to division rival and eventual Super Bowl XVII champions Redskins . For the 1983 season the Cowboys went 12 -- 4 and made it once again to the playoffs but were defeated at home in the Wild Card by the Rams 24 -- 17 . Prior to the 1984 season , H.R. `` Bum '' Bright purchased the Dallas Cowboys from Clint Murchison Jr . Dallas posted a 9 -- 7 record that season but missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 seasons . After going 10 -- 6 in 1985 and winning a division title , the Cowboys were blown out in the Divisional round at home to the Rams 20 -- 0 . Hard times came for the organization as they went 7 -- 9 in 1986 , 7 -- 8 in 1987 , and 3 -- 13 in 1988 . During this time period Bright became disenchanted with the team . During the Savings and Loan crisis , the team and Mr. Bright 's Savings and Loan were taken over by the FSLIC . During an embarrassing home loss to Atlanta in 1987 , Bright told the media that he was `` horrified '' at coach Tom Landry 's play calling . The FSLIC forced Mr. Bright to sell the Cowboys to Jerry Jones on February 25 , 1989 . Jones immediately fired Tom Landry , the only head coach in franchise history , replacing him with University of Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson , who was also Jerry Jones ' teammate in University of Arkansas as a fellow defensive lineman and Michael Irvin was under his tutelage in college . With the first pick in the draft , the Cowboys selected UCLA quarterback Troy Aikman . Later that same year , they would trade veteran running back Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings for five veteran players and eight draft choices . Although the Cowboys finished the 1989 season with a 1 -- 15 record , their worst in almost 30 years , `` The Trade '' later allowed Dallas to draft a number of impact players to rebuild the team . 1990s Johnson quickly returned the Cowboys to the NFL 's elite . Skillful drafts added fullback Daryl Johnston and center Mark Stepnoski in 1989 , running back Emmitt Smith in 1990 , defensive tackle Russell Maryland and offensive tackle Erik Williams in 1991 , and safety Darren Woodson in 1992 . The young talent joined holdovers from the Landry era such as wide receiver Michael Irvin , guard Nate Newton , linebacker Ken Norton Jr. , and offensive lineman Mark Tuinei , defensive lineman Jim Jeffcoat , and veteran pickups such as tight end Jay Novacek and defensive end Charles Haley . Five - time World Champions Mural Things started to look up for the franchise in 1990 . On Week 1 Dallas won their first home game since September 1988 when they defeated the San Diego Chargers 17 -- 14 . They went 2 -- 7 in their next 9 games but won 4 of their last 6 games to finish the season with a 4th place 7 -- 9 record . Coming into 1991 the Cowboys replaced offensive coordinator Dave Shula with Norv Turner ; the Cowboys raced to a 6 -- 5 start , then defeated the previously - unbeaten Redskins despite injury to Troy Aikman . Backup Steve Beuerlein took over and the Cowboys finished 11 -- 5 . In the Wild Card round they defeated the Bears 17 -- 13 for the Cowboys first playoff win since 1982 . In the Divisional round their season ended in a 38 -- 6 playoff rout by the Lions . In 1992 Dallas set a team record for regular season wins with a 13 -- 3 mark . They started off the season by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins 23 -- 10 . Going into the playoffs as the number 2 seed they had a first round bye before facing division rival the Philadelphia Eagles . The Cowboys won that game 34 -- 10 to advance to the NFC Conference Championship game for the first time in 10 years . They were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . On January 17 , 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30 -- 20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978 . Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52 -- 17 in Super Bowl XXVII , during which they forced a record nine turnovers . Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football . Despite starting the 1993 season 0 -- 2 , they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII , 30 -- 13 ( becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0 -- 2 ) . Dallas finished the regular season 12 -- 4 as the number 1 seed of the NFC . They defeated the Green Bay Packers 27 -- 17 in the divisional round . In the NFC Conference Championship , Dallas beat the 49ers in Dallas , 38 -- 21 . Dallas sent a then - NFL record 11 players to the Pro Bowl in 1993 : Aikman , safety Thomas Everett , Irvin , Johnston , Maryland , Newton , Norton , Novacek , Smith , Stepnoski and Williams . Dallas Cowboys championship banners inside AT&T Stadium Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII , however , friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation . Jones then hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson . The Cowboys finished 12 -- 4 in 1994 . They once again clinched a first round bye and defeated Green Bay 35 -- 9 in the Divisional Round . They missed the Super Bowl , however , after losing to the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game , 38 -- 28 . Prior to the start of 1995 season Jerry Jones lured All - Pro cornerback Deion Sanders away from San Francisco . Dallas started the season 4 -- 0 including shutting out their division rival New York Giants 35 -- 0 at Giants Stadium to open their season . Emmitt Smith set an NFL record with 25 rushing touchdowns that season . They ended the season 12 -- 4 and went into the playoffs as the number 1 seed . In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30 -- 11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game , in which they defeated Green Bay , 38 -- 27 . In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship . Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl . The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency , age , and injuries began taking their toll . Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the first five games of 1996 following a drug - related arrest ; he came back after the Cowboys started the season 2 -- 3 . They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record , won the NFC East title , and entered the playoffs as the number 3 seed in the NFC . They defeated Minnesota 40 -- 15 in the Wild Card round but were eliminated in the Divisional round of the playoffs 26 -- 17 by the Carolina Panthers . The Cowboys went 6 -- 10 in 1997 ( including losing their last 6 games of the season ) , with discipline and off - field problems becoming major distractions . As a result , Switzer resigned as head coach in January 1998 and former Steelers offensive coordinator Chan Gailey was hired to take his place . Gailey led the team to two playoff appearances with a 10 -- 6 record in 1998 and an NFC East championship , but the Cowboys were defeated in the playoffs by the Arizona Cardinals 20 -- 7 . In 1999 Dallas went 8 -- 8 ( during which Irvin suffered a career - ending spinal injury in a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles ) ending in another playoff loss ( this time to the Minnesota Vikings 27 -- 10 ) . Gailey was fired and became the first Cowboys coach who did not take the team to a Super Bowl . 2000 -- 09 Defensive coordinator Dave Campo was promoted to head coach for the 2000 season . Prior to the season starting cornerback Deion Sanders was released after 5 seasons with the team . He later signed with division rival Washington . In Week 1 , they were blown out 41 -- 14 by Philadelphia . That game was very costly when veteran quarterback Troy Aikman suffered a serious concussion which ultimately ended his career . Longtime NFL QB Randall Cunningham filled in for Aikman for the rest of the season at QB . The Cowboys finished the season in 4th place with a 5 -- 11 record . The only highlights of 2000 were Emmitt Smith having his 10th consecutive 1,000 yard rushing season and a season sweep over the Redskins . 2001 was another hard year in Dallas . Prior to the season starting Aikman was released from the team and he retired due to the concussions he had received . Jerry Jones signed Tony Banks as a QB . Banks had been a starter for half of the season the previous year for the Super Bowl Champion Baltimore Ravens before being benched . Jones also drafted QB Quincy Carter in the second round of that year 's draft , but Banks was released during the preseason . Ryan Leaf , Anthony Wright , and Clint Stoerner all competed for the quarterback position that season . Dallas again finished at 5 -- 11 , last place in the NFC East . They did sweep the Redskins for the 4th consecutive season . Prior to the 2002 season Dallas drafted safety Roy Williams with the 8th overall pick . The season started out low as the Cowboys lost to the expansion Houston Texans 19 -- 10 on Week 1 . By far the highlight of 2002 was on October 28 , when during a home game against the Seattle Seahawks , Emmitt Smith broke the all - time NFL rushing record previously held by Walter Payton . Their Thanksgiving Day win over the Redskins was their 10th consecutive win against Washington . However , that was their final win of 2002 : Dallas lost their next 4 games to finish with another last place 5 -- 11 record . The losing streak was punctuated with a Week 17 20 -- 14 loss against Washington . That game was Smith 's last game as a Cowboys player : he was released during the offseason . Campo was immediately fired as head coach at the conclusion of the season . Jones then lured Bill Parcells out of retirement to coach the Cowboys . The Cowboys became the surprise team of the 2003 season getting off to a hot 7 -- 2 season , but went 3 -- 4 for the rest of the season . They were able to win the division with a 10 -- 6 record but lost in the Wild Card round to eventual conference champion Carolina Panthers 29 -- 10 . In 2004 Dallas was unable to replicate their 2003 success , and ended 6 -- 10 . Quincy Carter was released during the preseason and was replaced at QB by Vinny Testaverde . Dallas got off to a hot 7 -- 3 start for the 2005 season but ended the season in 3rd place with a 9 -- 7 record . Prior to the season starting the Cowboys signed veteran Drew Bledsoe as a quarterback . 2006 was an interesting year for the Cowboys . Prior to the season Dallas signed free agent wide receiver Terrell Owens who was talented yet controversial . The Cowboys started the season 3 -- 2 . During a week 7 matchup against the Giants , Bledsoe , who had been struggling since the start of the season , was pulled from the game and was replaced by backup Tony Romo . Romo was unable to salvage that game and Dallas lost 38 -- 22 . However , Romo was named the starter for team and went 5 -- 1 in his first 6 games . Dallas ended the season with a 9 -- 7 2nd - place finish . They were able to clinch the number 5 playoff seed . They traveled to play Seattle where the Seahawks won 21 -- 20 . After the season Parcells retired and was replaced as head coach by Wade Phillips . Dallas started off the 2007 season with a bang . They began the season with a 12 -- 1 start , including winning their first five games . Their only loss during that time span came against New England , who went undefeated that season . Despite dropping two of their last three regular season games , the Cowboys clinched their first number 1 NFC seed in 12 years , which also granted them a first round bye and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . The Cowboys lost in the divisional round 21 -- 17 to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . In the tumultuous 2008 season , the Cowboys started off strong , going 3 -- 0 for the second straight year , en route to a 4 -- 1 start . However , things soon went downhill from there , after quarterback Tony Romo suffered a broken pinkie in an overtime loss to the Arizona Cardinals . With Brad Johnson and Brooks Bollinger playing as backups , Dallas went 1 -- 2 during a three - game stretch . Romo 's return showed promise , as Dallas went 3 -- 0 . However , injuries mounted during the season with the team losing several starters for the year , such as Kyle Kosier , Felix Jones , safety Roy Williams and punter Mat McBriar , and several other starters playing with injuries . Entering December , the 8 -- 4 Cowboys underperformed , finishing 1 -- 3 . They failed to make the playoffs after losing at Philadelphia in the final regular season game which saw the Eagles reach the playoffs instead . On May 2 , 2009 , the Dallas Cowboys ' practice facility collapsed during a wind storm . The collapse left twelve Cowboys players and coaches injured . The most serious injuries were special teams coach Joe DeCamillis , who suffered fractured cervical vertebrae and had surgery to stabilize fractured vertebrae in his neck , and Rich Behm , the team 's 33 - year - old scouting assistant , who was permanently paralyzed from the waist down after his spine was severed . The 2009 season started on a positive with a road win against Tampa Bay , but fortunes quickly changed as Dallas fell to a 2 -- 2 start . In week five , with starting wide receiver Roy Williams sidelined by injury , receiver Miles Austin got his first start of the season and had a record setting day ( 250 yards receiving and 2 TDs ) to help lead Dallas to an overtime win over Kansas City . Following their bye week , Dallas went on a three - game winning streak including wins over Atlanta and NFC East division rival Philadelphia . Despite entering December with a record of 8 -- 3 , Dallas lost its slim grip on 1st place in the division with losses to the New York Giants and San Diego . Talks of past December collapses resurfaced , and another collapse in 2009 seemed validated . However , the Dallas team surged in the final three weeks of the season with a 24 -- 17 victory at the Superdome , ending New Orleans ' previously unbeaten season in week 15 . For the first time in franchise history , Dallas posted back - to - back shutouts when they beat division rivals Washington ( 17 -- 0 ) and Philadelphia ( 24 -- 0 ) to end the season . In the process , the Cowboys clinched their second NFC East title in three years as well as the third seed in the NFC Playoffs . Six days later , in the wild - card round of the playoffs , Dallas played the Eagles in a rematch of week 17 . The Cowboys defeated the Eagles for the first Cowboys ' post-season win since the 1996 season , ending a streak of six consecutive NFL post-season losses . Dallas ended their playoff run after a hard divisional playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings . 2010 -- 13 After beginning the 2010 season at 1 -- 7 , Phillips was fired as head coach and was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett as the interim head coach . The Cowboys finished the season 6 -- 10 . With the 9th pick of the 1st round of the 2011 draft , the Cowboys selected USC tackle Tyron Smith . To start the 2011 season the Cowboys played the New York Jets on a Sunday night primetime game in New York , on September 11 , 2011 . The Cowboys held the lead through most of the game , until a fumble , blocked punt , and interception led to the Jets coming back to win the game . In week 2 Dallas traveled to San Francisco to play the 49ers . In the middle of the 2nd quarter , while the Cowboys trailed 10 -- 7 , Tony Romo suffered a rib injury and was replaced by Jon Kitna . Kitna threw 1 Touchdown and 2 interceptions until Romo returned in the 3rd quarter as Dallas trailed 17 -- 7 . Romo then threw 3 touchdown passes to Miles Austin as the Cowboys rallied to send the game into overtime . On the Cowboys opening possession after 49ers punt , Romo found WR Jesse Holley on a 78 - yard pass , which set up the game - winning field goal by rookie kicker Dan Bailey . Dallas ended the season 8 -- 8 . They were in a position to win the NFC East but lost to the Giants in a Week 17 primetime Sunday Night game on NBC which allowed New York to win the division . The Giants would go on to win Super Bowl XLVI . The Cowboys started off the 2012 season on a high note by defeating the defending Super Bowl Champion New York Giants 24 -- 17 on the opening night of the season . They would hover around the . 500 mark for the majority of the season . They lost a close Week 6 game to eventual Super Bowl XXVII Champion Baltimore Ravens 31 -- 29 at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore . Going into Week 17 they found themselves once again one win away from winning the division . Standing in their way was the Redskins who had beat them on Thanksgiving at AT&T Stadium and whom were also one win away from their first division title since 1999 . Led by Robert Griffin III the Redskins defeated the Cowboys at home 28 - 18 . Dallas once again finished the season 8 -- 8 . In the 2013 season Dallas started off by defeating the Giants for the second straight year this time 36 -- 31 . It was the first time since AT&T Stadium had opened back in 2009 that the Cowboys were able to defeat New York at home . The win was punctuated by Brandon Carr returning an Eli Manning interception to a touchdown late in the 4th quarter . For the third straight year Dallas once again found themselves stuck in the . 500 area . In Week 5 , they lost a shootout to eventual AFC Champion Denver Broncos 51 -- 48 . They battled it out with Philadelphia for control of the division throughout the season . In December however they lost 2 crucial back to back games to Chicago and Green Bay . They were very successful in division games having a 5 -- 0 division record heading into another Week 17 showdown for the NFC East crown against the Eagles . That included beating Washington 24 -- 23 on Week 16 thanks to late game heroics of Tony Romo . However Romo received a severe back injury in that game which prematurely ended his season . The Cowboys called upon backup QB Kyle Orton to lead them into battle on the final week of the season . Orton was unsuccessful who threw a game ending interception to the Eagles which allowed Philly to win 24 -- 22 . Dallas ended the year at 8 -- 8 for the third year in a row . The only difference of this 8 -- 8 ending compared to the others was that Dallas ended the season in second place compared to the 2 previous 3rd - place finishes . 2014 Main article : 2014 Dallas Cowboys season To start off the 2014 season Dallas began by losing to San Francisco 28 -- 17 . After that they went on a 6 - game winning streak . The highlight of this streak was defeating the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field 30 -- 23 . In Week 8 , the Redskins won in overtime 20 -- 17 , and Romo 's back became once again injured . He missed next week , a home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28 -- 17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden . Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31 -- 17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London , England as part of the NFL International Series . Dallas played into their traditional Thanksgiving home game , this time against division rival Philadelphia . Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8 -- 3 records . The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up , losing 33 -- 10 . They would rebound the next week where on the road Thursday night game they defeated Chicago 41 -- 28 for their 9th win of the year to clinch their first winning season since 2009 . This was the first time that Dallas played on back to back Thursdays . Week 15 was a rematch against 1st place Philadelphia . This time it was the Cowboys who got off to a fast start going up 21 -- 0 . Then the Eagles put up 24 answered points but Dallas came back to win 38 -- 27 to go into first place for the first time in the season and improve to 10 -- 4 . Going into their Week 16 matchup at home against Indianapolis , Dallas was in a position to clinch their first division title since 2009 by defeating the Colts thanks to the Eagles losing that week to the Redskins . They would not disappoint as they blew out the Colts 42 -- 7 to become the 2014 NFC East Champions , eliminating the Eagles from the playoffs . Dallas would end the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record and an 8 -- 0 away record when they won on the road against Washington 44 -- 17 . They would also finish December 4 -- 0 which was huge for the Cowboys since they had struggled in the recent years in the month of December . On January 4 , 2015 , the Cowboys , as the number 3 seed , hosted the number 6 seed Detroit Lions in the wild card round of the NFL playoffs . In the game , the Lions got off to a hot start , going up 14 -- 0 in the first quarter . Dallas initially struggled on both sides of the ball . However , towards the end of the second quarter Romo threw a 76 - yard touchdown pass to Terrance Williams . Matt Prater of the Lions would kick a field goal before halftime to go up 17 -- 7 . Dallas came out swinging to start the second half by picking off Detroit quarterback Matthew Stafford on the first play of the third quarter . However , the Cowboys failed to capitalize on the turnover , as Dan Bailey missed a field goal during Dallas 's ensuing drive . Detroit then kicked another field goal to make the score 20 -- 7 . A DeMarco Murray touchdown later in that quarter closed the gap to 20 -- 14 . A 51 - yard Bailey field goal almost 3 minutes into the fourth quarter trimmed the Cowboys ' deficit to 3 . The Lions got the ball back and started driving down the field . On 3rd down - and - 1 of that Lions drive , Stafford threw a 17 - yard pass intended for Lions tight end Brandon Pettigrew , but the ball hit Cowboys linebacker Anthony Hitchens in the back a fraction of a second before he ran into Pettigrew . The play was initially flagged as defensive pass interference against Hitchens . However , the penalty was then nullified by the officiating crew . The Cowboys got the ball back on their 41 - yard line and had a successful 59 - yard drive which was capped off by an 8 - yard touchdown pass from Romo to Williams to give the Cowboys their first lead of the game at 24 -- 20 . The Lions got the ball back with less than 2 : 30 to play in regulation . Stafford fumbled the ball at the 2 minute mark . The fumble was recovered by Cowboys defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence , who then fumbled the ball which was recovered by the Lions . Lawrence would redeem himself by sacking Stafford on a 4th down - and - 3 play . The sack led to Stafford fumbling the ball again , which Lawrence recovered to seal the game for the Cowboys , who won 24 -- 20 . This was the first time in franchise playoff history that Dallas had been down by 10 or more points at halftime and rallied to win the game . The following week , the Cowboys traveled to Lambeau Field in Green Bay , Wisconsin to play the Packers in the divisional round . Despite having a 14 -- 7 halftime lead , the Cowboys fell to the Packers 26 -- 21 , thus ending their season . The season ended on an overturned call of a completed catch by Dez Bryant . The catch was challenged by the Packers , and the referees overturned the call because of the `` Calvin Johnson rule . '' During the 2015 offseason the Cowboys allowed running back DeMarco Murray to become a free agent . Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles . On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5 - year , $70 million contract . 2015 Main article : 2015 Dallas Cowboys season At home against the New York Giants , Dallas won 27 -- 26 . Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot . On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles , Romo suffered a broken left collarbone , the same one he injured in 2010 , and Brandon Weeden replaced him . Dallas won 20 -- 10 to begin the season 2 -- 0 , but then went on a seven - game losing streak . Dallas finished the season 4 -- 12 and last in their division . 2016 Main article : 2016 Dallas Cowboys season After a preseason injury to Tony Romo , rookie quarterback Dak Prescott was slated as the starting quarterback , as Romo was expected to be out 6 -- 8 weeks . In game 1 against the New York Giants , Dallas lost 20 -- 19 . After this loss , Dallas would go on an eleven - game winning streak . After much speculation leading to a potential quarterback controversy , Romo made an announcement that Prescott has earned the right to take over as Cowboys quarterback . In game 10 , Romo suited up for the first time this season and was the backup quarterback . Dallas defeated the Baltimore Ravens to win their 9th straight game , breaking a franchise record of 8 straight games set in 1977 . It also marked rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott breaking Tony Dorsett 's single season rushing record for a Cowboys rookie . Prescott also tied an NFL rookie record held by Russell Wilson and Dan Marino by throwing multiple touchdowns in 5 straight games . Dallas finished 13 -- 3 , tying their best 16 - game regular season record . While Dallas defeated Green Bay at Lambeau Field in week 6 , the Packers would win at AT&T Stadium in the divisional round of the NFL playoffs on a last - second field goal , ending their season . Dak Prescott was named NFL Rookie of the Year in the NFL honors on February 4 , 2017 , and Ezekiel Elliott led the league in rushing yards . Both Prescott and Elliott made the 2017 Pro Bowl . This is the first time the Cowboys sent two rookies to the Pro Bowl . 2017 Main article : 2017 Dallas Cowboys season 2017 was the first season since 2002 without quarterback Tony Romo , who retired on April 4 after 14 seasons with the Cowboys . The season also featured second - year running back Ezekiel Elliott being suspended for 6 games after violating the league 's conduct policy . The suspension was to begin at the start of the year but was pushed back to November . The Cowboys finished the year at 9 - 7 without making the playoffs . Logos and uniforms Logo The Cowboys ' script logo . The Dallas Cowboys ' blue star logo , representative of Texas as `` The Lone Star State '' , is one of the most well - known team logos in professional sports . The blue star originally was a solid shape until a white line and blue border was added in 1964 . The logo has remained the same since . Today , the blue star has been extended to not only the Dallas Cowboys , but owner Jerry Jones ' AFL team , the Dallas Desperados that have a similar logo based on the Cowboys . The blue star also is used on other entries like an imaging facility and storage facility . Uniforms The Dallas Cowboys ' white home jersey has royal blue ( PMS 287 C ) solid socks , numbers , lettering , and two stripes on the sleeves outlined in black . The home pants are a common metallic silver - green color ( PMS 8280 C ) that help bring out the blue in the uniform . The navy ( PMS 289 C ) road jerseys ( nicknamed the `` Stars and Stripes '' jersey ) have white lettering and numbers with navy pinstripes . A white / gray / white stripe are on each sleeve as well as the collared V - neck , and a Cowboys star logo is placed upon the stripes . A `` Cowboys '' chest crest is directly under the NFL shield . The away pants are a pearlish metallic - silver color ( PMS 8180 C ) and like the home pants , enhance the navy in the uniforms . The team uses a serifed font for the lettered player surnames on the jersey nameplates . The team 's helmets are also a unique silver with a tint of blue known as `` Metallic Silver Blue '' ( PMS 8240 C ) and have a blue / white / blue vertical stripe placed upon the center of the crown . The Cowboys also include a unique , if subtle , feature on the back of the helmet : a blue strip of Dymo tape with the player 's name embossed , placed on the white portion of the stripe at the back of the helmet . Front of Dallas Cowboys helmet Back of Dallas Cowboys helmet Uniform history When the Dallas Cowboys franchise debuted in 1960 , the team 's uniform included a white helmet adorned with a simple blue star and a blue - white - blue stripe down the center crown . The team donned blue jerseys with white sleeves and a small blue star on each shoulder for home games and the negative opposite for away games . Their socks also had two horizontal white stripes overlapping the blue . c1960 -- 1963 Blue home uniforms White away uniforms In 1964 the Cowboys opted for a simpler look ( adopting essentially the team 's current uniform ) by changing their jersey / socks to one solid color with three horizontal stripes on the sleeves ; the white jersey featured royal blue stripes with a narrow black border , the royal blue jersey white stripes with the same black outline . The star - shouldered jerseys were eliminated ; `` TV '' numbers appeared just above the jersey stripes . The new helmet was silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe down the center ( the middle white stripe was thicker ) . The blue `` lone star '' logo was retained , but with a white border setting it off from the silver / blue . The new pants were silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe . In 1964 the NFL allowed teams to wear white jerseys at home ; several teams did so , and the Cowboys have worn white at home ever since , except on certain `` throwback '' days . In 1966 , the team modified the jerseys , which now featured only two sleeve stripes , slightly wider ; the socks followed the same pattern . In 1967 the `` lone star '' helmet decal added a blue outline to the white - bordered star , giving the logo a bigger , bolder look . The logo and this version of the uniform has seen little change to the present day . c1964 -- 1966 White home uniforms Blue away uniforms The only notable changes in the last 40 years were : from 1970 -- 1973 when the `` TV '' numbers were moved from the shoulders to the sleeves above the stripes from 1982 -- 1988 the pants featured a white uniform number in an elliptical blue circle worn near the hip . the removal of the indented serifs on the front and back jersey numbers in the early 1980s ( seen currently on the throwback jersey ) In 1980 the blue jersey was rendered in a slightly darker shade than the 1964 -- 79 version ; from 1981 -- 1994 the dark jerseys sported numbers that were gray with white borders and a blue pinstripe . The stripes on the sleeves and socks also used the same gray with white border scheme ( sans navy pinstripe ) . Player names on jersey backs , which appeared in 1970 , were originally in block - letter style ; from 1982 onward the names were slightly smaller and in footed , `` serif '' style . the 1996 addition of the word `` Cowboys '' in the center of the neckline which lasted until 1998 on the white jersey but currently remains on the blue jersey . During the 1976 season , the blue - white - blue stripe on the crown of the helmets were temporarily changed to red - white - blue to commemorate the United States ' bicentennial anniversary . The `` throwback '' NFL 75th Anniversary uniform was introduced in 1994 . In 1994 , the NFL celebrated their 75th Anniversary , and the Dallas Cowboys celebrated their back - to - back Super Bowl titles by unveiling a white `` Double - Star '' jersey on Thanksgiving Day . This jersey was used for special occasions and was worn throughout the 1994 -- 1995 playoffs . During the same season , the Cowboys also wore their 1960 -- 63 road jersey with a silver helmet for one game as part of a league - wide `` throwback '' policy . During the 1995 season , the team wore the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey for games at Washington and Philadelphia and permanently switched to solid color socks ( royal blue for the white uniform , and navy blue for the dark uniform ) . The navy `` Double - Star '' jersey was not seen again until the NFL 's Classic Throwback Weekend on Thanksgiving Day 2001 -- 2003 . In 2004 , the Cowboys resurrected their original 1960 -- 1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day . This uniform became the team 's alternate or `` third jersey '' and was usually worn at least once a year , primarily Thanksgiving Day . Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008 . While the team did n't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years , Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years . In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29 , 2007 against the Green Bay Packers . In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 23 , 2008 against the San Francisco 49ers . The team went back to wearing this uniform at home on Thanksgiving Day in 2009 while their opponent was the Oakland Raiders who wore their AFL Legacy Weekend throwbacks . Dallas wore this alternate uniform on October 11 , 2009 as part of one of the NFL 's AFL Legacy Weekends when they traveled to Kansas City to play the Chiefs who were sporting their AFL Dallas Texans ' uniforms . This created a rare game in which neither team wore a white jersey and the first time the Cowboys wore the alternative uniform as a visiting team . The 1960 -- 1963 uniform may also be used on other special occasion . Other instances include the 2005 Monday Night game against the Washington Redskins when the team inducted Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irving into the Cowboys Ring of Honor , and the 2006 Christmas Day game against the Philadelphia Eagles . In 2013 , the NFL issued a new helmet rule stating that players will no longer be allowed to use alternate helmets due to the league 's enhanced concussion awareness . This caused the Cowboys ' white 1960s throwback helmets to become non-compliant . The team instead decided to wear their normal blue jerseys at home for Thanksgiving , which has since become an annual tradition . In 2017 , the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis , only to rescind soon after . In 2015 , the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform , featuring a variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' alternates with white pants and socks . The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent Thursday Night Football games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons . The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform - white pants combination which was first used on December 10 , 2017 against the Giants . Home / road jersey history In 1964 , Tex Schramm started the tradition of the Cowboys wearing their white jersey at home , contrary to an unofficial rule that teams should wear colored jerseys at home . Schramm did this because he wanted fans to see a variety of opponents ' colors at home games . Since then , a number of other teams have worn their white uniforms at home , including the Miami Dolphins . According to Mike McCord , the Cowboys ' equipment director , one of the reasons why the Cowboys started wearing white at home was because of the intense heat during Cowboys ' home games at Texas Stadium . Roger Staubach and Bob Lilly jerseys shown at Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . Throughout the years , the Cowboys ' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be `` jinxed '' because the team often seemed to lose when they wore them . This purported curse drew attention after the team lost Super Bowl V with the blue jerseys . However , the roots of the curse likely date back earlier to the 1968 divisional playoffs , when the blue - shirted Cowboys were upset by the Cleveland Browns in what turned out to be Don Meredith 's final game with the Cowboys . Dallas 's lone victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game against the Los Angeles Rams . Since the 1970 NFL - AFL merger , league rules were changed to allow the Super Bowl home team to pick their choice of jersey . Most of the time , Dallas will wear their blue jerseys when they visit Washington , Philadelphia ( sometimes ) , Miami , or one of the handful of other teams that traditionally wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season due to the hot climates in their respective cities or other means . Occasionally opposing teams will wear their white jerseys at home to try to invoke the curse , such as when the Philadelphia Eagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game , as well as their November 4 , 2007 meeting . Various other teams followed suit in the 1980s . Although Dallas has made several tweaks to their blue jerseys over the years , Schramm said he did not believe in the curse . Since the league began allowing teams to use an alternate jersey , the Cowboys ' alternates have been primarily blue versions of past jerseys and the Cowboys have generally had success when wearing these blue alternates . With the implementation of the 2013 NFL helmet rule for alternate jerseys , the team decided instead to wear their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game , something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white - jersey - at - home tradition . Thanksgiving Day uniforms With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games , separate uniform practices have been used for these games in recent years . Through the 2000 season , the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home . In 2001 , the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years , but it was an older design of the blue jersey . Dallas would lose the game , but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won . With the 2002 victory , it seems an exception the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving . Thus , the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003 -- 2006 , however it was always an older - styled blue jersey . In 2007 and 2008 , the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game . Since 2009 , the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only ( From 2009 -- 2012 , the team again decided to go with an older - styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving , and since 2013 have worn the newer - styled blue jersey ) . In the 2015 season , the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers . Stadiums Cotton Bowl Main article : Cotton Bowl ( stadium ) The main entrance of the Cotton Bowl The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as `` The House That Doak Built '' due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s . Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl , it is located in Fair Park , site of the State Fair of Texas . Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators . The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game , for which the stadium is named . ( Beginning with the January 2010 game , the Cotton Bowl Classic has been played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington . ) The Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years , from the team 's formation in 1960 until 1971 , when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium . It is the only Cowboys stadium within the Dallas city limits . The Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the 1966 NFL Championship at the Cotton Bowl . Texas Stadium Main article : Texas Stadium The outside of Texas Stadium For the majority of the franchise 's history the Cowboys played their home games at Texas Stadium . Just outside the city of Dallas , the stadium was located in Irving , Texas . The stadium opened on October 24 , 1971 , at a cost of $35 million and with a seating capacity of 65,675 . The stadium was famous for its hole - in - the - roof dome . The roof 's worn paint had become so unsightly in the early 2000s that it was repainted in the summer of 2006 by the City of Irving . It was the first time the famed roof was repainted since Texas Stadium opened . The roof was structurally independent from the stadium it covered . The Cowboys lost their final game at Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 24 , on December 20 , 2008 . After Cowboys Stadium was opened in 2009 , the Cowboys turned over the facility to the City of Irving . In 2009 , it was replaced as home of the Cowboys by Cowboys Stadium , which officially opened on May 27 , 2009 in Arlington , Texas . Texas Stadium was demolished by implosion on April 11 , 2010 . AT&T Stadium Main article : AT&T Stadium AT&T Stadium during a game AT&T Stadium , previously named Cowboys Stadium , is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington , Texas . After failed negotiations to build a new stadium on the site of the Cotton Bowl , Jerry Jones along with the city of Arlington , Texas a suburb of Fort Worth , funded the stadium at a cost of $1.3 billion . The stadium is located in Tarrant County , the first time the Cowboys will call a stadium home outside of Dallas County . It was completed on May 29 , 2009 and seats 80,000 , but is expandable to seat up to 100,000 . AT&T Stadium is the largest domed stadium in the world . A highlight of AT&T Stadium is its gigantic , center - hung high - definition television screen , the largest in the world . The 160 by 72 feet ( 49 by 22 m ) , 11,520 - square - foot ( 1,070 m ) scoreboard surpasses the 8,736 sq ft ( 812 m ) screen that opened in 2009 at the renovated Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri as the world 's largest . At the debut pre-season game of Cowboys Stadium , a punt by Tennessee Titans kicker , A.J. Trapasso , hit the 2,100 in . screen above the field . The punt deflected and was ruled in - play until Titans coach Jeff Fisher informed the officials that the punt struck the scoreboard . ( Many believe Trapasso was trying to hit the suspended scoreboard , based on replays and the angle of the kick . ) The scoreboard is , however , within the regulation of the NFL guidelines -- hanging approximately five feet above the minimum height . No punts hit the scoreboard during the entire 2009 regular season during an actual game . Also , on August 22 , 2009 , the day after AJ Trapasso hit the screen , many fans touring the facility noted that half of the field was removed with large cranes re-positioning the screen . According to some fans , a tour guide explained that Jerry Jones invited a few professional soccer players to drop kick soccer balls to try to hit the screen . Once he observed them hitting it consistently he had the screen moved up another 10 feet . The first regular season home game of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants . A league record - setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional `` blue star '' at the 50 - yard line was unveiled for the first time ; however , the Cowboys lost in the final seconds , 33 -- 31 . The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28 , 2009 . They beat the Carolina Panthers 21 -- 7 with 90,588 in attendance . The game was televised on ESPN 's Monday Night Football and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on Monday Night Football . On July 25 , 2013 , the Cowboys announced that AT&T will take over the naming rights for the stadium . Training camp Sites Dallas Cowboys training camp locations : 1960 : Pacific University , Forest Grove , Oregon 1961 : St. Olaf College , Northfield , Minnesota 1962 : Northern Michigan College , Marquette , Michigan 1963 -- 1989 : California Lutheran College , Thousand Oaks , California 1990 -- 1997 : St. Edward 's University , Austin , Texas 1998 -- 2002 : Midwestern State University , Wichita Falls , Texas 2001 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2002 -- 2003 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas . 2004 -- 2006 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2007 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2009 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2010 -- 2011 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas and River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2016 -- present : The Ford Center at The Star , Frisco , Texas Rivalries The NFC East , composed of the Cowboys , Philadelphia Eagles , Washington Redskins and New York Giants , is one of the least - changed divisions of the original six formed in the wake of the NFL - AFL merger ( its only major changes being the relocation of the Cardinals franchise from St. Louis to Arizona and its subsequent move to the NFC West in the league 's 2002 realignment ) . Three of the four teams have been division rivals since the Cowboys ' entry into the NFL . As such , the Cowboys have some of the longest and fiercest rivalries in the sport . Washington Redskins Main article : Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry The Redskins and Dallas Cowboys enjoy what has been called by Sports Illustrated the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . '' Some sources trace the enmity to before the Cowboys were even formed , due to a longstanding disagreement between Redskins owner George Preston Marshall and Cowboys founder Clint Murchison Jr. over the creation of a new football team in the South , due to Preston 's TV monopoly in that region . The two teams ' storied on - field rivalry goes back to 1960 when the two clubs first played each other , resulting in a 26 -- 14 Washington victory . Since that time , the two teams have met in 116 regular season contests and two NFC Championships . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 70 -- 42 -- 2 , and the Redskins lead the all - time playoff series 2 -- 0 . The Cowboys currently have a 14 -- 7 advantage over the Redskins at FedEx Field . Some notable moments in the rivalry include Washington 's victory over Dallas in the 1982 NFC Championship and the latter 's 1989 win over the Redskins for their only victory that season . The last Cowboys game with Tom Landry as coach was a win over Washington on December 11 , 1988 . In the 2010s , the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title , but still play the Cowboys particularly tough , posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014 , despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings . Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s , when the long - moribund Eagles returned to contention . In January 1981 , the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship , with Philadelphia winning 20 -- 7 . A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s , including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan . Among these were the 1989 `` Bounty Bowls '' , in which Ryan allegedly placed a bounty on Dallas kicker Luis Zendejas and Veterans Stadium fans pelted the Cowboys with snowballs and other debris . A 1999 game at Philadelphia saw Eagles fans cheering as Michael Irvin lay motionless and possibly paralyzed on the field . In 2008 the rivalry became more intense when in the last game of the year in which both teams could clinch a playoff spot with a victory , the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Cowboys 44 -- 6 . The following season , the Cowboys avenged that defeat by beating the Eagles three times : twice during the regular season to claim the title as NFC East champions and once more in a wild - card playoff game by a combined score of 78 -- 30 , including a 24 -- 0 shutout in week 17 . That three game sweep was Dallas ' first over any opponent and the longest winning streak against the Eagles since 1992 -- 1995 when Dallas won seven straight matches against Philadelphia . During the 2013 season Dallas won the first meeting 17 -- 3 at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . They would meet again in Week 17 at AT&T Stadium with the winner clinching the 2013 NFC East title . The Cowboys came into the game at a disadvantage with starting quarterback Tony Romo out with a season ending back injury which put backup Kyle Orton as the starter . It was a tight game with the Eagles up 24 -- 22 with less than 2 minutes to go in regulation . Orton got the ball and started driving down the field when he was intercepted by the Eagles defense , which ended the game and the Cowboys season . In 2014 , the Cowboys and Eagles both won against each other on the road , with Philadelphia posting a dominant 33 -- 10 win on Thanksgiving Day in Dallas , and Dallas returning the favor two weeks later by defeating the Eagles 38 -- 27 in Philadelphia . The second game between these rivals clenched a playoff spot for Dallas and led to formerly first place Philadelphia missing out on the post-season . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 63 -- 50 . New York Giants Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The first game ever played between the Giants and Cowboys was a 31 -- 31 tie on December 4 , 1960 . Dallas logged its first win in the series on October 29 , 1961 and New York 's first was on November 11 , 1962 . Among the more notable moments in the rivalry was the Giants ' defeat of Dallas in the 2007 playoffs en route to their victory in Super Bowl XLII and winning the first regular season game played at Cowboys Stadium in 2009 . Dallas currently leads the all - time series 64 -- 45 -- 2 . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry The two teams met in the first regular season game the Cowboys ever played in 1960 ( a 35 -- 28 loss to the Steelers ) , the first - ever regular season victory for the expansion Cowboys in 1961 , and would later meet in three Super Bowls , all of them closely contested events . The Steelers - Cowboys is to date the Super Bowl matchup with the most contests . The Steelers won Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIII ; both games were decided in the final seconds , first on a last - second throw by Roger Staubach , then as a fourth - quarter rally by Dallas fell short on an onside kick . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX in January 1996 . It is said that the rivalry was fueled in the 1970s due to the stark contrast of the teams : the Cowboys , being more of a `` flashy '' team with Roger Staubach 's aerial attack and the `` flex '' Doomsday Defense ; while the Steelers were more of a `` blue - collar '' team with a strong running game and the 1970s-esque Steel Curtain defense , a contrast that still exists today . In addition , both teams have national fan bases rivaled by few NFL teams , and both come from areas with a strong following for football at all levels . Dallas leads the all - time series 16 -- 13 including the playoffs . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers -- Cowboys rivalry The bitter rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers has been going on since the 1970s . The NFL Top 10 ranked this rivalry to be the tenth best in the history of the NFL . San Francisco has played Dallas in seven postseason games . The Cowboys defeated the 49ers in the 1970 and 1971 NFC Championship games , and again in the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game . The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco , which saw the 49ers ' Joe Montana complete a game - winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute ( now known as The Catch ) is one of the most famous games in NFL history . The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992 -- 1994 seasons . San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times . Dallas won the first two match - ups , and San Francisco won the third . In each of these pivotal match - ups , the game 's victor went on to win the Super Bowl . Both the Cowboys and the 49ers ( and the New England Patriots ) are second all time in Super Bowl victories to the Pittsburgh Steelers with five each . The 49ers - Cowboys rivalry is also part of the larger cultural rivalry between California and Texas . The 49ers lead the series all - time series with a record of 15 -- 13 -- 1 . Green Bay Packers Main article : Cowboys - Packers rivalry The Cowboys -- Packers rivalry is rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and the Green Bay Packers . It is one of the best known intra-conference rivalry games in the NFL . The two teams do not play every year ; instead , they play once every three years due to the NFL 's rotating division schedules , or if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions , they would play the ensuing season . The rivalry has also resulted in notable playoff games . The all time regular seasons series record is 15 -- 13 in favor of the Packers , and the postseason series is tied 4 -- 4 . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys seasons Players of note Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys players Current roster Dallas Cowboys roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Dak Prescott 7 Cooper Rush Running backs 21 Ezekiel Elliott 49 Jamize Olawale FB 45 Rod Smith 34 Trey Williams Wide receivers 11 Cole Beasley 18 Brian Brown 85 Noah Brown 88 Dez Bryant 81 K.D. Cannon 17 Allen Hurns 14 Lance Lenoir 10 Ryan Switzer 15 Deonte Thompson 83 Terrance Williams Tight ends 80 Rico Gathers 84 James Hanna 89 Blake Jarwin 87 Geoff Swaim 82 Jason Witten Offensive linemen 71 La'el Collins T / G 78 Kadeem Edwards T / G 75 Cameron Fleming T / G 72 Travis Frederick C 79 Chaz Green G / T 62 Jarron Jones T 73 Joe Looney C / G 63 Marcus Martin G / C 70 Zack Martin G 77 Tyron Smith T Defensive linemen 76 Richard Ash DT 97 Taco Charlton DE 96 Maliek Collins DT 98 Tyrone Crawford DE / DT 56 Datone Jones DE 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE 66 Lewis Neal DT / DE 92 Brian Price DT 68 Daniel Ross DT 99 Charles Tapper DE Linebackers 58 Tre'Von Johnson MLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 53 Justin March - Lillard OLB 54 Jaylon Smith MLB 48 Joe Thomas MLB 57 Damien Wilson OLB / MLB Defensive backs 24 Chidobe Awuzie CB / FS 30 Anthony Brown CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS 38 Jeff Heath SS / FS -- Marqueston Huff FS 31 Byron Jones FS / CB 27 Jourdan Lewis CB 28 Jameill Showers FS / SS 26 Duke Thomas CB -- Jason Thompson SS 39 Marquez White CB 25 Xavier Woods FS / SS Special teams 5 Dan Bailey K 6 Chris Jones P 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS Reserve lists 94 Randy Gregory DE ( Susp . ) Restricted FAs 95 David Irving DT / DE Rookies in italics Roster updated March 25 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 62 Active , 1 Inactive , 1 FAs → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers Dallas Cowboys Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Seasons Inducted 26 Adderley , Herb Herb Adderley CB 1970 -- 1972 1981 8 Aikman , Troy Troy Aikman QB 1989 -- 2000 2006 73 Allen , Larry Larry Allen 1994 -- 2005 2013 19 Alworth , Lance Lance Alworth WR 1971 -- 1972 1978 89 Ditka , Mike Mike Ditka TE 1969 -- 1972 1988 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1977 -- 1987 1994 79 Gregg , Forrest Forrest Gregg OT 1971 1977 94 Haley , Charles Charles Haley DE 1992 -- 1996 2015 22 Hayes , Bob Bob Hayes WR 1965 -- 1974 2009 88 Irvin , Michael Michael Irvin WR 1988 -- 1999 2007 74 Lilly , Bob Bob Lilly DT 1961 -- 1974 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1964 1998 81 Owens , Terrell Terrell Owens WR 2006 - 2008 2018 20 Renfro , Mel Mel Renfro CB 1964 -- 1977 21 Sanders , Deion Deion Sanders CB , KR 1995 -- 1999 2011 22 Smith , Emmitt Emmitt Smith RB 1990 -- 2002 81 Smith , Jackie Jackie Smith TE 1978 1994 12 Staubach , Roger Roger Staubach QB 1969 -- 1979 1985 54 White , Randy Randy White DT , LB 1975 -- 1988 1994 70 Wright , Rayfield Rayfield Wright OT 1967 -- 1979 2006 Coaches and Contributors Name Position Seasons Inducted Jones , Jerry Jerry Jones Owner / Executive 1989 -- present 2017 Landry , Tom Tom Landry Coach 1960 -- 1988 1990 Parcells , Bill Bill Parcells Coach 2003 -- 2006 2013 Schramm , Tex Tex Schramm President / GM 1960 -- 1989 1991 Texas Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl MVP Winners SB Player Position V Chuck Howley LB VI Roger Staubach QB XII Randy White DT Harvey Martin DE XXVII Troy Aikman QB XXVIII Emmitt Smith RB XXX Larry Brown CB Ring of Honor Unlike many NFL teams , the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy . Instead , the team has a `` Ring of Honor '' , which is on permanent display encircling the field . Originally at Texas Stadium , the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington . The first inductee was Bob Lilly in 1975 and by 2005 , the ring contained 17 names , all former Dallas players except for one head coach and one general manager / president . Although the team does not officially retire jersey numbers , some are kept `` unofficially inactive '' , so it is uncommon to find any current players wearing the number of one of the `` Ring of Honor '' inductees . For instance , the jersey numbers of inductees Aikman ( 8 ) , Staubach ( 12 ) , Hayes and Smith ( 22 ) , Irvin ( 88 ) , and Lilly ( 74 ) were not worn during the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , number 88 was issued to rookie Dez Bryant . The Ring of Honor has been a source of controversy over the years . Tex Schramm was believed to be a `` one - man committee '' in choosing inductees and many former Cowboys players and fans felt that Schramm deliberately excluded linebacker Lee Roy Jordan because of a bitter contract dispute the two had during Jordan 's playing days . When Jerry Jones bought the team he inherited Schramm 's Ring of Honor `` power '' and immediately inducted Jordan . Jones also has sparked controversy regarding his decisions in handling the `` Ring of Honor '' . For four years he was unsuccessful in convincing Tom Landry to accept induction . Meanwhile , he refused to induct Tex Schramm ( even after Schramm 's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame ) . In 1993 , thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary , Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year 's Cowboys - Giants game ( Landry had played and coached for the Giants ) . In 2003 , Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm . Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction . Unfortunately , Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys - Eagles game that fall . Some of the more recent inductees were Troy Aikman , all - time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irvin , known as `` The Triplets '' . The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin , so all three could be inducted together , which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch - rival Washington Redskins on September 19 , 2005 . The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley , offensive lineman Larry Allen , and wide receiver Drew Pearson , who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys ' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6 , 2011 , and safety Darren Woodson , who was inducted on November 1 , 2015 . All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys first - round draft picks Head coaches and staff Head coaches Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys head coaches Current staff Dallas Cowboys staff Front Office Owner / President / General Manager -- Jerry Jones COO / Executive Vice President / Director of Player Personnel -- Stephen Jones Senior Director of Football Operations / Football Administration -- Todd Williams Director of Salary Cap & Player Contracts -- Adam Prasifka Vice President Player Personnel -- Will McClay Senior Executive , College Scouting -- Tom Ciskowski Director of College Scouting -- Lionel Vital Director of Pro Scouting -- Alex Loomis Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Chris Hall Director of Football Research -- Tom Robinson Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jason Garrett Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Scott Linehan Quarterbacks -- Kellen Moore Running Backs -- Gary Brown Wide Receivers -- Sanjay Lal Assistant Wide Receivers -- Kyle Valero Tight Ends -- Doug Nussmeier Offensive Line -- Paul Alexander Assistant Offensive Line -- Marc Colombo Offensive Assistant -- Stephen Brown Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator / Defensive Line -- Rod Marinelli Defensive Tackles -- Leon Lett Linebackers -- Ben Bloom Defensive Backs / Passing Game Coordinator -- Kris Richard Safeties -- Greg Jackson Defensive Assistant -- Ken Amato Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Keith O'Quinn Assistant Special Teams -- Doug Colman Support Staff Director of Advance Scouting & Special Projects -- Judd Garrett Strength and Conditioning Director of Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Woicik Strength and Conditioning -- Brett Bech Strength and Conditioning -- Markus Paul Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Kendall Smith → Coaching Staff and Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television See also : Dallas Cowboys Radio Network As of 2010 , the Cowboys ' flagship radio station is KRLD - FM . Brad Sham is the team 's longtime play - by - play voice . Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg , who returned in 2007 after a one - year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters . The Cowboys , who retain rights to all announcers , chose not to renew Laufenberg 's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters . However , Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the `` Blue Star Network '' , which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks . The anchor station is KTVT , the CBS owned and operated station in Dallas . Previous stations which aired Cowboys games included KVIL - FM , KRLD , and KLUV - FM . Kristi Scales is the sideline reporter on the radio broadcasts . During his tenure as Cowboys coach , Tom Landry co-hosted his own coach 's show with late veteran sportscaster Frank Glieber and later with Brad Sham . Landry 's show was famous for his analysis of raw game footage and for he and his co-host making their NFL `` predictions '' at the end of each show . Glieber is one of the original voices of the Cowboys Radio Network , along with Bill Mercer , famous for calling the Ice Bowl of 1967 and both Super Bowl V and VI . Mercer is perhaps best known as the ringside commentator of World Class Championship Wrestling in the 1980s . Upon Mercer 's departure , Verne Lundquist joined the network , and became their play - by - play announcer by 1977 , serving eight years in that capacity before handing those chores permanently over to Brad Sham , who joined the network in 1977 as the color analyst and occasional fill - in for Lundquist . Longtime WFAA - TV sports anchor Dale Hansen was the Cowboys color analyst with Brad Sham as the play - by - play announcer from 1985 -- 1996 . Dave Garrett served as the Cowboys ' play - by - play announcer from 1995 -- 97 , when Brad Sham left the team and joined the Texas Rangers ' radio network team as well as broadcast Sunday Night Football on Westwood One . Seeking to expand its radio broadcasting scope nationally , the Cowboys began a five - year partnership with Compass Media Networks on February 2 , 2011 . The result was the America 's Team Radio Network , a supplement to the franchise 's regional one . Beginning with the 2011 season , Kevin Burkhardt and Danny White handled the broadcasts , with Jerry Recco as the studio host . See also American football portal Dallas - Fort Worth portal Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders List of Dallas Cowboys seasons List of Dallas Cowboys players America 's Team Doomsday Defense References NFL 2002 Record & Fact Book ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2643 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys . 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Jump up ^ Ellis , Josh ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Injury List Just Keeps On Growing '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network : Cowboys fire Wade Phillips as head coach , promote Jason Garrett '' . USA Today . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys News : Dak Prescott And Ezekiel Elliott Headline Cowboys ' Pro Bowl Selections - Blogging The Boys '' . Blogging the Boys ( Dallas Cowboys blog ) . ^ Jump up to : Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` CowBuzz : Boys ' To Wear Navy Jerseys This Weekend '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Island of Misfit Unis '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Page 2 -- Uni Watch : How ' bout them Cowboys ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( November 22 , 2001 ) . `` Cowboys going with retro look '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( January 7 , 1981 ) . `` EAGLES DEVISE COLOR SCHEME FOR COWBOYS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys to Wash Out Blue '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 15 , 1981 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` CowBuzz : Cowboys Unveil New ColorRush Uniform For Thanksgiving Day Game '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' This transcends football ' : ' Boys boast as new stadium shines '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Jerrydome or Jerry Dome ( Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington ) -- The Big Apple '' . Barrypopik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Kansas City Royals to get ' world 's largest ' HD LED scoreboard '' . Engadgethd.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MJD ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Jerry Jones aims to make all Cowboys ' fans blind by 2010 '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys reveal world 's largest HD LED screen to the public `` , LEDs Magazine , 2009 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Open & Shut '' Archived June 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , DallasCowboys.com , 2009 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved on 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys shut down Panthers ' offense for first win in new stadium '' . ESPN . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Cowboys Stadium now called AT&T Stadium after deal '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` History of Dallas Cowboys Training Camp Sites , 2008 Update -- Know Your Dallas Cowboys Know Your Dallas Cowboys '' . Knowyourdallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Records by Opponent '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaver County Times & Allegheny Times Online -- Steelers '' . The Times . UK . 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michelle Munoz ( Contributor ) . `` Cowboys - 49ers : A Rivalry for the Ages '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Rivalries in the NFL : 49ers - Cowboys '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ DawnMacelli ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` Packers - Cowboys : A Playoff Rivalry As Old As The Super Bowl Itself '' . Blogging The Boys . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas - Green Bay reaches the top of NFL playoff rivalries '' . newsok.com. 12 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Compass signs the Dallas Cowboys for new network '' Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Radio Business Report , Wednesday , February 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Radio Broadcast Information '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Further reading Aron , Jaime ( 2010 ) . Dallas Cowboys : The Complete Illustrated History . MVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3520 - 8 . Hitzges , Norm ; St. Angelo , Ron ( 2007 ) . Greatest Team Ever : The Dallas Cowboys Dynasty of the 1990s . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0340 - 8 . Myers , Gary ( 2009 ) . The Catch : One Play , Two Dynasties , and the Game That Changed the NFL . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40908 - 9 . Patoski , Joe Nick ( 2012 ) . The Dallas Cowboys : The Outrageous History of the Biggest , Loudest , Most Hated , Best Loved Football Team in America . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 07755 - 2 . Pearlman , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Boys Will Be Boys : The Glory Days and Party Nights of the Dallas Cowboys Dynasty . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 125680 - 6 . St. John , Bob ( 2000 ) . Landry : The Legend and the Legacy . Word Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8499 - 1670 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dallas Cowboys . Official website NFL.com -- Dallas Cowboys Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Ring of Honor Bob Lilly Don Meredith Don Perkins Chuck Howley Mel Renfro Roger Staubach Lee Roy Jordan Tom Landry Tony Dorsett Randy White Bob Hayes Tex Schramm Cliff Harris Rayfield Wright Troy Aikman Michael Irvin Emmitt Smith Drew Pearson Charles Haley Larry Allen Darren Woodson Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Dallas Marshals Texas Revolution LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . Brahmas WSHL El Paso Rhinos Soccer MLS FC Dallas Houston Dynamo USL Rio Grande Valley FC Toros San Antonio FC NPSL FC Brownsville Fort Worth Vaqueros FC Houston Dutch Lions Houston Regals Katy 1895 FC Laredo Heat Midland - Odessa FC Tyler FC PDL AHFC Royals Brazos Valley Cavalry F.C. FC Cleburne Corpus Christi FC Houston FC Texas United MASL Dallas Sidekicks El Paso Coyotes RGV Barracudas NWSL Houston Dash UWS Houston Aces Lacrosse MLL Dallas Rattlers Australian rules football USAFL Austin Crows Dallas Magpies Houston Lonestars Roller derby WFTDA Alamo City Rollergirls Assassination City Roller Derby Cowboy Capital Rollergirls Dallas Derby Devils Houston Roller Derby Spindletop Roller Girls Texas Rollergirls West Texas Roller Dollz Rugby union MLR Austin Elite Rugby Houston SaberCats TGU Alamo City Rugby Football Club Austin Huns Corpus Christi Rugby Football Club Dallas Harlequins R.F.C. Softball Independent Scrap Yard Fastpitch Ultimate AUDL Austin Sol Dallas Roughnecks eSports OWL Dallas Fuel Houston Outlaws College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) ACU Baylor Houston Houston Baptist UIW Lamar North Texas PVAMU Rice Sam Houston State SMU Stephen F. Austin TCU Texas Texas A&M A&M - Corpus Christi Texas Southern Texas State Texas Tech UTA UTSA UTEP UTRGV City of Dallas History Mayors People Culture Climate Transportation Education Landmarks Neighborhoods Asian Trade District Bishop Arts District Casa Linda Cedars Deep Ellum Design District Downtown Exposition Park Fair Park Kessler Park Knox - Henderson Lake Highlands Lakewood Lower Greenville `` M '' Streets Oak Cliff Oak Lawn Park Cities Preston Hollow Trinity Groves Turtle Creek Uptown Victory Park West End Professional sports teams Dallas Cowboys Dallas Mavericks Dallas Stars FC Dallas Texas Rangers Dallas Rattlers All Dallas articles Dallas Portal Texas Portal State of Texas MusicBrainz : 54baf951 - 5008 - 443b - b692 - 8e66ccedd64d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dallas_Cowboys&oldid=832580184 '' Categories : Dallas Cowboys National Football League teams American football teams in Texas Sports clubs established in 1960 1960 establishments in Texas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from September 2011 Articles that may be too long from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 20 : 49 . 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when did dallas cowboys go to the superbowl
[ "\n\nDallas Cowboys\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 58 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]\nFirst season: 1960\nPlay in AT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\nHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The Star\nFrisco, Texas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nNavy Blue, Metallic Silver, White, Royal Blue[2][3][4]\n \n\n\nMascot\nRowdy\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJerry Jones\n\n\nCEO\nStephen Jones\n\n\nPresident\nJerry Jones\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJerry Jones\n\n\nHead coach\nJason Garrett\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)\n1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (32)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n\n\n\n", "\n\nDallas Cowboys\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 58 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]\nFirst season: 1960\nPlay in AT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\nHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The Star\nFrisco, Texas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nNavy Blue, Metallic Silver, White, Royal Blue[2][3][4]\n \n\n\nMascot\nRowdy\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJerry Jones\n\n\nCEO\nStephen Jones\n\n\nPresident\nJerry Jones\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJerry Jones\n\n\nHead coach\nJason Garrett\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)\n1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (32)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n\n\n\n", "\n\nDallas Cowboys\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 58 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]\nFirst season: 1960\nPlay in AT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\nHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The Star\nFrisco, Texas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nNavy Blue, Metallic Silver, White, Royal Blue[2][3][4]\n \n\n\nMascot\nRowdy\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJerry Jones\n\n\nCEO\nStephen Jones\n\n\nPresident\nJerry Jones\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJerry Jones\n\n\nHead coach\nJason Garrett\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)\n1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (32)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n\n\n\n", "\n\nDallas Cowboys\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 58 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]\nFirst season: 1960\nPlay in AT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\nHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The Star\nFrisco, Texas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nNavy Blue, Metallic Silver, White, Royal Blue[2][3][4]\n \n\n\nMascot\nRowdy\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJerry Jones\n\n\nCEO\nStephen Jones\n\n\nPresident\nJerry Jones\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJerry Jones\n\n\nHead coach\nJason Garrett\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)\n1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (32)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n\n\n\n", "\n\nDallas Cowboys\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 58 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]\nFirst season: 1960\nPlay in AT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\nHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The Star\nFrisco, Texas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nNavy Blue, Metallic Silver, White, Royal Blue[2][3][4]\n \n\n\nMascot\nRowdy\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJerry Jones\n\n\nCEO\nStephen Jones\n\n\nPresident\nJerry Jones\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJerry Jones\n\n\nHead coach\nJason Garrett\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)\n1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (32)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n\n\n\n", "\n\nDallas Cowboys\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 58 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]\nFirst season: 1960\nPlay in AT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\nHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The Star\nFrisco, Texas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nNavy Blue, Metallic Silver, White, Royal Blue[2][3][4]\n \n\n\nMascot\nRowdy\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJerry Jones\n\n\nCEO\nStephen Jones\n\n\nPresident\nJerry Jones\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJerry Jones\n\n\nHead coach\nJason Garrett\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)\n1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (32)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n\n\n\n", "\n\nDallas Cowboys\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 58 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]\nFirst season: 1960\nPlay in AT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\nHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The Star\nFrisco, Texas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nNavy Blue, Metallic Silver, White, Royal Blue[2][3][4]\n \n\n\nMascot\nRowdy\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJerry Jones\n\n\nCEO\nStephen Jones\n\n\nPresident\nJerry Jones\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJerry Jones\n\n\nHead coach\nJason Garrett\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)\n1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (32)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n\n\n\n", "\n\nDallas Cowboys\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 58 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]\nFirst season: 1960\nPlay in AT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\nHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The Star\nFrisco, Texas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nNavy Blue, Metallic Silver, White, Royal Blue[2][3][4]\n \n\n\nMascot\nRowdy\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJerry Jones\n\n\nCEO\nStephen Jones\n\n\nPresident\nJerry Jones\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJerry Jones\n\n\nHead coach\nJason Garrett\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)\n1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (32)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "1970", "1971", "1975", "1977", "1978", "1992", "1993", "1995" ]
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List of Code Black episodes
List of Code Black episodes - wikipedia List of Code Black episodes Code Black is an American medical drama , starring Marcia Gay Harden and Rob Lowe , that premiered on CBS on September 30 , 2015 . The series follows the understaffed , busy emergency room of Angels Memorial Hospital , which lacks sufficient resources . On May 16 , 2016 , the show was renewed for a second season , which premiered on September 28 , 2016 . On May 14 , 2017 , CBS renewed the show for a third season . On May 24 , 2018 CBS canceled the series after three seasons . As of July 11 , 2018 , 46 episodes of Code Black have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 18 September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 16 September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 13 April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Semel Michael Seitzman September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) CB101 8.58 The new residents at Angels Memorial Hospital in Los Angeles are introduced to the ER and deal with a series of patients including a dropped - off gang member , a foreign child with a collapsed lung , an organ donor and his daughter who were in a car crash , a stroke patient , and a nine - month pregnant woman with unexplained flu symptoms . `` We Plug Holes '' Christopher Misiano Michael Seitzman October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) CB102 6.83 The ER deals with car crash victims , a hockey player suffering from seizures who is unwilling to acknowledge his illness , a blind 14 - year - old climber and a woman desperate to have her dead husband 's baby . `` Pre-Existing Conditions '' Lee Rose David Marshall Grant October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) CB103 6.96 The ER is under a 36 hour period of code black and receives two brothers involved in a car accident . Leighton is pushed by fellow resident Savetti to cut open the chest of a patient who had come in with pelvic , chest and rib fractures . Lorenson faces a moral dilemma while treating a prisoner with renal failure . `` Sometimes It 's a Zebra '' Adam Kane Brett Mahoney October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) CB104 7.13 Dr. Guthrie 's son joins the hospital as a surgeon and often disagrees with Leanne . Meanwhile , after the death of her son , Christa struggles to help an infant . 5 5 `` Doctors with Borders '' David Von Ancken Molly Newman October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) CB105 5.96 The ER is overwhelmed with patients with an unknown respiratory ailment , requiring them to be quarantined . When Dr. Hudson 's mother is among them , he clashes with his father over the proper treatment . A man impaled on a piece of rebar is desperate to make up with his daughter . 6 6 `` In Extremis '' Vincent Misiano Matt Partney and Corey Evett November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) CB106 6.44 The ER must deal with two shot police officers , and the dilemma whether to save one of them or their shooter . A man deals with his gay , brain dead son 's lover . Tensions between the two Dr. Guthries heat up . Pineda must deal with her pregnant former lover . 7 7 `` Buen Árbol '' Nick Gomez Corinne Marrinan November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) CB107 6.90 The ER must deal with the injured after a car ran onto a sidewalk at a street fair , along with the driver who seems to suffer from seizure - induced amnesia . Other patients include a child of an illegal immigrant , a young woman whose eye is bulging out ( Skyler Day ) , an old lady prepared to face her end , and a man with an enlarged organ who puts Savetti in an uncomfortable position . 8 8 `` You Are the Heart '' Alex Zakrzewski David Marshall Grant November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) CB108 6.59 On a rainy LA night , the ER deals with the victims of a boating accident , an HIV - positive patient which endangers Savetti and causes tensions between him and Leighton , and Guthrie and Rorish butt heads on a surgery . Pineda runs a bone marrow drive for her former lover , much to her dismay . 9 9 `` The Son Rises '' Andrew Bernstein Michael Seitzman and Kristen Kim November 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 25 ) CB109 7.45 A family is the victim of a home invasion with a father who was stabbed near the heart , a mother who was repeatedly stabbed , and a son who was injured during his search for rescue by jumping from a window of the building . Mario and Angus clash over the mother who has bruising around her eyes . Taylor is suspended for bringing a child around the ER , and the doctors clash early with his replacement . Meanwhile , a son struggles to get his father off life support . 10 10 `` Cardiac Support '' Oz Scott Brett Mahoney December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) CB110 8.50 The ER adjusts to the new department head who questions Rorish 's decisions . An ambulance arrives with its paramedics knocked out by their patient , who attacks Jesse . Later , Jesse has a heart attack . As the doctors try to save him , other patients include a man hit by a train , the daughter of a controlling Beverly Hills mother , and the wife of a veteran who is struggling with addiction . Meanwhile , Mario leaves the hospital to find the train victim 's son who has intellectual disabilities , against Hudson 's orders . 11 11 `` Black Tag '' Omar Madha Molly Newman December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) CB111 8.38 Leanne , Neal , Christa , Angus , Mario , Malaya , and Heather are sent to the scene of a multi-car collision on a canyon road above Los Angeles . Leanne clashes with the physician in charge , making a decision he questions . Christa treats an injured family whose car is in a ravine . Angus , Heather , and Mario help a man stuck in cement . Mario and Heather find their lives in danger when a patient 's husband holds them at gunpoint to save his wife . Meanwhile , Jesse recovers from his heart attack . 12 12 `` The Fog of War '' Rob Bailey David Marshall Grant January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) CB112 6.66 Neal stays behind at the car crash scene to look for Christa , Mario , and Heather . Mario and Heather continue trying to revive the wife of a grieving husband , who later attempts to commit suicide . Leanne and Neal face the consequences of having left a patient in Malaya 's care resulting in both doctors being investigated . After Heather hugs Angus , he decides he wants to ask her out , unaware she has a relationship with Mario . Carla gives birth to her son , Philip , before dying . 13 13 `` First Date '' Constantine Makris Kristen Kim January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) CB113 7.29 When a 16 - year - old girl who is from a Christian - Scientist family comes into Angels requiring surgery , the ER must deal with her father who forbids the surgery . Angus ' brother begins an observational rotation prior to accepting a new job in the hospital as an attending surgeon . Christa treats a patient who is experiencing breathing problems who does n't seem to be improving ; when the patient dies following discharge , she blames herself for her death . Later , Neal and Christa kiss , while Malaya treats a patient named Gordon who flirts with her . Meanwhile , Leanne decides to leave her job . 14 14 `` The Fifth Stage '' Oz Scott Brett Mahoney January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) CB114 7.49 In a shooting accident between two feuding families , one of the victims is required a kidney transplant with their cousin being the perfect match ; however , the father refuses . Neal and Christa begin their relationship and Leanne forgives the drunk driver who killed her family . Malaya again deals with Gordon , who seems to be following her more often now . Later , he sneaks into the staff lockers to confront Gina , but he stabs her to death . Christa discovers her body and calls for help . 15 15 `` Diagnosis of Exclusion '' David Von Ancken Corey Evett and Matthew Partney February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) CB115 6.90 In the aftermath of Gina 's death , the doctors are questioned . Gordon had been at the hospital at least 17 times under different aliases and frequently asking for Malaya . Once Gina had been attacked , he followed Malaya to the elevator . She lies to him and takes another floor , but he continues to follow her . He asks her out , but she tells him that she is gay . Angry , he attacks her by slitting her and attempts to rape her . Angus arrives in time and pushes Gordon to the ground . He tells her to go to the ER . During Angus ' fight with Gordon , Gordon accidentally stabs a knife into his neck . Angus , who had lied to human resources , heard Gordon telling him that he intended to kill Malaya and Angus lets him to bleed out , ultimately killing him when complications arose . At center stage , while all three were being treated , Gina is pronounced dead when surgery was no longer an option to save her and everyone mourns her death . Meanwhile , Leanne is given Gina 's job and Neal is put on probation for surgery . Neal and Christa announce their relationship to human resources . 16 16 `` Hail Mary '' Alex Zakrzewski Michael Seitzman & Molly Newman February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) CB116 7.11 Christa becomes insecure in her new relationship with Neal when his ex-girlfriend Dr. Grace Adams ( Meagan Good ) , returns to Angels Memorial after spending a year volunteering in Haiti . Also , New York Giants wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. comes to the ER to convince his stubborn high school football coach , Pete Delaney ( Beau Bridges ) , to have life - saving surgery . Neal accepts a job as surgical attending at Angels . Christa and Malaya treat a marathon runner and new single mother , Katie Miller ( Annie Wersching ) , who is having lung issues . 17 17 `` Love Hurts '' Constantine Makris David Marshall Grant & Ryan McGarry February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) CB117 6.11 Christa and Grace deal with a teenager who claims to have been abused at a camp . Angus begins to take ADHD medication to remain focused , after it is revealed that he deliberately refused to aid Gordon after he removed the knife from his throat , causing Gordon 's death . Leanne deals with a VIP patient who had embryos implanted in her without her husband 's knowledge . Meanwhile , Christa feels at odds with Grace due to her past history with Neal . 18 18 `` Blood Sport '' David Von Ancken Michael Seitzman & Kayla Alpert February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) CB118 6.91 When the location of a presidential debate suffers an explosion , the ER must work under the scrutiny of the Secret Service to save both candidates and their families . Mario confronts Angus about his drug abuse , which in turn leads to Heather being caught by Campbell using his scripts to prescribe the Adderall . The love triangle between Neal , Christa , and Grace becomes more complex . Dr. Rorish asks Dr. Taylor for advice on how to cope with Jesse and the other nurses ' impending strike over wages and the addition of more nurses to the staff . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` Second Year '' Loni Peristere Michael Seitzman September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) CB201 6.37 Col. Ethan Willis joins the team , bringing new techniques and technologies learned in the field of combat to the hospital ; Willis and Mike take a helicopter to Malibu to help shark bite victims ; Jesse welcomes new residents . 20 `` Life and Limb '' Lee Rose David Marshall Grant October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) CB202 5.87 Willis helps a young soccer player injured in a bus crash ; a patient 's hesitancy to disclose that she 's transgender compromises the doctors ' ability to diagnose her abdominal pain . 21 `` Corporeal Form '' David Von Ancken Corey Evett and Matthew Partney October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) CB203 5.99 Willis , Mario and Heather perform a radical operation on a maintenance worker stuck under a boiler that exploded ; Angus ' father tries to seize power of attorney over Mike , who remains in a coma . 22 `` Demons and Angels '' Luis Prieto Michael Brandon Guercio October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) CB204 5.67 On Halloween night , Willis , Noa and Elliott rush to the scene of a fire at a haunted theater , where Dr. Nolan and her boyfriend 's son are trapped . 23 5 `` Landslide '' David McWhirter Jessica Ball November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) CB205 4.45 The doctors treat victims who were caught in a landslide ; the entire ER is put at risk when children with measles are brought in . 24 6 `` Hero Complex '' David Von Ancken Kayla Alpert November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) CB206 6.03 When a college student regains consciousness at the hospital , Malaya must tell her that she has been raped ; Willis and Campbell are at odds when a terminally ill woman wants to end her life on her own terms . 25 7 `` What Lies Beneath '' Constantine Makris Zachary Lutsky November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) CB207 5.68 Willis and Campbell travel to a Russian submarine to treat a sailor who has been wounded in an explosion ; the staff at Angels Memorial treats violent criminals who got injured during a prison riot . 26 8 `` 1.0 Bodies '' P.J. Pesce Kristen Kim November 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 23 ) CB208 6.18 The doctors treat the members of a cult who survived a mass suicide attempt ; Mario wants to connect with his late father 's girlfriend . 27 9 `` Sleight of Hand '' Rob Greenlea Julian Meiojas November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) CB209 5.92 Willis , Leanne and Jesse put their lives on the line to operate on an officer with an explosive bullet in her leg ; Mario , Noa and Guthrie tend to a magician with breathing trouble . 28 10 `` Ave Maria '' Kelly Makin Kevin Hazzard December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) CB210 6.75 When Campbell 's daughter is set to undergo surgery , he learns about Guthrie 's Parkinson 's symptoms and becomes furious . In the fallout , some doctors who knew are suspended and Jesse is fired . 29 11 `` Exodus '' Jet Wilkinson Corey Evett & Matthew Partney December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) CB211 5.98 After Jesse takes a new job at a plastic surgery clinic , he must take one of his patients to Angels when she crashes on the operating table . While in code black , the hospital loses power and the backup generators do not work , as they are still under repair following the boiler room explosion ( S. 2 , Ep. 3 ) . While the patients are evacuated to an urgent care facility , Pinkney and Dixon must deliver a baby in the elevator . 30 12 `` One in a Million '' Rob Bailey David Marshall Grant & Jessica Ball January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) CB212 5.98 Defying Campbell 's orders , Leanne uses the hospital helicopter to reunite a family one last time ; Willis and Noa find a cellphone app to help them communicate with an autistic girl . 31 13 `` Unfinished Business '' David Von Ancken Michael Seitzman January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) CB213 6.33 While taking on a new role as the hospital chaplain , Guthrie considers undergoing a risky surgery to treat his Parkinson 's ; victims of an apartment fire arrive at Angels Memorial Hospital . 32 14 `` Vertigo '' Carol Banker Kayla Alpert & Michael Brandon Guercio January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) CB214 5.68 Ethan and Mario are asked to attend to two injured construction workers who are trapped on a crane platform 40 stories in the air . Meanwhile , the Angels ' staff tends to victims and perpetrators of a school prank gone horribly wrong . 33 15 `` The Devil 's Workshop '' David Von Ancken Corey Evett & Matthew Partney February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) CB215 6.80 The ER is quarantined when a viral outbreak jeopardizes the lives of the doctors and patients ; a young girl whom Leanne bonded with a year ago when she lost her father returns to Angels Memorial . 34 16 `` Fallen Angels '' Michael Seitzman Jessica Ball & Julian Meiojas February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) CB216 6.07 The doctors and the Center for Disease Control try to find an antidote to the deadly virus ; Leanne makes a life - changing decision ; Jesse welcomes a new batch of residents . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 35 `` Third Year '' Rob Bowman Michael Seitzman April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) CB301 5.64 Ethan rides along with Rox to help victims in a still - active police raid on a drug house . Victims later brought to the hospital include a nine - year - old with a bullet wound whose drug - addicted uncle brought her to the house , plus several officers who were exposed to fentanyl . Later , new intern Pepper is exposed to fentanyl at the hospital . Meanwhile , Dr. Campbell has Angus assist on a surgery , leading him to offer Angus a surgical residency position . Also , Mario has difficulty getting over his personal feelings for Noa when the two disagree on a diagnosis . 36 `` Better Angels '' P.J. Pesce David Marshall Grant May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) CB302 5.17 A patient appears to be psychic , but Mario insists her visions are due to a brain tumor that needs to be removed . Noa empathizes with a 39 - year - old ballet dancer who is in for surgery , knowing that the clock is ticking on his career . Meanwhile , Ethan performs a daring underwater rescue of a young woman from a submerged vehicle , earning him the ire of Rox . It is revealed that the passenger who escaped from the car is a Congressman and the young woman is his intern with whom he was having an affair . When the woman revives , she says the Congressman left her behind to die . 37 `` La Familia '' Michael Schultz Barbie Kligman May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) CB303 5.03 Jesse 's brother Jose is taken to Angels after an accident . Although the team is able to save him from his injuries , they discover he has congestive heart failure and wo n't live for long . Mario and Noa treat an engaged couple who are both badly injured from a fight that took place at a baseball game . Leanne tries to define her relationship with Ariel , while Ethan opens up to Rox about his brother when she finds a memorial flag in his home . 38 `` The Same as Air '' Diana Valentine Corey Evett & Matthew Partney May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) CB304 5.95 Elliot doubts his ability as a doctor when he 's sued for his role in the death of a SWAT officer . Also , Willis and Rox arrive at a road rage accident resulting in multiple serious injuries , and Leanne discovers Ariel on an ice cream `` date '' with Max , a young patient at the hospital . 39 5 `` Cabin Pressure '' Randy Zisk Mike Weiss May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) CB305 6.38 40 6 `` Hell 's Heart '' Larry Shaw Eduardo Javier Canto & Ryan Maldonado May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) CB306 6.28 41 7 `` Step Up '' Ed Ornelas Jessica Ball June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) CB307 5.67 42 8 `` Home Stays Home '' Lin Oeding Rebecca Cutter June 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) CB308 6.18 43 9 `` Only Human '' Doug Hannah David Marshall Grant June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) CB309 5.70 44 10 `` Change of Heart '' Jennifer Lynch Barbie Kligman June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) CB310 5.74 45 11 `` One of Our Own '' Nicole Rubio Corey Evett & Matthew Partney July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) CB311 4.80 46 12 `` As Night Comes and I 'm Breathing '' Thomas J. Wright Jessica Ball July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) CB312 5.72 47 13 `` Business of Saving Lives '' TBA TBA July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) TBA TBD Ratings ( edit ) Code Black : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Ep. 14 Ep. 15 Ep. 16 Ep. 17 Ep. 18 Average 8.58 6.83 6.96 7.13 5.96 6.44 6.90 6.59 7.45 8.50 8.38 6.66 7.29 7.49 6.90 7.11 6.11 6.91 7.11 6.37 5.87 5.99 5.67 4.45 6.03 5.68 6.18 5.92 6.75 5.98 5.98 6.33 5.68 6.80 6.07 N / A 5.98 5.67 5.17 5.03 5.95 6.38 6.28 5.67 6.18 5.70 TBD TBD TBD TBD N / A 5.78 Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Renews Code Black , Odd Couple and 2 Other Bubble Shows '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ; O'Connell , Michael ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` CBS 's ' Code Black ' Renewed for Third Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Rosewood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' Code Black ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Arrow ' adjusted up , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Rosewood ' adjusted up , ' Empire ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Supernatural ' adjusts down , ' The Middle ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow ' adjusts up , ' Criminal Minds ' rises but still at series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Blackish ' and ' Code Black ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Rosewood , ' ' Survivor ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Code Black ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Empire ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Modern Family ' and all other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Modern Family ' lead week 17 , ' Shades of Blue ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' adjusts up , CMAs hold vs. World Series : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Charlie Brown Thanksgiving , ' FOX reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' SVU ' and ' Modern Family ' reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts down to series low : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' The Blacklist ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals and ' American Ninja Warrior ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' rerun adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' and ' Reverie ' adjust up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Code Black ' and NBC 's fireworks hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - code black on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Code Black : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Code Black : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Code Black : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Code Black episodes on IMDb Code Black at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Code_Black_episodes&oldid=850043681 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of medical television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 06 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the last episode of code black air
[ "SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired118September 30, 2015 (2015-09-30)February 24, 2016 (2016-02-24)216September 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)February 8, 2017 (2017-02-08)313April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)July 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)" ]
[ "July 18, 2018" ]
3512679483868521623
Carper's fundamental ways of knowing
Carper 's fundamental ways of knowing - wikipedia Carper 's fundamental ways of knowing Jump to : navigation , search In healthcare , Carper 's fundamental ways of knowing is a typology that attempts to classify the different sources from which knowledge and beliefs in professional practice ( originally specifically nursing ) can be or have been derived . It was proposed by Barbara A. Carper , a professor at the College of Nursing at Texas Woman 's University , in 1978 . The typology identifies four fundamental `` patterns of knowing '' : Empirical Factual knowledge from science , or other external sources , that can be empirically verified . Personal Knowledge and attitudes derived from personal self - understanding and empathy , including imagining one 's self in the patient 's position . Ethical Attitudes and knowledge derived from an ethical framework , including an awareness of moral questions and choices . Aesthetic Awareness of the immediate situation , seated in immediate practical action ; including awareness of the patient and their circumstances as uniquely individual , and of the combined wholeness of the situation . ( Aesthetic in this sense is used to mean `` relating to the here and now '' , from the Greek αἰσθάνομαι ( aisthanomai ) , meaning `` I perceive , feel , sense '' ; the reference is not to the consideration of beauty , art and taste ) . The emphasis on different ways of knowing is presented as a tool for generating clearer and more complete thinking and learning about experiences , and broader self - integration of classroom education . As such it helped crystallize Johns ' ( 1995 ) framework for reflective investigation to develop reflective practice . The typology has been seen as leading a reaction against over-emphasis on just empirically derived knowledge , so called `` scientific nursing '' , by emphasising that attitudes and actions that are perhaps more personal and more intuitive are centrally important too , and equally fit for discussion . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carper Barbara A ( 1978 ) . `` Fundamental Patterns of Knowing in Nursing '' . Advances in Nursing Science . 1 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 24 . doi : 10.1097 / 00012272 - 197810000 - 00004 . PMID 110216 . Jump up ^ Melanie Jasper ( 2003 ) , Beginning reflective practice . Nelson Thornes , ISBN 0 - 7487 - 7117 - 4 ; pp. 93 -- 95 Jump up ^ Aesthetic , Online Etymology Dictionary Jump up ^ Johns , C ( 1995 ) . `` Framing learning through reflection within Carper 's fundamental ways of knowing in nursing '' . Journal of Advanced Nursing. 22 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 34 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2648.1995. 22020226. x . PMID 7593941 . Jump up ^ Helen Heath ( 1998 ) , Reflection and patterns of knowing in nursing Archived March 31 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Journal of Advanced Nursing , 27 , 1054 -- 1089 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2648.1998. 00593. x PMID 9637334 Jump up ^ McKenna H , Cutliffe J , McKenna P ( 1999 ) , Evidence - based practice : demolishing some myths Archived March 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Nursing Standard , 14 ( 16 ) , 39 - 42 . PMID 11209438 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carper%27s_fundamental_ways_of_knowing&oldid=793226518 '' Categories : Epistemology Social epistemology Nursing theory Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 July 2017 , at 12 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
differentiate between and describe examples of the four ways of knowing identified by carper
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8908383328823190696
Bring It On Again
Bring It On Again - wikipedia Bring It On Again Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bring It On Again DVD cover Directed by Damon Santostefano Produced by Marc Abraham Thomas Bliss Kelli Konop Screenplay by Claudia Grazioso Brian Gunn Mark Gunn Story by Claudia Grazioso Starring Anne Judson - Yager Bree Turner Kevin Cooney Faune A. Chambers Bryce Johnson Richard Lee Jackson Bethany Joy Lenz Music by Paul Haslinger Cinematography Richard Crudo Edited by Tony Lombardo Production company Beacon Pictures Strike Entertainment Distributed by Universal Studios Home Entertainment Release date January 13 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 13 ) Running time 90 minutes Country United States Language English Bring It On Again is a 2004 direct - to - video cheerleading comedy film directed by Damon Santostefano and starring Anne Judson - Yager and Bree Turner . This film , which is a sequel to Bring It On , has a tenuous link to its predecessor , featuring only a similar plot of competing cheerleading teams that have to try something different in order to win . There are no recurring cast members or canonical references to the previous film . Bring It On Again is also the only straight to video sequel of the four that followed Bring It On that shared the same producers . No one else involved in the original film participated in the creation of this film , nor in any of the following . The film does stylistically refer to its predecessor during the end credits , both of which feature outtakes and clips of the cast having fun dancing and singing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) Whittier arrives at the fictional California State College hoping to join the national champion varsity cheerleading team . She meets up with her friend from cheerleading camp , Monica , and they 're both impressive at the tryouts . Head cheerleader Tina is ready to ask them to join the team , but Greg goes a step further , telling Tina that Whittier will be the next head cheerleader . This angers Tina 's pal Marni who had the position staked out , but at the urging of Dean Sebastian , Tina goes along with the plan , taking Whittier under her wing . Whittier meets Derek , a campus D.J. who immediately takes an interest in her . Tina is very demanding and controlling and warns Whittier that Derek is not the type of boy she should be dating . Monica is bothered by Tina 's meddling , but Whittier momentarily lets her cheerleading ambition get the better of her , and betrays Derek . Then , Tina , upset with Monica 's sassy attitude , punishes her which leads to an injury and she forces Whittier to choose between her friendship and the squad . Whittier and Monica get fed up and quit Tina 's tyranny , but Whittier 's school spirit can not be suppressed . With Monica 's help , she gathers up the outcasts from the drama club , the dance club , and other groups that have lost their funding because of the squad and forms a ragtag squad of her own , determined to battle the varsity squad for a spot at the national championship . The two teams end up competing for the spot at nationals , with Whittier 's squad ultimately winning . Afterward , Whittier offers Tina a spot on her squad , a position that Tina initially refuses but ends up wanting . The film ends with Tina sucking up to Whittier and Monica , deciding she wants to be on their squad after all , while Marni comically throws a fit . Cast ( edit ) Anne Judson - Yager as Whittier Smith Bree Turner as Tina Hammersmith Kevin Cooney as Dean Sebastian Faune A. Chambers as Monica Bryce Johnson as Greg Richard Lee Jackson as Derek Bethany Joy Lenz as Marni Potts Holly Towne as Janice Dennis Hemphill Jr. as Francis Felicia Day as Penelope Hope Katherine Bailess as Colleen Lipman Joshua Gomez as Sammy Stinger Kelly Stables as Tiny Blonde Brian Wade as Fatneck Darren Geare as Croquet Teammate Jerry Trainor as Smug Guy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DVD Talk External links ( edit ) Bring It On Again on IMDb Bring It On Again at AllMovie Bring It On Films Bring It On ( 2000 ) Again ( 2004 ) All or Nothing ( 2006 ) In It to Win It ( 2007 ) Fight to the Finish ( 2009 ) Worldwide # Cheersmack ( 2017 ) Musical Bring It On : The Musical Films directed by Damon Santostefano Fright Show ( 1985 ) Severed Ties ( 1992 ) Three to Tango ( 1999 ) Last Man Running ( 2003 ) Bring It On Again ( 2004 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) Best Player ( 2011 ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) Pure Country : Pure Heart ( 2017 ) Marc Abraham Producer A Thousand Acres ( 1997 ) Playing God ( 1997 ) Trippin ' ( 1999 ) The Family Man ( 2000 ) Bring It On ( 2000 ) Spy Game ( 2001 ) The Emperor 's Club ( 2002 ) Tuck Everlasting ( 2002 ) The Rundown ( 2003 ) Bring It On Again ( 2004 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Let 's Go to Prison ( 2006 ) Flash of Genius ( 2008 ) The Last Exorcism ( 2010 ) In Time ( 2011 ) The Thing ( 2011 ) The Man with the Iron Fists ( 2012 ) The Last Exorcism Part II ( 2013 ) RoboCop ( 2014 ) The Man with the Iron Fists 2 ( 2014 ) Director Flash of Genius ( 2008 ) I Saw the Light ( 2015 ) Related Eric Newman Strike Entertainment Beacon Pictures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_It_On_Again&oldid=841129172 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s sequel films 2000s sports films 2000s teen comedy films 2004 direct - to - video films American direct - to - video films American films American sequel films American sports comedy films American teen comedy films Beacon Pictures films Bring It On ( film series ) Cheerleading films Direct - to - video comedy films Direct - to - video sequel films Films directed by Damon Santostefano Films produced by Marc Abraham Films shot in Los Angeles Teen sports films Universal Pictures direct - to - video films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 05 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays marnie in bring it on again
[ "Bethany Joy Lenz as Marni Potts" ]
[ "Bethany Joy Lenz" ]
1615075345115513975
Lady (Kenny Rogers song)
Lady ( Kenny Rogers song ) - wikipedia Lady ( Kenny Rogers song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Lady '' Single by Kenny Rogers from the album Greatest Hits B - side `` Sweet Music Man '' Released September 29 , 1980 ( U.S. ) Format 7 '' Recorded 1980 Genre Country , Pop Length 3 : 54 Label Liberty 1380 Songwriter ( s ) Lionel Richie Producer ( s ) Lionel Richie Kenny Rogers singles chronology `` Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer '' ( 1980 ) `` Lady '' ( 1980 ) `` What Are We Doin ' in Love '' ( 1981 ) `` Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer '' ( with Kim Carnes ) ( 1980 ) `` Lady '' ( 1980 ) `` What Are We Doin ' in Love '' ( with Dottie West ) ( 1981 ) `` Lady '' is a song written by Lionel Richie and first recorded by American country artist Kenny Rogers . It was released in September 1980 on the album Kenny Rogers ' Greatest Hits . It is listed at # 47 on Billboard 's All Time Top 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song history 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 2.3 End - of - decade charts 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Song History ( edit ) The song was written and produced by Lionel Richie , recorded in 1980 , and ranks among Kenny Rogers 's biggest hits . Rogers once told an interviewer , `` The idea was that Lionel would come from R&B and I 'd come from country , and we 'd meet somewhere in pop . '' The success of `` Lady '' also boosted Richie 's career . The production work on the song was his first outside the Commodores and foreshadowed his success as a solo act during the 1980s . Rogers was also a featured vocalist on `` We Are the World '' , co-written by Richie . Richie performed the song himself on his 1998 album , Time , and he and Rogers performed the song as a duet on Richie 's 2012 release Tuskegee . Lionel Richie has originally pitched this song to the Commodores and they turned it down . Then later , it was given to Kenny Rogers to record and it became the biggest selling hit single for him as a solo artist . Charts ( edit ) Since his breakup with the First Edition , Rogers had tasted considerable success as a solo act , with nine No. 1 entries on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart ( prior to the release of `` Lady '' ) , plus several Top 10 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary Singles charts . `` Lady , '' according to music historian Fred Bronson , would prove to be an important record for both Richie and Rogers . It became the first record of the 1980s to chart on all four of Billboard magazine 's singles charts - country , Hot 100 , adult contemporary and Top Black Singles . It reached No. 1 on three of those charts in late 1980 . On the Hot 100 , `` Lady '' peaked at the summit on 15 November and stayed at the top for a massive six - week stint ( tying with Blondie 's `` Call Me '' for the longest run of the year ) . On 27 December it would be knocked out of the top spot by `` ( Just Like ) Starting Over '' by John Lennon . On the Hot Country Singles chart , it would spend a week at the summit . `` Lady '' also peaked at number forty - two on the Top Black Singles chart . As a country entry , `` Lady '' was Rogers ' 10th chart - topping hit in a career that saw him collect 20 No. 1 songs between 1977 and 2000 . On the Hot 100 , it was his only solo chart - topping song , although Rogers would have a duet No. 1 three years later ( 1983 's `` Islands in the Stream '' with Dolly Parton ) . On the Adult Contemporary Singles chart , `` Lady '' was Rogers ' second ( of eight ) songs that reached the chart 's summit . Billboard ranked it at the No. 3 song for 1981 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 - 81 ) Peak position Australia KMR 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 17 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 6 France ( SNEP ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) 12 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Spain ( AFYVE ) 19 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 12 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Rank U.S. Cash Box 6 Chart ( 1981 ) Rank Australia 93 Canada 43 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 End - of - decade charts ( edit ) End of decade ( 1980 -- 89 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 10 See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1980 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 499 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kenny Rogers -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Kenny Rogers -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Kenny Rogers '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Kenny Rogers -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kenny Rogers UK Charts history Archived 2011 - 12 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , The Official Charts . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Rogers Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Rogers Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Rogers Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1981 / Top 100 Songs of 1981 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bronson , Fred , `` The Billboard Book of Number One Hits '' 5th ed . Billboard Publications , New York , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 . Whitburn , Joel , `` Top Country Songs : 1944 - 2005 , '' 2006 . Whitburn , Joel , `` Top Pop Singles : 1955 - 2006 , '' 2007 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Woman in Love '' by Barbra Streisand Billboard Hot 100 number - one single November 15 - December 20 , 1980 Succeeded by `` ( Just Like ) Starting Over '' by John Lennon Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary number - one single November 15 - December 6 , 1980 Succeeded by `` Never Be the Same '' by Christopher Cross Preceded by `` Could I Have This Dance '' by Anne Murray Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single November 22 , 1980 Succeeded by `` If You Ever Change Your Mind '' by Crystal Gayle ( hide ) Kenny Rogers Studio albums Love Lifted Me Kenny Rogers Daytime Friends Love or Something Like It The Gambler Kenny Gideon Share Your Love Love Will Turn You Around We 've Got Tonight Eyes That See in the Dark What About Me ? The Heart of the Matter They Do n't Make Them Like They Used To I Prefer the Moonlight Something Inside So Strong Love Is Strange Back Home Again If Only My Heart Had a Voice Vote for Love Across My Heart She Rides Wild Horses There You Go Again Back to the Well Water & Bridges The Love of God Amazing Grace You Ca n't Make Old Friends Collaboration albums Every Time Two Fools Collide ( with Dottie West ) Classics ( with Dottie West ) Timepiece ( with David Foster ) Christmas albums Christmas Once Upon a Christmas ( with Dolly Parton ) Christmas in America The Gift Christmas from the Heart Christmas with Kenny Christmas Collection Once Again It 's Christmas Compilations Ten Years of Gold The Kenny Rogers Singles Album Greatest Hits ( 1980 ) 20 Greatest Hits Duets The Kenny Rogers Story Love Is What We Make It Short Stories Greatest Hits ( 1988 ) Daytime Friends -- The Very Best of Kenny Rogers Live by Request 42 Ultimate Hits 21 Number Ones Notable singles `` That Crazy Feeling '' `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` Lucille '' `` Daytime Friends '' `` Sweet Music Man '' `` Every Time Two Fools Collide '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Love or Something Like It '' `` Anyone Who Is n't Me Tonight '' ( with Dottie West ) `` The Gambler '' `` All I Ever Need Is You '' ( with Dottie West ) `` She Believes in Me '' `` ' Til I Can Make It on My Own '' ( with Dottie West ) `` You Decorated My Life '' `` Coward of the County '' `` Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer '' ( with Kim Carnes ) `` Love the World Away '' `` Lady '' `` I Do n't Need You '' `` Share Your Love with Me '' `` Blaze of Glory '' `` Through the Years '' `` Love Will Turn You Around '' `` A Love Song '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( with Sheena Easton ) `` All My Life '' `` Scarlet Fever '' `` Islands in the Stream '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Eyes That See in the Dark '' `` This Woman '' `` Buried Treasure '' `` Together Again '' ( with Dottie West ) `` What About Me ? '' ( with Kim Carnes and James Ingram ) `` Evening Star '' `` Crazy '' `` Morning Desire '' `` Goodbye Marie '' `` Tomb of the Unknown Love '' `` Twenty Years Ago '' `` Make No Mistake , She 's Mine '' ( with Ronnie Milsap ) `` I Prefer the Moonlight '' `` The Factory '' `` I Do n't Call Him Daddy '' `` When You Put Your Heart in It '' `` Planet Texas '' `` The Vows Go Unbroken ( Always True to You ) '' `` Maybe '' ( with Holly Dunn ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Crazy in Love '' `` If You Want to Find Love '' `` Ol ' Red '' `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( with Wynonna Judd ) `` The Greatest '' `` Buy Me a Rose '' ( with Alison Krauss and Billy Dean ) `` He Will , She Knows '' `` There You Go Again '' `` Homeland '' `` I Ca n't Unlove You '' Guest singles `` What Are We Doin ' in Love '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Real Love '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` If I Ever Fall in Love Again '' ( with Anne Murray ) Related articles Discography The First Edition Kenny Rogers Roasters Book : Kenny Rogers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_(Kenny_Rogers_song)&oldid=815522299 '' Categories : 1980 singles Kenny Rogers songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Lionel Richie Liberty Records singles 1980 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Italiano Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 10 : 06 . 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Brain-to-body mass ratio
Brain - to - body mass ratio - wikipedia Brain - to - body mass ratio Jump to : navigation , search Brain - body mass ratio diagram Brain - to - body mass ratio , also known as the brain - to - body weight ratio , is the ratio of brain mass to body mass , which is hypothesised to be a rough estimate of the intelligence of an animal , although fairly inaccurate in many cases . A more complex measurement , encephalization quotient , takes into account allometric effects of widely divergent body sizes across several taxa . The raw brain - to - body mass ratio is however simpler to come by , and is still a useful tool for comparing encephalization within species or between fairly closely related species . Contents ( hide ) 1 Brain - body size relationship 2 Comparisons between groups 3 Critical comment 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Brain - body size relationship ( edit ) Shrews have among the highest brain - to - body mass ratio of all mammals The bony - eared assfish has the smallest known brain - to - body mass ratio of all vertebrates Brain size usually increases with body size in animals ( i.e. large animals usually have larger brains than smaller animals ) ; the relationship is not , however , linear . Small mammals such as mice may have a brain / body ratio similar to humans , while elephants have a comparatively lower brain / body ratio . In animals , it is thought that the larger the brain , the more brain weight will be available for more complex cognitive tasks . However , large animals need more neurons to represent their own bodies and control specific muscles ; thus , relative rather than absolute brain size makes for a ranking of animals that better coincides with the observed complexity of animal behaviour . The relationship between brain - to - body mass ratio and complexity of behaviour is not perfect as other factors also influence intelligence , like the evolution of the recent cerebral cortex and different degrees of brain folding , which increase the surface of the cortex , which is positively correlated in humans to intelligence . The noted exception to this , of course , are those suffering from swelling of the brain which , while resulting in greater surface area , does not alter intelligence . Comparisons between groups ( edit ) Species Brain : body mass ratio ( E : S ) small ants 1 : 7 tree shrew 1 : 10 small birds 1 : 14 mouse 1 : 40 human 1 : 50 cat 1 : 110 dog 1 : 125 squirrel 1 : 150 frog 1 : 172 lion 1 : 550 elephant 1 : 560 horse 1 : 600 shark 1 : 2496 hippopotamus 1 : 2789 See also : Cetacean intelligence § Brain size Dolphins have the highest brain - to - body weight ratio of all cetaceans . Monitor lizards , tegus and anoles and some tortoise species have the largest among reptiles . Among birds , the highest brain - to - body ratios are found among parrots , crows , magpies , jays and ravens . Among amphibians , the studies are still limited . Either octopuses or jumping spiders have some of the highest for an invertebrate , although some ant species have 14 % - 15 % of their mass in their brains , the highest value known for any animal . Sharks have one of the highest for fish alongside manta rays ( although the electrogenic elephantfish has a ratio nearly 80 times higher - about 1 / 32 , which is slightly higher than that for humans ) . The tiny shrew , which holds about 10 % of its body mass in its brain , has one of the highest brain - to - body mass ratios of any vertebrate . It is a trend that the larger the animal gets , the smaller the brain - to - body mass ratio is . Large whales have very small brains compared to their weight , and small rodents like mice have a relatively large brain , giving the same brain - to - body mass ratio as a human . One explanation could be that as an animal 's brain gets larger , the size of the neural cells remains the same , and more nerve cells will cause the brain to increase in size to a lesser degree than the rest of the body . This phenomenon can be described by an equation of the form E = CS , where E and S are brain and body weights , r a constant that depends on animal family ( but close to 2 / 3 in many vertebrates ) , and C is the cephalization factor . It has been argued that the animal 's ecological niche , rather than its evolutionary family , is the main determinant of its encephalization factor C . In the essay `` Bligh 's Bounty '' , Stephen Jay Gould noted that if one looks at vertebrates with very low encephalization quotient , their brains are slightly less massive than their spinal cords . Theoretically , intelligence might correlate with the absolute amount of brain an animal has after subtracting the weight of the spinal cord from the brain . This formula is useless for invertebrates because they do not have spinal cords , or in some cases , central nervous systems . Critical comment ( edit ) Recent research indicates that , in non-human primates , whole brain size is a better measure of cognitive abilities than brain - to - body mass ratio . The total weight of the species is greater than the predicted sample only if the frontal lobe is adjusted for spatial relation . The brain - to - body mass ratio was however found to be an excellent predictor of variation in problem solving abilities among carnivoran mammals . In humans , the brain to body weight ratio can vary greatly from person to person ; it would be much higher in an underweight person than an overweight person , and higher in infants than adults . The same problem is encountered when dealing with marine mammals , which may have considerable body fat masses . Some researchers therefore prefer lean body weight to brain mass as a better predictor . See also ( edit ) Cranial capacity Encephalization List of animals by number of neurons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Development of Intelligence '' . Ircamera.as.arizona.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cairό , O. `` External measures of cognition '' . Front Hum Neurosci. 5 : 108 . PMC 3207484 . PMID 22065955 . doi : 10.3389 / fnhum. 2011.00108 . Jump up ^ Fine , M.L. ; Horn , M.H. ; Cox , B. ( 1987 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Acanthonus armatus , a Deep - Sea Teleost Fish with a Minute Brain and Large Ears '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B : Biological Sciences . 230 ( 1259 ) : 257 -- 265 . ISSN 0962 - 8452 . PMID 2884671 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1987.0018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brain and Body Size ... and Intelligence '' . Serendip.brynmawr.edu. 2003 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hart , B.L. ; Hart , L.A. ; McCoy , M. ; Sarath , C.R. ( November 2001 ) . `` Cognitive behaviour in Asian elephants : use and modification of branches for fly switching '' . Animal Behaviour . Academic Press . 62 ( 5 ) : 839 -- 847 . doi : 10.1006 / anbe. 2001.1815 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cortical Folding and Intelligence '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Haier , R.J. ; Jung , R.E. ; Yeo , R.C. ; Head , K. ; Alkired , M.T. ( 2004 ) . `` Structural brain variation and general intelligence '' . NeuroImage. 23 ( 1 ) : 425 -- 433 . PMID 15325390 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuroimage. 2004.04. 025 . Jump up ^ Seid , M.A. ; Castillo , A. ; Wcislo , W.T. ( 2011 ) . `` The Allometry of Brain Miniaturization in Ants '' . Brain , Behavior and Evolution. 77 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 13 . PMID 21252471 . doi : 10.1159 / 000322530 . Jump up ^ Marino , L. ; Sol , D. ; Toren , K. & Lefebvre , L. ( 2006 ) . `` Does diving limit brain size in cetaceans ? '' ( PDF ) . Marine Mammal Science . 22 ( 2 ) : 413 -- 425 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 7692.2006. 00042. x . ^ Jump up to : Gould ( 1977 ) Ever since Darwin , c7s1 Jump up ^ `` Jumping Spider Vision '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Nilsson , Göran E. ( 1996 ) . `` Brain And Body Oxygen Requirements Of Gnathonemus Petersii , A Fish With An Exceptionally Large Brain '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 199 ( 3 ) : 603 -- 607 . ^ Jump up to : Pagel M.D. , Harvey P.H. ( 1989 ) . `` Taxonomic differences in the scaling of brain on body weight among mammals '' . Science . 244 : 1589 -- 93 . Jump up ^ `` Bligh 's Bounty '' . Archived from the original on 2001 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Overall Brain Size , and Not Encephalization Quotient , Best Predicts Cognitive Ability across Non-Human Primates '' . Brain Behav Evol. 70 : 115 -- 124 . 2007 . doi : 10.1159 / 000102973 . Jump up ^ Benson - Amram , S. ; Dantzer , B. ; Stricker , G. ; Swanson , E.M. ; Holekamp , K.E. ( 25 January 2016 ) . `` Brain size predicts problem - solving ability in mammalian carnivores '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 113 : 201505913 . PMC 4780594 . PMID 26811470 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1505913113 . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) https://web.archive.org/web/20041112174759/http://www.tufts.edu/as/wright_center/cosmic_evolution/docs/text/text_cult_3.html ( DEAD LINK ) http://www.wsu.edu/~taflinge/mindwork/mawint1.html A graph of body mass vs. brain mass `` Bligh 's Bounty '' -- Stephen Jay Gould Suzana Herculano Houzel : What is so special about the human brain TED talk , June 2013 . ( hide ) Animal cognition Cognition Animal communication Animal consciousness Animal language Cognitive bias in animals Cognitive ethology Comparative cognition Elephant cognition Emotion in animals Mirror test Neuroethology Observational learning Primate cognition Tool use by animals Vocal learning Intelligence Bird talking Cat Cephalopod Cetacean Dinosaur Dog Fish Hominid Swarm Pain Pain in amphibians Pain in animals Pain in cephalopods Pain in crustaceans Pain in fish Pain in invertebrates Relation to brain Brain size Brain - to - body mass ratio Encephalization quotient Neuroscience and intelligence Number of neurons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brain-to-body_mass_ratio&oldid=800784216 '' Categories : Animal cognition Mass Animal intelligence Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 17 : 07 . 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list of animals by brain to body ratio
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Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema - wikipedia Pulmonary edema This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Magic links bot ( talk contribs ) at 04 : 10 , 26 June 2017 ( Replace magic links with templates per local RfC and MediaWiki RfC ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 04 : 10 , 26 June 2017 by Magic links bot ( talk contribs ) ( Replace magic links with templates per local RfC and MediaWiki RfC ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Pulmonary edema Synonyms pulmonary oedema Pulmonary edema with small pleural effusions on both sides . Classification and external resources Specialty Cardiology , critical care medicine ICD - 10 J81 ICD - 9 - CM 514 518.4 DiseasesDB 11017 MedlinePlus 000140 eMedicine article / 157452 article / 300813 , article / 360932 MeSH D011654 ( edit on Wikidata ) Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the tissue and air spaces of the lungs . It leads to impaired gas exchange and may cause respiratory failure . It is due to either failure of the left ventricle of the heart to remove blood adequately from the pulmonary circulation ( cardiogenic pulmonary edema ) , or an injury to the lung parenchyma or vasculature of the lung ( noncardiogenic pulmonary edema ) . Treatment is focused on three aspects : firstly improving respiratory function , secondly , treating the underlying cause , and thirdly avoiding further damage to the lung . Pulmonary edema , especially acute , can lead to fatal respiratory distress or cardiac arrest due to hypoxia . It is a cardinal feature of congestive heart failure . The term is from the Greek οἴδημα ( oídēma , `` swelling '' ) , from οἰδέω ( oidéō , `` I swell '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Types 2.1 Cardiogenic 2.2 Non-cardiogenic 2.3 Other 3 Flash pulmonary edema 4 Diagnosis 5 Prevention 6 Management 6.1 Cardiogenic pulmonary edema 7 References 8 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) The most common symptom of pulmonary edema is difficulty breathing , but may include other symptoms such as coughing up blood ( classically seen as pink , frothy sputum ) , excessive sweating , anxiety , and pale skin . Shortness of breath can manifest as orthopnea ( inability to lie down flat due to breathlessness ) and / or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea ( episodes of severe sudden breathlessness at night ) . These are common presenting symptoms of chronic pulmonary edema due to left ventricular failure . The development of pulmonary edema may be associated with symptoms and signs of `` fluid overload '' ; this is a non-specific term to describe the manifestations of left ventricular failure on the rest of the body and includes peripheral edema ( swelling of the legs , in general , of the `` pitting '' variety , wherein the skin is slow to return to normal when pressed upon ) , raised jugular venous pressure and hepatomegaly , where the liver is enlarged and may be tender or even pulsatile . Other signs include end - inspiratory crackles ( sounds heard at the end of a deep breath ) on auscultation and the presence of a third heart sound . Types ( edit ) Classically it is cardiogenic ( left ventricular ) but fluid may also accumulate due to damage to the lung . This damage may be direct injury or injury mediated by high pressures within the pulmonary circulation . When directly or indirectly caused by increased left ventricular pressure pulmonary edema may form when mean pulmonary pressure rises from the normal of 15 mmHg to above 25 mmHg . Broadly , the causes of pulmonary edema can be divided into cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic . By convention cardiogenic refers to left ventricular causes . Cardiogenic ( edit ) Congestive heart failure which is due to the heart 's inability to pump the blood out of the pulmonary circulation at a sufficient rate resulting in elevation in wedge pressure and pulmonary edema - this may be due to left ventricular failure , arrhythmias , or fluid overload , e.g. , from kidney failure or intravenous therapy . Hypertensive crisis can cause pulmonary edema as the elevation in blood pressure and increased afterload on the left ventricle hinders forward flow and causes the elevation in wedge pressure and subsequent pulmonary edema . Non-cardiogenic ( edit ) Negative pressure pulmonary edema in which a significant negative pressure in the chest ( such as from an inhalation against an upper airway obstruction ) ruptures capillaries and floods the alveoli . Neurogenic causes ( seizures , head trauma , strangulation , electrocution ) . Acute respiratory distress syndrome Other ( edit ) Injury to the lung may also cause pulmonary edema through injury to the vasculature and parenchyma of the lung . The acute lung injury - acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ALI - ARDS ) covers many of these causes , but they may include : Inhalation of hot or toxic gases Pulmonary contusion , i.e. , high - energy trauma ( e.g. vehicle accidents ) Aspiration , e.g. , gastric fluid Reexpansion , i.e. post large volume thoracocentesis , resolution of pneumothorax , post decortication , removal of endobronchial obstruction , effectively a form of negative pressure pulmonary oedema . Reperfusion injury , i.e. postpulmonary thromboendartectomy or lung transplantation Swimming induced pulmonary edema also known as immersion pulmonary edema Transfusion Associated Circulatory Overload ( TACO ) occurs when multiple blood transfusions or blood - products ( plasma , platelets , etc . ) are transfused over a short period of time . Transfusion associated Acute Lung Injury ( TRALI ) is a specific type of blood - product transfusion injury that occurs when the donors plasma contained antibodies against the donor , such as anti-HLA or anti-neutrophil antibodies . Severe infection or inflammation which may be local or systemic . This is the classical form of ALI - ARDS . Some causes of pulmonary edema are less well characterised and arguably represent specific instances of the broader classifications above . Arteriovenous malformation Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome High altitude pulmonary edema ( HAPE ) Envenomation , such as with the venom of Atrax robustus Flash pulmonary edema ( edit ) Flash pulmonary edema ( FPE ) , is rapid onset pulmonary edema . It is most often precipitated by acute myocardial infarction or mitral regurgitation , but can be caused by aortic regurgitation , heart failure , or almost any cause of elevated left ventricular filling pressures . Treatment of FPE should be directed at the underlying cause , but the mainstays are ensuring adequate oxygenation , diuresis , and decrease of pulmonary circulation pressures . Recurrence of FPE is thought to be associated with hypertension and may signify renal artery stenosis . Prevention of recurrence is based on managing hypertension , coronary artery disease , renovascular hypertension , and heart failure . Diagnosis ( edit ) X-Ray showing pulmonary oedema Pulmonary edema on CT - scan ( coronal MPR ) There is no one single test for confirming that breathlessness is caused by pulmonary edema ; indeed , in many cases , the cause of shortness of breath is probably multifactorial . Low oxygen saturation and disturbed arterial blood gas readings support the proposed diagnosis by suggesting a pulmonary shunt . Chest X-ray will show fluid in the alveolar walls , Kerley B lines , increased vascular shadowing in a classical batwing peri-hilum pattern , upper lobe diversion ( increased blood flow to the superior parts of the lung ) , and possibly pleural effusions . In contrast , patchy alveolar infiltrates are more typically associated with noncardiogenic edema Lung ultrasound , employed by a healthcare provider at the point of care , is also a useful tool to diagnose pulmonary edema ; not only is it accurate , but it may quantify the degree of lung water , track changes over time , and differentiate between cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic edema . Especially in the case of cardiogenic pulmonary edema , urgent echocardiography may strengthen the diagnosis by demonstrating impaired left ventricular function , high central venous pressures and high pulmonary artery pressures . Blood tests are performed for electrolytes ( sodium , potassium ) and markers of renal function ( creatinine , urea ) . Liver enzymes , inflammatory markers ( usually C - reactive protein ) and a complete blood count as well as coagulation studies ( PT , aPTT ) are also typically requested . B - type natriuretic peptide ( BNP ) is available in many hospitals , sometimes even as a point - of - care test . Low levels of BNP ( < 100 pg / ml ) suggest a cardiac cause is unlikely . Prevention ( edit ) In those with underlying heart disease , effective control of congestive symptoms prevents pulmonary edema . Dexamethasone is in widespread use for the prevention of high altitude pulmonary edema . Sildenafil is used as a preventive treatment for altitude - induced pulmonary edema and pulmonary hypertension , the mechanism of action is via phosphodiesterase inhibition which raises cGMP , resulting in pulmonary arterial vasodilation and inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation . While this effect has only recently been discovered , sildenafil is already becoming an accepted treatment for this condition , in particular in situations where the standard treatment of rapid descent has been delayed for some reason . Management ( edit ) The initial management of pulmonary edema , irrespective of the type or cause , is supporting vital functions . Therefore , if the level of consciousness is decreased it may be required to proceed to tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation to prevent airway compromise . Hypoxia ( abnormally low oxygen levels ) may require supplementary oxygen , but if this is insufficient then again mechanical ventilation may be required to prevent complications . Treatment of the underlying cause is the next priority ; pulmonary edema secondary to infection , for instance , would require the administration of appropriate antibiotics . Cardiogenic pulmonary edema ( edit ) Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema often responds rapidly to medical treatment . Positioning upright may relieve symptoms . Loop diuretics such as furosemide or bumetanide are administered , often together with morphine or diamorphine to reduce respiratory distress . Both diuretics and morphine may have vasodilator effects , but specific vasodilators may be used ( particularly intravenous glyceryl trinitrate or ISDN ) provided the blood pressure is adequate . Continuous positive airway pressure and bilevel positive airway pressure ( BIPAP / NIPPV ) has been demonstrated to reduce the need of mechanical ventilation in people with severe cardiogenic pulmonary edema , and may reduce mortality . It is possible for cardiogenic pulmonary edema to occur together with cardiogenic shock , in which the cardiac output is insufficient to sustain an adequate blood pressure . This can be treated with inotropic agents or by intra-aortic balloon pump , but this is regarded as temporary treatment while the underlying cause is addressed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` pulmonary edema '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary ^ Jump up to : Ware LB , Matthay MA ( December 2005 ) . `` Clinical practice . Acute pulmonary edema '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 353 ( 26 ) : 2788 -- 96 . PMID 16382065 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMcp052699 . Jump up ^ What Is Pulmonary Hypertension ? From Diseases and Conditions Index ( DCI ) . National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute . Last updated September 2008 . Retrieved on 6 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Chapter 41 , page 210 in : Cardiology secrets By Olivia Vynn Adair Edition : 2 , illustrated Published by Elsevier Health Sciences , 2001 ISBN 1 - 56053 - 420 - 6 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56053 - 420 - 4 Jump up ^ Papaioannou , V. ; Terzi , I. ; Dragoumanis , C. ; Pneumatikos , I. ( 2009 ) . `` Negative - pressure acute tracheobronchial hemorrhage and pulmonary edema '' . Journal of Anesthesia. 23 ( 3 ) : 417 -- 420 . doi : 10.1007 / s00540 - 009 - 0757 - 0 . Jump up ^ O'Leary , R. ; McKinlay , J. ( 2011 ) . `` Neurogenic pulmonary oedema '' . Continuing Education in Anaesthesia , Critical Care & Pain . 11 ( 3 ) : 87 -- 92 . doi : 10.1093 / bjaceaccp / mkr006 . Jump up ^ Boyle , AJ ; Mac Sweeney , R ; McAuley , DF ( August 2013 ) . `` Pharmacological treatments in ARDS ; a state - of - the - art update '' . BMC Med. 11 : 166 . PMC 3765621 . PMID 23957905 . doi : 10.1186 / 1741 - 7015 - 11 - 166 . Jump up ^ Hampson NB , Dunford RG ( 1997 ) . `` Pulmonary edema of scuba divers '' . Undersea Hyperb Med. 24 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 33 . PMID 9068153 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cochard G , Arvieux J , Lacour JM , Madouas G , Mongredien H , Arvieux CC ( 2005 ) . `` Pulmonary edema in scuba divers : recurrence and fatal outcome '' . Undersea Hyperb Med. 32 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 44 . PMID 15796313 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Adverse Reactions '' . Professional Education . 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Transfusion - related acute lung injury ( TRALI ) '' . Professional Education . 2016 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Luks AM ( 2008 ) . `` Do we have a `` best practice '' for treating high altitude pulmonary edema ? `` . High Alt . Med. Biol. 9 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 4 . PMID 18578641 . doi : 10.1089 / ham. 2008.1017 . Jump up ^ Bates , M ( 2007 ) . `` High altitude pulmonary edema '' . Altitude Physiology Expeditions . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ White J , Gray M , Fisher M ( 1989 ) . Atrax Robustus IPCS InChem Jump up ^ Kramer K , Kirkman P , Kitzman D , Little WC . Flash pulmonary edema : association with hypertension and recurrence despite coronary revascularization . Am Heart J. 2000 Sep ; 140 ( 3 ) : 451 - 5 . doi : 10.1067 / mhj. 2000.108828 . PMID 10966547 . Jump up ^ Pickering TG , Herman L , Devereux RB , Sotelo JE , James GD , Sos TA , Silane MF , Laragh JH . Recurrent pulmonary oedema in hypertension due to bilateral renal artery stenosis : treatment by angioplasty or surgical revascularisation . Lancet . 1988 ; 332 ( 8610 ) : 551 - 2 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 88 ) 92668 - 2 . PMID 2900930 . Jump up ^ Volpicelli , Giovanni ; Elbarbary , Mahmoud ; Blaivas , Michael ; Lichtenstein , Daniel A. ; Mathis , Gebhard ; Kirkpatrick , Andrew W. ; Melniker , Lawrence ; Gargani , Luna ; Noble , Vicki E. ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) . `` International evidence - based recommendations for point - of - care lung ultrasound '' . Intensive Care Medicine . 38 ( 4 ) : 577 -- 591 . ISSN 1432 - 1238 . PMID 22392031 . doi : 10.1007 / s00134 - 012 - 2513 - 4 . Jump up ^ Richalet JP , Gratadour P , Robach P , et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Sildenafil inhibits altitude - induced hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension '' . Am. J. Respir . Crit . Care Med. 171 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 81 . PMID 15516532 . doi : 10.1164 / rccm. 200406 - 804OC . Jump up ^ Perimenis P ( 2005 ) . `` Sildenafil for the treatment of altitude - induced hypoxaemia '' . Expert Opin Pharmacother. 6 ( 5 ) : 835 -- 7 . PMID 15934909 . doi : 10.1517 / 14656566.6. 5.835 . Jump up ^ Clark , Michael ; Kumar , Parveen J. ( 2009 ) . Kumar and Clark 's clinical medicine . St. Louis , Mo : Elsevier Saunders . p. 783 . ISBN 0 - 7020 - 2993 - 9 . Jump up ^ Fagenholz PJ , Gutman JA , Murray AF , Harris NS ( 2007 ) . `` Treatment of high altitude pulmonary edema at 4240 m in Nepal '' . High Alt . Med. Biol. 8 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 46 . PMID 17584008 . doi : 10.1089 / ham. 2007.3055 . ^ Jump up to : Cleland JG , Yassin AS , Khadjooi K ( 2010 ) . `` Acute heart failure : focusing on acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema '' . Clin Med. 10 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 64 . PMID 20408310 . doi : 10.7861 / clinmedicine. 10 - 1 - 59 . Jump up ^ Vital FM , Ladeira MT , Atallah AN ( 2013 ) . `` Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation ( CPAP or bilevel NPPV ) for cardiogenic pulmonary oedema '' . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 5 : CD005351 . PMID 23728654 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD005351. pub3 . External links ( edit ) HeartFailureMatters.org Animation showing How Heart Failure causes Fluid Accumulation - Created by the European Heart Failure Association ( show ) Diseases of the respiratory system ( J , 460 -- 519 ) Upper RT ( including URTIs , common cold ) Head sinuses Sinusitis nose Rhinitis Vasomotor rhinitis Atrophic rhinitis Hay fever Nasal polyp Rhinorrhea nasal septum Nasal septum deviation Nasal septum perforation Nasal septal hematoma tonsil Tonsillitis Adenoid hypertrophy Peritonsillar abscess Neck pharynx Pharyngitis Strep throat Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Retropharyngeal abscess larynx Croup Laryngomalacia Laryngeal cyst Laryngitis Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Laryngospasm vocal folds Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Vocal fold nodule Vocal cord paresis Vocal cord dysfunction epiglottis Epiglottitis trachea Tracheitis Tracheal stenosis Lower RT / lung disease ( including LRTIs ) Bronchial / obstructive acute Acute bronchitis chronic COPD Chronic bronchitis Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Acute exacerbation of COPD Emphysema ) Asthma ( Status asthmaticus Aspirin - induced Exercise - induced Bronchiectasis unspecified Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis obliterans Diffuse panbronchiolitis Interstitial / restrictive ( fibrosis ) External agents / occupational lung disease Pneumoconiosis Asbestosis Baritosis Bauxite fibrosis Berylliosis Caplan 's syndrome Chalicosis Coalworker 's pneumoconiosis Siderosis Silicosis Talcosis Byssinosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Bagassosis Bird fancier 's lung Farmer 's lung Lycoperdonosis Other ARDS Pulmonary edema Löffler 's syndrome / Eosinophilic pneumonia Respiratory hypersensitivity Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Hamman - Rich syndrome Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Sarcoidosis Obstructive or restrictive Pneumonia / pneumonitis By pathogen Viral Bacterial Pneumococcal Klebsiella ) Atypical bacterial Mycoplasma Legionnaires ' disease Chlamydiae Fungal Pneumocystis Parasitic noninfectious Chemical / Mendelson 's syndrome Aspiration / Lipid By vector / route Community - acquired Healthcare - associated Hospital - acquired By distribution Broncho - Lobar IIP UIP DIP BOOP - COP NSIP RB Other Atelectasis circulatory Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary embolism Lung abscess Pleural cavity / mediastinum Pleural disease Pleuritis / pleurisy Pneumothorax / Hemopneumothorax Pleural effusion Hemothorax Hydrothorax Chylothorax Empyema / pyothorax Malignant Fibrothorax Mediastinal disease Mediastinitis Mediastinal emphysema Other / general Respiratory failure Influenza SARS Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis ( show ) Disorders of blood flow Decreases Clots Thrombus Thrombosis Renal vein thrombosis Ischemia Brain ischemia Ischaemic heart disease large intestine : Ischemic colitis small intestine : Mesenteric ischemia Infarction Types Anemic Hemorrhagic Location Heart Brain Spleen Limb Increases Hemorrhage Bruise / Hematoma Petechia Purpura Ecchymosis head Epistaxis Hemoptysis Intracranial hemorrhage Hyphema Subconjunctival hemorrhage torso Hemothorax Hemopericardium Pulmonary hematoma abdomen Gastrointestinal bleeding Haemobilia Hemoperitoneum Hematocele Hematosalpinx joint Hemarthrosis Edema Anasarca Angioedema / Lymphedema Exudate / Transudate Cerebral edema Pulmonary edema Hydrothorax Ascites / hydroperitoneum Hydrosalpinx Other Hyperemia Authority control NDL : 00575969 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_edema&oldid=787569442 '' Categories : Respiratory diseases principally affecting the interstitium Medical emergencies Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons العربية Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk پښتو Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2017 , at 04 : 10 . 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pulmonary congestion is when the blood from the ventricle flows back into the
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AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am
AT&T Pebble Beach pro-am - wikipedia AT&T Pebble Beach pro-am Jump to : navigation , search AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Tournament information Location Pebble Beach , California Established 1937 , 81 years ago Course ( s ) Pebble Beach Golf Links Spyglass Hill Golf Course Monterey Peninsula CC Par 72 ( PB ) , 72 ( SH ) , 71 ( MP ) Length 6,816 yd ( 6,233 m ) ( PB ) 6,953 yd ( 6,358 m ) ( SH ) 6,958 yd ( 6,362 m ) ( MP ) Organized by Monterey Peninsula Foundation Tour ( s ) PGA Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 7.4 million Month played February Tournament record score Aggregate 265 Brandt Snedeker ( 2015 ) To par − 22 Brandt Snedeker ( 2015 ) Current champion Ted Potter Jr . Pebble Beach Location in the United States Pebble Beach Location in California The AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour , held annually at Pebble Beach , California , near Carmel . The tournament is typically held during the month of February on three different courses , currently Pebble Beach Golf Links , Spyglass Hill Golf Course , and Monterey Peninsula Country Club . The event was originally known as the Bing Crosby National Pro-Amateur , or just the Crosby Clambake . After Crosby 's death in 1977 , the tournament was hosted by his family for eight years . The Crosby name was dropped after the 1985 event , and AT&T Corporation became the title sponsor 32 years ago in 1986 . It is organized by the Monterey Peninsula Foundation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Tournament playing format 3 Professional field 4 Format 5 Tournament hosts 6 Winners 7 Multiple winners 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Founded 81 years ago in 1937 , entertainer Bing Crosby hosted the first National Pro-Am Golf Championship in southern California at Rancho Santa Fe Golf Club in San Diego County , the event 's location prior to World War II . Sam Snead won the first tournament , then just 18 holes , with a winner 's share of $500 . A second round was added in 1938 and was played through 1942 . After the war , it resumed in 1947 as a 54 - hole event , up the coast on golf courses near Monterey , where it has been played ever since . Beginning that year , it was played at Pebble Beach Golf Links , Cypress Point Club , and Monterey Peninsula Country Club until 1966 . The tournament became a 72 - hole event in 1958 . In 1967 , Spyglass Hill replaced Monterey Peninsula CC as the third course ( with the exception of 1977 , when it returned to MPCC ) . In 1991 , the private Cypress Point Club was dropped by the PGA Tour because it would not admit an African - American member , and was replaced as a tournament venue by Poppy Hills , which hosted through 2009 . Poppy Hills was not well received by the players , primarily due to poor drainage , and Monterey Peninsula CC returned to the rotation in 2010 . Notable professionals in recent years have included Tiger Woods , Phil Mickelson , Mark O'Meara , Davis Love III , Jordan Spieth , and Vijay Singh . Notable celebrities have included fan favorite Bill Murray , Glenn Frey , Kevin Costner , Steve Young , George Lopez , Tom Brady , Bill Belichick , Kenny G , Justin Timberlake , Ray Romano , Clay Walker , and Carson Daly . Past celebrities included many Hollywood legends , some of whom were accomplished amateur golfers . Jim Backus , who starred in many movies and television shows , made the 36 - hole pro-am cut in 1964 . The tournament continues to be a success every year despite the rainfall that often occurs , notably in 1996 , 1998 and 1999 ( see Format section below ) . There is a similar celebrity pro-am event on the European Tour , called the Alfred Dunhill Links Championship . Gene Littler holds a unique record in this event . When he won the 1975 event , it marked the only time that a player had won this particular event as a professional after having previously been the amateur on the winning pro-am team which Littler did as a 23 - year - old amateur in 1954 . Tournament playing format ( edit ) Singer Justin Timberlake at the 2006 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am . The starting field consists of 156 professionals and 156 amateurs . Each professional is paired with an amateur player . On the first three days 156 two - man teams will play a better ball format with one round on each of the three courses . The pros also play an individual stroke play format . On the final day , those professionals and pro-am teams making the 54 - hole cut will play on the Pebble Beach Golf Links . Individual Pro cut : At 54 holes , the low 60 scorers plus any ties . Players between 61st and 70th ( and ties ) will receive both official money and FedEx Cup points , as the cut for this tournament ensures the field is smaller than a standard tournament cut of 70 to accommodate the pro-am teams playing on the last day . They are indicated as MDF ( Made the cut , did not finish ) . Pro-Am cut : At 54 holes , the low 25 teams , plus any ties . Only professionals may compete in the individual competition part of the tournament . Amateurs are restricted to playing only in the pro-amateur team competition . The local Pebble Beach tournament officials organize the pairing of professionals with amateurs , while the PGA Tour manages the assignment of the pros ' tee times . Professional field ( edit ) The professional field consists of 156 players selected using the standard eligibility rankings except that the following shall first be eligible : AT&T Pebble Beach winners prior to 2000 and in the last five seasons The Players Championship and major championship winners prior to 2000 and in the last five years There is no open qualifying for this tournament . Format ( edit ) Conducted as a planned 72 - hole event , 1958 -- present . Exceptions are as follows : 18 holes : 1937 36 holes - planned : 1938 to 1942 36 holes - due to bad weather : 1952 54 holes - planned : 1947 to 1951 , 1953 to 1957 54 holes - due to bad weather : 1974 , 1981 , 1986 , 1998 , 1999 , and 2009 In 1996 , the first 36 holes were played as scheduled on Thursday and Friday . Rain on Saturday and Sunday prevented the completion of the tournament and it was canceled ( 54 holes required to be official due to three course setup ) . In 1998 , weather conditions prevented the tournament from being finished on schedule ( 9 holes were played Thursday , 9 on Friday , 18 on Saturday , rain Sunday and Monday ) . The third round was delayed until August to prevent cancellation similar to 1996 . 43 of 168 players withdrew rather than return for the final round . Tournament hosts ( edit ) Venue Location Pebble Beach Golf Links 1947 -- present Spyglass Hill Golf Course 1967 -- 1976 , 1978 -- present Monterey Peninsula CC , Shore Course 1965 -- 1966 , 1977 , 2010 -- present Poppy Hills Golf Course 1991 -- 2009 Cypress Point Club 1947 -- 1990 Monterey Peninsula CC , Dunes Course 1947 -- 1964 Rancho Santa Fe Golf Club 1937 -- 1942 Winners ( edit ) Year Player Country Score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up First prize ( $ ) Ref AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am 2018 Ted Potter Jr . United States 270 − 17 3 strokes Jason Day Dustin Johnson Phil Mickelson Chez Reavie 1,332,000 2017 Jordan Spieth United States 268 − 19 4 strokes Kelly Kraft 1,296,000 2016 Vaughn Taylor United States 270 − 17 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 1,260,000 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am 2015 Brandt Snedeker ( 2 ) United States 265 − 22 3 strokes Nick Watney 1,224,000 2014 Jimmy Walker United States 276 − 11 1 stroke Dustin Johnson Jim Renner 1,188,000 2013 Brandt Snedeker United States 267 − 19 2 strokes Chris Kirk 1,170,000 2012 Phil Mickelson ( 4 ) United States 269 − 17 2 strokes Charlie Wi 1,152,000 2011 D.A. Points United States 271 − 15 2 strokes Hunter Mahan 1,134,000 Dustin Johnson ( 2 ) United States 270 − 16 1 stroke David Duval J.B. Holmes 1,116,000 2009 Dustin Johnson United States 201 ^ − 15 4 strokes Mike Weir 1,098,000 2008 Steve Lowery United States 278 − 10 Playoff Vijay Singh 1,080,000 2007 Phil Mickelson ( 3 ) United States 268 − 20 5 strokes Kevin Sutherland 990,000 2006 Arron Oberholser United States 271 − 17 5 strokes Rory Sabbatini 972,000 2005 Phil Mickelson ( 2 ) United States 269 − 19 4 strokes Mike Weir 954,000 Vijay Singh Fiji 272 − 16 3 strokes Jeff Maggert 954,000 2003 Davis Love III ( 2 ) United States 274 − 14 1 stroke Tom Lehman 900,000 2002 Matt Gogel United States 274 − 14 3 strokes Pat Perez 720,000 Davis Love III United States 272 − 16 1 stroke Vijay Singh 720,000 2000 Tiger Woods United States 273 − 15 2 strokes Matt Gogel Vijay Singh 720,000 1999 Payne Stewart United States 206 ^ − 10 1 stroke Frank Lickliter 504,000 1998 Phil Mickelson United States 202 ^ − 14 1 stroke Tom Pernice , Jr . 450,000 Mark O'Meara ( 5 ) United States 268 − 20 1 stroke David Duval Tiger Woods 342,000 Tournament canceled after two rounds due to weather 1995 Peter Jacobsen United States 271 − 17 2 strokes David Duval 252,000 Johnny Miller ( 3 ) United States 281 − 7 1 stroke Jeff Maggert Corey Pavin Kirk Triplett Tom Watson 225,000 Brett Ogle Australia 276 − 12 3 strokes Billy Ray Brown 225,000 1992 Mark O'Meara ( 4 ) United States 275 − 13 Playoff Jeff Sluman 198,000 1991 Paul Azinger United States 274 − 14 4 strokes Brian Claar Corey Pavin 198,000 Mark O'Meara ( 3 ) United States 281 − 7 2 strokes Kenny Perry 180,000 Mark O'Meara ( 2 ) United States 277 − 11 1 stroke Tom Kite 180,000 Steve Jones United States 280 − 8 Playoff Bob Tway 126,000 Johnny Miller ( 2 ) United States 278 − 10 1 stroke Payne Stewart 108,000 1986 Fuzzy Zoeller United States 205 ^ − 11 5 strokes Payne Stewart 108,000 Bing Crosby National Pro-Am 1985 Mark O'Meara United States 283 − 5 1 stroke Kikuo Arai Larry Rinker Curtis Strange 90,000 1984 Hale Irwin United States 278 − 10 Playoff Jim Nelford 72,000 Tom Kite United States 276 − 12 2 strokes Rex Caldwell Calvin Peete 58,500 1982 Jim Simons United States 274 − 14 2 strokes Craig Stadler 54,000 1981 John Cook United States 209 ^ − 7 Playoff Bobby Clampett Ben Crenshaw Hale Irwin Barney Thompson 40,500 1980 George Burns United States 280 − 8 1 stroke Dan Pohl 54,000 1979 Lon Hinkle United States 284 − 4 Playoff Andy Bean Mark Hayes 54,000 1978 Tom Watson ( 2 ) United States 280 − 8 Playoff Ben Crenshaw 45,000 1977 Tom Watson United States 273 − 15 1 stroke Tony Jacklin 40,000 1976 Ben Crenshaw United States 281 − 7 2 strokes Mike Morley 37,000 Gene Littler United States 280 − 8 4 strokes Hubert Green 37,000 Johnny Miller United States 208 ^ − 8 4 strokes Grier Jones 27,750 1973 Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) United States 282 − 6 Playoff Raymond Floyd Orville Moody 36,000 1972 Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) United States 284 − 4 Playoff Johnny Miller 28,000 1971 Tom Shaw United States 278 − 10 2 strokes Arnold Palmer 27,000 1970 Bert Yancey United States 278 − 10 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 25,000 1969 George Archer United States 283 − 5 1 stroke Bob Dickson Dale Douglass Howie Johnson 25,000 1968 Johnny Pott United States 285 − 3 Playoff Billy Casper Bruce Devlin 16,000 1967 Jack Nicklaus United States 284 − 4 5 strokes Billy Casper 16,000 1966 Don Massengale United States 283 − 4 1 stroke Arnold Palmer 11,000 1965 Bruce Crampton Australia 284 − 3 3 strokes Tony Lema 7,500 1964 Tony Lema United States 284 − 4 3 strokes Gay Brewer Bo Wininger 5,800 1963 Billy Casper ( 2 ) United States 285 − 3 1 stroke Dave Hill Jack Nicklaus Gary Player Bob Rosburg Art Wall , Jr . 5,300 1962 Doug Ford United States 286 − 2 Playoff Joe Campbell 5,300 1961 Bob Rosburg United States 282 − 6 1 stroke Roberto De Vicenzo Dave Ragan 5,300 1960 Ken Venturi United States 286 − 2 3 strokes Julius Boros Tommy Jacobs 4,000 1959 Art Wall , Jr . United States 279 − 9 2 strokes Jimmy Demaret Gene Littler 4,000 Bing Crosby National Pro-Am Golf Championship 1958 Billy Casper United States 277 − 11 4 strokes Dave Marr 4,000 1957 Jay Hebert United States 213 − 3 2 strokes Cary Middlecoff 2,500 1956 Cary Middlecoff ( 2 ) United States 202 − 14 5 strokes Mike Souchak 2,500 Bing Crosby National Pro-Am Golf Championship 1955 Cary Middlecoff United States 209 − 7 4 strokes Julius Boros Paul McGuire 2,500 1954 E.J. Harrison ( 2 ) United States 210 − 6 1 stroke Jimmy Demaret 2,000 1953 Lloyd Mangrum ( 2 ) United States 204 − 12 4 strokes Julius Boros 2,000 Bing Crosby Pro-Am 1952 Jimmy Demaret United States 145 ^ + 1 2 strokes Art Bell 2,000 1951 Byron Nelson United States 209 − 7 3 strokes Cary Middlecoff 2,000 1950 Jack Burke , Jr . Dave Douglas Smiley Quick Sam Snead ( 4 ) United States 214 − 2 n / a 2,000 1949 Ben Hogan United States 208 − 8 2 strokes Jim Ferrier 2,000 1948 Lloyd Mangrum United States 205 − 10 5 strokes Stan Leonard 2,000 1947 George Fazio Ed Furgol United States 213 n / a 2,000 1943 -- 46 : No tournament due to World War II 1942 Johnny Dawson ( a ) United States 133 − 11 3 strokes Leland Gibson Lloyd Mangrum 800 1941 Sam Snead ( 3 ) United States 136 − 8 1 stroke Craig Wood 500 1940 Ed Oliver United States 135 − 9 3 strokes Vic Ghezzi 500 1939 E.J. Harrison United States 138 1 stroke Byron Nelson Horton Smith 500 1938 Sam Snead ( 2 ) United States 139 − 5 2 strokes Jimmy Hines 500 1937 Sam Snead United States 68 − 4 4 strokes George Von Elm 500 ^ Weather - shortened Note : Green highlight indicates scoring records . Main source Multiple winners ( edit ) Thirteen players have won this tournament more than once through 2018 . 5 wins Mark O'Meara : 1985 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1997 4 wins Sam Snead : 1937 , 1938 , 1941 , 1950 ( tie ) Phil Mickelson : 1998 , 2005 , 2007 , 2012 3 wins Jack Nicklaus : 1967 , 1972 , 1973 Johnny Miller : 1974 , 1987 , 1994 2 wins Lloyd Mangrum : 1948 , 1953 E.J. `` Dutch '' Harrison : 1939 , 1954 Cary Middlecoff : 1955 , 1956 Billy Casper : 1958 , 1963 Tom Watson : 1977 , 1978 Davis Love III : 2001 , 2003 Dustin Johnson : 2009 , 2010 Brandt Snedeker : 2013 , 2015 In addition , Nicklaus won the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach in 1972 , Watson in 1982 . Two others have won an AT&T and a U.S. Open at Pebble Beach ; Tom Kite ( 1983 & 1992 ) , and Tiger Woods ( 2000 & 2000 ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Four - way tie , no playoff , each won $1237.50 Jump up ^ Tie , no playoff , each won $1625 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Crosby tourney will continue '' . Gettysburg Times . Pennsylvania . Associated Press . October 17 , 1977 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby family ends ties to familiar golf tourney '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Kansas . Associated Press . April 23 , 1985 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exploitation blamed for Crosby cancellation '' . Times Daily . Florence , Alabama . Associated Press . April 24 , 1985 . p. 6D . Jump up ^ `` Pebble Beach key : weather , draw '' . Ocala Star - banner . ( Florida ) . Associated Press . January 30 , 1986 . p. 4B . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am - Charities ^ Jump up to : `` Golfers ready for opening of Crosby 's meet '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Florida . Associated Press . January 24 , 1941 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Snead repeats to win Crosby tournament '' . Lawrence Daily Journal - World . Kansas . Associated Press . January 17 , 1938 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` To Crosby fiesta '' . Lawrence Daily Journal - World . ( Kansas ) . Associated Press . January 29 , 1942 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Fazio protects ' Bing ' golf lead '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . January 13 , 1947 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Fazio and Furgol split top Crosby golf prize '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . Associated Press . January 13 , 1947 . p. 5 , part 2 . Jump up ^ `` Toughest golf hole stymies great in Crosby 's Open play '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . Associated Press . January 10 , 1958 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Casper is winner of Crosby event '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . Associated Press . January 13 , 1958 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Pebble Beach : new course '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Oregon . AP , UPI reports . June 23 , 1966 . p. 1D . Jump up ^ Shain , Jeff ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` AT&T Pebble Beach -- First Look '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 2016 PGA Tour Eligibility Ranking '' . Retrieved 2 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 -- 16 PGA Tour Player Handbook & Tournament Regulations '' ( PDF ) . October 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1996 Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1969 Jump up ^ `` Archer Wins Bing Crosby Golf Tourney '' . Gettysburg Times . Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . Associated Press . January 25 , 1969 . p. 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1968 Jump up ^ `` Johnny Pott Wins Crosby Golf Title In Sudden - Death Playoff '' . The Modesto Bee . Modesto , California . Associated Press . January 12 , 1968 . p . A-11 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1967 Jump up ^ `` Casper Takes Crosby Tourney Lead '' . Spartanburg Herald . Spartanburg , South Carolina . Associated Press . January 23 , 1967 . p. 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1966 Jump up ^ `` Massengale Nips Palmer For Crosby Golf Title '' . The Gazette . Montreal , Canada . Associated Press . January 24 , 1966 . p. 36 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1965 Jump up ^ `` Crampton Captures Crosby Golf Title '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Associated Press . January 25 , 1965 . p. 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1964 Jump up ^ `` Lema Nabs Crosby Golf Title '' . The Deseret News . Salt Lake City , Utah . United Press International . January 20 , 1964 . p. 4B . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1963 Jump up ^ `` Casper Captures Crosby Golf Tournament '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Associated Press . January 21 , 1963 . p. 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1962 Jump up ^ `` Bing Crosby Golf Tourney Opens With 324 Hopefuls '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Ocala , Florida . Associated Press . January 28 , 1962 . p. 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1961 Jump up ^ `` Crosby Golf Show Opens ; Demaret Aces '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . Associated Press . January 18 , 1961 . p. 3D . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1960 Jump up ^ `` Fading Venturi Wins Top Money In Crosby Golf '' . Spartanburg Herald . Spartanburg , South Carolina . Associated Press . January 25 , 1960 . p. 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1959 Jump up ^ `` Art Wall In Crosby Golf Lead '' . Schenectady Gazette . Schenectady , New York . Associated Press . January 17 , 1959 . p. 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1958 Jump up ^ `` Bill Casper Is Crosby Golf Victor '' . St. Petersburg Times . St. Petersburg , Florida . Associated Press . January 13 , 1958 . p. 1 - C. Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1957 Jump up ^ `` Bill Maxwell Holds Two - Stroke Margin '' . Ottawa Citizen . Ottawa , Canada . January 12 , 1957 . p. 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1956 Jump up ^ `` Cary Middlecoff Shatters Bing Crosby Golfing Mark '' . Ottawa Citizen . Ottawa , Canada . Associated Press . January 16 , 1956 . p. 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1955 Jump up ^ `` Barber , Leonard Share Golf Lead '' . The Day . New London , Connecticut . Associated Press . January 15 , 1955 . p. 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1954 Jump up ^ `` Veteran Pro Captures Bing Crosby Event By One Stroke '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . Lodi , California . United Press . January 18 , 1954 . p. 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1953 Jump up ^ `` Crosby Lead To Mangrum '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . Milwaukee , Wisconsin . Associated Press . January 11 , 1953 . p . B1 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1952 Jump up ^ `` Demaret Wins Crosby Golf '' . The Day . New London , Connecticut . Associated Press . January 14 , 1952 . p. 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1951 Jump up ^ `` Nelson Bags One of Most Satisfying Wins of Career '' . Reading Eagle . Reading , Pennsylvania . Associated Press . January 15 , 1951 . p. 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1950 Jump up ^ `` Snead and Three Tie To Win Crosby Tourney '' . The Palm Beach Post . West Palm Beach , Florida . Associated Press . January 16 , 1950 . p. 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1949 Jump up ^ `` Hogan Wins Crosby Tourney With Total Of 208 '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . Daytona Beach , Florida . Associated Press . January 17 , 1949 . p. 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1948 Jump up ^ `` Mangrum Wins Crosby GolfWith 10 - Under - Pr 205 '' . The Day . New London , Connecticut . Associated Press . January 12 , 1948 . p. 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1947 Jump up ^ `` Dawson 's Record 133 Wins Crosby Golf , But No Cash ! '' . The Pittsburgh Press . Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . United Press . February 2 , 1942 . p. 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Snead Wins Crosby Open Golf Event '' . St. Petersburg Times . St. Petersburg , Florida . Associated Press . January 27 , 1941 . p. 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Oliver Sets Record For Crosby Golf '' . Reading Eagle . Reading , Pennsylvania . Associated Press . January 29 , 1940 . p. 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby Tourney Winner to Feed Hogs With Prize '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Sarasota , Florida . Associated Press . January 30 , 1939 . p. 6 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Snead Wins His Second Bing Crosby Tourney '' . The Modesto Bee . Modesto , California . United Press . January 17 , 1938 . p. 8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Parks Sixth In Tourney '' . The Pittsburgh Press . Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . February 8 , 1937 . p. 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am - Winners Archived 2009 - 02 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . - at golfobserver.com ( since 1970 ) External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am . Official website Coverage on the PGA Tour 's official site Pebble Beach Golf Links ( hide ) PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Fort Worth Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National Greenbrier Classic John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order . Coordinates : 36 ° 34 ′ 05 '' N 121 ° 57 ′ 00 '' W  /  36.568 ° N 121.950 ° W  / 36.568 ; - 121.950 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AT%26T_Pebble_Beach_Pro-Am&oldid=831112542 '' Categories : PGA Tour events Golf in California Pro-Am golf tournaments Sports competitions in California Sports in Monterey County , California Tourist attractions in Monterey County , California Pebble Beach , California Recurring sporting events established in 1937 1937 establishments in California Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 20 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Holy War (Utah vs. BYU)
Holy War ( Utah vs. BYU ) - wikipedia Holy War ( Utah vs. BYU ) Jump to : navigation , search Holy War ( Utah vs BYU ) Utah Utes BYU Cougars Sport American college football First meeting April 6 , 1896 Utah 12 , BYU 4 Latest meeting September 9 , 2017 LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah Utah 19 , BYU 13 Next meeting November 24 , 2018 Rice - Eccles Stadium Salt Lake City Trophy Beehive Boot Statistics Meetings total 98 All - time series Utah leads , 60 -- 34 -- 4 Largest victory Utah : 49 -- 0 ( 1922 ) BYU : 56 -- 6 ( 1980 ) Longest win streak Utah : 9 ( 1929 -- 1937 ) BYU : 9 ( 1979 -- 1987 ) Current win streak Utah , 7 ( 2010 -- present ) The Holy War is an American college football rivalry game played by the University of Utah Utes and Brigham Young University Cougars . The game is part of the larger Utah -- BYU rivalry . In this rivalry context , the term `` Holy War '' refers to the fact that BYU is owned and administered by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS ) and the University of Utah is a public university owned and administered by the State of Utah . Although many Utah fans are LDS members , the term `` Holy War '' also refers to the stark cultural differences of the respective fan bases . The proximity of the two schools , the athletic successes of the two teams , and the longevity of the series also contribute to the rivalry . Both teams played in the same conference from 1922 to 2010 and the Holy War game often decided the conference title . Despite Utah moving to the Pac - 12 Conference in 2011 and BYU becoming an independent that same year , the two universities agreed to play between 2011 and 2013 prior to a brief interruption in the series for 2014 and 2015 -- the first since 1943 to 1945 , when BYU did not field a team due to World War II . Games between 2016 and 2020 were also subsequently booked , which might precede another break in the series . The two - year hiatus of 2014 -- 2015 was unexpectedly cut short when the 2015 Las Vegas Bowl pitted BYU against Utah , creating the `` Holy War in Sin City '' in the postseason . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rivalry components 1.1 Religion 1.2 Longevity 1.3 Proximity 1.4 Successful teams 1.5 Fan base comparisons 2 Series history 2.1 The Brigham Young Academy years 2.2 Utah 's early dominance 2.3 The LaVell Edwards era 2.3. 1 1977 -- 1981 : Edwards versus Howard 2.3. 1.1 Wayne Howard 's Crusade 2.3. 1.2 Jim McMahon says , `` Scoreboard . '' 2.3. 2 1982 -- 1984 : Edwards versus Stobart 2.3. 2.1 National Champions 2.3. 3 1985 -- 1989 : Edwards versus Fassel 2.3. 3.1 The Rice Bowl 2.3. 3.2 Revenge 2.4 The modern rivalry 2.4. 1 1990 -- 2000 : Edwards versus McBride 2.4. 1.1 The Kaneshiro Doink 2.4. 1.2 Utah cheerleader pummels an aggressive fan 2.4. 1.3 Edwards ' last game 2.4. 2 2001 and 2002 : Crowton versus McBride 2.4. 3 2003 and 2004 : Crowton versus Meyer 2.4. 3.1 Scoring streak ends 2.4. 3.2 BCS busters 2.4. 4 2005 -- 2015 : Mendenhall versus Whittingham 2.4. 4.1 First overtime game 2.4. 4.2 Beck to Harline 2.4. 4.3 Magic happens . 2.4. 4.4 BCS busting ... again 2.4. 4.5 Second overtime game 2.4. 4.6 Burton 's block 2.4. 4.7 Shock and awe 2.4. 4.8 Fandemonium 2.4. 4.9 Twenty - Thirteen in 2013 2.4. 4.10 2015 Las Vegas Bowl 2.4. 5 2016 -- present : Whittingham versus Sitake 2.4. 5.1 2016 : Hindsight is 20 -- 20 2.4. 5.2 2017 3 Future games 4 Game results 5 See also 6 References Rivalry components ( edit ) There are a number of components that make the Holy War particularly fierce . The University of Utah and Brigham Young University are the two biggest colleges in the state of Utah . There is a stark contrast between the campuses and student bodies , as one is a religious institution while the other is a public university . As the name of the rivalry implies , religion is a large component to the rivalry . Brigham Young University is owned by the LDS church , and thus imposes religious restrictions upon its students . Although both are dry campuses , variation between the religious student body at BYU and more lax , traditional university student body of Utah creates further animosity between the two schools . The long length of rivalry is also a major element . Religion ( edit ) There 's too much religion involved . I did not like that . I really did n't . -- Former Utah head coach Wayne Howard The University of Utah is the flagship university of the state of Utah , while Brigham Young University is the flagship university of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) . The matchup has been described as taking on religious , or `` church vs. state '' undertones . Utah fans may drink alcohol or swear around BYU fans , both of which are known to be forbidden by the Church Educational System Honor Code , which all BYU students and faculty are required to maintain . In 2013 , two Utah football players videotaped a mock baptism in their practice facility tub that some BYU fans believed was mocking the LDS ordinance of baptism . Longevity ( edit ) The two schools disagree on when the first game was played . Utah claims that the first game was played in 1896 against Brigham Young Academy . BYU 's athletic website shows their schedule dating back to 1922 , but no earlier . Utah claims a lead of 58 -- 34 -- 4 , while BYU claims Utah leads 55 -- 31 -- 4 . BYU does not count the six games between Utah and Brigham Young Academy in its records . Utah has a large lead in the overall series and has dominated the rivalry both prior to 1972 ( 41 -- 8 -- 4 ) and after 1992 ( 18 -- 7 ) . In stark contrast , from 1972 to 1992 BYU dominated the series with a record of 19 -- 2 versus Utah . Since 1983 , when BYU won 55 -- 7 , the largest point spread is 44 points , which occurred in 2011 when Utah won 54 -- 10 in Provo . Utah 's average margin of victory in the games it has won since 2000 is 14 points , while BYU 's is four points . The Cougars have n't had a dominating victory over Utah since 1996 ( 37 -- 17 ) , while the Utes have notched three blowout wins ( 2004 , 2008 , 2011 ) in the series ' most recent 10 games . Proximity ( edit ) When Brigham Young came into the valley , he pointed to where the University of Utah would be and said , `` This is the place . '' Provo was just an afterthought . -- Former Utah Head Coach Ron McBride BYU , which is in Provo , Utah , and the University of Utah , which is in Salt Lake City , are about 50 miles ( 80 km ) apart and approximately an hour 's drive away on Interstate 15 . Consequently , the two teams compete for recruits and fan support . It is not uncommon for friends , neighbors , and even family members to have opposite allegiances . Successful teams ( edit ) While the two teams have not necessarily been strong at the same time , the two teams had the most conference championships in the Mountain West Conference ( MW ) before both left the MW in 2011 . Each team has had four conference championships since the creation of the MW in 1999 . Including championships of other conferences , Utah has 24 conference championships in its history , while BYU has 23 . Both of these numbers are well ahead of the current MW member with the most conference championships , Colorado State , who has 15 . Other than the 2011 meeting , the recent games in the Holy War have tended to be close , with the final score of fifteen of the last nineteen games being within a touchdown ( seven points , including a successful conversion kick ) or less . BYU lays claim to a consensus national championship for going undefeated in 1984 and beating Michigan in the 1984 Holiday Bowl . During the era of the now - defunct Bowl Championship Series ( 1998 -- 2013 ) , Utah played in two BCS bowls : the 2005 Fiesta Bowl ( a 35 -- 7 victory over Pitt ) and the 2009 Sugar Bowl ( a 31 -- 17 victory over Alabama ) . For these BCS bowl victories , Utah finished ranked in the AP Poll # 4 and # 2 , respectively . Many sports media members and observers , including ESPN 's Rick Reilly , argued that Utah ( the nation 's lone undefeated FBS team ) should have been awarded the AP National Championship and should have been selected to play Florida in the BCS title game . Fan base comparisons ( edit ) In 2011 the New York Times polled fans of all current FBS schools to rank them according to the size of their respective fan bases . BYU was ranked # 43 nationally with 709,864 people self - identifying as BYU fans while Utah was ranked # 67 with 351,939 people self - identifying as fans . In 2016 Utah saw an average of 46,506 fans attend home games and 41,303 fans on the road ( including a bowl game ) . Rice - Eccles Stadium holds a maximum of 45,807 meaning that the stadium was typically over capacity and utilized standing - room - only areas . BYU averaged 58,569 fans at home and 44,296 at away games . LaVell Edwards Stadium has a capacity of 63,470 . Series history ( edit ) The Brigham Young Academy years ( edit ) Before 1903 , BYU was known as Brigham Young Academy ( BYA ) . During the 1890s , Utah and BYA played six times in football . The two schools split the series 3 -- 3 . The first meeting was an unusual April contest that Utah won 12 -- 4 . BYA stopped playing football in 1900 , following a player death , and did not start again until 1922 , after it had become Brigham Young University ( BYU ) . BYU does not recognize these first six meetings as it only recognizes football games played from 1922 onward . Utah 's early dominance ( edit ) After twenty - three years of not having a team , BYU resumed play for the 1922 season . Utah began its early dominance over BYU with a 49 -- 0 victory on October 14 , 1922 . BYU would not get another win in the series until 1942 , when the Cougars shocked the Utes 12 -- 7 at Utah . The rivalry then took a hiatus from 1943 to 1945 because BYU did not field a team due to World War II . When the rivalry continued in 1946 , the Utes continued their domination over the Cougars , winning or tying the next twelve contests . Save for a three - year BYU winning streak from 1965 -- 1967 , the rivalry continued this trend through the 1971 season , at which point Utah had amassed a 41 -- 8 -- 4 (. 811 ) record against BYU . The LaVell Edwards era ( edit ) In 1972 , the rivalry shifted in favor of BYU . The Cougars had hired LaVell Edwards and in his first season , BYU beat Utah 16 -- 7 for BYU 's first victory over Utah in four years . The win signaled the beginning of BYU 's dominance against Utah . From 1972 to 1992 , BYU went 19 -- 2 (. 905 ) against Utah . During those years , Utah went through a series of coaches that all ended with losing records against LaVell Edwards and BYU . Bill Meek 's Utes went 0 -- 2 against Edwards during Meek 's last two years ( 1972 -- 1973 ) . Tom Lovat ( 1974 -- 1976 ) was 0 -- 3 . Wayne Howard ( 1977 -- 1981 ) was 1 -- 4 . Chuck Stobart ( 1982 -- 1984 ) was 0 -- 3 . Jim Fassel was 1 -- 4 . Finally , Utah found some success when it hired Ron McBride in 1990 . McBride would finish with a 5 -- 6 record against LaVell Edwards , but he started with three consecutive losses to Edwards . 1977 -- 1981 : Edwards versus Howard ( edit ) Wayne Howard 's crusade ( edit ) The hatred between BYU and Utah is nothing compared to what it will be . It will be a crusade to beat BYU from now on . -- Utah coach Wayne Howard , 1977 During the 1977 meeting , BYU was on the way to winning in a 38 -- 8 blowout . Nonetheless , LaVell Edwards put starting quarterback Marc Wilson back into the game so Wilson could set an NCAA record for passing yards . Wilson succeeded in setting the record ( subsequently broken ) and finished the game with 571 passing yards . The incident infuriated Utah head coach Wayne Howard . After the game , he said , `` This today will be inspiring . The hatred between BYU and Utah is nothing compared to what it will be . It will be a crusade to beat BYU from now on . This is a prediction : in the next two years Utah will drill BYU someday , but we wo n't run up the score even if we could set an NCAA record against them . '' The next year , Wayne Howard made good on his promise . The Utes came from behind to upset the Cougars 23 -- 22 . The 1978 win was Utah 's first against a LaVell Edwards coached BYU team . Jim McMahon says , `` scoreboard . '' ( edit ) What I hated the most about BYU was getting trounced . -- Former Utah tight end Steve Folsom During the 1980 Holy War , BYU quarterback Jim McMahon helped engineer a blowout . Most of the game he was heckled by a contingent of Utah fans at Rice Stadium . After throwing for another touchdown late in the 56 -- 6 win , he simply pointed at the scoreboard to quiet the hecklers . The game was in the midst of a 12 -- 1 BYU season . It was also their second consecutive win against Utah and their eighth win out of the last nine games against Utah . The fifty point margin of victory is the largest for either team in the series . 1982 -- 1984 : Edwards versus Stobart ( edit ) National champions ( edit ) On November 17 , 1984 , BYU entered the Holy War 10 -- 0 and ranked # 3 in the AP Poll . BYU overcame several turnovers to win 24 -- 14 . BYU would finish the season 13 -- 0 and the only undefeated team in Division I-A ( now the Football Bowl Subdivision ) . They were voted number one in the final AP Poll as well as the Coaches ' Poll to become consensus national champions . This was the last time a team outside the current Power Five conferences won a national championship ; the next most recent was Army in 1945 . 1985 -- 1989 : Edwards versus Fassel ( edit ) The Rice Bowl ( edit ) In 1988 , Utah had not beaten BYU since 1978 and entered the Holy War as 11 - point underdogs . Utah had a mediocre 5 -- 5 record while BYU was 8 -- 2 and had already accepted an invitation to the Freedom Bowl . BYU looked ready to humiliate the Utes again . Instead Utah and quarterback Scott Mitchell jumped on BYU early and took a 21 -- 0 lead on the way to winning 57 -- 28 . The 1988 team set a series record for points scored against BYU -- a record that stands today . The game came to be known locally as `` the Rice Bowl '' because the game was played at Utah 's Rice Stadium . Revenge ( edit ) It was just as easy as it looked . It was like we were running against air . It was easy to break tackles and find holes . Their defense did n't seem to be there . -- BYU running back Fred Whittingham The next year , in 1989 , BYU got their revenge . They set a series record by scoring 70 against Utah . BYU jumped to a 49 -- 0 lead before Utah scored its first touchdown just before halftime . Behind quarterback Ty Detmer , BYU would score eight touchdowns on its first eight possessions and amass over 750 yards of total offense during the 70 -- 31 win . Utah would score three touchdowns in the fourth quarter against BYU 's reserves . The 101 points the two teams scored is still a series record . The modern rivalry ( edit ) By the mid-1990s , the Cougars ' success leveled off from the years of the 1970s and ' 80s . Around this time , the Utes also improved significantly , and the rivalry became much more competitive . 1990 -- 2000 : Edwards versus McBride ( edit ) The rivalry began to change in 1993 , during Ron McBride 's fourth season as head coach , the Utes won their first game in Provo in twenty - two seasons and their first since LaVell Edwards became BYU head coach . Late in the fourth quarter , Utah 's kicker Chris Yergensen , who had already missed two out of three field goals on the day , attempted to break the 31 -- 31 tie . This time , Yergensen did not miss and kicked the game - winning 55 - yard field goal , the longest of his career , with less than a minute remaining . All those guys think that 's all there is to life . But when I 'm making $50 -- 60,000 a year , they 'll be pumping my gas . They 're low - class losers . -- BYU nose guard Lenny Gomes on Utah and its fans , 1993 After the win , Utah fans and players attempted to tear down the north end zone goalpost at what was then Cougar Stadium . Cougar players returned to the field to protect the goalpost from being torn down . About the incident , Lenny Gomes , a BYU nose guard , said , `` Typical Utah bullshit . All those guys think that 's all there is to life . But when I 'm making $50 -- 60,000 a year , they 'll be pumping my gas . They 're low - class losers . '' The remark is still remembered in rivalry history today . The 1994 season was McBride 's best , as he led the Utes to a 10 -- 2 record and a top - 10 finish in national rankings . The Utes and Cougars also staged one of the best matchups in the rivalry 's history , meeting for the first time as top - 25 ranked teams . The Utes won the game 34 -- 31 , which was coincidentally the same score of their meeting a year before . Utah ran its rivalry winning streak up to three games a year later , with a 34 -- 17 win at BYU . The Utes and Cougars would trade wins and losses the next couple of years , before the 2000 season . The Kaneshiro doink ( edit ) In 1998 , the first Holy War was played at the newly renovated Rice - Eccles Stadium . BYU entered the game with an 8 -- 3 ( 6 -- 1 WAC ) record and was playing for a berth in the WAC Championship game . Utah entered the game with a 7 -- 3 ( 5 -- 2 WAC ) record and was hoping to land a bowl game and spoil BYU 's WAC Championship hopes . BYU took a 26 -- 17 lead when Owen Pochman connected on a 47 - yard field goal with 2 : 41 left to play in the game . On the ensuing kickoff , Utah 's Daniel Jones returned the ball 95 yards to cut the lead to 26 -- 24 . Utah 's defense held BYU and forced them to punt . Utah moved the ball to the 15 - yard line where Ryan Kaneshiro attempted a 32 - yard field goal . The attempt bounced off the right upright , which preserved the win for BYU and caused the goalpost to shake from the `` doink '' . Utah cheerleader pummels an aggressive fan ( edit ) Even our cheerleaders are kicking your butt . -- Utah wide receiver Steve Smith , 1999 During the 1999 edition of the Holy War , Utah recorded its fourth consecutive win in Provo . Early in the fourth quarter , Utah scored a touchdown when quarterback T.D. Crowshaw completed a four - yard - pass to Donny Utu to put Utah up 20 -- 10 . In celebration , Utah cheerleader Billy Priddis ran along the visitor 's sideline with a large `` U '' flag . A BYU fan who was later banned from the BYU campus , ran onto the sideline and tackled Priddis from behind . Priddis turned around and started punching the fan . He landed seven or eight punches before security separated them . About the incident , Priddis said , `` '' There 's 65,000 fans here , does he think I 'm not going to retaliate ? '' From now on we 're going to leave our flags at home and they should do the same . -- BYU Athletic Director Val Hale , 1999 From the Utah sideline , receiver Steve Smith taunted BYU fans and yelled , `` Even our cheerleaders are kicking your butt . '' BYU 's athletic director Val Hale purported to have chastised Priddis and the rest of the Utah cheerleaders . After the game , he said , `` I told them from now on we 're going to leave our flags at home and they should do the same . All it does is initiate the fans to throw things out of the stands . '' Edwards ' last game ( edit ) Entering the 2000 season , legendary head coach LaVell Edwards announced that he was retiring . His final game as Cougars head coach came against the Utes in Salt Lake City , where BYU won 34 -- 27 with an exciting last - minute drive that ended on a touchdown with little time remaining on the clock . 2001 and 2002 : Crowton versus McBride ( edit ) In 2001 , under new head coach Gary Crowton , BYU entered their game against Utah undefeated and looking to become the first team from outside the BCS to play in a BCS bowl game . A tight game ended with a comeback by BYU . BYU running back Luke Staley raced down the sideline with 1 : 16 left to play to make it 24 -- 21 and BYU DB Jenaro Gilford intercepted a pass on the ensuing Ute drive to seal the victory . The win gave the Cougars consecutive wins against the Utes for the first time in nearly ten years . The Cougs , however , failed to bust the BCS , losing to Hawai ʻi in their final game . McBride , who had guided Utah to six bowl games and three bowl wins , entered the 2002 rivalry game in danger of being fired . The Utes had struggled all season long and even with their 13 -- 6 victory against BYU , Utah finished with their second losing season in three years . The 5 -- 6 finish sealed McBride 's fate and he was fired in 2002 ; Weber State University hired him in December 2004 . 2003 and 2004 : Crowton versus Meyer ( edit ) Urban Meyer was hired to replace Ron McBride . Under Meyer , Utah players were not allowed to use the name BYU and began referring rather to the Team Down South or TDS ( BYU being about 50 miles south of the University of Utah ) , imitating Ohio State coach Woody Hayes practice of referring to Michigan as `` that team up north . '' This reference has become a tradition among some Utah fans . Scoring streak ends ( edit ) See also : List of most consecutive games scoring in NCAA football In Meyer 's first season , the Utes won the Mountain West Conference and finished 10 -- 2 , which was their best record since the 1994 season . The last game of the regular season , Utah beat BYU for the second straight year with a 3 -- 0 victory . The victory snapped BYU 's NCAA record for scoring in 361 straight games -- BYU 's first shutout since a 20 -- 0 loss to Arizona State on September 25 , 1975 . BCS busters ( edit ) Utah fans carry the goalpost after the Utes defeated the Cougars to complete a perfect regular season I really hate them . Playing in the game helped me understand . They are the most arrogant people . It 's the whole church and state thing . They 're the `` good kids . '' We 're the `` bad kids . '' I did n't feel it in my gut last year like I do now . -- Utah quarterback Alex Smith , 2004 In 2004 Utah would have its best season up to that point , going 12 -- 0 and becoming the first team from outside the BCS to play in a BCS bowl game . They went on to win their matchup against Pittsburgh in the 2005 Fiesta Bowl . The Utes final regular season game , a 52 -- 21 victory over BYU , clinched the invitation to a BCS bowl . Urban Meyer then left Utah for Florida . After the 2004 season , Gary Crowton resigned after finishing with his third consecutive losing season . 2005 -- 2015 : Mendenhall versus Whittingham ( edit ) In 2005 , Bronco Mendenhall and Kyle Whittingham started as head coaches at their respective programs . Whittingham was offered the job at BYU before turning it down and accepting the position at Utah . This has added to the rivalry between the two coaches . Whittingham won the overall series against Mendenhall with a tally of 7 -- 3 . Eight of the ten games were decided by a touchdown or less . In a December 17 , 2009 column , writer Stewart Mandel called the coaching rivalry the best coaching rivalry of that decade . First overtime game ( edit ) The 2005 season saw some striking parallels between the two programs . Both had replaced their former head coaches , struggled through parts of their seasons , and would finish the regular season with 6 -- 5 records . When the two met in Provo in November 2005 , BYU was looking for its first win against the Utes in three seasons . Utah was looking for a winning record and a shot at a bowl game . BYU entered as the favorite because Utah would be playing without its starting quarterback and its best wide receiver , who had been injured in their previous game . The Utes were starting JC transfer Brett Ratliff who had taken just three snaps the week before . Ratliff surprised the Cougars by completing 17 of 32 passes for 240 yards and four touchdowns , and rushing for 112 yards on 19 carries and a touchdown . He was responsible for all five Utah touchdowns . The Utes won 41 -- 34 . Beck to Harline ( edit ) When the two teams met again in November 2006 , this time in Salt Lake City , BYU jumped out to an early lead , then fell behind and trailed for much of the game , but finally won it 33 -- 31 with an impressive last - minute drive , capped by a touchdown pass from John Beck to Jonny Harline with no time on the clock . The win gave BYU an undefeated record of 8 -- 0 in Mountain West Conference play . Harline caught the pass on his knees in the end zone with no Utah defender near him . The play led to BYU fans creating and wearing T - shirts reading `` Harline 's still open . '' Magic happens ( edit ) Obviously , when you 're doing what 's right on and off the field , I think the Lord steps in and plays a part in it . Magic happens . -- BYU wide receiver Austin Collie , 2007 In 2007 , the teams clashed on November 24 , in what was a mostly defensive game . The game 's first 12 points were only field goals , BYU 's Mitch Payne scoring 9 points . Utah then scored the first touchdown , taking the lead 10 -- 9 . In the fourth quarter , BYU came back with a late - game drive that included a 4th and 18 from its own 12 - yard line . Four plays later , freshman running back Harvey Unga bulled into the endzone to win it 17 -- 10 . Austin Collie , who caught the Max Hall pass to convert the 4th and 18 to a first down said about the play , `` I would n't say it was lucky . We executed the play well . We should have had another one . Obviously , when you 're doing what 's right on and off the field , I think the Lord steps in and plays a part in it . Magic happens . '' The comment further fueled the religious animosity between the two teams . BCS busting ... again ( edit ) Only four years removed from shocking the college football world in 2004 and becoming the first team from outside the BCS to bust into the BCS , Utah returned to the national stage by going undefeated throughout the year . The game was fairly even until Utah scored a touchdown with 15 seconds left in the half to put the Utes up by 10 . In the second half , BYU cut the lead to three by the end of the third quarter but could n't keep Utah out of the endzone in the fourth quarter . Utah would score three times in the final quarter to win 48 -- 24 . Utah was then invited to the Allstate Sugar Bowl to play against Alabama . Utah once again shocked the world by beating the Crimson Tide 31 -- 17 after Utah jumped out to a 21 -- 0 lead in the first quarter . Second overtime game ( edit ) File : Utah Utes vs. BYU Cougars , 2009 -- Flickr image 4158421474. jpg BYU fans storm the field after the overtime win of the Cougars in the 2009 game I do n't like Utah . In fact , I hate them . I hate everything about them . I hate their program , their fans . I hate everything . It felt really good to send those guys home . -- BYU quarterback Max Hall , 2009 In 2009 , in the second overtime game in series history , BYU defeated Utah 26 -- 23 . BYU held a 20 -- 6 lead entering the fourth quarter . Utah scored 14 fourth - quarter points to force overtime , but their comeback fell short . Utah managed a field goal in overtime to take a 23 -- 20 lead , but on BYU 's possession , Max Hall connected to tight end Andrew George for a 25 - yard touchdown reception and the victory . The game was dubbed `` George is still running '' by BYU fans . During the postgame press conference , Hall was asked if he felt he had redeemed himself for his performance in the previous year 's game in which he had five interceptions and one fumble . Hall responded , `` A little bit , yeah . I do n't like Utah . In fact , I hate them . I hate everything about them . I hate their program . I hate their fans . I hate everything . So , it feels good to send those guys home . They did n't deserve it . It was our time and it was our time to win . We deserved it . We played as hard as we could tonight , and it felt really good to send them home and to get them out of here , so it is a game I 'll always remember . '' When asked for a clarification and whether he really hated Utah , Hall said , `` I think the whole university and their fans and organization is classless . They threw beer on my family and stuff last year , and did a whole bunch of nasty things . I do n't respect them , and they deserve to lose . '' The next day , Hall issued an apology for his `` remarks '' . He alleged that his `` family was spit on , had beer dumped on them and were physically assaulted on several occasions '' during the previous year 's game at Rice - Eccles Stadium . Burton 's block ( edit ) For 2010 , the game was played at Rice - Eccles Stadium in Salt Lake City . It was the last game for the two teams as conference rivals . BYU entered the game with a 6 -- 5 while Utah came in at 9 -- 2 . In a low scoring affair , BYU scored two field goals , one in each of the first two quarters , to lead 6 -- 0 at halftime . In the third quarter , the Cougars got a touchdown on a 21 - yard pass play from Jake Heaps to McKay Jacobson , to take a 13 -- 0 lead . The fourth quarter began with Utah scoring a 40 - yard field goal , cutting the lead to 13 -- 3 , and then after Utah recovered a BYU fumble , Utah capitalized with a 37 - yard touchdown pass from Jordan Wynn to DeVonte Christopher to make the score 13 -- 10 . The Cougars responded with a field goal , to make it 16 -- 10 . Utah responded to a series of turnovers with a Matt Asiata touchdown on a 3 - yard run to make it 17 -- 16 with 4 : 24 remaining . BYU then drove down the field to Utah 's 22 - yard line , to set up Mitch Payne for a game - winning field goal with 4 seconds remaining . However , Utah cornerback Brandon Burton raced from the outside to block the kick and secure a 17 -- 16 Utah victory . Rivalry tensions were heightened in the play 's aftermath , as several Utah players taunted the Cougars trying to leave the field . Matt Martinez , a Utah linebacker , was seen shoving senior BYU kicker Mitch Payne . Shock and awe ( edit ) With Utah having left for the Pac - 12 and BYU declaring conference independence , the 2011 BYU home game against Utah was the rivalry 's first non-conference game since 1898 . BYU suffered a rough start on its opening drive , when on its third play , the ball was snapped over quarterback Jake Heaps ' head and recovered for a touchdown by Utah DE Derrick Shelby . The remainder of the 1st quarter held similar luck for BYU , with Running back JJ Di'Luigi fumbling on 1st and Goal from the Utah 6 - yard line . The 2nd quarter proved more competitive with BYU completing a 32 - yard TD pass to WR Ross Apo . Utah answered with 30 - yard TD pass from QB Jordan Wynn to freshman TE Jake Murphy , just two minutes before the half . Utah led at halftime 14 -- 10 . After a first half that seemed to promise the typical nail - biter game that the last decade of the rivalry had shown , it was anything but . The Utes scored 40 unanswered points in the 2nd half ( a total of 47 unanswered ) . Turnovers continued to plague BYU , who would finish with 7 , including JD Falslev 's mishandled kickoff return at their own 6 - yard line , QB Jake Heaps fumble at their own 6 - yard line , and QB Riley Nelson 's ( substituted in for Heaps in the 4th quarter ) fumble after being sacked , returned 57 yards for a TD by freshman LB V.J Fehoko . The final result of 54 -- 10 was the largest margin of victory for either team in the Holy War since a 55 -- 7 BYU victory in 1983 , and Utah 's second - largest margin of victory ever in the Holy War . Utah 's 54 points were the second most the Utes had ever scored against BYU . Fandemonium ( edit ) The 2012 incarnation of the Holy War ended in dramatic and odd fashion . Utah went into the 4th quarter up 17 points , but the BYU offense brought it within 3 . With less than 30 seconds remaining , BYU quarterback Riley Nelson successfully drove into Utah territory on 4th and long with a 40 - yard pass to wide receiver , Cody Hoffman . On what was thought to be the final play of the game , Nelson 's deflected pass fell incomplete as time seemingly expired and the Utah fans rushed the field . The pass , however , was shown to hit the ground with one second left , giving BYU an opportunity to kick a field goal from 51 yards ( once the fans had been cleared from the field of play ) . On the attempt , the kick was blocked , the ball recovered by BYU , and the runner subsequently tackled . However , Utah fans again rushed the field , this time before the play was over , thus earning a penalty that gave BYU another chance at a field goal , this one from only 36 yards . That attempt was unsuccessful , however , when the kick hit the left upright and went awry , leading Utah fans to rush the field for a third and final time . Utah won the game 24 -- 21 . Twenty - thirteen in 2013 ( edit ) Not conference mates any longer , Utah and BYU played the 2013 game with the understanding it would be the final contest until 2016 -- a fact that served as motivation for both teams to avoid having to endure a defeat for three calendar years . Utah dominated the first half 13 -- 0 and quieted the raucous crowd at LaVell Edwards Stadium . BYU did n't score their first points , a field goal , until 11 : 39 remaining in the third quarter and the Cougars tacked on another exactly six minutes later . Utah , though , responded with a 79 - yard touchdown drive to extend its lead to 20 -- 6 with 12 : 44 remaining in regulation . BYU did n't score its first touchdown , a one - yard run by running back Michael Alisa , until 5 : 44 left in the game to close the gap to seven points . After holding and false start penalties forced a three - and - out on Utah 's next possession , BYU quarterback Taysom Hill was intercepted on the Cougars ' next drive with a little more than 90 seconds remaining -- appearing to seal the win for Utah . After another three - and - out for Utah , though , BYU received the ball near midfield with 39 seconds left and one final chance to tie the game . However , four straight incomplete passes by Hill -- including a Hail Mary attempt to receiver Mitch Mathews as time expired , during which he committed offensive pass interference by pulling a Utah defensive back to the ground -- punctuated Utah 's fourth straight win over BYU and sent the Utes into the three - year hiatus on a resounding high . 2015 Las Vegas Bowl ( edit ) I 'm lucky enough to be one of the many players on the football team that actually has never lost to these bastards , which leads me to end and say , this is Utah 's world and BYU 's living in it . -- Utah punter Tom Hackett , 2015 The planned hiatus for 2014 -- 2015 was unexpectedly cut short . On December 6 , 2015 , it was announced that BYU would play Utah on December 19 , 2015 in the Las Vegas Bowl . It was the first time the teams met in the postseason and the first Holy War game to be played at a neutral site . During the build - up to the game , the pot was stirred by Utah 's two - time Ray Guy Award - winning Australian punter Tom Hackett . At a pregame event , Hackett called the Cougars `` bastards '' , and finished by saying `` this is Utah 's world and BYU 's living in it . '' Less than eight minutes had passed before Utah took a 35 -- 0 lead in the game . The Utes set a Las Vegas Bowl record for points in the first quarter , scoring five touchdowns off of five BYU turnovers . The Utes did not play as well over the remainder of the game , allowing BYU to score 28 unanswered points before holding on for a 35 -- 28 win , ending Bronco Mendenhall 's last game as BYU 's head coach with a loss . 2016 -- present : Whittingham versus Sitake ( edit ) 2016 : hindsight is 20 -- 20 ( edit ) The first offensive play from scrimmage in the 2016 game resulted in a Utah pick - six . However , Utah turned the ball over several times , which led to two BYU fields goals and a touchdown late in the 2nd Quarter . Utah answered with a touchdown of their own and held a slim 14 -- 13 lead as the teams headed into the locker rooms for halftime . After a field goal in the third quarter , Utah led 17 -- 13 as it used most of the time in the fourth on a 19 - play drive that eventually stalled inside the ten yard line of BYU . The choice to kick the field goal left BYU with one chance to overcome the 20 -- 13 deficit with 2 : 47 to go . BYU drove for a touchdown with 18 seconds to play . Rather than kick the PAT to make it 20 -- 20 , BYU first year coach Kalani Sitake decided to go for the two point conversion and the win . Quarterback Taysom Hill ran the ball up the middle on a draw , but got nowhere as Utah defenders stuffed him at the three - yard line and preserved the Utah victory , 20 -- 19 . 2017 ( edit ) On September 9 , 2017 , Utah headed to Provo looking to defeat BYU for the 7th consecutive time . Neither team was able to get into the endzone in the first half which ended with Utah leading 9 -- 0 . In the third quarter , Utah quarterback Tyler Huntley scored on a 5 - yard touchdown run , but BYU answered with a touchdown of their own 3 minutes later only to fail on the 2 - point conversion . The Utes tacked on another field goal before the quarter ended to lead 19 -- 6 going into the fourth quarter . There was no scoring in the fourth quarter until BYU quarterback Tanner Mangum put together a 11 play , 76 yard touchdown drive capped off by a 7 - yard passing touchdown to Trey Dye with 2 : 38 remaining in the game . BYU 's defense was able to come up with a stop and they took over the ball on their own 8 - yard line with 1 : 38 remaining and one timeout . Utah 's defense stood strong and BYU was unable to move the ball . Utah went on to beat BYU 19 -- 13 , marking the 7th straight win for the Utes over the Cougars . Future games ( edit ) BYU and Utah have agreed to continue the series between 2017 and 2022 , but no games have been scheduled beyond that . The 2018 contest is set for November 24 -- both teams ' final game of the year -- despite the game being a non-conference matchup . Utah typically plays Colorado in the final week , but a scheduling anomaly in the Pac - 12 facilitated the rivalry game being played the final week instead of September . In 2019 and 2020 , the game will be the first of each season . The interruption of the series in 2014 and 2015 sparked discontent in both fan bases -- particularly among BYU fans , some of whom felt that the break was nothing more than a boastful dig at the Cougars ' program . Utah AD Chris Hill acknowledged the topic in August 2015 and said a large number of Utah fans had expressed to him a desire to take a break from the rivalry . `` The message I have received loud and clear from Utah season ticket holders is that they support our decision to take a two - year hiatus from the BYU rivalry '' , Hill said . Another break in the series may follow in the 2020s , as Utah has a scheduled series with the Baylor Bears in 2023 and 2024 , filling the `` tier 1 team '' slot on the schedule , as Michigan did during the hiatus of 2014 -- 2015 . Game results ( edit ) BYU victories Utah victories Tie games No . Date Location Winner Score April 6 , 1896 Salt Lake City Utah 12 -- 4 November 14 , 1896 Salt Lake City Utah 6 -- 0 December 5 , 1896 Provo BYA 8 -- 6 December 4 , 1897 Salt Lake City BYA 14 -- 0 5 December 18 , 1897 Provo BYA 22 -- 0 6 November 24 , 1898 Salt Lake City Utah 5 -- 0 7 October 14 , 1922 Cummings Field , Salt Lake City Utah 49 -- 0 8 October 27 , 1923 Y Field , Provo Utah 15 -- 0 9 October 25 , 1924 Cummings Field , Salt Lake City Utah 35 -- 6 10 October 31 , 1925 Y Stadium , Provo Utah 27 -- 0 11 November 13 , 1926 Cummings Field , Salt Lake City Utah 40 -- 7 12 November 12 , 1927 Y Stadium , Provo Utah 20 -- 0 13 November 17 , 1928 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Tie 0 -- 0 14 November 2 , 1929 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 45 -- 13 15 October 18 , 1930 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 34 -- 7 16 October 17 , 1931 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 43 -- 0 17 October 15 , 1932 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 29 -- 0 18 October 14 , 1933 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 21 -- 6 19 October 13 , 1934 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 43 -- 0 20 November 2 , 1935 Y Stadium , Provo Utah 32 -- 0 21 October 31 , 1936 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 18 -- 0 22 October 2 , 1937 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 14 -- 0 23 October 15 , 1938 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Tie 7 -- 7 24 October 14 , 1939 Y Stadium , Provo Utah 35 -- 13 25 October 5 , 1940 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 12 -- 6 26 October 18 , 1941 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Tie 6 -- 6 27 October 10 , 1942 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 12 -- 7 28 October 12 , 1946 Y Stadium , Provo Utah 35 -- 6 29 October 11 , 1947 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 28 -- 6 30 October 9 , 1948 Y Stadium , Provo Utah 30 -- 0 31 October 8 , 1949 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 38 -- 0 32 October 7 , 1950 Y Stadium , Provo Tie 28 -- 28 33 October 6 , 1951 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 7 -- 6 34 October 11 , 1952 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 34 -- 6 35 November 26 , 1953 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 33 -- 32 36 October 9 , 1954 Y Stadium , Provo Utah 12 -- 7 37 October 8 , 1955 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 41 -- 9 38 October 5 , 1956 Y Stadium , Provo Utah 41 -- 6 39 October 12 , 1957 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 27 -- 0 40 September 27 , 1958 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 41 -- 6 41 October 9 , 1959 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 20 -- 8 42 October 7 , 1960 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 17 -- 0 43 October 14 , 1961 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 21 -- 20 44 October 13 , 1962 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 35 -- 20 45 October 12 , 1963 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 15 -- 6 46 November 7 , 1964 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 47 -- 13 47 November 6 , 1965 Cougar Stadium , Provo BYU 25 -- 20 48 November 12 , 1966 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 35 -- 13 49 October 28 , 1967 Cougar Stadium , Provo BYU 17 -- 13 50 November 2 , 1968 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 30 -- 21 No . Date Location Winner Score 51 November 22 , 1969 Cougar Stadium , Provo Utah 16 -- 6 52 November 21 , 1970 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 14 -- 13 53 November 20 , 1971 Cougar Stadium , Provo Utah 17 -- 15 54 November 18 , 1972 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 16 -- 7 55 November 24 , 1973 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 46 -- 22 56 November 23 , 1974 Cougar Stadium , Provo BYU 48 -- 20 57 November 15 , 1975 Cougar Stadium , Provo BYU 51 -- 20 58 November 20 , 1976 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 34 -- 12 59 November 5 , 1977 Cougar Stadium , Provo # 14 BYU 38 -- 8 60 November 18 , 1978 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 23 -- 22 61 November 17 , 1979 Cougar Stadium , Provo # 10 BYU 27 -- 0 62 November 22 , 1980 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City # 13 BYU 56 -- 6 63 November 21 , 1981 Cougar Stadium , Provo # 18 BYU 56 -- 28 64 November 20 , 1982 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 17 -- 12 65 November 19 , 1983 Cougar Stadium , Provo # 9 BYU 55 -- 7 66 November 17 , 1984 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City # 3 BYU 24 -- 14 67 November 23 , 1985 Cougar Stadium , Provo # 11 BYU 38 -- 28 68 November 22 , 1986 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 35 -- 21 69 November 21 , 1987 Cougar Stadium , Provo BYU 21 -- 18 70 November 19 , 1988 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 57 -- 28 71 November 18 , 1989 Cougar Stadium , Provo # 21 BYU 70 -- 31 72 November 17 , 1990 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City # 5 BYU 45 -- 22 73 November 23 , 1991 Cougar Stadium , Provo BYU 48 -- 17 74 November 21 , 1992 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 31 -- 22 75 November 20 , 1993 Cougar Stadium , Provo Utah 34 -- 31 76 November 19 , 1994 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City # 21 Utah 34 -- 31 77 November 18 , 1995 Cougar Stadium , Provo Utah 34 -- 17 78 November 23 , 1996 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City # 8 BYU 37 -- 17 79 November 22 , 1997 Cougar Stadium , Provo Utah 20 -- 14 80 November 21 , 1998 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 26 -- 24 81 November 20 , 1999 Cougar Stadium , Provo Utah 20 -- 17 82 November 24 , 2000 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 34 -- 27 83 November 17 , 2001 LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo # 8 BYU 24 -- 21 84 November 23 , 2002 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 13 -- 6 85 November 22 , 2003 LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo Utah 3 -- 0 86 November 20 , 2004 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City # 5 Utah 52 -- 21 87 November 19 , 2005 LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo Utah 41 -- 34 88 November 25 , 2006 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City # 21 BYU 33 -- 31 89 November 24 , 2007 LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo # 23 BYU 17 -- 10 90 November 22 , 2008 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City # 8 Utah 48 -- 24 91 November 28 , 2009 LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo # 18 BYU 26 -- 23 92 November 27 , 2010 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City # 23 Utah 17 -- 16 93 September 17 , 2011 LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo Utah 54 -- 10 94 September 15 , 2012 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 24 -- 21 95 September 21 , 2013 LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo Utah 20 -- 13 96 December 19 , 2015 Sam Boyd Stadium , Las Vegas , Nevada # 20 Utah 35 -- 28 97 September 10 , 2016 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 20 -- 19 98 September 9 , 2017 LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo Utah 19 -- 13 Series : Utah leads 60 -- 34 -- 4 Series record sources : College Football Data Warehouse . * BYU was known as Brigham Young Academy ( BYA ) until 1903 See also ( edit ) Utah -- BYU rivalry Beehive Boot References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jeff Call . `` Is Rivalry Healthy or Harmful ? '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lee Benson . `` Wayne Howard Leaves ' em Wondering '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Doug Robinson . `` Collie Was Right , Even When Wrong '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Baptism video wo n't draw punishment '' . ESPN . 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` BYU Football All - Time Results '' . The Official Site of Brigham Young Athletics . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brigham Young vs Utah '' . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : John Fackler . `` www.alumni.utah.edu/continuum '' . Continuum : the Magazine of the University of Utah . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Doug Robinson . `` Utah , BYU Football : Rivalry Always Big , but This Year it 's Even Bigger '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dirk Facer . `` Orem Star Picks Utah After ' Holy War ' '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Brad Rock . `` Rock On ... '' Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Conference Championships : Mountain West Conference '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Conference Championships '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` BYU Football All - Time Results '' . The Official Site of BYU Athletics . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Aggies.Com : Football '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate . `` The Geography of College Football Fans ( and Realignment Chaos ) '' . The Quad . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Jones , Anjanette . `` Historical Brigham Young Academy '' . www.provolibrary.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah vs Brigham Young Academy '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Dick , and Steve Cameron . Wild Blue Yonder : The High Flying Story of BYU Football . Lenexa , Kan. : Addax Pub . Group , 1997 . Print . Jump up ^ `` BYU vs. Utah : The history of the rivalry '' . ksl.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Clean , Sober And Insufferable '' . Sports Illustrated . August 31 , 1992 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Brad Rock . `` The Day Jimmy Mac Went Scoreboard '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Brad Rock . `` Utah Takes Out Frustrations on Y. , 57 -- 28 : Utes Rewrite Record Books with Blowout '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Doug Robinson . `` BYU vs. Utah : It 's Payback Time for Cougs ; Utes Hope to Spring Even Bigger Upset '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rivalry Week Fact Sheet '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Doug Robinson . `` Revenge Minded BYU Blasts Utah 70 -- 31 '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Brad Rock . `` Gomes ' Famous Remark Will Never Be Forgotten '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Dirk Facer . `` Saved by the Post '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : James Edward ( November 21 , 1999 ) . `` Despite Ailing Heart , Arceneaux Helps Out U. Cheerleader Lets Y . Fan Have it in Altercation '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.mormonstoday.com/991205/P2Perry01.shtml Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com -- Meyer puts Utah on fast track '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jeff Call . `` Cougars Left to Live with Another Setback '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Smith pays the price for knowledge '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Stewart Mandel ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` College football : Highlights and lowlights of the decade '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Strong , Sam ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Memorable moments from the Utah - BYU rivalry '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : John Henderson . `` Holy War rages on ... in Utah '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dick Harmon . `` Collie Calls Reaction to his Post-game Comments ' Ridiculous ' '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Hall connects with George to lift BYU in OT ; disparages Utes '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Deseret News . `` BYU , Utah Utes football : Too many field goals , penalties doomed Utes '' . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dirk Facer . `` Utah , BYU football : Utes celebrate block party , beat Cougars 17 -- 16 in rivalry thriller '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jeff Call . `` BYU football : Max Hall apologizes for tirade '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Williams , Carter ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Burton saves the day ; Martinez is Max Hall 's Un-Classy Award winner '' . SUU News . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ ESPN . `` BYU vs. Utah -- Game Recap '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` WATCH : Punter Tom Hackett calls BYU ' bastards , ' says Cougars living in Utah 's world '' . Fox Sports . December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Piper , Matthew ( 2015 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Las Vegas Bowl : Utah escapes with 35 -- 28 win '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.sltrib.com/sports/2017/09/10/live-utes-cougars-renew-rivalry-in-provo/ Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/game?gameId=400935263 Jump up ^ `` BYU , Utah Extend Future Football Series through 2020 '' . FBSchedules.com . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Athletics on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . BYU Cougars football Venues LaVell Edwards Stadium ( 1964 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Utah : Holy War ( Beehive Boot ) Utah State ( Beehive Boot , The Old Wagon Wheel ) Culture & lore Cosmo the Cougar `` The Cougar Song '' BYU Cougar Marching Band Miami Beach Brawl People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Utah Utes football Venues Rice Stadium ( 1927 -- 97 ) Rice - Eccles Stadium ( 1998 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games BYU : Holy War ( Beehive Boot ) Colorado : Rumble in the Rockies New Mexico Utah State : Battle of the Brothers ( Beehive Boot ) Culture & lore Swoop `` Utah Man '' Pride of Utah Utah pass People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NCAA Division I FBS independents football rivalries Army -- Navy Game ( Army -- Navy ) Army -- Notre Dame Beehive Boot ( BYU -- Utah -- Utah State ) Boston College -- Massachusetts BYU -- Utah State Colonial Clash ( Massachusetts -- New Hampshire ) Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ( Air Force -- Army -- Navy ) Connecticut -- Massachusetts Holy War ( Boston College -- Notre Dame ) Holy War ( BYU -- Utah ) Michigan -- Notre Dame Michigan State -- Notre Dame Navy -- Notre Dame Northwestern -- Notre Dame Notre Dame -- Purdue Notre Dame -- Stanford Notre Dame -- USC Pac - 12 football rivalries Conference Apple Cup ( Washington -- Washington State ) Arizona -- Arizona State Big Game ( California -- Stanford ) California -- UCLA Civil War ( Oregon -- Oregon State ) Oregon -- Washington Rumble in the Rockies ( Colorado -- Utah ) Stanford -- USC UCLA -- USC Non-conference Arizona -- New Mexico Battle of the Brothers ( Utah -- Utah State ) Battle of the Palouse ( Idaho -- Washington State ) Beehive Boot ( BYU -- Utah -- Utah State ) Bill Walsh Legacy Game ( San Jose State -- Stanford ) Colorado -- Nebraska Holy War ( Utah -- BYU ) New Mexico -- Utah Notre Dame -- USC Notre Dame -- Stanford Rocky Mountain Showdown ( Colorado -- Colorado State ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_War_(Utah_vs._BYU)&oldid=815487714 '' Categories : College football rivalries in the United States BYU Cougars football Utah Utes football 1896 establishments in Utah Hidden categories : Articles with missing files Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 03 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was the last time byu won utah
[ "\n\nNo.\nDate\nLocation\nWinner\nScore\n\n\n51\nNovember 22, 1969\nCougar Stadium, Provo\nUtah\n16–6\n\n\n52\nNovember 21, 1970\nUte Stadium, Salt Lake City\nUtah\n14–13\n\n\n53\nNovember 20, 1971\nCougar Stadium, Provo\nUtah\n17–15\n\n\n54\nNovember 18, 1972\nRice Stadium, Salt Lake City\nBYU\n16–7\n\n\n55\nNovember 24, 1973\nRice Stadium, Salt Lake City\nBYU\n46–22\n\n\n56\nNovember 23, 1974\nCougar Stadium, Provo\nBYU\n48–20\n\n\n57\nNovember 15, 1975\nCougar Stadium, Provo\nBYU\n51–20\n\n\n58\nNovember 20, 1976\nRice Stadium, Salt Lake City\nBYU\n34–12\n\n\n59\nNovember 5, 1977\nCougar Stadium, Provo\n#14 BYU\n38–8\n\n\n60\nNovember 18, 1978\nRice Stadium, Salt Lake City\nUtah\n23–22\n\n\n61\nNovember 17, 1979\nCougar Stadium, Provo\n#10 BYU\n27–0\n\n\n62\nNovember 22, 1980\nRice Stadium, Salt Lake City\n#13 BYU\n56–6\n\n\n63\nNovember 21, 1981\nCougar Stadium, Provo\n#18 BYU\n56–28\n\n\n64\nNovember 20, 1982\nRice Stadium, Salt Lake City\nBYU\n17–12\n\n\n65\nNovember 19, 1983\nCougar Stadium, Provo\n#9 BYU\n55–7\n\n\n66\nNovember 17, 1984\nRice Stadium, Salt Lake City\n#3 BYU\n24–14\n\n\n67\nNovember 23, 1985\nCougar Stadium, Provo\n#11 BYU\n38–28\n\n\n68\nNovember 22, 1986\nRice Stadium, Salt Lake City\nBYU\n35–21\n\n\n69\nNovember 21, 1987\nCougar Stadium, Provo\nBYU\n21–18\n\n\n70\nNovember 19, 1988\nRice Stadium, Salt Lake City\nUtah\n57–28\n\n\n71\nNovember 18, 1989\nCougar Stadium, Provo\n#21 BYU\n70–31\n\n\n72\nNovember 17, 1990\nRice Stadium, Salt Lake City\n#5 BYU\n45–22\n\n\n73\nNovember 23, 1991\nCougar Stadium, Provo\nBYU\n48–17\n\n\n74\nNovember 21, 1992\nRice Stadium, Salt Lake City\nBYU\n31–22\n\n\n75\nNovember 20, 1993\nCougar Stadium, Provo\nUtah\n34–31\n\n\n76\nNovember 19, 1994\nRice Stadium, Salt Lake City\n#21 Utah\n34–31\n\n\n77\nNovember 18, 1995\nCougar Stadium, Provo\nUtah\n34–17\n\n\n78\nNovember 23, 1996\nRice Stadium, Salt Lake City\n#8 BYU\n37–17\n\n\n79\nNovember 22, 1997\nCougar Stadium, Provo\nUtah\n20–14\n\n\n80\nNovember 21, 1998\nRice-Eccles Stadium, Salt Lake City\nBYU\n26–24\n\n\n81\nNovember 20, 1999\nCougar Stadium, Provo\nUtah\n20–17\n\n\n82\nNovember 24, 2000\nRice-Eccles Stadium, Salt Lake City\nBYU\n34–27\n\n\n83\nNovember 17, 2001\nLaVell Edwards Stadium, Provo\n#8 BYU\n24–21\n\n\n84\nNovember 23, 2002\nRice-Eccles Stadium, Salt Lake City\nUtah\n13–6\n\n\n85\nNovember 22, 2003\nLaVell Edwards Stadium, Provo\nUtah\n3–0\n\n\n86\nNovember 20, 2004\nRice-Eccles Stadium, Salt Lake City\n#5 Utah\n52–21\n\n\n87\nNovember 19, 2005\nLaVell Edwards Stadium, Provo\nUtah\n41–34OT\n\n\n88\nNovember 25, 2006\nRice-Eccles Stadium, Salt Lake City\n#21 BYU\n33–31\n\n\n89\nNovember 24, 2007\nLaVell Edwards Stadium, Provo\n#23 BYU\n17–10\n\n\n90\nNovember 22, 2008\nRice-Eccles Stadium, Salt Lake City\n#8 Utah\n48–24\n\n\n91\nNovember 28, 2009\nLaVell Edwards Stadium, Provo\n#18 BYU\n26–23OT\n\n\n92\nNovember 27, 2010\nRice-Eccles Stadium, Salt Lake City\n#23 Utah\n17–16\n\n\n93\nSeptember 17, 2011\nLaVell Edwards Stadium, Provo\nUtah\n54–10\n\n\n94\nSeptember 15, 2012\nRice-Eccles Stadium, Salt Lake City\nUtah\n24–21\n\n\n95\nSeptember 21, 2013\nLaVell Edwards Stadium, Provo\nUtah\n20–13\n\n\n96\nDecember 19, 2015\nSam Boyd Stadium, Las Vegas, Nevada\n#20 Utah\n35–28\n\n\n97\nSeptember 10, 2016\nRice-Eccles Stadium, Salt Lake City\nUtah\n20–19\n\n\n98\nSeptember 9, 2017\nLaVell Edwards Stadium, Provo\nUtah\n19–13\n\n\nSeries: Utah leads 60–34–4\n\n" ]
[ "November 28, 2009" ]
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Icarus
Icarus - wikipedia Icarus For other uses , see Icarus ( disambiguation ) . Jacob Peter Gowy 's The Flight of Icarus . Icarus and Daedalus ancient red relief plastic pottery beaker , Roman - Greece In Greek mythology , Icarus ( the Latin spelling , conventionally adopted in English ; Ancient Greek : Ἴκαρος , Íkaros , Etruscan : Vikare ) is the son of the master craftsman Daedalus , the creator of the Labyrinth . Icarus and his father attempt to escape from Crete by means of wings that his father constructed from feathers and wax . Icarus ' father warns him first of complacency and then of hubris , asking that he fly neither too low nor too high , so the sea 's dampness would not clog his wings or the sun 's heat melt them . Icarus ignored his father 's instructions not to fly too close to the sun ; when the wax in his wings melted he tumbled out of the sky and fell into the sea where he drowned , sparking the idiom `` do n't fly too close to the sun '' . This tragic theme of failure at the hands of hubris contains similarities to that of Phaëthon . Contents 1 The legend 2 Classical literature 3 Medieval and Renaissance literature 4 Interpretation 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading The legend ( edit ) The Lament for Icarus by H.J. Draper Icarus ' father Daedalus , a very talented and remarkable Athenian craftsman , built the Labyrinth for King Minos of Crete near his palace at Knossos to imprison the Minotaur , a half - man , half - bull monster born of his wife and the Cretan bull . Minos imprisoned Daedalus himself in the labyrinth because he gave Minos 's daughter , Ariadne , a clew ( or ball of string ) in order to help Theseus , the enemy of Minos , to survive the Labyrinth and defeat the Minotaur . Modern graffiti of Icaria island and falling Icarus just outside the village of Evdilos in Icaria - Greece Daedalus fashioned two pairs of wings out of wax and feathers for himself and his son . Daedalus tried his wings first , but before trying to escape the island , he warned his son not to fly too close to the sun , nor too close to the sea , but to follow his path of flight . Overcome by the giddiness that flying lent him , Icarus soared into the sky , but in the process he came too close to the sun , which due to the heat melted the wax . Icarus kept flapping his wings but soon realized that he had no feathers left and that he was only flapping his bare arms , and so Icarus fell into the sea and drowned in the area which today bears his name , the Icarian Sea near Icaria , an island southwest of Samos . Hellenistic writers give euhemerising variants in which the escape from Crete was actually by boat , provided by Pasiphaë , for which Daedalus invented the first sails , to outstrip Minos ' pursuing galleys , and that Icarus fell overboard en route to Sicily and drowned . Heracles erected a tomb for him . Classical literature ( edit ) The Sun , or the Fall of Icarus ( 1819 ) by Merry - Joseph Blondel , in the Rotunda of Apollo at the Louvre Icarus ' flight was often alluded to by Greek poets in passing , but the story was told briefly in Pseudo-Apollodorus . In the literature of ancient Rome , the myth was of interest to Augustan writers . Hyginus narrates it in Fabula 40 , beginning with the bovine love affair of Pasiphaë , daughter of the Sun , resulting in the birth of the Minotaur . Ovid narrates the story of Icarus at some length in the Metamorphoses ( viii. 183 -- 235 ) , and refers to it elsewhere . Medieval and Renaissance literature ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2011 ) Ovid 's treatment of the Icarus myth and its connection with that of Phaëthon influenced the mythological tradition in English literature as received and interpreted by major writers such as Chaucer , Marlowe , Shakespeare , Milton , and Joyce . Bruegel 's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus ( ca . 1558 ) , famous for relegating the fall to a scarcely noticed event in the background In Renaissance iconography , the significance of Icarus depends on context : in the Orion Fountain at Messina , he is one of many figures associated with water ; but he is also shown on the Bankruptcy Court of the Amsterdam Town Hall - where he symbolizes high - flying ambition . The 16th - century painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus , traditionally but perhaps erroneously attributed to Pieter Bruegel the Elder , was the inspiration for two of the 20th century 's most notable ecphrastic English - language poems , `` Musée des Beaux Arts '' by W.H. Auden and `` Landscape with the Fall of Icarus '' by William Carlos Williams . Other English language poems referencing the Icarus myth are `` To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Triumph '' by Anne Sexton , `` Icarus Again '' by Alan Devenish , `` Mrs Icarus '' by Carol Ann Duffy , `` Failing and Flying '' by Jack Gilbert , and `` Icarus Burning '' and `` Icarus Redux '' by Hiromi Yoshida . Interpretation ( edit ) 17th - century relief with a Cretan labyrinth bottom right ( Musée Antoine Vivenel ) Literary interpretation has found in the myth the structure and consequence of personal over-ambition . An Icarus - related study of the Daedalus myth was published by the French hellenist Françoise Frontisi - Ducroux . In psychology there have been synthetic studies of the Icarus complex with respect to the alleged relationship between fascination for fire , enuresis , high ambition , and ascensionism . In the psychiatric mind features of disease were perceived in the shape of the pendulous emotional ecstatic - high and depressive - low of bipolar disorder . Henry Murray having proposed the term Icarus complex , apparently found symptoms particularly in mania where a person is fond of heights , fascinated by both fire and water , narcissistic and observed with fantastical or far - fetched imaginary cognition . See also ( edit ) Icarus imagery in contemporary music Kua Fu , a Chinese myth about a giant who chased the sun and died while getting too close Bladud , a legendary king of the Britons , purported to have met his death when his constructed wings failed Etana , a sort of `` Babylonian Icarus '' Sampati , an Indian myth about a bird which lost its wings while trying to save its younger brother from the sun References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Larissa Bonfante , Judith Swaddling , Etruscan Myths , p. 43 Jump up ^ clew -- a ball of yarn or thread . The etymology of the word `` clue '' is a direct reference to this story of the Labyrinth . Jump up ^ Graves , Robert ( 1955 ) . `` 92 -- Daedalus and Talus '' . The Greek Myths . ISBN 0 - 14 - 007602 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thomas Bullfinch - The Age of Fable Stories of Gods and Heroes KundaliniAwakeningSystem.com & The Internet Classics Archive by Daniel C. Stevenson : Ovid - Metamorphoses - Book VIII + Translated by Rolfe Humphries - KET Distance Learning 2012 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Translated by A.S. Kline - University of Virginia Library.edu Retrieved 2005 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Smith , William ( ed . ) . A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology . Jump up ^ Pinsent , J. ( 1982 ) . Greek Mythology . New York : Peter Bedrick Books . ISBN 0 - 600 - 55023 - 0 . Jump up ^ Epitome of the Biblioteca i. 11 and ii. 6.3 . Jump up ^ Gareth D. Williams , Banished voices : readings in Ovid 's Exile Poetry ( Cambridge University Press , 1994 ) , p. 132 online . Jump up ^ Peter Knox , A Companion to Ovid ( Blackwell , 2009 ) , p. 424 online . Jump up ^ Jane Chance , The Mythographic Chaucer ( University of Michigan Press , 1995 ) , p. 65 online . Jump up ^ Troni Y . Grande , Marlovian Tragedy ( Associated University Presses , 1990 ) , pp. 14 online , 40 -- 42 et passim ; Frederic B. Tromly , Playing with Desire : Christopher Marlowe and the Art of Tantalization ( University of Toronto Press , 1998 ) , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Coppélia Kahn , Man 's estate : Masculine Identity in Shakespeare ( University of California Press , 1981 ) , p. 53 online . Jump up ^ Su Fang Nu , Literature and the Politics of Family in Seventeenth - Century England ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) , p. 154 online ; R.J. Zwi Werblowsky , Lucifer and Prometheus ( Routledge , 2001 , reprinted from 1952 ) , p. 32 online . Jump up ^ R.J. Schork , Latin and Roman Culture in Joyce ( University Press of Florida , 1997 ) , p. 160 online . Jump up ^ E.H. Gombrich , Symbolic Images ; Studies in the Art of the Renaissance ( London , 1972 ) ; p. 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.vaguedirection.com/a-cheat-sheet-for-life/ Jump up ^ Jacob E. Nyenhuis - Myth and the creative process : Michael Ayrton and the myth of Daedalus , the maze maker - 345 pages Wayne State University Press , 2003 Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24 ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3002 - 9 See also Harry Levin , The Overreacher , Harvard University Press , 1952 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Frontisi - Ducroux , Françoise ( 1975 ) . Dédale : Mythologie de l'artisan en Grèce Ancienne . Paris : François Maspero . p. 227 . Jump up ^ Wiklund , Nils ( 1978 ) . The icarus complex . Lund : Doxa . ISBN 91 - 578 - 0064 - 2 . Jump up ^ Michael Sperber 2010 - Dostoyevsky 's Stalker and Other Essays on Psychopathology and the Arts , University Press of America , 2010 , p. 166 ff , ( 2 ) ISBN 0 - 7618 - 4993 - 9 Jump up ^ Pendulum - The BiPolar Organisation 's quarterly journal Bipolar UK Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Comparion noted by W.H. Ph . Römer , `` Religion of Ancient Mesopotamia , '' in Historia Religionum : Religions of the Past ( Brill , 1969 ) , vol. 1 , p. 163 . Further reading ( edit ) Graves , Robert , ( 1955 ) 1960 . The Greek Myths , section 92 passim Smith , William , ed . A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Pinsent , J. ( 1982 ) . Greek Mythology . New York : Peter Bedrick Books Portals Access related topics Greek mythology portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Source texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata GND : 11863979X VIAF : 52482708 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icarus&oldid=843741213 '' Categories : Sun myths Mythological Greek characters Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles to be expanded from January 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 04 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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who flew to close to the sun and his wings melted
[ "In Greek mythology, Icarus (the Latin spelling, conventionally adopted in English; Ancient Greek: Ἴκαρος, Íkaros, Etruscan: Vikare[1]) is the son of the master craftsman Daedalus, the creator of the Labyrinth. Icarus and his father attempt to escape from Crete by means of wings that his father constructed from feathers and wax. Icarus' father warns him first of complacency and then of hubris, asking that he fly neither too low nor too high, so the sea's dampness would not clog his wings or the sun's heat melt them. Icarus ignored his father's instructions not to fly too close to the sun; when the wax in his wings melted he tumbled out of the sky and fell into the sea where he drowned, sparking the idiom \"don't fly too close to the sun\".\n" ]
[ "Icarus" ]
-5381356146199171808
A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III
A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III - wikipedia A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III Movie poster Directed by Roman Coppola Produced by Roman Coppola Youree Henley Written by Roman Coppola Starring Charlie Sheen Katheryn Winnick Bill Murray Jason Schwartzman Patricia Arquette Mary Elizabeth Winstead Fabianne Therese Music by Liam Hayes Roger Neill Cinematography Nick Beal Edited by Robert Schafer Production company American Zoetrope The Directors Bureau Distributed by A24 FilmBuff Release date November 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) ( Rome Film Festival ) February 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 86 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $210,565 A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III is a 2012 American comedy film directed , written and produced by Roman Coppola . It stars Charlie Sheen , Jason Schwartzman , Bill Murray , Katheryn Winnick and Patricia Arquette . It premiered at the 2012 Rome Film Festival and had a limited release on February 8 , 2013 in the United States , being the first release under the independent distributor , A24 . Since release , it has garnered largely negative reviews . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Music 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In the 1970s , successful graphic designer and ladies ' man Charles Swan III ( Sheen ) is dumped by his girlfriend Ivana ( Winnick ) , and it throws his life into a tailspin . He does not know whether he loves her or hates her or wants her back or never wants to see her again . Along with his best friend , Kirby ( Schwartzman ) and his manager , Saul ( Murray ) , Charles starts to suffer from nightmares , fever dreams of past relationships and hits rock bottom as he tries to recover from the recent breakup and tries to turn his life around . Cast ( edit ) Charlie Sheen as Charles Swan III Jason Schwartzman as Kirby Star Bill Murray as Saul Katheryn Winnick as Ivana Patricia Arquette as Izzy , Charles ' sister Aubrey Plaza as Marnie Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Kate Dermot Mulroney as Doctor Tyne Stecklein as Penny Lindsey McLevis as Lindsey Lexy Hulme as Yvonne Fabianne Therese as Kirby Star 's Girlfriend Bar Paly as Maria Carla Margarita Kallas as Josephine Maxine Bahns as Mom Richard Edson as Sanchez Alim Kouliev as Russian Cabbie Liam Hayes as Himself Production ( edit ) If you 've ever been through a bad break - up , all you want to do is think about it and process . That 's kind of what the project is . A character study of a guy in this state of mind with Charlie as a very dynamic and imaginative character , so there 's a lot of fantasy sequences and crazy shit . -- Roman Coppola Filmed on location in Santa Clarita and Los Angeles , California . Music ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` It was surreal , '' says the Chicago composer and performer Liam Hayes , about appearing in the forthcoming Roman Coppola film A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III . `` I have n't played many gigs on a beach with a Hammond organ , you know ? '' Hayes , who has made music under the name Plush since the early ' 90s , was contacted by Coppola after the director became a huge fan . `` I just got so absorbed by his music , '' Coppola recently told GQ ( UK ) about Hayes and Plush . The result of this appreciation was Hayes and Coppola making a soundtrack out of Hayes ' music . `` It evolved , '' says Hayes . `` When we met to discuss the project we talked about possible songs . We talked some more , added a few more songs , and I ended up doing the score . '' Hayes also appears in the film performing the tune `` So Much Music '' . It is not his first time onscreen : In 2000 he appeared in High Fidelity performing his song `` Soaring and Boring '' . Release ( edit ) On January 8 , 2013 , the film was released through video on demand and was released in a limited release in the United States on February 8 , 2013 . It was released onto Blu - ray on May 14 , 2013 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III received an overwhelmingly negative response from critics . Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club gave the movie an F , saying that `` it is n't a movie so much as a feature - length perfume commercial for a Charlie Sheen signature cologne with gorgeous packaging and absolutely nothing inside . '' The Dallas Observer said that the film `` might generously be described as cut - and - paste -- or more accurately as ' throw stuff to the wall and see what sticks ' '' and it was `` a clunker '' . The New York Daily News gave Charles Swan III one star out of five , saying that `` you want to swat it away '' and that `` maybe with this out of his ( Coppola 's ) system , he 'll think up something better . '' TIME said that the film `` does not lead to a deeper understanding of Charlie Sheen . It does , however , demonstrate his compulsion for poor judgment and bad choices . But were n't we already convinced of that ? '' Lisa Schwarzbaum , reviewer for Entertainment Weekly , gave the film a C and a milder response , writing , `` The idea of this home - movie - with - higher - production - values directed by Roman Coppola is no less sweet for being unoriginal ... The execution , on the other hand , is perilously self - absorbed , a private party involving friends , family , too many fantasy sequences , and an abundance of costume and set design to create a notion of a stylized L.A. spritzed with eau de Playboy . '' The film holds a 15 % `` rotten '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 53 reviews . Metacritic gave the film a 28 / 100 `` generally unfavorable '' approval rating based on 21 reviews . Box Office ( edit ) The film opened at # 64 with US $12,000 in its limited release at two theaters the week of 8 February . The following weekend , the weekend of 15 February , Charles Swan III expanded to 18 theaters and gained an 81.6 % increase . As of 11 July 2013 , the domestic total of A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III is US $45,350 , and in Russia the film has grossed $134,473 , with an additional $26,999 in Mexico . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coconi , Angeliki ( Mar 15 , 2012 ) . `` Coming Soon : A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III '' . Unsung Films . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Otto , Jeff ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Roman Coppola Disucces ' A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III ' & the casting of Charlie Sheen '' . Indie Wire . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Sheen on ' Charles Swan III ' set with Jason Schwartzman and Bill Murray '' . The Huffington Post . November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan IIl Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . February 28 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan . `` A Glimpse Inside The Mind of Charles Swan III '' . The A.V. Club ( Print ) . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Pinkerton , Nick ( 14 February 2013 ) . `` Charles Swan III : Not Even a Coppola Can Make a Charlie Sheen Vehicle Watchable '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Neumaier , Joe ( 7 February 2013 ) . `` Movie review : ' A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III ' '' . The New York Daily News . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Pols , Mary ( 7 February 2013 ) . `` A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III : Boys Behaving Badly '' . TIME . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York : Time Inc. : 59 . Jump up ^ `` A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . External links ( edit ) A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Glimpse_Inside_the_Mind_of_Charles_Swan_III&oldid=850397626 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films American films Films directed by Roman Coppola 2010s comedy films Films shot in Los Angeles Films set in the 1970s Screenplays by Roman Coppola A24 films American comedy films American Zoetrope films Hidden categories : Pages using infobox film with unknown parameters Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 16 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
a glimpse in the mind of charles swan
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Western Wall
Western Wall - wikipedia Western Wall Jump to : navigation , search `` West Wall '' redirects here . For the fortifications known in German as the Westwall , see Siegfried Line . For other uses , see Western Wall ( disambiguation ) . Western Wall HaKotel HaMa'aravi A view of the Western Wall . Shown within Jerusalem Alternate name Wailing Wall Kotel Al - Buraq Wall Location Jerusalem Coordinates 31 ° 46 ′ 36 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 04 '' E  /  31.7767 ° N 35.2345 ° E  / 31.7767 ; 35.2345 Coordinates : 31 ° 46 ′ 36 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 04 '' E  /  31.7767 ° N 35.2345 ° E  / 31.7767 ; 35.2345 Type Ancient limestone wall Part of Temple Mount Length 488 metres ( 1,601 ft ) Height exposed : 19 metres ( 62 ft ) History Builder Herod the Great Material Limestone Founded 19 BCE Site notes Condition Preserved The Western Wall , Wailing Wall or Kotel ( Hebrew : הַכֹּתֶל הַמַּעֲרָבִי ‎ ( help info ) , translit. : HaKotel HaMa'aravi ; Ashkenazic pronunciation : HaKosel HaMa'arovi ; Arabic : حائط البراق ‎ ‎ , translit. : Ḥā'iṭ al - Burāq , translat. : the Buraq Wall , or Arabic : المبكى ‎ ‎ al - Mabkā : the Place of Weeping ) is an ancient limestone wall in the Old City of Jerusalem . It is a relatively small segment of a far longer ancient retaining wall , known also in its entirety as the `` Western Wall '' . The wall was originally erected as part of the expansion of the Second Jewish Temple begun by Herod the Great , which resulted in the encasement of the natural , steep hill known to Jews and Christians as the Temple Mount , in a large rectangular structure topped by a huge flat platform , thus creating more space for the Temple itself and its auxiliary buildings . The Western Wall is considered holy due to its connection to the Temple Mount . Because of the Temple Mount entry restrictions , the Wall is the holiest place where Jews are permitted to pray , though it is not the holiest site in the Jewish faith , which lies behind it . The original , natural and irregular - shaped Temple Mount was gradually extended to allow for an ever - larger Temple compound to be built at its top . This process was finalised by Herod , who enclosed the Mount with an almost rectangular set of retaining walls , built to support extensive substructures and earth fills needed to give the natural hill a geometrically regular shape . On top of this box - like structure Herod built a vast paved esplanade which surrounded the Temple . Of the four retaining walls , the western one is considered to be closest to the former Temple , which makes it the most sacred site recognised by Judaism outside the former Temple Mount esplanade . Just over half the wall 's total height , including its 17 courses located below street level , dates from the end of the Second Temple period , and is commonly believed to have been built around 19 BCE by Herod the Great , although recent excavations indicate that the work was not finished by the time Herod died in 4 BCE . The very large stone blocks of the lower courses are Herodian , the courses of medium - sized stones above them were added during the Umayyad era , while the small stones of the uppermost courses are of more recent date , especially from the Ottoman period . The term Western Wall and its variations are mostly used in a narrow sense for the section traditionally used by Jews for prayer , and it has also been called the `` Wailing Wall '' , referring to the practice of Jews weeping at the site over the destruction of the Temples . During the period of Christian Roman rule over Jerusalem ( ca . 324 -- 638 ) , Jews were completely barred from Jerusalem except to attend Tisha be-Av , the day of national mourning for the Temples , and on this day the Jews would weep at their holy places . The term `` Wailing Wall '' was thus almost exclusively used by Christians , and was revived in the period of non-Jewish control between the establishment of British Rule in 1920 and the Six - Day War in 1967 . The term `` Wailing Wall '' is not used by Jews , and increasingly not by many others who consider it derogatory . In a broader sense , `` Western Wall '' can refer to the entire 488 - metre - long ( 1,601 ft . ) retaining wall on the western side of the Temple Mount . The classic portion now faces a large plaza in the Jewish Quarter , near the southwestern corner of the Temple Mount , while the rest of the wall is concealed behind structures in the Muslim Quarter , with the small exception of a 25 ft ( 8 m ) section , the so - called Little Western Wall . The segment of the Western retaining wall traditionally used for Jewish liturgy , known as the `` Western Wall '' , derives its particular importance to it having never been fully obscured by medieval buildings , and displaying much more of the original Herodian stonework than the `` Little Western Wall '' . In religious terms , the `` Little Western Wall '' is presumed to be even closer to the Holy of Holies and thus to the `` presence of God '' ( Shechina ) , and the underground Warren 's Gate , which has been out of reach since the 12th century , even more so . Whilst the wall was considered Muslim property as an integral part of the Haram esh - Sharif and waqf property of the Moroccan Quarter , a right of Jewish prayer and pilgrimage existed as part of the Status Quo . The earliest source mentioning this specific site as a place of worship is from the 16th century . The previous sites used by Jews for mourning the destruction of the Temple , during periods when access to the city was prohibited to them , lay to the east , on the Mount of Olives and in the Kidron Valley below it . From the mid-19th century onwards , attempts to purchase rights to the wall and its immediate area were made by various Jews , but none was successful . With the rise of the Zionist movement in the early 20th century , the wall became a source of friction between the Jewish and Muslim communities , the latter being worried that the wall could be used to further Jewish claims to the Temple Mount and thus Jerusalem . During this period outbreaks of violence at the foot of the wall became commonplace , with a particularly deadly riot in 1929 in which 133 Jews were killed and 339 injured . After the 1948 Arab - Israeli War the Eastern portion of Jerusalem was occupied by Jordan . Under Jordanian control Jews were completely expelled from the Old City including the Jewish quarter , and Jews were barred from entering the Old City for 19 years , effectively banning Jewish prayer at the site of the Western Wall . This period ended on June 10 , 1967 , when Israel gained control of the site following the Six - Day War . Three days after establishing control over the Western Wall site the Moroccan Quarter was bulldozed by Israeli authorities to create space for what is now the Western Wall plaza . Ashlar stones of the Western Wall Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Location and dimensions 3 Accessibility 3.1 People with disabilities 3.2 Transgender individuals 4 History 4.1 Construction -- 19 BCE 4.2 Roman Empire and rise of Christianity -- 100 -- 500 CE 4.3 Middle Ages -- 500 -- 1500 4.4 Ottoman period -- 1517 -- 1917 4.4. 1 Firmans issued regarding the Wall 4.5 British rule -- 1917 -- 48 4.5. 1 September 1928 disturbances 4.5. 2 1929 Palestine riots 4.5. 3 1930 international commission 4.6 Jordanian rule -- 1948 -- 67 4.6. 1 `` Al Buraq ( Wailing Wall ) Rd '' sign 4.7 Israeli rule -- 1967 -- present 4.7. 1 Robinson 's Arch 4.7. 2 Wilson 's Arch 4.7. 3 Rabbis of the wall 5 Theology and ritual 5.1 Judaism 5.1. 1 Sanctity of the Wall 5.1. 2 Mourning over the Temple 's destruction 5.1. 3 Prayer at the Wall 5.1. 3.1 Egalitarian and non-Orthodox prayer 5.1. 3.2 Prayer notes 5.1. 3.3 Tefillin 5.2 Islam 5.3 Christianity 6 Views 6.1 Jewish 6.2 Israeli 6.3 Muslim 6.4 Palestinian 6.5 American 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) Jews may often be seen sitting for hours at the Wailing - place bent in sorrowful meditation over the history of their race , and repeating oftentimes the words of the Seventy - ninth Psalm . On Fridays especially , Jews of both genders , of all ages , and from all countries , assemble in large numbers to kiss the sacred stones and weep outside the precincts they may not enter . Charles Wilson , 1881 Early Jewish texts referred to a `` western wall of the Temple '' , but there is doubt whether the texts were referring to the outer , retaining wall called today `` the Western Wall '' , or to the western wall of the actual Temple . The earliest Jewish use of the Hebrew term `` ha - kotel ha - ma'aravi '' , `` the Western Wall '' , as referring to the wall visible today , was by the 11th - century poet Ahimaaz ben Paltiel . The name `` Wailing Wall '' , and descriptions such as `` wailing place '' , appeared regularly in English literature during the 19th century . The name Mur des Lamentations was used in French and Klagemauer in German . This term itself was a translation of the Arabic el - Mabka , or `` Place of Weeping '' , the traditional Arabic term for the wall . This description stemmed from the Jewish practice of coming to the site to mourn and bemoan the destruction of the Temple . At some time in the 19th century , the Arabs began referring to the wall as the al - Buraq Wall . This was based on the tradition that inside the wall was the place where Muhammad tethered his miraculous winged steed , al - Buraq . The tradition on which this is based only states that the Prophet , or the angel Jibra'il ( Gabriel ) , tethered the steed at the gate of the mosque , meaning : at the gate of the Temple Mount . The location of the entry gate identified as the one used by Muhammad varied throughout the centuries , from the eastern and southern walls , to the southwest corner , and finally at the western wall , and specifically at Barclay 's Gate immediately adjacent to the `` Wailing Place '' of the Jews . Israeli archaeologist Meir Ben - Dov concluded that the Muslim association with Western Wall began in the late nineteenth century in response to renewed Jewish identification with the site . Location and dimensions ( edit ) Panorama of the Western Wall with the Dome of the Rock ( left ) and al - Aqsa mosque ( right ) in the background The Western Wall and Dome of the Rock The Western Wall commonly refers to a 187 - foot ( 57 m ) exposed section of ancient wall situated on the western flank of the Temple Mount . This section faces a large plaza and is set aside for prayer . In its entirety , however , the above - ground portion of the Western Wall stretches for 1,600 feet ( 488 m ) , most of which is hidden behind residential structures built along its length . Other revealed sections include the southern part of the Wall which measures approximately 80 metres ( 262 ft ) and another much shorter section known as the Little Western Wall which is located close to the Iron Gate . The wall functions as a retaining wall , supporting and enclosing the ample substructures built by Herod the Great around 19 BCE . Herod 's project was to create an artificial extension to the small quasi-natural plateau on which the First and Second Temples stood , transforming it into the almost rectangular , wide expanse of the Temple Mount visible today . At the Western Wall Plaza , the total height of the Wall from its foundation is estimated at 105 feet ( 32 m ) , with the exposed section standing approximately 62 feet ( 19 m ) high . The Wall consists of 45 stone courses , 28 of them above ground and 17 underground . The first seven visible layers are from the Herodian period . This section of wall is built from enormous meleke limestone blocks , possibly quarried at either Zedekiah 's Cave situated under the Muslim Quarter of the Old City or at Ramat Shlomo 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) northwest of the Old City . Most of them weigh between 2 and 8 short tons ( 1.8 and 7.3 t ) each , but others weigh even more , with one extraordinary stone located slightly north of Wilson 's Arch measuring 13 metres ( 43 ft ) and weighing approximately 517 tonnes ( 570 short tons ) . Each of these ashlars is framed by fine - chiseled borders . The margins themselves measure between 5 and 20 centimetres ( 2 and 8 in ) wide , with their depth measuring 1.5 centimetres ( 0.59 in ) . In the Herodian period , the upper 10 metres ( 33 ft ) of wall were 1 metre ( 39 in ) thick and served as the outer wall of the double colonnade of the Temple platform . This upper section was decorated with pilasters , the remainder of which were destroyed when the Byzantines reconquered Jerusalem from the Persians in 628 . The next four courses , consisting of smaller plainly dressed stones , date from the Umayyad period ( Muslim , 8th century ) . Above that are 16 -- 17 courses of small stones from the Mamluk period ( Muslim , 13 -- 16th century ) and later . Accessibility ( edit ) People with disabilities ( edit ) The plaza and Wall are accessible to wheelchairs and people with mobility difficulties via either the Dung Gate or Jaffa Gate . Access directly from the Jewish Quarter of the Old City is via `` a considerable number of steep steps '' . Access for cars is very restricted , `` and parking is a nightmare '' so disabled visitors are advised to arrive by taxi or public transportation . Guide dogs are permitted . Transgender individuals ( edit ) In January 2015 a transgender Jewish woman , Kay Long , was denied access to the Wall , first by the women 's section and then by the men 's section . Long 's presence was prevented by `` modesty police '' at women 's section who are not associated with the rabbi of the Western Wall or the site administration . They are a group of female volunteers who guard the entrance to the women 's section preventing entry to visitors who are not dressed to their idea of Orthodox modesty standards for women . The director of Jerusalem 's Open House , a community center for the lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender community , noted that Long 's experience was not unique . `` Gender separation at the Western Wall is harmful for transgender people . This is not the first story that we know of with transgender religious people that wanted to go to the Western Wall and pray and could n't , '' said Elinor Sidi , who expects that the battle for access to the Western Wall for the LGBTQ community will be a long and difficult one . It was later asserted that Kay Long would have been permitted in the women 's section except for her clothing . `` It was not an issue of her gender , but the way she was dressed . '' History ( edit ) Construction -- 19 BCE ( edit ) Engraving , 1850 According to the Hebrew Bible , Solomon 's Temple was built atop what is known as the Temple Mount in the 10th century BCE and destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE , and the Second Temple completed and dedicated in 516 BCE . Around 19 BCE Herod the Great began a massive expansion project on the Temple Mount . In addition to fully rebuilding and enlarging the Temple , he artificially expanded the platform on which it stood , doubling it in size . Today 's Western Wall formed part of the retaining perimeter wall of this platform . In 2011 , Israeli archaeologists announced the surprising discovery of Roman coins minted well after Herod 's death , found under the foundation stones of the wall . The excavators came upon the coins inside a ritual bath that predates Herod 's building project , which was filled in to create an even base for the wall and was located under its southern section . This seems to indicate that Herod did not finish building the entire wall by the time of his death in 4 BCE . The find confirms the description by historian Josephus Flavius , which states that construction was finished only during the reign of King Agrippa II , Herod 's great - grandson . Given Josephus ' information , the surprise mainly regarded the fact that an unfinished retaining wall in this area could also mean that at least parts of the splendid Royal Stoa and the monumental staircase leading up to it could not have been completed during Herod 's lifetime . Also surprising was the fact that the usually very thorough Herodian builders had cut corners by filling in the ritual bath , rather than placing the foundation course directly onto the much firmer bedrock . Some scholars are doubtful of the interpretation and have offered alternative explanations , such as , for example , later repair work . Herod 's Temple was destroyed by the Romans , along with the rest of Jerusalem , in 70 CE , during the First Jewish - Roman War . Roman Empire and rise of christianity -- 100 -- 500 CE ( edit ) In the early centuries of the Common Era , after the Roman defeat of the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE , Jews were banned from Jerusalem . There is some evidence that Roman emperors in the 2nd and 3rd centuries did permit them to visit the city to worship on the Mount of Olives and sometimes on the Temple Mount itself . When the empire became Christian under Constantine I , they were given permission to enter the city once a year , on the ninth day of the month of Av , to lament the loss of the Temple at the wall . The Bordeaux Pilgrim , written in 333 CE , suggests that it was probably to the perforated stone or the Rock of Moriah , `` to which the Jews come every year and anoint it , bewail themselves with groans , rend their garments , and so depart '' . This was because an Imperial decree from Rome barred Jews from living in Jerusalem . Just once per year they were permitted to return and bitterly grieve about the fate of their people . Comparable accounts survive , including those by the Church Father , Gregory of Nazianzus and by Jerome in his commentary to Zephaniah written in 392 CE . In the 4th century , Christian sources reveal that the Jews encountered great difficulty in buying the right to pray near the Western Wall , at least on the 9th of Av . In 425 CE , the Jews of the Galilee wrote to Byzantine empress Aelia Eudocia seeking permission to pray by the ruins of the Temple . Permission was granted and they were officially permitted to resettle in Jerusalem . Middle ages -- 500 -- 1500 ( edit ) Several Jewish authors of the 10th and 11th centuries write about the Jews resorting to the Western Wall for devotional purposes . Ahimaaz relates that Rabbi Samuel ben Paltiel ( 980 - 1010 ) gave money for oil at `` the sanctuary at the Western Wall . '' Benjamin of Tudela ( 1170 ) wrote `` In front of this place is the Western Wall , which is one of the walls of the Holy of Holies . This is called the Gate of Mercy , and hither come all the Jews to pray before the Wall in the open court . '' The account gave rise to confusion about the actual location of Jewish worship and some suggest that Benjamin in fact referred to the Eastern Wall along with its Gate of Mercy . While Nahmanides ( d . 1270 ) did not mention a synagogue near the Western Wall in his detailed account of the temple site , shortly before the Crusader period a synagogue existed at the site . Obadiah of Bertinoro ( 1488 ) states `` the Westen Wall , part of which is still standing , is made of great , thick stones , larger than any I have seen in buildings of antiquity in Rome or in other lands . '' Shortly after Saladin 's 1187 siege of the city , in 1193 , the sultan 's son and successor al - Afdal established the land adjacent to the wall as a charitable trust . It was named after an important mystic Abu Madyan Shu'aib and dedicated to Moroccan settlers who had taken up residence there . Houses were built only 4 metres ( 13 ft ) away from the wall . The first mention of the Islamic tradition that Buraq was tethered at the site is from the 14th century . A manuscript by Ibn Furkah , ( d . 1328 ) , refers to Bab al - Nab ( lit . `` Gate of the Prophet '' ) , an old name for a gate along the southwestern wall of the Haram al - Sharif . Ottoman period -- 1517 -- 1917 ( edit ) Wailing Wall , Jerusalem , by Gustav Bauernfeind ( 19th century ) . In 1517 , the Turkish Ottomans conquered Jerusalem from the Mamluks who had held it since 1250 and various folktales relate Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent 's quest to locate the Temple site and his order to have the area `` swept and sprinkled , and the Western Wall washed with rosewater '' upon its discovery . In the late 16th century , Suleiman ordered the construction of an imposing fortress wall to be built around the entire city , which still stands today . At the time , Jews received official permission to worship at the site and Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan built an oratory for them there . In 1625 organised prayers at the Wall are mentioned for the first time . Over the centuries , land close to the Wall became built up . Public access to the Wall was through the Moroccan Quarter , a labyrinth of narrow alleyways . In May 1840 a firman issued by Ibrahim Pasha forbade the Jews to pave the passageway in front of the Wall . It also cautioned them against `` raising their voices and displaying their books there . '' They were , however , allowed `` to pay visits to it as of old . '' Rabbi Joseph Schwarz writing in the mid-19th - century records : This wall is visited by all our brothers on every feast and festival ; and the large space at its foot is often so densely filled up , that all can not perform their devotions here at the same time . It is also visited , though by less numbers , on every Friday afternoon , and by some nearly every day . No one is molested in these visits by the Mahomedans , as we have a very old firman from the Sultan of Constantinople that the approach shall not be denied to us , though the Porte obtains for this privilege a special tax , which is , however , quite insignificant . Over time the increased numbers of people gathering at the site resulted in tensions between the Jewish visitors who wanted easier access and more space , and the residents , who complained of the noise . This gave rise to Jewish attempts at gaining ownership of the land adjacent to the Wall . Photograph of the Western Wall , 1870 In the late 1830s a wealthy Jew named Shemarya Luria attempted to purchase houses near the Wall , but was unsuccessful , as was Jewish sage Abdullah of Bombay who tried to purchase the Western Wall in the 1850s . In 1869 Rabbi Hillel Moshe Gelbstein settled in Jerusalem . He arranged that benches and tables be brought to the Wall on a daily basis for the study groups he organised and the minyan which he led there for years . He also formulated a plan whereby some of the courtyards facing the Wall would be acquired , with the intention of establishing three synagogues -- one each for the Sephardim , the Hasidim and the Perushim . He also endeavoured to re-establish an ancient practice of `` guards of honour '' , which according to the mishnah in Middot , were positioned around the Temple Mount . He rented a house near the Wall and paid men to stand guard there and at various other gateways around the mount . However this set - up lasted only for a short time due to lack of funds or because of Arab resentment . In 1874 , Mordechai Rosanes paid for the repaving of the alleyway adjacent to the wall . In 1887 Baron Rothschild conceived a plan to purchase and demolish the Moroccan Quarter as `` a merit and honor to the Jewish People . '' The proposed purchase was considered and approved by the Ottoman Governor of Jerusalem , Rauf Pasha , and by the Mufti of Jerusalem , Mohammed Tahir Husseini . Even after permission was obtained from the highest secular and Muslim religious authority to proceed , the transaction was shelved after the authorities insisted that after demolishing the quarter no construction of any type could take place there , only trees could be planted to beautify the area . Additionally the Jews would not have full control over the area . This meant that they would have no power to stop people from using the plaza for various activities , including the driving of mules , which would cause a disturbance to worshippers . Other reports place the scheme 's failure on Jewish infighting as to whether the plan would foster a detrimental Arab reaction . Jews ' Wailing Place , Jerusalem , 1891 In 1895 Hebrew linguist and publisher Rabbi Chaim Hirschensohn became entangled in a failed effort to purchase the Western Wall and lost all his assets . Even the attempts of the Palestine Land Development Company to purchase the environs of the Western Wall for the Jews just before the outbreak of World War I never came to fruition . In the first two months following the Ottoman Empire 's entry into the First World War , the Turkish governor of Jerusalem , Zakey Bey , offered to sell the Moroccan Quarter , which consisted of about 25 houses , to the Jews in order to enlarge the area available to them for prayer . He requested a sum of £ 20,000 which would be used to both rehouse the Muslim families and to create a public garden in front of the Wall . However , the Jews of the city lacked the necessary funds . A few months later , under Muslim Arab pressure on the Turkish authorities in Jerusalem , Jews became forbidden by official decree to place benches and light candles at the Wall . This sour turn in relations was taken up by the Chacham Bashi who managed to get the ban overturned . In 1915 it was reported that Djemal Pasha closed off the wall to visitation as a sanitary measure . Firmans issued regarding the Wall ( edit ) Year Issued by Content c. 1560 Suleiman the Magnificent Official recognition of the right of Jews to pray by the Wall . 1840 Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt Forbidding the Jews to pave the passage in front of the Wall . It also cautioned them against `` raising their voices and displaying their books there . '' They were however allowed `` to pay visits to it as of old . '' 1841 * Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt `` Of the same bearing and likewise to two others of 1893 and 1909 . '' 1889 * Abdul Hamid II That there shall be no interference with the Jews ' places of devotional visits and of pilgrimage , that are situated in the localities which are dependent on the Chief Rabbinate , nor with the practice of their ritual . 1893 * Confirming firman of 1889 . 1909 * Confirming firman of 1889 . 1911 Administrative Council of the Liwa Prohibiting the Jews from certain appurtenances at the Wall . * These firmans were cited by the Jewish contingent at the International Commission , 1930 , as proof for rights at the Wall . Muslim authorities responded by arguing that historic sanctions of Jewish presence were acts of tolerance shown by Muslims , who , by doing so , did not concede any positive rights . British rule -- 1917 -- 48 ( edit ) Jewish Legion soldiers at the Western Wall after British conquest of Jerusalem , 1917 1920 . From the collection of the National Library of Israel . In December 1917 , Allied forces under Edmund Allenby captured Jerusalem from the Turks . Allenby pledged `` that every sacred building , monument , holy spot , shrine , traditional site , endowment , pious bequest , or customary place of prayer of whatsoever form of the three religions will be maintained and protected according to the existing customs and beliefs of those to whose faith they are sacred '' . In 1919 Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann approached the British Military Governor of Jerusalem , Colonel Sir Ronald Storrs , and offered between £ 75,000 and £ 100,000 ( approx . £ 5m in modern terms ) to purchase the area at the foot of the Wall and rehouse the occupants . Storrs was enthusiastic about the idea because he hoped some of the money would be used to improve Muslim education . Although they appeared promising at first , negotiations broke down after strong Muslim opposition . Storrs wrote two decades later : `` The acceptance of the proposals , had it been practicable , would have obviated years of wretched humiliations , including the befouling of the Wall and pavement and the unmannerly braying of the tragi - comic Arab band during Jewish prayer , and culminating in the horrible outrages of 1929 '' In early 1920 , the first Jewish - Arab dispute over the Wall occurred when the Muslim authorities were carrying out minor repair works to the Wall 's upper courses . The Jews , while agreeing that the works were necessary , appealed to the British that they be made under supervision of the newly formed Department of Antiquities , because the Wall was an ancient relic . In 1926 an effort was made to lease the Maghrebi waqf , which included the wall , with the plan of eventually buying it . Negotiations were begun in secret by the Jewish judge Gad Frumkin , with financial backing from American millionaire Nathan Straus . The chairman of the Palestine Zionist Executive , Colonel F.H. Kisch , explained that the aim was `` quietly to evacuate the Moroccan occupants of those houses which it would later be necessary to demolish '' to create an open space with seats for aged worshippers to sit on . However , Straus withdrew when the price became excessive and the plan came to nothing . The Va'ad Leumi , against the advice of the Palestine Zionist Executive , demanded that the British expropriate the wall and give it to the Jews , but the British refused . In 1928 the Zionist Organisation reported that John Chancellor , High Commissioner of Palestine , believed that the Western Wall should come under Jewish control and wondered `` why no great Jewish philanthropist had not bought it yet '' . September 1928 disturbances ( edit ) In 1922 , a status quo agreement issued by the mandatory authority forbade the placing of benches or chairs near the Wall . The last occurrence of such a ban was in 1915 , but the Ottoman decree was soon retracted after intervention of the Chacham Bashi . In 1928 the District Commissioner of Jerusalem , Edward Keith - Roach , acceded to an Arab request to implement the ban . This led to a British officer being stationed at the Wall making sure that Jews were prevented from sitting . Nor were Jews permitted to separate the sexes with a screen . In practice , a flexible modus vivendi had emerged and such screens had been put up from time to time when large numbers of people gathered to pray . The placing of a Mechitza similar to the one in the picture was the catalyst for confrontation between the Arabs , Jews and Mandate authorities in 1928 . On September 24 , 1928 , the Day of Atonement , British police resorted to removing by force a screen used to separate men and women at prayer . Women who tried to prevent the screen being dismantled were beaten by the police , who used pieces of the broken wooden frame as clubs . Chairs were then pulled out from under elderly worshipers . The episode made international news and Jews the world over objected to the British action . Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld , the Chief Rabbi of the ultraorthodox Jews in Jerusalem , issued a protest letter on behalf of his community , the Edah HaChareidis , and Agudas Yisroel strongly condemning the desecration of the holy site . Various communal leaders called for a general strike . A large rally was held in the Etz Chaim Yeshiva , following which an angry crowd attacked the local police station in which they believed Douglas Valder Duff , the British officer involved , was sheltering . Commissioner Edward Keith - Roach described the screen as violating the Ottoman status quo that forbade Jews from making any construction in the Western Wall area . He informed the Jewish community that the removal had been carried out under his orders after receiving a complaint from the Supreme Muslim Council . The Arabs were concerned that the Jews were trying to extend their rights at the wall and with this move , ultimately intended to take possession of the Al - Aqsa Mosque . The British government issued an announcement explaining the incident and blaming the Jewish beadle at the Wall . It stressed that the removal of the screen was necessary , but expressed regret over the ensuing events . A widespread Arab campaign to protest against presumed Jewish intentions and designs to take possession of the Al Aqsa Mosque swept the country and a `` Society for the Protection of the Muslim Holy Places '' was established . The Vaad Leumi responding to these Arab fears declared in a statement that `` We herewith declare emphatically and sincerely that no Jew has ever thought of encroaching upon the rights of Moslems over their own Holy places , but our Arab brethren should also recognise the rights of Jews in regard to the places in Palestine which are holy to them . '' The committee also demanded that the British administration expropriate the wall for the Jews . From October 1928 onward , Mufti Amin al - Husayni organised a series of measures to demonstrate the Arabs ' exclusive claims to the Temple Mount and its environs . He ordered new construction next to and above the Western Wall . The British granted the Arabs permission to convert a building adjoining the Wall into a mosque and to add a minaret . A muezzin was appointed to perform the Islamic call to prayer and Sufi rites directly next to the Wall . These were seen as a provocation by the Jews who prayed at the Wall . The Jews protested and tensions increased . British police post at the entrance to the Western Wall , 1933 British police at the Wailing Wall , 1934 A British inquiry into the disturbances and investigation regarding the principal issue in the Western Wall dispute , namely the rights of the Jewish worshipers to bring appurtenances to the wall , was convened . The Supreme Muslim Council provided documents dating from the Turkish regime supporting their claims . However , repeated reminders to the Chief Rabbinate to verify which apparatus had been permitted failed to elicit any response . They refused to do so , arguing that Jews had the right to pray at the Wall without restrictions . Subsequently , in November 1928 , the Government issued a White Paper entitled `` The Western or Wailing Wall in Jerusalem : Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies '' , which emphasised the maintenance of the status quo and instructed that Jews could only bring `` those accessories which had been permitted in Turkish times . '' A few months later , Haj Amin complained to Chancellor that `` Jews were bringing benches and tables in increased numbers to the wall and driving nails into the wall and hanging lamps on them . '' 1929 Palestine riots ( edit ) Main article : 1929 Palestine riots In the summer of 1929 , the Mufti Haj Amin Al Husseinni ordered an opening be made at the southern end of the alleyway which straddled the Wall . The former cul - de-sac became a thoroughfare which led from the Temple Mount into the prayer area at the Wall . Mules were herded through the narrow alley , often dropping excrement . This , together with other construction projects in the vicinity , and restricted access to the Wall , resulted in Jewish protests to the British , who remained indifferent . On August 14 , 1929 , after attacks on individual Jews praying at the Wall , 6,000 Jews demonstrated in Tel Aviv , shouting `` The Wall is ours . '' The next day , the Jewish fast of Tisha B'Av , 300 youths raised the Zionist flag and sang Hatikva at the Wall . The day after , on August 16 , an organized mob of 2,000 Muslim Arabs descended on the Western Wall , injuring the beadle and burning prayer books , liturgical fixtures and notes of supplication . The rioting spread to the Jewish commercial area of town , and was followed a few days later by the Hebron massacre . 133 Jews were killed and 339 injured in the Arab riots , and in the subsequent process of quelling the riots 110 Arabs were killed by British police . This was by far the deadliest attack on Jews during the period of British Rule over Palestine . 1930 International Commission ( edit ) In 1930 , in response to the 1929 riots , the British Government appointed a commission `` to determine the rights and claims of Muslims and Jews in connection with the Western or Wailing Wall '' , and to determine the causes of the violence and prevent it in the future . The League of Nations approved the commission on condition that the members were not British . The Jews requested that the Commission take the following actions : To give recognition to the immemorial claim that the Wailing Wall is a Holy Place for the Jews , not only for the Jews in Palestine , but also for the Jews of the whole world . To decree that the Jews shall have the right of access to the Wall for devotion and for prayers in accordance with their ritual without interference or interruption . To decree that it shall be permissible to continue the Jewish services under the conditions of decency and decorum characteristic of a sacred custom that has been carried on for many centuries without infringement upon the religious rights of others . To decree that the drawing up of any regulations that may be necessary as to such devotions and prayers , shall be entrusted to the Rabbinate of Palestine , who shall thus re-assume full responsibility in that matter , in discharge of which responsibility they may consult the Rabbinate of the world . To suggest , if the Commissioners approve of the plan , to the Mandatory Power that it should make the necessary arrangements by which the properties now occupied by the Moghrabi Waqf might be vacated , the Waqf authorities accepting in lieu of them certain new buildings to be erected upon some eligible site in Jerusalem , so that the charitable purpose , for which this Waqf was given , may still be fulfilled . The Commission noted that ' the Jews do not claim any proprietorship to the Wall or to the Pavement in front of it ( concluding speech of Jewish Counsel , Minutes , page 908 ) . ' David Yellin , Head of the Hebrew Teachers Seminary , member of the Ottoman parliament , and one of the first public figures to join the Zionist movement openly , testified before the Commission . He stated : `` Being judged before you today stands a nation that has been deprived of everything that is dear and sacred to it from its emergence in its own land -- the graves of its patriarchs , the graves of its great kings , the graves of its holy prophets and , above all , the site of its glorious Temple . Everything has been taken from it and of all the witnesses to its sanctity , only one vestige remains -- one side of a tiny portion of a wall , which , on one side , borders the place of its former Temple . In front of this bare stone wall , that nation stands under the open sky , in the heat of summer and in the rains of winter , and pours out its heart to its God in heaven . '' Members of the Anglo - American Committee of Inquiry at the Western Wall , 1946 The Commission concluded that the wall , and the adjacent pavement and Moroccan Quarter , were solely owned by the Muslim waqf . However , Jews had the right to `` free access to the Western Wall for the purpose of devotions at all times '' , subject to some stipulations that limited which objects could be brought to the Wall and forbade the blowing of the shofar , which was made illegal . Muslims were forbidden to disrupt Jewish devotions by driving animals or other means . Yitzchak Orenstein , who held the position of Rabbi of the Kotel , recorded in April 1930 that `` Our master , Rabbi Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld came to pray this morning by the Kosel and one of those present produced a small chair for the Rav to rest on for a few moments . However , no sooner had the Rav sat down did an Arab officer appear and pull the chair away from under him . '' During the 1930s , at the conclusion of Yom Kippur , young Jews persistently flouted the shofar ban each year and blew the shofar resulting in their arrest and prosecution . They were usually fined or sentenced to imprisonment for three to six months . The Shaw commission determined that the violence occurred due to `` racial animosity on the part of the Arabs , consequent upon the disappointment of their political and national aspirations and fear for their economic future . '' Jordanian rule -- 1948 -- 67 ( edit ) During the 1948 Arab - Israeli War the Old City together with the Wall was controlled by Jordan . Article VIII of the 1949 Armistice Agreement provided for Israeli Jewish access to the Western Wall . However , for the following nineteen years , despite numerous requests by Israeli officials and Jewish groups to the United Nations and other international bodies to attempt to enforce the armistice agreement , Jordan refused to abide by this clause . Neither Israeli Arabs nor Israeli Jews could visit their holy places in the Jordanian territories . An exception was made for Christians to participate in Christmas ceremonies in Bethlehem . Some sources claim Jews could only visit the wall if they traveled through Jordan ( which was not an option for Israelis ) and did not have an Israeli visa stamped in their passports . Only Jordanian soldiers and tourists were to be found there . A vantage point on Mount Zion , from which the Wall could be viewed , became the place where Jews gathered to pray . For thousands of pilgrims , the mount , being the closest location to the Wall under Israeli control , became a substitute site for the traditional priestly blessing ceremony which takes place on the Three Pilgrimage Festivals . `` Al Buraq ( Wailing Wall ) Rd '' sign ( edit ) During the Jordanian rule of the Old City , a ceramic street sign in Arabic and English was affixed to the stones of the ancient wall . Attached 2.1 metres ( 6 ft 11 in ) up , it was made up of eight separate ceramic tiles and said Al Buraq Road in Arabic at the top with the English `` Al - Buraq ( Wailing Wall ) Rd '' below . When Israeli soldiers arrived at the wall in June 1967 , one attempted to scrawl Hebrew lettering on it . The Jerusalem Post reported that on June 8 , Ben - Gurion went to the wall and `` looked with distaste '' at the road sign ; `` this is not right , it should come down '' and he proceeded to dismantle it . This act signaled the climax of the capture of the Old City and the ability of Jews to once again access their holiest sites . Emotional recollections of this event are related by David ben Gurion and Shimon Peres . Israeli rule -- 1967 -- present ( edit ) The iconic image of Israeli soldiers shortly after the capture of the Wall during the Six - Day War . Following Israel 's victory during the 1967 Six - Day War , the Western Wall came under Israeli control . Brigadier Rabbi Shlomo Goren proclaimed after its capture that `` Israel would never again relinquish the Wall '' , a stance supported by Israeli Minister for Defence Moshe Dayan and Chief of Staff General Yitzhak Rabin . Rabin described the moment Israeli soldiers reached the Wall : `` There was one moment in the Six - Day War which symbolized the great victory : that was the moment in which the first paratroopers -- under Gur 's command -- reached the stones of the Western Wall , feeling the emotion of the place ; there never was , and never will be , another moment like it . Nobody staged that moment . Nobody planned it in advance . Nobody prepared it and nobody was prepared for it ; it was as if Providence had directed the whole thing : the paratroopers weeping -- loudly and in pain -- over their comrades who had fallen along the way , the words of the Kaddish prayer heard by Western Wall 's stones after 19 years of silence , tears of mourning , shouts of joy , and the singing of `` Hatikvah '' `` . Forty - eight hours after capturing the wall , the military , without explicit government order , hastily proceeded to demolish the entire Moroccan Quarter , which stood 4 metres ( 13 ft ) from the Wall . The Sheikh Eid Mosque , which was built over one of Jerusalem 's oldest Islamic schools , the Afdiliyeh , named after one of Saladin 's sons , was pulled down to make way for the plaza . It was one of three or four that survived from Saladin 's time . 650 people consisting of 106 Arab families were ordered to leave their homes at night . When they refused , bulldozers began to demolish the buildings with people still inside , killing one person and injuring a number of others . According to Eyal Weizman , Chaim Herzog , who later became Israel 's sixth president , took much of the credit for the destruction of the neighbourhood : When we visited the Wailing Wall we found a toilet attached to it ... we decided to remove it and from this we came to the conclusion that we could evacuate the entire area in front of the Wailing Wall ... a historical opportunity that will never return ... We knew that the following Saturday ( sic Wednesday ) , June 14 , would be the Jewish festival of Shavuot and that many will want to come to pray ... it all had to be completed by then . The narrow pavement , which could accommodate a maximum of 12,000 per day , was transformed into an enormous plaza that could hold in excess of 400,000 . Several months later , the pavement close to the wall was excavated to a depth of two and half metres , exposing an additional two courses of large stones . A complex of buildings against the wall at the southern end of the plaza , that included Madrasa Fakhriya and the house that the Abu al - Sa'ud family had occupied since the 16th century , were spared in the 1967 destruction , but demolished in 1969 . The section of the wall dedicated to prayers was thus extended southwards to double its original length , from 28 to 60 metres ( 92 to 197 ft ) , while the 4 metres ( 13 ft ) space facing the wall grew to 40 metres ( 130 ft ) . The narrow , approximately 120 square metres ( 1,300 sq ft ) pre-1948 alley along the wall , used for Jewish prayer , was enlarged to 2,400 square metres ( 26,000 sq ft ) , with the entire Western Wall Plaza covering 20,000 square metres ( 4.9 acres ) , stretching from the wall to the Jewish Quarter . The new plaza created in 1967 is used for worship and public gatherings , including Bar mitzvah celebrations and the swearing - in ceremonies of newly full - fledged soldiers in the Israel Defense Forces . Tens of thousands of Jews flock to the wall on the Jewish holidays , and particularly on the fast of Tisha B'Av , which marks the destruction of the Temple and on Jerusalem Day , which commemorates the reunification of Jerusalem in 1967 and the delivery of the Wall into Jewish hands . Conflicts over prayer at the national monument began little more than a year after Israel 's victory in the Six - Day War once again made site accessible to Jews . In July 1968 the World Union for Progressive Judaism , which had planned the group 's international convention in Jerusalem , appealed to the Knesset after the Ministry of Religious Affairs prohibited the organization from hosting mixed - gender services at the Wall . The Knesset committee on internal affairs backed the Ministry of Religious Affairs in disallowing the Jewish convention attendees , who had come from over 24 countries , from worshiping in their fashion . The Orthodox hold that services at the Wall should follow traditional Jewish law for segregated seating followed in synagogues , while the non-Orthodox perspective was that `` the Wall is a shrine of all Jews , not one particular branch of Judaism . '' Robinson 's Arch ( edit ) The remains of Robinson 's Arch above excavated remnants of the ancient street below . Main article : Robinson 's Arch At the southern end of the Western Wall , Robinson 's Arch along with a row of vaults once supported stairs ascending from the street to the Temple Mount . Because it does not come under the direct control of the Rabbi of the Wall or the Ministry of Religious Affairs , the site has been opened to religious groups that hold worship services that would not be approved by the Rabbi or the Ministry in the major men 's and women 's prayer areas against the Wall . The need for such an area became apparent when in 1989 , after repeated attacks by haredim , activists belonging to a group called Women of the Wall petitioned to secure the right of women to pray at the wall without restrictions . In a 2003 directive , Israel 's Supreme Court disallowed any women from reading publicly from the Torah or wearing traditional prayer shawls at the plaza itself , but instructed the Israeli government to prepare the site of Robinson 's Arch to host such events . The site was inaugurated in August 2004 and has since hosted services by Reform and Conservative groups , as well as services by the Women of the Wall . In May 2013 a judge ruled that the 2003 Israeli Supreme Court ruling prohibiting women from carrying a Torah or wearing prayer shawls had been misinterpreted and that Women of the Wall prayer gatherings at the wall should not be deemed as disturbing the public order . In November 2010 , the government approved a NIS 85m ( $23 m ) scheme to improve access and infrastructure at the site . Azarat Yisrael Plaza ( prayer platform ) , Robinson 's Arch , opened August 2013 The Isaiah Stone , located under Robinson 's Arch , has a carved inscription in Hebrew from Isaiah 66 : 14 : וראיתם ושש לבכם ועצמותיכם כדשא תפרחנה ( `` And when ye see this your heart shall rejoice and your bones shall flourish like an herb '' ) . In April 2013 , Jewish Agency for Israel leader Natan Sharansky spearheaded a concept that would expand and renovate the Robinson 's Arch area into an area where people may `` perform worship rituals not based on the Orthodox interpretation of Jewish tradition . '' On August 25 , 2013 , a new 4,480 square foot prayer platform named `` Azarat Yisrael Plaza '' was completed as part of this plan , with access to the platform at all hours , even when the rest of the area 's archeological park is closed to visitors . After some controversy regarding the question of authority over this prayer area , the announcement was made that it would come under the authority of a future government - appointed `` pluralist council '' that would include non-Orthodox representatives . In January 2016 , the Israeli Cabinet approved a plan to designate a new space at the Kotel that would be available for egalitarian prayer and that would not be controlled by the Rabbinate . Women of the Wall welcomed the decision , although Sephardic Chief Rabbi Shlomo Amar of Jerusalem said creating a mixed - gender prayer section was paramount to destroying it . The Chief rabbinate said it would create an alternate plan . In June 2017 , it was announced that the plan approved in January 2016 had been suspended . Wilson 's Arch ( edit ) Torah Ark inside men 's section of Wilson 's Arch Main article : Wilson 's Arch ( Jerusalem ) In 2005 , the Western Wall Heritage Foundation initiated a major renovation effort under Rabbi - of - the - Wall Shmuel Rabinovitch . Its goal was to renovate and restore the area within Wilson 's Arch , the covered area to the left of worshipers facing the Wall in the open prayer plaza , in order to increase access for visitors and for prayer . The restoration to the men 's section included a Torah ark that can house over 100 Torah scrolls , in addition to new bookshelves , a library , heating for the winter , and air conditioning for the summer . A new room was also built for the scribes who maintain and preserve the Torah scrolls used at the Wall . New construction also included a women 's section , overlooking the men 's prayer area , so that women could use this separate area to `` take part in the services held inside under the Arch '' for the first time . On July 25 , 2010 , a Ner Tamid , an oil - burning `` eternal light , '' was installed within the prayer hall within Wilson 's Arch , the first eternal light installed in the area of the Western Wall . According to the Western Wall Heritage Foundation , requests had been made for many years that `` an olive oil lamp be placed in the prayer hall of the Western Wall Plaza , as is the custom in Jewish synagogues , to represent the menorah of the Temple in Jerusalem as well as the continuously burning fire on the altar of burnt offerings in front of the Temple , '' especially in the closest place to those ancient flames . Asst . U.S. Sixth Fleet Chaplain Rabbi Arnold Resnicoff leads an unusual interfaith service A number of special worship events have been held since the renovation . They have taken advantage of the cover , temperature control , and enhanced security . However , in addition to the more recent programs , one early event occurred in September 1983 , even before the modern renovation . At that time U.S. Sixth Fleet Chaplain Rabbi Arnold Resnicoff was allowed to hold an unusual interfaith service -- the first interfaith service ever conducted at the Wall during the time it was under Israeli control -- that included men and women sitting together . The ten - minute service included the Priestly Blessing , recited by Resnicoff , who is a Kohen . A Ministry of Religions representative was present , responding to press queries that the service was authorized as part of a special welcome for the U.S. Sixth Fleet . Rabbis of the Wall ( edit ) After the 1967 Arab - Israeli war , Rabbi Yehuda Meir Getz was named the overseer of proceedings at the wall . After Rabbi Getz 's death in 1995 , Rabbi Shmuel Rabinowitz was given the position . Theology and ritual ( edit ) Judaism ( edit ) Prayers in the Western Wall Rabbinic tradition teaches that the western wall was built upon foundations laid by the biblical King Solomon from the time of the First Temple . A Midrash compiled in Late Antiquity refers to a western wall of the Temple which `` would never be destroyed '' , and Lamentations Rabbah mentions how Rome was unable to topple the western wall due to the Divine oath promising its eternal survival . Another Midrash quotes a 4th - century scholar : `` Rav Acha said that the Divine Presence has never departed from the Western Wall '' , and the Zohar similarly writes that `` the Divine Presence rests upon the Western Wall '' . Some medieval rabbis claimed that today 's Western Wall is a surviving wall of the Temple itself and cautioned Jews from approaching it , lest they enter the Temple precincts in a state of impurity . Many contemporary rabbis believe that the rabbinic traditions were made in reference to the Temple Mount 's Western Wall , which accordingly endows the Wall with inherent holiness . Most secular scholars believe however that these traditions originally pertained to a western wall of the Temple itself , and since the 1500s , were gradually applied to the surviving retaining Western Wall of the Mount . Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kaindenover discusses the mystical aspect of the Hebrew word kotel when discussing the significance of praying against a wall . He cites the Zohar which writes that the word kotel , meaning wall , is made up of two parts : `` Ko '' , which has the numerical value of God 's name , and `` Tel '' , meaning mount , which refers to the Temple and its Western Wall . Eighteenth - century scholar Jonathan Eybeschutz writes that `` after the destruction of the Temple , God removed His Presence from His sanctuary and placed it upon the Western Wall where it remains in its holiness and honour '' . It is told that great Jewish sages , including Isaac Luria and the Radvaz , experienced a revelation of the Divine Presence at the wall . Sanctity of the Wall ( edit ) Jews at the Western Wall , 1870s Many contemporary Orthodox scholars rule that the area in front of the Wall has the status of a synagogue and must be treated with due respect . This is the view upheld by the authority in charge of the wall . As such , men and married women are expected to cover their heads upon approaching the Wall , and to dress appropriately . When departing , the custom is to walk backwards away from the Wall . On Saturdays , it is forbidden to enter the area with electronic devices , including cameras , which infringe on the sanctity of the Sabbath . Some Orthodox Jewish codifiers warn against inserting fingers into the cracks of the Wall as they believe that the breadth of the Wall constitutes part of the Temple Mount itself and retains holiness , while others who permit doing so claim that the Wall is located outside the Temple area . In the past , some visitors would write their names on the Wall , or based upon various scriptural verses , would drive nails into the crevices . These practices stopped after rabbis determined that such actions compromised the sanctity of the Wall . Another practice also existed whereby pilgrims or those intending to travel abroad would hack off a chip from the Wall or take some of the sand from between its cracks as a good luck charm or memento . In the late 19th century the question was raised as to whether this was permitted and a long responsa appeared in the Jerusalem newspaper Havatzelet in 1898 . It concluded that even if according to Jewish Law it was permitted , the practices should be stopped as it constituted a desecration . More recently the Yalkut Yosef rules that it is forbidden to remove small chips of stone or dust from the Wall , although it is permissible to take twigs from the vegetation which grows in the Wall for an amulet , as they contain no holiness . Cleaning the stones is also problematic from a halachic point of view . Blasphemous graffiti once sprayed by a tourist was left visible for months until it began to peel away . The faithful remove their shoes upon approaching the Wall , c1880 There was once an old custom of removing one 's shoes upon approaching the Wall . A 17th - century collection of special prayers to be said at holy places mentions that `` upon coming to the Western Wall one should remove his shoes , bow and recite ... '' . Rabbi Moses Reicher wrote that `` it is a good and praiseworthy custom to approach the Western Wall in white garments after ablution , kneel and prostrate oneself in submission and recite `` This is nothing other than the House of God and here is the gate of Heaven . '' When within four cubits of the Wall , one should remove their footwear . '' Over the years the custom of standing barefoot at the Wall has ceased , as there is no need to remove one 's shoes when standing by the Wall , because the plaza area is outside the sanctified precinct of the Temple Mount . In Judaism , the Western Wall is venerated as the sole remnant of the Holy Temple . It has become a place of pilgrimage for Jews , as it is the closest permitted accessible site to the holiest spot in Judaism , namely the Even ha - shetiya or Foundation Stone , which lies on the Temple Mount . According to one rabbinic opinion , Jews may not set foot upon the Temple Mount and doing so is a sin punishable by Kareth . While almost all historians and archaeologists and some rabbinical authorities believe that the rocky outcrop in the Dome of the Rock is the Foundation Stone , some rabbis say it is located directly opposite the exposed section of the Western Wall , near the El - kas fountain . This spot was the site of the Holy of Holies when the Temple stood . Mourning over the Temple 's destruction ( edit ) Tisha B'Av at the Western Wall , 1970s According to Jewish Law , one is obligated to grieve and rend one 's garment upon visiting the Western Wall and seeing the desolate site of the Temple . Bach ( 17th century ) instructs that `` when one sees the Gates of Mercy which are situated in the Western Wall , which is the wall King David built , he should recite : Her gates are sunk into the ground ; he hath destroyed and broken her bars : her king and her princes are among the nations : the law is no more ; her prophets also find no vision from the Lord '' . Some scholars write that rending one 's garments is not applicable nowadays as Jerusalem is under Jewish control . Others disagree , pointing to the fact that the Temple Mount is controlled by the Muslim waqf and that the mosques which sit upon the Temple site should increase feelings of distress . If one has n't seen the Wall for over 30 days , the prevailing custom is to rend one 's garments , but this can be avoided if one visits on the Sabbath or on festivals . According to Donneal Epstein , a person who has not seen the Wall within the last 30 days should recite : `` Our Holy Temple , which was our glory , in which our forefathers praised You , was burned and all of our delights were destroyed '' . Prayer at the Wall ( edit ) Women at prayer , early 20th century The Sages of the Talmud stated that anyone who prays at the Temple in Jerusalem , `` it is as if he has prayed before the throne of glory because the gate of heaven is situated there and it is open to hear prayer . '' Jewish Law stipulates that the Silent Prayer should be recited facing towards Jerusalem , the Temple and ultimately the Holy of Holies , as God 's bounty and blessing emanates from that spot . It is generally believed that prayer by the Western Wall is particularly beneficial since it was that wall which was situated closest to the Holy of Holies . Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger writes `` since the gate of heaven is near the Western Wall , it is understandable that all Israel 's prayers ascend on high there ... as one of the great ancient kabbalists Rabbi Joseph Gikatilla said , when the Jews send their prayers from the Diaspora in the direction of Jerusalem , from there they ascend by way of the Western Wall . '' A well - known segula ( efficacious remedy ) for finding one 's soulmate is to pray for 40 consecutive days at the Western Wall , a practice apparently conceived by Rabbi Yisroel Yaakov Fisher . The Scroll of Ahimaaz , a historical document written in 1050 CE , distinctly describes the Western Wall as a place of prayer for the Jews . In around 1167 CE during the late Crusader Period , Benjamin of Tudela wrote that `` In front of this place is the western wall , which is one of the walls of the Holy of Holies . This is called the Gate of Mercy , and hither come all the Jews to pray before the Wall in the open court '' . In 1625 `` arranged prayers '' at the Wall are mentioned for the first time by a scholar whose name has not been preserved . Scrolls of the Law were brought to the Wall on occasions of public distress and calamity , as testified to in a narrative written by Rabbi Gedaliah of Semitizi who went to Jerusalem in 1699 . `` On Friday afternoon , March 13 , 1863 , the writer visited this sacred spot . Here he found between one and two hundred Jews of both sexes and of all ages , standing or sitting , and bowing as they read , chanted and recited , moving themselves backward and forward , the tears rolling down many a face ; they kissed the walls and wrote sentences in Hebrew upon them ... The lamentation which is most commonly used is from Psalm 79 : 1 `` O God , the heathen are come into Thy inheritance ; Thy holy temple have they defiled . '' Rev. James W. Lee , 1863 . The writings of various travellers in the Holy Land , especially in the 18th and 19th centuries , tell of how the Wall and its environs continued to be a place of devotion for the Jews . Isaac Yahuda , a prominent member of the Sephardic community in Jerusalem recalled how men and women used to gather in a circle at the Wall to hear sermons delivered in Ladino . His great - grandmother , who arrived in Palestine in 1841 , `` used to go to the Western Wall every Friday afternoon , winter and summer , and stay there until candle - lighting time , reading the entire Book of Psalms and the Song of Songs ... she would sit there by herself for hours . '' In the past women could be found sitting at the entrance to the Wall every Sabbath holding fragrant herbs and spices in order to enable worshipers to make additional blessings . In the hot weather they would provide cool water . The women also used to cast lots for the privilege of sweeping and washing the alleyway at the foot of the Wall . Throughout the ages , the Wall is where Jews have gathered to express gratitude to God or to pray for divine mercy . On news of the Normandy landings on June 6 , 1944 thousands of Jews went to the Wall to offer prayers for the `` success of His Majesty 's and Allied Forces in the liberation of all enemy - occupied territory . '' On October 13 , 1994 , 50,000 gathered to pray for the safe return of kidnapped soldier Nachshon Wachsman . August 10 , 2005 saw a massive prayer rally at the Wall . Estimates of people protesting Israel 's unilateral disengagement plan ranged from 50,000 to 250,000 people . Every year on Tisha B'Av large crowds congregate at the Wall to commemorate the destruction of the Temple . In 2007 over 100,000 gathered . During the month of Tishrei 2009 , a record 1.5 million people visited the site . Egalitarian and non-Orthodox prayer ( edit ) The separate areas for men ( top ) and women , seen from the walkway to the Dome of the Rock While during the late 19th century , no formal segregation of men and women was to be found at the Wall , conflict erupted in July 1968 when members of the World Union for Progressive Judaism were denied the right to host a mixed - gender service at the site after the Ministry of Religious Affairs insisted on maintaining the gender segregation customary at Orthodox places of worship . The progressives responded by claiming that `` the Wall is a shrine of all Jews , not one particular branch of Judaism . '' In 1988 , the small but vocal Women of the Wall launched a campaign for recognition of non-Orthodox prayer at the Wall . Their form and manner of prayer elicited a violent response from some Orthodox worshippers and they were subsequently banned from holding services at the site . In response to the repeated arrest of women , including Anat Hoffman found flouting the law , the Jewish Agency observed ' the urgent need to reach a permanent solution and make the Western Wall once again a symbol of unity among the Jewish people , and not one of discord and strife . '' Some commentators called for the closure of the site unless an acceptable solution to the controversy was found . In 2003 Israel 's Supreme Court upheld the ban on non-Orthodox worship at the Wall and the government responded by allocating Robinson 's Arch for such purposes . But in 2012 , critics still complained about the restrictions at the Western Wall , saying Israel had `` turned a national monument into an ultra-Orthodox synagogue , '' and in April 2013 the Jerusalem District Court ruled that as long as there was no other appropriate area for pluralistic prayer , prayer according to non-Orthodox custom should be allowed at the Wall . This led to the expansion and renovation of the Robinson 's Arch prayer area which would be placed under the authority of a Pluralist Council . In August 2013 , a platform named `` Azarat Yisrael Plaza '' was completed to facilitate non-Orthodox worship . Prayer notes ( edit ) Main article : Placing notes in the Western Wall Slips of paper containing prayers in the cracks of the Wall There is a much publicised practice of placing slips of paper containing written prayers into the crevices of the Wall . The earliest account of this practice is attributed to Rabbi Chaim ibn Attar , ( d . 1743 ) . More than a million notes are placed each year and the opportunity to e-mail notes is offered by a number of organisations . It has become customary for visiting dignitaries to place notes too . Tefillin ( edit ) Shortly after the Western Wall came under Israeli control in 1967 , a tefillin stand was erected with permission from Rabbi Yehuda Meir Getz , the first rabbi of the Kotel . The stand offers visitors the chance to put on Tefillin , a daily Jewish ritual . In the months following the Six - Day War an estimated 400,000 Jews observed this ritual at the stand . The stand is staffed by multilingual volunteers and an estimated 100,000 visitors put on tefillin there annually . Islam ( edit ) South - West corner of the Haram ( Wilson , 1865 ) Islamic reverence for the site is derived from the belief that the prophet Mohammed tied his miraculous steed Buraq nearby during his night journey to Jerusalem . Various places have been suggested for the exact spot where Buraq was tethered , but for several centuries the preferred location has been the al - Buraq mosque , which is just inside the wall at the south end of the present Western Wall plaza . The mosque is located above an ancient passageway , which once came out through the long - sealed Barclay 's Gate whose huge lintel is still visible directly below the Maghrebi gate . When a British Jew asked the Egyptian authorities in 1840 for permission to re-pave the ground in front of the Western Wall , the governor of Syria wrote : It is evident from the copy of the record of the deliberations of the Consultative Council in Jerusalem that the place the Jews asked for permission to pave adjoins the wall of the Haram al - Sharif and also the spot where al - Buraq was tethered , and is included in the endowment charter of Abu Madyan , may God bless his memory ; that the Jews never carried out any repairs in that place in the past ... Therefore the Jews must not be enabled to pave the place . Carl Sandreczki , who was charged with compiling a list of place names for Charles Wilson 's Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem in 1865 , reported that the street leading to the Western Wall , including the part alongside the wall , belonged to the Hosh ( court / enclosure ) of al Burâk , `` not Obrâk , nor Obrat '' . In 1866 , the Prussian Consul and Orientalist Georg Rosen wrote that `` The Arabs call Obrâk the entire length of the wall at the wailing place of the Jews , southwards down to the house of Abu Su'ud and northwards up to the substructure of the Mechkemeh ( Shariah court ) . Obrâk is not , as was formerly claimed , a corruption of the word Ibri ( Hebrews ) , but simply the neo-Arabic pronunciation of Bōrâk , ... which , whilst ( Muhammad ) was at prayer at the holy rock , is said to have been tethered by him inside the wall location mentioned above . '' The name Hosh al Buraq appeared on the maps of Wilson 's 1865 survey , its revised editions of 1876 and 1900 , and other maps in the early 20th century . In 1922 , it was the street name specified by the official Pro-Jerusalem Council . Christianity ( edit ) Pope Francis at the Western Wall Some scholars believe that when Jerusalem came under Christian rule in the 4th century , there was a purposeful `` transference '' of respect for the Temple Mount and the Western Wall in terms of sanctity to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , while the sites around the Temple Mount became a refuse dump for Christians . However , the actions of many modern Christian leaders , including Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI , who visited the Wall and left prayer messages in its crevices , have symbolized for many Christians a restoration of respect and even veneration for this ancient religious site . Views ( edit ) Jewish ( edit ) A Jew praying at the Western Wall Most Jews , religious and secular , consider the wall to be important to the Jewish people since it was originally built to hold the Second Temple . They consider the capture of the wall by Israel in 1967 as a historic event since it restored Jewish access to the site after a 19 - year gap . There are , however , some haredi Jews who hold different views . Most notable are the adherents of the Satmar hasidic dynasty who retain the views espoused by their Grand Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum , who would not approach the Wall after the 1967 conquest because of his opposition to Zionism , although he did visit the site during his visits to the Holy Land in the 1920s . In 1994 , Shlomo Goren wrote that the tradition of the wall as a Jewish prayer site was only 300 years old , the Jews being compelled to pray there after being forbidden to assemble on the mount itself . Israeli ( edit ) A poll carried out in 2007 by the Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies indicated that 96 % of Israeli Jews were against Israel relinquishing the Western Wall . During a speech at Israel 's Mercaz HaRav yeshivah on Jerusalem Day in 2009 , Israeli Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu declared : `` The flag that flies over the Kotel is the Israeli flag ... Our holy places , the Temple Mount -- will remain under Israeli sovereignty forever . '' Muslim ( edit ) Western Wall and Dome of the Rock . In December 1973 , King Faisal of Saudi Arabia stated that `` Only Muslims and Christians have holy places and rights in Jerusalem '' . The Jews , he maintained , had no rights there at all . As for the Western Wall , he said , `` Another wall can be built for them . They can pray against that '' . Raed Salah , leader of the northern branch of the Islamic Movement in Israel wrote that : `` The Western Wall -- all its various parts , structures and gates -- are an inseparable part of the al - Aqsa compound ... The Western Wall is part of Al - Aqsa 's western tower , which the Israeli establishment fallaciously and sneakily calls the ' Wailing Wall ' . The wall is part of the holy al - Aqsa Mosque '' . Palestinian ( edit ) According to the Palestinian National Authority , the Jews did not consider the Wall as a place for worship until after the Balfour Declaration was issued in 1917 . The PA - appointed Mufti of Jerusalem , Sheikh Ekrima Sa'id Sabri , believes that the Wall belongs to the Muslims alone . In 2000 he related that `` No stone of the Al - Buraq wall has any relation to Judaism . The Jews began praying at this wall only in the nineteenth century , when they began to develop ( national ) aspirations . '' A year later he stated : `` There is not a single stone in the Wailing Wall relating to Jewish History . The Jews can not legitimately claim this wall , neither religiously nor historically . The Committee of the League of Nations recommended in 1930 , to allow the Jews to pray there , in order to keep them quiet . But by no means did it acknowledge that the wall belongs to them . '' -- Interviewed by German magazine Die Welt , January 17 , 2001 In 2006 , Dr. Hassan Khader , founder of the Al Quds Encyclopedia , told PA television that the first connection of the Jews to the Wall is `` a recent one , which began in the 16th century ... not ancient ... like the roots of the Islamic connection '' . In November 2010 , an official paper published by the PA Ministry of Information denied Jewish rights to the Wall . It stated that `` Al - Buraq Wall is in fact the western wall of Al - Aksa Mosque '' and that Jews had only started using the site for worship after the 1917 Balfour Declaration . Yitzhak Reiter writes that `` the Islamization and de-Judaization of the Western Wall are a recurrent motif in publications and public statements by the heads of the Islamic Movement in Israel . '' American ( edit ) U.S. president Donald Trump ( right ) visits the Western Wall , accompanied by Rabbi Shmuel Rabinovitch ( center ) , 2017 While recognizing the difficulties inherent in any ultimate peace agreement that involves the status of Jerusalem , the official position of the United States includes a recognition of the importance of the Wall to the Jewish people , and has condemned statements that seek to `` delegitimize '' the relationship between Jews and the area in general , and the Western Wall in particular . For example , in November 2010 , the Obama administration `` strongly condemned a Palestinian official 's claim that the Western Wall in the Old City has no religious significance for Jews and is actually Muslim property . '' The U.S. State Department noted that the United States rejects such a claim as `` factually incorrect , insensitive and highly provocative . '' See also ( edit ) Jerusalem portal Judaism portal List of artifacts in biblical archaeology Pro -- Wailing Wall Committee Walls of Jerusalem Southern Wall Western Stone Western Wall camera Western Wall Tunnel Mughrabi - Bridge Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Halkin 2001 Jump up ^ UN Conciliation Commission ( 1949 ) . United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine Working Paper on the Holy Places . p. 26 . The Palestine Administration interpreted the Status Quo in respect of the Wailing Wall as being that the Jewish Community had a right of access to the pavement in front of the Wall for their devotions , but that the Wall itself , the pavement in front of it and the adjacent Moroccan Quarter , were legally Moslem property . The Jews might bring to the Wall only those appurtenances of worship that were allowed under the Ottoman regime . This position was in general reaffirmed by the International Commission appointed by the British Government in 1930 , with the approval of the Council of the League of Nations , to enquire into conflicting rights and claims concerning the Wailing Wall . The International Commission further ruled that although the Jews enjoyed no sort of proprietary rights to the Wall or the adjacent pavement , they should have free access to them at all times , subject to certain stipulations . The placing of benches and screens against the Wall was prohibited ; the Moslems were similarly forbidden to carry out the Zikr ceremony during the progress of Jewish devotions or to cause annoyance to the Jews in any other way ; no political speeches or demonstrations near the Wall were to be allowed ; the Moslems ' right to repair the pavement was affirmed , and if any repairs were not carried out by them in due time , the work was to be undertaken by the Government . The maintenance of the Wall itself was entrusted to the Government , but it was understood that repairs to it should be carried out only after consultation with the Supreme Moslem Council and the Chief Rabbinate . Jump up ^ Cust , L.G.A. ( 1929 ) . The Status Quo in the Holy Places . H.M.S.O. for the High Commissioner of the Government of Palestine . pp. 44 -- 45 . The immediate neighbourhood of the Wailing Wall is inhabited by a number of Moroccan families , who are the beneficiaries of the ancient Waqf dating from the thirteenth century of Abu Midian . Some of the dwellings are entered from the space in front of the Wall . The wall separating the garden to the north from the Wailing Wall was rebuilt without incident in 1929 . The wall overlooking the Wailing Wall by the Bab - al - Mughrabi was also rebuilt at the same time . The Moslems wanted to erect a low wall , but it was ruled , to preserve the Status Quo , that the wall must be rebuilt to its former height . The Wailing Wall , as being one of the few relics of the Temple of Herod of undisputed authenticity , is held in very great veneration by the Jews . Jewish writers refer to it as `` the Holiest possession of the fifteen millions of Jews throughout the world which they have not forgotten for one moment since the Dispersion . '' On Sabbaths and other Holy Days the Wall is thronged with worshippers , the American and European Jew mixing with the Orthodox Jew in his caftan and the Bokharan in his gorgeous silks . The Jewish custom of praying here is of considerable antiquity , being mentioned by Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela and has now become an established right . This right to pray has , however , become linked with the claim to the actual ownership of the Wall . The Moslems resist this on the ground that the Wall is an integral part of the enclosure wall of the Haram al Sharif , and that the space in front of it is a public way , and part of the premises of the Abu Midian Waqf . For this reason the Moslems have always protested against the placing of benches or chairs in front of the Wall by the Jews as causing an obstruction in this public way and implying possessory rights . Though benches have certainly from time to time been introduced , there is extant a resolution taken by the Administrative Council and confirmed by the Mutasarrif in 1912 that chairs or tents or curtains ( to divide the women from the men ) are not to be allowed . This is still enforced , but portable camp - stools or boxes or tins with cushions are permitted for the convenience of worshippers . This ruling was notified to the Jewish religious authorities and the Police by the District Governor in 1922 , and confirmed in 1926 after a rather serious dispute had arisen on account of the introduction of some benches on the previous Day of Atonement ( Yom Kippur ) . Jump up ^ Yitzhak Reiter ( 7 April 2017 ) . Contested Holy Places in Israel -- Palestine : Sharing and Conflict Resolution . Taylor & Francis . pp. 26 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 351 - 99884 - 0 . Jump up ^ Peters 1984 `` One of the best documented endowments , one that embraced the entire quarter of Western Muslims or Maghrebis '' . Jump up ^ Wilson 1881 , p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Shir ha - Shirim Rabbah , ch. 2 -- 8 Jump up ^ `` Wailing Wall '' appears , for example , in J.J. Reynolds , Jewish Advocate for the Young ( 1859 ) . H. Bonar , Days and Nights in the East ( 1866 ) and J.R. Macduff , Memories of Olivet ( 1868 ) , and many later works . Jump up ^ Barclay 1858 , p. 493 Jump up ^ Warner 1878 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Becher 2005 , p. 265 ^ Jump up to : Shragai 2014 Jump up ^ Shragai 2014 `` Dr. Shmuel Berkovitz , a scholar of the holy places in the Land of Israel , found that until the eleventh century , Muslim scholars disagreed as to the location of the tethering of Muhammad 's steed and pointed to different places on Al - Haram al - Sharif . '' Jump up ^ `` The Story of the Kotel : Facts and Figures '' . The Western Wall Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Thomas L. ( December 1 , 1985 ) . `` Quarrying History in Jerusalem '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Herod the Great certainly used it as the main quarry for building blocks needed to renovate the Temple and its retaining walls , including what is known today as the Wailing Wall . Jump up ^ Lefkovits , Etgar ( September 12 , 2007 ) . `` Archeologists find 2nd Temple quarry '' . Jerusalem Post . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2013 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . An ancient quarry where King Herod 's workers chiseled huge high - quality limestones for the construction of the Second Temple , including the Western Wall , has been uncovered in Jerusalem , the Israel Antiquities Authority announced Sunday ( ... ) Dozens of quarries have previously been uncovered in Jerusalem -- including ones larger than the present find -- but this is the first one that archeologists have found which they believe was used in the construction of the Temple Mount itself . Jump up ^ Ben Dov , Meir ; Naor , Mordechai ; Aner , Ze'ev ( 1983 ) . `` II : Architecture and Archaeology '' . The Western Wall . Israel : Ministry of Defence Publishing House . pp. g. 41 -- 62 . ISBN 965 - 05 - 0055 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Jacob Auerbach , Dan Bahat and Shaked Gilboa ( 2007 ) . `` Western Wall '' . Encyclopedia Judaica. 21 ( 2nd ed . ) . Macmillan . pp. 24 -- 27 . ISBN 9780028659282 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.israelinsideout.com/Things-to-do-in-Jerusalem/the-kotel-wailingwestern-wall.html Jump up ^ `` Guide dogs allowed at the Western Wall '' . Times of Israel . December 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Transgender woman denied entry to Western Wall YNET News , January 6 , 2015 Jump up ^ Transgender woman prevented from accessing Western Wall Haaretz , January 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ Transgendered woman barred from Western Wall prayer Times of Israel , January 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ Date is adjusted in some Jewish texts to read 422 BCE . See Chronology of the Bible . Jump up ^ `` Coin discovery sheds new light on sacred Jerusalem site ( AP ) '' . msnbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Building the Western Wall : Herod Began it but Did n't Finish it '' . Israel Antiquities Authority . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2011 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Date is adjusted in some Jewish texts to read 68 CE . See Chronology of the Bible . ^ Jump up to : Neusner , Jacob ( 2001 ) . `` Judaism and the Land of Israel '' . Understanding Jewish Theology . Global Academic Publishing . pp. g. 79 . ISBN 1 - 58684 - 090 - 8 . Jump up ^ Harman , Graham ( 2008 ) . `` The Holiness of the `` Holy Land '' `` . A History of Palestine . Princeton University Press . pp. g. 24 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11897 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gold , Dore ( 2007 ) . The Fight for Jerusalem . Regnery . pp. g. 56 . ISBN 1 - 59698 - 029 - X . Jump up ^ David M. Gitlitz & Linda Kay Davidson `` Pilgrimage and the Jews '' ( Westport : CT : Praeger , 2006 ) 42 - . ^ Jump up to : Löfgren , Eliel ; Barde , Charles ; Van Kempen , J. ( December 1930 ) . Report of the Commission appointed by His Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , with the approval of the Council of the League of Nations , to determine the rights and claims of Moslems and Jews in connection with the Western or Wailing Wall at Jerusalem ( UNISPAL doc A / 7057 - S / 8427 , February 23 , 1968 ) Jump up ^ Jacob Mann ( 1972 ) . Texts and Studies in Jewish History and Literature : Ḳaraitica . Ktav Pub . House . p. 20 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . An improvement evidently took place after the Fatimid conquest in 970 when permission was granted to pray not at a gate but at the Western Wall ( כותל מערבי ) . This permission may have been due to the intervention of Paltiel , the first Egyptian Nagid . Paltiel 's son , Samuel , on the occasion of the transference ' of his parents ' remains to Jerusalem , donated among other gifts money for `` oil for the sanctuary at the Western Wall , for the altar that is inside '' ( ושמן למקדש בכותל מערבי למזבח שבפנים ) . Jump up ^ R. Bonfil ( 2009 ) . History and Folklore in a Medieval Jewish Chronicle : The Family Chronicle of Aḥima'az Ben Paltiel . BRILL . p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 17385 - 9 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yosef Levanon ( July 1 , 1980 ) . The Jewish travellers in the twelfth century . University Press of America . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 1122 - 7 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . The scroll of Ahim'as ( 11th century ) speaks of a synagogue near the Western Wall . Jump up ^ Simon Goldhill ( October 30 , 2009 ) . Jerusalem : City of Longing . Harvard University Press . pp. 74 -- 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03468 - 6 . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Perhaps the earliest evidence for the Western Wall being used for prayer is found in the Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela , who visited Jerusalem at some point between 1169 and 1171 on his long trip around the east from Spain , when the city was ruled by the Crusaders . ( ... ) This is a confused account : the Gate of Mercy is in the Eastern Wall . But it may imply that the Western Wall was also used for prayer . Jump up ^ David Philipson ( 1968 ) . Hebrew Union College Annual . 6 ( 1930 ed . ) . Hebrew Union College . p. 7 . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . How this confusion between the Golden Gate and the Western Wall could have arisen it is difficult to imagine , unless it be due to the fact that both spots may have been favourite places of prayer for the Jews of the Middle Ages , just as the Western or Wailing Wall continues to be still today . The fact that this confusion seems to have existed only with Jewish travellers would tend to corroborate this hypothesis . Jump up ^ Fred Skolnik ; Michael Berenbaum ( 2007 ) . Encyclopaedia Judaica . Macmillan Reference USA . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865949 - 7 . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . In the 12th century Benjamin of Tudela mentions Jews coming to the Western Wall for prayers and to the `` Mercy Gate , '' but it is possible that the other walls to the south and east also served a similar purpose . Later visiting rabbis ( 12th - 15th centuries ) also refer to the walls of the Temple Mount , but they too , are not specific in terms of a gathering spot for Jewish worship along the Western Wall . The Western Wall is not mentioned at all by Nahmanides ( 13th century ) in his detailed account of the Temple site in 1267 nor in the report of Estori ha - Parhi ( 14th century ) . It does not figure even in descriptions of Jerusalem in Jewish sources of the 15th century ( e.g. , Meshullam of Volterra , Obadiah of Bertinoro , etc . ) . The name Western Wall , used by Obadiah , refers - as can be inferred from the context - to the southwestern corner of the wall , and there is no hint that there was a place of Jewish worship there . It is only from the 16th century that Jews began praying at the present location and this is clear from the available sources . Thenceforth all literary sources describe it as a place of assembly and prayer for Jews . Transmitted by Moses Hagiz , it was the sultan Selim I , the conqueror of Jerusalem , who recovered the Wall from underneath the dungheap which was hiding it and granted permission to the Jews to hold prayers there . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Martin ( 1977 ) . `` The ' Wailing Wall ' Under Ottoman rule 1517 -- 1917 '' . Jerusalem Illustrated History Atlas . London : Board of Deputies of British Jews . pp. g. 31 . ISBN 0 - 905648 - 04 - 8 . Jump up ^ Yaakov Dovid , Shulman ( 1992 ) . `` A Letter to My Father '' . Pathway to Jerusalem . USA : CIS Publishers . pp. g. 59 . ISBN 1 - 56062 - 130 - 3 . Adler preferred the generic translation `` western wall '' rather than `` Western Wall '' . Elkan Nathan Adler ( 1987 ) . Jewish Travellers in the Middle Ages . Dover . p. 240 . Jump up ^ Harman , Graham ( 2008 ) . `` The Mufti and the Wailing Wall '' . A History of Palestine . Princeton University Press . pp. g. 225 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11897 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ricca , Simone ( 2007 ) . `` Notes to Chapter One '' . Reinventing Jerusalem . I.B. Tauris . pp. g. 212 . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 387 - X . Jump up ^ Vilnay 2003 , pp. 61 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : Armstrong 2001 `` In the 16th century , Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent permitted the Jews to make the Western Wall their official holy place and had his court architect Sinan build an oratory for them there . '' ^ Jump up to : Gonen 2003 , pp. 135 -- 7 `` It is possible that official recognition of the right of Jews to pray by the Wall was granted already in the second half of the sixteenth century by a firman ( official decree ) issued by Suleiman the Magnificent . This firman may have been related to the efforts of the Ottoman ruler to lure Jews to Palestine as a counterbalance to the Arab population , which had rebelled against the new rulers , who were Turkish rather than Arabs . '' Jump up ^ Ben - Dov , Naor & Aner 1983 , pp. 83 -- 97 Jump up ^ Schwarz , Joseph ( 1850 ) . `` Moriah , The Temple Mount '' . Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine . Philadelphia : A. Hart . Jump up ^ Rossoff , Dovid ( 1998 ) . `` The Era of Suffering : 1800 -- 1840 '' . Where Heaven Touches Earth . Jerusalem : Guardian Press . pp. g. 186 . ISBN 0 - 87306 - 879 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Baruch , Yuval . The Mughrabi Gate Access -- the Real Story . Israel Antiquities Authority Jump up ^ Rossoff , Dovid ( 1998 ) . `` Bound Within the Walls : 1840 -- 1870 '' . Where Heaven Touches Earth . Jerusalem : Guardian Press . pp. g. 231 . ISBN 0 - 87306 - 879 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Dov , Meir ; = Naor , Mordechai ; Aner , Ze'ev ( 1983 ) . `` IV : Sanctity , Law and Customs '' . The Western Wall . Israel : Ministry of Defence Publishing House . pp. g. 83 -- 97 . ISBN 965 - 05 - 0055 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fred Skolnik ; Michael Berenbaum ( 2007 ) . Encyclopaedia Judaica : Ra - Sam . Macmillan Reference USA in association with the Keter Pub . House . p. 422 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865945 - 9 . His brother , Mordecai Rosanes , financed the paving of the Western Wall area in Jerusalem in 1874 . ^ Jump up to : Rossoff , Dovid ( 1998 ) . `` Beyond the Walls : 1870 -- 1900 '' . Where Heaven Touches Earth . Jerusalem : Guardian Press . pp. 330 -- 331 . ISBN 0 - 87306 - 879 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stockman - Shomron , Israel ( 1984 ) . `` Jerusalem in Islam : Faith and Politics '' . Israel , the Middle East and the Great Powers . Transaction Publishers . pp. g. 43 . ISBN 965 - 287 - 000 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lang , Yossef . `` The Hirschensohn Family of Publishers in Jerusalem , 1882 -- 1908 '' . Kesher Issue 29 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Martin ( 1996 ) . `` War , 1914 -- 1917 '' . Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century . London : Chatto & Windus . pp. g. 42 . ISBN 0 - 7011 - 3070 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Advocate : America 's Jewish journal . 1915 . p. 638 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . According to a report in the Jaffa Hebrew weekly , Hapoel Hazair , the Commander of the Turkish Army , Djemal Pasha , has ordered a barricade to be placed across the approach to the Wailing Wall to prevent this place from being visited by Jews . The order is said to be based on sanitary grounds . Jump up ^ `` REPORT of the Commission appointed by His Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , with the approval of the Council of the League of Nations , to determine the rights and claims of Moslems and Jews in connection with the Western or Wailing Wall at Jerusalem '' . United Nations . December 1930 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Janin , Hunt ( 2002 ) . `` Pilgrimages During the British Mandate and Under the Israelis ( 1917 -- 2001 ) '' . Four Paths to Jerusalem . McFarland . pp. g. 192 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1264 - X . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Martin ( 1996 ) . `` British Military Rule , 1918 -- 1919 '' . Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century . London : Chatto & Windus . pp. g. 69 . ISBN 0 - 7011 - 3070 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Wasserstein , Bernard ( 2001 ) . `` Trouble on the Temple Mount '' . Divided Jerusalem . London : Profile Books . pp. g. 323 . ISBN 1 - 86197 - 333 - 0 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Naomi ( 1999 ) . `` From Conquest to Colony '' . Ploughing Sand : British Rule in Palestine . London : John Murray . pp. g. 42 . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5707 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gonen 2003 ^ Jump up to : Bernhard Wasserstein ( 1978 ) . The British in Palestine . London : Royal Historical Society . pp. 224 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Tom Segev ( 2001 ) . One Palestine , Complete . Abacus . p. 301 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Naomi ( 1999 ) . `` The Law Factory '' . Ploughing Sand : British Rule in Palestine . London : John Murray . pp. g. 111 . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5707 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Danziger , Hillel ( 1990 ) . `` The Kosel Affair '' . Guardian of Jerusalem . New York : Artscroll . pp. g. 452 -- 470 . ISBN 0 - 89906 - 458 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Kassim , Anis F. ( 1998 ) . `` Special Report '' . The Palestine Yearbook of International Law 1996 - 1997 . Martinus Nijhoff . pp. g. 375 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 1009 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kayyālī , Abd al - Wahhāb ( 1978 ) . `` The Lull : 1923 -- 1929 '' . Palestine : A Modern History . Routledge . pp. g. 139 . ISBN 0 - 85664 - 635 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Ovendale , Ritchie ( 2004 ) . `` British Paramountcy over Arabs and Zionists '' . The Origins of the Arab - Israeli Wars . Pearson Education . pp. g. 71 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 82320 - X . Jump up ^ Dershowitz , Alan ( 2003 ) . `` 5 : Were the Jews Unwilling to Share Palestine ? '' . The Case For Israel . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . pp. g. 43 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 46502 - X . Jump up ^ Ovendale , Ritchie ( 2004 ) . `` The `` Wailing Wall '' Riots `` . The Origins of the Arab - Israeli Wars . Pearson Education . pp. g. 71 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 82320 - X . The Mufti tried to establish Muslim rights and the Jews were deliberately antagonised by building works and noise . Jump up ^ Harman , Graham ( 2008 ) . `` The Mufti and the Wailing Wall '' . A History of Palestine . Princeton University Press . pp. g. 230 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11897 - 3 . From 1929 onward , the Supreme Muslim Council intensified construction work on the Haram al - Sharif in order to demonstrate their exclusive claims to the Temple Mount ( ... ) Not without reason , Jewish believers felt disturbed in their prayer . ^ Jump up to : Ben Dov , Meir ; Naor , Mordechai ; Aner , Ze'ev ( 1983 ) . `` VI : The Struggle for the Wall '' . The Western Wall . Israel : Ministry of Defence Publishing House . pp. g. 123 -- 137 . ISBN 965 - 05 - 0055 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` ' File 15 / 18 FOREIGN AND POLITICAL DEPARTMENT CIRCULARS RECEIVED FROM THE GOVT OF INDIA ' IOR / R / 15 / 2 / 1461 '' . Qatar Digital Library . Jump up ^ Kayyālī , Abd al - Wahhāb ( 1978 ) . `` The Lull : 1923 -- 1929 '' . Palestine : A Modern History . Routledge . pp. g. 140 . ISBN 0 - 85664 - 635 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Martin ( 1977 ) . `` Jerusalem , Zionism and the Arab Revolt 1920 -- 1940 '' . Jerusalem Illustrated History Atlas . London : Board of Deputies of British Jews . pp. g. 79 . ISBN 0 - 905648 - 04 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of David Yellin '' . The Jewish Virtual Library . Fort Washington , MD . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert , Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century ( New York : John Wiley & Sons , 1996 , p254 . ^ Jump up to : Israeli , Raphael ( 2002 ) . `` Introduction : Everyday Life in Divided Jerusalem '' . Jerusalem Divided : The Armistice Regime , 1947 -- 1967 . Jerusalem : Routledge . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5266 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ross , Marc Howard ( 2007 ) . `` Digging up the past to contest the present : politics and archeology in Jerusalem 's Old City '' . Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict . Cambridge University Press . pp. g. 179 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 87013 - 5 . Jump up ^ Israeli , Raphael ( 2002 ) . `` Introduction : Everyday Life in Divided Jerusalem '' . Jerusalem Divided : The Armistice Regime , 1947 -- 1967 . Jerusalem : Routledge . pp. g. 6 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5266 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bezalel Narkiss ( 1970 ) . Picture history of Jewish civilization . H.N. Abrams . p. 241 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . An Israeli soldier writes the Hebrew name on a street sign , which had previously had only Arabic and English lettering identifying the location as Wailing Wall Road . Jump up ^ Jāmiʻat al - Kuwayt ; Institute for Palestine Studies ( Washington , D.C. ) ; Muʾassasat al - Dirāsāt al - Filasṭīnīyah ( 1972 ) . Journal of Palestine studies . University of California Press for Kuwait University and the Institute for Palestine Studies . p. 187 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ דורון בר ( 2007 ) . לקדש ארץ . יד יצחק בן צבי . p. 207 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . The symbolic removal of a sign placed by the Jordanians in English and Arabic , which referred to the Western Wall plaza as al - Buraq , was part of the process of ' Judaization ' and return of the site to the status of the most important holy place of the Jewish people , and now the most holy place inside Israel . Jump up ^ Shimon Peres ; David Landau ( 1995 ) . Battling for peace : a memoir . Random House . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 43617 - 1 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maurice David Japheth ; P.K. Rajiv ( 1967 ) . The Arab Israel conflict : an Indian viewpoint . Pearl Publications . p. 19 . The Chief Chaplain of the Army , Brigadier ( Rabbi ) Goren , offered prayers for four hours at the Wall . He proclaimed that Israel would never again relinquish the Wall . A little later , the Minister for Defence , Moshe Dayan , accompanied by the Chief of Staff , General Yitzhak Rabin , arrived . They repeated the pledge of the Rabbi . `` Today we have reunited Jerusalem . We have returned to all that is holy in our land . We have returned , never to be parted from it again , '' Dayan said . Jump up ^ Rabin , Yitzchak ( May 29 , 1995 ) . `` Address to the Knesset by Prime Minister Rabin on Jerusalem , May 29 , 1995 '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Jump up ^ Joost R. Hiltermann , ' Teddy Kollek and the Native Question , ' in Annelies Moors , Toine van Teeffelen , Sharif Kanaana , Ilham Abu Ghazaleh ( eds . ) Discourse and Palestine : Power , Text and Context , Het Spinhuis , 1995 pp. 55 - 65 , p. 55 - 6 Jump up ^ Nir Hasson , ' Rare photograph reveals ancient Jerusalem mosque destroyed in 1967 , ' at Haaretz , June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tom Segev ( 2007 ) . 1967 . Metropolitan Books . pp. 400 -- 401 . Jump up ^ Ari Shavit , ' Jerusalem - born thinker Meron Benvenisti has a message for Israelis : Stop whining , ' at Haaretz , October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gershom Gorenberg , The End of Days : Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount . Oxford University Press , 2002 p. 102 . Jump up ^ Henry Cattan , The Palestine Question , Taylor & Francis , 1988 p. 256 . Jump up ^ Weizman , Eyal ( 2007 ) . Hollow Land . London : Verso . pp. g. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84467 - 125 - 0 . Jump up ^ Benvenisti , Meron ( 1998 ) . `` Hollowed Ground '' . City of Stone : The Hidden History of Jerusalem . University of California Press . pp. g. 82 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20768 - 8 . Jump up ^ Meron Benvenisti ( 1976 ) . Jerusalem : the Torn City . University of Minnesota Press . pp. 312 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Reinventing Jerusalem : Israel 's Reconstruction of the Jewish Quarter after 1967 , Simone Ricca , pp. 67 -- 113 Jump up ^ Robert Schick . `` Mamluk and Ottoman Jerusalem '' . In Gideon Avni and Katharina Galor . Unearthing Jerusalem : 150 Years of Archaeological Research in the Holy City . pp. 475 -- 490 . Jump up ^ Ricca , Simone ( Summer 2005 ) . `` Heritage , Nationalism and the Shifting Symbolism of the Wailing Wall ; June 1967 : Erasing The Past '' . Institute of Jerusalem ( Palestine ) Studies . ^ Jump up to : From the Archive : First rumblings in the battle for pluralism at the Western Wall JTA , April 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jewish Virtual Library , retrieved March 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Nathan - Kazis , Josh ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Embassy Letter on Kotel Rubs Salt in the Wound '' . The Jewish Daily Forward . New York , New York . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Court Rules for Women in Western Wall Dispute New York Times , April 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Israel approves $23 million plan to renovate near Western Wall , Haartez , ( November 21 , 2010 ) . ^ Jump up to : Guttman , Nathan and Jane Eisner . `` Kotel Egalitarian Prayer Plan Set in Motion by Dramatic Western Wall Compromise . '' The Jewish Daily Forward. April 10 , 2013 . April 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jaffay , Nathan , `` Is Western Wall Prayer Platform a Step Forward For Women -- or Back ? '' , The Jewish Daily Forward , August 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Suzanne , Separate -- but not equal , Washington Jewish Week , August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pluralist Council Will Oversee Robinson 's Arch at Western Wall '' , Jewish Daily Forward ( from Jewish Telegraphic Agency press release ) , published March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Approves Prayer Space at Western Wall for Non-Orthodox Jews '' . The New York Times . February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jerusalem chief rabbi : Mixed - gender plaza akin to razing Western Wall Times of Israel , March 6 , 2016 Jump up ^ Sales , Ben ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Suspension of Western Wall deal leaves Jewish leaders feeling betrayed -- J '' . Jweekly.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Israel freezes Western Wall compromise that was to create egalitarian prayer section Jewish Telegraphic Agency '' . Jta.org. 2017 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : English.thekotel.org TheKotel.org , retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ iaa-conservation.org , retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Kotel , note about May 25 , 2006. , retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ English.TheKotel.org , retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Thekotel.org , note for July 25 , 2010 , retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Kotel.org , note on February 3 , 2006. , retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ TheKotel.org , Lag B'omer 2009 , retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jerusalem Post , Sep 5 , 1983 , and Jerusalem Post International Edition , Sep 11 -- 17 , 1983 , `` U.S. Navy Chaplain Conducts Western Wall Interfaith Litany '' Jump up ^ St Petersburg Times , retrieved March 25 , 2011 Jump up ^ Borschel - Dan , Amanda , `` The Day Israel Gave Its Blessing to Egalitarian Prayer at Western Wall , '' The Times of Israel , Jun 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Obituaries : Yehuda Meir Getz , Western Wall 's Rabbi , 71 '' . New York Times . September 25 , 1995 . Retrieved October 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rabbi Shmuel Rabinowitz '' . ALEH . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved October 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Frishman , Avraham ; Kum Hisalech Be'aretz , Jerusalem 2004 Jump up ^ Lamentations Rabbah 1 : 32 Jump up ^ Exodus Rabbah 2 : 2 Jump up ^ Zohar Mishpatim 116 Jump up ^ See Radvaz 692 Jump up ^ Horovitz , Ahron ( 2001 ) . Jerusalem : Footsteps Through Time . Jerusalem : Feldheim . However , today there is no doubt that the wall is the western retaining wall of the Temple Mount and the Midrash refers to the Temple in its broader sense , that is , the Temple Mount . Jump up ^ Kav ha - Yashar Ch. 50 Jump up ^ Ya'arot Devash Vol. 1 , Ch. 4 Jump up ^ See also Kav ha - Yashar Ch. 93 and Shem Ha - gedolim for a similar account with Rabbi Avraham Ha - levi of Safed . Jump up ^ See Avnei Nezer Yoreh Deah 450 ^ Jump up to : Yosef , Ovadia ( 1990 ) . `` Laws of Kotel HaMa'aravi '' . Yalkut Yosef . Jerusalem . Vol. 2 ; pg. 278 -- 282 . Jump up ^ Shragai , Nadav ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Western Wall rabbi forbids proposed burning of prayer notes '' . Haaretz . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2007 . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Radbaz Responsa 691 : `` Under the dome on the Temple Mount , which the Arabs call El - Sakhrah , without a doubt , is the location of the Foundation Stone . '' ; Ya'ari , Avraham : Igrot Eretz Yisrael by Obadiah ben Abraham , Ramat Gan 1971 : `` I sought the place of the Foundation Stone where the Ark of the Covenant was placed , and many people told me it is under a tall and beautiful dome which the Arabs built in the Temple precinct . '' Jump up ^ Sternbuch , Moishe Teshuvos Ve - hanhagos Vol. 3 , Ch. 39 : `` In truth they have erred , thinking that the stone upon they built their dome was in fact the Foundation Stone , however , most possibly , the Stone is located further to the south in the open space opposite the exposed section of the Western Wall . '' Jump up ^ Moed Katan 26a ; Orach Chaim 561 ; Yoreh Deah 340 Jump up ^ Bayit Chadash to Orach Chaim 561 . He contends that the city itself is in such a state of disrepair that once a person has reached the hills surrounding Jerusalem , he can immediately view the Western Wall . Jump up ^ Minchas Shlomo Vol. 1 , Ch. 73 . See also : Tearing keriah for Jerusalem ; Ask the Rabbi : Kosel Keriah Archived May 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Epstein , Donneal . Halachos for the Traveler , Feldheim 2000 , Pg. 70 . ISBN 1 - 58330 - 439 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer 35 Jump up ^ Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 18 : 10 . The Kaf hachaim ( Orach Chaim 94 : 1 : 4 citing Radvaz Vol. 2 ; Ch. 648 ) rules that if a Jew was forced onto the Temple Mount and the time of prayer arrived while he 's standing between the Western Wall and the place of the Holy of Holies , `` he should pray facing towards the Holy of Holies even though his back will be facing the Western Wall . '' Jump up ^ Kiel , Dvora ( 2007 ) . When the Time is Right : Manifestations of Divine Providence in everyday life . Feldheim Publishers . p. 486 . ISBN 965 - 7371 - 29 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of the 40 Days '' . westernwallprayers.org. 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adler N.M. ( 1907 ) The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela London ; page 23 . Jump up ^ Lee 1863 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Deutsch , Nathaniel ( 2003 ) . `` In the Holy Land '' . The Maiden of Ludmir . University of California Press . pp. g. 199 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23191 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Martin ( 1996 ) . `` The Second World War , 1939 -- 1945 '' . Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century . London : Chatto & Windus . pp. g. 167 . ISBN 0 - 7011 - 3070 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Martin ( 1996 ) . `` Towards the Twenty - First Century '' . Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century . London : Chatto & Windus . pp. g. 353 . ISBN 0 - 7011 - 3070 - 9 . Jump up ^ Marciano , Ilan ( August 10 , 2005 ) . `` 70,000 protest pullout at Western Wall '' . Ynet . Retrieved December 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ratzlav - Katz , Nissan ( July 23 , 2007 ) . `` 100,000 Jews At Western Wall for Tisha B'Av 5767 '' . Arutz Sheva . Retrieved December 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Judith Weil . `` Kosel Visitors record '' , Jewish Tribune , October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Women 's Wall Tablet Magazine , April 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Mission Statement '' . Women of the Wall - נשות הכותל . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Women of the Wall - נשות הכותל . Jump up ^ Kershner , Isabel ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Court Rules for Women in Western Wall Dispute '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Pending deal with Women of the Wall would annul regulations banning non-Orthodox practice at Kotel '' . Jump up ^ Bleiweiss , Robert . `` Tear Down the Western Wall '' . Jewish Spectator , 1997 . p. 3 : `` There is no quick or easily acceptable way to change this sorry situation , so the blighted thing probably ought to be torn down before its continued presence leads to the irreparable splitting of the Jews and perhaps even civil war and the end of the state of Israel . '' Jump up ^ Rudoren , Jodi ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` Israel to Review Curbs on Women 's Prayer at Western Wall '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Sperling , Avraham Yitzchak ( 1999 ) . Sefer Tamei Ha - minhagim U'mekorei Ha - dinim ; Inyanei Hilula D'Rashbi , p. 270 . Jerusalem : Shai Le - morah Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Private Prayer ' Leaked ' '' . Time . July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Starr , Joyce Shira ( 1995 ) . Faxes and Email to God : At the Western Wall of Jerusalem . iUniverse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893652 - 37 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Letter Placed by Pope John Paul II at the Western Wall '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( Israel ) . Retrieved October 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McGirk , Tim ( July 25 , 2008 ) . `` Obama 's Private Prayer Leaked '' . Time Magazine . Jump up ^ Schapiro , Leo ( November 25 , 1967 ) . `` Lubavitchers Push Tefillin Campaign '' . Boston Globe . Since the Six Day War in June which resulted in the creation of a united Jerusalem as part of Israel , more than 400,000 members of the Jewish faith are estimated to have observed the commandment to wear Phylacteries -- tefillin In Hebrew -- at the city 's Western , formerly known as the `` Wailing '' Wall . Jump up ^ Margolin , Dovid ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` 50 Years After Six - Day War , How the Kotel Became Synonymous With Tefillin '' . Chabad.org . Jump up ^ Amikam Elad ( 1999 ) . Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship . Leiden : Brill . pp. 101 -- 102 . Jump up ^ F.E. Peters ( 1985 ) . Jerusalem . Princeton : Princeton University Press . pp. 541 -- 542 ... Arabic text in A.L. Tibawi ( 1978 ) . The Islamic Pious Foundations in Jerusalem . London : The Islamic Cultural Centre . Appendix III . Jump up ^ Carl Sandrecki ( 1865 ) . Account of a Survey of the City of Jerusalem made in order to ascertain the names of streets etc . Day IV . reproduced in Captain Charles W. Wilson R.E. ( 1865 ) . Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem ( Facsimile ed . ) . Ariel Publishing House ( published 1980 ) . Appendix . Jump up ^ G. Rosen ( 1866 ) . Das Haram von Jerusalem und der Tempelplatz des Moria . Gotha . pp. 9 -- 10 . Die ganze Mauerstrecke am Klageplatz der Juden bis südlich an die Wohnung des Abu Su'ud und nördlich an die Substructionen der Mechkemeh wird von den Arabern Obrâk genannt , nicht , wie früher behauptet worden , eine Corruption des Wortes Ibri ( Hebräer ) , sondern einfach die neu - arabische Aussprache von Bōrâk , ( dem Namen des geflügelten Wunderrosses , ) welches ( den Muhammed vor seiner Auffahrt durch die sieben Himmel nach Jerusalem trug ) und von ihm während seines Gebetes am heiligen Felsen im Innern der angegebenen Mauerstelle angebunden worden sein soll . Jump up ^ Captain Charles W. Wilson R.E. ( 1865 ) . Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem ( Facsimile ed . ) . Ariel Publishing House ( published 1980 ) . maps . ; Wilson 1876 ; Wilson 1900 ; August Kümmel 1904 ; Karl Baedeker 1912 ; George Adam Smith 1915 Jump up ^ Council of the Pro-Jerusalem Society ( 1924 ) . C.R. Ashby , ed . Jerusalem 1920 - 1922 . London : John Murray . p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : USCatholic.org , retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wein , Berel . Triumph of Survival ; Section VIII -- The Modern Jew 1958 -- 1988 , pg. 451 . Jump up ^ pg. 300 . Jump up ^ Shargai , Nadav ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` Poll : 96 % of Israeli Jews wo n't give up Western Wall for peace '' . Haaretz . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2007 . Retrieved March 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ben Gedalyahu , Tzvi ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` Bibi Rejects Obama 's ' UN Flag at Kotel ' ; Star of David to Remain '' . Arutz 7 . israelnationalnews.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wasserstein , Bernard ( 2001 ) . `` Annexation '' . Divided Jerusalem . London : Profile Books . pp. g. 233 . ISBN 1 - 86197 - 333 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nahmias , Roee ( February 18 , 2007 ) . `` Sheikh Salah : Western Wall belongs to Muslims '' . Ynet . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Alburaq Revolution '' . Palestinian National Authority . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2004 . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ On Jewish rights to the Western Wall in Jerusalem , Voice of Palestine , June 12 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Arab Leaders Deny Jewish History on The Temple Mount '' . ADL . August 6 , 2003 . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Klein , Aaron ( October 25 , 2006 ) . `` Quick Takes : News From Israel You May Have Missed '' . The Jewish Press . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Khaled Abu Toameh . Jews have no right to Western Wall , PA ' study ' says , Jerusalem Post , ( November 22 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Yitzhak Reiter ( 2008 ) . Jerusalem and its role in Islamic solidarity . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 60782 - 8 . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cleveland.com , retrieved March 27 , 2011 . References ( edit ) Armstrong , Karen ( April 16 , 2001 ) . `` Islam 's Stake '' . TIME . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Barclay , James Turner ( 1858 ) . `` Modern Jerusalem '' . City of the Great King . Challen . Becher , Mordechai ( 2005 ) . `` The Land of Israel '' . Gateway to Judaism . Mesorah Publications . ISBN 1 - 4226 - 0030 - 0 . Ben - Dov , Meir ; Naor , Mordechai ; Aner , Ze'ev ( 1983 ) . The Western Wall . Israel : Ministry of Defence . ISBN 965 - 05 - 0055 - 3 . Bleiweiss , Robert ( 1997 ) . `` Tear Down the Western Wall '' . Jewish Spectator . Chertoff , Mordecai S. ( 1975 ) . Zionism : a basic reader . Herzl Press . Gonen , Rivka ( 2003 ) . Contested Holiness . KTAV Publishing . ISBN 0 - 88125 - 799 - 0 . Halkin , Hillel ( January 21 , 2001 ) . `` '' Western Wall '' or `` Wailing Wall '' ? `` . Forward . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Idinopulos , Thomas A. ( 1994 ) . Jerusalem : A History of the Holiest City as Seen Through the Struggles of Jews , Christians , and Muslims . Ivan R. Dee , Publisher . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56663 - 062 - 7 . Lee , James W. ( 1863 ) . Earthly Footsteps of the Man of Galilee . Retrieved May 31 , 2009 . Mock , Steven ( 2011 ) . `` Theories of Nations and Nationalism '' . Symbols of Defeat in the Construction of National Identity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 50352 - 5 . Peters , F.E. ( 1984 ) . Jerusalem . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp. 357 -- 359 , 394 -- 396 . Shragai , Nadav ( 2014 ) . `` '' Al - Aksa Is in Danger `` : The Lie that Wo n't Die '' . Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Vilnay , Zev ( 2003 ) . `` How the Wall was discovered '' . Legends of Palestine . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 4128 - 4 . Warner , Charles Dudley ( 1878 ) . `` Jerusalem '' . In the Levant . Houghton . Wilson , Charles ( 1881 ) . Picturesque Palestine. 1 . Retrieved May 31 , 2009 . The World Book Encyclopedia . World Book . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7166 - 0107 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Western Wall . The Western Wall Heritage Foundation Jewish Virtual Library : The Western Wall Chabad.org : The Shofar and the Wall , 1930 Historic radio broadcast of the capture of the wall by the Israel Defense Forces on June 7 , 1967 Photographs Wailing Wall to Western Wall ( 1960s ) Photographs of the Western Wall ( Summer 2007 ) Google Street View The Western Wall on Google Street View Temple Mount Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Qibli Chapel Fountain of Qasim Pasha Murabitat Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Walls Western Wall Little Western Wall Dung Gate Heritage Foundation Modesty guard Mughrabi Bridge Paratroopers at the Western Wall Placing notes Platoon of the Wall Pro -- Wailing Wall Committee Western Stone Western Wall camera Wilson 's Arch Women for the Wall Western Wall Tunnel Other walls Eastern Wall Southern Wall Hall of Hewn Stones Temples Solomon 's Temple Second Temple Third Temple The Temple Institute Archaeological remnants Dome of the Rock Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountain of Qayt Bay Antiquities Foundation Stone Acra Antonia Fortress Birket Israel Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount Excavations Hasmonean Baris Minarets Monastery of the Virgins Pool of Raranj Ptolemaic Baris Robinson 's Arch Royal Stoa Solomon 's Stables Struthion Pool Temple Mount Sifting Project Gates Al - Mawazin Golden Gate Huldah Gates Warren 's Gate Conflicts 1990 Temple Mount riots 2009 Temple Mount riots 2017 Temple Mount crisis 2017 Temple Mount shooting See also Status quo of Holy Land sites Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites Islamic Museum Islamization Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement Entry restrictions Templum Domini Temple Denial Well of Souls Temple in Jerusalem Structures Tabernacle First Temple / Solomon 's Temple Second Temple / Ezra 's Temple / Herod 's Temple Third Temple / Ezekiel 's Temple Elements Altar Ark of the Covenant Shekhinah Holy of Holies Seven - branched candelabrum Foundation Stone Mercy seat Solomon 's Porch Temple treasury Boaz and Jachin Western Wall Warren 's Gate Western Stone Wilson 's Arch The Sanctuary Molten Sea Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer Priesthood Priestly sash Ephod Holy anointing oil Priestly breastplate Priestly tunic High Priest Sacrifice Priestly robe Priestly undergarments Priestly turban Priestly divisions Shemen Afarsimon Priestly crown Urim and Thummim Priestly covenant History Bar Kokhba revolt Siege of Jerusalem Tisha B'Av Judaea Capta coinage Temple Mount Gates Excavations Mount Zion City of David See also Replicas of the Jewish Temple Navel of the World Temple Denial Holy sites in Judaism Temple in Jerusalem Foundation Stone Holy of Holies Temple Mount Western Wall Tombs of biblical figures Israel Benjamin David Matriarchs West Bank Joseph Patriarchs Rachel Samuel Other countries Esther and Mordechai Holy Land Land of Israel Application of religious law Four Holy Cities Jerusalem Holiness Hebron Safed Tiberias Old City of Jerusalem and its walls World Heritage Site by UNESCO Judaism ( Sephardic / Ashkenazi Chief Rabbis ) General Southern Wall Western Wall Western Wall Tunnel Little Western Wall Orthodox Hurva Synagogue Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue Ramban Synagogue Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue Other Ari Synagogue Four Sephardic Synagogues Ohr ha - Chaim Synagogue Tzuf Dvash Synagogue Areas Christian Quarter Muristan Muslim Quarter Armenian Quarter Jewish Quarter Temple Mount Gates 1 . 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New ( Double , Single , Tanners ' ) Al - Mawazin Surrounding roads : Hativat Yerushalayim HaTsanhanim Jaffa Road Jericho Ma'ale HaShalom Ofel Sultan Suleiman Christianity `` Status quo '' Church of the Holy Sepulchre ( Deir Es - Sultan ) Via Dolorosa See also : New Church of the Theotokos Catholic ( Custody of the Holy Land ) Latin ( Patriarch ) Chapel of Simon of Cyrene Church of the Condemnation Church of the Flagellation Church of the Holy Family Church of Saint James Intercisus Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus Church of Saint Mary of the Germans Church of Saint Mary of the Latins Convent of the Sisters of Zion : Church of Ecce Homo Monastery of Saint Saviour Church of Saint Anne Templum Domini Melkite Catholic ( Patriarch ) Cathedral of the Annunciation Armenian Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Spasm Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox ( Patriarch ) Church of Saint John the Baptist Oriental Orthodox Armenian Orthodox ( Patriarch ) Cathedral of Saint James Church of the Holy Archangels Church of Saint Toros Syriac Orthodox Monastery of Saint Mark Protestant Anglican Christ Church Lutheran Church of the Redeemer Islam ( Sunni Islamic Grand Mufti ) Noble Sanctuary ( Waqf ) Al - Aqsa Mosque Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Marwani Mosque Other Abdeen Mosque Al - Buraq mosque Al - Yaqoubi Mosque Al - Khanqah al - Salahiyya Mosque Mosque of Omar Remnants or rebuilt buildings in italic ( governing authority in small ) Jerusalem portal Israel portal Palestine portal Judaism portal Christianity portal Islam portal GND : 4242321 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Wall&oldid=807298430 '' Categories : Ancient Jewish history during the Roman Empire Historic sites in Jerusalem Shrines in Jerusalem Synagogues in Jerusalem Western Wall Establishments in the Herodian kingdom Status Quo holy places Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2016 Articles with disputed statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2016 Articles needing the year an event occurred from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kiswahili Ladino Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 03 : 17 . 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Deep frying
Deep frying - wikipedia Deep frying Deep frying cooking methods Czech bramboráček bread being deep fried A close - up view of kaassoufflés cooking in a deep fryer Deep frying ( also referred to as deep fat frying ) is a cooking method in which food is submerged in hot fat , most commonly oil , rather than the shallow oil used in conventional frying , done in a frying pan . Normally , a deep fryer or chip pan is used for this ; industrially , a pressure fryer or vacuum fryer may be used . Deep frying may also be performed using oil that is heated in a pot . Deep frying is classified as hot - fat cooking method . Typically , deep frying foods cook quickly : all sides of a food are cooked simultaneously as oil has a high rate of heat conduction . The term `` deep frying '' and many modern deep - fried foods were not invented until the 19th century , but the practice has been around for millennia . Early records and cookbooks suggest that the practice began in a few European and Arabian countries before other countries adopted the practice . Deep frying is popular worldwide , with deep - fried foods accounting for a large portion of global caloric consumption . Many foods are deep - fried and cultures surrounding deep frying have developed , most notably in the Southern United States , where many events dedicated to deep frying food and non-edible items are held . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Technique 3 Tools 4 Dishes , foods , and culture 4.1 Africa 4.2 Asia 4.3 Europe 4.4 North America 4.5 Oceania 4.6 South America 5 Oil deterioration and chemical changes 6 Hazards 7 Environmental 8 Health 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Peixinhos da horta , the Portuguese ancestor of Japanese tempura The English expression deep - fried is attested from the early 20th century ; `` fried chicken '' is from 1832 . Frying food in olive oil is attested in Classical Greece from about the 5th century BCE . The late Roman cookbook of Apicius ( c. 400 ) , appears to list the ancient Romans ' first use of deep frying to prepare Pullum Frontonianum , a chicken dish . The practice of deep frying spread to other parts of Europe and Arabia in the following centuries . Deep - fried foods such as funnel cakes arrived in northern Europe by the 13th century , and deep - fried fish recipes have been found in cookbooks in Spain and Portugal at around the same time . Falafel arrived in the Middle East from population migrations from Egypt as soon as the 14th century . The deep frying of food in Japan was likely introduced by Portuguese in the 16th century . Evidence of potato frying can be found as early as the late 17th century in Europe . French fries , invented in the late 18th century , became popular in the early 19th century western Europe . In 1860 Joseph Malin combined deep fried fish with chips ( french fries ) to open the first fish and chip shop in London . Modern deep frying in the United States began in the 19th century with the growing popularity of cast iron , particularly around the American South which led to the development of many modern deep - fried dishes . Doughnuts were invented in the mid-19th century , with foods such as onion rings , deep - fried turkey , and corn dogs all being invented in the early 20th century . In recent years , the growth of fast food has expanded the reach of deep - fried foods , especially French fries . Technique ( edit ) Deep frying food is defined as a process where food is completely submerged in hot oil at temperatures typically between 350 ° F ( 177 ° C ) and 375 ° F ( 191 ° C ) . One common method for preparing food for deep frying involves adding multiple layers of batter around the food , such as cornmeal , flour , or tempura ; breadcrumbs may also be used . After the food is submerged in oil , the surface of it begins to dehydrate and it undergoes Maillard reactions which break down sugars and proteins , creating the golden brown exterior of the food . Once the surface is dehydrated , it forms a crust which prevents further oil absorption . The heat conducts throughout the food causing proteins to denature , starches to undergo starch gelatinization , and dietary fiber to soften . While most foods need batter coatings for protection , it is not as necessary for cooked noodles and potatoes because their high starch content enables them to hold more moisture and resist shrinking . Meats may be cooked before deep frying to ensure that they are done inside while keeping juiciness . When performed properly , deep frying does not make food excessively greasy , because the moisture in the food repels the oil . The hot oil heats the water within the food , steaming it ; oil can not go against the direction of this powerful flow because ( due to its high temperature ) the water vapor pushes the bubbles toward the surface . As long as the oil is hot enough and the food is not immersed in the oil for too long , oil penetration will be confined to the outer surface . Foods deep - fried at proper temperatures typically absorb `` no more than a couple of tablespoons per ​ 2 ⁄ cups of oil '' used . This oil absorption rate is around the same as occurs with shallow frying , such as in a pan . Smultring being deep - fried However , if the food is cooked in the oil for too long , much of the water will be lost and the oil will begin to penetrate the food . The correct frying temperature depends on the thickness and type of food , but in most cases it lies between 350 -- 375 ° F ( 177 -- 191 ° C ) . An informal test for a temperature close to this range involves adding a tiny amount of flour into the oil and watching to see if it sizzles without immediately burning . A second test involves adding one piece of food to deep fry and watching it sink somewhat and rise back up . Sinking without resurfacing indicates that the oil is too cold ; not sinking at all indicates that the oil is too hot . It is recommended that deep fryers be cleaned often to prevent contamination . The process of cooking with oil can also contaminate nearby surfaces as oil may splatter on adjacent areas . Oil vapors can also condense on more distant surfaces such as walls and ceilings . Supplies such as dish detergent and baking soda can effectively clean affected surfaces . Tools ( edit ) Main articles : Deep fryer and chip pan Deep frying is done with a deep fryer , a pan such as a wok or chip pan , a Dutch oven , or a cast - iron pot . Additional tools include fry baskets , which are used to contain foods in a deep fryer and to strain foods when removed from the oil , and cooking thermometers , used to gauge oil temperature . Tongs , slotted spoons , wooden spoons , and sieves may be used to remove or separate foods from the hot oil . Japanese deep frying tools include long metal chopsticks ; the agemono - nabe deep frying pot , which is heavy for retaining heat and deep for holding oil ; the ami - shakushi net ladle used for scooping out batter debris ; and the abura - kiri oil drying rack pan . Deep frying tools A deep fryer with slotted spoon , for removing foods from the hot oil Tongs Slotted and perforated wooden spoons Various strainers A strainer used in the preparation of empanadas An ami shakushi is a Japanese ladle or scoop that may be used to remove small drops of batter during the frying of tempura . Dishes , foods , and Culture ( edit ) Main article : List of deep fried foods See also : List of fried dough foods and List of Thai dishes § Deep - fried dishes Deep - fried foods are common in many countries , and have also been described as `` a staple of almost all street cuisines on all continents '' . There are hundreds of dishes that are associated with deep frying as most foods can be deep - fried . Examples of food that can be deep - fried include meat , poultry , fish and vegetables . Fish and chips , for instance , combines deep - fried fish and deep - fried potatoes . French fries , doughnuts , onion rings , and hushpuppies are common deep - fried foods . Other common deep - fried foods include Chinese You Bing deep - fried pancakes , Southeast Asian Jin deui , and Japanese tempura . Less common deep - fried foods include maple leaves , peanut butter and jelly sandwiches , pizza , and Snickers bars . In the United States , the Chicago Tribune notes that `` you can deep fry almost anything '' . The American South has been noted as a modern center of innovation in the area of deep - fried food . According to the owner of a deep frying restaurant in the South , `` If something is edible , you can bet that someone south of the Mason - Dixon line has tried to cook it in oil '' . French fries being cooked in a row of deep fryers Deep - frying chicken in a pan A deep - fried turkey Deep - fried Swordfish collar Breaded , deep - fried calamari Deep fried pork intestines Africa ( edit ) In Northern Africa , deep - fried dishes are a part of the cuisine . A common food in this region is the deep - fried fritter , also referred to as `` sponges ''. In East africa deep fried food is common , cooked in cast iron or earthenware pots . Frying in batter is common . A Ugandan speciality is a kind of doughnut called Mandazi . In areas of Southern Africa , street foods include deep - fried potato and cassava chips . Deep - fried foods in the country of South Africa include fish and chips , vetkoek and koeksisters , among others . Asia ( edit ) Deep - fried insects for human consumption sold at food stall in Bangkok , Thailand Japanese tempura is a popular deep - fried food that generally consists of battered and fried seafood and vegetables . Japanese deep - fried dishes , or Agemono , include other styles besides tempura , such as Karaage , Korokke , Kushikatsu , and Tonkatsu . In areas of south - east Asia such as Thailand , insects are commonly deep - fried for human consumption . Western - style fast food items such as donuts , deep - fried chicken , and deep - fried potatoes are also becoming popular in Asia . Deep - fried fish , tofu , and chả giò are commonly eaten in Vietnamese cuisine . Deep frying is also used to make several kinds of bánh , including bánh rán ( fried rice ball ) , bánh cam ( sesame ball ) , bánh tiêu ( hollow doughnut ) , bánh rế ( sweet potato pancake ) , bánh chuối chiên ( banana fritter ) , Hồ Tây -- style bánh tôm ( shrimp fritter ) , and bánh gối ( pillow cake ) . Deep - fried sticks of dough , known as youtiao in Chinese , are eaten in many East and Southeast Asian cuisines . In Hong Kong , deep - fried intestine of pigs is a popular food . In South Asia , popular deep fried snacks are samosa and pakora . Europe ( edit ) Fish and chips Many countries in Europe use pure or hydrogenated rapeseed oil for deep - frying . The deep - fried Mars bar originated in Scotland , with The Carron Fish Bar in Stonehaven claiming to have invented it in the early 1990s . Fish and chips is a very popular deep - fried dish in England since it originated in London in the 19th century and became popular among the working class . Its popularity continues with 229 million portions of fish and chips being sold annually in England . There is an annual trade fair devoted to deep - fried foods called the International Symposium on Deep - Fat Frying which features discussions on deep fat frying as well as exhibitions by companies involved with the process . Belgian tradition requires French fries to be deep - fried in filtered fat of cattle , locally called blanc de boeuf or ossewit . North America ( edit ) In the United States , soybean oil is often used for deep - frying . Beignets , originally a French dish , are a popular deep - fried pastry in the U.S. city of New Orleans . Deep - fried food has been a core part of the culture of the American South with many restaurants solely serving deep - fried foods . The owner of one such restaurant has said that the deep - fried food , `` in the South it 's a way of life '' . Fast food is one of the most common ways to consume deep - fried food in North America . Novelty deep - fried foods are popular today in American fairs , especially those in the American South . Hundreds of items are served at these fairs . Some of them include deep - fried beer , butter , and bubblegum . Additionally , deep frying can be used as a form of artwork by frying non-edible objects , such as electronics . Artists such as Henry Hargreaves have deep - fried replicas of electronic items such as iPads , Game Boys , and laptops . Deep - fried food contests are frequently held at fairs such as the Texas State Fair , where they hold an annual contest for the most creative deep - fried food . Notable past winners have included fried Coke and deep - fried butter , both invented by Abel Gonzales . Since 2013 , an American reality competition show called deep - fried Masters , produced by Discovery Networks , holds deep frying competitions at several state fairs across the country . Oceania ( edit ) Milk bars in Australia may purvey several types of deep - fried foods , along with other food types . South America ( edit ) Buñuelos The buñuelo , a fried dough ball popular in Central America and Greece , is a popular deep - fried snack and street food in South America . Picarone , a Peruvian dessert originated in the colonial period , are deep - fried cakes made with pumpkin and sweet potatoes , popular in Peru and Chile , especially during harvest festivals . Oil deterioration and chemical changes ( edit ) Deep fat frying involves heating oil to temperatures in excess of 180 ° C in the presence of moisture and air . These conditions can induce a series of complex chemical reactions which may impact the quality of both the food and the oil it is cooked in . Examples of different chemical reactions include the production of free radicals , oxidation , hydrolysis , isomerization and polymerization . The exact reactions that occur will be dependent upon factors such as the oil , frying conditions and the food being cooked . When frying water can attack the ester linkage of triacylglycerols resulting in di and monoglycerols , glycerol as well as free fatty acids ( a type of hydrolysis reaction ) . The aforementioned hydrolysis reaction is enhanced by the produced fatty acids as well as other low molecular weight acid compounds . Overheating or over-using the frying oil leads to formation of rancid - tasting products of oxidation , polymerization , and other deleterious , unintended or even toxic compounds such as acrylamide ( from starchy foods ) . Recent research suggests fat deterioration may be worse when fat or oil is fried with food than when fat or oil is tested on its own in a laboratory . Deep - frying under vacuum helps to significantly reduce acrylamide formation , but this process is not widely used in the food industry due to the high investment cost involved . Some useful tests and indicators of excessive oil deterioration are the following : Sensory -- darkening , smoke , foaming , thickening , rancid taste and unpleasant smell when heating . This is the most unreliable way to decide when to change oil because those are very individual factors and can depend on different causes . Testing strips -- decide when to change oil depending on FFA ( free fatty acids ) only Oiltester -- measurement tool to exactly define the point of change oil by TPM / TPC ( Total polar material / compounds ) Laboratory -- acidity , anisidine value , viscosity , total polar compounds , polymeric triglycerides . Instruments that indicate total polar compounds , currently the best single gauge of how deep - fried an object is , are available with sufficient accuracy for restaurant and industry use . Hazards ( edit ) When deep frying , fires can be very severe , with chip pan fires being the leading cause of house fires in the United Kingdom . Cooking oil is flammable , and fires may be caused by it igniting at too high a temperature . Further , attempts to extinguish an oil fire with water cause an extremely dangerous condition , a boilover , as they cause the water to flash into steam due to the high heat of the oil , in turn sending the burning oil in all directions and thus aggravating the fire . This is the leading cause of house fires in the United Kingdom . Instead , oil fires must be extinguished with a non-water fire extinguisher or by smothering . Other means of extinguishing an oil fire include application of dry powder ( e.g. , baking soda , salt ) or fire fighting foam . Most commercial deep fryers are equipped with automatic fire suppression systems using foam . Spilled hot cooking oil can also cause severe third degree burns , In the worst - case scenario , severe burns can be fatal . The higher temperatures and tendency of oil to stick to the skin make spilled hot cooking oil far more dangerous than spilled hot water . Children can accidentally place their hands on top of the stove , playing with the materials while being cooked , or accidentally pull the pot down , which can cause significant injury . The utmost care should be used when deep frying when children are present , to protect their safety at all times . Environmental ( edit ) A bin for spent cooking oil in Austin , Texas , managed by a recycling company Deep frying produces large amounts of waste oil , which must be disposed of properly . Waste oil can overflow sewage systems , bind to the walls of sewage pipes , and interfere with sewage treatment . Waste oil from deep frying is increasingly being recycled and refined into biodiesel . Potatoes that are stored in artificially humidified warehouses contain more water , which makes the time required to deep fry them into chips longer . This increases the carbon dioxide footprint of commercially producing chips because more energy is required for frying over a longer time . According to one source , an average home appliance deep fryer draws 2,000 watts . Health ( edit ) The process of deep frying food is generally detrimental to its nutritional value . The oils that foods absorb in their batter typically contain large amounts of fats , especially saturated fats and trans fats . Consumption of large amounts of saturated and trans fats has been linked to a higher risk for some cancers including prostate cancer . Eating deep - fried foods has also been linked to higher cholesterol levels , obesity , heart attacks , and diabetes . Deep - fried foods cooked at certain temperatures can also contain acrylamide , a possible carcinogen . Additionally , fat degradation processes ( lipid peroxidation ) during deep frying results in the loss of nutritional value in deep - fried foods . Reused deep fried cooking oil may in addition cause blood pressure elevation and vascular hypertrophy . Some studies have found that deep frying in olive and sunflower oils has been found to be less of a detriment to health and in some cases have positive effects on insulin levels . Oil can be reused a few times after original use after straining out solids . However , excessive use of the same oil can cause it to break down and release compounds into the food that may be carcinogenic , affect liver health , or influence the body 's ability to absorb vitamins . Some European countries have set public health standards for the safety of frying oil . See also ( edit ) Food portal Apple chip Banana chip Croquette Deep - fried pizza Deep - fried Twinkie Finger steaks French fries Fried chicken Fried pickles Karaage Lipid peroxidation List of deep fried foods List of fried dough foods Recovery time ( culinary ) Toasted ravioli Youtiao References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Food Preparation and Cooking : Cookery units . Student guide . Catering and hospitality , NVQ / SVQ2 . Stanley Thornes. 1996 . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7487 - 2566 - 3 . Jump up ^ America , Culinary Institute of ( 2007 ) . Techniques of Healthy Cooking , Professional Edition . Wiley . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 05232 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Sumnu , S.G. ; Sahin , S. ( 2008 ) . Advances in Deep - Fat Frying of Foods . Contemporary Food Engineering . CRC Press . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 5559 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` deep - fried '' ( 1916 ) , `` deep - frying '' ( 1932 ) , `` to deep - fry '' ( 1933 ) `` '' deep `` , adj '' . Oxford English Dictionary Online . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . `` '' deep `` , v '' . Oxford English Dictionary Online . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ etymonline.com Jump up ^ `` Deep - Fried Foods '' . cooksinfo.com . Cooks Info . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . `` The ancient Greeks began frying foods in olive oil sometime around or after the 5th century BC . Frying foods in oil was common in Rome , certainly by the 1st century AD . Olive oil was mostly used , as it was plentiful . The Roman word was ' frigere . ' '' Jump up ^ `` LacusCurtius Apicius , De Re Coquinaria -- Book VI '' . Penelope.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Lapetina , Adam . `` The true origins of 11 of your favorite fried foods '' . thrillist.com . Trillist . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wei , William ( 8 January 2013 ) . The Definitive History of Deep - Fried Foods ( Online video ) . New York City , United States of America : Business Insider . Jump up ^ Antunes , Sonny . `` Falafel , a dish the entire Middle East can agree on '' . finedininglovers.com . Fine Dining Lovers . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Guttman , Vered ( 24 April 2012 ) . `` No matter where it originated , falafel is still Israel 's national food '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ I.D. , Morton . `` Geography and history of the frying process '' . grasasyaceites.revistas.csic.es . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Fried Food '' . theex.com . Canadian National Exhibition . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Morieda , Takashi . `` Tracking Down Tempura '' . The World of Kikkoman . Archived from the original on 10 January 2008 . Retrieved 13 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Who invented french fries ? France and Belgium battle over who invented fried , crispy potato perfection '' . Daily News . New York . AFP RELAXNEWS. 1 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Old Salt ' Doughnut hole inventor tells just how discovery was made and stomachs of earth saved . '' Special to The Washington Post ; The Washington Post ( 1877 -- 1954 ) , Washington , D.C ; 26 March 1916 ; p . ES9 Jump up ^ `` Onion Ring '' . ifood.tv . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Moss , Robert . `` How Cajun deep fried turkey took over America '' . seriouseats.com . Serious Eats . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Neal , Rome ( 4 October 2002 ) . `` The science of corn dogs '' . CBS News . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Corn dogs are a food that we know from fall festivals , carnivals and tailgating . It actually got its start when German immigrants moved into Texas . Some of these new German immigrants were sausage - makers by trade , but had a hard time selling their wares in Texas . So , as a ploy , they took sausages , rolled them in a cornbread batter and fried them . The sticks came later . Jump up ^ Schreifer , K. ; Sivell , J. ( 1997 ) . 20 Questions -- Answered. 20 Questions -- Answered , Book One . Full Blast Productions . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895451 - 21 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Bittman , Mark ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` Deep Fried and Good for You '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Joachim , David ; Schloss , Andrew . `` The Science of Frying '' . finecooking.com . Fine Cooking . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornelia Schinharl ; Sebastian Dickhaut ; Kelsey Lane ( 2003 ) . Basic Asian : Everything You Need for Yin and Yang in the Kitchen . Silverback Books . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 930603 - 65 - 3 . Jump up ^ This , Hervé ( 2006 ) . Molecular Gastronomy . Translated by Malcolm DeBevoise . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 13312 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Sweetser , W. ( 2004 ) . The Ultimate Fryer Cookbook . Quintet Book . Running Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7624 - 1963 - 0 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pirie , G. ; Clark , J. ; Williams , C. ( 2006 ) . Williams - Sonoma Bride & Groom Cookbook . Free Press . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7855 - 3 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` How To Clean A Deep Fryer -- Deep Fat Fryer Cleaning '' . deepfryerreviewsdepot.com . Deep Fryer Reviews Depot . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ James Villas ( 2013 ) . Southern Fried : More Than 150 Recipes for Crab Cakes , Fried Chicken , Hush Puppies , and More . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 10 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 13076 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dee Atkin . Delicious Deep Fried Recipes : Classic & Exotic Fried Chicken Recipes , Fried Rice Recipes , Fried Tofu Recipes , Fried Zucchini Recipes and More . p. 16 . GGKEY : 2LNT2E533SU . Jump up ^ Tsuji , Shizuo ( 16 February 2007 ) . Japanese Cooking : A Simple Art . Cookery , Food and Drink Series . Kodansha International Limited . pp. 103 , 230 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7700 - 3049 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ashkenazi , M. ; Jacob , J. ( 2013 ) . The Essence of Japanese Cuisine : An Essay on Food and Culture . Taylor & Francis . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 81549 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Deep frying '' . Cookingonline.com . Retrieved on 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Taylor , J.M. ( 2013 ) . Deep - Fried Goodness . Workman Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7611 - 7973 - 3 . Jump up ^ Catharina Y.W. Ang ; Keshun Liu ; Yao - Wen Huang ( 5 April 1999 ) . Asian Foods : Science and Technology . CRC Press . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56676 - 736 - 1 . Jump up ^ Fantozzi , Joanna ( 9 October 2014 ) . `` Eating Deep - Fried Maple Leaves Is Big in Japan '' . ABC News . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , A.F. ( 2013 ) . Food and Drink in American History : A `` Full Course '' Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 351 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 233 - 5 . Jump up ^ Guides , R. ( 2012 ) . Make the Most of Your Time in Britain . Rough Guides . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8861 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kaercher , D. ; Stefko , B. ( 2006 ) . Taste of the Midwest : 12 States , 101 Recipes , 150 Meals , 8,207 Miles and Millions of Memories . Best of the Midwest book series . Globe Pequot Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 4072 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : 75 deep fried foods '' . Chicago Tribune . 21 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Booker , M. Keith ( 9 March 2012 ) . Blue - Collar Pop Culture : From NASCAR to Jersey Shore ( Volume 1 ed . ) . Praeger . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0313391989 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Heine , P. ( 2004 ) . Food Culture in the Near East , Middle East , and North Africa . Food culture around the world . Greenwood Press . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32956 - 2 . Jump up ^ Murphy , A. ; Armstrong , K. ; Bainbridge , J. ; Firestone , M.D. ( 2010 ) . Lonely Planet Southern Africa . Country Regional Guides . Lonely Planet . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74059 - 545 - 2 . Jump up ^ Albala , K. ( 2011 ) . Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia : ( Four Volumes ) . Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 177 -- 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37627 - 6 . Jump up ^ Solomon , C. ( 2006 ) . The Complete Asian Cookbook . Tuttle Publishing . p. 464 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8048 - 3757 - 6 . Jump up ^ Newman , Judith . What is fried and has six legs ? Welcome to Insect Cuisine . The New York Times . 20 May 1992 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Seubsman , Sam - ang ; Kelly , Matthew ; Pataraporn , Yuthapornpinit ; Sleigh , Adrian ( Nov 2009 ) . `` Cultural resistance to fast - food consumption ? A study of youth in North Eastern Thailand '' . Int J Consum Stud. 33 : 669 -- 675 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1470 - 6431.2009. 00795. x . PMC 3086925 . PMID 21547247 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Andrea ( June 1 , 2011 ) . Into the Vietnamese Kitchen : Treasured Foodways , Modern Flavors . Potter / TenSpeed / Harmony . p. 513 . ISBN 1607741415 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Ray , Nick ; Bewer , Tim ; Burke , Andrew ; Huhti , Thomas ; Seng , Siradeth . Vietnam , Cambodia , Laos & the Greater Mekong . p. 90 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Rossell , J.B. ( 2001 ) . Frying : Improving Quality . Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science , Technology and Nutrition . CRC Press . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85573 - 556 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Deep - fried Mars bars : no link with sudden stroke -- Health News '' . NHS Choices. 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deep - fried Mars bars disowned by chocolate firm '' . BBC News . 5 September 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Zaino , Caitlin ( 19 April 2013 ) . `` Chipping away at the history of fish and chips '' . BBC . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 8th International Symposium on Deep Frying Better understanding , better fried products 15 -- 17 September 2015 , Munich , Germany '' . eurofedlipid.org . Euro Fed Lipid . Archived from the original on 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kevin ( 4 June 2012 ) . `` What Happens When You Deep Fry An iPad ? '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deep - Fried Gadgets : Artist Henry Hargreaves Deep - Fries ( Fake ) iPad , iPhone And More '' . The Huffington Post . 4 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Gamble , Cole . `` 25 Deep - Fried Foods From the Texas State Fair '' . mentalfloss.com . Mental Floss . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Come fry with me '' . The Economist. 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deep Fried Masters '' . Discovery Networks . 12 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , L.B. ( 2010 ) . Australia . Eyewitness travel guides . Dorling Kindersley . p. 521 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6082 - 6 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Krystina Castella ( 3 January 2012 ) . A World of Cake : 150 Recipes for Sweet Traditions from Cultures Near and Far ; Honey cakes to flat cakes , fritters to chiffons , tartes to tortes , meringues to mooncakes , fruit cakes to spice cakes . Storey Publishing , LLC . pp. 268 -- 270 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60342 - 446 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mariod , Abdalbasit ; Omer , Nuha ; Al , El Mugdad ; Mokhtar , Mohammed ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) . `` Chemical Reactions Taken Place During deep - fat Frying and Their Products : A review '' . Sudan University of Science & Technology SUST Journal of Natural and Medical Sciences . Supplementary issue : 1 -- 17 . Jump up ^ IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans ( 2010 ) . Household use of solid fuels and high - temperature frying . Lyon , France ; Geneva : Lyon , France : International Agency for Research on Cancer ; Distributed by WHO Press , 2010 . Jump up ^ BBC ( London ) undated Which oils are best to cook with ? Jump up ^ Granda , C. ; Moreira , R.G. ; Tichy , S.E. ( 2004 ) . `` Reduction of Acrylamide Formation in Potato Chips by Low - temperature Vacuum Frying Journal of Food Science '' . 69 ( 8 ) . Pages 405 -- 411 . Jump up ^ Peng , S.K. ; Morin , R.J. ( 1991 ) . Biological Effects of Cholesterol Oxides . Taylor & Francis . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 6776 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Chip pans '' . cambsfire.gov.uk . Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service . Archived from the original on 20 May 2015 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Trudie du Toit , L.B. ( 2007 ) . FCS Food Preparation L2 . FET college series . Pearson Education South Africa . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86891 - 824 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ferrier , S. ; Shuttleworth , T. ( 1982 ) . The KidsFood Cookbook . James Lorimer Limited , Publishers . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88862 - 596 - 0 . Jump up ^ Trudie du Toit , Linda Botha ( 2007 ) . FCS Food Preparation L2 . Pearson South Africa . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86891 - 824 - 9 . Jump up ^ Simpson , A. ( 2010 ) . Food Porn Daily : The Cookbook . Sweetwater Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59955 - 765 - 6 . Jump up ^ James Peterson ( 29 February 2012 ) . Glorious French Food : A Fresh Approach to the Classics . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 550 . ISBN 0 - 544 - 18655 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Beasley , R.W. ( 2003 ) . Beasley 's Surgery of the Hand . Beasley 's Surgery of the Hand . Thieme . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58890 - 161 - 3 . Jump up ^ Anderson , L.V. `` The Technique That Will Make You Want to Batter and Fry Everything '' . slate , com . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chiarello , M. ; Wisner , P. ; Petzke , K. ( 2008 ) . The Tra Vigne Cookbook : Seasons in the California Wine Country . Chronicle Books . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 6379 - 7 . Jump up ^ Singh , P. ( 2012 ) . The Everything Indian Slow Cooker Cookbook : Includes Pineapple Raita , Tandoori Chicken Wings , Mulligatawny Soup , Lamb Vindaloo , Five - Spice Strawberry Chutney ... and Hundreds More ! . Everything ( Cooking ) . Adams Media . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4405 - 4168 - 1 . Jump up ^ Carman , Tara ( 21 May 2015 ) . `` Grease , wet wipes clog Metro Vancouver 's sewers '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Johanson , P. ( 2010 ) . Biofuels : Sustainable Energy in the 21st Century . In the News . Rosen Pub . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4358 - 3584 - 9 . Jump up ^ Murray , Sarah ( 14 December 2007 ) . `` The Deep - Fried Truth '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Jon Clift ; Amanda Cuthbert ( 2007 ) . Energy , Use Less -- save More : 100 Energy - saving Tips for the Home . Chelsea Green Publishing Company . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933392 - 72 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Study finds eating deep - fried food is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer '' . fredhutch.org . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Robert . `` Health Risks of Fried Foods May Be Overblown '' . Time . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruso , Jessica . `` Are Deep - Fried Foods Harmful to the Health ? '' . livestrong.com . The Livestrong Foundation . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Orozco - Solano , M.I. ; Priego - Capote , F. ; Luque de Castro , M.D. ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` Analysis of esterified and nonesterified fatty acids in serum from obese individuals after intake of breakfasts prepared with oils heated at frying temperature '' . Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry . Springer . 405 ( 18 ) : 6117 -- 6129 . doi : 10.1007 / s00216 - 013 - 7004 - 0 . ISSN 1618 - 2650 . PMID 23657457 . Jump up ^ `` Chun - Yi Ng , Yusof Kamisah , Othman Faizah , & Kamsiah Jaarin , 2013 Recycled Deep - frying Oil Causes Blood Pressure Elevation and Vascular Hypertrophy in Sprague - Dawley Rats 1 ( 1 ) : 2 - 6 '' . Archived from the original on 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Ogilvie , Megan ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` Deep fried food may be worse for you than you think '' . The Toronto Star . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Erickson , M.D. ( 2007 ) . Deep Frying : Chemistry , Nutrition , and Practical Applications . AOCS Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893997 - 92 - 9 . 447 pages . Kosa , Frank ( 16 October 2006 ) . `` Backstory : If you can think of it , he can deep fry it '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Deep frying Media related to Deep frying at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Deep - fried food at Wikimedia Commons Deep Fat Frying at Wikibook Cookbooks Deep - fried foods Foods Banana chip Carrot chips Chifle Chicken fried bacon Chicken fried steak Deep - fried butter Deep - fried Mars bar Deep fried Oreo Deep - fried peanuts Deep - fried pizza Doughnut Egg roll Finger steaks French fries Fried chicken Korean Tongdak Fried Coke Fried fish Fried ice cream Fried pickle Mozzarella sticks Onion ring Peixinhos da horta Potato chip Spice bag Tapioca chips Tater Tots Tempura Tornado potato Tortilla chip Twinkie Vegetable chips List articles List of deep fried foods List of fried dough foods Recipes on WikiBooks Category : Deep fried foods Food portal Cooking techniques List of cooking techniques Dry Conduction Dry roasting Hot salt frying Searing Convection Baking Roasting ( modern ) Smoking Radiation Grilling ( charbroiling ) Roasting ( traditional ) Rotisserie Toasting Wet High heat Blanching Boiling Decoction Parboiling Shocking Low heat Coddling Creaming Infusion Poaching Simmering Slow cooker Smothering Steeping Stewing Indirect heat Bain - marie ( Double boiling ) Sous - vide Double steaming Steaming Fat - based High heat Blackening Browning Deep frying Pan frying Reduction Shallow frying Stir frying ( bao ) Sautéing Low heat Gentle frying Sweating Mixed medium Barbecuing Braising Flambé Fricassee Indirect grilling / Plank cooking Stir frying ( chao ) Device - based Air frying Microwaving Pressure cooking Pressure frying Thermal cooking Non-heat Curing Fermenting Pickling Souring See also List of cooking appliances List of cooking vessels Outdoor cooking Food preparation Food preservation Food safety Food portal Drink portal Category Commons Cookbook WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deep_frying&oldid=850517376 '' Categories : Deep fried foods Cooking techniques Scottish cuisine Food preparation techniques Culinary terminology Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Good articles Use dmy dates from June 2015 Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools বাংলা Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 11 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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New York, New York (On the Town)
New York , New York ( on the Town ) - Wikipedia New York , New York ( on the Town ) Jump to : navigation , search `` New York , New York '' is a song from the 1944 musical On the Town and the 1949 MGM musical film of the same name . The music was written by Leonard Bernstein and the lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green . A well known line of this song is , `` New York , New York , a helluva town . The Bronx is up but the Battery 's down . '' For the film version , the word `` helluva '' was changed to `` wonderful '' to appease the Production Code offices . In 2004 the film version finished at # 41 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . It is not to be confused with the `` Theme from New York , New York '' , originally performed by Liza Minnelli and later popularized by Frank Sinatra . In popular culture ( edit ) The theme from `` New York , New York '' was referenced by John Williams for his celebratory For New York , composed in 1988 for Bernstein 's 70th birthday gala . The song was parodied as `` Springfield , Springfield '' in the 1993 episode `` Boy - Scoutz ' n the Hood '' of The Simpsons . It was covered in a mash - up with `` I Love New York '' on the Glee episode `` New York '' . In the Tim Burton film Sleepy Hollow , Johnny Depp 's Ichabod Crane utters `` The Bronx is up and the Battery 's down '' to his traveling party in the final scene . Alex , Marty , Gloria and Melman sing the chorus of the song in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted The song was parodied in an episode of The Critic . The song was performed by the bells on Disney 's Sing Along video : Let 's Go to the Circus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stevenson , Joseph . `` For New York , variations on themes of Leonard Bernstein for orchestra '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . This show tune - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York,_New_York_(On_the_Town)&oldid=800235517 '' Categories : Songs from On the Town ( musical ) 1944 songs Songs about New York City Songs with music by Leonard Bernstein Songs with lyrics by Betty Comden Songs with lyrics by Adolph Green Show tune stubs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 07 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
new york new york song on the town
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2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament
2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament - wikipedia 2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Season 2017 -- 18 Teams 68 Finals site Alamodome San Antonio , Texas Champions Villanova Wildcats ( 3rd title , 4th title game , 6th Final Four ) Runner - up Michigan Wolverines ( 7th title game , 8th Final Four ) Semifinalists Kansas Jayhawks ( 15th Final Four ) Loyola - Chicago Ramblers ( 2nd Final Four ) Winning coach Jay Wright ( 2nd title ) MOP Donte DiVincenzo ( Villanova ) NCAA Division I Men 's Tournaments `` 2017 2019 '' The 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament was a 68 - team single - elimination tournament to determine the men 's National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017 -- 18 season . The 80th edition of the tournament began on March 13 , 2018 , and concluded with the championship game on April 2 at the Alamodome in San Antonio , Texas . During the first round , UMBC became the first 16 - seed to defeat a 1 - seed in the men 's tournament by defeating Virginia 74 -- 54 . For the first time in tournament history , none of the four top seeded teams in a single region ( the South ) advanced to the Sweet 16 . Also , the tournament featured the first regional final matchup of a 9 - seed ( Kansas State ) and an 11 - seed ( Loyola - Chicago ) . Villanova , Michigan , Kansas , and Loyola - Chicago , the `` Cinderella team '' of the tournament , reached the Final Four . Villanova defeated Michigan in the championship game , 79 -- 62 . Atlantic Sun Conference champion Lipscomb made its NCAA tournament debut . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament procedure 2 2018 NCAA Tournament schedule and venues 3 Qualification and selection 3.1 Automatic qualifiers 3.2 Tournament seeds 4 Regional brackets 4.1 First Four -- Dayton , Ohio 4.2 South Regional -- Atlanta , Georgia 4.2. 1 South Regional Final 4.2. 2 South Regional all tournament team 4.3 West Regional -- Los Angeles , California 4.3. 1 West Regional Final 4.3. 2 West Regional all tournament team 4.4 East Regional -- Boston , Massachusetts 4.4. 1 East Regional Final 4.4. 2 East Regional all tournament team 4.5 Midwest Regional -- Omaha , Nebraska 4.5. 1 Midwest Regional Final 4.5. 2 Midwest Regional all tournament team 5 Final Four 5.1 Alamodome -- San Antonio , Texas 5.1. 1 National Semifinals 5.1. 2 National Championship 5.1. 3 Final Four all - tournament team 6 Record by conference 7 Media coverage 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Television channels 7.1. 2 Studio hosts 7.1. 3 Studio analysts 7.1. 4 Commentary teams 7.1. 4.1 Team Stream broadcasts 7.2 Radio 7.2. 1 First Four 7.2. 2 First and Second rounds 7.2. 3 Regionals 7.2. 4 Final four 7.3 Internet 7.3. 1 Video 7.3. 2 Audio 8 See also 9 References Tournament procedure ( edit ) Further information : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament § Current tournament format A total of 68 teams entered the 2018 tournament . 32 automatic bids were awarded , one to each program that won their conference tournament . The remaining 36 bids were `` at - large '' , with selections extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . Eight teams ( the four lowest - seeded automatic qualifiers and the four lowest - seeded at - large teams ) played in the First Four ( the successor to what had been popularly known as `` play - in games '' through the 2010 tournament ) . The winners of these games advanced to the main draw of the tournament . The Selection Committee seeded the entire field from 1 to 68 . 2018 NCAA tournament schedule and venues ( edit ) Dayton Pittsburgh Charlotte Wichita Boise Detroit Nashville San Diego Dallas 2018 First Four ( orange ) and first and second rounds ( green ) Atlanta Los Angeles Boston Omaha San Antonio 2018 Regionals ( blue ) and Final Four ( red ) The following sites were selected to host each round of the 2018 tournament : First Four March 13 and 14 University of Dayton Arena , Dayton , Ohio ( Host : University of Dayton ) First and Second Rounds March 15 and 17 PPG Paints Arena , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( Host : Duquesne University ) Intrust Bank Arena , Wichita , Kansas ( Host : Wichita State University ) American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas ( Host : Big 12 Conference ) Taco Bell Arena , Boise , Idaho ( Host : Boise State University ) March 16 and 18 Spectrum Center , Charlotte , North Carolina ( Host : University of North Carolina at Charlotte ) Little Caesars Arena , Detroit , Michigan ( Host : University of Detroit Mercy ) Bridgestone Arena , Nashville , Tennessee ( Host : Ohio Valley Conference ) Viejas Arena , San Diego , California ( Host : San Diego State University ) Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) March 22 and 24 West Regional , Staples Center , Los Angeles , California ( Host : Pepperdine University ) South Regional , Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia ( Host : Georgia Institute of Technology ) March 23 and 25 East Regional , TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts ( Host : Boston College ) Midwest Regional , CenturyLink Center Omaha , Omaha , Nebraska ( Host : Creighton University ) National Semifinals and Championship ( Final Four and Championship ) March 31 and April 2 Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas ( Host : University of Texas at San Antonio ) For the fourth time , the Alamodome and city of San Antonio are hosting the Final Four . This is the first tournament since 1994 in which no games were played in an NFL stadium , as the Alamodome is a college football stadium , although the Alamodome hosted some home games for the New Orleans Saints during their 2005 season . The 2018 tournament featured three new arenas in previous host cities . Philips Arena , the home of the Atlanta Hawks and replacement for the previously used Omni Coliseum , hosted the South regional games , and the new Little Caesars Arena , home of the Detroit Pistons and Detroit Red Wings , hosted games . And for the first time since 1994 , the tournament returned to Wichita and the state of Kansas where Intrust Bank Arena hosted first round games . The state of North Carolina was threatened with a 2018 - 2022 championship venue boycott by the NCAA , due to the HB2 law passed in 2016 . However , the law was repealed ( but with provisos ) days before the NCAA met to make decisions on venues in April 2017 . At that time , the NCAA board of governors `` reluctantly voted to allow consideration of championship bids in North Carolina by our committees that are presently meeting '' . Therefore , Charlotte was eligible and served as a first weekend venue for the 2018 tournament . Qualification and Selection ( edit ) Further information : 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament : qualifying teams Four teams , out of 351 in Division I , were ineligible to participate in the 2018 tournament due to failing to meet APR requirements : Alabama A&M , Grambling State , Savannah State , and Southeast Missouri State . However , the NCAA granted the Savannah State Tigers a waiver which would have allowed the team to participate in the tournament , but the team failed to qualify . Automatic qualifiers ( edit ) The following 32 teams were automatic qualifiers for the 2018 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference 's automatic bid . Conference Team Record Appearance Last bid America East UMBC 24 -- 10 2nd 2008 American Cincinnati 30 -- 4 32nd 2017 Atlantic 10 Davidson 21 -- 11 14th 2015 ACC Virginia 31 -- 2 22nd 2017 Atlantic Sun Lipscomb 23 -- 9 1st Never Big 12 Kansas 27 -- 7 47th 2017 Big East Villanova 30 -- 4 38th 2017 Big Sky Montana 26 -- 7 11th 2013 Big South Radford 22 -- 12 3rd 2009 Big Ten Michigan 28 -- 7 28th 2017 Big West Cal State Fullerton 20 -- 11 3rd 2008 CAA College of Charleston 26 -- 7 5th 1999 Conference USA Marshall 24 -- 10 6th Horizon League Wright State 25 -- 9 3rd 2007 Ivy League Penn 24 -- 8 24th 2007 MAAC Iona 20 -- 13 13th 2017 MAC Buffalo 25 -- 8 3rd 2016 MEAC North Carolina Central 19 -- 15 3rd 2017 Missouri Valley Loyola -- Chicago 28 -- 5 6th 1985 Mountain West San Diego State 22 -- 10 12th 2015 Northeast LIU Brooklyn 18 -- 16 7th 2013 Ohio Valley Murray State 26 -- 5 16th 2012 Pac - 12 Arizona 27 -- 7 35th 2017 Patriot League Bucknell 25 -- 9 8th 2017 SEC Kentucky 24 -- 10 58th 2017 Southern UNC Greensboro 27 -- 7 3rd 2001 Southland Stephen F. Austin 28 -- 6 5th 2016 SWAC Texas Southern 15 -- 19 8th 2017 Summit League South Dakota State 28 -- 6 5th 2017 Sun Belt Georgia State 24 -- 10 4th 2015 West Coast Gonzaga 30 -- 4 21st 2017 WAC New Mexico State 28 -- 5 24th 2017 Tournament seeds ( edit ) The tournament seeds were determined through the NCAA basketball tournament selection process . The seeds and regions were determined as follows : South Regional , Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Virginia ACC 31 -- 2 Auto Cincinnati American 30 -- 4 Auto 8 Tennessee SEC 25 -- 8 At - large 10 Arizona Pac - 12 27 -- 7 Auto 16 5 Kentucky SEC 24 -- 10 Auto 17 6 Miami ( FL ) ACC 22 -- 9 At - large 22 7 Nevada Mountain West 27 -- 7 At - large 27 8 Creighton Big East 21 -- 11 At - large 30 9 Kansas State Big 12 22 -- 11 At - large 34 10 Texas Big 12 19 -- 14 At - large 39 11 Loyola -- Chicago Missouri Valley 28 -- 5 Auto 46 12 Davidson Atlantic 10 21 -- 11 Auto 48 13 Buffalo MAC 26 -- 8 Auto 51 14 Wright State Horizon 25 -- 9 Auto 57 15 Georgia State Sun Belt 24 -- 10 Auto 60 16 UMBC America East 24 -- 10 Auto 63 West Regional , Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Xavier Big East 28 -- 5 At - large North Carolina ACC 25 -- 10 At - large 5 Michigan Big Ten 28 -- 7 Auto 11 Gonzaga WCC 30 -- 4 Auto 15 5 Ohio State Big Ten 24 -- 8 At - large 20 6 Houston American 26 -- 7 At - large 23 7 Texas A&M SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 25 8 Missouri SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 32 9 Florida State ACC 20 -- 11 At - large 33 10 Providence Big East 21 -- 13 At - large 37 11 San Diego State Mountain West 22 -- 10 Auto 45 12 South Dakota State Summit League 28 -- 6 Auto 49 13 UNC Greensboro Southern 27 -- 7 Auto 52 14 Montana Big Sky 26 -- 7 Auto 56 15 Lipscomb Atlantic Sun 23 -- 9 Auto 59 16 * North Carolina Central MEAC 19 -- 15 Auto 67 Texas Southern SWAC 15 -- 19 Auto 68 East Regional , TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Villanova Big East 30 -- 4 Auto Purdue Big Ten 28 -- 6 At - large 7 Texas Tech Big 12 24 -- 9 At - large 12 Wichita State American 25 -- 7 At - large 14 5 West Virginia Big 12 24 -- 10 At - large 18 6 Florida SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 21 7 Arkansas SEC 23 -- 11 At - large 26 8 Virginia Tech ACC 21 -- 11 At - large 31 9 Alabama SEC 19 -- 15 At - large 36 10 Butler Big East 20 -- 13 At - large 38 11 * St. Bonaventure Atlantic 10 25 -- 7 At - large 42 UCLA Pac - 12 21 -- 11 At - large 41 12 Murray State Ohio Valley 26 -- 5 Auto 50 13 Marshall Conference USA 24 -- 10 Auto 54 14 Stephen F. Austin Southland 28 -- 6 Auto 58 15 Cal State Fullerton Big West 20 -- 11 Auto 61 16 * LIU Brooklyn NEC 18 -- 16 Auto 66 Radford Big South 22 -- 12 Auto 65 Midwest Regional , CenturyLink Center Omaha , Omaha , Nebraska Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Kansas Big 12 27 -- 7 Auto Duke ACC 26 -- 7 At - large 6 Michigan State Big Ten 29 -- 4 At - large 9 Auburn SEC 25 -- 7 At - large 13 5 Clemson ACC 23 -- 9 At - large 19 6 TCU Big 12 21 -- 11 At - large 24 7 Rhode Island Atlantic 10 25 -- 7 At - large 28 8 Seton Hall Big East 21 -- 11 At - large 29 9 NC State ACC 21 -- 11 At - large 35 10 Oklahoma Big 12 18 -- 13 At - large 40 11 * Arizona State Pac - 12 20 -- 11 At - large 43 Syracuse ACC 20 -- 13 At - large 44 12 New Mexico State WAC 28 -- 5 Auto 47 13 College of Charleston CAA 26 -- 7 Auto 53 14 Bucknell Patriot 25 -- 9 Auto 55 15 Iona MAAC 20 -- 13 Auto 62 16 Penn Ivy League 24 -- 8 Auto 64 * See First Four The 2018 tournament was the first time since the 1978 tournament that the six Division I college basketball - playing schools based in the Washington , DC metropolitan area -- American , Georgetown , George Mason , George Washington , Howard , and Maryland -- were collectively shut out of the NCAA Tournament . Regional brackets ( edit ) All times are listed as Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) * -- Denotes overtime period First Four -- Dayton , Ohio ( edit ) March 13 -- East Region 16 LIU Brooklyn 61 16 Radford 71 March 13 -- East Region 11 St. Bonaventure 65 11 UCLA 58 March 14 -- West Region 16 Texas Southern 64 16 North Carolina Central 46 March 14 -- Midwest Region 11 Syracuse 60 11 Arizona State 56 South Regional -- Atlanta , Georgia ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 22 Regional Final Elite 8 March 24 Virginia 54 16 UMBC 74 16 UMBC 43 Charlotte -- Fri / Sun 9 Kansas State 50 8 Creighton 59 9 Kansas State 69 9 Kansas State 61 5 Kentucky 58 5 Kentucky 78 12 Davidson 73 5 Kentucky 95 Boise -- Thu / Sat 13 Buffalo 75 Arizona 68 13 Buffalo 89 9 Kansas State 62 11 Loyola -- Chicago 78 6 Miami ( FL ) 62 11 Loyola -- Chicago 64 11 Loyola -- Chicago 63 Dallas -- Thu / Sat Tennessee 62 Tennessee 73 14 Wright State 47 11 Loyola -- Chicago 69 7 Nevada 68 7 Nevada 87 * 10 Texas 83 7 Nevada 75 Nashville -- Fri / Sun Cincinnati 73 Cincinnati 68 15 Georgia State 53 South Regional Final ( edit ) TBS March 24 6 : 09 pm EDT Box score # 11 Loyola -- Chicago Ramblers 78 , # 9 Kansas State Wildcats 62 Scoring by half : 36 -- 24 , 42 -- 38 Pts : B. Richardson -- 23 Rebs : D. Ingram -- 8 Asts : C. Custer -- 5 Pts : X . Sneed -- 16 Rebs : X . Sneed -- 6 Asts : K. Stokes -- 4 Philips Arena -- Atlanta , GA Attendance : 15,477 Referees : Gerry Pollard , Terry Wymer , Bert Smith South Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Ben Richardson ( Sr , Loyola - Chicago ) -- South Regional most outstanding player Clayton Custer ( Jr , Loyola - Chicago ) Donte Ingram ( Sr , Loyola - Chicago ) Xavier Sneed ( So , Kansas State ) Barry Brown Jr . ( Jr , Kansas State ) West Regional -- Los Angeles , California ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 22 Regional Final Elite 8 March 24 Xavier 102 16 Texas Southern 83 Xavier 70 Nashville -- Fri / Sun 9 Florida State 75 8 Missouri 54 9 Florida State 67 9 Florida State 75 Gonzaga 60 5 Ohio State 81 12 South Dakota State 73 5 Ohio State 84 Boise -- Thu / Sat Gonzaga 90 Gonzaga 68 13 UNC Greensboro 64 9 Florida State 54 Michigan 58 6 Houston 67 11 San Diego State 65 6 Houston 63 Wichita -- Thu / Sat Michigan 64 Michigan 61 14 Montana 47 Michigan 99 7 Texas A&M 72 7 Texas A&M 73 10 Providence 69 7 Texas A&M 86 Charlotte -- Fri / Sun North Carolina 65 North Carolina 84 15 Lipscomb 66 West Regional Final ( edit ) TBS March 24 5 : 49 pm PDT Box score # 9 Florida State Seminoles 54 , # 3 Michigan Wolverines 58 Scoring by half : 26 -- 27 , 28 -- 31 Pts : P. Cofer - 16 Rebs : P. Cofer - 11 Asts : B. Angola , T. Mann , T. Forrest - 2 Pts : C. Matthews -- 17 Rebs : C. Matthews -- 8 Asts : Z . Simpson -- 5 Staples Center -- Los Angeles , CA Attendance : 19,665 Referees : Randy McCall , Keith Kimble , John Gaffney West Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Charles Matthews ( So , Michigan ) -- West Regional most outstanding player Moritz Wagner ( Jr , Michigan ) Muhammad - Ali Abdur - Rahkman ( Sr , Michigan ) Phil Cofer ( Sr , Florida State ) Terance Mann ( Jr , Florida State ) East Regional -- Boston , Massachusetts ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Villanova 87 16 Radford 61 Villanova 81 Pittsburgh -- Thu / Sat 9 Alabama 58 8 Virginia Tech 83 9 Alabama 86 Villanova 90 5 West Virginia 78 5 West Virginia 85 12 Murray State 68 5 West Virginia 94 San Diego -- Fri / Sun 13 Marshall 71 Wichita State 75 13 Marshall 81 Villanova 71 Texas Tech 59 6 Florida 77 11 St. Bonaventure 62 6 Florida 66 Dallas -- Thu / Sat Texas Tech 69 Texas Tech 70 14 Stephen F. Austin 60 Texas Tech 78 Purdue 65 7 Arkansas 62 10 Butler 79 10 Butler 73 Detroit -- Fri / Sun Purdue 76 Purdue 74 15 Cal State Fullerton 48 East Regional Final ( edit ) CBS March 25 2 : 20 pm EDT Box score # 3 Texas Tech Red Raiders 59 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 71 Scoring by half : 23 -- 36 , 36 -- 35 Pts : K. Evans -- 12 Rebs : J. Gray -- 9 Asts : K. Evans - 4 Pts : J. Brunson -- 15 Rebs : E. Paschall -- 14 Asts : J. Brunson -- 4 TD Garden -- Boston , MA Attendance : 19,169 Referees : Terry Oglesby , Mike Reed , Michael Stephens East Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Jalen Brunson ( Jr , Villanova ) -- East Regional most outstanding player Omari Spellman ( Fr , Villanova ) Eric Paschall ( Jr , Villanova ) Carsen Edwards ( So , Purdue ) Keenan Evans ( Sr , Texas Tech ) Midwest Regional -- Omaha , Nebraska ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Kansas 76 16 Penn 60 Kansas 83 Wichita -- Thu / Sat 8 Seton Hall 79 8 Seton Hall 94 9 NC State 83 Kansas 80 5 Clemson 76 5 Clemson 79 12 New Mexico State 68 5 Clemson 84 San Diego -- Fri / Sun Auburn 53 Auburn 62 13 College of Charleston 58 Kansas 85 * Duke 81 6 TCU 52 11 Syracuse 57 11 Syracuse 55 Detroit -- Fri / Sun Michigan State 53 Michigan State 82 14 Bucknell 78 11 Syracuse 65 Duke 69 7 Rhode Island 83 * 10 Oklahoma 78 7 Rhode Island 62 Pittsburgh -- Thu / Sat Duke 87 Duke 89 15 Iona 67 Midwest Regional Final ( edit ) CBS March 25 4 : 05 pm CDT Box score # 2 Duke Blue Devils 81 , # 1 Kansas Jayhawks 85 ( OT ) Scoring by half : 36 -- 33 , 36 -- 39 Overtime : 9 -- 13 Pts : T. Duval -- 20 Rebs : M. Bagley III -- 10 Asts : T. Duval -- 6 Pts : M. Newman -- 32 Rebs : S. Mykhailiuk , S. De Sousa -- 10 Asts : D. Graham - 6 CenturyLink Center Omaha -- Omaha , NE Attendance : 17,579 Referees : Roger Ayers , Doug Sirmons , Jeffrey Anderson Midwest Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Malik Newman ( So , Kansas ) -- Midwest Regional most outstanding player Trevon Duval ( Fr , Duke ) Gabe DeVoe ( Sr , Clemson ) Marvin Bagley III ( Fr , Duke ) Devonte ' Graham ( Sr , Kansas ) Gary Trent Jr . ( Fr , Duke ) Final Four ( edit ) During the Final Four round , regardless of the seeds of the participating teams , the champion of the top overall top seed 's region ( Virginia 's South Region ) plays against the champion of the fourth - ranked top seed 's region ( Xavier 's West Region ) , and the champion of the second overall top seed 's region ( Villanova 's East Region ) plays against the champion of the third - ranked top seed 's region ( Kansas 's Midwest Region ) . Alamodome -- San Antonio , Texas ( edit ) National Semifinals March 31 National Championship Game April 2 S11 Loyola -- Chicago 57 W3 Michigan 69 W3 Michigan 62 E1 Villanova 79 E1 Villanova 95 MW1 Kansas 79 National Semifinals ( edit ) TBS March 31 5 : 09 pm CDT Box score # 11 Loyola - Chicago Ramblers 57 , # 3 Michigan Wolverines 69 Scoring by half : 29 -- 22 , 28 -- 47 Pts : C. Krutwig -- 17 Rebs : D. Ingram -- 9 Asts : D. Ingram -- 2 Pts : M. Wagner -- 24 Rebs : M. Wagner -- 15 Asts : Z . Simpson -- 3 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 68,257 Referees : Roger Ayers , Mike Roberts , Terry Oglesby TBS March 31 7 : 49 pm CDT Box score # 1 Kansas Jayhawks 79 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 95 Scoring by half : 32 -- 47 , 47 -- 48 Pts : D. Graham -- 23 Rebs : M. Newman -- 8 Asts : D. Graham , S. Mykhailiuk -- 3 Pts : E. Paschall -- 24 Rebs : O. Spellman -- 13 Asts : P. Booth , J. Brunson -- 6 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 68,257 Referees : Randy McCall , Michael Stephens , Kipp Kissinger National Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game TBS April 2 8 : 20 pm CDT Box score # 3 Michigan Wolverines 62 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 79 Scoring by half : 28 -- 37 , 34 -- 42 Pts : M. Abdur - Rahkman -- 23 Rebs : M. Wagner -- 7 Asts : Z . Simpson -- 2 Pts : D. DiVincenzo -- 31 Rebs : O. Spellman -- 11 Asts : D. DiVincenzo -- 3 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 67,831 Referees : Doug Sirmons , Terry Wymer , Jeffrey Anderson Final Four all - tournament team ( edit ) Donte DiVincenzo ( So , Villanova ) -- Final Four Most Outstanding Player Mikal Bridges ( Jr , Villanova ) Jalen Brunson ( Jr , Villanova ) Eric Paschall ( Jr , Villanova ) Moritz Wagner ( Jr , Michigan ) Record by conference ( edit ) Conference Bids Record Win % R64 R32 S16 E8 F4 CG NC Big East 6 9 -- 5 . 643 6 Big Ten 9 -- 4 . 692 - 1 ! -- Big 12 7 12 -- 7 . 632 7 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Missouri Valley 4 -- 1 . 800 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- ACC 9 12 -- 9 . 571 9 5 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- WCC 2 -- 1 . 667 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SEC 8 8 -- 8 . 500 8 6 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Mountain West 2 -- 2 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- American 2 -- 3 . 400 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Atlantic 10 2 -- 3 . 400 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- America East 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- C - USA 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- MAC 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big South 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SWAC 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Pac - 12 0 -- 3 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- The R64 , R32 , S16 , E8 , F4 , CG , and NC columns indicate how many teams from each conference were in the round of 64 ( first round ) , round of 32 ( second round ) , Sweet 16 , Elite Eight , Final Four , championship game , and national champion , respectively . The `` Record '' column includes wins in the First Four for the ACC , Atlantic 10 , Big South , and SWAC conferences and two losses in the First Four for the Pac - 12 conference . The MEAC and NEC conferences each had one representative , eliminated in the First Four with a record of 0 -- 1 . The Atlantic Sun , Big Sky , Big West , CAA , Horizon , Ivy League , MAAC , Ohio Valley , Patriot , Southern , Southland , Summit , Sun Belt and WAC conferences each had one representative , eliminated in the First Round with a record of 0 -- 1 . The Pac - 12 lost all of its teams after the first day of the main tournament draw , marking the first time since the Big 12 began play in 1996 that one of the six major conferences -- defined as the ACC , Big Ten , Big 12 , Pac - 12 , SEC , and both versions of the Big East -- failed to have a team advance to the tournament 's round of 32 . Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) CBS Sports and Turner Sports had U.S. television rights to the Tournament under the NCAA March Madness brand . As part of a cycle beginning in 2016 , TBS held the rights to the Final Four and to the championship game . Additionally , TBS held the rights to the 2018 Selection Show , which returned to a two - hour format , was presented in front of a studio audience , and promoted that the entire field of the tournament would be unveiled within the first ten minutes of the broadcast . The broadcast was heavily criticized for its quality ( including technical problems and an embedded product placement segment for Pizza Hut ) , as well as initially unveiling the 68 - team field in alphabetical order ( beginning with automatic qualifiers , followed by the at - large teams ) rather than unveiling the matchups region - by - region ( which was criticized for having less suspense than the traditional format ) . Television channels ( edit ) First Four -- TruTV First and Second Rounds -- CBS , TBS , TNT , and TruTV Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) -- CBS and TBS National Semifinals ( Final Four ) -- TBS National Championship -- TBS Studio hosts ( edit ) Greg Gumbel ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Ernie Johnson Jr . ( New York City , Atlanta , and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals , Final Four and National Championship Game Casey Stern ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round and Second Round Studio analysts ( edit ) Charles Barkley ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Seth Davis ( Atlanta and San Antonio ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals , Final Four and National Championship Game Brendan Haywood ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals and Final Four Clark Kellogg ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Gregg Marshall ( Atlanta ) -- Regional Semi-Finals Frank Martin ( Atlanta ) -- Second Round Candace Parker ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals and Final Four Kenny Smith ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Wally Szczerbiak ( New York City ) -- Second Round Brad Underwood ( Atlanta ) -- First Round Christian Laettner ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Danny Manning ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Kris Jenkins ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Commentary teams ( edit ) Jim Nantz / Bill Raftery / Grant Hill / Tracy Wolfson -- First and Second Rounds at Charlotte , North Carolina ; Midwest Regional at Omaha , Nebraska ; Final Four and National Championship at San Antonio , Texas Brian Anderson / Chris Webber / Lisa Byington -- First and Second Rounds at Boise , Idaho ; South Regional at Atlanta , Georgia Ian Eagle / Jim Spanarkel / Allie LaForce -- First Four at Dayton , Ohio ( Wednesday ) ; First and Second Rounds at Detroit , Michigan ; East Regional at Boston , Massachusetts Kevin Harlan / Reggie Miller / Dan Bonner / Dana Jacobson -- First and Second Rounds at Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ; West Regional at Los Angeles , California Brad Nessler / Steve Lavin / Evan Washburn -- First and Second Rounds at Wichita , Kansas Spero Dedes / Steve Smith / Len Elmore / Rosalyn Gold - Onwude -- First Four at Dayton , Ohio ( Tuesday ) ; First and Second Rounds at Dallas , Texas Andrew Catalon / Steve Lappas / Jamie Erdahl -- First and Second Rounds at Nashville , Tennessee Carter Blackburn / Debbie Antonelli / John Schriffen -- First and Second Rounds at San Diego , California Team Stream broadcasts ( edit ) Final Four Matt Park / Jay Feely / Dr. Sanjay Gupta -- Michigan Team Stream on TNT Jeff Hagedorn / Jerry Harkness / Shams Charania -- Loyola -- Chicago Team Stream on truTV Dave Armstrong / Scot Pollard / Rob Riggle -- Kansas Team Stream on TNT Scott Graham / Randy Foye / Kacie McDonnell -- Villanova Team Stream on truTV National Championship Game Matt Park / Jay Feely / Dr. Sanjay Gupta -- Michigan Team Stream on TNT Scott Graham / Randy Foye / Kacie McDonnell -- Villanova Team Stream on truTV Radio ( edit ) Westwood One had exclusive radio rights to the entire tournament . First Four ( edit ) Ted Emrich and Austin Croshere -- at Dayton , Ohio First and Second rounds ( edit ) Scott Graham and Kelly Tripucka -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Brandon Gaudin and Donny Marshall -- Wichita , Kansas Ryan Radtke and Jim Jackson -- Dallas , Texas Jason Benetti and Dan Dickau -- Boise , Idaho Kevin Kugler and Eric Montross / John Thompson -- Charlotte , North Carolina ( Montross -- Friday night ; Thompson -- Friday Afternoon & Sunday ) Chris Carrino and P.J. Carlesimo -- Detroit , Michigan Ted Emrich -- Friday Afternoon / Craig Way -- Friday Night & Sunday and Will Perdue -- Nashville , Tennessee John Sadak and Mike Montgomery -- San Diego , California Regionals ( edit ) Gary Cohen and P.J. Carlesimo -- East Regional at Boston , Massachusetts Kevin Kugler and Donny Marshall -- Midwest Regional at Omaha , Nebraska Brandon Gaudin and John Thompson -- South Regional at Atlanta , Georgia Tom McCarthy and Jim Jackson -- West Regional at Los Angeles , California Final four ( edit ) Kevin Kugler , John Thompson , Clark Kellogg , and Jim Gray -- San Antonio , Texas Internet ( edit ) Video ( edit ) Live video of games was available for streaming through the following means : NCAA March Madness Live ( website and app , no CBS games on digital media players ; access to games on Turner channels requires TV Everywhere authentication through provider ; 3 hour preview for Turner games is provided before authentication is required ) CBS All Access ( only CBS games , service subscription required ) CBS Sports website and app ( only CBS games ) Bleacher Report website and Team Stream app ( only Turner games , access requires subscription ) Watch TBS website and app ( only TBS games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Watch TNT website and app ( only TNT games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Watch truTV website and app ( only truTV games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Websites and apps of cable , satellite , and OTT providers of CBS & Turner ( access requires subscription ) Audio ( edit ) Live audio of games was available for streaming through the following means : NCAA March Madness Live ( website and app ) Westwood One Sports website TuneIn ( website and app ) Websites and apps of Westwood One Sports affiliates See also ( edit ) College basketball portal 2018 NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 National Invitation Tournament 2018 Women 's National Invitation Tournament 2018 Women 's Basketball Invitational 2018 College Basketball Invitational 2018 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament 2018 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 U Sports Men 's Basketball Championship 2018 UMBC vs. Virginia men 's basketball game References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilco , Daniel ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` Last perfect bracket busts after UMBC pulls off biggest upset in NCAA tournament history '' . NCAA.com . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . UMBC ( The University of Maryland Baltimore County ) scored the biggest upset in the history of the NCAA tournament , beating top overall seed Virginia 74 - 54 Friday night , and becoming the first 16 seed to win a game in 136 tries . Jump up ^ Bushnell , Henry ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` UMBC shocks Virginia , first 16 - seed ever to beat a 1 '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 18 preliminary rounds '' . NCAA . November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA gives North Carolina a deadline to repeal HB2 or lose events until 2022 '' . newsobserver . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` N.C. gets NCAA tourney sites after HB2 repeal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Division I teams face penalties , lose postseason '' . NCAA . May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA conference tournament schedule : Tracking March Madness automatic bids '' . NCAA . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkay/2018/03/11/selection-sunday-2018-schedule-official-ncaa-tournament-bracket-and-more-after-march-madness-show/#7106472abf90 Jump up ^ `` DC colleges will have a season without March Madness for the first time since 1978 '' . Washington Post . March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` South Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` West Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` East Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Midwest Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Villanova Wins National Championship For Second Time in Three Years '' . villanova.com. April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Medcalf , Myron ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` The fast and unprecedented fall of the Pac - 12 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship commentator teams announced '' . NCAA . February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Russo , Ralph D. ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Selection show : Tournament teams revealed in 1st 10 minutes '' . Washington Post . Associated Press . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TBS really made a mess of the NCAA selection show '' . Boston.com . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 6 ways the NCAA bracket selection show was pretty odd '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caesar , Dan . `` Media Views : NCAA tourney ' Selection Show ' loses suspense , adds immediacy '' . stltoday.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maiman , Beth ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` March Madness TV schedule : How to watch and live stream every game in the NCAA men 's basketball tournament '' . NCAA . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . 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Amen
Amen - wikipedia Amen Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the interjection . For other uses , see Amen ( disambiguation ) . The word amen ( / ˌɑːˈmɛn / or / ˌeɪˈmɛn / ) is a declaration of affirmation found in the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament . It is found in Jewish , Christian , and in Sunni Muslim worship as a concluding word or response to prayers . Common English translations of the word amen include `` verily '' and `` truly '' . It can also be used colloquially to express strong agreement , as in , for instance , amen to that . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pronunciation 2 Etymology 2.1 Hebrew Bible 2.2 New Testament 3 Religious use 3.1 Judaism 3.2 Christianity 3.3 Islam 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Pronunciation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In English , the word amen has two primary pronunciations , ah - men ( / ɑːˈmɛn / ) or ay - men ( / eɪˈmɛn / ) , with minor additional variation in emphasis ( the two syllables may be equally stressed instead of placing primary stress on the second ) . In anglophone North America the ah - men pronunciation is used in performances of classical music , in churches with more formalized rituals and liturgy and in liberal to mainline Protestant denominations , as well as almost every Jewish congregation , in line with modern Hebrew pronunciation . The ay - men pronunciation , a product of the Great Vowel Shift dating to the 15th century , is associated with Irish Protestantism and conservative Evangelical denominations generally , and is the pronunciation typically used in gospel music . In Arabic the pronunciation ah - meen ( ʾĀmīn ) is used upon completing a supplication to God or when concluding recitation of the first surah Al Fatiha in prayer . Etymology ( edit ) `` Amen '' in contemporary ( Madnhāyā ) Syriac script . The usage of Amen , meaning `` so be it '' , as found in the early scriptures of the Bible is said to be of Hebrew origin ; however , the basic triconsonantal root from which the word was derived is common to a number of languages , such as Aramaic , in the Semitic branch of the Afrasian languages . The word was imported into the Greek of the early Church from Judaism . From Greek , amen entered the other Western languages . According to a standard dictionary etymology , amen passed from Greek into Late Latin , and thence into English . Rabbinic scholars from medieval France believed the standard Hebrew word for faith emuna comes from the root amen . Although in English transliteration they look different , they are both from the root aleph - mem - nun . That is , the Hebrew word amen derives from the same ancient triliteral Hebrew root as does the verb ʾāmán . Grammarians frequently list ʾāmán under its three consonants ( aleph - mem - nun ) , which are identical to those of ʾāmēn ( note that the Hebrew letter א aleph represents a glottal stop sound , which functions as a consonant in the morphology of Hebrew ) . This triliteral root means to be firm , confirmed , reliable , faithful , have faith , believe . In Arabic , the word is derived from its triliteral common root word ʾĀmana ( Arabic : آمن ‎ ) , which has the same meanings as the Hebrew root word . Popular among some theosophists , proponents of Afrocentric theories of history , and adherents of esoteric Christianity is the conjecture that amen is a derivative of the name of the Egyptian god Amun ( which is sometimes also spelled Amen ) . Some adherents of Eastern religions believe that amen shares roots with the Hindu Sanskrit word , Aum . Such external etymologies are not included in standard etymological reference works . The Hebrew word , as noted above , starts with aleph , while the Egyptian name begins with a yodh . The Armenian word ամեն ( amen ) means `` every '' ; however it is also used in the same form at the conclusion of prayers , much as in English . In French , the Hebrew word amen is sometimes translated as Ainsi soit - il , which means `` So be it . '' Hebrew Bible ( edit ) The word first occurs in the Hebrew Bible in Numbers 5 : 22 when the Priest addresses a suspected adulteress and she responds `` Amen , Amen '' . Overall , the word appears in the Hebrew Bible 30 times . Three distinct Biblical usages of amen may be noted : Initial amen , referring back to words of another speaker and introducing an affirmative sentence , e.g. 1 Kings 1 : 36 . Detached amen , again referring to the words of another speaker but without a complementary affirmative sentence , e.g. Nehemiah 5 : 13 . Final amen , with no change of speaker , as in the subscription to the first three divisions of Psalms . New Testament ( edit ) There are 52 amens in the Synoptic Gospels and 25 in John . The five final amens ( Matthew 6 : 13 , 28 : 20 , Mark 16 : 20 , Luke 24 : 53 and John 21 : 25 ) , which are wanting in certain manuscripts , simulate the effect of final amen in the Hebrew Psalms . All initial amens occur in the sayings of Jesus . These initial amens are unparalleled in Hebrew literature , according to Friedrich Delitzsch , because they do not refer to the words of a previous speaker but instead introduce a new thought . The uses of amen ( `` verily '' or `` I tell you the truth '' , depending on the translation ) in the Gospels form a peculiar class ; they are initial , but often lack any backward reference . Jesus used the word to affirm his own utterances , not those of another person , and this usage was adopted by the church . The use of the initial amen , single or double in form , to introduce solemn statements of Jesus in the Gospels had no parallel in Jewish practice . In the King James Bible , the word amen is preserved in a number of contexts . Notable ones include : The catechism of curses of the Law found in Deuteronomy 27 . A double amen ( `` amen and amen '' ) occurs in Psalm 89 ( Psalm 41 : 13 ; 72 : 19 ; 89 : 52 ) , to confirm the words and invoke the fulfillment of them . Amen occurs in several doxology formulas in Romans 1 : 25 , 9 : 5 , 11 : 36 , 15 : 33 , and several times in Chapter 16 . It also appears in doxologies in the Psalms ( 41 : 14 ; 72 : 19 ; 89 : 53 ; 106 : 48 ) . This liturgical form from Judaism . It concludes all of Paul 's general epistles . In Revelation 3 : 14 , Jesus is referred to as , `` the Amen , the faithful and true witness , the beginning of God 's creation . '' The whole passage reads as `` And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write ; These things saith the Amen , the faithful and true witness , the beginning of the creation of God ; '' . Amen concludes the New Testament at Rev. 22 : 21 . Religious use ( edit ) Judaism ( edit ) See also : Reciting amen Although amen , in Judaism , is commonly stated as a response to a blessing , it is also often used as an affirmation of any declaration . Jewish rabbinical law requires an individual to say amen in a variety of contexts . With the rise of the synagogue during the Second Temple period , amen became a common response , especially to benedictions . It is recited communally to affirm a blessing made by the prayer reader . It is also mandated as a response during the kaddish doxology . The congregation is sometimes prompted to answer ' amen ' by the terms ve - ' imru ( Hebrew : ואמרו ‎ ) = `` and ( now ) say ( pl . ) , '' or , ve - nomar ( ונאמר ) = `` and let us say . '' Contemporary usage reflects ancient practice : As early as the 4th century BCE , Jews assembled in the Temple responded ' amen ' at the close of a doxology or other prayer uttered by a priest . This Jewish liturgical use of amen was adopted by the Christians . But Jewish law also requires individuals to answer amen whenever they hear a blessing recited , even in a non-liturgical setting . The Talmud teaches homiletically that the word amen is an acronym for אל מלך נאמן ( ʾEl melekh neʾeman , `` God , trustworthy King '' ) , the phrase recited silently by an individual before reciting the Shma . Jews usually approximate the Hebrew pronunciation of the word : / ɑː ˈmɛn / ah - MEN ( Israeli - Ashkenazi and Sephardi ) or / ɔː ˈmeɪn / aw - MAYN ( non-Israeli Ashkenazi ) . Christianity ( edit ) The use of `` amen '' has been generally adopted in Christian worship as a concluding word for prayers and hymns and an expression of strong agreement . The liturgical use of the word in apostolic times is attested by the passage from 1 Corinthians cited above , and Justin Martyr ( c. 150 ) describes the congregation as responding `` amen '' to the benediction after the celebration of the Eucharist . Its introduction into the baptismal formula ( in the Eastern Orthodox Church it is pronounced after the name of each person of the Trinity ) was probably later . In Isaiah 65 : 16 , the authorized version has `` the God of truth '' ( `` the God of amen '' in Hebrew ) . Jesus often used amen to put emphasis to his own words ( translated : `` verily '' ) . In John 's Gospel , it is repeated , `` Verily , verily '' . Amen is also used in oaths ( Numbers 5 : 22 ; Deuteronomy 27 : 15 -- 26 ; Nehemiah 5 : 13 ; 8 : 6 ; 1 Chronicles 16 : 36 ) and is further found at the end of the prayer of primitive churches ( 1 Corinthians 14 : 16 ) . In some Christian churches , the `` amen corner '' or `` amen section '' is any subset of the congregation likely to call out `` Amen ! '' in response to points in a preacher 's sermon . Metaphorically , the term can refer to any group of heartfelt traditionalists or supporters of an authority figure . Amen is also used in standard , international French , but in Cajun French Ainsi soit - il ( `` so be it '' ) is used instead . Amen is used at the end of the Lord 's Prayer , which is also called the Our Father or the Pater Noster . Islam ( edit ) ʾĀmīn in Arabic . ʾĀmīn ( Arabic : آمين ‎ ) is the Arabic form of Amen . In Islam , it is used with the same meaning as in Judaism and Christianity ; when concluding a prayer , especially after a supplication ( du'a ) or reciting the first surah Al Fatiha of the Qur'an ( salat ) , and as an assent to the prayers of others . See also ( edit ) Selah So mote it be Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hebrew : אָמֵן ‬ , Modern amen , Tiberian ʾāmēn ; Greek : ἀμήν ; Arabic : آمِينَ ‎ , ʾāmīna ; `` So be it ; truly '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Amen '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . 1912 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Harper , Douglas . `` amen '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Microsoft Encarta Dictionary Tools . Retrieved 20 August 2007 Jump up ^ `` amen - definition of amen in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul Joüon , SJ , A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew , trans . and revised by T. Muraoka , vol . I , Rome : Editrice Pontificio Instituto Biblico , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Amen '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amen '' . American Heritage Dictionary . Archived from the original on 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` King James Bible Strong 's Hebrew Dictionary '' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` COLLATION OF THEOSOPHICAL GLOSSARIES -- Amen '' . Archived from the original on 15 March 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ The Origin of the Word Amen , Ed. by Issa & Faraji , Amen Ra Theological Seminary Press . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 16 . as quoted in the Lexington Herald - Leader , `` Scholar traces origins of ' Amen ' He says word is of African , not Hebrew , origin '' , December 2007 , ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Assembly of Yahweh , Cascade ( an Assembly of True Israel , of the Diaspora ) -- Words and Definitions critical to the correct understanding of the Scriptures and Christianity '' . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Amen '' . The Assembly of IaHUShUA MaShIaChaH. 15 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Yogananda , Paramahansa . Autobiography of a Yoga , 1946 , chapter 26 . Jump up ^ Sri H.W.L Poonja , ' The Truth is ' , Published by Samuel Weiser , 2000 , ISBN 1 - 57863 - 175 - 0 Jump up ^ Mandala Yoga Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hindu Culture - Omkar and Swastika '' . hindubooks.org . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Erman , Adolf & Grapow , Hermann : Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache , Im Auftrage der Deutschen Akademien , Berlin : Akademie Verlag ( 1971 ) , p. 85 Jump up ^ `` Amen '' , Encyclopedia Biblica Jump up ^ `` Amen '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amen '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bible Dictionary : Amen '' . eastonsbibledictionary.com . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ cf . John L. McKenzie , SJ , `` Dictionary of the Bible '' , New York : MacMillan Publ. Co. , Inc. , 1965 . Entry : `` Amen , '' p. 25 ) Jump up ^ Orach Chaim 56 ( amen in kaddish ) ; O.C. 124 ( amen in response to blessings recited by the prayer reader ) ; O.C. 215 ( amen in response to blessings made by any individual outside of the liturgy ) . Jump up ^ Tractate Shabbat 119b and Tractate Sanhedrin 111a Jump up ^ To Pray as a Jew : A Guide to the Prayer Book and the Synagogue Service , Hayim Halevy Donin Jump up ^ Among certain Gnostic sects , Amen became the name of an angel . Jump up ^ Hovda , Robert W. ( 1983 ) . `` The amen corner '' . Worship. 57 ( 2 ) : 150 -- 156 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wycliffe . `` Matthew 6 : 9 -- 15 '' . Wycliffe Bible . Jump up ^ Hastings , James ( 2004 ) ( 1901 ) . A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels : Volume I . The Minerva Group , Inc. p. 52 . Jump up ^ Glassé , Cyril ( 2003 ) . The New Encyclopedia of Islam . Stacey International . p. 48 . Further reading ( edit ) Schnitker , Thaddeus A. `` Amen . '' In The Encyclopedia of Christianity , edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley , 43 -- 44 . Vol. 1 . Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans , 1999 . 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when was amen first used in the bible
[ "The word first occurs in the Hebrew Bible in Numbers 5:22 when the Priest addresses a suspected adulteress and she responds “Amen, Amen”. Overall, the word appears in the Hebrew Bible 30 times." ]
[ "Numbers 5:22" ]
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I Got You Babe
I Got You Babe - wikipedia I Got You Babe Jump to : navigation , search `` I Got You Babe '' French 7 - inch single cover Single by Sonny & Cher from the album Look at Us Released July 9 , 1965 Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1965 Genre Pop Length 3 : 11 Label Atco Songwriter ( s ) Sonny Bono Sonny & Cher singles chronology `` Love Is Strange '' ( 1964 ) `` I Got You Babe '' ( 1965 ) `` The Letter '' ( 1965 ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( 1964 ) `` I Got You Babe '' ( 1965 ) `` The Letter '' ( 1965 ) Alternative cover `` I Got You Babe '' is a song written by Sonny Bono . It was the first single taken from the debut studio album Look at Us , of the American pop music duo Sonny & Cher . In August 1965 , their single spent three weeks at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States where it sold more than 1 million copies and was certified Gold . It also reached number 1 in the United Kingdom and Canada . In 1985 , a cover version of `` I Got You Babe '' by British reggae / Pop band UB40 featuring American singer Chrissie Hynde , peaked at number one in the UK Singles Chart and reached number 28 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . A 1993 version by Cher with Beavis and Butt - Head bubbled under the Hot 100 chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sonny & Cher version 1.1 Background and composition 1.2 Live performances 1.3 In popular culture 1.4 Chart performance 1.4. 1 Weekly charts 1.4. 2 Year - end charts 1.4. 3 Certifications 1.5 Chart successions 2 UB40 feat . Chrissie Hynde version 2.1 Background 2.2 Track listings 2.3 Chart performance 2.4 Chart successions 3 Cher with Beavis and Butt - Head version 3.1 Background 3.2 Music video 3.3 Track listings 3.4 Chart performance 3.4. 1 Weekly charts 3.4. 2 Year - end charts 4 Other versions 5 Movies and television 6 Games 7 References 8 External links Sonny & Cher version ( edit ) Background and composition ( edit ) Sonny Bono , a songwriter and record producer for Phil Spector , wrote the lyrics to and composed the music of the song for himself and his then - wife , Cher , late at night in their basement . Session drummer Hal Blaine played drums for the song with other members of The Wrecking Crew supplying instrumental support . `` I Got You Babe '' became the duo 's biggest single , their signature song , and a defining recording of the early hippie countercultural movement . AllMusic critic William Ruhmann praised the song : Recalling Dylan 's bitter 1964 song `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' ( soon to be a folk - rock hit for the Turtles ) , Bono wrote his own opposite sentiment : `` I Got You Babe . '' Where Dylan was lyrically complex , Bono was simple : His lyric began with the ominous youth - versus - grownups theme of `` they '' who set up barriers to romance , but soon gave way to a dialogue of teenage romantic platitudes . Where Dylan was musically simple , however , Bono , without fully rebuilding Spector 's Wall of Sound , was more structurally ambitious , following the song 's standard verse - chorus - verse - chorus - bridge - verse - chorus form with an ascending coda that built to a climax , then started building again before the fadeout , all in only a little over three minutes . Set to waltz time , the tune retained a light feel despite the sometimes busy instrumentation , led by a prominent ocarina and the alternating vocals between the two singers . If neither were interesting singers , their plodding , matter - of - fact performances gave the song a common - man appeal . African - American musician Harold Battiste provided the instrumental arrangement . Richard Niles quotes Battiste as saying the prominent figure in the song is played on an oboe rather than an ocarina . In the United States , the song has sold more than 1 million copies in 1965 and was certified Gold by the RIAA . As of November 2011 , Billboard reported the digital sales of `` I Got You Babe '' to be 372,000 in the US . In 2011 , the song was named as one of the greatest duets of all times by both Billboard and Rolling Stone magazine . It was also listed at # 444 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2004 . In early 2017 the song has been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . Live performances ( edit ) Sonny and Cher last performed the song together during an impromptu reunion on NBC 's Late Night with David Letterman on November 13 , 1987 . Cher performed the song with R.E.M. on February 14 , 2002 , at the Kodak Theatre in Los Angeles . It was her first performance of the song without Sonny . During Cher 's 2014 Dressed to Kill Tour and 2017 Las Vegas residency Classic Cher using left behind vocals and a projection of videos of Sonny , Cher performed the song live with Sonny for the first time since 1987 . In popular culture ( edit ) `` I Got You Babe '' has been frequently featured in film and television , including Sonny and Cher 's own The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour . The song made a bit of a comeback when it was used repeatedly as Phil Connors ' wake - up music in the 1993 movie Groundhog Day . On re-release , the single re-charted in the UK , reaching number 66 . Other films have used the song including Good Times which stars Sonny & Cher , Buster , Look Who 's Talking Too , Just Visiting , Me Without You , Riding in Cars with Boys , and Jack and Jill . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 12 Canada ( RPM Singles Chart ) Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) 8 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Singapore Singles Chart 5 South Africa ( RiSA ) 5 Spain ( Promusicae ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Swiss Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard R&B Singles 19 US Cash Box Top 100 Zimbabwe Singles Chart Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position UK Singles 66 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Position German Singles Chart 27 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 16 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 Digital United States ( RIAA ) 372,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` I 'm Henry VIII , I Am '' by Herman 's Hermits Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Sonny & Cher version ) August 14 , 1965 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Help ! '' by The Beatles Preceded by `` Help ! '' by The Beatles UK number - one single ( Sonny & Cher version ) August 26 , 1965 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' by The Rolling Stones UB40 feat . Chrissie Hynde version ( edit ) `` I Got You Babe '' Single by UB40 and Chrissie Hynde from the album Baggariddim B - side `` Theme from Labour of Love '' Released August 2 , 1985 Format 7 - inch single 12 - inch single Recorded 1984 -- 1985 Genre Reggae synthpop dub Length 3 : 09 Label DEP International Songwriter ( s ) Sonny Bono Producer ( s ) Pablo Falconer UB40 singles chronology `` I 'm Not Fooled So Easily '' ( 1985 ) `` ' I Got You Babe ' '' ( 1985 ) `` Do n't Break My Heart '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm Not Fooled So Easily '' ( 1985 ) `` I Got You Babe '' ( 1985 ) `` Do n't Break My Heart '' ( 1985 ) Chrissie Hynde singles chronology `` I Got You Babe '' ( 1985 ) I Got You Babe1985 `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' ( 1995 ) Love Can Build a Bridge 1995 Background ( edit ) Twenty years later , in 1985 , British band UB40 with American singer Chrissie Hynde recorded a cover version of `` I Got You Babe '' for the group 's studio album Baggariddim . The song also appeared on the Pretenders ' 1987 compilation album The Singles . This version of `` I Got You Babe '' charted at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart in August 1985 and reached number 28 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . Track listings ( edit ) 7 `` - single I Got You Babe 3 : 08 UB40 - Theme From Labour Of Love 3 : 05 12 `` - single I Got You Babe 3 : 09 UB40 - Red Red Wine 5 : 21 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 15 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 17 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 15 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 28 Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Into the Groove '' by Madonna UK number one single August 25 , 1985 - August 31 , 1985 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Dancing in the Street '' by David Bowie & Mick Jagger Preceded by `` Into the Groove '' by Madonna Irish IRMA number - one single August 31 , 1985 - September 13 , 1985 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dancing in the Street '' by David Bowie & Mick Jagger Preceded by `` Dancing in the Street '' by David Bowie & Mick Jagger Australian Kent Music Report number one single October 21 , 1985 - November 10 , 1985 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Take on Me '' by A-ha Preceded by `` Into the Groove '' by Madonna New Zealand Singles Chart September 22 , 1985 -- November 2 , 1985 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Part - Time Lover '' by Stevie Wonder Cher with Beavis and Butt - Head version ( edit ) `` I Got You Babe '' Single by Cher with Beavis and Butt - head from the album The Beavis and Butt - head Experience Released December 1993 Format CD single maxi single Genre Pop rock heavy metal Length 4 : 00 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Sonny Bono Cher singles chronology `` Many Rivers to Cross '' ( 1993 ) `` I Got You Babe '' ( 1993 ) `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' ( 1994 ) `` Many Rivers to Cross '' ( 1993 ) `` I Got You Babe '' ( 1993 ) `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' ( 1994 ) Background ( edit ) In 1993 , Cher recorded a cover version of `` I Got You Babe '' with the American animated characters Beavis and Butt - Head . The song was the first single from The Beavis and Butt - Head Experience , a compilation comedy album released in 1993 by the Geffen Records , which is one of the fastest - selling comedy albums , has officially sold 1,610,000 units and was certified 2x Platinum by the RIAA in the United States . AllMusic reviewed this song by calling it `` most interesting '' track on the album . The single reached the top 40 in the UK , Belgium and Sweden , as well as the top ten in the Netherlands . Music video ( edit ) A funny and psychedelic video was produced , which got a lot of MTV airplay . It featured Cher and Beavis and Butt - Head in a virtual animated world . In the video , the animated pair refer to her former husband Bono as a dork and a wuss , to which a live - action Cher agrees . It was placed at number 5 on the `` 50 Greatest Funny Moments in Music '' list made by VH1 channel in 2004 . Track listings ( edit ) Cher With Beavis And Butt - Head -- I Got You Babe ( 4 : 00 ) Sonny & Cher -- I Got You Babe ( 3 : 12 ) Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 -- 94 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 69 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 19 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 69 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 40 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 35 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 69 Other versions ( edit ) The song has been frequently covered , including versions by : 1967 Manfred Mann on the album The Soul of Mann 1968 Etta James on the album Tell Mama 1968 Tiny Tim on the album God Bless Tiny Tim 1960s or 1970s , French singer and composer Claude François sung the French cover Je t'aime trop toi ( Lit . `` I love you too much , oh you '' ) . 1973 David Bowie with Marianne Faithfull on The Midnight Special , released on the bootleg Dollars In Drag : The 1980 Floor Show 1975 The Dictators on their album The Dictators Go Girl Crazy ! 1982 The Ramones ' Joey Ramone and Holly and the Italians ' Holly Beth Vincent performed the duet . 1989 Madonna and Sandra Bernhard sang the song on May 24 , 1989 during the ' Do n't Bungle The Jungle ' benefit concert to raise money and awareness for preserving the world 's rain forests . 1991 The Cynics ' cover from their tribute to Bono , Bonograph , was a Get Hip single , backed with `` Bang Bang '' ; a music video includes photos of Sonny and Cher . 1993 Angel'in Heavy Syrup on the album Angel'in Heavy Syrup II . 1998 Merril Bainbridge feat . Shaggy for the soundtrack album to the Johnathon Schaech film Welcome to Woop Woop and the Bainbridge album Between the Days 2004 Avid Merrion , along with Patsy Kensit and Davina McCall , released a Christmas single which reached number 5 in the UK charts . 2005 Capitol Steps ' parody `` Sunni and Cher '' , on the album Four More Years in the Bush Leagues , is based on the song 2006 Bradley Joseph , an instrumental arrangement on the album Piano Love Songs . 2013 Lucky Dube , reggae version , released on his posthumous album `` Colours of Africa '' . 2015 , folk rock duo Blackmore 's Night covered the song on their album All Our Yesterdays . Movies and television ( edit ) This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( May 2017 ) In a fifth season episode of the CBS sitcom Good Times , Michael Evans ( Ralph Carter ) and Penny Gordon ( Janet Jackson ) perform the song , mimicking a performance from The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour . In The Golden Girls fifth - season episode `` An Illegitimate Concern '' , Sophia ( Estelle Getty ) and Dorothy ( Bea Arthur ) dress up as Sonny and Cher , respectively , to rehearse for a mother - daughter talent show , singing `` I Got You Babe '' while Rose ( Betty White ) accompanies them on the piano . The episode aired February 12 , 1990 . Bea Arthur often said later in interviews that this was her favorite moment from the series run . In a Full House episode , Uncle Jesse ( John Stamos ) has Michelle ( one or both of the Olsen Twins ) sing `` I Got You Babe '' as they strum on their respective guitars . In the Sabrina The Teenage Witch episode `` What 's News '' , Sabrina and cat Salem Saberhagen dress as Sonny and Cher to sing `` I Got You Babe '' in an effort to get her boss and his wife to stop fighting . In Harold Ramis 's film Groundhog Day , starring Bill Murray and Andie MacDowell , it is this song to which the main character awakes each repetitive morning on the clock radio . Britney Spears appeared on the British comedian Frank Skinner 's show and performed the duet with the host . In Quest for Camelot , Devon and Cornwall sang the last part of `` If I Did n't Have You '' and Cornwall sang `` I Got You Babe '' . Another episode of The Frank Skinner Show featured the incongruous pairing of Ron Jeremy and Mo Mowlam . Then - married Nick Lachey and Jessica Simpson close The Nick and Jessica Variety Hour special , already very much in the style of Sonny and Cher , singing the duet . The Rolling Stones donned costumes and lip synched to the original version of the song in a 1965 special taped for Ready Steady Go ! . New York City - based television show Duets with Deni ( also carried on the internet ) which regularly features local songwriters and musicians , Deni Bonet and Robyn Hitchcock sing the song from Deni 's apartment . In the Eli Stone episode `` I Want Your Sex '' , in a vision of the title character , Taylor Wethersby ( Natasha Henstridge ) and Matt Dowd ( Sam Jaeger ) sing it . It is later revealed that Matt 's cat was named Sonny Bono . In Delta Farce ( 2008 ) , Sgt . Kilgore ( Keith David ) is forced to sing `` I Got You Babe '' with the villain Carlos Santana 's gay nephew , Ruben ( Joe Nunez ) . In the Boy Meets World ( 1999 ) episode `` Cutting The Cord '' , Shawn ( Rider Strong ) sings the song with his new girlfriend in a karaoke contest . In an episode of Blossom , Blossom dreams that she and Anthony are homeless on the street and playing the song for passers - by when Sonny Bono , in a cameo appearance , angry that they stole his song , takes away the money people tossed into their cup . In The Simpsons episode `` Home Sweet Homediddly - Dum - Doodily '' , after Ned Flanders and wife Maude adopt the Simpson children , they sing a lyrically altered version to Maggie : `` They say your folks ca n't pay the rent / So we 're watching you by act of government / Well , I do n't know if the allegations are true / But you got us and baby we got you / Babe , we got you babe . '' In the Histeria ! episode `` Tribute to Tyrants '' , a cartoon version of Cher sings a similar song with Atilla the Hun , called `` Me Got You Hun '' . In the Ugly Betty episode `` In or Out '' , Betty Suarez and Daniel Meade sing a karaoke version . In Better Off Ted episode `` Change We Ca n't Believe In '' , Ted and Veronica sing the song over the newly installed PA system . In the Mad Men season 4 finale , set in October 1965 , the original recording played over the final scene of Don Draper lying awake in bed in his Greenwich Village apartment with his new fiancee Megan asleep at his side and continued to play during the closing credits . In series 2 , episode 4 , of American Dad ! , Roger wakes up via his alarm clock to `` I Got You Babe '' . He proceeds to get drunk and destroy his television . Appears in the film Me Without You ( 2001 ) . In the Man from U.N.C.L.E. episode `` The Hot Number Affair '' , the song plays under the scene where Sonny and Cher appear on screen together for the first time . In the episode `` Chicago Hope '' of Home Improvement , Tim and Jill sing `` I Got You Babe '' on a karaoke machine in Chicago . In the Misfits episode seven of season three , Seth 's alarm clock plays `` I Got You Babe '' . In the episode of House `` We Need the Eggs , '' Park and her friend are singing the song together at the end . In the episode of Step by Step , `` Locket Man , '' Rich sings `` I Got You Babe '' to reclaim Dana 's affections in a restaurant . As the credits roll , the two are shown dressed as Sonny and Cher singing the duet . In the 2011 movie Jack & Jill , a shortened version plays over the opening credits . In the American remake of Les Visiteurs , Just Visiting ; Andre and Angelique drive towards Las Vegas while the song ends and cuts to black , ending the movie . In the episode of The Big Bang Theory , `` The Love Car Displacement , '' Bernadette and Howard begin to sing `` I Got You Babe '' as a duet . Games ( edit ) It is used in the video game Karaoke Revolution Volume 3 . It is sung in the video game Destroy All Humans ! Path of the Furon by `` Sammy and Faire '' , a parody of Sonny and Cher . It is used in the video game The Last of Us in the DLC `` Left Behind . '' Ellie and her friend Riley play it on the stereo & dance to it . The Etta James version was used . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 539 . Jump up ^ Hartman , Kent ( 2012 ) . The Wrecking Crew . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 261 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 03046 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` I Got You Babe - Sonny & Cher - Listen , Appearances , Song Review - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Harold Battiste Musician Mentor and Arranger Dies at 83 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Richard Niles ( 2007 ) . `` THE INVISIBLE ARTIST : Arrangers in popular music ( 1950 - 2000 ) ; Their contribution and techniques '' ( TXT ) . Bura.brunel.ac.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Billboard : Cher Information , Yes ? '' . Billboard. 2011 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Biggest Duets of All Times '' . Billboard. 2011 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Greatest Duets of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 2011 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame award Archived 2015 - 07 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Grammy . Retrieved on December 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Sonny & Cher Boost Ratings '' . The New Mexican . Santa Fe , New Mexico . November 29 , 1987 , p. 35 , accessed through NewspaperARCHIVE.com on March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sonny and Cher Reunited on David Letterman Show . '' Aiken Standard . Aiken , South Carolina . November 15 , 1987 . p. 3 . accessed through NewspaperARCHIVE.com on March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The R.E.M. Timeline '' . Members.iinet.net.au . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Tonight , February 15 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . google.it . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Sonny & Cher -- I Got You Babe '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Sonny & Cher -- I Got You Babe '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard '' . google.it . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard '' . google.it . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Sonny & Cher Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Sonny & Cher search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Sonny & Cher -- I Got You Babe '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . google.it . Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . google.it . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . google.it . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Charts Company '' . officialcharts.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allmusic : Sonny & Cher '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box 100 Singles chart Archived December 31 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ German Singles Chart ( 1965 ) . `` German Singles Chart ; End of year charts '' . Archived from the original on 18 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 1965 - Year End '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1965 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Sonny and Cher -- I Got You Babe '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cher -- Gypsys , Tramps & Thieves '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Ask Billboard : Cher Information , Yes ? '' . Billboard. 2011 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St. Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 316 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and 19 June 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- UB40 featuring Chrissie Hynde -- I Got You Babe '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Radio2 top 30 : 4 juli 2015 '' . radio2.be . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- UB40 featuring Chrissie Hynde -- I Got You Babe '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- UB40 featuring Chrissie Hynde Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- UB40 featuring Chrissie Hynde search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- UB40 featuring Chrissie Hynde -- I Got You Babe '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- UB40 featuring Chrissie Hynde -- I Got You Babe '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- UB40 featuring Chrissie Hynde -- I Got You Babe '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Weird Al Finally Gets First No. 1 Album with Mandatory Fun '' . pastemagazine.com . Jump up ^ `` Best Selling Comedy Albums - Billboard '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Review by AllMusic Retrieved 15 October 2013 Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Cher with Beavis and Butt - head -- I Got You Babe '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 4 , 1994 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Cher with Beavis and Butt - head -- I Got You Babe '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Cher with Beavis and Butt - head -- I Got You Babe '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cher : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cher Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 Van 1994 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Show 44 - Revolt of the Fat Angel : Some samples of the Los Angeles sound . ( Part 4 ) : UNT Digital Library Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sid Dorfman ( writer ) ; Gerren Keith ( director ) ( September 21 , 1977 ) . `` The Evans Get Involved ( Part 2 ) '' . Good Times . Season 5 . Episode 2 . CBS . Jump up ^ Bill Murray - Best scenes from the `` Groundhog Day '' - 4 on YouTube ^ Jump up to : `` WFMU 's Beware of the Blog : I Got You Babe '' . Blog.wfmu.org. 2008 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Duets With Deni '' . Denibonet.com . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory Review : `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` . TV Fanatic. 2011 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sonny & Cher Studio albums Look at Us The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér In Case You 're in Love All I Ever Need Is You Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer , Papa Used to Write All Her Songs Live albums Sonny & Cher Live Live in Las Vegas Vol. 2 Compilations The Best of Sonny & Chér Sonny & Cher 's Greatest Hits The Two of Us Greatest Hits All I Ever Need Is You The Beat Goes On : The Best of Sonny & Cher The Definitive Pop Collection Soundtracks Good Times Other albums Baby Do n't Go -- Sonny & Cher and Friends Television The Sonny & Cher Nitty Gritty Hour The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour The Sonny Comedy Revue The Sonny & Cher Show Sonny & Me : Cher Remembers Films Good Times Related topics Discography Mego Sonny & Cher Toys Sonny Bono Cher Cher Albums Singles Filmography Tours Videography Awards Studio albums All I Really Want to Do The Sonny Side of Chér Chér With Love , Chér Backstage 3614 Jackson Highway Gypsys , Tramps & Thieves Foxy Lady Bittersweet White Light Half - Breed Dark Lady Stars I 'd Rather Believe in You Cherished Take Me Home Prisoner I Paralyze Cher Heart of Stone Love Hurts It 's a Man 's World Believe not. com. mercial Living Proof Closer to the Truth Compilations Golden Greats Superpack Vol. 1 and 2 Greatest Hits Greatest Hits : 1965 -- 1992 If I Could Turn Back Time : Cher 's Greatest Hits The Greatest Hits The Very Best of Cher Gold Soundtracks Chastity Mermaids Burlesque Music video releases The Video Collection The Very Best of Cher : The Video Hits Collection Live releases Extravaganza : Live at the Mirage Live in Concert Live ! The Farewell Tour The Farewell Tour Live at the Mirage Other video releases CherFitness : A New Attitude CherFitness : Body Confidence Tours and residencies Cher in Concert Heart of Stone Tour Love Hurts Tour Do You Believe ? Living Proof : The Farewell Tour Cher Dressed to Kill Tour Classic Cher Television The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour Cher Cher ... Special Super Bowl XXXIII Dear Mom , Love Cher Books The Ugly Duckling ( audiobook ) The First Time ( as told to Jeff Coplon ) , Simon & Shuster 1998 Related music Sonny Bono ( first husband ) Sonny & Cher discography Gregg Allman ( second husband ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' `` Be My Baby '' Two the Hard Way Black Rose The Beavis and Butt - head Experience The Glory of Gershwin `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' Related tours Two the Hard Way Tour The Black Rose Show Related soundtracks Foxes Related articles Cher as a gay icon Chaz Bono ( son ) Elijah Blue Allman ( son ) Mego Sonny & Cher Toys Uninhibited Book Category Portal Cher singles 1960s `` All I Really Want to Do '' `` Where Do You Go '' `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' `` Alfie '' `` I Feel Something in the Air '' `` Sunny '' `` Hey Joe '' `` You Better Sit Down Kids '' `` For What It 's Worth '' 1970s `` Gypsys , Tramps & Thieves '' `` The Way of Love '' `` Living in a House Divided '' `` Do n't Hide Your Love '' `` Am I Blue '' `` Half - Breed '' `` Dark Lady '' `` Train of Thought '' `` Take Me Home '' `` Was n't It Good '' `` Hell on Wheels '' 1980s `` Rudy '' `` I Paralyze '' `` I Found Someone '' `` We All Sleep Alone '' `` Skin Deep '' `` Bang Bang '' `` Main Man '' `` After All '' `` If I Could Turn Back Time '' `` Just Like Jesse James '' 1990s `` Heart of Stone '' `` You Would n't Know Love '' `` Baby I 'm Yours '' `` The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's in His Kiss ) '' `` Love and Understanding '' `` Save Up All Your Tears '' `` Love Hurts '' `` Could 've Been You '' `` When Lovers Become Strangers '' `` Oh No Not My Baby '' `` Whenever You 're Near '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` Walking in Memphis '' `` One by One '' `` Not Enough Love in the World '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine Anymore '' `` Paradise Is Here '' `` Believe '' `` Strong Enough '' `` All or Nothing '' `` Dov'è l'amore '' 2000s `` The Music 's No Good Without You '' `` Song for the Lonely '' `` Alive Again '' `` A Different Kind of Love Song '' `` When the Money 's Gone '' `` Love One Another '' 2010s `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' `` Woman 's World '' `` I Hope You Find It '' `` Take It Like a Man '' `` I Walk Alone '' Guest singles `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Dead Ringer for Love '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' `` Più che puoi '' `` Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered '' Book Category Portal UB40 Jimmy Brown Robin Campbell Earl Falconer Norman Hassan Brian Travers Duncan Campbell Ali Campbell Yomi Babayemi Jimmy Lynn Mickey Virtue Astro Studio albums Signing Off Present Arms UB44 Labour of Love Geffery Morgan Baggariddim Rat in the Kitchen UB40 Labour of Love II Promises and Lies Guns in the Ghetto Labour of Love III Cover Up Homegrown Who You Fighting For ? TwentyFourSeven Labour of Love IV Getting Over the Storm Compilation albums The Singles Album More UB40 Music The UB40 File The Best of UB40 -- Volume One Labour of Love , Volumes I and II The Best of UB40 - Volume Two UB40 Present the Dancehall Album The Very Best of UB40 1980 - 2000 UB40 Present the Fathers of Reggae Labour of Love , Volumes I , II and III - Platinum Collection The Best Of UB40 , Volumes 1 & 2 Love Songs Best of Labour of Love All the Best Live albums UB40 Live UB40 CCCP : Live in Moscow Remix albums Present Arms in Dub Dub Sessions Notable songs `` Food for Thought '' `` One in Ten '' `` Do n't Slow Down '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` Cherry Oh Baby '' `` If It Happens Again '' `` Sing Our Own Song '' `` Rat in Mi Kitchen '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` Breakfast in Bed '' `` Homely Girl '' `` Kingston Town '' `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love With You '' `` Higher Ground '' `` Reasons '' `` Swing Low '' See also UB40 discography Dep International Merril Bainbridge Studio albums The Garden Between the Days Singles `` Mouth '' `` Under the Water '' `` Power of One '' `` Sleeping Dogs '' `` Lonely '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` Between the Days '' `` Walk on Fire '' `` Girl Next Door '' Etta James Studio albums At Last ! The Second Time Around Etta James Etta James Sings for Lovers Etta James Top Ten The Queen of Soul Call My Name Tell Mama Etta James Sings Funk Losers Weepers Etta James Come a Little Closer Etta Is Betta Than Evvah ! Deep in the Night Changes Seven Year Itch Stickin ' to My Guns The Right Time Mystery Lady : Songs of Billie Holiday Time After Time Love 's Been Rough on Me Life , Love & the Blues 12 Songs of Christmas Heart of a Woman Matriarch of the Blues Blue Gardenia Let 's Roll Blues to the Bone All the Way The Dreamer Live albums Etta James Rocks the House Red - Hot & Live Jazzvisions : Jump The Blues Away Burnin ' Down the House : Live at the House of Blues Compilation albums My Greatest Songs Miss Etta James : The Complete Modern and Kent Recordings Gold Singles `` The Wallflower ( Dance with Me , Henry ) '' `` Spoonful '' `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' `` At Last '' `` Trust in Me '' `` Seven Day Fool '' `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' `` Baby What You Want Me to Do '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` Almost Persuaded '' `` Sound of Love '' `` Piece of My Heart '' `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' Related articles Etta James discography Book : Etta James Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Got_You_Babe&oldid=816142280 '' Categories : 1960s ballads 1965 singles 1985 singles Songs written by Sonny Bono Sonny & Cher songs Cher songs Manfred Mann songs David Bowie songs Ramones songs UB40 songs Merril Bainbridge songs Shaggy ( musician ) songs Tiny Tim ( musician ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand UK Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Vocal duets Pop ballads Irish Singles Chart number - one singles 1965 songs Atco Records singles Geffen Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for United States Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Articles with trivia sections from May 2017 All articles with trivia sections Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 15 : 26 . 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ub40 and chrissie hynde i got you babe
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Anaheim Ducks
Anaheim Ducks - Wikipedia Anaheim Ducks Jump to : navigation , search Anaheim Ducks 2017 -- 18 Anaheim Ducks season Conference Western Division Pacific Founded 1993 History Mighty Ducks of Anaheim 1993 -- 2006 Anaheim Ducks 2006 -- present Home arena Honda Center City Anaheim , California Colors Black , metallic gold , orange , silver Media Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket KCOP ( My 13 ) KLAA ( Angels Radio AM 830 ) The Mighty 1090 Owner ( s ) Henry & Susan Samueli General manager Bob Murray Head coach Randy Carlyle Captain Ryan Getzlaf Minor league affiliates San Diego Gulls ( AHL ) Utah Grizzlies ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 1 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Conference championships 2 ( 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 6 ( 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) Official website www.nhl.com/ducks The Anaheim Ducks are a professional ice hockey team based in Anaheim , California . They are members of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Since their inception , the Ducks have played their home games at the Honda Center . The club was founded in 1993 by The Walt Disney Company as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim , a name based on the 1992 film The Mighty Ducks . Disney sold the franchise in 2005 to Henry and Susan Samueli , who along with General Manager Brian Burke , changed the name of the team to the Anaheim Ducks before the 2006 -- 07 season . The Ducks have made the playoffs 13 times ( and 10 times in the past 12 seasons ) and won six Pacific Division titles ( 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , and 2016 -- 17 ) , two Western Conference championships ( 2002 -- 03 and 2006 -- 07 ) and one Stanley Cup ( 2006 -- 07 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Start of a franchise ( 1993 -- 1996 ) 1.2 Paul Kariya era ( 1996 -- 2003 ) 1.2. 1 Western Conference champions ( 2002 -- 2003 ) 1.3 Post-Kariya era and Selanne 's return ( 2003 -- 2007 ) 1.3. 1 Stanley Cup champions ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 1.4 Post-Stanley Cup , Bob Murray replaces Burke ( 2007 -- 2010 ) 1.5 Getzlaf and Perry era ( 2010 -- present ) 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Team colors 2.2 Name 2.3 Logos 2.4 Jerseys 2.5 Mascot 3 Season - by - season record 4 Players 4.1 Draft picks 4.2 Current roster 5 Team and player honors 5.1 NHL awards and trophies 5.2 Retired numbers 5.3 Hall of Famers 5.4 Franchise scoring leaders 5.5 Franchise playoff scoring leaders 5.6 Franchise individual records 5.7 All - time franchise records 6 Captains , coaches , and GMs 6.1 Team captains 6.2 Coaches 6.3 General managers 7 Broadcasters 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Anaheim Ducks Start of a franchise ( 1993 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) Mighty Ducks primary logo ( 1993 -- 2006 ) . The logo was subsequently used in the Disney movie D2 : The Mighty Ducks . Disney design elements appear in this logo , such as team mascot Wildwing 's goalie mask . The Mighty Ducks of Anaheim were founded in 1993 by The Walt Disney Company . The franchise was awarded by the NHL in December 1992 , along with the rights to a Miami team that would become the Florida Panthers . An entrance fee of $50 million was required , half of which Disney would pay directly to the Los Angeles Kings in order to share Southern California . On March 1 , 1993 , at the brand - new Anaheim Arena -- located a short distance east of Disneyland and across the Orange Freeway from Angel Stadium -- the team got its name , inspired by the 1992 Disney movie The Mighty Ducks , based on a group of misfit kids who turn their losing youth hockey team into a winning team . Philadelphia - arena management specialist Tony Tavares was chosen to be team president , and Jack Ferreira , who previously helped create the San Jose Sharks , became the Ducks ' general manager . The Ducks selected Ron Wilson to be the first coach in team history . The Ducks and the expansion Florida Panthers team filled out their rosters in the 1993 NHL Expansion Draft and the 1993 NHL Entry Draft . In the former , a focus on defense led to goaltenders Guy Hebert and Glenn Healy being the first picks , followed by Alexei Kasatonov and Steven King . In the latter , the Ducks selected as the fourth overall pick Paul Kariya , who only began play in 1994 but would turn out to be the face of the franchise for many years . The resulting roster had the lowest payroll of the NHL , with only $7.9 million . Led by captain Troy Loney , the Ducks ' finished the season 33 -- 46 -- 5 , a record - breaking number of wins for an expansion team , which the Florida Panthers also achieved . The Ducks sold out 27 of 41 home games , including the last 25 , and filled the Arrowhead Pond to 98.9 % of its season capacity . Ducks licensed merchandise shot to number one in sales among NHL clubs , helped by their presence in Disney 's theme parks and Disney Stores . The lockout - shortened 1994 -- 95 NHL season saw the debut of Paul Kariya , who would play 47 of the team 's 48 games that year , scoring 18 goals and 21 assists for 39 points . The Ducks had another respectable season , going 16 -- 27 -- 5 . Paul Kariya era ( 1996 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) 1995 -- 96 would mark a big change for the team , especially for second - year superstar Paul Kariya . During the season , he was chosen to play for the Western Conference in the 1996 NHL All - Star Game as the lone Ducks representative . At the time of his selection , ( January 1996 ) , Kariya was ranked 14th in league scoring with 51 points ( 23 goals and 28 assists ) over 42 games , although the Ducks were overall a low - scoring team . Then a midseason blockbuster deal with the Winnipeg Jets improved the franchise . The Ducks sent Chad Kilger , Oleg Tverdovsky and a third - round pick to the Jets in return for Marc Chouinard , a fourth - round draft pick and right winger Teemu Selanne . Following the trade , Ducks centre Steve Rucchin commented , `` Paul ( Kariya ) had a lot of pressure on him ... He singlehandedly won some games for us this year ... Now that we have Teemu , there 's no way everybody can just key on Paul . '' These three players formed one of the most potent lines of their time . Although the trade proved to be an important effort in the team , they still finished short of the playoffs , losing the eight spot in the West to the Jets based on the number of wins . Paul Kariya was the Mighty Ducks ' captain from 1996 to 2003 , and led the team to the 2003 Stanley Cup Finals . During the 1996 -- 97 season , Kariya became team captain following Randy Ladouceur 's retirement in the off - season , and led the Ducks to their first post-season appearance , after recording the franchise 's first winning record of 36 -- 33 -- 13 , good enough for home ice in the first round as the number four seed against the Phoenix Coyotes . The Ducks trailed 3 -- 2 going into Phoenix for game six . Kariya scored in overtime to force the franchise 's first game 7 which they won . In the second round , however , they lost to the eventual Stanley Cup champion Red Wings in a four - game sweep . After the season , Wilson was fired after saying he would like to coach the Capitals . Pierre Page succeeded him . The Ducks started out slowly in 1997 -- 98 , in part because Kariya missed the first 32 games of the season in a contract dispute . He came back in December , but on February 1 , he suffered a season - ending concussion when the Chicago Blackhawks ' Gary Suter cross-checked him in the face . With Kariya playing only a total of 22 games that season , the Ducks missed the playoffs and fired Page . The Ducks followed that season up by finishing sixth in the Western Conference in 1998 -- 99 with new head coach Craig Hartsburg . However , they were swept by the Detroit Red Wings again , this time in the first round . In the 1999 -- 2000 season , the Ducks finished with the same amount of points as the previous season , but a much more competitive Western Conference had them miss the playoffs by four points behind rival San Jose Sharks . Despite this , the Mighty Ducks scored more goals than the conference champion Dallas Stars . In the following season , 2000 -- 01 , the Ducks ended up performing worse , as Paul Kariya and Teemu Selanne 's point production significantly declined from the previous season -- Kariya went from 86 points to 67 points and Selanne went from 85 points to 57 points . Selanne was subsequently dealt to San Jose at the trade deadline for Jeff Friesen , Steve Shields and a second - round draft pick and head coach Craig Hartsburg was fired during the season . The team ended up with a losing record and last place in the Western Conference that season . Without Selanne , Kariya 's numbers continued to drop in the 2001 -- 02 season with the new coach Bryan Murray . The Mighty Ducks finished in 13th place in the Western Conference . Western Conference champions ( 2002 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) The Mighty Ducks did not reach the post-season again until the 2002 -- 03 season with coach Mike Babcock . They entered the playoffs in seventh place with a 40 -- 27 -- 9 -- 6 record , good enough for 95 points . In the first round , the Ducks were once again matched up with the Detroit Red Wings , the defending Stanley Cup champions . They shocked the hockey world by sweeping the Red Wings in four games . Steve Rucchin scored the series - winning goal in overtime in Game 4 . In the second round , the Ducks faced the Dallas Stars . Game 1 turned out to be the fourth - longest game in NHL history , with Petr Sykora scoring in the fifth overtime to give the Mighty Ducks the series lead . The Ducks would finish off the Stars in Game 6 at home . In the team 's first trip to the Western Conference Finals , they were matched up against another Cinderella team , the sixth - seeded , three - year - old Minnesota Wild . Jean - Sebastien Giguere strung together three consecutive shutouts and allowed only one total goal in the series in an eventual sweep . The 2003 Stanley Cup Finals , to be played against the New Jersey Devils , had some interesting story lines . Anaheim forward Rob Niedermayer was playing against his brother Scott , while Giguere faced off against fellow French - Canadian goaltender Martin Brodeur . The series began with the home team winning the first five games . In Game 6 at home , Kariya was knocked out from a hit by Devils captain Scott Stevens . However , Kariya would return in the second period and score the fourth goal of the game . In an exciting third period , the Mighty Ducks defeated the Devils 5 -- 2 to send the series back to New Jersey for Game 7 . Anaheim , however , could not complete their winning streak , as they lost a hard - fought Game 7 to the Devils 3 -- 0 . For his brilliant play during the post-season , Giguere was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) of the playoffs . He became only the fifth player in NHL history to have won the trophy as a member of the losing team . Giguere posted a 15 -- 6 record , 7 -- 0 in overtime , with a 1.62 goals against average , a . 945 save percentage and a record 168 - minute , 27 - second shutout streak in overtime . Post-kariya era and Selanne 's return ( 2003 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Teemu Selanne played six seasons with in Anaheim before he was traded in 2001 . He later returned as a free agent in 2005 , staying with the team until his retirement in 2014 . After the season , Kariya promised to bring the Mighty Ducks back to the Stanley Cup Final the following year . Kariya , however , left the Ducks in the summer and joined former teammate Teemu Selanne on the Colorado Avalanche . The 2003 -- 04 season was a season to forget , as Jean - Sebastien Giguere could not repeat his stellar goaltending from the previous year . Even with newcomers Sergei Fedorov and Vaclav Prospal , the team finished in 12th place in the standings with a 29 -- 35 -- 10 -- 8 record . Giguere 's stats subsequently declined from the previous season , as he only won half the games he did the year before , his goals against average increased from 2.30 to 2.62 , his save percentage went down from . 914 to . 907 and he went from eight shutouts recorded to just three . The team also went from 203 goals to 174 . During the summer of 2004 , as the NHL and the National Hockey League Players ' Association ( NHLPA ) 's labor dispute was headed towards a long lockout , Disney tried to sell the team but received a low offer of US $40 - million , less than the franchise 's original price . In 2005 , Broadcom co-founder Henry Samueli of Irvine , California , and his wife , Susan , bought the Mighty Ducks from The Walt Disney Company for a reported US $75 million . The Samuelis pledged to keep the team in Anaheim . Brian Burke , former Vancouver Canucks general manager and president , was appointed GM and executive vice-president of the Mighty Ducks on June 20 , 2005 . In January , Samueli announced that the team would be renamed as simply the `` Anaheim Ducks '' as of the following season . On August 1 , 2005 , former Norris Trophy - winning defenseman Randy Carlyle was hired as the seventh coach in team history . Burke was familiar with Carlyle 's coaching ability , as the latter had coached the Manitoba Moose from 1996 to 2001 ( International Hockey League ) and 2004 -- 05 ( American Hockey League ) ; the Moose had been the Canucks farm club since 2001 . Carlyle replaced Mike Babcock , who later signed on to coach Detroit . On August 4 , 2005 , free agent defenseman Scott Niedermayer signed with the Mighty Ducks to play with his brother Rob ; Scott Niedermayer was almost immediately named team captain . On August 22 , Teemu Selanne returned to Anaheim after undergoing knee surgery . He led the team in scoring during the season with 40 goals and 50 assists for 90 points . He would also record his 1,000 th NHL point on January 30 , 2006 . The 2005 -- 06 season also saw the emergence of rookies Ryan Getzlaf , Corey Perry and Chris Kunitz ( Kunitz also played for the Ducks in 2003 -- 04 , but immediately returned to the Mighty Ducks ' AHL affiliate , the Cincinnati Mighty Ducks ) . On November 15 , 2005 , Anaheim traded Sergei Fedorov and a fifth - round draft pick to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for defenseman Francois Beauchemin and forward Tyler Wright . The Ducks finished the season with a 43 -- 27 -- 12 record , good enough for 98 points and the sixth seed . The Ducks faced the Calgary Flames in the Western Conference Quarterfinals and forced a seventh game in Calgary , shutting - out the Flames to reach the Conference Semi-finals . In an interesting playoffs , all the bottom seeds won in the first round , so the Ducks matched - up against the seventh - seeded Colorado Avalanche . Goaltender Ilya Bryzgalov shined as the Ducks swept the Avalanche in four - straight games , Bryzgalov breaking Giguere 's scoreless streak record from the 2003 Stanley Cup playoffs . In the franchise 's second Western Conference Finals appearance , they faced the eighth - seeded Edmonton Oilers , a series the Ducks would ultimately lose in five games . Stanley Cup champions ( 2006 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Prior to the 2006 -- 07 season , the Ducks adopted a completely new look to go along with their new name ; their team colors became black , gold and orange , and the logo of a duck - shaped goalie mask was dropped in favor of the word `` Ducks '' , with a webbed foot in place of the `` D . '' U.S. President George W. Bush is presented with a Ducks jersey during a White House ceremony in honor of the team 's championship season . The Ducks traded Joffrey Lupul , Ladislav Smid and a first - round draft pick to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for star defenseman Chris Pronger . With this trade , solid scoring lines , a shut - down line featuring Rob Niedermayer , Samuel Pahlsson and Travis Moen and an enviable defense , the Ducks were considered by many to be a Stanley Cup favorite . On November 9 , 2006 , the Ducks defeated the Vancouver Canucks 6 -- 0 at General Motors Place in Vancouver to improve their season record to 12 -- 0 -- 4 . The win set an NHL open era record by remaining undefeated in regulation for the first 16 games of the season , eclipsing the previous mark set by the 1983 -- 84 Edmonton Oilers ( the record has since been broken by the Chicago Blackhawks ' 21 -- 0 -- 3 start during the 2012 -- 13 season ) . Anaheim were subsequently shut out by the Flames the following game , 3 -- 0 , ending their streak . On January 16 , 2007 , the Ducks played in their franchise 's 1,000 th regular season game , and on March 11 , the Ducks recorded their franchise 's 1,000 th point with a 4 -- 2 win over the Canucks , which improved their franchise all - time record to 423 -- 444 -- 155 , with 1,001 points . On April 7 , the Ducks won their first division title in franchise history when the Canucks defeated the second - place San Jose Sharks in the final game of the season . The Ducks ended the regular season with a 48 -- 20 -- 14 record and 110 points -- both franchise records . Although they had three fewer wins than the Nashville Predators , the Ducks won the second seed in the West by virtue of winning the Pacific Division title as well as the Predators finishing second in the Central Division behind the Detroit Red Wings ( the top seed in the West ) . The Ducks defeated the Minnesota Wild in the Conference Quarterfinals in five games and the Canucks in the Semi-finals , also in five games . Once again , the Ducks faced the Detroit Red Wings in the franchise 's third trip to the Western Conference Finals . In Game 3 , Chris Pronger elbowed Tomas Holmstrom and subsequently received a one - game suspension for the illegal check . The Ducks , however , won Game 4 without Pronger and Game 5 in Detroit , with Teemu Selanne scoring the latter game 's overtime winner . The Ducks then finished off the Red Wings in Game 6 to advance to their second - ever Stanley Cup Final appearance . In the Finals , the Ducks won the first two games at home against the Ottawa Senators . The Ducks , however , lost Game 3 and Pronger received his second one - game suspension , this time for elbowing Dean McAmmond . The Ducks were again able to win without Pronger , beating the Senators in Game 4 for an opportunity to win the Stanley Cup on home ice in Game 5 . On June 6 , the Ducks defeated the Senators 6 -- 2 at Honda Center to claim their first Stanley Cup in franchise history . Travis Moen was credited with the Cup game - winning goal . Scott Niedermayer , the only player on the team who had previously won a Stanley Cup , was awarded the second Conn Smythe Trophy in Ducks history . The Ducks became the first California team , and the fourth West Coast team since the 1915 Vancouver Millionaires , 1917 Seattle Metropolitans and 1925 Victoria Cougars , to win the Stanley Cup . Post-stanley Cup , bob Murray replaces Burke ( 2007 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Signed as a backup goalie in 2007 , Jonas Hiller quickly emerged as the Duck 's starting goaltender . He played for the team from 2007 to 2014 . The Ducks began their title defense in the 2007 -- 08 season without two fan favorites , Scott Niedermayer and Teemu Selanne , who were both contemplating retirement . To offset those losses , Burke signed forward Todd Bertuzzi and defenseman Mathieu Schneider . During the season , Burke put goaltender Ilya Bryzgalov on waivers , where he was picked - up by the Phoenix Coyotes . Free agent signee Jonas Hiller then became the back - up to starter Jean - Sebastien Giguere . Both Selanne and Niedermayer would ultimately return and the team finished with a 47 -- 27 -- 8 record , good enough to earn home ice advantage in the first round of the playoffs finishing as the fourth seed in the Western Conference . They were eliminated in the quarterfinals in six games by the Dallas Stars . In the off - season , Burke bought - out the remaining year on Todd Bertuzzi 's contract and traded Mathieu Schneider to the Atlanta Thrashers . After an extremely slow start to the 2008 -- 09 season , on November 12 , 2008 , Burke resigned to take the same position for the Toronto Maple Leafs . Bob Murray replaced him as general manager , but the team struggled to make the playoffs as the eighth seed in the Western Conference . A bevy of trade deadline deals saw the departure of some mainstays from the Cup team , including Chris Kunitz , who was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins for defenseman Ryan Whitney ; Samuel Pahlsson , who was traded to the Columbus Blue Jackets for defenseman James Wisniewski ; and Travis Moen , who was traded to the San Jose Sharks for two prospects . The trades gave the Ducks new life as a hot streak to end the season launched the team into the playoffs . Jonas Hiller emerged as the new number one goalie during the stretch drive . The Ducks defeated the number one seed and Presidents ' Trophy - winning San Jose Sharks in six games in the first round before being eliminated in the conference semi-finals by the eventual Western Conference champion Detroit Red Wings in seven games . Before the 2009 -- 10 season , the Ducks traded Chris Pronger to the Philadelphia Flyers for Joffrey Lupul , Luca Sbisa and two first - round draft picks . Francois Beauchemin and Rob Niedermayer also left via free agency for the Toronto Maple Leafs and New Jersey Devils , respectively . The Ducks then signed free agent center and former Montreal Canadiens captain Saku Koivu to a one - year deal . Another slow start would doom the Ducks . Before the trade deadline , the Ducks traded Giguere to the Toronto Maple Leafs for Jason Blake and Vesa Toskala after signing Hiller to a contract extension . The trade deadline saw the Ducks trade Ryan Whitney to Edmonton for offensive defenseman Lubomir Visnovsky , as well as the acquisitions of defenseman Aaron Ward from the Carolina Hurricanes and goalie Curtis McElhinney from the Calgary Flames . The Ducks played through frequent injuries and picked up play in the second half of the season , but struggled coming out of the Olympic break . For the first time since the lockout , the Ducks failed to make the playoffs with a 39 -- 32 -- 11 record . The 2010 off - season was also busy for the Ducks , as Scott Niedermayer announced his retirement in a June press conference . Niedermayer decided to stay a member of the Ducks as a team consultant . The Ducks resigned Saku Koivu for two years and signed free agent defenseman Toni Lydman to a three - year contract . In addition to Lydman , the Ducks were able to get defenseman Cam Fowler via the draft , and 35 - year - old strong - willed defenseman Andy Sutton signed to a two - year deal . Restricted free agent Bobby Ryan was signed to a five - year deal . Getzlaf and Perry era ( 2010 -- present ) ( edit ) The 2010 -- 11 season did not begin well for the Ducks , who would lose their first three games . They maintained a . 500 throughout record through the first half of the season , but would find their rhythm and finish 47 -- 30 -- 5 , good for 99 points and fourth place in the Western Conference . Corey Perry and Jonas Hiller represented the Ducks at the All - Star Game , and Corey Perry went on to have a 50 - goal , 98 - point season , which won him the Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy and Hart Memorial Trophy . He became the first - ever Duck to win the Hart , as well as the first Richard winner as a Duck since Teemu Selanne won the award in 1999 . Hiller , however , was injured at the All - Star Game and missed the rest of the season . Even though the Ducks had a great season led by Perry , Hiller , Selanne , Lubomir Visnovsky and Ryan Getzlaf , they would end up losing in the first round of the 2011 playoffs to the fifth - seeded Nashville Predators . Ryan Getzlaf is the current team captain of the Ducks . Drafted by the team in 2003 , he was named team captain in 2010 . Before the 2011 -- 12 season began , the team mourned the loss of former Mighty Duck Ruslan Salei , who died in a plane crash with several other former NHL players of Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) club Lokomotiv Yaroslavl . The team wore a black patch with his former jersey number , 24 , in current team numbering . The Ducks started the season with NHL Premiere games in Helsinki and Stockholm . This was the third time in franchise history that they started the regular season with games in Europe . They lost 4 -- 1 to the Buffalo Sabres in Helsinki but defeated the New York Rangers 2 -- 1 after a shootout in Stockholm . After a slow start to the season , the Ducks replaced head coach Randy Carlyle with former Washington Capitals head coach Bruce Boudreau . The rest of the season was mostly forgettable , as the Ducks could not get out of the hole they dug themselves in the first half of the season , and ultimately failed to reach the playoffs in the 2011 -- 12 season . The 2012 -- 13 season was shortened to 48 games due to a labor lockout . When play resumed in January 2013 after a new collective bargaining agreement was signed , the Ducks opened the season by sweeping a two - game Canadian road trip with a decisive 7 -- 3 victory against the Vancouver Canucks on January 19 , followed by a 5 -- 4 decision against the Calgary Flames on January 21 . Their home opener came on January 25 , also against the Canucks , who would prevail 5 -- 0 . The distinction of the Ducks ' longest homestand was split between two five - game stretches from March 18 -- 25 and from April 3 -- 10 . Anaheim 's lengthiest road trip was a six - game haul from February 6 -- 16 . Due to the shortened season and the compacted game scheduling , all games were to be played against the Ducks ' own Western Conference opponents , and no games were played against Eastern Conference teams . The Ducks finished the season with a 30 -- 12 -- 6 record and would win their second Pacific Division title in franchise history . In the Western Conference Quarterfinals , they ended up losing to the seventh - seeded Detroit Red Wings in seven games , despite holding a 3 -- 2 series lead after Game 5 . Entering the 2013 -- 14 season , the 20th anniversary of the franchise , it was announced that Teemu Selanne would be playing in his final NHL season . In the off - season , star forward Bobby Ryan was traded to the Ottawa Senators in exchange for forwards Jakob Silfverberg , Stefan Noesen and Ottawa 's first - round pick in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft , and the Ducks also signed defenseman Mark Fistric , center Mathieu Perreault , and a returning Dustin Penner . Despite a bad start suffering a 6 -- 1 mauling at the hands of the Colorado Avalanche , the Ducks followed the opener with seven - straight wins , a run which was repeated and surpassed twice more during the season , including a franchise - record setting 10 consecutive wins from December 6 to 28 , 2013 . At one point of the season , the Ducks won 18 of 19 games , the longest run of one - loss play in the NHL for 45 years . A 9 -- 1 victory over the Vancouver Canucks on January 15 saw Anaheim establish a 20 -- 0 -- 2 record at the Honda Center , which matched the longest season - opening home points streak in 34 years , as well as setting a franchise - record for goals scored in a game ( 9 ) , and powerplay goals scored in a game ( 6 ) . Dustin Penner was eventually traded to the Washington Capitals , and prior to the NHL trade deadline , the Ducks acquired veteran defenceman Stephane Robidas from the Dallas Stars . Behind a Hart Trophy - caliber season from club captain Ryan Getzlaf , solid depth scoring , a steady if unspectacular defence and solid goaltending in the form of Jonas Hiller and rookie sensation Frederik Andersen , many felt that the Ducks were primed to be a top contender for the Stanley Cup . Bruce Boudreau was the head coach of the Ducks from 2011 to 2016 . He coached the team to four consecutive division titles . The Ducks remained towards the top of the NHL standings for the entire season , ending the regular season with a franchise - best 54 -- 20 -- 8 record ( 116 points ) and eventually finishing one point behind the Boston Bruins in the race for the Presidents ' Trophy , awarded to the team who finishes the regular season with the best record . The Ducks secured a second consecutive Pacific Division title and the number one seed in the Western Conference . Anaheim faced the eighth - seeded Dallas Stars in the Western Conference Quarter - finals , and were victorious in six games , marking the first time since 2009 that the Ducks had won a playoff series . In the Western Conference Semi-finals , the Ducks faced their geographic rival and eventual Stanley Cup champion Los Angeles Kings for the first time ever in the playoffs . In a hotly contested series , the Ducks ultimately went down in seven games to their Southern Californian rivals , losing Game 7 by a score of 6 -- 2 at the Honda Center . On June 27 , 2014 , the Ducks acquired center Ryan Kesler , as well as a third - round pick in 2015 , from the Vancouver Canucks . In the following season , they would win their third - straight Pacific Division title and finish as the top seed in the West with 109 points . In the 2015 playoffs , they swept the Winnipeg Jets in the first round and beat the Calgary Flames in 5 games to set up a Western Conference Final against the Chicago Blackhawks . After taking three games to two series lead on the strong play of goaltender Frederik Andersen , the Ducks lost the final two games of the series , including Game 7 on home ice . This marked the third straight season the Ducks had lost a series in Game 7 at home after leading the series three games to two . On July 15 , 2015 , the Ducks signed Ryan Kesler to a six - year contract extension totaling a reported $41.25 million . Just prior to the 2015 NHL Entry Draft , the Ducks sent Emerson Etem and a draft pick to the New York Rangers in exchange for speedy left - wing Carl Hagelin . They also traded for Vancouver Canucks defenseman Kevin Bieksa , whilst adding veterans Shawn Horcoff , Chris Stewart and Mike Santorelli . Entering the 2015 -- 16 NHL season , many analysts pegged the Ducks as Stanley Cup favorites . However , scoring struggles led to a slow start , with the team still out of a playoff spot in December . The team improved afterwards riding the goaltending of John Gibson . On March 6 , 2016 , the Ducks set a franchise record with an 11 - game winning streak which ended the following night . On March 24 , 2016 , the Ducks clinched a playoff spot in a 6 -- 5 overtime loss to the Maple Leafs . However , in the first round of the playoffs , they fell in seven games to the Nashville Predators , which led to the firing of head coach Bruce Boudreau . On June 14 , 2016 , the Ducks announced that they re-hired former Ducks ' coach Randy Carlyle . On May 10 , 2017 , the Ducks ended their game 7 losing streak when they defeated the Edmonton Oilers , winning the series 4 - 3 and advanced to the Western Conference Finals for the second time in three seasons , where they would eventually fall to the Nashville Predators in game 6 , ending their playoff run . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Team colors ( edit ) The team 's colors were purple and jade until the change of ownership in 2006 . At this point , they became orange , black and gold , with white in place of black for the away jersey . The only exception is the alternate jersey , which is mostly orange . Orange , which has become one of the team 's primary colors , is in reference to Orange County , where Anaheim is located . Name ( edit ) Founded in 1993 , the then - called Mighty Ducks of Anaheim were directly named for The Mighty Ducks movies . When The Walt Disney Company , which produced the movies and owned the NHL team , sold the team in 2005 , the name was shortened to its current state , `` Anaheim Ducks . '' Logos ( edit ) The Ducks ' logo features a webbed foot forming a `` D '' . The text itself is gold ( which sometimes may appear as bronze as well ) with orange and black accents ( forming a three - dimensional appearance ) . The entire logo is in turn outlined by silver . This is shortened from a prior version that spelled out the word `` Ducks '' in all capital letters . The old logo of the Ducks prior to the name change featured an old - style goaltender mask , shaped to form the appearance of a duck bill . Behind the mask are two intersecting hockey sticks , a black hockey puck , and a triangle ; the color of the triangle was either green or gray , depending on how the logo is used . This is now used on a shoulder patch of the current uniforms , with the triangle in orange . Jerseys ( edit ) The Ducks have officially worn three unique regular jerseys and five unique third jerseys in their franchise history : Original Mighty Ducks jerseys The inaugural Mighty Ducks of Anaheim jerseys used from 1993 to 2006 . The jerseys shown above feature shoulder patches that were used from 1996 to 2006 . The original jerseys of the Ducks ( then the Mighty Ducks ) used jade green , purple , white and grey as primary colors for both the home and away jerseys . The team 's dark jerseys were dominantly purple in color with diagonal gray and white stripes ; the jersey is jade green below the stripes , which appear on the arms and waist , and the collar was jade and white . The white jerseys were similar , except that the purple is replaced mainly with white and the collar is completely purple in color . In 1996 , shoulder patches were added to both jerseys featuring a forward - facing version of the main logo 's `` duck mask '' , surrounded by a circle reading `` Mighty Ducks of Anaheim '' . The hockey pants also had a jade stripe on the sides that was eliminated after the Ducks ' 2003 Stanley Cup run and heading into the 2003 -- 04 season . New name , new black uniforms ( 2006 -- 07 ) Anaheim Ducks jerseys used during the 2006 -- 07 season . The same design was used when the whole league went to a new jersey template the next year . About a year after the team was purchased from the Walt Disney Company by the Samuelis , Brian Burke initiated a name change dropping the `` Mighty '' after consultation with the fans showed that the typical fan had a willingness to update the `` Mighty Ducks '' name and jersey and also a desire to keep part of the traditions of the franchise . Burke sought inspiration for the jersey from the United States Military Academy , ending up with diagonal gold , white , black and orange stripes down the arms and waist with the word `` Ducks '' on the front . The jersey is similar to the team 's most recent third jersey prior to the name change . The orange pays tribute to Orange County , where Anaheim is located . 2007 -- 14 For the 2007 -- 08 NHL season , the Ducks , like all NHL teams , changed over to new Reebok Edge jerseys . The new team jersey shows only minor modifications from the 2006 -- 07 season 's jerseys , including a small NHL crest just below the neck , and a smaller ducks logo on the chest . After the first year of the Edge uniform system being in place , the Ducks increased the size of their logo . The Ducks would use these uniforms as their primary uniforms until the 2013 -- 14 season . Additional orange ( 2014 -- present ) On June 27 , 2014 , the Ducks unveiled their new uniforms that were based on the 2010 -- 2014 alternate jerseys . Changes to the collar and number font were included . Third jerseys The third jerseys of the Ducks were created in 1995 , 1997 , 2003 , 2010 and 2015 . The 1995 jersey was jade green with purple and white stripes on the collar and on the end of the sleeves . The logo was of team mascot Wildwing wearing a Mighty Ducks jersey while breaking through a sheet of ice . The jersey was short - lived ; as severe criticism encouraged management to retire the jersey at the end of the 1995 -- 96 season . Ducks alternate logo ( 2010 -- present ) . This is currently used as a patch on the Ducks ' home and away jerseys and features the original Mighty Ducks logo . The 1997 third jersey came with a rare fourth jersey partner . The third was a jade green - colored jersey with silver and purple stripes at the shoulders outlined in thin yellow , and a silver stripe at the bottom . It had the Mighty Ducks logo in the center of the chest . The fourth jersey was much like it . It was white with jade green , purple , and silver stripes at the shoulders of the jersey , but no bottom stripe . These jerseys saw action until the end of 1999 -- 2000 , when they stopped playing with their third jerseys , and used only the fourth . At the end of 1999 -- 2000 , the fourth was also retired . The 2003 third jersey was black with purple and gray stripes at the waist and on the sleeves . It had the alternate script logo of the present Mighty Ducks and old - style laces at the neck , as well as a shoulder patch displaying an interlocking `` MD '' ( for `` Mighty Ducks '' ) . The popularity of this jersey amongst fans was so great it replaced the purple and jade jersey , serving as the home jersey for the last half of the 2005 -- 06 season and playoffs . It was dropped following the season as the team went to a modified name , new uniforms , and color scheme ; however , this popular jersey influenced the design of the new jerseys for 2006 -- 07 . It was the only time in the modern NHL days when a mainly black jersey was not worn with black pants ; instead , the pants were purple . The 2010 third jersey was officially unveiled on November 26 , 2010 , against the Chicago Blackhawks , the day after Thanksgiving . The jersey features the webbed `` D '' on the chest with the recolored Mighty Ducks logo on each shoulder . It features striping similar to the regular uniforms , and orange is much more prominent as a secondary color . In June 2014 , the third jersey was made as the Ducks ' primary home jersey , alongside a white one in the same style for away . On October 16 , 2015 , the Ducks unveiled a brand new , orange third jersey when they went up against the Colorado Avalanche . This jersey brought back the old Mighty Ducks logo and features a black collar with the `` Anaheim '' wordmark on the left side , the webbed `` D '' logo on the shoulders , and unique stripes that goes along with the teams home socks . Stadium Series jersey For their Stadium Series game on January 25 , 2014 , the Ducks created a special jersey . This jersey is primarily orange with black lettering and numbers . The chromed Ducks logo , designed for the Stadium Series , is on the chest . There are gold , black and white stripes on the sleeves as well as black trim around the bottom and sleeves . The jersey has old fashion black lace on the neck and also has a unique `` OC '' logo on the left shoulder to represent Orange County where the Ducks are from . Mascot ( edit ) The official mascot for the Anaheim Ducks is an anthropomorphized duck by the name of Wild Wing . He has been the team 's mascot since its inaugural season , and his name was chosen through fan voting . He wears a Ducks jersey with the number 93 on the back , referring to the year the Ducks became an NHL team . He regularly descends from the rafters of the arena when making his in - game entrances . In one such descent the rigging that lowered Wild Wing from the rafters malfunctioned leaving the mascot trapped fifty feet above the ice for several minutes . Another well known blunder occurred in October 1995 when Wild Wing , attempting to jump through a `` wall of fire '' , accidentally tripped causing the mascot to land on the fire and set his costume ablaze . His physical appearance is similar to the duck mask in the original Mighty Ducks logo . A bronze statue of Wild Wing was located outside the south doors of Honda Center from 1993 to 2012 , until construction began on the ' Grand Terrace ' addition to the arena . When construction was completed and the Grand Terrace opened in October 2013 , the statue was noticeably absent . The mascot 's name was also used for the leader of the Ducks , Wildwing Flashblade , in Disney 's Mighty Ducks cartoon series . During the same time in which the team announced a name change as well as change in jersey designs , there was an attempt by the team 's owners to change or replace the mascot , Wild Wing , but was halted after a highly successful petition by fans . The Mighty Ducks also used a secondary `` mascot '' , a person ( with no particular costume ) called `` The Iceman '' , during the team 's first game in 1993 . `` The Iceman '' appeared occasionally in the stands , played an electric guitar , and attempted to liven up the crowd . However , `` The Iceman '' was poorly received by fans and was quickly eliminated . Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Ducks . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Anaheim Ducks seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2012 -- 13 48 30 12 6 66 140 118 1st , Pacific Lost in Conference Quarterfinals , 3 -- 4 ( Red Wings ) 2013 -- 14 82 54 20 8 116 263 207 1st , Pacific Lost in Second Round , 3 -- 4 ( Kings ) 2014 -- 15 82 51 24 7 109 236 226 1st , Pacific Lost in Conference Finals , 3 -- 4 ( Blackhawks ) 2015 -- 16 82 46 25 11 103 218 192 1st , Pacific Lost in First Round , 3 -- 4 ( Predators ) 2016 -- 17 82 46 23 13 105 223 200 1st , Pacific Lost in Conference Finals , 2 -- 4 ( Predators ) Players ( edit ) Main article : List of Anaheim Ducks players Draft picks ( edit ) For the full list of Anaheim Ducks draft picks , see List of Anaheim Ducks draft picks . Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated February 13 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Canada ! Beauchemin , Francois Francois Beauchemin 2.0 ! D 37 2017 Sorel - Tracy , Quebec 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 United States ! Boll , Jared Jared Boll 7.0 ! RW 31 2016 Charlotte , North Carolina 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Canada ! Bieksa , Kevin Kevin Bieksa 2.0 ! D 36 2015 Grimsby , Ontario 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 United States ! Brown , J.T. J.T. Brown 7.0 ! RW 27 2018 Burnsville , Minnesota 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Canada ! Cogliano , Andrew Andrew Cogliano 6.0 ! LW 30 2011 Toronto , Ontario 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 United States ! Eaves , Patrick Patrick Eaves 4.0 ! C 33 2017 Calgary , Alberta 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 United States ! Fowler , Cam Cam Fowler 2.0 ! D 26 Windsor , Ontario 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Canada ! Getzlaf , Ryan Ryan Getzlaf ( C ) 4.0 ! C 32 2003 Regina , Saskatchewan 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 United States ! Gibson , John John Gibson 1.0 ! G 24 2011 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 Canada ! Grant , Derek Derek Grant 4.0 ! C 27 2017 Abbotsford , British Columbia 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Canada ! Henrique , Adam Adam Henrique 4.0 ! C 28 2017 Brantford , Ontario 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Germany ! Holzer , Korbinian Korbinian Holzer 2.0 ! D 30 2015 Munich , West Germany 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Czech Republic ! Kase , Ondrej Ondrej Kase 3.0 ! F 22 2014 Kadaň , Czech Republic 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 United States ! Kesler , Ryan Ryan Kesler ( A ) 4.0 ! C 33 2014 Livonia , Michigan 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Canada ! Liambas , Mike Mike Liambas 6.0 ! LW 29 2017 Woodbridge , Ontario 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Sweden ! Lindholm , Hampus Hampus Lindholm 2.0 ! D 24 2012 Helsingborg , Sweden 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Canada ! Manson , Josh Josh Manson 2.0 ! D 26 2011 Hinsdale , Illinois 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 United States ! Miller , Ryan Ryan Miller 1.0 ! G 37 2017 East Lansing , Michigan 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Canada ! Montour , Brandon Brandon Montour 2.0 ! D 23 2014 Ohsweken , Ontario 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Canada ! Perry , Corey Corey Perry ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 32 2003 Peterborough , Ontario 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 Sweden ! Rakell , Rickard Rickard Rakell 7.0 ! RW 24 2011 Sundbyberg , Sweden 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Canada ! Ritchie , Nick Nick Ritchie 6.0 ! LW 22 2014 Orangeville , Ontario 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Sweden ! Silfverberg , Jakob Jakob Silfverberg 7.0 ! RW 27 2013 Gävle , Sweden 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Canada ! Vermette , Antoine Antoine Vermette 4.0 ! C 35 2016 Saint - Agapit , Quebec 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 United States ! Wagner , Chris Chris Wagner 7.0 ! RW 26 2016 Walpole , Massachusetts Team and player honors ( edit ) See also : List of Anaheim Ducks award winners NHL awards and trophies ( edit ) Stanley Cup 2006 -- 07 Clarence S. Campbell Bowl 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 Conn Smythe Trophy Jean - Sebastien Giguere : 2002 -- 03 Scott Niedermayer : 2006 -- 07 Hart Memorial Trophy Corey Perry : 2010 -- 11 William M. Jennings Trophy Frederik Andersen and John Gibson : 2015 -- 16 Lady Byng Memorial Trophy Paul Kariya : 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy Teemu Selanne : 2005 -- 06 Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy Teemu Selanne : 1998 -- 99 Corey Perry : 2010 -- 11 NHL General Manager of the Year Award Bob Murray : 2013 -- 14 First All - Star Team Paul Kariya : 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 Teemu Selanne : 1996 -- 97 Scott Niedermayer : 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 Corey Perry : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Second All - Star Team Teemu Selanne : 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 Paul Kariya : 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 03 Chris Pronger : 2006 -- 07 Lubomir Visnovsky : 2010 -- 11 Francois Beauchemin : 2012 -- 13 Ryan Getzlaf : 2013 -- 14 NHL All - Rookie Team Paul Kariya : 1994 -- 95 Bobby Ryan : 2008 -- 09 Hampus Lindholm : 2013 -- 14 Frederik Andersen : 2013 -- 14 John Gibson : 2015 -- 16 Retired numbers ( edit ) The Anaheim Ducks currently have one retired number , Teemu Selanne 's No. 8 , which was retired on January 11 , 2015 , before a game against the Winnipeg Jets . The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Anaheim Ducks retired numbers No Player Position Tenure Date 8 Teemu Selanne RW 1996 -- 2001 , 2005 -- 2014 January 11 , 2015 Notes Selanne wore number 8 for 14 of his 15 seasons with the Ducks , he would wear number 13 during the 2005 -- 06 season before returning to number 8 from the 2006 -- 07 season onwards . Hall of famers ( edit ) Former Ducks who have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . Anaheim Ducks Hall of Famers Players Name Position Tenure Inducted Paul Kariya LW 1994 - 2003 2017 Teemu Selanne RW 1996 -- 2001 , 2005 -- 2014 2017 Jari Kurri LW 1996 -- 1997 Adam Oates 2002 -- 2003 2012 Sergei Fedorov 2003 -- 2005 2015 Scott Niedermayer 2005 -- 2010 2013 Chris Pronger 2006 -- 2009 2015 Franchise scoring leaders ( edit ) Corey Perry is the franchise 's active leading goalscorer with 349 goals . Perry is also the franchise 's third all - time points leader , and fourth all - time assists leader . These are the top - ten point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Ducks player Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Teemu Selanne RW 966 457 531 988 1.02 Ryan Getzlaf * 861 236 578 814 . 95 Corey Perry * RW 804 349 368 717 . 81 Paul Kariya LW 606 300 369 669 1.10 Steve Rucchin 616 153 279 432 . 70 Bobby Ryan LW 378 147 142 289 . 77 Scott Niedermayer 371 60 204 264 . 71 Andy McDonald 391 92 167 259 . 66 Cam Fowler * 494 45 172 217 . 44 Matt Cullen 427 65 135 200 . 47 Goals Player Pos Teemu Selanne RW 457 Corey Perry * RW 349 Paul Kariya LW 300 Ryan Getzlaf * 236 Steve Rucchin 153 Bobby Ryan LW 147 Andy McDonald 92 Andrew Cogliano * LW 87 Chris Kunitz LW 81 Jakob Silfverberg * LW 66 Assists Player Pos Ryan Getzlaf * 578 Teemu Selanne RW 531 Paul Kariya LW 369 Corey Perry * RW 368 Steve Rucchin 279 Scott Niedermayer 204 Cam Fowler * 172 Andy McDonald 167 Bobby Ryan LW 142 Matt Cullen 135 Franchise playoff scoring leaders ( edit ) These are the top - ten playoff point - scorers in franchise playoff history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL season . Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game ; * = current Ducks player Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Ryan Getzlaf * 104 29 70 99 0.95 Corey Perry * RW 97 32 46 78 0.80 Teemu Selanne RW 96 35 34 69 0.72 Francois Beauchemin * 97 10 29 39 0.40 Scott Niedermayer 56 8 26 34 0.61 Chris Pronger 38 7 23 30 0.79 Paul Kariya LW 35 14 15 29 0.83 Rob Niedermayer 73 9 18 27 0.37 Jakob Silfverberg * LW 46 6 19 25 0.54 Andy McDonald 37 12 11 23 0.62 Goals Player Pos Teemu Selanne RW 35 Corey Perry * RW 32 Ryan Getzlaf * 27 Paul Kariya LW 14 Matt Beleskey LW 13 Andy McDonald 12 Ryan Kesler * 11 Francois Beauchemin * 10 Bobby Ryan RW 10 Rob Niedermayer 9 Assists Player Pos Ryan Getzlaf * 70 Corey Perry * RW 46 Teemu Selanne RW 34 Francois Beauchemin * 29 Scott Niedermayer 26 Chris Pronger 23 Cam Fowler * 20 Jakob Silfverberg * LW 19 Rob Niedermayer 18 Samuel Pahlsson 16 Franchise individual records ( edit ) In the 2008 -- 09 season , Bobby Ryan set the Ducks ' franchise record for most points by a rookie in a season with 57 points . Most goals in a season : Teemu Selanne , 52 ( 1997 -- 98 ) Most assists in a season : Ryan Getzlaf , 66 ( 2008 -- 09 ) Most points in a season : Teemu Selanne , 109 ( 1996 -- 97 ) Most penalty minutes in a season : Todd Ewen , 285 ( 1995 -- 96 ) Most goals in a season , defenceman : Lubomir Visnovsky , 18 ( 2010 -- 11 ) Most assists in a season , defenceman : Scott Niedermayer , 54 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most points in a season , defenceman : Scott Niedermayer , 69 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most goals in a season , rookie : Bobby Ryan , 31 ( 2008 -- 09 ) Most points in a season , rookie : Bobby Ryan , 57 ( 2008 -- 09 ) Most wins in a season : Jean - Sebastien Giguere , 36 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most shutouts in a season : Jean - Sebastien Giguere , 8 ( 2002 -- 03 ) All - time franchise records ( edit ) Most goals in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 457 Most assists in the franchise history : Ryan Getzlaf , 578 Most points in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 988 Best plus / minus in the franchise history : Ryan Getzlaf , 138 Most games in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 966 Most power - play goals in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 182 Most game - winning goals in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 77 Most overtime goals in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 6 Most shots in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 2964 Most playoff goals in the franchise history : Ryan Getzlaf , 36 Most playoff assists in the franchise history : Ryan Getzlaf , 70 Most playoff points in the franchise history : Ryan Getzlaf , 99 Most playoff power - play goals in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 15 Most playoff game - winning goals in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 8 Most playoff shots in the franchise history : Teemu Selanne , 274 Most playoff games in the franchise history : Ryan Getzlaf , 104 Captains , Coaches , and gms ( edit ) Team captains ( edit ) Troy Loney , 1993 -- 1994 Randy Ladouceur , 1994 -- 1996 Paul Kariya , 1996 -- 2003 Teemu Selanne , 1998 Steve Rucchin , 2003 -- 2004 Scott Niedermayer , 2005 -- 2007 Chris Pronger , 2007 -- 2008 Scott Niedermayer , 2008 -- 2010 Ryan Getzlaf , 2010 -- present Coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Anaheim Ducks head coaches Randy Carlyle is the present head coach of the Ducks . He was named to the position in 2016 . Ron Wilson , 1993 -- 97 Pierre Page , 1997 -- 1998 Craig Hartsburg , 1998 -- 2000 Guy Charron , 2000 -- 2001 Bryan Murray , 2001 -- 2002 Mike Babcock , 2002 -- 2004 Randy Carlyle , 2005 -- 2011 Bruce Boudreau , 2011 -- 2016 Randy Carlyle , 2016 -- present General managers ( edit ) Jack Ferreira , 1993 -- 1998 Pierre Gauthier , 1998 -- 2002 Bryan Murray , 2002 -- 2004 Al Coates , 2004 -- 2005 ( interim ) Brian Burke , 2005 -- 2008 Bob Murray , 2008 -- present Broadcasters ( edit ) John Ahlers , TV play - by - play Brian Hayward , TV color analyst Steve Carroll , Radio play - by - play Television broadcasts are on Fox Sports West or Prime Ticket , as well as KCOP for scheduling conflicts . Radio broadcasts are on KLAA AM 830 , and The Mighty 1090 when the Los Angeles Angels are being broadcast on KLAA . Local air broadcasts were formerly on KDOC - TV . Disney planned to start an ESPN West regional sports network for the 1998 -- 99 season , which would also carry Anaheim Angels baseball games , but the plan was abandoned . Greater Los Angeles portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Staff Directory '' . Anaheim Ducks . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anaheim Ducks Officially Take Flight '' ( Press release ) . Anaheim Ducks . June 21 , 2006 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . In addition , a classic color palette of black and metallic gold was developed , with an accent of orange as a metaphorical link to the teams ' Orange County home . Jump up ^ NHL to add teams in Miami , Anaheim Huizenga , Disney high - profile owners , The New York Times ^ Jump up to : Disney Hopes ' Ducks ' Make a Splash in O.C. , Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ Norwood , Robyn ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Mighty Ducks Hire Ferreira as General Manager -- Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Ducks fire Ron Wilson as coach '' . Canoe.ca . May 20 , 1997 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Norwood , Robyn ( May 30 , 1991 ) . `` Ducks Are Already Defensive : Hockey : Goalies Hebert and Healy are first players taken by Anaheim in expansion draft '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Former NHL player Paul Kariya announces retirement after post-concussion symptoms '' . Sports.espn.go.com . June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Penner , Mike ( January 2 , 1994 ) . `` 1993 : The Year in Review . The Mighty Ducks Steal the Show : Ducks : Diamond in a Rough Year '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Norwood , Robyn ( August 16 , 1996 ) . `` THE NHL : Epilogue : The Kings and Mighty Ducks Have at Least One Thing in Common - They Are Two of the 10 Teams That Managed Not to Qualify for the Stanley Cup Playoffs . Yet the Assessment of Their Seasons Says a Lot About the Teams - One That Surpasses All Expectations , and Another That Lived Up to None . : MIGHTY DUCKS : They Had to Climb a Matterhorn , but They Were a Real NHL Team -- Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ LARRY LEBOWITZ Business Writer ( March 16 , 1997 ) . `` The Wide ( disney ) World of Sports '' . Articles.sun-sentinel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Brown , Frank . For Ducks , There 's No I in Teemu . New York Daily News . February 12 , 1996 ( Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 08 ) . Jump up ^ Farber , Michael . Stuck Duck . Sports Illustrated . December 3 , 2001 ( Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 28 ) . Jump up ^ National Hockey League . 1995 -- 1996 Regular Season ( Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 09 ) . Jump up ^ Anaheim Ducks . Ducks History -- Captains and Coaches ( Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 01 ) . Jump up ^ Ducks entering unfamiliar waters . Sun Journal . April 16 , 1997 ( Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 13 ) . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Ducks fire Ron Wilson as coach '' . Canoe.ca. 1997 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jack Thompson ( 1998 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Mighty Ducks Change Again , Fire Coach Page After 1 Season -- tribunedigital - chicagotribune '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks ' Failure to Pick Up the Pace Led to a Stumble -- latimes '' . Articles.latimes.com. 2000 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks history and fun facts '' . Ocregister.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Name change set for Mighty Ducks '' . Ocregister.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` O.C. colors Ducks ' new look '' . Ocregister.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Off - ice official Laing balances hockey with police work '' . NHL.com. 2007 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Greg Beacham ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Ducks soar to top of NHL with 18 wins in 19 games '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ducks , Anaheim ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` Ducks Acquire Ryan Kesler '' . Anaheim Ducks . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks ' mental will is lacking in another Game 7 loss '' . Los Angeles Times . May 30 , 2015 . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Kesler signs six - year contract extension with Anaheim Ducks '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Halford , Mike ( 2015 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Getzlaf rips his team for lack of professionalism -- ProHockeyTalk '' . Nhl.nbcsports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks ' Gibson named Rookie of Month for December '' . NHL.com . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks set franchise record with 11th straight win '' . theScore . March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks ' win streak ended by Washington Capitals in shootout '' . Los Angeles Times . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks clinch playoff spot in OT loss to Leafs '' . FOX Sports . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks fire coach Bruce Boudreau after Pacific Division title , playoff loss '' . ESPN . April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks Name Carlyle Head Coach '' . NHL . June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks beat Oilers to end home Game 7 heartbreak , advance to West final '' . USA TODAY . May 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marrazza , Dan ( 8 November 2016 ) . `` How NHL Teams Got Their Names '' . vegasishockey.com . Black Knight Sports & Entertainment LLC . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Anaheim Ducks . Anaheim Ducks 2006 -- 2007 Media Guide . Anaheim , California : Ben Franklin Press , 2006 . Page 41 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks to wear third jerseys in 2010 - 11 '' . Ocregister.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks Unveil 2014 Coors Light Stadium Series TM Jersey for Dodger Stadium Contest on Jan. 25 vs. Kings -- Anaheim Ducks '' . Ducks.nhl.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Mallard nests at The Pond '' . Ocregister.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Anaheim Ducks Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anaheim Ducks Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ July 14 , 1998 , 6 : 13 pm ( 1998 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Plans Dropped For ' ESPN West ' '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anaheim Ducks . Official website Anaheim Ducks Formerly the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim Founded in 1993 Based in Anaheim , California Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History History 1993 expansion Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Henry and Susan Samueli General manager Bob Murray Head coach Randy Carlyle Team captain Ryan Getzlaf Current roster Arena Honda Center Rivalries Los Angeles Kings Affiliates AHL San Diego Gulls ECHL Utah Grizzlies Media TV Prime Ticket FS West KDOC FS San Diego Radio KLAA ( AM 830 ) Culture and lore Wild Wing The Mighty Ducks movies Mighty Ducks cartoons `` Bro Hymn '' 2011 NHL Premiere 2014 NHL Stadium Series Category WikiProject Anaheim Ducks at Wikimedia Commons Links to related articles Preceded by Carolina Hurricanes Stanley Cup champions 2006 -- 07 Succeeded by Detroit Red Wings Anaheim Ducks seasons 1990s 1990 -- 91 . 1991 -- 92 . 1992 -- 93 . 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship Anaheim Orange County , California , United States History Timeline 2012 police shooting and protests 2017 Anaheim protests Carnegie Library John Woelke House Phillip Ackley Stanton House Samuel Kraemer Building St. Michael 's Episcopal Church Areas Anaheim Hills Anaheim Resort Downtown Anaheim Platinum Triangle Municipal government Mayors Anaheim Fire & Rescue Anaheim Police Department Primary and secondary schools Public Anaheim Elementary School District Centralia School District Magnolia School District Savanna School District Anaheim Union High School District Anaheim High School Katella High School Loara High School Magnolia High School Savanna High School Western High School Orange Unified School District Canyon High School Placentia - Yorba Linda Unified School District Private Acaciawood Preparatory Academy Cornelia Connelly High School Fairmont Preparatory Academy Servite High School Colleges and universities North Orange County Community College District ( Anaheim campus ) Anaheim University Bristol University defunct Culture Anaheim Packing House City National Grove Disneyland Resort Points of interest Anaheim Convention Center Anaheim GardenWalk Angel Stadium Big A Sign Honda Center Transportation ARTIC Orange County Transportation Authority Anaheim Resort Transportation Anaheim Rapid Connection proposed Sports Anaheim Ducks Los Angeles Angels Defunct Anaheim Amigos Anaheim Arsenal Anaheim Bullfrogs Anaheim Piranhas Anaheim Splash Anaheim Storm Anaheim Valencias California Surf National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Category Portal 2017 -- 18 season Sports in Orange County , California Baseball MLB Los Angeles Angels Ice hockey NHL Anaheim Ducks Tennis WTT Orange County Breakers Roller derby RDCL Orange County Roller Derby College athletics NCAA Division I Cal State Fullerton UC Irvine Soccer USL Orange County SC NASL California United FC NPSL Orange County FC PDL Orange County SC U-23 UPSL California United FC II , La Máquina FC , Orange County FC 2 , Santa Ana Winds FC UWS LA Galaxy OC Defunct / Relocated NFL Los Angeles Rams ABA Anaheim Amigos NBA Los Angeles Clippers NBA D - League Anaheim Arsenal NASL California Surf APSL Los Angeles Salsa AFL Anaheim Piranhas NLL Anaheim Storm RHI Anaheim Bullfrogs WFL Southern California Sun CISL Anaheim Splash Venues Anaheim Convention Center Angel Stadium Anteater Ballpark Anteater Recreation Center Anteater Stadium Bren Events Center Championship Stadium Costa Mesa Speedway Crawford Hall Fairgrounds Grandstand Arena Goodwin Field Heritage Park Aquatic Center Honda Center LeBard Stadium Los Alamitos Race Course Santa Ana Stadium Titan Gym Titan Stadium Only played occasional games in Orange County Sports teams based in Greater Los Angeles Baseball MLB Los Angeles Angels Los Angeles Dodgers CL Inland Empire 66ers Lake Elsinore Storm Lancaster JetHawks Rancho Cucamonga Quakes PL California City Whiptails High Desert Yardbirds Basketball NBA Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers WNBA Los Angeles Sparks G League Agua Caliente Clippers South Bay Lakers ABA Los Angeles Slam Oceanside A-Team Orange County Novastars American football NFL Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams WFA Pacific Warriors West Coast Lightning IWFL California Quake LFL Los Angeles Temptation Ice hockey NHL Anaheim Ducks Los Angeles Kings AHL Ontario Reign Soccer MLS LA Galaxy Los Angeles FC NASL California United FC USL LA Galaxy II Orange County SC PDL FC Golden State Force Orange County SC U-23 Southern California Seahorses Ventura County Fusion NPSL City of Angels FC Deportivo Coras USA Orange County FC Oxnard Guerreros FC Temecula FC UPSL California United FC II Santa Ana Winds FC LA Wolves FC FC Santa Clarita La Máquina FC Del Rey City SC MASL Ontario Fury UWS LA Galaxy OC Santa Clarita Blue Heat So Cal Crush FC Roller derby WFTDA Angel City Derby Girls Ventura County Derby Darlins West Coast Derby Knockouts RDCL Los Angeles Derby Dolls Rugby SCRFU Back Bay RFC Belmont Shore RFC Los Angeles RFC Santa Monica Rugby Club Team tennis WTT Orange County Breakers Ultimate AUDL Los Angeles Aviators College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) Cal State Fullerton Cal State Northridge Long Beach State Loyola Marymount Pepperdine UC Irvine UC Riverside UCLA USC Venues Current Anaheim Convention Center Angel Stadium Citizens Business Bank Arena Dodger Stadium The Forum Galen Center Honda Center Long Beach Arena Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Pauley Pavilion Rose Bowl Staples Center StubHub Center Walter Pyramid Breakers Stadium at the Newport Beach Tennis Club Former Gilmore Field Gilmore Stadium Grand Olympic Auditorium Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena Pan-Pacific Auditorium Wrigley Field Future Banc of California Stadium ( scheduled to open in 2018 ) Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( scheduled to open in 2020 ) Rivalries Freeway Series Freeway Face - Off Lakers -- Clippers rivalry UCLA -- USC rivalry Sports teams based in California Australian rules football USAFL Golden Gate Roos Los Angeles Dragons Orange County Bombers Sacramento Suns San Diego Lions Baseball MLB Los Angeles Angels Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland Athletics San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants PCL Fresno Grizzlies Sacramento River Cats CL Inland Empire 66ers Lake Elsinore Storm Lancaster JetHawks Modesto Nuts Rancho Cucamonga Quakes San Jose Giants Stockton Ports Visalia Rawhide PA Napa Silverados Pittsburg Diamonds San Rafael Pacifics Sonoma Stompers Vallejo Admirals CWL Canada A 's Palm Desert Coyotes Palm Springs Chill Palm Springs POWER PL Bakersfield Train Robbers California City Whiptails High Desert Yardbirds Monterey Amberjacks GWL Chico Heat Lincoln Potters San Francisco Seals Yuba - Sutter Gold Sox Basketball NBA Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Sacramento Kings WNBA Los Angeles Sparks G League Agua Caliente Clippers Santa Cruz Warriors South Bay Lakers American football NFL Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams Oakland Raiders San Francisco 49ers WFA Central Cal War Angels Inland Empire Ravens Kern County Crusaders Los Angeles Warriors San Diego Surge Ventura County Wolfpack IWFL Carson Bobcats North County Stars Sacramento Sirens LFL Los Angeles Temptation Ice hockey NHL Anaheim Ducks Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks AHL Bakersfield Condors Ontario Reign San Diego Gulls San Jose Barracuda Stockton Heat Roller derby WFTDA Angel City Derby Girls Bay Area Derby Central Coast Roller Derby Derby Revolution of Bakersfield Humboldt Roller Derby Sacred City Derby Girls Sac City Rollers Santa Cruz Derby Girls Silicon Valley Roller Girls Sonoma County Roller Derby RDCL Los Angeles Derby Dolls Orange County Roller Girls San Diego Derby Dolls Rugby MLR San Diego Legion PRP Golden Gate RFC Old Mission Beach Athletic Club Santa Monica Rugby Club Belmont Shore RFC Olympic Club SCRFU Finlander Rugby Club Soccer MLS LA Galaxy Los Angeles FC San Jose Earthquakes NASL California United FC San Diego 1904 FC USL Fresno FC LA Galaxy II Orange County SC Sacramento Republic FC PDL Fresno FC U23 FC Golden State Force Orange County SC U-23 San Diego Zest FC San Francisco City FC SF Glens FC Santa Cruz Breakers Southern California Seahorses Ventura County Fusion NPSL Academica SC Albion SC Pros CD Aguiluchos USA City of Angels FC FC Davis Deportivo Coras USA East Bay FC Stompers El Farolito SC Napa Valley 1839 FC Orange County FC Oxnard Guerreros FC Sacramento Gold Sonoma County Sol Temecula FC UPSL Santa Ana Winds FC LA Wolves FC La Máquina FC FC Santa Clarita Del Rey City SC Real San Jose Stompers Juniors Aguiluchos U-23 Orange County FC 2 MASL Ontario Fury San Diego Sockers Turlock Express Tennis WTT Orange County Breakers San Diego Aviators Ultimate AUDL Los Angeles Aviators San Diego Growlers San Francisco FlameThrowers San Jose Spiders Lacrosse NLL San Diego Seals ( 2018 ) Sports in Los Angeles Sports in San Diego Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area College Sports in California Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaheim_Ducks&oldid=826691258 '' Categories : Anaheim Ducks Sports teams in Anaheim , California Ice hockey teams in California National Hockey League in the Greater Los Angeles Area Pacific Division ( NHL ) Ice hockey clubs established in 1993 1993 establishments in California Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 14 : 25 . 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Sam Houston
Sam Houston - wikipedia Sam Houston Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Sam Houston , see Sam Houston ( disambiguation ) . Sam Houston Sam Houston , circa 1850 7th Governor of Texas In office December 21 , 1859 -- March 16 , 1861 Lieutenant Edward Clark Preceded by Hardin Richard Runnels Succeeded by Edward Clark United States Senator from Texas In office February 21 , 1846 -- March 4 , 1859 Preceded by Seat established Succeeded by John Hemphill 1st and 3rd President of Texas In office December 21 , 1841 -- December 9 , 1844 Vice President Edward Burleson Preceded by Mirabeau B. Lamar Succeeded by Anson Jones In office October 22 , 1836 -- December 10 , 1838 Vice President Mirabeau B. Lamar Preceded by David G. Burnet ( ad interim ) Succeeded by Mirabeau B. Lamar Member of the Texas House of Representatives from the San Augustine district In office 1839 -- 1841 6th Governor of Tennessee In office October 1 , 1827 -- April 16 , 1829 Lieutenant William Hall Preceded by William Carroll Succeeded by William Hall Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee 's 7th district In office March 4 , 1823 -- March 4 , 1827 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by John Bell Personal details ( 1793 - 03 - 02 ) March 2 , 1793 Rockbridge County , Virginia , U.S. July 26 , 1863 ( 1863 - 07 - 26 ) ( aged 70 ) Huntsville , Texas , C.S. Resting place Oakwood Cemetery Huntsville , Texas , U.S. Political party Democratic - Republican ( before 1829 ) Democratic ( 1846 -- 1854 ) Unionist ( 1854 -- 1860 ) Constitutional Union ( 1860 -- 1861 ) Signature Military service Allegiance United States of America Republic of Texas Service / branch United States Army Texian Army Years of service U.S. Army : 1813 -- 18 Texian Army : 1835 -- 36 Rank U.S. Army : First lieutenant Texian Army : Major general Unit U.S. Army : 39th Infantry Regiment Commands Texian Army : Army of the Republic of Texas Battles / wars War of 1812 Creek War Battle of Horseshoe Bend ( 1814 ) Texas Revolution Battle of San Jacinto ( 1836 ) Sam Houston ( March 2 , 1793 -- July 26 , 1863 ) was an American soldier and politician . His victory at the Battle of San Jacinto secured the independence of Texas from Mexico in one of the shortest decisive battles in modern history . He was also the only governor within a future Confederate state to oppose secession ( which led to the outbreak of the American Civil War ) and to refuse an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy , a decision that led to his removal from office by the Texas secession convention . Houston was born at Timber Ridge Plantation in Rockbridge County , Virginia . He was of Scots - Irish descent . After moving to Tennessee , he spent time with the Cherokee Nation , into which he later was adopted as a citizen and into which he married . He performed military service during the War of 1812 and successfully participated in Tennessee politics . In 1827 , Houston was elected Governor of Tennessee as a Jacksonian . In 1829 , he resigned as governor and relocated to the Arkansas Territory . In 1832 , Houston was involved in an altercation with a U.S. Congressman , followed by a high - profile trial . Shortly afterwards , he moved west to Coahuila y Tejas , then a Mexican state , and became a leader of the Texas Revolution . After the war , Houston became a key figure in Texas and was elected as the first and third President of the Republic of Texas . He supported annexation by the United States and he became a U.S. Senator upon achieving it in 1845 , and finally a governor of the State of Texas in 1859 , whereby Houston became the only person to have become the governor of two different U.S. states through popular election , as well as the only state governor to have been a foreign head of state . As governor , he refused to swear loyalty to the Confederacy when Texas seceded from the Union in 1861 with the outbreak of the American Civil War , and he was removed from office . To avoid bloodshed , he refused an offer of a Union army to put down the Confederate rebellion . Instead , he retired to Huntsville , Texas , where he died before the end of the war . Houston 's name has been honored in numerous ways . He is the namesake of the city of Houston , Texas 's most populous city and the fourth most populous city in the U.S. Other things named for Sam Houston include Sam Houston State University , a memorial museum , the USS Sam Houston ( SSBN - 609 ) naval vessel , Fort Sam Houston , Sam Houston National Forest , a historical park , an elementary school in Lebanon , TN ( Sam Houston Elementary ) , a prominent roadside statue outside of Huntsville , and major streets in many Texas cities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 War of 1812 3 Tennessee politics 4 Controversy and trial 5 Republic of Texas 5.1 The Texas Revolution 5.2 Elected offices of the Republic of Texas 5.3 Settlement of Houston 6 U.S. Senator from Texas 7 Governor of Texas 8 Electoral history 9 Personal life and death 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Specific 11.2 Bibliography 12 External links Early Life ( edit ) Sam Houston Birthplace Marker in Rockbridge County , Virginia Sam Houston was the fifth son of Major Samuel Houston and Elizabeth Paxton . Houston 's paternal ancestry is often traced to his great - great grandfather Sir John Houston , who built a family estate in Scotland in the late seventeenth century . His second son John Houston emigrated to Ulster , Ireland , during the Ulster plantation period . Under the system of primogeniture , he did not inherit the estate . A historic plaque near Larne in County Antrim , Northern Ireland , tells the story of the Houston family . It is located in Ballyboley Forest Park near the site of the original John Houston estate . After several years in Ireland , John Houston immigrated in 1735 with his family to the North American colonies , where they first settled in Pennsylvania . Houston decided to migrate south with other Scots - Irish , who settled in the back country of lands in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia . Scots - Irish newcomers included the Lyle family of the Raloo area who helped found Timber Ridge Presbyterian Church , and the Houston family settled nearby . Gradually , John Houston developed his land and purchased slaves . His son Robert inherited his land , and the youngest of Robert 's five sons was Samuel Houston . Samuel Houston became a member of Morgan 's Rifle Brigade and was commissioned a major during the American Revolutionary War . At the time , militia officers were expected to pay their own expenses . He had married Elizabeth Paxton and inherited his father 's land , but he was not a good manager and got into debt , in part because of his militia service . Their children were born on his family 's plantation near Timber Ridge Church , including Sam Houston on March 2 , 1793 , the fifth of nine children and the fifth son . The senior Samuel and Elizabeth 's children were Paxton ( b . 1783 ) , Robert ( b . 1787 ) , James ( b . 1788 ) , John Paxton ( b . 1790 ; first clerk of Izard County , Arkansas , 1819 -- 1838 ) , Samuel ( b . 1793 ) , William ( b . 1794 ) , Isabella ( b . 1796 ) , Mary Blair ( b . 1797 ) , and Elizabeth Ann ( b . 1800 ) . Today , Timber Ridge Plantation maintains a log building which tradition claims was constructed from logs salvaged from the Sam Houston birthplace cabin . Planning to move on and leave debts behind , the elder Samuel Houston patented land near relatives in Maryville , the county seat of Blount County , Tennessee . He died in 1807 before he could complete the move , which Elizabeth subsequently undertook , along with their five sons and three daughters . She took them to the eastern part of the new state , which had been admitted to the Union in 1796 . Young Sam was 14 when his family moved to Maryville , and he had received only a basic education on the Virginia frontier . He ran away from home in 1809 at age 16 because he was dissatisfied working as a shop clerk in his older brothers ' store . He went southwest and lived for a few years with the Cherokee tribe led by Ahuludegi ( also spelled Oolooteka ) on Hiwassee Island in the Hiwassee River , above its confluence with the Tennessee River . Ahuludegi had become hereditary chief after his brother moved west ; American settlers in the area called him John Jolly . He became an adoptive father to Houston , giving him the Cherokee name of Colonneh , meaning `` the Raven '' . Houston became fluent in the Cherokee language while living with the tribe . He visited his family in Maryville every few months . He returned to Maryville in 1812 , and he was hired at age 19 for a term as schoolmaster of a one - room schoolhouse in Blount County between his town and Knoxville . The school was preceded by others in the region , but it was the first built in Tennessee since entering the Union . War of 1812 ( edit ) In 1813 , Houston reported for training at Camp Blount near present - day Fayetteville , Tennessee and enlisted to fight the British in the War of 1812 . By December of that year , he had been transferred to the 39th Infantry Regiment and had risen from private to third lieutenant . He was wounded in the groin at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in March 1814 by a Creek arrow , but his wound was bandaged and he rejoined the fight . Andrew Jackson called for volunteers to dislodge a group of Red Sticks from their breastwork ; Houston volunteered and was struck by bullets in the shoulder and arm during the assault . He returned to Maryville as a disabled veteran , but later took the army 's offer of free surgery and convalesced in a New Orleans hospital . Houston became close to Jackson , who was impressed with him and acted as a mentor . In 1817 , Jackson appointed him sub-agent in managing the removal of the Cherokees from East Tennessee to a reservation in what is now Arkansas . Houston had differences with Secretary of War John C. Calhoun , who chided him for appearing at a meeting dressed as a Cherokee . More significantly , an inquiry was begun into charges related to Houston 's administration of supplies for the Indians ; he was offended and resigned in 1818 . Tennessee politics ( edit ) Houston passed the bar examination in Nashville following six months of apprenticeship with Judge James Trimble , and he then opened a legal practice in Lebanon , Tennessee . In 1818 , he was appointed as the local prosecutor in Nashville and was also given a command in the state militia . In 1822 , Houston was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives for Tennessee where he was a staunch supporter of fellow Tennessean and Democrat Andrew Jackson . He was widely considered Jackson 's political protégé , although their ideas differed greatly about appropriate treatment of American Indians . Houston was a Congressman from 1823 to 1827 , re-elected in 1824 . In 1827 , he declined to run for re-election to Congress . He won the race for Governor of Tennessee in 1827 , defeating Congressman Newton Cannon and former governor Willie Blount . He planned to run for re-election in 1829 , but was suddenly beset by rumors of alcoholism and infidelity . He resigned from office when his wife Eliza Allen left him shortly after their wedding and made public statements embarrassing to him . Controversy and trial ( edit ) In 1830 and 1833 , Houston visited Washington , D.C. to expose the frauds which government agents committed against the Cherokee . While he was in Washington in April 1832 , anti-Jacksonian Congressman William Stanbery of Ohio made accusations about Houston in a speech on the floor of Congress , thus attacking Andrew Jackson through his protégé . He accused Houston of being in league with John Van Fossen and Congressman Robert S. Rose . The three men had bid on supplying rations to the various tribes of Indians who were being forcibly relocated west of the Mississippi as a result of Jackson 's Indian Removal Act of 1830 . Stanbery refused to answer Houston 's letters about the accusation , so Houston confronted him on Pennsylvania Avenue and beat him with a hickory cane , causing serious bodily injury . Stanbery drew one of his pistols in self - defense and squeezed the trigger , but the gun misfired . Congress ordered Houston 's arrest on April 17 and brought him to trial at the District of Columbia City Hall . He pleaded self - defense and hired Francis Scott Key as his lawyer . Congressman Philip Doddridge provided an eloquent argument that intimidating members of Congress with physical force amounted to anarchy in refutation of federalism . Houston was found guilty , but he was only lightly reprimanded thanks to highly placed friends such as James K. Polk . Stanbery filed charges against Houston in civil court , and Judge William Cranch found him liable and assessed him $500 in damages . Houston left the United States for Mexico without paying the judgement . Republic of Texas ( edit ) Main article : Republic of Texas The Texas Revolution ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) General Sam Houston ( postcard , circa 1905 ) Main article : Texas Revolution Houston 's political reputation suffered further due to the publicity related to the trial for his assault of Stanbery . He left for Texas in December 1832 and was immediately swept up in the politics of what was still a part of the Mexican state of Coahuila , attending the Convention of 1833 as representative for Nacogdoches . Houston emerged as a supporter of William Harris Wharton and his brother , who promoted independence from Mexico . This was the more radical position of the American settlers and Tejanos in Texas . He also attended the Consultation of 1835 , and the Texas Army commissioned him as Major General in November 1835 . He negotiated a peace settlement with the Cherokee of East Texas in February 1836 to allay their fears about independence . Houston was selected as Commander - in - Chief at the convention to declare Texan independence in March 1836 , and he signed the Texas Declaration of Independence on March 2 , 1836 , his 43rd birthday . Mexican soldiers killed all those at the Alamo Mission at the end of a 13 - day siege on March 6 . On March 11 , Houston joined what constituted his army at Gonzales : 374 poorly equipped , poorly trained , and poorly supplied recruits . Word of the defeat at the Alamo reached him and , while he waited for confirmation , he organized the recruits as the 1st Regiment Volunteer Army of Texas . On March 13 , Houston retreated before the superior forces of Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna , as he was short on rations . Heavy rain fell nearly every day , causing severe morale problems among the exposed troops struggling through the mud . He received additional troops near present - day La Grange , after four days ' march , and continued east two days later with 600 men . At Goliad , Santa Anna ordered the execution of more than 400 volunteer Texas militia led by James Fannin , who had surrendered his forces on March 20 . Houston 's forces were joined by 130 more men on March 26 near present - day Columbus , and the next day he learned of the Fannin disaster . Houston continued his retreat eastward toward the Gulf coast , drawing criticism for his perceived lack of willingness to fight , and two companies refused to retreat further on March 29 while they were camped along the Brazos River . Houston decided to use the opportunity for rudimentary training and discipline of his force . On April 2 , he organized the 2nd Regiment and received a battalion of regulars , and he ordered all troops along the Brazos to join the main army on April 11 , approximately 1,500 men in all . He began crossing the Brazos on April 12 . Detail from Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto by Henry Arthur McArdle Surrender of Santa Anna by William Henry Huddle shows the Mexican general Santa Anna surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston . It hangs in the Texas State Capitol . Santa Anna finally caught up with the Texans , but he had split his own army into three separate forces in an attempt to encircle Houston 's forces . Houston surprised Santa Anna 's forces during their afternoon siesta at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21 , 1836 . The Texans won a decisive victory in less than 18 minutes , suffering few casualties , although Houston 's ankle was shattered by a stray bullet . Santa Anna was badly beaten and forced to sign the Treaty of Velasco , granting Texas its independence . Houston stayed on briefly for negotiations , then returned to the United States for treatment of his ankle wound . Elected offices of the Republic of Texas ( edit ) Houston was twice elected President of the Republic of Texas . In the 1836 election , he defeated Stephen F. Austin and Henry Smith with a landslide of over 79 % of the vote . Houston served from October 22 , 1836 , to December 10 , 1838 . The Constitution of the Republic of Texas stated that no president could succeed himself , but did not prohibit any non-consecutive multiple terms . When his first term ended , he was elected to serve as a representative from San Augustine County in the Republic of Texas House of Representatives . After his term as representative ended , Houston again served as President of the Republic of Texas from December 12 , 1841 , to December 9 , 1844 . While he initially sought annexation by the U.S. , Houston dropped that goal during his first term . In his second term , he strove for fiscal prudence and worked to make peace with the various tribes of Native Americans in the Republic . He also struggled to avoid war with Mexico , whose forces invaded twice during 1842 . In response to the Regulator -- Moderator War of 1844 , he sent in Republic militia to put down the feud . Houston still believed that the U.S annexation of Texas was not a realistic goal and the U.S. Senate would never pass it because of the delicate situation between the recently independent Texas and Mexico . However , Houston was a politician and as such he sought to preserve his career by endorsing the support of annexation into the U.S. Without his endorsement , the Texas congress would have put the question to public election and upon its likely passing would have effectively destroyed Houston 's career as a Texas politician . To help save his political reputation , Houston sent James Pinckney Henderson to Washington to help Isaac Van Zandt advocate the annexation of Texas . Settlement of Houston ( edit ) Marker on the Harris County Annex 2 Building in Downtown Houston , indicating the site where Sam Houston lived from 1837 to 1838 The European - American settlement of Houston was founded in August 1836 by brothers J.K. Allen and A.C. Allen . It was named in Houston 's honor and served as capital . Gail Borden helped lay out Houston 's streets . In 1837 , during Houston 's first term as President of the Republic of Texas , he joined the masonic Holland Lodge No. 36 . It was founded in Brazoria and was relocated in 1837 to what is now Houston . On December 20 , 1837 , Houston presided over the convention of Freemasons that formed the Grand Lodge of the Republic of Texas , now the Grand Lodge of Texas . The city of Houston served as the capital of the republic until President Mirabeau Lamar signed a measure that moved the capital to Austin on January 14 , 1839 . Between his presidential terms ( the constitution did not allow a president to serve consecutive terms ) , Houston was elected as a representative from San Augustine in the Texas House of Representatives . He was a major critic of President Mirabeau Lamar , who advocated continuing independence of Texas , annihilation of American Indians , and the extension of Texas 's boundaries to the Pacific Ocean . U.S. Senator from Texas ( edit ) Senator Sam Houston 1859 After the annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845 , Houston was elected to the U.S. Senate by the Texas state legislature , along with Thomas Jefferson Rusk . Houston served from February 21 , 1846 , until March 4 , 1859 , with a nine - month gap in 1847 when the state legislature failed to reelect him . He was a Senator during the Mexican -- American War , when the U.S. defeated Mexico and acquired vast expanses of new territory in the Southwest as part of the concluding treaty . Throughout his term in the Senate , Houston spoke out against the growing sectionalism of the country . He blamed the extremists of both the North and South , saying : `` Whatever is calculated to weaken or impair the strength of ( the ) Union , -- whether originating at the North or the South , -- whether arising from the incendiary violence of abolitionists , or from the coalition of nullifiers , will never meet with my unqualified approval . '' Houston supported the Oregon Bill of 1848 , which was opposed by many Southerners . In his passionate speech in support of the Compromise of 1850 , echoing Matthew 12 : 25 , Houston said `` A nation divided against itself can not stand . '' Eight years later , Abraham Lincoln would express the same sentiment . Houston opposed the Kansas -- Nebraska Act in 1854 , and correctly predicted that it would cause a sectional rift in the country that would eventually lead to war , saying : `` ... what fields of blood , what scenes of horror , what mighty cities in smoke and ruins -- it is brother murdering brother ... I see my beloved South go down in the unequal contest , in a sea of blood and smoking ruin . '' He was one of only two Southern senators ( the other was John Bell of Tennessee ) to vote against the act . At the time , he was considered a potential candidate for President of the United States . But , his strong Unionism and opposition to the extension of slavery alienated the Texas legislature and other southern states . Houston 's opposition to the Kansas -- Nebraska Act led to his departure from the Democratic Party . Beginning in 1855 , Houston began to be publicly associated with the nativist Know Nothing movement , which represented a unionist alternative to the Democrats . Houston opposed the growing influence of Catholic voters , stating , `` let all have their own religion ... but I will resist the political influence of Pope or Priest . '' He opposed barring Catholics from holding office , but wanted to extend the naturalization period for immigrants to twenty - one years . He sought the presidential nomination at the Know Nothing party 's 1856 national convention and publicly supported the party 's ticket in the 1856 presidential election . The Know Nothing party collapsed after the 1856 elections and Houston became associated with the loosely - organized Opposition Party , a coalition of independents and former Whigs opposed to both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party . As a former President of Texas , he was the last foreign head of state to serve in the U.S. Congress . Governor of Texas ( edit ) Sam Houston Houston ran twice for governor of Texas as a Unionist , unsuccessfully in 1857 , and successfully against Hardin R. Runnels in 1859 . He was sworn in as Governor on December 21 , 1859 . Upon election , he became the only person elected to serve as governor of two U.S. states , Texas and Tennessee , by popular vote . ( Whereas Thomas McKean and John Dickinson had each served as chief executives of Delaware and then of Pennsylvania in the late 18th century , and other state governors had also served as governors of American territories , each of them achieved at least one of his positions by indirect election or appointment . ) While Governor , Houston made a run for the presidency in 1860 . He was a presidential candidate at the 1860 Constitutional Union Convention , but Houston finished second on the convention ballot to John Bell . Later that year he was nominated for President by the People 's Party . The People 's Party was a loose association of the supporters of Houston . On April 20 , 1860 , the party held , on the San Jacinto Battlefield , what it termed a national convention to nominate Houston for President . The party did not nominate a Vice Presidential candidate at that time since they expected later gatherings to carry out that function . Later mass meetings were held in northern cities , such as New York City on May 30 , 1860 , but they too failed to nominate a Vice Presidential candidate . Houston withdrew from the race on August 16 , convinced that his candidacy would only make it easier for Abraham Lincoln to win . He instead urged the formation of a Unified `` Union '' ticket in opposition to it . Although Houston was a slave owner and opposed abolition , he opposed the secession of Texas from the Union . An elected convention voted to secede from the United States on February 1 , 1861 , and Texas joined the Confederate States of America on March 2 , 1861 . Houston refused to recognize its legality , but the Texas legislature upheld the legitimacy of secession . The political forces that brought about Texas 's secession were powerful enough to replace the state 's Unionist governor . Houston chose not to resist , stating , `` I love Texas too well to bring civil strife and bloodshed upon her . To avert this calamity , I shall make no endeavor to maintain my authority as Chief Executive of this State , except by the peaceful exercise of my functions ... '' He was evicted from his office on March 16 , 1861 , for refusing to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederacy , writing in an undelivered speech , Fellow - Citizens , in the name of your rights and liberties , which I believe have been trampled upon , I refuse to take this oath . In the name of the nationality of Texas , which has been betrayed by the Convention , I refuse to take this oath . In the name of the Constitution of Texas , I refuse to take this oath . In the name of my own conscience and manhood , which this Convention would degrade by dragging me before it , to pander to the malice of my enemies , I refuse to take this oath . I deny the power of this Convention to speak for Texas ... I protest ... against all the acts and doings of this convention and I declare them null and void . The Texas secession convention replaced Houston with Lieutenant Governor Edward Clark . To avoid more bloodshed in Texas , Houston turned down U.S. Col. Frederick W. Lander 's offer from President Lincoln of 50,000 troops to prevent Texas 's secession . He said , `` Allow me to most respectfully decline any such assistance of the United States Government . '' After leaving the Governor 's mansion , Houston traveled to Galveston . Along the way , many people demanded an explanation for his refusal to support the Confederacy . On April 19 , 1861 from a hotel window he told a crowd : Let me tell you what is coming . After the sacrifice of countless millions of treasure and hundreds of thousands of lives , you may win Southern independence if God be not against you , but I doubt it . I tell you that , while I believe with you in the doctrine of states rights , the North is determined to preserve this Union . They are not a fiery , impulsive people as you are , for they live in colder climates . But when they begin to move in a given direction , they move with the steady momentum and perseverance of a mighty avalanche ; and what I fear is , they will overwhelm the South . Electoral History ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : Tennessee legislative and gubernatorial elections 1841 Texas election Texas gubernatorial elections . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2012 ) Republic of Texas presidential election , 1836 Party Candidate Votes % Independent Sam Houston 5,119 79.4 Independent Henry Smith 743 11.5 Independent Stephen F. Austin 587 9.1 Texas gubernatorial election , 1857 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Hardin Richard Runnels 32,552 53.2 % Independent Sam Houston 28,628 46.8 % Total votes 61,180 100.0 % Texas gubernatorial election , 1859 Party Candidate Votes % Independent Sam Houston 36,227 56.8 Democratic H.R. Runnels 27,500 43.1 Personal Life and death ( edit ) Coat of Arms of Sam Houston Sam Houston , photograph by Mathew Brady , c. 1860 -- 1863 Margaret Lea Houston On January 22 , 1829 , at the age of 35 , Houston married 19 - year - old Eliza Allen , the daughter of the well - connected planter Colonel John Allen ( 1776 -- 1833 ) of Gallatin , Tennessee . He was a friend of politician Andrew Jackson , soon to take office as President of the United States . Houston was then governor of Tennessee . Eliza left Houston shortly after their marriage . Subsequent to their separation and her statement , Houston resigned the governorship . Neither Houston nor Eliza ever discussed the reasons for their separation ; speculation and gossip credited their split to Eliza 's being in love with another man . The aforementioned public statement and Houston 's resignation suggest other reasons . Houston seems to have cared for his wife 's reputation and wrote to her father . Houston officially divorced Eliza Allen Houston in 1837 . ( She remarried in 1840 to Dr. Elmore Douglass , becoming a stepmother to his ten children . She had four children with him and died in 1861 . ) In April 1829 , in part due to the scandal of his well - known separation , Houston resigned as governor of Tennessee . He went west with the Cherokee in Indian removal to exile in Arkansas Territory . That year he was adopted by Chief John Jolly and thus made a member of the Cherokee . Houston married Tiana Rogers ( d . 1838 ) , daughter of Chief John `` Hellfire '' Rogers ( 1740 -- 1833 ) , a Scots - Irish trader , and Jennie Due ( 1764 -- 1806 ) , a sister of Chief John Jolly , in a ceremony according to Cherokee customs . Tiana was in her mid-30s , of mixed - race , and the widow of David Gentry , Jr . She had two children from her previous marriage : Gabriel , born 1819 , and Joanna , born 1822 . She and Houston lived together for several years . Under civil law , he was still legally married to Eliza Allen Houston . After declining to accompany Houston to Texas in 1832 , Tiana later married John McGrady . In 1838 she died of pneumonia and is buried at Fort Gibson National Cemetery with a grave maker reading `` Talahina R. wife of Gen. Sam Houston '' . In 1833 , Houston was baptized into the Catholic faith in order to qualify under the existing Mexican law for property ownership in Coahuila y Tejas . The sacrament was held in the living room of the Adolphus Sterne House in Nacogdoches . On May 9 , 1840 , Houston , aged 47 , married for a third time . His bride was 21 - year - old Margaret Moffette Lea of Marion , Alabama , the daughter of planters . They had eight children born between Houston 's 51st and 68th years . Margaret acted as a tempering influence on her much older husband and convinced him to stop drinking . Although the Houstons had numerous houses , they kept only one continuously : Cedar Point ( 1840 -- 1863 ) on Trinity Bay . Sam Houston in 1861 . By 1854 , Margaret had spent 14 years trying to convert Houston to the Baptist church . With the assistance of George Washington Baines , she convinced Houston to convert ; he agreed to adult baptism . Spectators from neighboring communities came to Independence , Texas to witness the event . On November 19 , 1854 , Houston was baptized by Rev. Rufus C. Burleson by immersion in Little Rocky Creek , two miles southeast of Independence . The baptismal site is near a roadside historical marker by the Texas Historical Commission located on Farm to Market Road 50 at Sam Houston Road . Sam Houston Rd . continues to Little Rocky Creek between Independence and the nearby settlement of Sandy Hill . In 1862 , Houston returned to Huntsville , Texas , and rented the Steamboat House ; the hills in Huntsville reminded him of his boyhood home in Tennessee . Houston was active in the Masonic Lodge , transferring his membership to Forrest Lodge # 19 . His health deteriorated in 1863 due to a persistent cough . In mid-July , Houston developed pneumonia . He died on July 26 , 1863 at Steamboat House , with his wife Margaret by his side . The inscription on his tomb reads : A Brave Soldier . A Fearless Statesman . A Great Orator -- A Pure Patriot . A Faithful Friend , A Loyal Citizen . A Devoted Husband and Father . A Consistent Christian -- An Honest Man . Sam Houston was buried in Huntsville , where he had lived in retirement . After her death , Margaret was buried in Independence at her family 's cemetery . See also ( edit ) Joshua Houston History of slavery in Texas List of duels # United States List of monuments and memorials to Sam Houston List of works on Sam Houston Texas portal Tennessee portal Biography portal Politics portal References ( edit ) Specific ( edit ) Inline citations ( shown in the article ) are listed below . ^ Jump up to : `` But when he refused to take the oath of loyalty to the newly formed Confederate States of America , the Texas convention removed him from office on March 16 and replaced him with Lieutenant Governor Edward Clark two days later . '' Houston , Samuel in the Handbook of Texas Online . Retrieved July 28 , 2014. He was also the first human to live to over 9,000 Jump up ^ William Seale ( April 1992 ) . Sam Houston 's Wife : A Biography of Margaret Lea Houston . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 21 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2436 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ben R. Guttery ( October 1 , 2007 ) . Representing Texas . Ben Guttery . pp. 83 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4196 - 7884 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sue Flanagan ( June 28 , 2010 ) . Sam Houston 's Texas . University of Texas Press . pp. 6 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 78921 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bill Harvey ( February 1 , 2003 ) . Texas Cemeteries : The Resting Places of Famous , Infamous , and Just Plain Interesting Texans . University of Texas Press . pp. 158 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 73466 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erik A. Bruun ; Jay Crosby ( 1999 ) . Our Nation 's Archive : The History of the United States in Documents . Black Dog & Leventhal . pp. 268 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 067 - 2 . Jump up ^ Boy Scouts of America , Inc . ( April 1963 ) . Magazine article , The Biggest Texan : A Profile of Sam Houston . Boy Scouts of America , Inc . pp. 70 -- . ISSN 0006 - 8608 . ^ Jump up to : James L. Haley , Sam Houston , Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press , 2004 Jump up ^ Haley ( 2002 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Staff ( May 1978 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory / Nomination : Church Hill '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Department of Historic Resources . Jump up ^ Neely , Jack . Knoxville 's Secret History , Scruffy City Publishing , 1995 . Jump up ^ Samuel Houston from the Handbook of Texas Online Jump up ^ Haley ( 2002 ) , p. 10 Jump up ^ http://samhoustonhistoricschoolhouse.org/history Jump up ^ http://www.sitemason.com/files/iplWIU/WEB_WarOf1812Booklet.pdf Jump up ^ `` Sam Houston Memorial Museum '' . samhoustonmemorialmuseum.com . Jump up ^ Neely , Jack , Knoxville 's Secret History , Scruffy City Publishing , 1995 ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Houston , Sam '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Haley ( 2002 ) , pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ `` Lebanon , Tennessee : A Tour of Our City '' ( PDF ) . Lebanon / Wilson County Chamber of Commerce . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 15 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Office History , Nashville District Attorney General Archived December 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sam Houston Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ A Sketch of the life of Philip Doddridge by Waitman Thomas Wiley pp. 68 -- 72 Jump up ^ Helen Burleson Kelso , `` Burleson , Edward , '' Handbook of Texas Online ( 1 ) , accessed March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas H. Kreneck , `` Houston , Samuel , '' Handbook of Texas Online ( 2 ) , accessed March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Republic of Texas ( 1836 ) : Article III '' . Tarlton Law Library . The University of Texas School of Law . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts ( 1993 ) , pp. 23 -- 25 , 38 ; `` Houston news '' . Telegraph and Texas Register . 5 ( 11 ) : 3 . September 11 , 1839 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston papers State Congressman '' . Texas State Library and Archives Commission . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Road to Texas , Texas Annexation 1836 -- 1845 , Part 4 : A Treaty of Annexation '' . The Texas State Library and Archives . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Holland Masonic Lodge -- History '' . HollandLodge.org . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Friend , Llerena ( 1954 ) . Sam Houston , the Great Designer . University of Texas Press . p. 187 . ISBN 0292789114 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Haley ( 2002 ) , p. 305 Jump up ^ `` Sam Houston Biography -- Today @ Sam -- Sam Houston State University '' . Shsu.edu . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burleson , Mrs. Georgia J. ( 1901 ) . `` Part IV . Addresses and Articles of Dr. Burleson : General Sam Houston : Address Delivered Before The Texas Legislature , March 2 , 1893 , At the Memorial Services of the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of Gen. Sam Houston , and the Fifty - Seventh of Texas Independence '' . The Life and Writings of Rufus C. Burleson , D.D. , LL. D. p. 579 . at Google Books Jump up ^ Cantrell , Gregg ( January 1993 ) . `` Sam Houston and the Know - Nothings : A Reappraisal '' . The Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 96 ( 3 ) : 327 -- 343 . Jump up ^ Kreneck , Thomas H. `` Samuel Houston '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Political Movements : The Houston Mass Meeting . Large Gathering of the People in Union - Square -- Washington statue Illuminated . The Hero of San Jacinto Nominated for the Presidency . Speeches , Address , Resolutions , Music , Fireworks , Guns , and Fun '' . The New York Times . May 30 , 1860 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from Sam Houston Withdrawing from the Canvass '' . The New York Times . September 3 , 1860 . Jump up ^ Haley ( 2002 ) , pp. 390 -- 391 . Jump up ^ Haley ( 2002 ) , p. 397 Jump up ^ `` Texas Almanac '' . Jump up ^ Empires , Nations , and Families , p. 51 Jump up ^ Haley ( 2002 ) , pp. 50 -- 60 Jump up ^ `` Eliza Allen '' . WNPT.org . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haley ( 2002 ) , p. 70 Jump up ^ Talahina `` Tiana '' Rogers Houston at Find a Grave Jump up ^ Ramos , Mary G ; Reavis , Dick ; Vandivier , Kevin ( 2004 ) . Compass American Guides : Texas . Compass America Guides . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 676 - 90502 - 1 . Jump up ^ Haley ( 2002 ) , pp. 104 -- 105 Jump up ^ Augustin , Byron ; Pitts , William L. `` Independence , Texas '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seale ( 1992 ) pp. 167 -- 171 Jump up ^ `` THC - Houston baptismal site '' . Texas Historical Commission . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . ( route number designation in citation contains typographic error ) Jump up ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division ( 2014 ) . Texas County Map Book ( PDF ) ( Map ) ( 2014 ed . ) . 1 : 120,000 . Texas Department of Transportation . p. 452 . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) External video Booknotes interview with Marshall DeBruhl on Sword of San Jacinto : The Life of Sam Houston , May 2 , 1993 , C - SPAN The following are reference sources ( alphabetical by author ) : Andrew Jackson -- His Life and Times ; Brands , H.W. ; Doubleday : ISBN 0 - 385 - 50738 - 0 . The Texas Revolution ; Brinkley , William ; Texas A&M Press : ISBN 0 - 87611 - 041 - 3 . Sword of San Jacinto , Marshall DeBruhl ; Random House : ISBN 0 - 394 - 57623 - 3 . Haley , James L. ( 2002 ) . Sam Houston . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3644 - 8 . The Raven : A Biography of Sam Houston ; James , Marquis ; University of Texas Press : ISBN 0 - 292 - 77040 - 5 . The Eagle and the Raven ; Michener , James A. ; State House Press : ISBN 0 - 938349 - 57 - 0 . Roberts , Madge Thornall ( 1993 ) . Star of Destiny : The Private Life of Sam and Margaret Houston . Denton , TX : University of North Texas Press -- via Questia ( subscription required ) . ISBN 0 - 929398 - 51 - 3 . External links ( edit ) United States Congress . `` Sam Houston ( id : H000827 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Find more aboutSam Houstonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Library resources about Sam Houston Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Sam Houston Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Sam Houston papers ( Woodson Research Center , Fondren Library , Rice University , Houston , Texas ) Life of General Houston , 1793 -- 1863 published 1891 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . permanent dead link ) Sam Houston ; David Crockett . published 1901 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . Samuel Houston from the Handbook of Texas Online Sam Houston Memorial Museum in Huntsville , Texas Sam Houston Historic Schoolhouse in Maryville , Tennessee Documentary film Sam Houston : American Statesman , Soldier , and Pioneer . 2009 , The Sam Houston Project . Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture entry Tennessee State Library & Archives , Papers of Governor Sam Houston , 1827 -- 1829 Sam Houston Rode a Gray Horse Houston Family Papers , 1836 -- 1869 and undated , in the Southwest Collection / Special Collections Library at Texas Tech University Life and select literary remains of Sam Houston of Texas published 1884 Sam Houston Governor of Texas ( 1859 -- 1861 ) United States Senate ( 1846 -- 1859 ) President of the Republic of Texas ( 1836 -- 1838 ; 1841 -- 1844 ) Republic of Texas House of Representatives ( 1839 -- 1841 ) Texian Army Commander - in - chief ( 1835 -- 1836 ) Governor of Tennessee ( 1827 -- 1829 ) United States House of Representatives ( 1823 -- 1827 ) History Family and personal life Thomas Caruthers Price Daniel Jr . Andrew Jackson Houston Joshua Houston Margaret Bell Houston Margaret Lea Houston Temple Lea Houston John Jolly List of United States political families Homes Woodland ( Huntsville , Texas ) Texas Governor 's Mansion Steamboat House ( Huntsville , Texas ) Mrs. Sam Houston House Texas Revolution Battle of San Jacinto Consultation of 1835 Convention of 1836 Runaway Scrape Texas Declaration of Independence Treaties of Velasco Yellowstone steamboat Monuments and memorials Tennessee Houston County Sam Houston Schoolhouse Texas Houston Fort Sam Houston Sam Houston Coliseum Houston County Sam Houston High School ( Arlington , Texas ) Sam Houston High School ( Houston ) The Sam Houston Hotel Sam Houston Math , Science , and Technology Center Sam Houston National Forest Sam Houston Park Sam Houston Race Park Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center Sam Houston Ship Channel Bridge Sam Houston State University Other places Houston County , Minnesota Houston , Mississippi Houston , Missouri Military Sam Houston Award Medal ( Texas ) USS Sam Houston ( SSBN - 609 ) Public art Sam Houston sculpture ( Houston , TX ) Sam Houston ( Ney ) ( Austin , TX & Washington , DC ) A Tribute to Courage statue ( Hunstville , TX ) Misc Sam Houston Zephyr Popular culture Television Gone to Texas Texas Rising Film The Alamo The Conqueror ( 1917 film ) The First Texan Man of Conquest Publications List of works on Sam Houston Actor portrayals Trevor Bardette Richard Boone Philip Bosco Sydney Bromley J.D. Cannon Robert Culp Richard Dix Sam Elliott William Farnum Lorne Greene Stacy Keach Joel McCrea Moroni Olsen Bill Paxton Edward Peil , Sr . Denver Pyle Dennis Quaid Hugh Sanders John Schneider Zachary Scott Tom Skerritt Robert Stack Don Taylor Tom Wilson Offices and distinctions U.S. House of Representatives Preceded by ( none ) Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee 's 7th congressional district March 4 , 1823 -- March 4 , 1827 Succeeded by John Bell Political offices Preceded by William Carroll Governor of Tennessee 1827 -- 1829 Succeeded by William Hall Preceded by David G. Burnet ( ad interim ) President of the Republic of Texas 1836 -- 1838 Succeeded by Mirabeau B. Lamar Preceded by Mirabeau B. Lamar President of the Republic of Texas 1841 -- 1844 Succeeded by Anson Jones Preceded by Hardin R. Runnels Governor of Texas 1859 -- 1861 Succeeded by Edward Clark U.S. Senate Preceded by None U.S. Senator ( Class 2 ) from Texas February 21 , 1846 -- March 4 , 1859 Served alongside : Thomas J. Rusk , J. Pinckney Henderson and Matthias Ward Succeeded by John Hemphill United States Senators from Texas Class 1 Rusk Henderson Ward Wigfall Flanagan Maxey Reagan Chilton Mills Culberson Mayfield Connally Daniel Blakley Yarborough Bentsen Krueger Hutchison Cruz Class 2 S. Houston Hemphill Hamilton Coke Chilton Bailey Johnston Sheppard A. Houston O'Daniel Johnson Blakley Tower Gramm Cornyn Governors of Tennessee Sevier Roane Sevier Blount McMinn Carroll Houston Hall Carroll Cannon Polk Jones A. Brown N. Brown Trousdale Campbell Johnson Harris Johnson East Brownlow Senter J. Brown Porter Marks Hawkins Bate R. Taylor Buchanan Turney R. Taylor McMillin Frazier Cox Patterson Hooper Rye Roberts A. Taylor Peay Horton McAlister Browning Cooper McCord Browning Clement Ellington Clement Ellington Dunn Blanton Alexander McWherter Sundquist Bredesen Haslam Presidents of the Republic of Texas David G. Burnet ( interim ) Sam Houston Mirabeau B. Lamar Sam Houston Anson Jones Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Texas Governors J.P. Henderson Wood Bell J.W. Henderson Pease Runnels Houston Clark Lubbock Murrah Hamilton Throckmorton Pease Davis Coke Hubbard Roberts Ireland Ross Hogg Culberson Sayers Lanham Campbell Colquitt J. Ferguson Hobby Neff M. Ferguson Moody Sterling M. Ferguson Allred O'Daniel Stevenson Jester Shivers Daniel Connally Smith Briscoe Clements White Clements Richards Bush Perry Abbott Lieutenant Governors Horton Greer Henderson Dickson Runnels Lubbock Clark Crockett Stockdale Jones J. W. Flanagan Campbell D. W. Flanagan Fountain Pickett Hubbard Sayers Storey Martin Gibbs Wheeler Pendleton Crane Jester Browning Neal A. B. Davidson Mayes Hobby Sr . Johnson L. Davidson T. W. Davidson Miller Witt Woodul Stevenson J. L. Smith Shivers Ramsey P. Smith Barnes Hobby Jr . Bullock Perry Ratliff Dewhurst Patrick Republic of Texas Capitals Harrisburg Washington - on - the - Brazos Galveston Velasco Columbia Houston Austin Presidents David G. Burnet Sam Houston Mirabeau Lamar Anson Jones Vice Presidents Lorenzo de Zavala Mirabeau Lamar David G. Burnet Edward Burleson Kenneth Lewis Anderson Documents Texas Declaration of Independence Constitution of the Republic of Texas Texas Archive War Colonization Henri Castro Fisher - Miller Land Grant Presidential elections 1836 1838 1841 1844 ( 1856 ← ) United States presidential election , 1860 ( 1864 → ) Republican Party Convention Nominee Abraham Lincoln VP nominee Hannibal Hamlin Candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Democratic Party Conventions Northern Nominee Stephen A. Douglas Northern VP nominee Herschel V. Johnson Southern Nominee John C. Breckinridge Southern VP nominee Joseph Lane Candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M.T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Constitutional Union Party Convention Nominee John Bell VP nominee Edward Everett Candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Other 1860 elections : House Senate VIAF : 30337897 LCCN : n82151189 ISNI : 0000 0000 8110 1081 GND : 119022044 SUDOC : 07616568X US Congress : H000827 IATH : w6ff3s74 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Houston&oldid=821715261 '' Categories : Sam Houston 1793 births 1863 deaths 19th - century American politicians American emigrants to Mexico American people of Scottish descent American people of Scotch - Irish descent American people of the War of 1812 American prosecutors Army of the Republic of Texas generals Baptists from the United States Confederate state governors Democratic Party United States Senators Democratic - Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives Democratic - Republican Party state governors of the United States Governors of Tennessee Governors of Texas Independent state governors of the United States Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives Know - Nothing United States Senators Members of Congress who served in multiple states Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee People from Blount County , Tennessee People from Rockbridge County , Virginia People of Texas in the American Civil War People of the Creek War People of the Texas Revolution Presidents of the Republic of Texas American slave owners Southern Unionists in the American Civil War Tennessee Democratic - Republicans Tennessee Jacksonians Tennessee lawyers Baptists from Texas Texas Consultation delegates Texas Democrats Texas Independents Texas Know Nothings United States Army officers United States presidential candidates , 1860 United States Senators from Texas People from Huntsville , Texas Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Find a Grave template with ID different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from February 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gàidhlig 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kernowek Latina Latviešu മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 05 : 17 . 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the hero of san jacinto became the first president of the texas republic
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Don't Get Around Much Anymore
Do n't Get Around Much Anymore - wikipedia Do n't Get Around Much Anymore Jump to : navigation , search `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' Song by Duke Ellington Published 1940 Songwriter ( s ) Duke Ellington , Bob Russell `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' is a jazz standard with music by Duke Ellington and lyrics by Bob Russell . The tune was originally called `` Never No Lament '' and was first recorded by Ellington in 1940 as a big - band instrumental . Russell 's lyrics and the new title were added in 1942 . Two different recordings of `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' , one by The Ink Spots and the other by Ellington 's own band , reached # 1 on the R&B chart in the US in 1943 . Both were top - ten pop records , along with a version by Glen Gray . The Duke Ellington version reached # 8 on the pop chart . Versions ( edit ) 1943 : The Ink Spots reached number 1 on the R&B chart for two non-consecutive weeks and number 2 on the pop chart 1953 : Harry James recorded several live versions of the tune during the 1950s , including one from 1953 featuring Buddy Rich on drums on the album Live ! ( Sunbeam SB - 230 , 1979 ) 1956 : Patti Page on Music for Two in Love 1957 : Tab Hunter on Dot Records . The b - side to Ninety - Nine Ways , which was a # 11 hit in March ' 57 . `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' itself charted at # 74 in March 1957 . 1957 : Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook for Verve Records In September 1957 Eydie Gorme released a version on her album Eydie Swings the Blues Hallmark Records 1957 : Nat King Cole on Just One of Those Things 1958 : Bill Doggett included a cover on his album Salute To Duke Ellington , King Records 533 . 1958 : Mose Allison recorded it for his album Young Man Mose , Prestige PRLP 7137 . 1959 : June Christy recorded the song for her album Ballads for Night People and also on the album Spotlight on June Christy ( 1995 ) 1959 : Ed Townsend released a version of the song on his album , Glad to Be Here . 1960 : The Coasters on their album One by One 1961 : Mel Tormé on The Duke Ellington and Count Basie Songbooks for Verve Records 1961 : Sam Cooke on My Kind of Blues 1961 : Etta James on The Second Time Around for Argo Records 1965 : Hank Crawford on Dig These Blues for Atlantic Records 1967 : The Radars on Zodiac Z45 - 1318 1975 : Title track of live recording of jam session with Rolf Ericsson , Tommy Körberg , Dick Morrissey , Terry Smith , and others on Do n't Get Around Much Anymore -- Live at Bullerbyn 1975 : Mose Allison on Creek Bank for Prestige 1978 : Willie Nelson recorded the song for his album Stardust 1987 : Paul McCartney for his album Снова в СССР 1989 : Harry Connick , Jr. on the soundtrack of When Harry Met Sally 1990 : Grace Knight on the soundtrack of Come in Spinner , ABC TV ( Australia ) 1991 : B.B. King on the King of the Blues compilation 1991 : Joan Cartwright with Dr. Lonnie Smith ( p ) , Bill Peeples ( d ) , Bobby Tynes ( s ) , Phil McArthur ( b ) , recorded at Miamiway Theatre in Miami , included on her album In Pursuit of a Melody 1991 : Natalie Cole on her album Unforgettable ... with Love 1995 : Chicago on their album Night & Day Big Band 1996 : Michael Bublé on his album BaBalu 2003 : Rod Stewart had also covered this song on his As Time Goes By : the Great American Songbook 2 cover album of pop standards 2004 : Anne Murray on her album I 'll Be Seeing You 2006 : Brooks Williams on his album Blues and Ballads 2009 : Mark Isham & Kate Ceberano recorded a version for their Bittersweet album . 2010 : Cliff Richard on his album Bold as Brass 2011 : Tony Bennett and Michael Bublé on the album Duets II 2012 : Tony Bennett and Miguel Bosé on the album Viva Duets 2015 : Lowell Oakley on the eighth season of the American reality talent show The Voice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 185 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 275 . Jump up ^ `` Harry James , Willie Smith , Buddy Rich -- Live ! Hollywood Palladium - Freedomland , N.Y. 1953 - 54 '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Music for Two in Love by Patti Page : Reviews and Ratings - Rate Your Music '' . rateyourmusic.com . Retrieved 18 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ed Townsend , Glad to Be Here Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Coasters , One by One Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Preceded by `` Do n't Stop Now '' by the Bunny Banks Trio with vocal chorus by Bonnie Davis `` I Ca n't Stand Losing You '' by the Ink Spots The Billboard Harlem Hit Parade number - one single ( The Ink Spots version ) March 27 , 1943 ( one week ) May 8 , 1943 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Do n't Stop Now '' by the Bunny Banks Trio with vocal chorus by Bonnie Davis `` I Ca n't Stand Losing You '' by the Ink Spots Preceded by `` See See Rider Blues '' by Bea Booze `` I Ca n't Stand Losing You '' by the Ink Spots `` I Ca n't Stand Losing You '' by the Ink Spots The Billboard Harlem Hit Parade number - one single ( Duke Ellington and His Famous Orchestra version ) May 29 , 1943 ( one week ) June 12 , 1943 ( one week ) July 10 , 1943 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` I Ca n't Stand Losing You '' by the Ink Spots `` I Ca n't Stand Losing You '' by the Ink Spots `` You 'll Never Know '' by Dick Haymes and the Song Spinners Duke Ellington Studio albums The Blanton -- Webster Band Never No Lament : The Blanton - Webster Band Braggin ' in Brass : The Immortal 1938 Year Liberian Suite Great Times ! Masterpieces by Ellington Ellington Uptown The Duke Plays Ellington Ellington ' 55 Dance to the Duke ! Ellington Showcase Historically Speaking Duke Ellington Presents ... The Complete Porgy and Bess A Drum Is a Woman Studio Sessions , Chicago 1956 Such Sweet Thunder Ellington Indigos Black , Brown and Beige Duke Ellington at the Bal Masque The Cosmic Scene Happy Reunion Jazz Party Back to Back Side by Side Anatomy of a Murder Festival Session Blues in Orbit The Nutcracker Suite Piano in the Background Swinging Suites by Edward E. and Edward G . Unknown Session Piano in the Foreground The Great Summit : The Master Takes Paris Blues First Time ! The Count Meets the Duke Duke Ellington & John Coltrane Featuring Paul Gonsalves Studio Sessions 1957 & 1962 Midnight in Paris Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins Studio Sessions , New York 1962 Money Jungle Afro - Bossa The Symphonic Ellington Duke Ellington 's Jazz Violin Session Studio Sessions New York 1963 My People Ellington ' 65 Duke Ellington Plays Mary Poppins Ellington ' 66 Concert in the Virgin Islands The Popular Duke Ellington The Far East Suite The Jaywalker Studio Sessions , 1957 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , San Francisco , Chicago , New York ... And His Mother Called Him Bill Second Sacred Concert Studio Sessions New York , 1968 Latin American Suite The Pianist New Orleans Suite Orchestral Works The Suites , New York 1968 & 1970 The Intimacy of the Blues The Afro - Eurasian Eclipse Studio Sessions New York & Chicago , 1965 , 1966 & 1971 The Intimate Ellington The Ellington Suites This One 's for Blanton ! Up in Duke 's Workshop Duke 's Big 4 Mood Ellington Live albums Duke Ellington at Fargo , 1940 Live The Carnegie Hall Concerts : January 1943 The Carnegie Hall Concerts : December 1944 The Carnegie Hall Concerts : January 1946 The Carnegie Hall Concerts : December 1947 Ellington at Newport Dance Concerts , California 1958 Dance Dates , California 1958 Newport 1958 Jazz at the Plaza Vol. II Duke Ellington at the Alhambra Live at the Blue Note The Great Paris Concert A Concert of Sacred Music In the Uncommon Market Soul Call Yale Concert 70th Birthday Concert Togo Brava Suite Live at the Whitney Third Sacred Concert Eastbourne Performance Collaborations with Alice Babs Serenade to Sweden with Count Basie First Time ! The Count Meets the Duke with Teresa Brewer It Do n't Mean a Thing If It Ai n't Got That Swing with Rosemary Clooney Blue Rose with John Coltrane Duke Ellington & John Coltrane with Ella Fitzgerald Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook Ella at Duke 's Place The Stockholm Concert , 1966 Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur with Coleman Hawkins Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins with Frank Sinatra Francis A. & Edward K . Compositions `` African Flower '' `` All Too Soon '' `` Azure '' `` Black and Tan Fantasy '' `` Black , Brown and Beige '' `` C Jam Blues '' `` Cotton Tail '' `` Day Dream '' `` Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue '' `` Do Nothing Till You Hear from Me '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` Drop Me Off in Harlem '' `` Echoes of Harlem '' `` Everything But You '' `` I Ai n't Got Nothin ' But the Blues '' `` I Did n't Know About You '' `` I Got It Bad ( and That Ai n't Good ) '' `` I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart '' `` I 'm Beginning to See the Light '' `` I 'm Just a Lucky So - and - So '' `` In a Mellow Tone '' `` In a Sentimental Mood '' `` It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) '' `` Just A-Sittin ' and A-Rockin ' '' `` Just Squeeze Me ( But Please Do n't Tease Me ) '' `` The Mooche '' `` Mood Indigo '' `` Prelude to a Kiss '' `` Rocks in My Bed '' `` ( In My ) Solitude '' `` Sophisticated Lady '' Billy Strayhorn compositions associated with Ellington `` Take the `` A '' Train '' `` Lush Life '' `` Chelsea Bridge '' `` Something to Live For '' `` Satin Doll '' `` Blood Count '' Juan Tizol compositions associated with Ellington `` Caravan '' `` Perdido '' Orchestra members Hayes Alvis Cat Anderson Ivie Anderson Harold Ashby Alice Babs Shorty Baker Butch Ballard Art Baron Aaron Bell Louie Bellson Joe Benjamin Barney Bigard Lou Blackburn Jimmy Blanton Wellman Braud Lawrence Brown Harry Carney Johnny Coles Willie Cook Buster Cooper Kay Davis Wild Bill Davis Wilbur De Paris Bobby Durham Mercer Ellington Rolf Ericson Jimmy Forrest Victor Gaskin Peter Giger Tyree Glenn Paul Gonsalves Sonny Greer Fred Guy Jimmy Hamilton Otto Hardwick Rick Henderson Al Hibbler Johnny Hodges Major Holley Charlie Irvis Quentin Jackson Hilton Jefferson Herb Jeffries Freddie Jenkins Money Johnson Herbie Jones Taft Jordan Al Killian Queen Esther Marrow Wendell Marshall Murray McEachern Louis Metcalf James `` Bubber '' Miley Harold `` Geezil '' Minerve Ray Nance Tricky Sam Nanton Oscar Pettiford Eddie Preston Russell Procope Junior Raglin Betty Roché Ernie Royal Al Sears Joya Sherrill Willie Smith Elmer Snowden Rex Stewart Billy Strayhorn Billy Taylor Clark Terry Juan Tizol Norris Turney Ben Webster Arthur Whetsol Cootie Williams Nelson Williams Skippy Williams Booty Wood Jimmy Woode Britt Woodman Sam Woodyard Filmography Black and Tan Check and Double Check Belle of the Nineties Murder at the Vanities Cabin in the Sky Anatomy of a Murder Paris Blues Assault on a Queen Change of Mind Related Duke Ellington Bridge Duke Ellington House Duke Ellington School of the Arts Luther Henderson Irving Mills Sophisticated Ladies Play On ! Sacred Concerts Discography The Ink Spots Bill Kenny Charlie Fuqua Deek Watson Hoppy Jones Jerry Daniels Bernie Mackey Cliff Givens Billy Bowen Huey Long Herb Kenny Singles `` If I Did n't Care '' `` My Prayer '' `` Memories of You '' `` I 'm Gettin ' Sentimental Over You '' `` When the Swallows Come Back to Capistrano '' `` Whispering Grass ( Do n't Tell the Trees ) '' `` Maybe '' `` We Three ( My Echo , My Shadow , and Me ) '' `` Java Jive '' `` Until the Real Thing Comes Along '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` I Ca n't Stand Losing You '' `` Cow Cow Boogie ( Cuma - Ti - Yi - Yi - Ay ) '' `` A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening '' `` I 'll Get By ( As Long as I Have You ) '' `` Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall '' `` I 'm Beginning to See the Light '' `` The Gypsy '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` To Each His Own '' `` The Best Things in Life Are Free '' `` You 're Breaking My Heart '' `` Echoes '' `` If '' `` It Is No Secret '' ( Bill Kenny solo ) Related topics The Great American Broadcast Pardon My Sarong The Brown Dots The Four Tunes The Bill Kenny Show Book : The Ink Spots Michael Bublé Discography Studio albums BaBalu ( 2001 ) Dream ( 2002 ) Michael Bublé ( 2003 ) It 's Time ( 2005 ) Call Me Irresponsible ( 2007 ) Crazy Love ( 2009 ) Christmas ( 2011 ) To Be Loved ( 2013 ) Nobody but Me ( 2016 ) Live albums Come Fly with Me ( 2004 ) Caught in the Act ( 2005 ) Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden ( 2009 ) Extended plays First Dance ( 1995 ) Totally Bublé ( 2003 ) Let It Snow ( 2003 ) More ( 2005 ) With Love ( 2006 ) A Taste of Bublé ( 2008 ) Special Delivery ( 2010 ) A Holiday Gift for You ( 2010 ) Singles `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' `` Kissing a Fool '' `` Sway '' `` Spider - Man Theme '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Home '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Everything '' `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' `` Lost '' `` It Had Better Be Tonight '' `` Comin ' Home Baby '' `` Have n't Met You Yet '' `` Hold On '' `` Baby ( You 've Got What It Takes ) '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Hollywood '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' / `` Jingle Bells '' `` White Christmas '' `` Nobody but Me '' Concert tours Crazy Love Tour ( 2010 -- 12 ) To Be Loved Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) Tony Bennett Studio albums Because of You Cloud 7 Alone at Last with Tony Bennett Tony The Beat of My Heart Long Ago and Far Away Strike Up the Band Hometown , My Town To My Wonderful One Tony Sings for Two Alone Together Sings a String of Harold Arlen My Heart Sings I Left My Heart in San Francisco I Wanna Be Around ... This Is All I Ask The Many Moods of Tony When Lights Are Low Who Can I Turn To If I Ruled the World : Songs for the Jet Set The Movie Song Album Tony Makes It Happen For Once in My Life Snowfall : The Tony Bennett Christmas Album I 've Gotta Be Me Tony Sings the Great Hits of Today ! Tony Bennett 's `` Something '' Love Story Summer of ' 42 With Love The Good Things in Life The Tony Bennett / Bill Evans Album Life Is Beautiful Together Again The Art of Excellence Bennett / Berlin Astoria : Portrait of the Artist Perfectly Frank Steppin ' Out Here 's to the Ladies Tony Bennett on Holiday Tony Bennett : The Playground Bennett Sings Ellington : Hot & Cool Playin ' with My Friends : Bennett Sings the Blues A Wonderful World The Art of Romance Duets : An American Classic A Swingin ' Christmas ( Featuring The Count Basie Big Band ) Duets II Viva Duets Cheek to Cheek The Silver Lining : The Songs of Jerome Kern Live albums Tony Bennett at Carnegie Hall MTV Unplugged Compilation albums Mr. Broadway : Tony 's Greatest Broadway Hits A Time for Love The Essential Tony Bennett Singles `` Because of You '' `` Rags to Riches '' `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' `` Body and Soul '' `` Just in Time '' `` Living Together , Growing Together '' `` The Lady Is a Tramp '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` Anything Goes '' `` I Ca n't Give You Anything but Love , Baby '' Related Discography The Zen of Bennett Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga : Cheek to Cheek Live ! Cheek to Cheek Tour Tony Bennett Celebrates 90 Tony Bennett Celebrates 90 : The Best Is Yet to Come Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Get_Around_Much_Anymore&oldid=782168025 '' Categories : 1940 songs 1940s jazz standards Songs with lyrics by Bob Russell ( songwriter ) Songs with music by Duke Ellington The Coasters songs Sam Cooke songs Willie Nelson songs Paul McCartney songs Chicago ( band ) songs Rod Stewart songs Cliff Richard songs Ed Townsend songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Swing jazz standards Talk More About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2017 , at 09 : 01 . 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who sings don't get around much anymore
[ "\"Don't Get Around Much Anymore\" is a jazz standard with music by Duke Ellington and lyrics by Bob Russell. The tune was originally called \"Never No Lament\" and was first recorded by Ellington in 1940 as a big-band instrumental. Russell's lyrics and the new title were added in 1942." ]
[ "Duke Ellington" ]
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List of Breaking Bad episodes
List of Breaking Bad episodes - wikipedia List of Breaking Bad episodes Jump to : navigation , search Breaking Bad is an American television drama series created by Vince Gilligan , which premiered in 2008 on the cable network AMC . It revolves around Walter White ( Bryan Cranston ) , a 50 - year - old high school chemistry teacher in Albuquerque , New Mexico . After White is diagnosed with lung cancer , he uses his chemistry knowledge to `` cook '' crystal meth with his former student Jesse Pinkman ( Aaron Paul ) , in order to secure his family 's ( played by Anna Gunn and RJ Mitte ) financial future before he dies from the disease . Over the course of its broadcast , Breaking Bad aired 62 episodes over five seasons . The pilot episode was first aired on January 20 , 2008 , and the series finale was broadcast on September 29 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2008 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2009 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2010 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2011 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 3 Minisodes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 7 January 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 20 ) March 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 09 ) 13 March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) May 31 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 31 ) 13 March 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 21 ) June 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 13 ) 13 July 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 17 ) October 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 09 ) 5 16 8 July 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 15 ) September 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 02 ) 8 August 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Breaking Bad ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Vince Gilligan Vince Gilligan January 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 20 ) 1.41 `` Cat 's in the Bag ... '' Adam Bernstein Vince Gilligan January 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 27 ) 1.49 `` ... And the Bag 's in the River '' Adam Bernstein Vince Gilligan February 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 10 ) 1.08 `` Cancer Man '' Jim McKay Vince Gilligan February 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 17 ) 1.09 5 5 `` Gray Matter '' Tricia Brock Patty Lin February 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 24 ) N / A 6 6 `` Crazy Handful of Nothin ' '' Bronwen Hughes George Mastras March 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 02 ) 1.07 7 7 `` A No - Rough - Stuff - Type Deal '' Tim Hunter Peter Gould March 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 09 ) 1.50 Season 2 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Breaking Bad ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 8 `` Seven Thirty - Seven '' Bryan Cranston J. Roberts March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) 1.66 9 `` Grilled '' Charles Haid George Mastras March 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) 1.60 10 `` Bit by a Dead Bee '' Terry McDonough Peter Gould March 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 22 ) 1.13 11 `` Down '' John Dahl Sam Catlin March 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 29 ) 1.29 12 5 `` Breakage '' Johan Renck Moira Walley - Beckett April 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 05 ) 1.21 13 6 `` Peekaboo '' Peter Medak J. Roberts & Vince Gilligan April 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 12 ) 1.41 14 7 `` Negro y Azul '' Felix Alcala John Shiban April 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 19 ) N / A 15 8 `` Better Call Saul '' Terry McDonough Peter Gould April 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 26 ) 1.04 16 9 `` 4 Days Out '' Michelle MacLaren Sam Catlin May 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 03 ) N / A 17 10 `` Over '' Phil Abraham Moira Walley - Beckett May 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 10 ) N / A 18 11 `` Mandala '' Adam Bernstein George Mastras May 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 17 ) N / A 19 12 `` Phoenix '' Colin Bucksey John Shiban May 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 24 ) N / A 20 13 `` ABQ '' Adam Bernstein Vince Gilligan May 31 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 31 ) 1.50 Season 3 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Breaking Bad ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` No Más '' Bryan Cranston Vince Gilligan March 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 21 ) 1.95 22 `` Caballo Sin Nombre '' Adam Bernstein Peter Gould March 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 28 ) 1.55 23 `` I.F.T. '' Michelle MacLaren George Mastras April 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 04 ) 1.33 24 `` Green Light '' Scott Winant Sam Catlin April 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 11 ) 1.46 25 5 `` Más '' Johan Renck Moira Walley - Beckett April 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 18 ) 1.61 26 6 `` Sunset '' John Shiban John Shiban April 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 25 ) 1.64 27 7 `` One Minute '' Michelle MacLaren Thomas Schnauz May 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 02 ) 1.52 28 8 `` I See You '' Colin Bucksey Gennifer Hutchison May 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 09 ) 1.78 29 9 `` Kafkaesque '' Michael Slovis Peter Gould & George Mastras May 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 16 ) 1.61 30 10 `` Fly '' Rian Johnson Sam Catlin & Moira Walley - Beckett May 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 23 ) 1.20 31 11 `` Abiquiu '' Michelle MacLaren John Shiban & Thomas Schnauz May 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 30 ) 1.32 32 12 `` Half Measures '' Adam Bernstein Sam Catlin & Peter Gould June 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 06 ) 1.19 33 13 `` Full Measure '' Vince Gilligan Vince Gilligan June 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 13 ) 1.56 Season 4 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Breaking Bad ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 34 `` Box Cutter '' Adam Bernstein Vince Gilligan July 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 17 ) 2.58 35 `` Thirty - Eight Snub '' Michelle MacLaren George Mastras July 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 24 ) 1.97 36 `` Open House '' David Slade Sam Catlin July 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 31 ) 1.71 37 `` Bullet Points '' Colin Bucksey Moira Walley - Beckett August 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 07 ) 1.83 38 5 `` Shotgun '' Michelle MacLaren Thomas Schnauz August 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 14 ) 1.75 39 6 `` Cornered '' Michael Slovis Gennifer Hutchison August 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 21 ) 1.67 40 7 `` Problem Dog '' Peter Gould Peter Gould August 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 28 ) 1.91 41 8 `` Hermanos '' Johan Renck Sam Catlin & George Mastras September 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 04 ) 1.98 42 9 `` Bug '' Terry McDonough Moira Walley - Beckett & Thomas Schnauz September 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 11 ) 1.89 43 10 `` Salud '' Michelle MacLaren Peter Gould & Gennifer Hutchison September 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 18 ) 1.80 44 11 `` Crawl Space '' Scott Winant George Mastras & Sam Catlin September 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 25 ) 1.55 45 12 `` End Times '' Vince Gilligan Thomas Schnauz & Moira Walley - Beckett October 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 02 ) 1.73 46 13 `` Face Off '' Vince Gilligan Vince Gilligan October 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 09 ) 1.90 Season 5 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Breaking Bad ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) Part 1 47 `` Live Free or Die '' Michael Slovis Vince Gilligan July 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 15 ) 2.93 48 `` Madrigal '' Michelle MacLaren Vince Gilligan July 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 22 ) 2.29 49 `` Hazard Pay '' Adam Bernstein Peter Gould July 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 29 ) 2.20 50 `` Fifty - One '' Rian Johnson Sam Catlin August 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 05 ) 2.29 51 5 `` Dead Freight '' George Mastras George Mastras August 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 12 ) 2.48 52 6 `` Buyout '' Colin Bucksey Gennifer Hutchison August 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 19 ) 2.81 53 7 `` Say My Name '' Thomas Schnauz Thomas Schnauz August 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 26 ) 2.98 54 8 `` Gliding Over All '' Michelle MacLaren Moira Walley - Beckett September 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 02 ) 2.78 Part 2 55 9 `` Blood Money '' Bryan Cranston Peter Gould August 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) 5.92 56 10 `` Buried '' Michelle MacLaren Thomas Schnauz August 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 18 ) 4.77 57 11 `` Confessions '' Michael Slovis Gennifer Hutchison August 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) 4.85 58 12 `` Rabid Dog '' Sam Catlin Sam Catlin September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) 4.41 59 13 `` To'hajiilee '' Michelle MacLaren George Mastras September 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 08 ) 5.11 60 14 `` Ozymandias '' Rian Johnson Moira Walley - Beckett September 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 15 ) 6.37 61 15 `` Granite State '' Peter Gould Peter Gould September 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) 6.58 62 16 `` Felina '' Vince Gilligan Vince Gilligan September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 10.28 Minisodes ( edit ) Breaking Bad : Original Minisodes is a web series based on the television series Breaking Bad . On February 17 , 2009 , five `` mini-episodes , '' which were more comedy - oriented than most full episodes , were made available online before the premiere of the show 's second season . Additional minisodes were to be produced before the premiere of the fourth season , but these did not come to fruition . The first six were included with Breaking Bad : The Complete Second Season . No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date Running time `` Good Cop / Bad Cop '' John Shiban Suzanne Potts February 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 17 ) 2 : 53 `` Wedding Day '' John Shiban Kate Powers February 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 17 ) 4 : 50 `` TwaüghtHammër '' John Shiban Gennifer Hutchison February 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 17 ) 4 : 13 `` Marie 's Confession '' John Shiban Vince Gilligan February 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 17 ) 2 : 47 5 `` The Break - In '' John Shiban Gennifer Hutchison February 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 17 ) 4 : 49 See also ( edit ) List of Better Call Saul episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Finale Smashes Records With 10.3 Million Viewers '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( January 29 , 2008 ) . `` Sunday original finals : 1 / 27 / 08 '' . The Programming Insider . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( February 13 , 2008 ) . `` Sunday original finals : 2 / 10 / 08 '' . The Programming Insider . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2008 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( February 20 , 2008 ) . `` Sunday original finals : 2 / 17 / 08 '' . The Programming Insider . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( January 31 , 2010 ) . `` Breaking Bad Ratings '' . Mediaweek . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` Nielsens : ' Runway ' finale rules on cable '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` iCarly , Burn Notice and WWE RAW top cable charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crupi , Anthony ( April 2 , 2009 ) . `` AMC Renews Breaking Bad '' . Mediaweek . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2009 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Sunday Ratings : NCAA Tourney Lifts CBS To Victory , Fox Captures Youth Demo '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` My Wednesday viewing dwindles with finales of Life on Mars , Damages and Life '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 7 , 2009 ) . `` Damages season finale draws few , WWE RAW , NCIS lead cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` WWE RAW and Nora Roberts Tribute bookend cable top 20 , Rescue Me premieres '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` Updated : WWE RAW , NFL Draft and Yankees / Red Sox Lead Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Nielsens : ' Jon & Kate ' plus big ratings '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Julia ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` Breaking Bad Season 3 Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : True Blood , Breaking Bad , Army Wives , Drop Dead Diva & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Slips , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' The Glades ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' ' The Glades ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , ' Shark Week , ' Falling Skies , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , ' Kardashians , ' Falling Skies , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 23 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable : ' True Blood , ' ' Kardashians , ' ' Entourage ' Lead + ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Glee Project ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable : ' Video Music Awards , ' ' True Blood , ' ' Kardashians , ' ' Entourage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable : ' True Blood ' Drops , ' Kardashians ' Finale Jumps , ' Entourage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Curb ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable : ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' Up , ' Breaking Bad ' Down + ' Teen Dads , ' ' Ice Road Truckers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Jeff Dunham ' Tops Night , As ' Boardwalk Empire ' Premiere Drops ; + ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Sister Wives , ' ' Ice Road Truckers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Cards / Phillies , New Jersey ' Housewives ' Top Night + ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Hung , ' ' Breaking Bad ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Nothing Keeps Up With Kardashians ; Plus ' Housewives NJ ' Finale , ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Beats ' Breaking Bad ' Premiere , + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Very Funny News ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Political Animals ' , ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Leverage ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Beats ' Comedy Central Roast of Roseanne ' + ' Falling Skies ' , NASCAR , ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Fallling Skies ' , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Leverage ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Finale Dominates , + ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians ' , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NASCAR Wins Night , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Leverage ' , ' Hell on Wheels ' , ' Married to Jonas ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' Low Winter Sun ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Dexter ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , NASCAR , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Video Music Awards ' Dominates + ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night , NASCAR , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Total Divas ' , ' Sister Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night + NFL Countdown ' Dexter ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night , ' Real Housewives ' , ' Dexter , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night + ' Dexter ' Series Finale , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Big , ' Talking Bad ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Masters of Sex ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Clayton ( February 17 , 2009 ) . `` Watch Five Original Breaking Bad Minisodes '' . AMC Blog . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Breaking Bad ' Wo n't Be Back Until July 2011 : Plans For Mini-Episodes Online '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 4 , 2010 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Bryan Cranston Talks Breaking Bad Season 3 and 4 , Total Recall , Drive , Rock of Ages , Larry Crowne & Lincoln Lawyer '' . Collider . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Breaking Bad episodes on IMDb List of Breaking Bad episodes at TV.com Breaking Bad Characters Walter White Skyler White Jesse Pinkman Hank Schrader Saul Goodman Gustavo Fring Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Related shows Talking Bad Metástasis Better Call Saul Related articles Awards and nominations Breaking Bad episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Cat 's in the Bag ... '' `` ... And the Bag 's in the River '' `` Cancer Man '' `` Gray Matter '' `` Crazy Handful of Nothin ' '' `` A No - Rough - Stuff - Type Deal '' Season 2 `` Seven Thirty - Seven '' `` Grilled '' `` Bit by a Dead Bee '' `` Down '' `` Breakage '' `` Peekaboo '' `` Negro y Azul '' `` Better Call Saul '' `` 4 Days Out '' `` Over '' `` Mandala '' `` Phoenix '' `` ABQ '' Season 3 `` No Más '' `` Caballo Sin Nombre '' `` I.F.T. '' `` Green Light '' `` Más '' `` Sunset '' `` One Minute '' `` I See You '' `` Kafkaesque '' `` Fly '' `` Abiquiu '' `` Half Measures '' `` Full Measure '' Season 4 `` Box Cutter '' `` Thirty - Eight Snub '' `` Open House '' `` Bullet Points '' `` Shotgun '' `` Cornered '' `` Problem Dog '' `` Hermanos '' `` Bug '' `` Salud '' `` Crawl Space '' `` End Times '' `` Face Off '' Season 5 Part I `` Live Free or Die '' `` Madrigal '' `` Hazard Pay '' `` Fifty - One '' `` Dead Freight '' `` Buyout '' `` Say My Name '' `` Gliding Over All '' Part II `` Blood Money '' `` Buried '' `` Confessions '' `` Rabid Dog '' `` To'hajiilee '' `` Ozymandias '' `` Granite State '' `` Felina '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Breaking_Bad_episodes&oldid=833240475 '' Categories : Breaking Bad episodes Lists of American crime drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Episode list using the default LineColor Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikidata Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 12 : 26 . 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Matthew 6:28
Matthew 6 : 28 - wikipedia Matthew 6 : 28 Jump to : navigation , search Field of Lilies - Tiffany Studios , c. 1910 . Matthew 6 : 28 is the twenty - eighth verse of the sixth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount . This verse continues the discussion of worry about material provisions . In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads : And why take ye thought for raiment ? Consider the lilies of the field , how they grow ; they toil not , neither do they spin : The World English Bible translates the passage as : Why are you anxious about clothing ? Consider the lilies of the field , how they grow . They do n't toil , neither do they spin . Two verses earlier at Matthew 6 : 26 Jesus told his followers not to worry about food , because even the birds are provided for by God . In this verse Jesus presents the example of the lilies , who also do no labour . Spin in this verse is a reference to spinning thread , a labour - intensive but necessary part of making clothing . Spinning was traditionally women 's work , something made explicit in Luke 's version of this verse . This then is one of the few pieces of evidence that Jesus ' message is meant equally for women as for men . Many varieties of flowers grow wildly and abundantly in Galilee . The translation of lilies is traditional , but far from certain . Modern scholars have proposed a number of different flowers that Jesus could be here referring to , according to Fowler these include the autumn crocus , scarlet poppy , Turk 's cap lily , Anemone coronaria , the narcissus , the gladiolus , and the iris . France notes that flowers were less specifically defined in that era , and lily could be a word referring to any showy variety . The verse could also just mean flowers in general , rather than a specific variety . `` In the field '' implies that these are the wildflowers growing in the fields , rather than the cultivated ones growing in gardens . Harrington notes that some have read this verse as originally referring to beasts rather than flowers . This verse is quite a well known one , appearing frequently in art and literature . Keats ' `` Ode on Indolence '' quotes it . P.G. Wodehouse humorously uses the phrase `` lilies of the field '' to refer to the idle rich who do no labour . Other writers such as Edith Wharton and A.M. Klein have also directed the phrase at the rich and idle . There is also a famous movie by this name . Cultural references ( edit ) In the 1963 feature film Lilies of the Field Sidney Poitier 's character , Homer Smith , tries to persuade the mother superior to pay him by quoting Luke 10 : 7 , `` The laborer is worthy of his hire . '' Mother Maria Marthe ( Lilia Skala , called `` Mother Maria '' ) , responds by asking him to read another Bible verse from the Sermon on the Mount : `` Consider the lilies of the field , how they grow ; they toil not , neither do they spin . And yet I say unto you that even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these . '' In The Trouble With Tribbles , the 44th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek ( episode first aired December 29 , 1967 ) , Mr. Spock , referring to the tribbles , which were small furry un-sentient creatures that did nothing but eat and procreate , says `` They remind me of the lilies of the field . They toil not , neither do they spin . But they seem to eat a great deal . I see no practical use for them . '' In Ray Bradbury 's Fahrenheit 451 , Guy Montag attempted to memorize this verse while on a subway . He was unsuccessful due to the loud advertisements for Denham 's Dentifrice . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ France , R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew : an Introduction and Commentary . Leicester : Inter-Varsity , 1985 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Harold . The Gospel of Matthew : Volume One . Joplin : College Press , 1968 Jump up ^ France , R.T. . The Gospel of Matthew . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2007 pg. 269 Jump up ^ Harrington , Daniel J. The Gospel of Matthew . Liturgical Press , 1991 pg. 102 Jump up ^ `` Lilies in the Field . '' A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature . David Lyle Jeffrey , general editor . Grand Rapids : W.B. Eerdmans , 1992 . Preceded by Matthew 6 : 27 Gospel of Matthew Chapter 6 Succeeded by Matthew 6 : 29 Gospel of Matthew chapter 6 Verse Matthew 6 : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Places Galilee Terms Lord 's Prayer Sermon on the Mount ← chapter 5 Gospel of Matthew chapter 7 → Gospel of Matthew Bible Chapter Matthew 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Verse Matthew 1 : 1 - 25 2 : 1 - 23 3 : 1 - 17 4 : 1 - 25 5 : 1 - 48 6 : 1 - 34 7 : 1 - 24 27 : 1 - 66 28 : 1 - 16 Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Events Star of Bethlehem Magi Baptism of Jesus Sermon on the Mount Lord 's Prayer Golden rule Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Malachi ( chapter 4 ) Gospel of Mark ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_6:28&oldid=792926455 '' Categories : Matthew 6 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 July 2017 , at 16 : 23 . 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The Oregon Trail (video game)
The Oregon Trail ( video game ) - wikipedia The Oregon Trail ( video game ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original The Oregon Trail video game . For the page on the entire series , see The Oregon Trail ( series ) . The Oregon Trail DOS Cover art Developer ( s ) MECC Publisher ( s ) Brøderbund The Learning Company Gameloft Platform ( s ) Android , Apple II , Atari 8 - Bit , iOS , Macintosh , BlackBerry , Commodore 64 , DOS , Facebook , Java ME , Nintendo DSi , Nintendo 3DS , Wii , Windows , Mobile , Phone 7 , TI - 99 / 4a , ColecoVision Release December 3 , 1971 Genre ( s ) Adventure Mode ( s ) single - player video game Screenshot from the Apple II version The Oregon Trail is a computer game originally developed by Don Rawitsch , Bill Heinemann , and Paul Dillenberger in 1971 and produced by the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium ( MECC ) in 1974 . The original game was designed to teach school children about the realities of 19th - century pioneer life on the Oregon Trail . The player assumes the role of a wagon leader guiding a party of settlers from Independence , Missouri , to Oregon 's Willamette Valley via a covered wagon in 1848 . The game is the first entry in the Oregon Trail series , and has since been released in many editions by various developers and publishers who have acquired rights to it , as well as inspiring a number of spinoffs ( such as The Yukon Trail and The Amazon Trail ) and the parody / homage The Organ Trail . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Travel 1.2 Hunting 1.3 Death 1.4 Scoring 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Travel ( edit ) The game includes several landmarks along the trail where players can make decisions , shop for supplies or rest . These landmarks include : Kansas River , Big Blue River , Fort Kearney , Chimney Rock , Fort Laramie , Independence Rock , South Pass , Fort Bridger , Green River , Soda Springs , Fort Hall , Snake River , Fort Boise , Grande Ronde Valley in the Blue Mountains , Fort Walla Walla , and The Dalles . When approaching Oregon 's Willamette Valley , travelers can either float a raft through the Columbia River Gorge or take the Barlow Road . Hunting ( edit ) An important aspect of the game was the ability to hunt . Using guns and bullets bought over the course of play , players select the hunt option ( # 8 ) and hunt wild animals to add to their food reserves . In the original version , there were no graphics and players were timed on how fast they could type `` BANG , '' `` WHAM , '' or `` POW , '' with misspelled words resulting in a failed hunt . In the first full - graphics version , players controlled a little man who could aim a rifle in one of eight directions and fire single shots at animals . In later versions , players hunted with a cross-hair controlled by the mouse or touchscreen ( or the Wii Remote pointer in the Wii version ) . Bison were the slowest moving targets and yielded the most food , while rabbits and squirrels were fast and offered very small amounts of food . Deer ( eastern section ) and elk ( western section ) were in the middle in terms of speed , size , and food yield ; bears were between bison and deer in all three properties . While the number of wild game shot during a hunting excursion is limited by only the player 's supply of bullets , the maximum amount of meat that can be carried back to the wagon is 100 pounds in early versions of the game . In later versions , as long as there were at least two living members of the wagon party , 200 pounds could be carried back to the wagon . In the later version , players could hunt in different environments . For example , hunting during winter would result in graphics showing grass covered in snow . In later versions , the over-hunting of animals would result in `` scarcity '' and reduce the number of animals that appeared later in the game . Also , some versions also allow the player to go fishing , with the 40th - anniversary version released on Wii and Nintendo 3DS using motion controls to cast the fishing rod . Death ( edit ) Throughout the course of the game , members of the player 's party could fall ill and not rest , causing further harm to the victim . The party could die from various causes , such as measles , snakebite , exhaustion , typhoid , cholera , and , perhaps most famously , dysentery . People could also die from drowning or accidental gunshot wounds . The player 's oxen were also subject to illness and death . In the Oregon Trail 2 / OT2 for PC and later releases , when a member of the player 's party dies , the player has the option of conducting a brief funeral : If the player elects to do so ( as the game 's instructions and in - game advisers strongly recommend in all but the very harshest environments ) , the player may write a tombstone epitaph for the party member before continuing down the trail ; if the player declines to hold a funeral , the party suffers a severe blow to morale . Scoring ( edit ) At the conclusion of the journey , a player 's score is determined in two stages . In the first stage , the program awards a `` raw '' or unscaled number of points for each remaining family member ( weighted by party health ) , each remaining possession ( weighted by type ) , and remaining cash on hand ( one point per dollar ) . In the second stage , the program multiplies this raw score depending on the party 's initial level of resources determined by the profession of the party 's leader ; for example , in the Apple II game , a banker starting with $1600 receives no bonus , the final score of a carpenter starting with $800 is doubled , and the final score of a farmer starting with $400 is tripled . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 66 / 100 ( iOS ) Review scores Publication Score AllGame GameSpot 3 / 10 ( Wii ) The Oregon Trail was extremely successful , selling over 65 million copies , after ten iterations over forty years . It was included in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die . It was a hallmark in American elementary schools in the 1980s , 1990s , and early - mid 2000s as many school computers , including the Apple II , came bundled with the game . Smithsonian magazine observed , `` The Oregon Trail is still a cultural landmark for any school kid who came of age in the 1980s or after . Even now , there remains a constant pressure to revive the series , so that nostalgic Gen Xers and Millennials can amble westward with a dysentery - riddled party once again . '' In 2014 it inspired a parody musical , The Trail to Oregon ! The game spawned many remakes , which received average to poor receptions . The Wii version obtained a 3 out of 10 from GameSpot , citing bland graphics , awkward controls and a confusing interface . Despite this , the reviewers stated that it could be a good educational tool . The game 's iOS remake received a better reception , with a Metacritic score of 66 / 100 . Multiplayer claimed the game was fun at first , but soon went downhill . They gave the game a 65 / 100 . Polygon described it as one of the most successful games of all time , calling it a cultural icon . IGN ( in 2009 ) described the game as a `` fond memory that will not let you down . '' Due to its widespread popularity , `` The Oregon Trail '' was inducted into World Video Game Hall of Fame in 2016 . In 2012 , The Oregon Trail was listed on Time 's All - TIME 100 greatest video games list . In 2016 , Time placed the game 9th on its The 50 Best Video Games of All Time list . Oregon portal Video games portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lussenhop , Jessica . `` Oregon Trail : How three Minnesotans forged its path City Pages '' . City Pages . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Oregon Trail : American Settler '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Drew . `` Oregon Trail Review - Allgame '' . Allgame . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Venter , Jason ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Oregon Trail Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Colin ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Oregon Trail was made in just two weeks '' . Polygon . Future plc . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Eli ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` Sally Has Diphtheria : Is Oregon Trail the Greatest Video Game of All Time ? '' . thewire.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mott , Tony ( 2010 ) . 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die . Universe Publishing . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7893 - 2090 - 2 . Jump up ^ sources , KTVZ.COM news ( 27 October 2017 ) . `` ' Travel Oregon : The Game ' builds on ' Oregon Trail ' legacy '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Minecraft : Education Edition ' Brings 21st - Century Students Back to the Oregon Trail '' . 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How You Wound Up Playing The Oregon Trail in Computer Class '' . Jump up ^ `` ' The Trail to Oregon ' musical review : A new kind of Starkid show '' . 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Pugliese , Tommaso ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` The Oregon Trail : Pionieri d'America '' ( in Italian ) . Multiplayer.it . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Levi ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` Fond Memories : The Oregon Trail '' . IGN . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ' Oregon Trail ' officially inducted into the Video Game Hall of Fame Jump up ^ Minnesota - made ' Oregon Trail ' is inducted into Video Game Hall of Fame Jump up ^ Aamoth , Doug ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` All - TIME 100 Video Games '' . Time . Time Inc . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best Video Games of All Time '' . Time . Time Inc . August 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Oregon Trail . The Oregon Trail at MobyGames ( hide ) The Oregon Trail video game series The Oregon Trail The Oregon Trail ( 1971 ) Oregon Trail II The Oregon Trail 3rd Edition The Oregon Trail 4th Edition The Oregon Trail ( 2009 ) The Oregon Trail : American Settler The Oregon Trail ( 2011 ) The Amazon Trail The Amazon Trail Amazon Trail II Amazon Trail 3rd Edition Other titles The Yukon Trail MayaQuest : The Mystery Trail Africa Trail Related Oregon Trail The Trail to Oregon ! Organ Trail Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Oregon_Trail_(video_game)&oldid=832391641 '' Categories : 1971 video games Android ( operating system ) games Apple II games Children 's educational video games Commodore 64 games DOS games DSiWare games Gameloft games History educational video games IOS games Mac OS games Mainframe games Nintendo 3DS games Survival video games The Learning Company games The Oregon Trail ( series ) Windows Phone games Commercial video games with freely available source code Video games developed in the United States Video games set in the 19th century Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 18 : 36 . 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Battle of Fort Sumter
Battle of Fort Sumter - wikipedia Battle of Fort Sumter Battle of Fort Sumter Part of the American Civil War Bombardment of Fort Sumter by Currier & Ives Date April 12 -- 13 , 1861 Location Charleston , South Carolina 32 ° 45 ′ 8 '' N 79 ° 52 ′ 29 '' W  /  32.75222 ° N 79.87472 ° W  / 32.75222 ; - 79.87472 Coordinates : 32 ° 45 ′ 8 '' N 79 ° 52 ′ 29 '' W  /  32.75222 ° N 79.87472 ° W  / 32.75222 ; - 79.87472 Result Confederate victory Confederacy captures Fort Sumter Beginning of the American Civil War Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders Robert Anderson P.G.T. Beauregard Units involved 1st United States Artillery Provisional Forces of the Confederate States Strength 85 500 -- 6,000 ( estimated ) Casualties and losses 0 0 Operations in Charleston Harbor ( April 1861 ) Fort Sumter Lower Seaboard Theater Fort Sumter USS St. Lawrence Head of Passes Santa Rosa Island Port Royal Fort Pulaski Forts Jackson and St. Philip New Orleans 1st Pocotaligo Secessionville Simmon 's Bluff Tampa Baton Rouge 1st Donaldsonville St. Johns Bluff 2nd Pocotaligo Georgia Landing 1st Fort McAllister Fort Bisland Irish Bend Vermillion Bayou 1st Charleston Harbor Wassaw Sound 1st Fort Wagner Grimball 's Landing 2nd Fort Wagner 2nd Charleston Harbor 2nd Fort Sumter Plains Store Port Hudson LaFourche Crossing 2nd Donaldsonville Kock 's Plantation Stirling 's Plantation USS New Ironsides Fort Brooke Gainesville Olustee USS Housatonic Vernon Grimball 's Causeway Natural Bridge Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Morrill Tariff Battle of Fort Sumter The Battle of Fort Sumter ( April 12 -- 13 , 1861 ) was the bombardment of Fort Sumter near Charleston , South Carolina by the Confederate States Army , and the return gunfire and subsequent surrender by the United States Army , that started the American Civil War . Following the declaration of secession by South Carolina on December 20 , 1860 , its authorities demanded that the U.S. Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor . On December 26 , Major Robert Anderson of the U.S. Army surreptitiously moved his small command from the vulnerable Fort Moultrie on Sullivan 's Island to Fort Sumter , a substantial fortress built on an island controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor . An attempt by U.S. President James Buchanan to reinforce and resupply Anderson using the unarmed merchant ship Star of the West failed when it was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9 , 1861 . South Carolina authorities then seized all Federal property in the Charleston area except for Fort Sumter . During the early months of 1861 , the situation around Fort Sumter increasingly began to resemble a siege . In March , Brigadier General P.G.T. Beauregard , the first general officer of the newly formed Confederate States Army , was placed in command of Confederate forces in Charleston . Beauregard energetically directed the strengthening of batteries around Charleston harbor aimed at Fort Sumter . Conditions in the fort , growing increasingly dire due to shortages of men , food , and supplies , deteriorated as the Union soldiers rushed to complete the installation of additional guns . The resupply of Fort Sumter became the first crisis of the administration of the newly inaugurated U.S. President Abraham Lincoln following his victory in the election of November 6 , 1860 . He notified the Governor of South Carolina , Francis W. Pickens that he was sending supply ships , which resulted in an ultimatum from the Confederate government for the immediate evacuation of Fort Sumter , which Major Anderson refused . Beginning at 4 : 30 a.m. on April 12 , the Confederates bombarded the fort from artillery batteries surrounding the harbor . Although the Union garrison returned fire , they were significantly outgunned and , after 34 hours , Major Anderson agreed to evacuate . There were no deaths on either side as a direct result of this engagement , although a gun explosion during the surrender ceremonies on April 14 caused two Union deaths . Following the battle , there was widespread support from both North and South for further military action . Lincoln 's immediate call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion resulted in an additional four southern states also declaring their secession and joining the Confederacy . The battle is usually recognized as the first battle that opened the American Civil War . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Secession 1.2 Forts of Charleston 1.3 President Buchanan and the Star of the West 1.4 Preparations for war 1.5 Decisions for war 2 Bombardment 3 Surrender 4 Aftermath 4.1 Tributes 5 Footnotes 5.1 Citations 5.2 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background Secession On December 20 , 1860 , shortly after Abraham Lincoln 's victory in the presidential election of 1860 , South Carolina adopted an ordinance declaring its secession from the United States of America and , by February 1861 , six more Southern states had adopted similar ordinances of secession . On February 7 , the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their temporary capital at Montgomery , Alabama . A February peace conference met in Washington , D.C. , but failed to resolve the crisis . The remaining eight states declined pleas to join the Confederacy . The seceding states seized numerous Federal properties within their boundaries , including buildings , arsenals , and fortifications . President James Buchanan protested but took no military action in response . Buchanan was concerned that an overt action could cause the remaining slave states to leave the Union , and while he acknowledged there was no constitutional authority for a state to secede , he could find no constitutional authority for him to act to prevent it . Forts of Charleston Several forts had been constructed in Charleston 's harbor , including Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie , which were not among the sites seized initially . Fort Moultrie on Sullivan Island was the oldest -- it was the site of fortifications since 1776 -- and was the headquarters of the U.S. Army garrison . However , it had been designed as a gun platform for defending the harbor , and its defenses against land - based attacks were feeble ; during the crisis , the Charleston newspapers commented that sand dunes had piled up against the walls in such a way that the wall could easily be scaled . When the garrison began clearing away the dunes , the papers objected . Major Robert Anderson of the 1st U.S. Artillery regiment had been appointed to command the Charleston garrison that fall because of rising tensions . A native of Kentucky , he was a protégé of Winfield Scott , the general in chief of the Army , and was thought more capable of handling a crisis than the garrison 's previous commander , Col. John L. Gardner , who was nearing retirement . Anderson had served an earlier tour of duty at Fort Moultrie and his father had been a defender of the fort ( then called Fort Sullivan ) during the American Revolutionary War . Throughout the fall , South Carolina authorities considered both secession and the expropriation of federal property in the harbor to be inevitable . As tensions mounted , the environment around the fort increasingly resembled a siege , to the point that the South Carolina authorities placed picket ships to observe the movements of the troops and threatened to attack when forty rifles were transferred to one of the harbor forts from the U.S. arsenal in the city . In contrast to Moultrie , Fort Sumter dominated the entrance to Charleston Harbor and , though unfinished , was designed to be one of the strongest fortresses in the world . In the fall of 1860 work on the fort was nearly completed , but the fortress was thus far garrisoned by a single soldier , who functioned as a lighthouse keeper , and a small party of civilian construction workers . Under the cover of darkness on December 26 , six days after South Carolina declared its secession , Anderson abandoned the indefensible Fort Moultrie , ordering its guns spiked and its gun carriages burned , and surreptitiously relocated his command by small boats to Sumter . President Buchanan and the Star of the West Maj . Robert Anderson South Carolina authorities considered Anderson 's move to be a breach of faith . Governor Francis W. Pickens believed that President Buchanan had made implicit promises to him to keep Sumter unoccupied and suffered political embarrassment as a result of his trust in those promises . Buchanan , a former U.S. Secretary of State and diplomat , had used carefully crafted ambiguous language to Pickens , promising that he would not `` immediately '' occupy it . From Major Anderson 's standpoint , he was merely moving his existing garrison troops from one of the locations under his command to another . He had received instructions from the War Department on December 11 , written by Major General Don Carlos Buell , Assistant Adjutant General of the Army , approved by Secretary of War John B. Floyd : ... you are to hold possession of the forts in this harbor , and if attacked you are to defend yourself to the last extremity . The smallness of your force will not permit you , perhaps , to occupy more than one of the three forts , but an attack on or attempt to take possession of any one of them will be regarded as an act of hostility , and you may then put your command into either of them which you may deem most proper to increase its power of resistance . You are also authorized to take similar steps whenever you have tangible evidence of a design to proceed to a hostile act . Governor Pickens therefore ordered that all remaining Federal positions except Fort Sumter were to be seized . State troops quickly occupied Fort Moultrie ( capturing 56 guns ) , Fort Johnson on James Island , and the battery on Morris Island . On December 27 , an assault force of 150 men seized the Union - occupied Castle Pinckney fortification , in the harbor close to downtown Charleston , capturing 24 guns and mortars without bloodshed . On December 30 , the Federal arsenal in Charleston was captured , resulting in the acquisition of more than 22,000 weapons by the militia . The Confederates promptly made repairs at Fort Moultrie and dozens of new batteries and defense positions were constructed throughout the Charleston harbor area , including an unusual floating battery , and armed with weapons captured from the arsenal . President Buchanan was surprised and dismayed at Anderson 's move to Sumter , unaware of the authorization Anderson had received . Nevertheless , he refused Pickens 's demand to evacuate Charleston harbor . Since the garrison 's supplies were limited , Buchanan authorized a relief expedition of supplies , small arms , and 200 soldiers . The original intent was to send the Navy sloop - of - war USS Brooklyn , but it was discovered that Confederates had sunk some derelict ships to block the shipping channel into Charleston and there was concern that Brooklyn had too deep a draft to negotiate the obstacles . Instead , it seemed prudent to send an unarmed civilian merchant ship , Star of the West , which might be perceived as less provocative to the Confederates . As Star of the West approached the harbor entrance on January 9 , 1861 , it was fired upon by a battery on Morris Island , which was staffed by cadets from The Citadel , among them William Stewart Simkins , who were the only trained artillerymen in the service of South Carolina at the time . Batteries from Fort Moultrie joined in and Star of the West was forced to withdraw . Major Anderson prepared his guns at Sumter when he heard the Confederate fire , but the secrecy of the operation had kept him unaware that a relief expedition was in progress and he chose not to start a general engagement . In a letter delivered January 31 , 1861 , Governor Pickens demanded of President Buchanan that he surrender Fort Sumter because , `` I regard that possession is not consistent with the dignity or safety of the State of South Carolina . '' Preparations for War Fort Sumter before the battle Conditions at the fort were difficult during the winter of 1860 -- 61 . Rations were short and fuel for heat was limited . The garrison scrambled to complete the defenses as best they could . Fort Sumter was designed to mount 135 guns , operated by 650 officers and men , but construction had met with numerous delays for decades and budget cuts had left it only about 90 percent finished in early 1861 . Anderson 's garrison consisted of just 85 men , primarily made up of two small artillery companies : Company E , 1st U.S. Artillery , commanded by Capt . Abner Doubleday , and Company H , commanded by Capt . Truman Seymour . There were six other officers present : Surgeon Samuel W. Crawford , First Lt. Theodore Talbot of Company H , First Lt. Jefferson C. Davis of the 1st U.S. Artillery , and Second Lt. Norman J. Hall of Company H. Capt . John G. Foster and First Lt. George W. Snyder of the Corps of Engineers were responsible for construction of the Charleston forts , but they reported to their headquarters in Washington , not directly to Anderson . The remaining personnel were 68 noncommissioned officers and privates , eight musicians , and 43 noncombatant workmen . By April the Union troops had positioned 60 guns , but they had insufficient men to operate them all . The fort consisted of three levels of enclosed gun positions , or casemates . The second level of casemates was unoccupied . The majority of the guns were on the first level of casemates , on the upper level ( the parapet or barbette positions ) , and on the center parade field . Unfortunately for the defenders , the original mission of the fort -- harbor defense -- meant that it was designed so that the guns were primarily aimed at the Atlantic , with little capability of protecting from artillery fire from the surrounding land or from infantry conducting an amphibious assault . Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard In March , Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard took command of South Carolina forces in Charleston ; on March 1 , President Jefferson Davis had appointed him the first general officer in the armed forces of the new Confederacy , specifically to take command of the siege . Beauregard made repeated demands that the Union force either surrender or withdraw and took steps to ensure that no supplies from the city were available to the defenders , whose food was running low . He also increased drills amongst the South Carolina militia , training them to operate the guns they manned . Major Anderson had been Beauregard 's artillery instructor at West Point ; the two had been especially close , and Beauregard had become Anderson 's assistant after graduation . Both sides spent March drilling and improving their fortifications to the best of their abilities . Beauregard , a trained military engineer , built - up overwhelming strength to challenge Fort Sumter . Fort Moultrie had three 8 - inch Columbiads , two 8 - inch howitzers , five 32 - pound smoothbores , and four 24 - pounders . Outside of Moultrie were five 10 - inch mortars , two 32 - pounders , two 24 - pounders , and a 9 - inch Dahlgren smoothbore . The floating battery next to Fort Moultrie had two 42 - pounders and two 32 - pounders on a raft protected by iron shielding . Fort Johnson on James Island had one 24 - pounder and four 10 - inch mortars . At Cummings Point on Morris Island , the Confederates had emplaced seven 10 - inch mortars , two 42 - pounders , an English Blakely rifled cannon , and three 8 - inch Columbiads , the latter in the so - called Iron Battery , protected by a wooden shield faced with iron bars . About 6,000 men were available to man the artillery and to assault the fort , if necessary , including the local militia , young boys and older men . Decisions for War On March 4 , 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president . He was almost immediately confronted with the surprise information that Major Anderson was reporting that only six weeks of rations remained at Fort Sumter . A crisis similar to the one at Fort Sumter had emerged at Pensacola , Florida , where Confederates threatened another U.S. fortification -- Fort Pickens . Lincoln and his new cabinet struggled with the decisions of whether to reinforce the forts , and how . They were also concerned about whether to take actions that might start open hostilities and which side would be perceived as the aggressor as a result . Similar discussions and concerns were occurring in the Confederacy . After the formation of the Confederate States of America in early February , there was some debate among the secessionists whether the capture of the fort was rightly a matter for South Carolina or for the newly declared national government in Montgomery , Alabama . South Carolina governor Pickens was among the states ' rights advocates who thought that all property in Charleston harbor had reverted to South Carolina upon that state 's secession as an independent commonwealth . This debate ran alongside another discussion about how aggressively the installations -- including Forts Sumter and Pickens -- should be obtained . President Davis , like his counterpart in Washington , preferred that his side not be seen as the aggressor . Both sides believed that the first side to use force would lose precious political support in the border states , whose allegiance was undetermined ; before Lincoln 's inauguration on March 4 , five states had voted against secession , including Virginia , and Lincoln openly offered to evacuate Fort Sumter if it would guarantee Virginia 's loyalty . The South sent delegations to Washington , D.C. , and offered to pay for the Federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States . Lincoln rejected any negotiations with the Confederate agents because he did not consider the Confederacy a legitimate nation and making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government . However , Secretary of State William H. Seward , who wished to give up Sumter for political reasons -- as a gesture of good will -- engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed . On April 4 , as the supply situation on Sumter became critical , President Lincoln ordered a relief expedition , to be commanded by former naval captain ( and future Assistant Secretary of the Navy ) Gustavus V. Fox , who had proposed a plan for nighttime landings of smaller vessels than the Star of the West . Fox 's orders were to land at Sumter with supplies only , and if he was opposed by the Confederates , to respond with the U.S. Navy vessels following and to then land both supplies and men . This time , Maj . Anderson was informed of the impending expedition , although the arrival date was not revealed to him . On April 6 , Lincoln notified Governor Pickens that `` an attempt will be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions only , and that if such attempt be not resisted , no effort to throw in men , arms , or ammunition will be made without further notice , ( except ) in case of an attack on the fort . '' Lincoln 's notification had been made to the governor of South Carolina , not the new Confederate government , which Lincoln did not recognize . Pickens consulted with Beauregard , the local Confederate commander . Soon President Davis ordered Beauregard to repeat the demand for Sumter 's surrender , and if it did not , to reduce the fort before the relief expedition arrived . The Confederate cabinet , meeting in Montgomery , endorsed Davis 's order on April 9 . Only Secretary of State Robert Toombs opposed this decision : he reportedly told Jefferson Davis the attack `` will lose us every friend at the North . You will only strike a hornet 's nest ... Legions now quiet will swarm out and sting us to death . It is unnecessary . It puts us in the wrong . It is fatal . '' Beauregard dispatched aides -- Col. James Chesnut , Col. James A. Chisholm , and Capt . Stephen D. Lee -- to Fort Sumter on April 11 to issue the ultimatum . Anderson refused , although he reportedly commented , `` I shall await the first shot , and if you do not batter us to pieces , we shall be starved out in a few days . '' The aides returned to Charleston and reported this comment to Beauregard . At 1 a.m. on April 12 , the aides brought Anderson a message from Beauregard : `` If you will state the time which you will evacuate Fort Sumter , and agree in the meantime that you will not use your guns against us unless ours shall be employed against Fort Sumter , we will abstain from opening fire upon you . '' After consulting with his senior officers , Maj . Anderson replied that he would evacuate Sumter by noon , April 15 , unless he received new orders from his government or additional supplies . Col. Chesnut considered this reply to be too conditional and wrote a reply , which he handed to Anderson at 3 : 20 a.m. : `` Sir : by authority of Brigadier General Beauregard , commanding the Provisional Forces of the Confederate States , we have the honor to notify you that he will open fire of his batteries on Fort Sumter in one hour from this time . '' Anderson escorted the officers back to their boat , shook hands with each one , and said `` If we never meet in this world again , God grant that we may meet in the next . '' Bombardment Bombardment of the Fort by the Confederates At 4 : 30 a.m. on April 12 , 1861 , Lt. Henry S. Farley , acting upon the command of Capt . George S. James , fired a single 10 - inch mortar round from Fort Johnson . ( James had offered the first shot to Roger Pryor , a noted Virginia secessionist , who declined , saying , `` I could not fire the first gun of the war . '' ) The shell exploded over Fort Sumter as a signal to open the general bombardment from 43 guns and mortars at Fort Moultrie , Fort Johnson , the floating battery , and Cummings Point . Under orders from Beauregard , the guns fired in a counterclockwise sequence around the harbor , with 2 minutes between each shot ; Beauregard wanted to conserve ammunition , which he calculated would last for only 48 hours . Edmund Ruffin , another noted Virginia secessionist , had traveled to Charleston to be present for the beginning of the war , and fired one of the first shots at Sumter after the signal round , a 64 - pound shell from the Iron Battery at Cummings Point . The shelling of Fort Sumter from the batteries ringing the harbor awakened Charleston 's residents ( including diarist Mary Chesnut ) , who rushed out into the predawn darkness to watch the shells arc over the water and burst inside the fort . Major Anderson held his fire , awaiting daylight . His troops reported for a call at 6 a.m. and then had breakfast . At 7 a.m. , Capt . Abner Doubleday fired a shot at the Ironclad Battery at Cummings Point . He missed . Given the available manpower , Anderson could not take advantage of all of his 60 guns . He deliberately avoided using guns that were situated in the fort where casualties were most likely . The fort 's best cannons were mounted on the uppermost of its three tiers -- the barbette tier -- where his troops were most exposed to incoming fire from overhead . The fort had been designed to withstand a naval assault , and naval warships of the time did not mount guns capable of elevating to shoot over the walls of the fort . However , the land - based cannons manned by the Confederates were capable of high - arcing ballistic trajectories and could therefore fire at parts of the fort that would have been out of naval guns ' reach . Fort Sumter 's garrison could only safely fire the 21 working guns on the lowest level , which themselves , because of the limited elevation allowed by their embrasures , were largely incapable of delivering fire with trajectories high enough to seriously threaten Fort Moultrie . Moreover , although the Federals had moved as many of their supplies to Fort Sumter as they could manage , the fort was quite low on ammunition , and was nearly out at the end of the 34 - hour bombardment . A more immediate problem was the scarcity of cloth gunpowder cartridges or bags ; only 700 were available at the beginning of the battle and workmen sewed frantically to create more , in some cases using socks from Anderson 's personal wardrobe . Because of the shortages , Anderson reduced his firing to only six guns : two aimed at Cummings Point , two at Fort Moultrie , and two at the Sullivan 's Island batteries . Ships from Fox 's relief expedition began to arrive on April 12 . Although Fox himself arrived at 3 a.m. on his steamer Baltic , most of the rest of his fleet was delayed until 6 p.m. , and one of the two warships , USS Powhatan , never did arrive . Unbeknownst to Fox , it had been ordered to the relief of Fort Pickens in Florida . As landing craft were sent toward the fort with supplies , the artillery fire deterred them and they pulled back . Fox decided to wait until after dark and for the arrival of his warships . The next day , heavy seas made it difficult to load the small boats with men and supplies and Fox was left with the hope that Anderson and his men could hold out until dark on April 13 . Although Sumter was a masonry fort , there were wooden buildings inside for barracks and officer quarters . The Confederates targeted these with Heated shot ( cannonballs heated red hot in a furnace ) , starting fires that could prove more dangerous to the men than explosive artillery shells . At 7 p.m. on April 12 , a rain shower extinguished the flames and at the same time the Union gunners stopped firing for the night . They slept fitfully , concerned about a potential infantry assault against the fort . During the darkness , the Confederates reduced their fire to four shots each hour . The following morning , the full bombardment resumed and the Confederates continued firing hot shot against the wooden buildings . By noon most of the wooden buildings in the fort and the main gate were on fire . The flames moved toward the main ammunition magazine , where 300 barrels of gunpowder were stored . The Union soldiers frantically tried to move the barrels to safety , but two - thirds were left when Anderson judged it was too dangerous and ordered the magazine doors closed . He ordered the remaining barrels thrown into the sea , but the tide kept floating them back together into groups , some of which were ignited by incoming artillery rounds . He also ordered his crews to redouble their efforts at firing , but the Confederates did the same , firing the hot shots almost exclusively . Many of the Confederate soldiers admired the courage and determination of the Yankees . When the fort had to pause its firing , the Confederates often cheered and applauded after the firing resumed and they shouted epithets at some of the nearby Union ships for failing to come to the fort 's aid . Surrender Fort Sumter Flag Wikisource has original text related to this article : Major Anderson 's telegram announcing the surrender The fort 's central flagpole was knocked down at 1 p.m. on April 13 , raising doubts among the Confederates about whether the fort was ready to surrender . Col. Louis Wigfall , a former U.S. senator , had been observing the battle and decided that this indicated the fort had had enough punishment . He commandeered a small boat and proceeded from Morris Island , waving a white handkerchief from his sword , dodging incoming rounds from Sullivan 's Island . Meeting with Major Anderson , he said , `` You have defended your flag nobly , Sir . You have done all that it is possible to do , and General Beauregard wants to stop this fight . On what terms , Major Anderson , will you evacuate this fort ? '' Anderson was encouraged that Wigfall had said `` evacuate , '' not `` surrender . '' He was low on ammunition , fires were burning out of control , and his men were hungry and exhausted . Satisfied that they had defended their post with honor , enduring over 3,000 Confederate rounds without losing a man , Anderson agreed to a truce at 2 : 00 p.m. Fort Sumter raised Wigfall 's white handkerchief on its flagpole as Wigfall departed in his small boat back to Morris Island , where he was hailed as a hero . The handkerchief was spotted in Charleston and a delegation of officers representing Beauregard -- Stephen D. Lee , Porcher Miles , a former mayor of Charleston , and Roger Pryor -- sailed to Sumter , unaware of Wigfall 's visit . Anderson was outraged when these officers disavowed Wigfall 's authority , telling him that the former senator had not spoken with Beauregard for two days , and he threatened to resume firing . Meanwhile , General Beauregard himself had finally seen the handkerchief and sent a second set of officers , offering essentially the same terms that Wigfall had presented , so the agreement was reinstated . The Union garrison formally surrendered the fort to Confederate personnel at 2 : 30 p.m. , April 13 . No one from either side was killed during the bombardment . During the 100 - gun salute to the U.S. flag -- Anderson 's one condition for withdrawal -- a pile of cartridges blew up from a spark , mortally wounding privates Daniel Hough and Edward Galloway , and seriously wounding the other four members of the gun crew ; these were the first military fatalities of the war . The salute was stopped at fifty shots . Hough was buried in the Fort Sumter parade ground within two hours after the explosion . Galloway and Private George Fielding were sent to the hospital in Charleston , where Galloway died a few days later ; Fielding was released after six weeks . The other wounded men and the remaining Union troops were placed aboard a Confederate steamer , the Isabel , where they spent the night and were transported the next morning to Fox 's relief ship Baltic , resting outside the harbor bar . Our Banner in the Sky ( 1861 ) by Frederic Edwin Church Anderson carried the Fort Sumter Flag with him North , where it became a widely known symbol of the battle , and rallying point for supporters of the Union . This inspired Frederic Edwin Church to paint Our Banner in the Sky , described as a `` symbolic landscape embodying the stars and stripes . '' A chromolithograph was then created and sold to benefit the families of Union soldiers . Confederate Flag flying in Fort Sumter after the 1861 surrender Aftermath The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the first military action of the American Civil War . Following the surrender , Northerners rallied behind Lincoln 's call for all states to send troops to recapture the forts and preserve the Union . With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far , Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days . Some Northern states filled their quotas quickly . There were so many volunteers in Ohio that within 16 days they could have met the full call for 75,000 men by themselves . Other governors from border states were undiplomatic in their responses . For example , Gov. Claiborne Jackson wrote , `` Not one man will the state of Missouri furnish to carry on any such unholy crusade '' , and Gov. Beriah Magoffin wrote , `` Kentucky will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern states . '' The governors of other states still in the Union were equally unsupportive . The call for 75,000 troops triggered four additional slave states to declare their secession from the Union and join the Confederacy . The ensuing war lasted four years , effectively ending in April 1865 with the surrender of General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia at Appomatox Courthouse . Charleston Harbor was completely in Confederate hands for almost the entire four - year duration of the war , leaving a hole in the Union naval blockade . Union forces conducted major operations in 1862 and 1863 to capture Charleston , first overland on James Island ( the Battle of Secessionville , June 1862 ) , then by naval assault against Fort Sumter ( the First Battle of Charleston Harbor , April 1863 ) , then by seizing the Confederate artillery positions on Morris Island ( beginning with the Second Battle of Fort Wagner , July 1863 , and followed by a siege until September ) . After pounding Sumter to rubble with artillery fire , a final amphibious operation attempted to occupy it ( the Second Battle of Fort Sumter , September 1863 ) , but was repulsed and no further attempts were made . The Confederates evacuated Fort Sumter and Charleston in February 1865 as Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman outflanked the city in the Carolinas Campaign . On April 14 , 1865 , four years to the day after lowering the Fort Sumter Flag in surrender , Robert Anderson ( by then a major general , although ill and in retired status ) returned to the ruined fort to raise the flag he had lowered in 1861 . Two of the cannons used at Fort Sumter were later presented to Louisiana State University by General William Tecumseh Sherman , who was president of the university before the war began . Tributes Civil War Centennial Issue of 1961 The U.S. Post Office Department released the Fort Sumter Centennial issue as the first in the series of five stamps marking the Civil War Centennial on April 12 , 1961 , at the Charleston post office . The stamp was designed by Charles R. Chickering . It illustrates a seacoast gun from Fort Sumter aimed by an officer in a typical uniform of the time . The background features palmetto leaves akin to bursting shells . The state tree of South Carolina , the palmettos suggest the geopolitical area opening Civil War hostilities . This stamp was produced by an engraving and printed by the rotary process in panes of fifty stamps each . The Postal Department authorized an initial printing of 120 million stamps . Footnotes Citations ^ Jump up to : Welcher , p. 699 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter Battle Summary '' . National Park Service . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FORT SUMPTER FALLEN '' . nytimes.com. April 15 , 1861 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 235 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 25 , 127 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 67 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 246 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 29 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 6 , 8 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 1 -- 2 , 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 110 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 121 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Detzer , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Burton , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter National Monument '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 131 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 12 -- 16 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 264 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 17 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 155 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 124 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter National Monument '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eicher & Eicher , p. 810 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 261 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 212 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 212 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 268 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 225 -- 31 , 249 . Jump up ^ Burton , p. 33 -- 35 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 133 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Ward , Burns & Burns 1990 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 139 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 39 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 256 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Daily Globe October 20 , 1884 p. 4 Jump up ^ The Princeton Union 9 September 1897 p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 268 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 147 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 46 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 152 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 152 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 49 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Detzer , pp. 292 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 51 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 157 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 308 -- 309 . Jump up ^ Ripley , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 311 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Our Banner in the Sky '' . Olana State Historic Site . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 274 . Jump up ^ `` Fight for the Colors , the Ohio Battle Flags Collection , Civil War Room '' . Ohio Historical Society . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Todd . `` Lincoln Declares War '' . opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com . Opinionator . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 52 -- 53 , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 820 , 841 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 834 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana State University Army ROTC Unit History '' . Louisiana State University . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Centennial Issue '' . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved Oct 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil War Centennial Issue '' , Arago : people , postage & the post , National Postal Museum online , viewed March 16 , 2014 . Notes Jump up ^ The weapons in the arsenal consisted of about 18,000 muskets , 3,400 rifles , over 1,000 pistols , and a few artillery pieces including five 24 - pound field howitzers . Jump up ^ When asked about that offer , Abraham Lincoln commented , `` A state for a fort is no bad business . '' Jump up ^ Detzer comments that Ruffin claimed he fired the first shot , when Ruffin did not actually do so . References Buchanan , James ( 1911 ) . The Works of James Buchanan : Comprising His Speeches , State Papers , and Private Correspondence . Burton , E. Milby ( 1970 ) . The Siege of Charleston 1861 -- 1865 . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 87249 - 345 - 8 . Cooper , William J. ( September 11 , 2012 ) . We Have the War Upon Us : The Onset of the Civil War , November 1860 - April 1861 . New York City , NY : Vintage . ISBN 9780307960887 . Davis , William C. ( 1983 ) . Brother against Brother : The War Begins . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4700 - 2 . Detzer , David ( 2001 ) . Allegiance : Fort Sumter , Charleston , and the Beginning of the Civil War . New York City , NY : Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 15 - 100641 - 5 . Eicher , David J. ( 2001 ) . The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York City , NY : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Eicher , John H. ; Eicher , David J ( 2001 ) . Civil War High Commands . Stanford , CA , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 3 . Kennedy , Frances H. ( 1998 ) . The Civil War Battlefield Guide ( 2 ed . ) . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Co . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York City , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Ripley , Warren ( 1992 ) . Wilcox , Arthur M. , ed . War 's First Death Accidental . The Civil War at Charleston ( 16th ed . ) . Charleston , SC : Evening - Post Publishing Co . OCLC 636046368 . Ward , Geoffrey ; Burns , Ken ; Burns , Ric ( 1990 ) . The Civil War , an Illustrated History . New York City , NY : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56285 - 8 . Welcher , Frank J. ( 1989 ) . The Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 Organization and Operations . 1 , The Eastern Theater . Bloomington , ID : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36453 - 1 . Online resources National Park Service battle description Further reading Further information : Bibliography of the American Civil War Chesnut , Mary , Diary of Mary Chesnut . Fairfax , VA : D. Appleton and Company , 1905 . OCLC 287696932 . Doubleday , Abner . Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860 -- 61 . New York : Harper and Brothers , 1876 . OCLC 1320168 , E'book Harris , W.A. ( 1862 ) . The record of Fort Sumter , from its occupation by Major Anderson , to its reduction by South Carolina troops during the administration of Governor Pickens . South Carolinian Steam Job Printing Office . , E'book Hatcher , Richard W . `` The Problem in Charleston Harbor : Fort Sumter and the Opening Shots of the Civil War . '' Hallowed Ground Magazine ( Civil War Trust ) , Winter 2010 . Hendrickson , Robert . Sumter : The First Day of the Civil War . New York : Promontory Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 88394 - 095 - 7 . Klein , Maury . Days of Defiance : Sumter , Secession , and the Coming of the Civil War : New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 44747 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Sumter . Fort Sumter National Monument National Park Service Historical Handbook Battle of Fort Sumter : Maps , histories , photos , and preservation news ( CWPT ) Crisis at Fort Sumter Details of requests for surrender prior to the battle Discussion of transfer of federal property within state boundaries Newspaper coverage of the Battle of Fort Sumter The Battle of Fort Sumter and First Victory of the Southern troops 1861 summary from Charleston Press Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Battle of Fort Sumter '' dated 2017 - 11 - 21 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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when did the battle of fort sumter happen
[ "The Battle of Fort Sumter (April 12–13, 1861) was the bombardment of Fort Sumter near Charleston, South Carolina by the Confederate States Army, and the return gunfire and subsequent surrender by the United States Army, that started the American Civil War. Following the declaration of secession by South Carolina on December 20, 1860, its authorities demanded that the U.S. Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor. On December 26, Major Robert Anderson of the U.S. Army surreptitiously moved his small command from the vulnerable Fort Moultrie on Sullivan's Island to Fort Sumter, a substantial fortress built on an island controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor. An attempt by U.S. President James Buchanan to reinforce and resupply Anderson using the unarmed merchant ship Star of the West failed when it was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9, 1861. South Carolina authorities then seized all Federal property in the Charleston area except for Fort Sumter.\n" ]
[ "April 12–13, 1861" ]
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List of tallest people
List of tallest people - wikipedia List of tallest people Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the tallest verified individuals . For a list of tallest ethnic groups , see Human height § Average height around the world . `` Tall men '' redirects here . For other uses , see The Tall Men . This article contains one or more incomplete lists which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it / them with entries that are reliably sourced . This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( June 2015 ) This is a list of the tallest people to be measured and verified , living and dead , from 1835 to the present . See also List of humans with gigantism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Men 2 Women 3 Disputed and unverified claims 4 Tallest in varied fields or endeavors 4.1 Tallest in various sports 4.2 Tallest actors 5 Tallest people presently living in varied nations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Men ( edit ) Living Deceased Height disputed Country Metric Imperial Name Note Lifespan ( Age at death ) United States 272 cm 8 ft 11.1 in Robert Wadlow Tallest human in recorded history confirmed by Guinness World Records . 1918 -- 1940 ( 22 ) United States 267 cm 8 ft 9 in John Rogan Second - tallest male in recorded history . Weighed only 92.5 kg ( 204 lb ) . Unable to stand due to ankylosis . 1865 -- 1905 ( 40 ) United States 263.5 cm 8 ft 73⁄4in John F. Carroll 244 cm ( 8 ft 0 in ) standing height , 264 cm ( 8 ft 73⁄4 in ) assuming normal spinal curvature . 1932 -- 1969 ( 37 ) Ukraine 257 cm 8 ft 5 in Leonid Stadnyk Not officially recognized by Guinness World Records because he refused to be measured according to their standards . 1970 -- 2014 ( 44 ) Finland 251 cm 8 ft 3 in Väinö Myllyrinne Recognized as the tallest living person from 1940 to his death in 1963 . Said to have been 251 cm in his thirties . 1909 -- 1963 ( 54 ) Canada 251 cm 8 ft 3 in Édouard Beaupré Tallest strongman as well as tallest wrestler in history . His death certificate described him as being 8 ft 3 in ( 2.51 m ) tall and still growing . 1881 -- 1904 ( 23 ) Turkey 251 cm 8 ft 3 in Sultan Kösen The tallest living person since September 17 , 2009 , as determined by Guinness World Records . He has 36.5 - cm - long ( 1 ft 2 in ) feet -- the second - largest feet on a living person and 27.5 cm ( 11.2 in ) hand -- the longest on a living person . 1982 -- India 249 cm 8 ft 2 in Vikas Uppal Was not officially measured by Guinness . 1986 -- 2007 ( 21 ) United States 249 cm 8 ft 2 in Don Koehler Tallest in world for most of the 1970s . 1925 -- 1981 ( 56 ) United States 249 cm 8 ft 2 in Bernard Coyne Coyne 's World War I draft registration card , dated 29 August his height as 8 feet , although he had reached a height of 8 feet 2 inches ( 249 cm ) by the time of his death . Possibly reached up to 8 ft 4 in ( 254 cm ) . 1897 -- 1921 ( 24 ) Ireland 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Patrick Cotter O'Brien Tallest person recorded at the time and the first in medical history to stand at a verified height of eight feet ( 244 cm ) . Remains examined in 1972 and height verified . 1760 -- 1806 ( 46 ) Morocco 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Brahim Takioullah Possesses the world 's largest feet at 1 ft 3 in ( 38 cm ) . 1982 -- Iran 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Morteza Mehrzad Tallest man in Iran . Gold medalist of Iran sitting volleyball national team in Summer Paralympic games Rio 2016 1987 -- Germany 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Julius Koch Probably never the world 's tallest person due to his life coinciding with that of John Rogan . Skeleton preserved in the Museum of Natural History in Mons , Belgium . 1872 -- 1902 ( 30 ) Mozambique 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Gabriel Estêvão Monjane Guinness World Records listed him as tallest man from 1988 to 1990 . 1944 -- 1990 ( 46 ) India 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Dharmendra Pratap Singh Tallest living Indian . 1983 -- Libya 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Suleiman Ali Nashnush Libyan who may have been the tallest basketball player . 1943 -- 1991 ( 47 ) France 245 cm 8 ft 1⁄2 in Jean - Joseph Brice Le Géant des Vosges Ramonchamp - France -- Height controversy 1835 -- ? Germany 244 cm 8 ft 0 in Anton de Franckenpoint ( Langer Anton ) Lived during Thirty Years ' War ; skeleton later measured at 8 ft 0 in ( 244 cm ) . Unknown People 's Republic of China 242 cm 7 ft 111⁄4 in Zhang Juncai Tallest living Chinese person . 1966 -- Indonesia 242 cm 7 ft 111⁄4 in Suparwono Tallest Indonesian claimed to be 8 ft 10.5 in . Officially measured ( lying down and in the standing position ) by the Indonesian Record Museum ( MURI ) in December 2009 . 1985 -- 2012 ( 26 ) Netherlands 242 cm 7 ft 111⁄4 in Albert Johan Kramer Probably the tallest man in The Netherlands ever ; His brother - in - law was suffering from dwarfism and did not exceed 69 cm ( 27.16 in ) . Together they formed a variety act , with performances around the world . 1897 -- 1976 ( 79 ) Puerto Rico 241 cm 7 ft 11 in Felipe Birriel Tallest Puerto Rican recorded . 1916 -- 1994 ( 78 ) India 241 cm 7 ft 11 in Asadulla Khan Tallest man in India . 1988 -- Soviet Union 240 cm 7 ft 10 in Alexander Sizonenko Soviet Union basketball player . 1959 -- 2012 ( 53 ) Egypt 240 cm 7 ft 10 in Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi He was billed as 10 ft in his life . 1909 -- 1941 ( 32 ) Belarus 239 cm 7 ft 10 in Feodor Machnow Billed as 9 ft 3 in his life . 1878 -- 1912 ( 34 ) Austria - Hungary 238 cm 7 ft 10 in Grgo Kusić Tallest Croat recorded . Tallest citizen of Austria - Hungary of his time . 1892 -- 1918 ( 26 ) Pakistan 238 cm 7 ft 10 in Naseer Soomro Tallest confirmed man living in Pakistan . 1975 -- Netherlands 238 cm 7 ft 10 in Rigardus Rijnhout Second - tallest man in The Netherlands ever ; he was known as the giant of Rotterdam . Early June 2011 , a life - size statue of Rijnhout was unveiled in the Oude Westen district in Rotterdam . 1922 -- 1959 ( 36 ) Japan 237 cm 7 ft 9.3 in Yoshimitsu Matsuzaka Tallest man in Japan ; no color images of him exist even though he died in the 1960s . 1930 -- 1962 ( 32 ) Mongolia 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Öndör Gongor Very tall man in early - 20th - century Mongolia . Some other sources even give 245 cm ( 8 feet ) 1880 / 85 -- 1925 / 30 United States 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Louis Moilanen Tallest person in Michigan history and one of the tallest men in the world during his lifetime . He may have been 8 ft 1 in tall . 1885 -- 1913 ( 28 ) United Kingdom 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Angus MacAskill Tallest `` true '' giant ( not due to a pathological condition ) . Tallest Scottish or British man recorded . 1825 -- 1863 ( 38 ) United Kingdom 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Frederick Kempster Tall Englishman , height disputed between 7 ft 8.5 in and 8 ft 4.5 in 1889 -- 1918 ( 29 ) United States 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Martin Van Buren Bates Known as the Kentucky Giant or The Giant of the Hills . He and Anna Haining Bates were the tallest married couple ever . 1837 -- 1919 People 's Republic of China 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Bao Xishun Considered the tallest living person by Guinness World Records until September 2009 when he was replaced by Sultan Kösen . 1951 -- People 's Republic of China 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Sun Mingming Chinese basketball player . Formerly second - tallest living person . 1983 -- Tunisia 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Radhouane Charbib Listed by Guinness World Records as tallest man until January 15 , 2005 , before Bao Xishun and Sun Mingming . 1968 -- Germany 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Walter Straub Tallest man in Germany while he was alive . 1925 -- 1986 ( 61 ) Algeria 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Rachid Bara Tallest man in Algeria while he was alive . 1974 -- 2009 ( 35 ) Brazil 235 cm 7 ft 81⁄2 in Rafael França do Nascimento Tallest man in Brazil . 1987 -- Russia 235 cm 7 ft 81⁄2 in Nikolai Pankratov Tallest man in Russia . 1990 -- North Korea 235 cm 7 ft 81⁄2 in Ri Myung Hun Former basketball player with the North Korean national team . 1967 -- United States / Ukraine 235 cm 7 ft 81⁄3 in Igor Vovkovinskiy Currently the tallest person living in the United States . Originally from Ukraine , moved to Rochester , Minnesota to be treated at the Mayo Clinic . Most recently has been acting in commercials and movies . Became well known by wearing a T - shirt that read `` Obama 's Biggest Supporter '' . Took part in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö , Sweden , as one of the performers on the stage representing Ukraine . 1982 -- United States 235 cm 7 ft 8 in Broc Brown Former tallest teenager in the United States . 1998 - United States 235 cm 7 ft 8 in Cecil Boling Was 7'8 '' but shrank to 7'0 '' since his legs were replaced with artificial legs 8.5 '' shorter . 1920 -- 2000 ( 79 ) United States 235 cm 7 ft 8 in Brenden Adams Former tallest teenager in the world . 1995 -- India 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Polipaka Gattaiah Tallest Indian . 1975 -- 2015 Ivory Coast 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Abdramane Dembele Tallest man in Ivory Coast . 1985 -- United States 234 cm 7 ft 8 in George Bell Former Tallest living American . 1957 -- Fiji 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Kaliova Seleiwau Tallest living Fijian . 1981 -- Austria 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Adam Rainer Only person known to have been both a dwarf and giant . He was 118 cm ( 3 ft 10 in ) tall at age 21 and peaked at 234 cm ( 7 ft 8 in ) when he died , having doubled his height as an adult . 1899 -- 1950 ( 51 ) Pakistan 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Alam Channa Pakistani , considered to be the tallest living man when he died in 1998 . 1953 -- 1998 ( 46 ) Iceland 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Jóhann K. Pétursson Was the tallest person in Iceland . 1913 -- 1984 ( 71 ) Japan 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Yasutaka Okayama Tallest living Japanese . Tallest basketball player drafted in NBA history . 1954 -- United States 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Bob Wegner Tallest basketball player plays for the Lake Michigan Admirals . Austria - Hungary 233.7 cm 7 ft 8 in Franz Winkelmeier One of the tallest people in his time . 1860 -- 1887 Spain 233.5 cm 7 ft 8 in Miguel Joaquín de Eleicegui Tallest man recorded in Spain . 1818 -- 1861 ( 43 ) Spain 233 cm 7 ft 7.7 in Jaime Clemente Izquierdo Spain 's tallest man in his lifetime . 1961 -- 2005 ( 44 ) Spain 233 cm 7 ft 71⁄2 in Agustín Luengo Capilla Circus performer . Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death . 1849 -- 1875 ( 26 ) United States 232 cm 7 ft 71⁄2 in Jack Earle Jacob Rheuben Ehrlich . American silent film actor and sideshow performer . 1906 -- 1952 ( 46 ) Somalia 233 cm 7 ft 7.4 in Hussain Bisad Somalia , considered to be one of the tallest living men . 1975 -- United Kingdom 233 cm 7 ft 7.4 in Neil Fingleton Tallest division 1 basketball player . Known for his role Mag the Mighty in the HBO TV series Game of Thrones 1980 -- 2017 ( 36 ) China 233 cm 7 ft 7 in Wang Feng - Jun Asia 's tallest man in 2004 . 1976 -- 2015 ( 39 ) Malta - Italy 233 cm 7 ft 7 in Samuel Deguara Malta and Italy 's tallest man . 1991 - Argentina 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Jorge González Tallest wrestler in WWE history . 1966 -- 2010 ( 44 ) United Kingdom 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Paul Sturgess Tied for the tallest player ever to play college basketball in the U.S. 1987 -- United States 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Kenny George Second - tallest Division I basketball player ( Neil Fingleton ) . 1987 -- United States 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Lock Martin He played the robot in the movie The Day the Earth Stood Still . 1916 -- 1959 Ireland 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Charles Byrne Skeleton now resides in the Hunterian Museum . 1761 -- 1783 ( 22 ) United States 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Max Palmer Actor and pro wrestler . Listed by Guinness World Records at 7 ft 7 in , claimed 8 ft 1 in . Film Bio - Killer Apes , Invaders From Mars . 1927 -- 1984 ( 57 ) Romania 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Gheorghe Mureșan Tied for tallest in NBA history . 1971 -- Sudan 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Manute Bol Tied for tallest in NBA history . 1962 -- 2010 ( 48 ) Belgium 230 cm 7 ft 6.75 in Alain Delaunois Tallest living Belgian . 1971 -- Azerbaijan 230 cm 7 ft 7 in Aleksandar Rindin Tallest man in Azerbaijan . 1985 -- Armenia 230 cm 7 ft 7 in Arshavir Grigoryan Tallest man in Armenia . 1990 -- Brazil 230 cm 7 ft 6.6 in Joélisson Fernandes da Silva Tallest living Brazilian . 1991 -- Montenegro 230 cm 7 ft 6.5 in Slavko Vraneš Tallest Montenegrin basketball player in the national basketball team , former player in the NBA 1983 -- Romania 230 cm 7 ft 6.55 in Robert Bobroczky Romanian basketball player that was 2.30 m ( 7 ft 7 in ) in late 2014 , aged 14 . 2000 Vietnam 229 cm 7 ft 6.25 in Trần Thành Phố Was the tallest man in Southeast Asia when he died in 2010 1947 -- 2010 ( 63 ) Senegal 229 cm 7 ft 6.25 in Malik Sidibe Tallest basketball player in Senegal . 1985 -- United Kingdom 229 cm 7 ft 61⁄4 in Christopher Greener Formerly Britain 's tallest man 1943 -- 2015 ( 71 ) Algeria 229 cm 7 ft 61⁄5 in Saad Kaiche Former basketball player of Club Baloncesto Breogán of Lugo . 1985 -- United States 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Ralph Madsen Billed as 7 ft 6in . 1897 -- 1948 People 's Republic of China 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Yao Ming Was the tallest player in the NBA during his playing years until his retirement in 2011 . 1980 -- United States / Germany 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Shawn Bradley Former player in the NBA , 1993 -- 2005 , tallest living German ( holding dual citizenship ) . 1972 -- Senegal 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Moussa Seck Tallest basketball player in Senegal . 1986 -- United States 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Matthew McGrory Was the world 's tallest actor when he died in 2005 . 1973 -- 2005 Senegal 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Mamadou N'Diaye Was the tallest in high school and college basketball while playing in the US . 1993 -- United States 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Conrad Furrows He was listed in the Bernard L. Kobel Catalogue of Human Oddities of Circus Sideshows . 1922 -- 1967 Senegal 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Tacko Fall Is the tallest high school basketball player in the US as of 2014 . 1995 -- Russia 229 cm 7 ft 5.8 in Sergey Ilin Tallest basketball player in Russia . 1988 -- Spain 229 cm 7 ft 5.8 in ( ? ) Fermín Arrudi Urieta Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death . 1870 -- 1913 ( 42 ) Democratic Republic of Congo 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Bienvenu Letuni Tallest basketball player in DRC 1994 -- Poland 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Eugeniusz Taraciński Tallest man in Poland while he was alive . 1928 -- 1978 ( 50 ) Colombia 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Asdrúbal Herrera Mora Tallest living Colombian . Tied for tallest South American man with Margarito Machacuay 1986 -- Slovak Republic 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Martin Miklosik Tallest basketball player in the Slovak Republic . 1986 -- Peru 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Margarito Machacuay Tied for the tallest South American person with Asdrúbal Herrera and is the fifth - tallest in the Americas . 1965 -- Women ( edit ) Country Metric Imperial Name Note Lifespan ( age of death ) People 's Republic of China 248 cm 8 ft 1 3⁄4 in Zeng Jinlian Confirmed by Guinness World Records as tallest female ever . Suffered from spine curvature and could not stand at full height . Tallest recorded Chinese person and world 's tallest person shortly before her death . 1964 -- 1982 ( 17 ) Canada 243 cm 7 ft 11 in Anna Haining Bates Second tallest woman and tallest woman in her lifetime . She and Martin Van Buren Bates were the tallest married couple ever . 1846 -- 1888 ( 41 ) United Kingdom 241 cm 7 ft 11 in Jane Bunford Tallest recorded English person and possibly the world 's tallest person at the time of her death . Given height is adjusted for spinal curvature ; peak standing height was 7 ft 10 in ( 239 cm ) . 1895 -- 1922 ( 27 ) People 's Republic of China 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Yao Defen Listed as tallest living female by Guinness World Records , until her death on November 13 , 2012 . 1972 -- 2012 ( 40 ) United States 231.78 cm 7 ft 7 1⁄4 in Sandy Allen Listed as tallest living female by Guinness World Records , until her death on August 13 , 2008 . 1955 -- 2008 ( 53 ) Greece 229.87 cm 7 ft 6.5 in Wassiliki Calliandji Tallest woman in Greece . 1882 -- 1904 ( 22 ) People 's Republic of China 221 cm 7 ft 3 in Sun Fang Tallest living woman . 1987 - Disputed and unverified claims ( edit ) Country Metric Imperial Name Note Lifespan ( age at death ) France 350 cm 11 ft 6 in Giant of Castelnau Height estimate based on bone fragments found at the Neolithic cemetery of Castelnau - le - Lez , excavated in 1890 by Georges Vacher de Lapouge and published in the journal La Nature , Vol. 18 , 1890 . Unknown - Neolithic France Russia / Belarus 283 cm 9 ft 3 in Feodor Machnow Height not confirmed . 1878 -- 1912 ( 34 ) England 282 cm 9 ft 3 in John Middleton The Childe of Hale Written on his grave is Here lyeth the bodie of John Middleton , the Childe of Hale , nine feet three . Height not officially confirmed . 1578 -- 1623 ( 45 ) United States 274 cm 8 ft 11.5 in John Aasen American silent film actor , height is not officially confirmed . His skeleton was measured at 7 ft 2.4 in 1890 -- 1938 ( 48 ) Thailand 269 cm 8 ft 10 in Pornchai Sawsri Claimed to measure 269 cm ( 8'10 ) at age 26 in September 2015 . He was measured at 257 cm ( 8'5 `` ) by Thai authorities for his ID card renewal in October 2013 . 1990 ? -- 2015 Egypt 269 cm 8 ft 10 in Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi Claimed 8'10 `` , but was later measured at 7'11 '' ( 242 cm ) . 1909 -- 1941 ( 32 ) Ireland 269 cm 8 ft 10 in Patrick Murphy Claimed 8'10 `` , but was later measured at 7'3.4 '' ( 222 cm ) . Height is not officially confirmed . 1834 -- 1862 ( 28 ) Italy 259 cm 8 ft 6 in Maximinus Thrax Emperor of Rome , first ever recorded person with gigantism . 173 -- 238 Iran 259 cm 8 ft 5.9 in Siah Khan Ibn Kashmir Khan When he was admitted to hospital in 1933 he turned out to be ' only ' 7'2.6 '' ( 220 cm ) tall . 1912 -- 1938 Ukraine 257 cm 8 ft 5.5 in Leonid Stadnyk Refused to undergo independent testing under Guinness World Records rules , so his claim is not recognized by Guinness World Records . 1970 -- 2014 ( 44 ) Pakistan 254 cm 8 ft 4 in Ajaz Ahmed Claims actually to be 8 feet 4 inches , but this is unverified by Guinness World Records . He claims that he is still growing . 1976 -- Netherlands 254 cm 8 ft 4 in Trijntje Keever Tallest recorded woman . Not confirmed by Guinness World Records . 1616 -- 1633 ( 17 ) United States 254 cm 8 ft 4 in Ella Ewing Claims 8 feet 4 inches , however measured at 7 feet 4.5 inches . Her mother describes her full height at 8 feet 4 inches . 1872 -- 1913 ( 41 ) Bangladesh 251 cm 8 ft 3 in Parimal Barman Claims of being 8 feet 3 inches , not confirmed . 1962 -- 1991 ( 29 ) United States 248 cm 8 ft 2 in Henry Hite Claims of being 8 feet 2 inches , not confirmed . 1915 -- 1978 ( 63 ) India 248 cm 8 ft 2 in Jitendra Singh Claims of being 8 feet 2 inches , but was later measured at 7'7 '' ( 231 cm ) 1971 -- Finland 247 cm 8 ft 1.4 in Daniel Cajanus Height not officially confirmed . He was only 7 ft 8 in ( 234 cm ) according to the London Annual Register . 1703 -- 1749 ( 46 ) People 's Republic of China 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Zhao Liang Height not officially confirmed . A circus performer . 1982 -- Finland 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Louis Moilanen Big Louie Height not officially confirmed . 1886 -- 1913 ( 27 ) China 244 cm 8 ft 0 in Zhan Shichai Height not officially confirmed . 1841 -- 1893 ( 52 ) Turkey 244.4 cm 8 ft 0 in Barth 's Giant Skeleton of reputed Giant `` Hayduk '' , Turkish soldier displayed at Vienna 's Anatomical museum in 1904 . Height estimated from Femur and Tibia at 235.2 to 244.4 cm tall . c. 1683 Algeria 244 cm 8 ft 0 in Mounir Fourar Height not officially confirmed . 1972 -- 2012 ( 40 ) Indonesia 242 cm 7 ft 11 in Musutaman Height not officially confirmed . 1962 -- ? Sweden 242 cm 7 ft 11 in Gustaf Edman Height not officially confirmed . 1882 -- 1912 ( 30 ) Mongolia 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Öndör Gongor Tall Gongor Was measured by Roy Chapman Andrews , but some other sources even give 245 cm ( 8 feet ) 1879 -- 1931 ( 52 ) United Kingdom 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Frederick Kempster Claimed to be 8 ft 4.5 in . Height not officially confirmed . 1889 -- 1918 ( 29 ) Ireland 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Cornelius McGrath Measurement according to the London Annual Register . 1737 -- 1759 ( 22 ) Spain 222 -- 234 cm 7 ft 3 in - 7 ft 7 in Sancho VII of Navarre Height estimated by Luis del Campo in 1952 , from a measurement of his femur recorded in 1622 . 1170 - 1234 ( 64 ) Tallest in varied fields or endeavors ( edit ) Tallest in various Sports ( edit ) See also : List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history Country Height Name Note Lifespan Photo Libya 246 cm ( 8 ft 1 in ) Suleiman Ali Nashnush Tallest basketball player . 1943 -- 1991 Iran 246 cm ( 8 ft 1 in ) Morteza Mehrzad Tallest Paralympian . 1987 -- Romania 242 cm ( 7 ft 11 in ) Gogea Mitu Tallest professional boxer . 1914 -- 1936 People 's Republic of China 236 cm ( 7 ft 9 in ) Sun Mingming Tallest active professional basketball player . 1983 -- Canada 233 cm ( 7 ft 8 in ) Édouard Beaupré Tallest strongman and tallest wrestler . 1881 -- 1904 Romania 231 cm ( 7 ft 7 in ) Gheorghe Mureșan Retired professional basketball player . Tied as tallest player in National Basketball Association ( NBA ) history . 1971 -- Sudan 231 cm ( 7 ft 7 in ) Manute Bol Retired professional basketball player . Tied as tallest player in National Basketball Association ( NBA ) history . 1962 -- 2010 Argentina 231 cm ( 7 ft 7 in ) Jorge González Tallest wrestler in WWE history 1966 -- 2010 Latvia 221 cm ( 7 ft 3 in ) Kristaps Porziņģis Tied for tallest active NBA player . 1995 -- Serbia 221 cm ( 7 ft 3 in ) Boban Marjanović Tied for tallest active NBA player . 1988 -- Brazil 218 cm ( 7 ft 2 in ) Giant Silva Tallest kickboxer and mixed martial artist . 1963 -- Poland 218 cm ( 7 ft 2 in ) Małgorzata `` Margo '' Dydek Tallest player in WNBA history . 1974 -- 2011 Russia 218 cm ( 7 ft 2 in ) Dmitriy Muserskiy Tallest volleyball player . 1988 -- India 216 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Dalip Singh Rana Tallest active wrestler . 1972 -- Pakistan 216 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Mohammad Irfan Tallest international cricketer 1982 -- Philippines 216 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) E.J. Feihl Tallest basketball player in PBA history . ( tied with Greg Slaughter ) 1970 -- Philippines 216 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Greg Slaughter Tallest basketball player in PBA history . ( tied with E.J. Feihl ) 1988 -- Netherlands 215 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Loek van Mil Tallest baseball player . 1984 -- United Kingdom 213 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Richard Metcalfe Tallest rugby union player . 1973 -- Netherlands 213 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Ted van der Parre Tallest World 's Strongest Man . 1955 -- United States 213 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Richard Sligh Tallest American football player in NFL history . 1944 -- 2008 Russia 213 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Nikolai Valuev Tallest boxing world champion . 1973 -- Netherlands 212 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Semmy Schilt Tallest kickboxing world champion . 1973 -- Netherlands 212 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Stefan Struve Tallest fighter in the UFC . 1988 -- United States 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Jon Rauch Tallest baseball player in Major League Baseball history . 1978 -- Australia 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Aaron Sandilands Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history . 1982 -- Australia 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Peter Street Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history . 1980 -- America 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Mason Cox Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history . 1991 -- United States 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Reilly Opelka Tied as tallest tennis player on the ATP Tour . 1997 -- Croatia 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Ivo Karlović Tied as tallest tennis player on the ATP Tour . 1979 -- United Kingdom 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Will Carrick - Smith Tallest active professional rugby union player . 1992 -- Lithuania 209 cm ( 6 ft 10 in ) Rolandas Gimbutis Tallest Olympic swimmer . 1981 -- Belgium 208 cm ( 6 ft 10 in ) Kristof Van Hout Tallest association football player . 1987 -- Slovakia 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) Zdeno Chára Tallest player in National Hockey League history . 1977 -- United States 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) Jared Gaither Tallest active American football player in the NFL 1986 -- Russia 204 cm ( 6 ft 8 in ) Nelly Alisheva Tallest female volleyball player . 1983 -- Bulgaria 203 cm ( 6 ft 8 in ) Kotooshu Katsunori sumo wrestler . 1983 -- Germany 201 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) Ingo Schultz Tallest sprinter . 1975 -- Bulgaria 201 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) Velichko Cholakov Tallest Olympic weightlifter . 1982 -- United States 201 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) Phil Blackmar Tallest golfer on the PGA Tour . 1957 -- Switzerland 200 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) Ramon Zenhäusern Tallest World Cup competitor in alpine skiing . 1992 -- United States 198 cm ( 6 ft 6 in ) Buddy Baker Tallest driver in NASCAR history . 1941 -- 2015 Netherlands 197 cm ( 6 ft 6 in ) Jens Mouris Tallest professional cyclist . 1980 -- United States 195 cm ( 6 ft 5 in ) Michael Waltrip Tallest active driver in NASCAR . 1963 -- Croatia 193 cm ( 6 ft 4 in ) Blanka Vlašić Tallest female high jumper . 1983 -- Tallest actors ( edit ) Country Height Name Note Lifespan United Kingdom 7 ft 71⁄2 in ( 233 cm ) Neil Fingleton Tallest actor at 233 cm ( 7 ft 71⁄2 in ) . 1980 -- 2017 France 7 ft 6 in ( 233 cm ) Andre The Giant Tallest French actor and professional wrestler . Tallest wrestler during the 1980s and the Eighth Wonder of the World . 1946 - 1993 Canada 6 ft 9 in ( 206 cm ) John De Santis Tallest Canadian actor at 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) . 1977 -- 2017 United States 6 ft 8 1 / 2 in ( 204 cm ) Brad Garrett Tallest Emmy Award winning actor at 204 cm ( 6 ft 8 1 / 2 in ) . 1960 -- United States 6 ft 8.25 in ( 203.84 cm ) Lindsay Kay Hayward Tallest actress in a leading role 1987 -- United Kingdom 6 ft 7 in ( 201 cm ) Stephen Merchant Tallest British Academy Film Awards winner 1974 - United States 6 ft 7 in ( 201 cm ) James Cromwell Tallest Academy Award nominated actor at 201 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) . 1940 -- United States 6 ft 5 in ( 195 cm ) Tim Robbins Tallest Academy Award - winning actor at 195 cm ( 6 ft 5 in ) . 1958 -- Tallest people presently living in varied nations ( edit ) Pakistan 8 ft 4 in ( 254 cm ) Ajaz Ahmed Tallest living in Pakistan at 254 cm ( 8 ft 4 in ) . Height unverified . He claims that he is still growing . 1975 -- Turkey 8 ft 3 in ( 251 cm ) Sultan Kösen Tallest Turkish at 251 cm ( 8 ft 3 in ) . 1982 -- Morocco 8 ft 1 in ( 247 cm ) Brahim Takioullah Tallest Moroccan at 246 cm and second tallest person ( 8 ft 1 in ) 1982 -- Iran 8 ft 1 in ( 246 cm ) Morteza Mehrzad Tallest live in Iran at 246 cm ( 8 ft 1 in ) . 1987 -- People 's Republic of China 7 ft 11 in ( 242 cm ) Zhang Juncai Tallest living Chinese at 242 cm ( 7 ft 11 in ) . 1983 -- Tunisia 7 ft 8.5 in ( 235 cm ) Radhouane Charbib Tallest Tunisian and the tallest living person in Africa 1968 -- Somalia 7 ft 81⁄2 in ( 236 cm ) Hussain Bisad Tallest Somali at 236 cm ( 7 ft 8.5 in ) . 1975 -- North Korea 7 ft 8.5 in ( 235 cm ) Ri Myung Hun Tallest North Korean at 235 cm ( 7 ft 8.5 in ) . 1967 -- United Kingdom 7 ft 81⁄3 in ( 235 cm ) Paul Sturgess Tallest British at 235 cm ( 7 ft 81⁄3 in ) . 1987 -- United States 7 ft 81⁄3 in ( 235 cm ) Igor Vovkovinskiy Tallest American at 235 cm ( 7 ft 81⁄3 in ) . 1982 -- Myanmar 7 ft 7.5 in ( 233 cm ) Win Zaw Oo Also known as ' Big Zaw ' , who is currently seeking medical treatment from 2013 in Singapore . Tallest man in Burma 1977 - Romania 7 ft 7 in ( 231 cm ) Gheorghe Mureșan Tallest Romanian at 231 cm ( 7 ft 7 in ) . 1971 -- Brazil 7 ft 6.6 in ( 230 cm ) Joelisson Fernandes da Silva Tallest Brazilian at 230 cm ( 7 ft 6.6 in ) 1991 -- Montenegro 7 ft 6 in ( 230 cm ) Slavko Vranes Tallest basketball player in Montenegro 1983 -- Malta 7 ft 6 in ( 230 cm ) Samuel Deguara Tallest basketball player in Malta 1991 -- Japan 7 ft 6 in ( 228 cm ) Yasutaka Okayama Tallest Japanese to be drafted into the NBA at 228 cm ( 7 ft 6 in ) . 1954 -- Canada 7 ft 6 in ( 228 cm ) Jerry Sokoloski Tallest Canadian at 228 cm ( 7 ft 6 in ) . 1983 -- New Zealand 7 ft 4.5 in ( 225 cm ) Jonty Butterfield Tallest New Zealander at 229 cm ( 7 ft 6.15 in ) . 1994 -- Ireland 7 ft 4.5 in ( 225 cm ) Shaun Aisbitt Tallest Man in Ireland 1962 -- Puerto Rico 7 ft 3.5 in ( 222 cm ) Peter John Ramos Tallest Puerto Rican at 222 cm ( 7 ft 3.5 in ) . 1985 -- Australia 7 ft 3 in ( 221 cm ) Sam Harris Tallest Australian at 221 cm ( 7 ft 3 in ) . 1984 -- Philippines 7 ft 3 in ( 221 cm ) Raul Dillo Said to be the tallest Filipino at 221 cm ( 7 ft 4 in ) when he was measured at age 17 . 1991 -- Spain 7 ft 3 in ( 221 cm ) Roberto Dueñas Hernández Tallest Spanish basketball player ever ( now retired ) . Currently the tallest man alive in Spain . 1975 -- See also ( edit ) Giant ( mythology ) Gigantism Goliath Human height List of the heaviest people List of humans with gigantism List of shortest people List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Robert Wadlow '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ New rules make China 's Bao world 's tallest again . Reuters . August 20 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tallest man - living '' . Guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig ( 2010 ) . Guinnes World Records 2011 . ISBN 9781904994572 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed : Brahim Takioullah sets world record for largest feet '' . Guinness World Records News . 12 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Confirmed : Brahim Takioullah sets world record for largest feet - October 2011 - - Latest news '' . Guinness World Records . 2011 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Morteza Mehrzad The tallest man claimed to be 8ft 2.4 inches assuming normal spine curvature . Iran '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` At 8ft 1in tall , Dharmendra is half a foot loftier than beanpole footballer Peter Crouch - but he fears his height is making it `` impossible '' for him to find a girlfriend `` . mirror.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Jean - Joseph Brice height controversy '' . Jump up ^ `` Anton de Franchepoinct The tallest man Germany '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ de : Der lange Anton Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091206031648/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/SEAsia/Story/STIStory_461611.html . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2009 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Albert Johan Kramer - 7 feet 111⁄4 inches ( 242 cm ) '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Senapati , Ashis ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Tallest ' man fails to find a bride '' . Times of India . Jump up ^ So lebt der längste Mensch der Welt , Jens Hartmann ( in German ) Jump up ^ `` Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi - The tallest man Egypt '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Le saviez - vous ? Archived 2009 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . http://www.afrv.ch/ Les gullivers de Dalmatie Jump up ^ `` The Tall Guys of Pakistan : ALL THINGS PAKISTAN '' . Pakistaniat.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Naseer Soomro - The tallest man Pakistan '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Rigardus Rijnhout - 7 feet 10 inches ( 238 cm ) '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yoshimitsu Matsuzaka - 7 feet 9.3 inches ( 237 cm ) '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Louis Moilanen - The tallest man Michigan Finland '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Frederick Kempster - the ' English Giant ' ? 2011 / 04 / 28 BBC Jump up ^ name = `` The Giant of the Hills : Martin Van Buren Bates '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Anna Haining Swan - The tallest woman '' . The Tallest Man . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ World 's tallest man gets married 2007 / 03 / 28 BBC ^ Jump up to : Lukatsky , Efrem ( April 17 , 2004 ) . `` Tiny village possibly holds the world 's tallest man '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Riese Walter Straube - The tallest man Germany '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Rachid Bara - The tallest man of Algeria '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael França do Nascimento - The tallest man of Brazil '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Nikolai Pankratov - The tallest man of Russia '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` IMDB - Igor Vovkovinskiy '' . IMDb . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broc Brown , World 's Tallest Teenager : 5 Fast Facts You Need To Know '' . Jump up ^ `` Cecil Boling - The tallest man '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Polipaka Gattaiah - The tallest man in India dies '' . www.newindianexpress.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Abdramane Dembele - The tallest man of Ivory Coast '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` -- 7 - foot - 8 deputy nation 's tallest man '' . MSNBC. 2007 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's the tallest person in the World ? '' . isitpossibletogettaller . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World 's tallest man dies '' . BBC News . July 3 , 1998 . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kim , Randy ( June 19 , 2003 ) . `` Draft Oddities '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chibi Not A Chibi '' . Reading Eagle . Reading , Pennsylvania : Reading Eagle Company . June 11 , 1981 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - foot 7 and a judo expert too '' . Tri-City Herald . Kennewick , Washington : The McClatchy Company . October 29 , 1983 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Former NBA player , humanitarian Manute Bol dies at age 47 '' . NY Daily News . Daily News , L.P. June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Is this the world 's tallest professional athlete ? Basketball player ' Big Bob ' Wegner is 7ft 8in and has size 23 foot '' . dailymail.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Franz Winkelmeyer - The tallest man Lengau Austria '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miguel Joaquin de Eleicegui - 7 feet 8 inches ( 233.5 cm ) '' . The Tallest Man.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150912095144/http://www.thetallestman.com/jaimeclemente.htm . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Agustin Luengo Capilla - 7 feet 7.75 inches ( 233 cm ) '' . The Tallest Man.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Jennifer Toland ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` A high honor : Former Crusader is tallest man in U.K '' . Telegram . Jump up ^ `` Wang Feng - Jun - The tallest man China '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAMUEL DEGUARA IS 7'5 , UNEMPLOYED , AND LOOKING FOR A BASKETBALL HOME '' . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records day '' . The Telegraph . London . November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ANNA KATHERINE CLEMMONS ( January 9 , 2008 ) . `` 7 Feet 7 and 360 Pounds , With Bigger Feet Than Shaq 's '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Lock Martin - The tallest man '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Reference Below GBWR ' 72 - ' 73 etc . Jump up ^ `` Alain Delaunois - The tallest man Belgium Belgie '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Aleksandar Rindin - The tallest man of Azerbaijan '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` '' Մեծ '' մարդու մեծ երազանքը . ՀՀ ամենաբարձրահասակ մարդը `` . hottv.am . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jovem paraibano de 21 anos tem 2 , 3 m de altura '' . Noticias.terra.com.br . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ACB Liga Endesa : El Barcelona sigue al niño más alto del mundo , Robert Bobroczky , de 14 años y 2 , 30 - MARCA.com '' . MARCA.com. 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tran Thanh Pho - The tallest man Vietnam '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Malik Sidibe - 7 feet 6.25 inches ( 229.2 cm ) '' . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saad Kaiche y sus 229 centímetros , a prueba en Lugo '' ( in Spanish ) . Solobasket.com. 2007 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Tallest Man , Saad Kaiche '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Madsen - 7ft 6in . '' ( 228 cm ) `` . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Summer League Rosters : Dallas Mavericks '' . 10 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . http://www.shamsports.com/2010/07/2010-summer-league-rosters-dallas.html Jump up ^ `` Matthew McGrory official site '' . Jump up ^ Joey Kaufman ( 2014 - 02 - 13 ) . `` The Burden of 7 - 6 '' . Sportsonearth.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Conrad Furrows - The tallest man '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tacko Fall Basketball Player Profile , High School , News , stats , Career , Games Logs , Bests , Awards - usbasket.com '' . www.eurobasket.com . Jump up ^ `` Sergey Ilin - 7'5.8 '' ( 228 cm ) `` . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bienvenu Letuni = 2015 - 03 - 12 '' . Jump up ^ `` Wielkolud z Bystrzycy '' . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . http://www.gazeta-olawa.pl/reportaz/reportaze/6538-wielkolud-z-bystrzycy/ Jump up ^ `` Asdrúbal Herrera Mora - 7 feet 5.8 inches ( 228 cm ) '' . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Miklosik - 7'5.4 '' ( 227 cm ) `` . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Margarito Machacuay - UPN '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Birmingham.gov Archived October 19 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ World 's Tallest Woman Dies at Age 53 , 2008 - 08 - 13 Jump up ^ `` Wassiliki Calliandji - The tallest woman of Greece '' . The Tallest Man . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Fang The tallest woman China '' . The Tallest Man . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ de Lapouge , G. ( 1890 ) . `` Le Gėant Fossile de Castelnau '' . La Nature . 888 : 11 -- 12 . Retrieved 27 December 2010 . Le sujet aurait une taille probable de 3m , 50 ( 11 ft 5.8 in ) . Jump up ^ `` World 's tallest - known man bedridden in Surin '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tall Tale : Towering Thai the world 's tallest ? '' . Coconuts Bangkok . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest man in Thailand , dies at 26 '' . The Herald . 2015 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi - The tallest man Egypt '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Siah Khan '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Nederlands Algemeen Rijksarchief , Verslagen omtrent ' s rijks oude Archieven , vol. 11 , 1890 , p. 153 , fragment via Google Books , digitized May 4 , 2007 at the New York Public Library Jump up ^ Koninklijke Nederlandsche Maatschappij tot Bevordering der Geneeskunst , Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde , vol. 99 , March 26 , 1955 , p. 964 , fragment via Google Books , digitized Nov 26 , 2008 at the University of California Jump up ^ `` Jitendra Singh The tallest man India '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bondeson , Jan : The Two - Headed Boy and Other Medical Marvels . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` Account of the Irish Giant '' . London Annual Register : 79 -- 80 . January 1 , 1760 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boston - Demmon '' . ghosttowns.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese - Australian Historical Images - Chang Woo Gow '' . Chia.chinesemuseum.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Die pathologischen Beckenformen , Volume 1 , by Carl Breus . Deuticke. 1904 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Körper - Rekord : Weltlängster Lulatsch misst 2 , 44 Meter - SPIEGEL ONLINE '' . Spiegel.de. 2002 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Musutaman - The tallest man Indonesia '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Gustaf Edman The tallest man in Sweden '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Emma ( 2012 - 04 - 03 ) . `` BBC News - Frederick Kempster - the ' English Giant ' ? '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2253697 Jump up ^ `` Morteza Mehrzad - 8 feet 1 inch ( 246.4 cm ) '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Eastaugh , Sophie ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Meet Iran 's sitting volleyball ace , the tallest Paralympian in history '' . cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` FIVB '' . Federation Internationale De Volleyball . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mohammad Irfan Cricket Players and Officials '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Fingleton '' . IMDb . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John De Santis '' . IMDb . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Austin Chronicle ' ' '' . Austinchronicle.com. 2014 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest actress in a leading role '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsay Kay Hayward - The Official Website '' . Lindsay Kay Hayward . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Tait , Morgan ( September 28 , 2013 ) . `` High life has decent share of low moments '' . The New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Kyran ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Meet Ireland 's Tallest Man '' . The Irish Independent . Jump up ^ `` Lock Martin '' . The tallest man . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest Filipino meets world 's smallest man '' . ABS - CBN News . 2012 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Tall people at Wikimedia Commons Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Special motorcycle Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_people&oldid=808786410 '' Categories : Biological records Human height Lists of people by physical attribute Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with German - language external links Articles with French - language external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Dynamic lists Articles needing cleanup from June 2015 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 04 : 22 . 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tallest person in the world guinness world record
[ "\n\nCountry\nMetric\nImperial\nName\nNote\nLifespan (Age at death)\n\n\nUnited States\n272 cm\n8 ft 11.1 in\nRobert Wadlow\nTallest human in recorded history confirmed by Guinness World Records.[1]\n1918–1940 (22)\n\n\nUnited States\n267 cm\n8 ft 9 in\nJohn Rogan\nSecond-tallest male in recorded history. Weighed only 92.5 kg (204 lb). Unable to stand due to ankylosis.\n1865–1905 (40)\n\n\nUnited States\n263.5 cm\n8 ft 7¾in\nJohn F. Carroll\n244 cm (8 ft 0 in) standing height, 264 cm (8 ft 7¾ in) assuming normal spinal curvature.\n1932–1969 (37)\n\n\nUkraine\n257 cm\n8 ft 5 in\nLeonid Stadnyk\nNot officially recognized by Guinness World Records because he refused to be measured according to their standards.[2]\n1970–2014 (44)\n\n\nFinland\n251 cm\n8 ft 3 in\nVäinö Myllyrinne\nRecognized as the tallest living person from 1940 to his death in 1963. Said to have been 251 cm in his thirties.\n1909–1963 (54)\n\n\nCanada\n251 cm\n8 ft 3 in\nÉdouard Beaupré\nTallest strongman as well as tallest wrestler in history. His death certificate described him as being 8 ft 3 in (2.51 m) tall and still growing.\n1881–1904 (23)\n\n\nTurkey\n251 cm\n8 ft 3 in\nSultan Kösen\nThe tallest living person since September 17, 2009, as determined by Guinness World Records.[3] He has 36.5-cm-long (1 ft 2 in) feet—the second-largest feet on a living person and 27.5 cm (11.2 in) hand—the longest on a living person.[4]\n1982–\n\n\nIndia\n249 cm\n8 ft 2 in\nVikas Uppal\nWas not officially measured by Guinness.\n1986–2007 (21)\n\n\nUnited States\n249 cm\n8 ft 2 in\nDon Koehler\nTallest in world for most of the 1970s.\n1925–1981 (56)\n\n\nUnited States\n249 cm\n8 ft 2 in\nBernard Coyne\nCoyne's World War I draft registration card, dated 29 August his height as 8 feet, although he had reached a height of 8 feet 2 inches (249 cm) by the time of his death. Possibly reached up to 8 ft 4 in (254 cm).\n1897–1921 (24)\n\n\nIreland\n246 cm\n8 ft 1 in\nPatrick Cotter O'Brien\nTallest person recorded at the time and the first in medical history to stand at a verified height of eight feet (244 cm). Remains examined in 1972 and height verified.\n1760–1806 (46)\n\n\nMorocco\n246 cm\n8 ft 1 in[5]\nBrahim Takioullah\nPossesses the world's largest feet at 1 ft 3 in (38 cm).[6]\n1982–\n\n\nIran\n246 cm\n8 ft 1 in\nMorteza Mehrzad\nTallest man in Iran.[7] Gold medalist of Iran sitting volleyball national team in Summer Paralympic games Rio 2016\n1987–\n\n\nGermany\n246 cm\n8 ft 1 in\nJulius Koch\nProbably never the world's tallest person due to his life coinciding with that of John Rogan. Skeleton preserved in the Museum of Natural History in Mons, Belgium.\n1872–1902 (30)\n\n\nMozambique\n246 cm\n8 ft 1 in\nGabriel Estêvão Monjane\nGuinness World Records listed him as tallest man from 1988 to 1990.\n1944–1990 (46)\n\n\nIndia\n246 cm\n8 ft 1 in\nDharmendra Pratap Singh\nTallest living Indian.[8]\n1983–\n\n\nLibya\n246 cm\n8 ft 1 in\nSuleiman Ali Nashnush\nLibyan who may have been the tallest basketball player.[citation needed]\n1943–1991 (47)\n\n\nFrance\n245 cm\n8 ft ½ in\nJean-Joseph Brice\nLe Géant des Vosges Ramonchamp - France—Height controversy[9]\n1835–?\n\n\nGermany\n244 cm\n8 ft 0 in\nAnton de Franckenpoint (Langer Anton)\nLived during Thirty Years' War; skeleton later measured at 8 ft 0 in (244 cm).[10][11]\nUnknown\n\n\nPeople's Republic of China\n242 cm\n7 ft 11¼ in\nZhang Juncai\nTallest living Chinese person.\n1966–\n\n\nIndonesia\n242 cm\n7 ft 11¼ in\nSuparwono\nTallest Indonesian claimed to be 8 ft 10.5 in. Officially measured (lying down and in the standing position) by the Indonesian Record Museum (MURI) in December 2009.[12]\n1985–2012 (26)\n\n\nNetherlands\n242 cm\n7 ft 11¼ in\nAlbert Johan Kramer\nProbably the tallest man in The Netherlands ever; His brother-in-law was suffering from dwarfism and did not exceed 69 cm (27.16 in). Together they formed a variety act, with performances around the world.[13]\n1897–1976 (79)\n\n\nPuerto Rico\n241 cm\n7 ft 11 in\nFelipe Birriel\nTallest Puerto Rican recorded.\n1916–1994 (78)\n\n\nIndia\n241 cm\n7 ft 11 in\nAsadulla Khan\nTallest man in India.[14]\n1988–\n\n\nSoviet Union\n240 cm\n7 ft 10 in\nAlexander Sizonenko\nSoviet Union basketball player.[15]\n1959–2012 (53)\n\n\nEgypt\n240 cm\n7 ft 10 in\nSa'id Muhammad Ghazi\nHe was billed as 10 ft in his life.[16]\n1909–1941 (32)\n\n\nBelarus\n239 cm\n7 ft 10 in\nFeodor Machnow\nBilled as 9 ft 3 in his life.\n1878–1912 (34)\n\n\nAustria-Hungary\n238 cm\n7 ft 10 in\nGrgo Kusić\nTallest Croat recorded. Tallest citizen of Austria-Hungary of his time.[17]\n1892–1918 (26)\n\n\nPakistan\n238 cm\n7 ft 10 in\nNaseer Soomro\nTallest confirmed man living in Pakistan.[18][19]\n1975–\n\n\nNetherlands\n238 cm\n7 ft 10 in\nRigardus Rijnhout\nSecond-tallest man in The Netherlands ever; he was known as the giant of Rotterdam. Early June 2011, a life-size statue of Rijnhout was unveiled in the Oude Westen district in Rotterdam.[20]\n1922–1959 (36)\n\n\nJapan\n237 cm\n7 ft 9.3 in\nYoshimitsu Matsuzaka\nTallest man in Japan; no color images of him exist even though he died in the 1960s.[21]\n1930–1962 (32)\n\n\nMongolia\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nÖndör Gongor\nVery tall man in early-20th-century Mongolia. Some other sources even give 245 cm (8 feet)\n1880/85 – 1925/30\n\n\nUnited States\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nLouis Moilanen\nTallest person in Michigan history and one of the tallest men in the world during his lifetime. He may have been 8 ft 1 in tall.[22]\n1885–1913 (28)\n\n\nUnited Kingdom\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nAngus MacAskill\nTallest \"true\" giant (not due to a pathological condition). Tallest Scottish or British man recorded.\n1825–1863 (38)\n\n\nUnited Kingdom\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nFrederick Kempster\nTall Englishman, height disputed between 7 ft 8.5in and 8 ft 4.5in[23]\n1889–1918 (29)\n\n\nUnited States\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nMartin Van Buren Bates\nKnown as the Kentucky Giant or The Giant of the Hills.[24] He and Anna Haining Bates were the tallest married couple ever.[25]\n1837–1919\n\n\nPeople's Republic of China\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nBao Xishun\nConsidered the tallest living person by Guinness World Records until September 2009 when he was replaced by Sultan Kösen.[26]\n1951–\n\n\nPeople's Republic of China\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nSun Mingming\nChinese basketball player. Formerly second-tallest living person.\n1983–\n\n\nTunisia\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nRadhouane Charbib\nListed by Guinness World Records as tallest man until January 15, 2005, before Bao Xishun and Sun Mingming.[27]\n1968–\n\n\nGermany\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nWalter Straub\nTallest man in Germany while he was alive.[28]\n1925–1986 (61)\n\n\nAlgeria\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nRachid Bara\nTallest man in Algeria while he was alive.[29]\n1974–2009 (35)\n\n\nBrazil\n235 cm\n7 ft 8½ in\nRafael França do Nascimento\nTallest man in Brazil.[30]\n1987–\n\n\nRussia\n235 cm\n7 ft 8½ in\nNikolai Pankratov\nTallest man in Russia.[31]\n1990–\n\n\nNorth Korea\n235 cm\n7 ft 8½ in\nRi Myung Hun\nFormer basketball player with the North Korean national team.\n1967–\n\n\nUnited States/Ukraine\n235 cm\n7 ft 8⅓ in\nIgor Vovkovinskiy\nCurrently the tallest person living in the United States. Originally from Ukraine, moved to Rochester, Minnesota to be treated at the Mayo Clinic. Most recently has been acting in commercials and movies.[32] Became well known by wearing a T-shirt that read \"Obama's Biggest Supporter\". Took part in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö, Sweden, as one of the performers on the stage representing Ukraine.\n1982–\n\n\nUnited States\n235 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nBroc Brown\nFormer tallest teenager in the United States.[33]\n1998-\n\n\nUnited States\n235 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nCecil Boling\nWas 7'8\" but shrank to 7'0\" since his legs were replaced with artificial legs 8.5\" shorter.[34]\n1920–2000 (79)\n\n\nUnited States\n235 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nBrenden Adams\nFormer tallest teenager in the world.\n1995–\n\n\nIndia\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nPolipaka Gattaiah\nTallest Indian.[35]\n1975–2015\n\n\nIvory Coast\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nAbdramane Dembele\nTallest man in Ivory Coast.[36]\n1985–\n\n\nUnited States\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nGeorge Bell\nFormer Tallest living American.[37]\n1957–\n\n\nFiji\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nKaliova Seleiwau\nTallest living Fijian.[38]\n1981–\n\n\nAustria\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nAdam Rainer\nOnly person known to have been both a dwarf and giant. He was 118 cm (3 ft 10 in) tall at age 21 and peaked at 234 cm (7 ft 8 in) when he died, having doubled his height as an adult.\n1899–1950 (51)\n\n\nPakistan\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nAlam Channa\nPakistani, considered to be the tallest living man when he died in 1998.[39]\n1953–1998 (46)\n\n\nIceland\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nJóhann K. Pétursson\nWas the tallest person in Iceland.\n1913–1984 (71)\n\n\nJapan\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nYasutaka Okayama\nTallest living Japanese. Tallest basketball player drafted in NBA history.[40][41][42][43]\n1954–\n\n\nUnited States\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nBob Wegner\nTallest basketball player plays for the Lake Michigan Admirals.[44]\n\n\n\nAustria-Hungary\n233.7 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nFranz Winkelmeier\nOne of the tallest people in his time.[45]\n1860–1887\n\n\nSpain\n233.5 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nMiguel Joaquín de Eleicegui\nTallest man recorded in Spain.[46]\n1818–1861 (43)\n\n\nSpain\n233 cm\n7 ft 7.7 in\nJaime Clemente Izquierdo\nSpain's tallest man in his lifetime.[47]\n1961–2005 (44)\n\n\nSpain\n233 cm\n7 ft 7½ in\nAgustín Luengo Capilla\nCircus performer. Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death.[48]\n1849–1875 (26)\n\n\nUnited States\n232 cm\n7 ft 7½ in\nJack Earle\nJacob Rheuben Ehrlich. American silent film actor and sideshow performer.\n1906–1952 (46)\n\n\nSomalia\n233 cm\n7 ft 7.4 in\nHussain Bisad\nSomalia, considered to be one of the tallest living men.\n1975–\n\n\nUnited Kingdom\n233 cm\n7 ft 7.4 in\nNeil Fingleton\nTallest division 1 basketball player. Known for his role Mag the Mighty in the HBO TV series Game of Thrones [49][50]\n1980–2017 (36)\n\n\nChina\n233 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nWang Feng-Jun\nAsia's tallest man in 2004.[51]\n1976–2015 (39)\n\n\nMalta-Italy\n233 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nSamuel Deguara\nMalta and Italy's tallest man.[52]\n1991-\n\n\nArgentina\n231 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nJorge González\nTallest wrestler in WWE history.\n1966–2010 (44)\n\n\nUnited Kingdom\n231 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nPaul Sturgess\nTied for the tallest player ever to play college basketball in the U.S.[53]\n1987–\n\n\nUnited States\n231 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nKenny George\nSecond-tallest Division I basketball player (Neil Fingleton).[54]\n1987–\n\n\nUnited States\n231 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nLock Martin\nHe played the robot in the movie The Day the Earth Stood Still.[55]\n1916–1959\n\n\nIreland\n231 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nCharles Byrne\nSkeleton now resides in the Hunterian Museum.\n1761–1783 (22)\n\n\nUnited States\n231 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nMax Palmer\nActor and pro wrestler. Listed by Guinness World Records at 7 ft 7 in, claimed 8 ft 1 in. Film Bio - Killer Apes, Invaders From Mars.[56]\n1927–1984 (57)\n\n\nRomania\n231 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nGheorghe Mureșan\nTied for tallest in NBA history.\n1971–\n\n\nSudan\n231 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nManute Bol\nTied for tallest in NBA history.\n1962–2010 (48)\n\n\nBelgium\n230 cm\n7 ft 6.75 in\nAlain Delaunois\nTallest living Belgian.[57]\n1971–\n\n\nAzerbaijan\n230 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nAleksandar Rindin\nTallest man in Azerbaijan.[58]\n1985–\n\n\nArmenia\n230 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nArshavir Grigoryan\nTallest man in Armenia.[59]\n1990–\n\n\nBrazil\n230 cm\n7 ft 6.6 in\nJoélisson Fernandes da Silva\nTallest living Brazilian.[60]\n1991–\n\n\nMontenegro\n230 cm\n7 ft 6.5 in\nSlavko Vraneš\nTallest Montenegrin basketball player in the national basketball team, former player in the NBA\n1983–\n\n\nRomania\n230 cm\n7 ft 6.55 in\nRobert Bobroczky\nRomanian basketball player that was 2.30 m (7 ft 7 in) in late 2014, aged 14.[61]\n2000\n\n\nVietnam\n229 cm\n7 ft 6.25 in\nTrần Thành Phố\nWas the tallest man in Southeast Asia when he died in 2010[62]\n1947–2010 (63)\n\n\nSenegal\n229 cm\n7 ft 6.25 in\nMalik Sidibe\nTallest basketball player in Senegal.[63]\n1985–\n\n\nUnited Kingdom\n229 cm\n7 ft 6¼ in\nChristopher Greener\nFormerly Britain's tallest man\n1943–2015 (71)\n\n\nAlgeria\n229 cm\n7 ft 6⅕ in\nSaad Kaiche\nFormer basketball player of Club Baloncesto Breogán of Lugo.[64][65]\n1985–\n\n\nUnited States\n229 cm\n7 ft 6 in\nRalph Madsen\nBilled as 7 ft 6in.[66]\n1897–1948\n\n\nPeople's Republic of China\n229 cm\n7 ft 6 in\nYao Ming\nWas the tallest player in the NBA during his playing years until his retirement in 2011.\n1980–\n\n\nUnited States/Germany\n229 cm\n7 ft 6 in\nShawn Bradley\nFormer player in the NBA, 1993–2005, tallest living German (holding dual citizenship).\n1972–\n\n\nSenegal\n229 cm\n7 ft 6 in\nMoussa Seck\nTallest basketball player in Senegal.[67]\n1986–\n\n\nUnited States\n229 cm\n7 ft 6 in\nMatthew McGrory\nWas the world's tallest actor when he died in 2005.[68]\n1973–2005\n\n\nSenegal\n229 cm\n7 ft 6 in\nMamadou N'Diaye\nWas the tallest in high school and college basketball while playing in the US.[69]\n1993–\n\n\nUnited States\n229 cm\n7 ft 6 in\nConrad Furrows\nHe was listed in the Bernard L. Kobel Catalogue of Human Oddities of Circus Sideshows.[70]\n1922–1967\n\n\nSenegal\n229 cm\n7 ft 6 in\nTacko Fall\nIs the tallest high school basketball player in the US as of 2014.[71]\n1995–\n\n\nRussia\n229 cm\n7 ft 5.8 in\nSergey Ilin\nTallest basketball player in Russia.[72]\n1988–\n\n\nSpain\n229 cm\n7 ft 5.8 in(?)\nFermín Arrudi Urieta\nTallest man in Spain at the time of his death.\n1870–1913 (42)\n\n\nDemocratic Republic of Congo\n228 cm\n7 ft 5⅔ in\nBienvenu Letuni\nTallest basketball player in DRC[73]\n1994–\n\n\nPoland\n228 cm\n7 ft 5⅔ in\nEugeniusz Taraciński\nTallest man in Poland while he was alive.[74]\n1928–1978 (50)\n\n\nColombia\n228 cm\n7 ft 5⅔ in\nAsdrúbal Herrera Mora\nTallest living Colombian. Tied for tallest South American man with Margarito Machacuay[75]\n1986–\n\n\nSlovak Republic\n228 cm\n7 ft 5⅔ in\nMartin Miklosik\nTallest basketball player in the Slovak Republic.[76]\n1986–\n\n\nPeru\n228 cm\n7 ft 5⅔ in\nMargarito Machacuay\nTied for the tallest South American person with Asdrúbal Herrera and is the fifth-tallest in the Americas.[77]\n1965–\n\n" ]
[ "Robert Wadlow" ]
3817967454337065898
Marginal product of labor
Marginal product of labor - wikipedia Marginal product of labor Jump to : navigation , search In economics , the marginal product of labor ( MP ) is the change in output that results from employing an added unit of labor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Examples 3 Marginal costs 4 Relation between MP and AP 5 Diminishing marginal returns 6 MP , MRP and profit maximization 6.1 Example 7 Marginal productivity ethics 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References Definition ( edit ) The marginal product of a factor of production is generally defined as the change in output associated with a change in that factor , holding other inputs into production constant . The marginal product of labor is then the change in output ( Y ) per unit change in labor ( L ) . In discrete terms the marginal product of labor is : Δ Y Δ L . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ Delta Y ) ( \ Delta L ) ) . ) In continuous terms , the MP is the first derivative of the production function : ∂ Y ∂ L . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial Y ) ( \ partial L ) ) . ) Graphically , the MP is the slope of the production function . Examples ( edit ) Marginal product of labor table There is a factory which produces toys . When there are no workers in the factory , no toys are produced . When there is one worker in the factory , six toys are produced per hour . When there are two workers in the factory , eleven toys are produced per hour . There is a marginal product of labor of five when there are two workers in the factory compared to one . When the marginal product of labor is increasing , this is called increasing marginal returns . However , as the number of workers increases , the marginal product of labor may not increase indefinitely . When not scaled properly , the marginal product of labor may go down when the number of employees goes up , creating a situation known as diminishing marginal returns . When the marginal product of labor becomes negative , it is known as negative marginal returns . Marginal costs ( edit ) The marginal product of labor is directly related to costs of production . Costs are divided between fixed and variable costs . Fixed costs are costs that relate to the fixed input , capital , or rK , where r is the rental cost of capital and K is the quantity of capital . Variable costs ( VC ) are the costs of the variable input , labor , or wL , where w is the wage rate and L is the amount of labor employed . Thus , VC = wL . Marginal cost ( MC ) is the change in total cost per unit change in output or ∆ C / ∆ Q. In the short run , production can be varied only by changing the variable input . Thus only variable costs change as output increases : ∆ C = ∆ VC = ∆ ( wL ) . Marginal cost is ∆ ( Lw ) / ∆ Q. Now , ∆ L / ∆ Q is the reciprocal of the marginal product of labor ( ∆ Q / ∆ L ) . Therefore , marginal cost is simply the wage rate w divided by the marginal product of labor MC = ∆ VC ∕ ∆ Q ; ∆ VC = w ∆ L ; ∆ L ∕ ∆ Q ( the change in quantity of labor to effect a one unit change in output ) = 1 ∕ MP . Therefore MC = w ∕ MP Thus if the marginal product of labor is rising then marginal costs will be falling and if the marginal product of labor is falling marginal costs will be rising ( assuming a constant wage rate ) . Relation between MP and AP ( edit ) The average product of labor is the total product of labor divided by the number of units of labor employed , or Q / L. The average product of labor is a common measure of labor productivity . The AP curve is shaped like an inverted `` u '' . At low production levels the AP tends to increase as additional labor is added . The primary reason for the increase is specialization and division of labor . At the point the AP reaches its maximum value AP equals the MP . Beyond this point the AP falls . During the early stages of production MP is greater than AP . When the MP is above the AP the AP will increase . Eventually the MP reaches it maximum value at the point of diminishing returns . Beyond this point MP will decrease . However , at the point of diminishing returns the MP is still above the AP and AP will continue to increase until MP equals AP . When MP is below AP , AP will decrease . Graphically , the AP curve can be derived from the total product curve by drawing secants from the origin that intersect ( cut ) the total product curve . The slope of the secant line equals the average product of labor , where the slope = dQ / dL . The slope of the curve at each intersection marks a point on the average product curve . The slope increases until the line reaches a point of tangency with the total product curve . This point marks the maximum average product of labor . It also marks the point where MP ( which is the slope of the total product curve ) equals the AP ( the slope of the secant ) . Beyond this point the slope of the secants become progressively smaller as AP declines . The MP curve intersects the AP curve from above at the maximum point of the AP curve . Thereafter , the MP curve is below the AP curve . Diminishing marginal returns ( edit ) The falling MP is due to the law of diminishing marginal returns . The law states , `` as units of one input are added ( with all other inputs held constant ) a point will be reached where the resulting additions to output will begin to decrease ; that is marginal product will decline . '' The law of diminishing marginal returns applies regardless of whether the production function exhibits increasing , decreasing or constant returns to scale . The key factor is that the variable input is being changed while all other factors of production are being held constant . Under such circumstances diminishing marginal returns are inevitable at some level of production . Diminishing marginal returns differs from diminishing returns . Diminishing marginal returns means that the marginal product of the variable input is falling . Diminishing returns occur when the marginal product of the variable input is negative . That is when a unit increase in the variable input causes total product to fall . At the point that diminishing returns begin the MP is zero . MP , MRP and profit maximization ( edit ) The general rule is that a firm maximizes profit by producing that quantity of output where marginal revenue equals marginal costs . The profit maximization issue can also be approached from the input side . That is , what is the profit maximizing usage of the variable input ? To maximize profits the firm should increase usage `` up to the point where the input 's marginal revenue product equals its marginal costs '' . So , mathematically the profit maximizing rule is MRP = MC . The marginal profit per unit of labor equals the marginal revenue product of labor minus the marginal cost of labor or Mπ = MRP − MC A firm maximizes profits where Mπ = 0 . The marginal revenue product is the change in total revenue per unit change in the variable input assume labor . That is , MRP = ∆ TR / ∆ L. MRP is the product of marginal revenue and the marginal product of labor or MRP = MR × MP . Derivation : MR = ∆ TR / ∆ Q MP = ∆ Q / ∆ L MRP = MR × MP = ( ∆ TR / ∆ Q ) × ( ∆ Q / ∆ L ) = ∆ TR / ∆ L Example ( edit ) Assume that the production function is Q = 90 L − L 2 ( \ displaystyle Q = 90L - L ^ ( 2 ) ) M C L = 30 ( \ displaystyle MC_ ( L ) = 30 ) Output price is $40 per unit . M P L = 90 − 2 L ( \ displaystyle MP_ ( L ) = 90 - 2L ) M R P L = 40 ( 90 − 2 L ) ( \ displaystyle MRP_ ( L ) = 40 ( 90 - 2L ) ) M R P L = 3600 − 80 L ( \ displaystyle MRP_ ( L ) = 3600 - 80L ) M R P L = M C L ( \ displaystyle MRP_ ( L ) = MC_ ( L ) ) ( Profit Max Rule ) 3600 − 80 L = 30 ( \ displaystyle 3600 - 80L = 30 ) 3570 = 80 L ( \ displaystyle 3570 = 80L ) L = 44.625 ( \ displaystyle L = 44.625 ) 44.625 is the profit maximizing number of workers . Q = 90 L − L 2 ( \ displaystyle Q = 90L - L ^ ( 2 ) ) Q = 90 ( 44.625 ) − ( 44.625 ) 2 ( \ displaystyle Q = 90 ( 44.625 ) - ( 44.625 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) Q = 4016.25 − 1991.39 ( \ displaystyle Q = 4016.25 - 1991.39 ) Q = 2024.86 ( \ displaystyle Q = 2024.86 ) Thus , the profit maximizing output is 2025 units And the profit is T R − T C = Π ( \ displaystyle TR - TC = \ Pi ) Π = 40 ( 2025 ) − 30 ( 2025 ) ( \ displaystyle \ Pi = 40 ( 2025 ) - 30 ( 2025 ) ) Π = 81 , 000 − 60 , 750 ( \ displaystyle \ Pi = 81,000 - 60,750 ) Π = 20 , 250 ( \ displaystyle \ Pi = 20,250 ) Some might be confused by the fact that L = 44.625 ( \ displaystyle L = 44.625 ) as intuition would say that labor should be discrete . Remember , however , that labor is actually a time measure as well . Thus , it can be thought of as a worker not working the entire hour . Marginal productivity ethics ( edit ) In the aftermath of the marginal revolution in economics , a number of economists including John Bates Clark and Thomas Nixon Carver sought to derive an ethical theory of income distribution based on the idea that workers were morally entitled to receive a wage exactly equal to their marginal product . In the 20th century , marginal productivity ethics found few supporters among economists , being criticised not only by egalitarians but by economists associated with the Chicago school such as Frank Knight ( in The Ethics of Competition ) and the Austrian School , such as Leland Yeager . However , marginal productivity ethics were defended by George Stigler . See also ( edit ) Marginal product of capital Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 108 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Perloff , J. , Microeconomics Theory and Applications with Calculus , Pearson 2008 . p. 173 . Jump up ^ Pindyck , R. and D. Rubinfeld , Microeconomics , 5th ed . Prentice - Hall 2001 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , W. and C. Snyder , Intermediate Microeconomics , Thomson 2007 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , W. , Microeconomic Theory , 9th ed . Thomson 2005 , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Perloff , J. , Microeconomics Theory and Applications with Calculus , Pearson 2008 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Binger , B. and E. Hoffman , Microeconomics with Calculus , 2nd ed . Addison - Wesley 1998 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ; Robin Wells ( 2010 ) . Microeconomics . Worth Publishers . p. 306 . ISBN 978 - 1429277914 . Jump up ^ Perloff , J : Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus page 177 . Pearson 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Samuelson , W. and S. Marks , Managerial Economics , 4th ed . Wiley 2003 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Hal Varian , Microeconomic Analysis , 3rd ed . Norton 1992 . Jump up ^ Perloff , J. , Microeconomics Theory and Applications with Calculus , Pearson 2008 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ `` Can a Liberal Be an Equalitarian ? Leland B. Yeager - Toward Liberty : Essays in Honor of Ludwig von Mises , vol. 2 '' . Online Library of Liberty . 1971 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 29 . References ( edit ) Business and economics portal Binger , B. and E. Hoffman , Microeconomics with Calculus , 2nd ed . Addison - Wesley 1998 , ISBN 0 - 321 - 01225 - 9 Krugman , Paul , and Robin Wells ( 2009 ) , Microeconomics 2d ed . Worth Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1429277914 Nicholson , W. , Microeconomic Theory , 9th ed . Thomson 2005 . Nicholson , W. and C. Snyder , Intermediate Microeconomics , Thomson 2007 , ISBN 0 - 324 - 31968 - 1 Perloff , J. , Microeconomics Theory and Applications with Calculus , Pearson 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 27794 - 7 Pindyck , R. and D. Rubinfeld , Microeconomics , 5th ed . Prentice - Hall 2001 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 019673 - 8 Samuelson , W. and S. Marks , Managerial Economics , 4th ed . Wiley 2003 . Varian , Hal , Microeconomic Analysis , 3rd ed . Norton 1992 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marginal_product_of_labor&oldid=798075428 '' Categories : Production economics Marginal concepts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 20 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
at what output is marginal product of labour the highest
[ "During the early stages of production MPL is greater than APL. When the MPL is above the APL the APL will increase. Eventually the MPL reaches it maximum value at the point of diminishing returns. Beyond this point MPL will decrease. However, at the point of diminishing returns the MPL is still above the APL and APL will continue to increase until MPL equals APL. When MPL is below APL, APL will decrease." ]
[ "at the point of diminishing returns" ]
2497483581807184017
Let It Go (James Bay song)
Let It Go ( James Bay song ) - wikipedia Let It Go ( James Bay song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Let It Go '' Single by James Bay from the album Chaos and the Calm Released 15 September 2014 Format 10 '' CD download Recorded 2013 -- 14 in Nashville , Tennessee Genre Indie rock soul blues rock soft rock Length 4 : 21 ( album version ) 4 : 08 ( international edit ) Label Republic Songwriter ( s ) Paul Barry James Bay Producer ( s ) Jacquire King James Bay singles chronology `` Let It Go '' ( 2014 ) `` Hold Back the River '' ( 2014 ) `` Let It Go '' ( 2014 ) `` Hold Back the River '' ( 2014 ) Music video `` Let It Go '' on YouTube `` Let It Go '' is a song by English singer - songwriter James Bay . It was released in Europe on 15 September 2014 through Republic Records as the first single from Bay 's second extended play of the same name . It was included on Bay 's debut studio album Chaos and the Calm ( 2015 ) . The song was written by Bay with Paul Barry and produced by Jacquire King . The Let It Go EP was released prior on 3 May 2014 . The song was re-released in March 2015 after `` Hold Back the River '' and on July 2015 , has peaked at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart , beating its previous peak of 62 on 27 September 2014 . In May 2015 , `` Let It Go '' peaked at number 8 in Australia , whilst in New Zealand , the song debuted on June 15 , 2015 at number 31 , before climbing to number 24 the following week . A week after that the song entered the top 10 of the chart , peaking at number 10 . `` Let It Go '' is Bay 's first song to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , reaching number 16 . A remix by Jack Steadman was released in 2015 . Rapper Witt Lowry sampled the song in his 2014 song titled `` Lay Here '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage in media 2 Music video 3 Critical reception 4 Track listing 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 Release history 7 References Usage in media ( edit ) `` Let It Go '' was featured in the episode `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' of the American TV series Supergirl , on the episode `` Let Her Go '' ( season 6 ) of the TV series The Vampire Diaries , and the episode `` Doubt Truth to Be a Liar '' of the TV series The Royals season 2 and Remember Me by Allen Coulter . The song was also featured in the episode `` The Great Pretender '' on season 11 of Grey 's Anatomy . The song was featured in the pilot episode of Jane the Virgin . Music video ( edit ) A music video to accompany the release of `` Let It Go '' was first released onto YouTube on 23 March 2015 at a total length of four minutes and eighteen seconds . Critical reception ( edit ) Gregory Robson of AbsolutePunk said `` Let It Go '' was `` a rising current of despondency , heartache and powerhouse vocals . Arguably one of the year 's most heart - rendering songs , `` Let it Go '' is also the clearest example of who exactly Bay is , that is , supple instrumentation , gauzy textures and that ageless croon . '' Track listing ( edit ) Digital download -- single No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Let It Go '' Paul Barry James Bay 4 : 21 CD / digital download -- EP No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Let It Go '' Paul Barry James Bay 4 : 21 2 . `` If You Ever Want to Be in Love '' Bay Jimmy Hogarth Steve McEwan 3 : 59 3 . `` Heavy Handed '' Bay Ed Harcourt 3 : 29 4 . `` Hear Your Heart '' Bay Steve Robson Caitlyn Smith 3 : 02 5 . `` Running '' Bay 3 : 37 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 45 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 23 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 37 France ( SNEP ) 55 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 22 Ireland ( IRMA ) 21 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 15 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Portugal ( Official Chart AFP ) 45 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 82 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 94 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 47 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 39 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 35 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 32 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 41 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 22 US Billboard Hot Rock Songs 34 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 75 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 92 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 44 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 15 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 39 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 10,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Catalogue no . Europe 3 May 2014 Download ( EP ) Republic -- 15 September 2014 Download ( single ) 00602547187154 United States 18 April 2015 CD ( EP ) DNR22594 - 02 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` James Bay , Artist '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Witt Lowry -- Lay Here '' . Genius.com . Jump up ^ `` James Bay - Let It Go '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` James Bay - Let it Go EP '' . June 2014 . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Bay -- Let It Go '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Bay -- Let It Go ( CD ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Bay -- Let It Go ( File , EP ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- James Bay -- Let It Go '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- James Bay -- Let It Go '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- James Bay -- Let It Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Bay Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 28 , 2016 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- James Bay Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 42 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- James Bay '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- James Bay -- Let It Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- James Bay -- Let It Go '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles ( Week 1 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- James Bay -- Let It Go '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- James Bay -- Let It Go '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Bay Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Bay Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Bay Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Bay Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Bay Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Bay Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Bay Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2015 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : Dec 31 , 2015 Billboard Chart Archive '' . Billboard . billboard.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 15 August 2015 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Delta Goodrem ' Wings ' Tops Australian Chart '' . Noise11 . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- James Bay -- Let It Go '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- James Bay -- Let It Go '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( James Bay ; ' Let It Go ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- James Bay -- Let It Go '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- James Bay -- Let It Go '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Let It Go in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- James Bay -- Let It Go '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ( hide ) James Bay Studio albums Chaos and the Calm Singles `` Let It Go '' `` Hold Back the River '' `` Scars '' `` If You Ever Want to Be in Love '' `` Best Fake Smile '' `` Running '' Related articles `` Republic Records '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_It_Go_(James_Bay_song)&oldid=832892327 '' Categories : 2014 singles 2014 songs Republic Records singles Song recordings produced by Jacquire King Songs written by Paul Barry ( songwriter ) Songs written by James Bay ( singer ) Rock ballads James Bay ( singer ) songs Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 15 : 14 . About Wikipedia
just let it go let it be james bay
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The Matrix Revolutions
The Matrix Revolutions - wikipedia The Matrix Revolutions Jump to : navigation , search The Matrix Revolutions Theatrical release poster Directed by The Wachowski Brothers Produced by Joel Silver Written by The Wachowski Brothers Starring Keanu Reeves Laurence Fishburne Carrie - Anne Moss Hugo Weaving Jada Pinkett Smith Music by Don Davis Cinematography Bill Pope Edited by Zach Staenberg Production companies Village Roadshow Pictures NPV Entertainment Silver Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. ( Time Warner ) ( United States ) Roadshow Entertainment ( Australia ) Release date October 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 27 ) ( Walt Disney Concert Hall ) November 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 05 ) ( United States & Australia ) Running time 129 minutes Country Australia United States Language English Budget $110 million Box office $427.3 million The Matrix Revolutions is a 2003 American -- Australian science fiction action film written and directed by The Wachowski Brothers . It was the third installment of the Matrix trilogy , released six months following The Matrix Reloaded . The film was released simultaneously in 60 countries on November 5 , 2003 . While it is the final film in the series , the Matrix storyline is continued in The Matrix Online . It was the second live - action film to be released in both regular and IMAX theaters at the same time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Sound design 3.2 Soundtrack 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Home media 4.3 Critical reception 5 Continuation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Neo and Bane lie unconscious in the medical bay of the ship Hammer . Meanwhile , Neo finds his digital self trapped in a virtual subway station -- named , `` Mobil Ave . '' , `` mobil '' , being an anagram for `` limbo '' -- a transition zone between the Matrix and the Machine City . In that subway station , he meets a `` family '' of programs , including a girl named Sati , whose father tells Neo the subway is controlled by the Trainman , an exiled program loyal to the Merovingian . When Neo tries to board a train with the family , the Trainman refuses and overpowers him . Seraph contacts Morpheus and Trinity on behalf of the Oracle , who informs them of Neo 's confinement . Seraph , Morpheus and Trinity enter Club Hel , where they confront the Merovingian and force him to release Neo . Troubled by visions of the Machine City , Neo visits the Oracle , who reveals that Smith intends to destroy both the Matrix and the real world . She states that `` everything that has a beginning has an end '' , and that the war will conclude . After Neo leaves , a large group of Smiths assimilates Sati , Seraph and the unresisting Oracle , gaining her powers of precognition . In the real world , the crew of the Nebuchadnezzar and the Hammer find and reactivate Niobe 's ship , the Logos . They interrogate Bane , who says that he has no recollection of the earlier massacre . As the captains plan their defense of Zion , Neo requests a ship to travel to the Machine City . Motivated by her encounter with the Oracle , Niobe offers him the Logos . Neo departs , accompanied by Trinity . Bane , who has stowed away on the Logos , takes Trinity hostage . Neo realizes that Bane has been assimilated by Smith and a fight ensues . Bane cauterizes Neo 's eyes with a power cable , blinding him ; however , Neo discovers an ability to perceive the world as golden light . Neo kills Bane , and Trinity pilots them to the Machine City . Niobe and Morpheus set out for Zion with the Hammer to aid the human defenses against the Sentinels . In Zion , the fatally wounded Captain Mifune instructs Kid to open the gate for the Hammer . When it arrives , it discharges its EMP , disabling the Sentinels but also the remaining defenses . The humans are forced to retreat and wait for the next attack , thinking that it will be their last stand . Near the Machine City , Neo and Trinity are greeted by thousands of missiles which Neo attempts to destroy , but is overwhelmed by their numbers . The Logos is attacked by the Sentinels forcing them to fly above the missiles for a few seconds . They breach the cloud layer and see Earth 's real sky , to which Trinity whispers the word `` Beautiful '' . Upon descent , they lose control causing them to crash the Logos into the Machine City . The crash kills Trinity . Neo enters the Machine City and encounters `` Deus Ex Machina '' , the machine leader . Neo , warning that Smith plans to conquer both the Matrix and the real world , offers to stop Smith in exchange for peace with Zion . The machine leader agrees , and the Sentinels stop attacking Zion . The Machines provide a connection for Neo to enter the Matrix . Inside , the Smith with the Oracle 's powers steps forth , saying that he has foreseen his victory against Neo . After a protracted battle , Neo -- finding himself unable to defeat Smith -- allows himself to be assimilated . The machine leader sends a surge of energy into Neo 's body in the real world . Because Neo is connected to the Source , the energy surge causes the Neo-Smith clone and all other Smith clones in the Matrix to be destroyed ; deleting Smith once and for all , though Neo seemingly dies in the process as well . The Sentinels withdraw from Zion , Morpheus and Niobe embrace , and Neo 's body is carried away by the machines . The Matrix reboots , and the Architect encounters the Oracle in a park . They agree that the peace will last `` as long as it can '' , and that all humans will be offered the opportunity to leave the Matrix . The Oracle tells Sati that she thinks they will see Neo again . Seraph asks the Oracle if she knew this would happen ; she replies that she did not know , but she believed . Cast ( edit ) Keanu Reeves as Neo Laurence Fishburne as Morpheus Carrie - Anne Moss as Trinity Hugo Weaving as Agent Smith Jada Pinkett Smith as Niobe Mary Alice as the Oracle Harry J. Lennix as Commander Lock Harold Perrineau as Link Lambert Wilson as the Merovingian Monica Bellucci as Persephone Nona Gaye as Zee Anthony Zerbe as Councillor Hamann Nathaniel Lees as Captain Mifune Collin Chou as Seraph Ian Bliss as Bane Helmut Bakaitis as the Architect Tanveer K. Atwal as Sati Bruce Spence as the Trainman Gina Torres as Cas Clayton Watson as Kid Cornel West as Councillor West Bernard White as Ramachandra David Roberts as Captain Roland Anthony Wong as Ghost Henry Blasingame as Deus Ex Machina ( motion capture ) Kevin Michael Richardson as Deus Ex Machina ( voice ) Tharini Mudaliar as Kamala Maurice J. Morgan as a tower soldier Actress Gloria Foster , who played the Oracle in the first and second films , died before the completion of her filming for the third . She was replaced by actress Mary Alice . Her changed appearance is addressed in the film 's plot . Production ( edit ) Warner Bros Studios , Statues from the Matrix Filming occurred concurrently with its predecessor , The Matrix Reloaded , and live - action sequences for the video game Enter the Matrix . This took place primarily at Fox Studios in Sydney , Australia . Carrie - Anne Moss broke her leg during the shooting in Australia . Sound design ( edit ) Sound editing on The Matrix trilogy was completed by Danetracks in West Hollywood , California . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Matrix Revolutions : Music from the Motion Picture In contrast to its predecessors , very few `` source '' tracks are used in the film . Aside from Don Davis ' score , again collaborating with Juno Reactor , only one external track ( by Pale 3 ) is used . Although Davis rarely focuses on strong melodies , familiar leitmotifs from earlier in the series reappear . For example , Neo and Trinity 's love theme -- which briefly surfaces in the two preceding films -- is finally fully expanded into `` Trinity Definitely '' ; the theme from the Zion docks in Reloaded returns as `` Men in Metal '' , and the energetic drumming from the Reloaded tea house fight between Neo and Seraph opens `` Tetsujin '' , as Seraph , Trinity and Morpheus fight off Club Hel 's three doormen . The climactic battle theme , named `` Neodämmerung '' ( in reference to Wagner 's Götterdämmerung ) , features a choir singing extracts ( shlokas ) from the Upanishads . The chorus can be roughly translated from Sanskrit as follows : `` lead us from untruth to truth , lead us from darkness to light , lead us from death to immortality , peace peace peace '' . The extracts were brought to Davis by the Wachowskis when he informed them that it would be wasteful for such a large choir to be singing simple `` ooh '' s and `` aah '' s ( according to the DVD commentary , Davis felt that the dramatic impact of the piece would be lost if the choir was to sing ' This is the one , see what he can do ' in plain English ) . These extracts return in the film 's denouement , and in Navras , the track that plays over the closing credits ( which may be considered a loose remix of `` Neodämmerung '' ) . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film 's budget is an estimated US $ 110 million . It grossed over $139 million in North America and approximately $427 million worldwide , roughly half of The Matrix Reloaded box - office total . In its first five days of release , it grossed $83.8 million , but dropped 66 % during the second week . Home media ( edit ) The Matrix Revolutions was released on DVD and VHS on April 6 , 2004 . The film grossed $116 million in DVD sales . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received a score of 36 % on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 5.3 . The film 's average critic score on Metacritic is 47 / 100 . Some critics criticized the film for being anticlimactic . Additionally , some critics regard the film as less philosophically ambiguous than its predecessor , The Matrix Reloaded . Critics had difficulty finding closure pertaining to events from The Matrix Reloaded , and were generally dissatisfied . Conversely , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three stars out of four , despite offering criticisms of his own , on the grounds that it at least provided closure to the story well enough so that fans following the series would prefer seeing it as to not . Further information : List of awards and nominations received by The Matrix franchise Continuation ( edit ) While making the Matrix films , the Wachowskis told their close collaborators that they had no intention of making another one after The Matrix Revolutions . Instead , they gave their blessing to the notion of gamers `` inherit ( ing ) the storyline '' , and The Matrix Online video game was billed as the official continuation . In February 2015 , in interviews promoting Jupiter Ascending , Lilly Wachowski called a return to The Matrix a `` particularly repelling idea in these times '' , noting the studios ' tendency to green - light sequels , reboots and adaptations over original material , while Lana Wachowski , addressing rumors about whether there was going to be a reboot , said that they have n't heard anything , but she believed the studio might be looking to replace them . In March 2017 , Warner Bros. was in early stages of developing a relaunch of the franchise with Zak Penn in talks to write a treatment and interest in getting Michael B. Jordan attached to star . According to The Hollywood Reporter neither the Wachowskis nor Joel Silver were involved with the endeavor , although the studio would like to get at minimum the blessing of the Wachowskis . Penn responded to the report that the words `` reboot '' and `` remake '' were inaccurate , and instead he is interested in seeing stories set in the already established universe . The previous month , Keanu Reeves said he would return to a potential new Matrix film only if the Wachowskis were writing and directing . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring powered exoskeletons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Film Distribution '' . Village Roadshow Limited . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Matrix Revolutions '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Matrix Revolutions ( 2003 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Matrix Revolutions ( 2003 ) - Andy Wachowski , Larry Wachowski - Synopsis , Characteristics , Moods , Themes and Related - AllMovie '' . AllMovie . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Matrix Revolutions ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKinley , Jesse ( October 5 , 2001 ) . `` Gloria Foster , Stage Actress , Is Dead at 64 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoberman , J. ( November 4 , 2003 ) . `` Holy Trinity '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sams , Christine ( May 11 , 2003 ) . `` Sydney sci - fi fans rush to re-enter the Matrix '' . The Sun - Herald . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Levi ( February 12 , 2003 ) . `` ' Enter the Matrix ' aims to open a new game era '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Alana ( 3 November 2003 ) . `` Carrie Anne Moss : The Matrix Revolutions interview '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Matrix Revolutions ( 2003 ) - Weekend Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Matrix Revolutions Movie Reviews , Pictures -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Matrix Revolutions , The ( 2003 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic.com. 2003 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Time to pull the plug on The Matrix . -- By David Edelstein -- Slate Magazine '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 07 - 27 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Clark , Mike ( 2003 - 11 - 04 ) . `` -- ' The Matrix Revolutions ' : This big finish is n't The One '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Scott Foundas ( 2003 - 11 - 06 ) . `` LA Weekly -- Film + TV -- The More the Murkier -- Scott Foundas -- The Essential Online Resource for Los Angeles '' . Laweekly.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Sun : ' The Matrix Revolutions ' makes it a little easier to believe '' . Web.archive.org. 2004 - 05 - 06 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ ' Matrix : ' Neo-nonsense Jump up ^ Movie Review ' The Matrix Revolutions ' : The Game Concludes With Light and Noise , archived at Archived 2010 - 10 - 03 at WebCite Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( November 5 , 2003 ) . `` The Matrix Revolutions Review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Don Davis - Interview '' . Soundtrack.net . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love bug bites the new Matrix - smh.com.au '' . Smh.com.au . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Next Neo Thing '' . 14 November 2003 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Chadwick , Paul ( 11 April 2005 ) . `` The Matrix Online '' . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Derrik J. `` Wachowskis unfazed by negativity ahead of ' Jupiter Ascending ' launch '' . timescolonist.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wachowskis Talk JUPITER ASCENDING , Creating the Chicago Sequence , SENSE8 , and More '' . collider.com . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ; Kim Masters ; Rebecca Ford . `` ' The Matrix ' Reboot in the Works at Warner Bros. ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam . `` ' The Matrix ' Reboot Writer Says It May Not Be a Reboot After All '' . Collider . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keanu Reeves is up for The Matrix 4 ( exclusive ) '' . yahoo.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Matrix Revolutions The Matrix Revolutions on IMDb The Matrix Revolutions at Box Office Mojo The Matrix Revolutions at Rotten Tomatoes The Matrix Revolutions at Metacritic The Matrix Revolutions Explained -- a comparative - literature - style exegesis of selected parts of Matrix Revolutions . `` Lyrics to Neodammerung , including translation '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2004 - 09 - 20 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Understanding The Matrix Revolutions -- A comparative guide to possible meaning and interpretations of The Matrix Revolutions The Matrix Revolution October 27 , 2000 draft script by Andy & Larry Wachowski The Matrix The Matrix The Matrix Reloaded The Matrix Revolutions Score Soundtrack Score Soundtrack Score Soundtrack Characters Neo Morpheus Trinity Agent Smith Agents Oracle Architect Niobe Persephone Seraph Twins Keymaker Video games Enter the Matrix The Matrix Online Path of Neo Universe Red pill and blue pill Mega City Zion Vehicles Related articles The Animatrix soundtrack Digital rain The Matrix Revisited Jacking in to the Matrix Franchise The Matrix phone The Official Matrix Exhibit Accolades Bullet time The Matrix defense Matrixism Works by The Wachowskis Films Written and directed Bound ( 1996 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) The Matrix Reloaded ( 2003 ) The Matrix Revolutions ( 2003 ) Speed Racer ( 2008 ) Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) Jupiter Ascending ( 2015 ) Other Assassins ( 1995 , written ) The Animatrix ( 2003 , written and produced ) V for Vendetta ( 2005 , written and produced ) Ninja Assassin ( 2009 , produced ) Television Sense8 ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Video games Enter the Matrix The Matrix Online The Matrix : Path of Neo Film in the United States portal Australia portal 2000s portal Film portal VIAF : 203746132 LCCN : n2004024792 GND : 4780844 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Matrix_Revolutions&oldid=804626819 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films American films Australian films The Matrix ( franchise ) 2000s action films 2000s martial arts films 2000s science fiction films 2000s sequel films American science fiction action films American sequel films Australian action films Australian science fiction films Australian thriller films Cyberpunk films Drone films Films about rebellions Films about telepresence Films shot in California Films shot in Sydney Gun fu films Kung fu films Martial arts science fiction films Silver Pictures films Village Roadshow Pictures films Film scores by Don Davis ( composer ) Films directed by The Wachowskis Films produced by Joel Silver Screenplays by The Wachowskis Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2012 Webarchive template webcite links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 05 : 51 . 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who did they find at the end of matrix reloaded
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Middle Passage
Middle Passage - wikipedia Middle Passage This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 4 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the slave trade route . For the novel by Charles R. Johnson , see Middle Passage ( novel ) . For the travelogue by V.S. Naipaul , see The Middle Passage ( book ) . For the 1999 film by Guy Deslauriers , see Passage du milieu . Commercial goods from Europe were shipped to Africa for sale and traded for enslaved Africans . Africans were in turn brought to the regions depicted in blue , in what became known as the `` Middle Passage '' . African slaves were then traded for raw materials , which were returned to Europe to complete the `` Triangular Trade '' . The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade . Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods , which were traded for purchased or kidnapped Africans , who were transported across the Atlantic as slaves ; the slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials , which would be transported back to Europe to complete the voyage . Voyages on the Middle Passage were large financial undertakings , generally organized by companies or groups of investors rather than individuals . The `` Middle Passage '' was considered a time of in - betweenness for those being traded from Africa to America . The close quarters and intentional division of pre-established African communities by the ship crew motivated captive Africans to forge bonds of kinship which then created forced transatlantic communities . Traders from the Americas and Caribbean received the enslaved Africans . European powers such as Portugal , England , Spain , France , the Netherlands , Denmark -- Norway , Sweden , and Brandenburg , as well as traders from Brazil and North America , took part in this trade . The enslaved Africans came mostly from eight regions : Senegambia , Upper Guinea , Windward Coast , Gold Coast , Bight of Benin , Bight of Biafra , West Central Africa and Southeastern Africa . An estimated 15 % of the Africans died at sea , with mortality rates considerably higher in Africa itself in the process of capturing and transporting indigenous people to the ships . The total number of African deaths directly attributable to the Middle Passage voyage is estimated at up to two million ; a broader look at African deaths directly attributable to the institution of slavery from 1500 to 1900 suggests up to four million African deaths . For two hundred years , 1440 -- 1640 , Portuguese slavers had a near monopoly on the export of slaves from Africa . During the 18th century , when the slave trade transported about 6 million Africans , British slavers carried almost 2.5 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Journey 1.1 Sailing technologies 1.2 Slave treatment and resistance 1.2. 1 Suicide 1.2. 2 Identity & Communication 1.2. 3 Uprisings 1.2. 4 African religion 1.3 Sailors and crew 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Journey ( edit ) Diagram of a slave ship from the Atlantic slave trade . ( From an Abstract of Evidence delivered before a select committee of the House of Commons in 1790 and 1791 . ) The duration of the transatlantic voyage varied widely , from one to six months depending on weather conditions . The journey became more efficient over the centuries ; while an average transatlantic journey of the early 16th century lasted several months , by the 19th century the crossing often required fewer than six weeks . It is believed that African kings , warlords and private kidnappers sold captives to Europeans who held several coastal forts . The captives were usually force - marched to these ports along the western coast of Africa , where they were held for sale to the European or American slave traders in the barracoons . Typical slave ships contained several hundred slaves with about 30 crew members . The male captives were normally chained together in pairs to save space ; right leg to the next man 's left leg -- while the women and children may have had somewhat more room . The chains or hand and leg cuffs were known as bilboes , which were among the many tools of the slave trade , and which were always in short supply . Bilboes were mainly used on men , and they consisted of two iron shackles locked on a post and were usually fastened around the ankles of two men . At best , captives were fed beans , corn , yams , rice , and palm oil . Slaves were fed one meal a day with water , if at all . When food was scarce , slaveholders would get priority over the slaves . Sometimes captives were allowed to move around during the day , but many ships kept the shackles on throughout the arduous journey . Aboard certain French ships , slaves were brought on deck to periodically receive fresh air . While female slaves were typically permitted to be on deck more frequently , male slaves would be watched closely to prevent revolt when above deck . Slaves below the decks lived for months in conditions of squalor and indescribable horror . Disease spread and ill health was one of the biggest killers . Mortality rates were high , and death made these conditions below the decks even worse . Even though the corpses were thrown overboard , many crew members avoided going to the hold . The slaves who had already been ill ridden were not always found immediately . Many of the living slaves could have been shackled to someone that was dead for hours and sometimes days . Most contemporary historians estimate that between 9.4 and 12 million Africans arrived in the New World . Disease and starvation due to the length of the passage were the main contributors to the death toll with amoebic dysentery and scurvy causing the majority of deaths . Additionally , outbreaks of smallpox , syphilis , measles , and other diseases spread rapidly in the close - quarter compartments . The rate of death increased with the length of the voyage , since the incidence of dysentery and of scurvy increased with longer stints at sea as the quality and amount of food and water diminished . In addition to physical sickness , many slaves became too depressed to eat or function efficiently due to loss of freedom , family , security , and their own humanity . 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Improvements in air flow on board the ships helped to decrease the infamous mortality rate that these ships had become known for throughout the 16th and 17th centuries . The new designs that allowed ships to navigate faster and into rivers ' mouths ensured access to many more enslaving posts along the West African coast . The monetary value of enslaved Africans in any given American auction - block during the mid-18th century ranged between $800 and $1,200 , which in modern times would be equivalent to $32,000 -- 48,000 apiece ( $100 then is now worth $4,000 due to inflation ) . Therefore , ship captains and investors sought technologies that would protect their human cargo . Throughout the height of the Atlantic slave trade ( 1570 -- 1808 ) , slave ships were normally smaller than traditional cargo ships , with most slave ships weighing between 150 and 250 tons . This equated to about 350 to 450 enslaved Africans on each slave ship , or 1.5 to 2.4 per ton . The English ships of the time normally fell on the larger side of this spectrum and the French on the smaller side . Ships purposely designed to be smaller and more maneuverable were meant to navigate the African coastal rivers into farther inland ports ; these ships therefore increased the effects of the slave trade on Africa . Additionally , the ships ' sizes increased slightly throughout the 1700s ; however the number of enslaved Africans per ship remained the same . This reduction in the ratio of enslaved Africans to ship tonnage was designed to increase the amount of space per person and thus improve the survival chances of everyone on board . These ships also had temporary storage decks which were separated by an open latticework or grate bulkhead , Ship masters would presumably use these chambers to divide enslaved Africans and help prevent mutiny . Some ships developed by the turn of the 19th century even had ventilation ports built into the sides and between gun ports ( with hatches to keep inclement weather out ) . These open deck designs increased airflow and thus helped improve survival rates , diminishing potential investment losses . Another major factor in `` cargo protection '' was the increase in knowledge of diseases and medicines ( along with the inclusion of a variety of medicines on the ships ) . First the Dutch East India Company in the 18th century , followed by some other countries and companies in the late 18th early 19th centuries , realized that the inclusion of surgeons and other medical practitioners aboard their ships was an endeavor that proved too costly for the benefits . So instead of including medical personnel they just stocked the ships with a large variety of medicines ; while this was better than no medicines , and given the fact that many crew members at least had some idea of how disease was spread , without the inclusion of medical personnel the mortality rate was still very high in the 18th century . Slave treatment and Resistance ( edit ) Slaves ' treatment was horrific because the captured African men and women were considered less than human ; they were `` cargo '' , or `` goods '' , and treated as such ; they were transported for marketing . Women with children were not as desirable for they took up too much space and toddlers were not wanted because of everyday maintenance . For example , the Zong , a British slaver , took too many slaves on a voyage to the New World in 1781 . Overcrowding combined with malnutrition and disease killed several crew members and around 60 slaves . Bad weather made the Zong 's voyage slow and lack of drinking water became a concern . The crew decided to drown some slaves at sea , to conserve water and allow the owners to collect insurance for lost cargo . About 130 slaves were killed and a number chose to kill themselves in defiance , by jumping into the water willingly . The Zong incident became fuel for the abolitionist movement and a major court case , as the insurance company refused to compensate for the loss . While slaves were generally kept fed and supplied with drink as healthy slaves were more valuable , if resources ran low on the long , unpredictable voyages , the crew received preferential treatment . Slave punishment and torture was very common , as on the voyage the crew had to turn independent people into obedient slaves . Whipping and use of the cat o ' nine tails were a common occurrence ; sometimes slaves were beaten for `` melancholy '' . Pregnant women on the ships who delivered their babies aboard risked the chance of their children being killed in order for the mothers to be sold . The worst punishments were for rebelling ; in one instance a captain punished a failed rebellion by killing one involved slave immediately , and forcing two other slaves to eat his heart and liver . Suicide ( edit ) Slaves resisted in a variety of ways . The two most common types of resistance were refusal to eat and suicide . Suicide was a frequent occurrence , often by refusal of food or medicine or jumping overboard , as well as by a variety of other opportunistic means . Over the centuries , some African peoples , such as the Kru , came to be understood as holding substandard value as slaves , because they developed a reputation for being too proud for slavery , and for attempting suicide immediately upon losing their freedom . Both suicide and self - starving were prevented as much as possible by slaver crews ; slaves were often force - fed or tortured until they ate , though some still managed to starve themselves to death ; slaves were kept away from means of suicide , and the sides of the deck were often netted . Slaves were still successful , especially at jumping overboard . Often when an uprising failed , the mutineers would jump en masse into the sea . Slaves generally believed that if they jumped overboard , they would be returned to their family and friends in their village or to their ancestors in the afterlife . Suicide by jumping overboard was such a problem that captains had to address it directly in many cases . They used the sharks that followed the ships as a terror weapon . One captain , who had a rash of suicides on his ship , took a woman and lowered her into the water on a rope , and pulled her out as fast as possible . When she came in view , the sharks had already killed her -- and bitten off the lower half of her body . Identity & communication ( edit ) In order to interact with each other on the voyage , slaves created a communication system unbeknownst to Europeans : They would construct choruses on the passages using their voices , bodies , and ships themselves ; the hollow design of the ships allowed slaves to use them as percussive instruments and to amplify their songs . This combination of `` instruments '' was both a way for slaves to communicate as well as create a new identity since Europeans attempted to strip them of that . Although most slaves were from various regions around Africa , their situation allowed them to come together and create a new culture and identity aboard the ships with a common language and method of communication : ( C ) all and response soundings allowed men and women speaking different languages to communicate about the conditions of their captivity . In fact , on board the Hubridas , what began as murmurs and morphed into song erupted before long into the shouts and cries of coordinated revolt . This communication was a direct subversion of European authority and allowed slaves to have a form of power and identity otherwise prohibited . Furthermore , such organization and coming together enabled revolts and uprisings to actually be coordinated and successful at times . Uprisings ( edit ) Slave uprisings were fairly common but few were successful ( notably that on the La Amistad , which had a key effect on abolitionism in the United States ) : When we found ourselves at last taken away , death was more preferable than life , and a plan was concerted amongst us , that we might burn and blow up the ship , and to perish all together in the flames . The number of participants varied widely , often the uprisings would end with the death of a few slaves and crew , and the surviving rebels were punished or executed to be made examples to the rest of the slaves on board . African religion ( edit ) Slaves also resisted through certain manifestations of their religions and mythology . They would appeal to their gods for protection and vengeance upon their captors , and would also try to curse and otherwise harm the crew using idols and fetishes . One crew found fetishes in their water supply , placed by slaves who believed they would kill all who drank from it . Sailors and crew ( edit ) While the owners and captains of slave ships could expect vast profits , the sailors were often badly paid and subject to brutal discipline . A crew mortality rate of around 20 % was expected during a voyage , with sailors dying as a result of disease , flogging or slave uprisings . The sailors were often employed through coercion as they generally knew about and hated the slave trade . In port towns , recruiters and tavern owners would induce sailors to become very drunk ( and indebted ) and then offer to relieve their debt if they signed contracts with slave ships . If they did not , they would be imprisoned . Sailors in prison had a hard time getting jobs outside of the slave ship industry since most other maritime industries would not hire `` jail - birds '' , so they were forced to go to the slave ships anyway . See also ( edit ) Africa portal Caribbean portal Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United Kingdom Abolitionism in the United States Atlantic slave trade European colonization of the Americas History of Africa Maafa Press gang Slave ship Triangular trade References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McKissack , Patricia C. ; McKissack , Frederick ( 1995 ) . The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana , Mali , and Songhay . p. 109 . ISBN 0805042598 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Theodore ( 2004 ) . Mothership Connections . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Hugh ( 1999 ) . The Slave Trade : the story of the Atlantic Slave Trade , 1440 -- 1870 . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 293 . ISBN 0684835657 . Jump up ^ Bell , Karen B. ( 2010 ) . `` Rice , Resistance , and Force Transatlantic Communities : ( Re ) Envisioning the African Diaspora in Low Country Georgia , 1750 -- 1800 '' . Journal of African American History . 95 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 182 ( p. 158 ) . doi : 10.5323 / jafriamerhist. 95.2. 0157 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , Paul E. ( 2000 ) . Transformations in Slavery . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Mancke , Elizabeth and Shammas , Carole . The Creation of the British Atlantic World , 2005 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Alan S. , and Israel W. Charny , Is the Holocaust Unique ? , 2001 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ About.com : The Trans - Atlantic Slave Trade Jump up ^ Eltis , David . The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas , 2000 , pp. 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Cottman , Michael H. ( February 7 , 1999 ) . `` THE GHOSTS OF THE HENRIETTA MARIE '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Deborah Gray White , Mia Bay , and Waldo E. Martin , Jr. , Freedom on My Mind : A History of African Americans ( New York : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2013 ) , 32 . Jump up ^ Thornton , John ( 1998 ) . Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World , 1400 -- 1800 . Cambridge University Press . p. 155 . Jump up ^ Eltis , David and Richardson , David . `` The Numbers Game '' . In : Northrup , David : The Atlantic Slave Trade , second edition , Houghton Mifflin Co. , 2002 . Jump up ^ Basil Davidson , The African Slave Trade ( 1961 ) , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert S. Klein , The Atlantic Slave Trade ( Cambridge : The University of Cambridge , 1999 ) , pp. 143 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Ron Soodalter , `` Hell on the water '' ( Civil War Times , 2011 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Haines , Robin ; Shlomowitz , Ralph ( 2000 ) . `` Explaining the mortality decline in the eighteenth - century British slave trade '' . The Economic History Review . 53 ( 2 ) : 262 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0289.00160 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , Barbara ( March -- June 2010 ) . `` African Caribbean Slave Mothers And Children : Traumas Of Dislocation And Enslavement Across The Atlantic World '' . Caribbean Quarterly . 56 ( 1 -- 2 ) . Jump up ^ Rediker , Marcus . The Slave Ship , 2007 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Eric Robert . If We Must Die , 2006 , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Harry ; Johnston , Harry Hamilton ; Stapf , Otto ( 1906 ) . Liberia . p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Bly , Antonio T. ( 1998 ) . `` Crossing the Lake of Fire : Slave Resistance during the Middle Passage , 1720 -- 1842 '' . Journal of Negro History . 83 ( 3 ) : 178 -- 186 . JSTOR 2649014 . doi : 10.2307 / 2649014 . Jump up ^ Rediker , Marcus . The Slave Ship , 2007 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Skeehan , Danielle ( 2013 ) . Deadly Notes : Atlantic Soundscapes and the Writing of the Middle Passage . Jump up ^ Taylor , Eric Robert . If We Must Die , 2006 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Bernard Edwards ; Bernard Edwards ( Captain . ) ( 2007 ) . Royal Navy Versus the Slave Traders : Enforcing Abolition at Sea 1808 -- 1898 . Pen & Sword Books . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 633 - 7 . Jump up ^ Marcus Rediker ( 4 October 2007 ) . The Slave Ship : A Human History . Penguin Publishing Group . pp. 138 -- 138 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4406 - 2084 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Baroja , Pio ( 2002 ) . Los pilotos de altura . Madrid : Anaya . ISBN 84 - 667 - 1681 - 5 . Faragher , John Mack ( 2006 ) . Out of many . New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . Mustakeem , Sowande M ( 2016 ) . Slavery at Sea : Terror , Sex , and Sickness in the Middle Passage . University of Illinois Press . Rediker , Marcus ( 2007 ) . The Slave Ship . Penguin Books . External links ( edit ) `` Last Voyage of the Slave Ship Henrietta Marie '' , National Geographic A Slave Ship Speaks ( PDF ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_Passage&oldid=798846546 '' Categories : African slave trade History of the Atlantic Ocean Pre-emancipation African - American history Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 04 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how did the middle passage affect british colonial culture
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2022 Winter Olympics
2022 Winter Olympics - wikipedia 2022 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` Beijing 2022 '' redirects here . For the Winter Paralympics , see 2022 Winter Paralympics . XXIV Olympic Winter Games Host city Beijing , China Motto Joyful Rendezvous Upon Pure Ice and Snow . Chinese : 纯洁 的 冰雪 , 激情 的 约会 Events 102 in 15 sports Opening ceremony 4 February Closing ceremony 20 February Stadium Beijing National Stadium Winter < Pyeongchang 2018 TBD 2026 > Summer < Tokyo 2020 Paris 2024 > Part of a series on 2022 Winter Olympics ( show ) Bid process ( bid details ) Development ( venues , torch relay ) Marketing ( mascots ) Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medallists ) Controversies World and Olympic records Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC COC BOCOWG The 2022 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIV Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Chinese : 第 二 十 四 届 冬季 奥林匹克 运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshísì Jiè Dōngjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) , and commonly known as Beijing 2022 , is an international winter multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 4 to 20 February 2022 , in Beijing and towns in the neighboring Hebei province , People 's Republic of China . Beijing was elected as the host city in July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . These Games will be the first Winter Olympics ever to be held in China , and the last of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , Japan . Beijing will be the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics , having previously hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics . There are plans to utilize many of the same indoor venues that were used in 2008 , as well as using the Beijing National Stadium for the opening and closing ceremonies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding 1.1 Host city election 2 Venues 2.1 Beijing cluster 2.2 Yanqing cluster 2.3 Zhangjiakou cluster 2.3. 1 Chongli 3 Transport 4 Budget 5 Sports 5.1 New events 6 Marketing 6.1 Branding 6.2 Mascot 7 Broadcasting 8 Concerns and controversies 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Bidding ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics The bidding calendar was announced by the IOC in October 2012 , with the application deadline set for 14 November 2013 . The IOC Executive Board reviewed the bids from all applicant cities on 7 July 2014 , and selected three cities , Oslo ( Norway ) , Almaty ( Kazakhstan ) and Beijing ( China ) as the final candidate cities . Several cities withdrew their applications during the bidding process , citing the high costs or the lack of local support to host the Games . Oslo , which had been considered a frontrunner , withdrew its bid after the Norwegian parliament voted against an IOC - mandated government funding package . Public reception to the bid had been negative due to cost concerns , especially after the cost overruns of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , and an exposé by the Norwegian tabloid Verdens Gang that allegedly revealed hospitality demands made by the IOC . They included a cocktail reception with the royal family with drinks paid for by them or the organizing committee , the provision of road lanes exclusively for use by IOC members , and priority treatment at airports and hotels being used by IOC members . Several commentators pointed out that such demands were unheard of in a western democracy , while Slate described them as being `` diva - like '' . Beijing was selected as host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics after beating Almaty by four votes on 31 July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Host city election ( edit ) 2022 Winter Olympics bidding results City Nation Votes Beijing China 44 Almaty Kazakhstan 40 Venues ( edit ) Location of the three Beijing 2022 clusters In Beijing , five ice events will be held at the Olympic Sports Centre , the Capital Indoor Stadium and the Beijing Wukesong Sports Center , which were some of the main venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics . Competitions for luge , bobsleigh and alpine skiing will be held in Xiaohaituo Mountain area in Yanqing , northwest of Beijing , 90 kilometres ( 56 miles ) away from the city center , using artificial snow because of the rarity of natural snow in this region . All other skiing events will be held in Taizicheng Area in Chongli , Zhangjiakou , 220 km ( 140 mi ) from downtown Beijing and 130 km ( 81 mi ) away from Xiaohaituo Mountain Area . The Big Air snowboarding events will be held in a new area of urban development in Shijingshan District . Beijing cluster ( edit ) Olympic Green venues Beijing National Aquatics Center -- curling / 4,000 existing / renovated Beijing National Indoor Stadium -- ice hockey / 18,000 existing Beijing National Stadium -- opening and closing ceremonies / 80,000 existing Beijing Olympic Village National Speed Skating Oval -- speed skating / 12,000 new China National Convention Center -- MPC / IBC / existing Other venues Capital Indoor Stadium -- figure skating , short track speed skating / 15,000 existing Wukesong Sports Centre -- ice hockey / 10,000 existing Shijingshan District -- snowboarding ( Big Air ) -- TBA new Yanqing cluster ( edit ) Xiaohaituo Alpine Skiing Field -- alpine skiing 15,000 Xiaohaituo Bobsleigh , skeleton and Luge Track -- bobsleigh , luge , skeleton / 5,000 new Yanqing MMC : Media Center Yanqing Olympic Village / new Zhangjiakou cluster ( edit ) Chongli ( edit ) The town of Chongli in Zhangjiakou , Hebei Province , will stage most of the skiing events during the 2022 Winter Olympics . The ski resort earned over 1.54 billion yuan ( US $237.77 million ) in tourism during the 2015 -- 16 snow season for a 31.6 % growth over the previous season . In 2016 , it was announced that Chongli received 2.185 million tourists , an increase of 30 % from the previous season , during the first snow season after the winning the Olympic bid . The snow season lasted for five months from November , during which Chongli has hosted 36 competitions and activities , such as Far East Cup and Children Skiing International Festival . A total of 23 skiing camps have also been set up , attracting the participation of 3,800 youths . All venue construction started in November 2016 and will be finished by the end of 2020 to enable the city to hold test events . Kuyangshu Nordic Center and Biathlon Center -- cross-country skiing , Nordic combined ( cross-country skiing ) 15,000 Kuyangshu Ski Jumping Field -- ski jumping , Nordic combined ( ski jumping ) 10,000 Hualindong Ski Resort -- biathlon 15,000 Genting Hotel -- Media Center Genting Snow Park -- snowboarding ( slopestyle , halfpipe ) , freestyle skiing 5,000 Taiwu Ski Resort -- snowboarding ( cross ) , freestyle skiing 10,000 Wanlong Ski Resort -- snowboarding ( parallel slalom ) 5,000 Zhangjiakou Olympic Village Transport ( edit ) The new Beijing - Zhangjiakou intercity railway will be built , starting from Beijing North Railway Station , and ending at Zhangjiakou South Railway Station . It will be built for speeds of up to 350 km / h ( 217 mph ) , and travel time from Beijing to Zhangjiakou is estimated to be around 50 minutes . The Beijing Subway is expected to continue expanding and is projected to have at least 24 lines by 2022 . There are also planned upgrades to expressway and highway networks . A new airport for Beijing and the region , provisionally named the Beijing Daxing International Airport , is due to open by 2019 . The airport will replace the Beijing Nanyuan Airport and operate together with the Beijing Capital International Airport . Budget ( edit ) The estimated budget for the games is US $3.9 billion , less than one - tenth of the $43 billion spent on the 2008 Summer Olympics . Sports ( edit ) The 2022 Winter Olympics are tentatively scheduled to include events in at least 15 sports . Alpine skiing ( details ) Biathlon ( details ) Bobsleigh ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( details ) Curling ( details ) Figure skating ( details ) Freestyle skiing ( details ) Ice hockey ( details ) Luge ( details ) Nordic combined ( details ) Short track speed skating ( details ) Skeleton ( details ) Ski jumping ( details ) Snowboarding ( details ) Speed skating ( details ) New events ( edit ) In October 2016 , the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) announced plans to begin sanctioning women 's competitions in Nordic combined , with a goal for the discipline to be contested at the Olympic level for the first time in Beijing . In November 2017 , a further three events were put forward by the FIS for possible Olympic inclusion : a ski jumping mixed team competition and men 's and women 's big air in freestyle skiing . The International Luge Federation ( FIL ) has proposed the addition of a total of six new events . This includes adding natural track luge ( men 's and women 's singles ) , a women 's doubles competition on the artificial track , and sprint events ( men , women , and doubles ) on the artificial track . The International Skating Union ( ISU ) has proposed the addition of synchronized skating as an event within the discipline of figure skating . They are also proposing a new short track speed skating team event . In biathlon , a single mixed relay has been proposed by the International Biathlon Union ( IBU ) to complement the four - person mixed relay which featured at the 2018 Winter Olympics . Also , a new team event has been proposed by the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . Marketing ( edit ) Branding ( edit ) The official emblem `` Winter Dream '' ( 冬 梦 ) was unveiled on December 15 , 2017 at the Beijing National Aquatics Center . The emblem is a stylized rendition of the character `` 冬 '' ( Winter ) inspired by winter snow , with a ribbon motif . The top is meant to resemble a skater and the bottom is meant to resemble a skier . The emblem also features the Olympic colors ( except black ) and the Chinese flag colors . The emblem was designed by Lin Cunzhen who also created the Nanjing 2014 logo . Mascot ( edit ) The mascot ( s ) for the 2022 Games will be unveiled in 2020 . Broadcasting ( edit ) In some countries , broadcast rights to the 2022 Winter Olympics are already agreed through existing long - term deals . In France and the United Kingdom , these are the first Games where Eurosport will be the main rightsholder ; the BBC will sub-license a limited amount of coverage on free - to - air television , as part of a deal in which the BBC sold the pay - TV rights to the 2018 and 2020 Games to Eurosport . Armenia -- APMTV Asia -- Dentsu ( Rights to be sold to local broadcasters ) Brazil -- Grupo Globo Canada -- CBC / Radio - Canada , TSN , RDS China -- CCTV Europe -- Discovery Communications , Eurosport ( free - to - air rights to be sold to local broadcasters ) Germany -- ARD , ZDF Hungary -- MTVA Japan -- Japan Consortium Kosovo -- RTK Latin America -- América Móvil MENA -- beIN Sports New Zealand -- Sky Television North Korea -- SBS Oceania -- Sky Television South Africa -- SABC , SuperSport South Korea -- SBS Sub-Saharan Africa -- Econet Media , SuperSport United States -- NBCUniversal United Kingdom -- Eurosport , BBC In the United States , the Games will be broadcast once again by NBCUniversal properties as part of its multi-year agreement with the IOC . Super Bowl LVI ( the championship game of the National Football League 's 2021 season ) is provisionally scheduled for 6 February 2022 , meaning that the Super Bowl would occur during an ongoing Olympics for the first time in its history . Super Bowl games have frequently been among the most - watched television broadcasts in the United States annually . Under the NFL 's television contracts , rights to the Super Bowl rotate between the three networks CBS , Fox and NBC ; Super Bowl LVI is scheduled to be broadcast by CBS . Competition between these two major sporting events is expected to have an impact on viewership numbers . The last Super Bowl that was held during a Winter Olympic year , Super Bowl LII in 2018 , took place on the Sunday before the Games . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Concerns and controversies at the 2022 Winter Olympics Critics questioned the Beijing bid , citing that the proposed outdoor venue sites do not have reliable snowfall in winter for snow sports . Concerns have been raised that snow may need to be transported to the venues at great cost and with uncertain environmental consequences . The environmental impact of hosting the games near Beijing has been questioned . Some of the proposed venues will be adjacent to the Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve and part of the same mountain system , and the environmental impact on the nature reserve of construction , and artificially covering parts of the mountain with snow , is uncertain . The Chinese government responded to these concerns by expanding the adjacent Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve by 31 % of its original size . See also ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for 2022 Winter Olympics . Asian Games celebrated in China 1990 Asian Games -- Beijing 2010 Asian Games -- Guangzhou 2022 Asian Games -- Hangzhou Olympics portal 2020s portal China portal Beijing portal Olympic Games celebrated in China 2008 Summer Olympics -- Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics -- Beijing Paralympic Games celebrated in China 2008 Summer Paralympics -- Beijing 2022 Winter Paralympics -- Beijing Universiade celebrated in China 2001 Summer Universiade -- Beijing 2009 Winter Universiade -- Harbin 2011 Summer Universiade -- Shenzhen Youth Olympic Games celebrated in China 2014 Summer Youth Olympics -- Nanjing Beijing Organising Committee for the 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` French and English are the official languages for the Olympic Games . '' , ( 1 ). ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` Beijing to host 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Abend , Lisa ( 3 October 2014 ) . `` Why Nobody Wants to Host the 2022 Winter Olympics '' . Time . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : What now for 2022 after Norway pulls out ? '' . BBC Sport. 2014 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mathis - Lilley , Ben ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) . `` The IOC Demands That Helped Push Norway Out of Winter Olympic Bidding Are Hilarious '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` IOC reportedly made some ridiculous demands to help push Oslo out of 2022 Winter Olympics bidding '' . National Post . 2014 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ IOC krever gratis sprit på stadion og cocktail-fest med Kongen Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` Beijing promises to overcome lack of snow for 2022 Winter Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Mills , Chris ( 1 August 2015 ) . `` Here 's the 2022 Winter Olympics Venue , In The Middle of Winter '' . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing announces gym layout for 2022 Winter Olympics '' . People 's Daily Online . 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing 2022 Coordination Commission chair praises plans for snowboard big air after venue visit '' . Inside the Games . Jump up ^ insidethegames.biz . `` Beijing 2022 Coordination Commission chair praises plans for snowboard big air after venue visit '' . Jump up ^ `` 北京 冬 奥 会 新建 场馆 今年 将 全部 开工 , 首钢 单 板 大 跳台 赛 后 保留 '' ( in Chinese ) . Jump up ^ gaiazhang . `` Beijing 2022 Games Ski Venue Receives Over 2 Million Tourists '' . Jump up ^ `` Beijing wo n't have a big budget for the 2022 Winter Olympics '' . CNNMoney . Jump up ^ `` FIS target Nordic Combined women 's competition at Beijing 2022 '' . 3 October 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` FIS Council Decisions from Autumn 2017 Meeting '' . www.fis-ski.com/ . FIS. 18 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIL submits full package of events for Olympic bid '' . www.fil-luge.org/ . FIL. 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1062269/exclusive-womens-nordic-combined-and-synchronised-skating-among-new-disciplines-proposed-for-beijing-2022 Jump up ^ `` Synchronized Skating has been proposed as a new `` event '' by the ISU `` . www.jurasynchro.com/ . Jura Synchro. 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Zaccardi , Nick ( 15 December 2017 ) . `` Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic logo unveiled '' . nbcsports.com . NBC Sports ) . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 's Daily Deal Round - Up : Olympic partnerships for Discovery and more '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Asia '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC reaches agreement for broadcast rights in Brazil with Grupo Globo through to 2032 '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2022 - 2024 broadcast rights in Canada to CBC / Radio - Canada '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TSN , RDS to broadcast 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games '' . TSN. 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in China '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 4 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards all TV and multiplatform broadcast rights in Europe to Discovery and Eurosport for 2018 -- 2024 Olympic Games '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Report : ARD and ZDF secure long - term Olympic deal '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hungarian Public Television Agrees Deal To Broadcast Summer And Winter Olympics Until 2024 '' . Hungary today . hungarytoday.hu. 20 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Japan '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ King , Matthew ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` IOC Award América Móvil 2018 - 2024 Broadcast Rights in Latin America '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Middle East and North Africa '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 27 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards 2018 - 2024 broadcast rights in New Zealand and Pacific Island Territories '' . Olympic.org. 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards SBS broadcast rights for 2018 , 2020 , 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games '' . Olympic.org. 4 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC Awards 2018 - 2024 Broadcast Rights in Africa '' . IOC . Olympic.org. 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards Olympic Games broadcast rights to NBCUniversal through to 2032 '' . Olympic.org. 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : BBC to broadcast every Games up to and including 2024 '' . BBC Sport. 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In 2022 , Super Bowl and the Winter Olympics will compete for viewers '' . New York Post . 2018 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Spain , Kevin ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` NBC looking to sell Super Bowl , Olympics ad combos '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Expects More Than $1 Billion in Ad Sales from Super Bowl , Winter Olympics '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Matt Schiavenza , `` A Winter Olympics in a City Without Snow '' , The Atlantic , 31 July 2015 Jump up ^ Tom Phillips , `` Beijing promises to overcome lack of snow for 2022 Winter Olympics '' , The Guardian , 31 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` Scientists Question Environmental Impact of China 's Winter Olympics '' , New York Times , 9 April 2015 Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympic Games venues in China ' pose threat to Beijing nature reserve ' '' , South China Morning Post , 4 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics '' . birdingbeijing.com . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . External links ( edit ) Beijing 2022 Beijing 2022 ( IOC ) Preceded by Pyeongchang Winter Olympics Beijing XXIV Olympic Winter Games ( 2022 ) Succeeded by TBD Venues of the 2022 Winter Olympics Beijing Cluster National Speed Skating Oval Beijing National Stadium Beijing National Aquatics Center Beijing National Indoor Stadium Wukesong Indoor Stadium Yanqing Cluster Xiaohaituo Alpine Skiing Field Xiaohaituo Bobsleigh and Luge Track Zhangjiakou Cluster Kuyangshu Nordic Center and Biathlon Center Genting Snow Park Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_Winter_Olympics&oldid=836938075 '' Categories : 2022 Winter Olympics 2022 in Chinese sport 2022 in multi-sport events 2020s in Beijing Olympic Games in China Scheduled multi-sport events Sports competitions in Beijing Sport in Zhangjiakou Winter Olympics by year February 2022 sports events 2022 in winter sports Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Use dmy dates from November 2012 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 19 : 08 . 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Liver
Liver - wikipedia Liver For other uses , see Liver ( disambiguation ) . Liver The human liver is located in the upper right abdomen Location of human liver ( in red ) Details Precursor Foregut System Digestive system Artery Hepatic artery Vein Hepatic vein and hepatic portal vein Nerve Celiac ganglia and vagus nerve Identifiers Latin Jecur , iecur Greek Hepar ( ἧπαρ ) root hepat - ( ἡπατ - ) MeSH D008099 TA A05. 8.01. 001 FMA 7197 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The liver , an organ only found in vertebrates , detoxifies various metabolites , synthesizes proteins , and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion . In humans , it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen , below the diaphragm . Its other roles in metabolism include the regulation of glycogen storage , decomposition of red blood cells and the production of hormones . The liver is an accessory digestive gland that produces bile , an alkaline compound which helps the breakdown of fat . Bile aids in digestion via the emulsification of lipids . The gallbladder , a small pouch that sits just under the liver , stores bile produced by the liver . The liver 's highly specialized tissue consisting of mostly hepatocytes regulates a wide variety of high - volume biochemical reactions , including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules , many of which are necessary for normal vital functions . Estimates regarding the organ 's total number of functions vary , but textbooks generally cite it being around 500 . Terminology related to the liver often starts in hepat - from ἡπατο - , the Greek word for liver . No way is yet known to compensate for the absence of liver function in the long term , although liver dialysis techniques can be used in the short term . Artificial livers are yet to be developed to promote long - term replacement in the absence of the liver . As of 2017 , liver transplantation is the only option for complete liver failure . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Gross anatomy 1.1. 1 Lobes 1.1. 2 Surfaces 1.1. 3 Impressions 1.2 Microscopic anatomy 1.3 Functional anatomy 1.4 Couinaud classification system 1.5 Gene and protein expression 2 Development 2.1 Fetal blood supply 3 Function 3.1 Blood supply 3.2 Biliary flow 3.3 Synthesis 3.4 Breakdown 3.5 Other 3.6 With aging 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Disease 4.2 Symptoms 4.3 Diagnosis 4.4 Liver regeneration 4.5 Liver transplantation 5 Society and culture 5.1 Food 6 Other animals 7 References 7.1 Works cited 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The liver is a reddish - brown , wedge - shaped organ with four lobes of unequal size and shape . A human liver normally weighs 1.44 -- 1.66 kg ( 3.2 -- 3.7 lb ) , and has a width of about 15 cm . It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest gland in the human body . Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity , it rests just below the diaphragm , to the right of the stomach and overlies the gallbladder . The liver is connected to two large blood vessels : the hepatic artery and the portal vein . The hepatic artery carries oxygen - rich blood from the aorta , whereas the portal vein carries blood rich in digested nutrients from the entire gastrointestinal tract and also from the spleen and pancreas . These blood vessels subdivide into small capillaries known as liver sinusoids , which then lead to lobules . Lobules are the functional units of the liver . Each lobule is made up of millions of hepatic cells ( hepatocytes ) , which are the basic metabolic cells . The lobules are held together by a fine , dense , irregular , fibroelastic connective tissue layer which extends from the fibrous capsule covering the entire liver known as Glisson 's capsule . This extends into the structure of the liver , by accompanying the blood vessels ( veins and arteries ) , ducts , and nerves at the hepatic hilum . The whole surface of the liver except for the bare area , is covered in a serous coat derived from the peritoneum , and this firmly adheres to the inner Glisson 's capsule . Gross Anatomy ( edit ) Lobes ( edit ) Further information : Lobes of liver The liver , viewed from above , showing the left and right lobes separated by the falciform ligament The liver , viewed from below , surface showing four lobes and the impressions The liver is grossly divided into two parts when viewed from above -- a right and a left lobe , and four parts when viewed from below ( left , right , caudate , and quadrate lobes ) . The falciform ligament , divides the liver into a left and right lobe . From below , the two additional lobes are located between the right and left lobes , one in front of the other . A line can be imagined running from the left of the vena cava and all the way forward to divide the liver and gallbladder into two halves . This line is called `` Cantlie 's line '' . Other anatomical landmarks include the ligamentum venosum and the round ligament of the liver ( ligamentum teres ) , which further divide the left side of the liver in two sections . An important anatomical landmark , the porta hepatis , divides this left portion into four segments , which can be numbered starting at the caudate lobe as I in an anticlockwise manner . From this parietal view , seven segments can be seen , because the eighth segment is only visible in the visceral view . Surfaces ( edit ) On the diaphragmatic surface , apart from a triangular bare area where it connects to the diaphragm , the liver is covered by a thin , double - layered membrane , the peritoneum , that helps to reduce friction against other organs . This surface covers the convex shape of the two lobes where it accommodates the shape of the diaphragm . The peritoneum folds back on itself to form the falciform ligament and the right and left triangular ligaments . These peritoneal ligaments are not related to the anatomic ligaments in joints , and the right and left triangular ligaments have no known functional importance , though they serve as surface landmarks . The falciform ligament functions to attach the liver to the posterior portion of the anterior body wall . The visceral surface or inferior surface , is uneven and concave . It is covered in peritoneum apart from where it attaches the gallbladder and the porta hepatis . Impressions ( edit ) Impressions of the liver Several impressions on the surface of the liver accommodate the various adjacent structures and organs . Underneath the right lobe and to the right of the gallbladder fossa are two impressions , one behind the other and separated by a ridge . The one in front is a shallow colic impression , formed by the hepatic flexure and the one behind is a deeper renal impression accommodating part of the right kidney and part of the suprarenal gland . The suprarenal impression is a small , triangular , depressed area on the liver . It is located close to the right of the fossa , between the bare area and the caudate lobe , and immediately above the renal impression . The greater part of the suprarenal impression is devoid of peritoneum and it lodges the right suprarenal gland . Medial to the renal impression is a third and slightly marked impression , lying between it and the neck of the gall bladder . This is caused by the descending portion of the duodenum , and is known as the duodenal impression . The inferior surface of the left lobe of the liver presents behind and to the left the gastric impression . This is moulded over the upper front surface of the stomach , and to the right of this is a rounded eminence , the tuber omentale , which fits into the concavity of the lesser curvature of the stomach and lies in front of the anterior layer of the lesser omentum . Microscopic Anatomy ( edit ) Cells , ducts , and blood vessels Microscopic anatomy of the liver Types of capillaries -- sinusoid on right Microscopically , each liver lobe is seen to be made up of hepatic lobules . The lobules are roughly hexagonal , and consist of plates of hepatocytes radiating from a central vein . The central vein joins to the hepatic vein to carry blood out from the liver . A distinctive component of a lobule is the portal triad , which can be found running along each of the lobule 's corners . The portal triad , misleadingly named , consists of five structures : a branch of the hepatic artery , a branch of the hepatic portal vein , and a bile duct , as well as lymphatic vessels and a branch of the vagus nerve . Between the hepatocyte plates are liver sinusoids , which are enlarged capillaries through which blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery enters via the portal triads , then drains to the central vein . Histology , the study of microscopic anatomy , shows two major types of liver cell : parenchymal cells and nonparenchymal cells . About 70 -- 85 % of the liver volume is occupied by parenchymal hepatocytes . Nonparenchymal cells constitute 40 % of the total number of liver cells but only 6.5 % of its volume . The liver sinusoids are lined with two types of cell , sinusoidal endothelial cells , and phagocytic Kupffer cells . Hepatic stellate cells are nonparenchymal cells found in the perisinusoidal space , between a sinusoid and a hepatocyte . Additionally , intrahepatic lymphocytes are often present in the sinusoidal lumen . Functional Anatomy ( edit ) The central area or hepatic hilum , includes the opening known as the porta hepatis which carries the common bile duct and common hepatic artery , and the opening for the portal vein . The duct , vein , and artery divide into left and right branches , and the areas of the liver supplied by these branches constitute the functional left and right lobes . The functional lobes are separated by the imaginary plane , Cantlie 's line , joining the gallbladder fossa to the inferior vena cava . The plane separates the liver into the true right and left lobes . The middle hepatic vein also demarcates the true right and left lobes . The right lobe is further divided into an anterior and posterior segment by the right hepatic vein . The left lobe is divided into the medial and lateral segments by the left hepatic vein . The hilar area of the liver is described in terms of three plates that contain the bile ducts and blood vessels . The contents of the whole plate system are surrounded by a sheath . The three plates are the hilar plate , the cystic plate and the umbilical plate and the plate system is the site of the many anatomical variations to be found in the liver . Couinaud classification system ( edit ) Main article : Liver segment Shape of human liver in animation , eight Couinaud segments labelled In the widely used Couinaud system , the functional lobes are further divided into a total of eight subsegments based on a transverse plane through the bifurcation of the main portal vein . The caudate lobe is a separate structure that receives blood flow from both the right - and left - sided vascular branches . The Couinaud classification of liver anatomy divides the liver into eight functionally independent liver segments . Each segment has its own vascular inflow , outflow and biliary drainage . In the centre of each segment are branches of the portal vein , hepatic artery , and bile duct . In the periphery of each segment is vascular outflow through the hepatic veins . The classification system uses the vascular supply in the liver to separate the functional units ( numbered I to VIII ) , with unit 1 , the caudate lobe , receiving its supply from both the right and the left branches of portal vein . It contains one or more hepatic veins which drain directly into the inferior vena cava . The remainder of the units ( II to VIII ) are numbered in a clockwise fashion : Gene and protein expression ( edit ) Further information : Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 60 % of these genes are expressed in a normal , adult liver . Over 400 genes are more specifically expressed in the liver , with some 150 genes highly specific for liver tissue . A large fraction of the corresponding liver specific proteins are mainly expressed in hepatocytes and secreted into the blood and constitute plasma proteins . Other liver specific proteins are certain liver enzymes such as HAO1 and RDH16 , proteins involved in bile synthesis such as BAAT and SLC27A5 , and transporter proteins involved in the metabolism of drugs , such as ABCB11 and SLC2A2 . Examples of highly liver - specific proteins include apolipoprotein A II , coagulation factors F2 and F9 , complement factor related proteins , and the fibrinogen beta chain protein . Development ( edit ) Organogenesis , the development of the organs takes place from the third to the eighth week during embryogenesis . The origins of the liver lie in both the ventral portion of the foregut endoderm ( endoderm being one of the three embryonic germ layers ) and the constituents of the adjacent septum transversum mesenchyme . In the human embryo , the hepatic diverticulum is the tube of endoderm that extends out from the foregut into the surrounding mesenchyme . The mesenchyme of septum transversum induces this endoderm to proliferate , to branch , and to form the glandular epithelium of the liver . A portion of the hepatic diverticulum ( that region closest to the digestive tube ) continues to function as the drainage duct of the liver , and a branch from this duct produces the gallbladder . Besides signals from the septum transversum mesenchyme , fibroblast growth factor from the developing heart also contributes to hepatic competence , along with retinoic acid emanating from the lateral plate mesoderm . The hepatic endodermal cells undergo a morphological transition from columnar to pseudostratified resulting in thickening into the early liver bud . Their expansion forms a population of the bipotential hepatoblasts . Hepatic stellate cells are derived from mesenchyme . After migration of hepatoblasts into the septum transversum mesenchyme , the hepatic architecture begins to be established , with liver sinusoids and bile canaliculi appearing . The liver bud separates into the lobes . The left umbilical vein becomes the ductus venosus and the right vitelline vein becomes the portal vein . The expanding liver bud is colonized by hematopoietic cells . The bipotential hepatoblasts begin differentiating into biliary epithelial cells and hepatocytes . The biliary epithelial cells differentiate from hepatoblasts around portal veins , first producing a monolayer , and then a bilayer of cuboidal cells . In ductal plate , focal dilations emerge at points in the bilayer , become surrounded by portal mesenchyme , and undergo tubulogenesis into intrahepatic bile ducts . Hepatoblasts not adjacent to portal veins instead differentiate into hepatocytes and arrange into cords lined by sinudoidal epithelial cells and bile canaliculi . Once hepatoblasts are specified into hepatocytes and undergo further expansion , they begin acquiring the functions of a mature hepatocyte , and eventually mature hepatocytes appear as highly polarized epithelial cells with abundant glycogen accumulation . In the adult liver , hepatocytes are not equivalent , with position along the portocentrovenular axis within a liver lobule dictating expression of metabolic genes involved in drug metabolism , carbohydrate metabolism , ammonia detoxification , and bile production and secretion . WNT / β - catenin has now been identified to be playing a key role in this phenomenon . At birth , the liver comprises roughly 4 % of body weight and weighs on average 120 g . Over the course of further development , it will increase to 1.4 -- 1.6 kg but will only take up 2.5 -- 3.5 % of body weight . Fetal blood supply ( edit ) In the growing fetus , a major source of blood to the liver is the umbilical vein , which supplies nutrients to the growing fetus . The umbilical vein enters the abdomen at the umbilicus and passes upward along the free margin of the falciform ligament of the liver to the inferior surface of the liver . There , it joins with the left branch of the portal vein . The ductus venosus carries blood from the left portal vein to the left hepatic vein and then to the inferior vena cava , allowing placental blood to bypass the liver . In the fetus , the liver does not perform the normal digestive processes and filtration of the infant liver because nutrients are received directly from the mother via the placenta . The fetal liver releases some blood stem cells that migrate to the fetal thymus , creating the T - cells or T - lymphocytes . After birth , the formation of blood stem cells shifts to the red bone marrow . After 2 -- 5 days , the umbilical vein and ductus venosus are completely obliterated ; the former becomes the round ligament of liver and the latter becomes the ligamentum venosum . In the disorders of cirrhosis and portal hypertension , the umbilical vein can open up again . Function ( edit ) The various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells or hepatocytes . The liver is thought to be responsible for up to 500 separate functions , usually in combination with other systems and organs . Currently , no artificial organ or device is capable of reproducing all the functions of the liver . Some functions can be carried out by liver dialysis , an experimental treatment for liver failure . Blood supply ( edit ) Liver veins The liver receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries . The hepatic portal vein delivers around 75 % of the liver 's blood supply , and carries venous blood drained from the spleen , gastrointestinal tract , and its associated organs . The hepatic arteries supply arterial blood to the liver , accounting for the remaining quarter of its blood flow . Oxygen is provided from both sources ; about half of the liver 's oxygen demand is met by the hepatic portal vein , and half is met by the hepatic arteries . Blood flows through the liver sinusoids and empties into the central vein of each lobule . The central veins coalesce into hepatic veins , which leave the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava . Biliary flow ( edit ) Main article : Enterohepatic circulation Biliary tract The biliary tract is derived from the branches of the bile ducts . The biliary tract , also known as the biliary tree , is the path by which bile is secreted by the liver then transported to the first part of the small intestine , the duodenum . The bile produced in the liver is collected in bile canaliculi , small grooves between the faces of adjacent hepatocytes . The canaliculi radiate to the edge of the liver lobule , where they merge to form bile ducts . Within the liver , these ducts are termed intrahepatic bile ducts , and once they exit the liver , they are considered extrahepatic . The intrahepatic ducts eventually drain into the right and left hepatic ducts , which exit the liver at the transverse fissure , and merge to form the common hepatic duct . The cystic duct from the gallbladder joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct . Bile either drains directly into the duodenum via the common bile duct , or is temporarily stored in the gallbladder via the cystic duct . The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct enter the second part of the duodenum together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla , also known as the ampulla of Vater . Synthesis ( edit ) Further information : Proteins produced and secreted by the liver The liver plays a major role in carbohydrate , protein , amino acid , and lipid metabolism . The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism : The liver synthesizes and stores around 100 g of glycogen via glycogenesis , the formation of glycogen from glucose . When needed , the liver releases glucose into the blood by performing glycogenolysis , the breakdown of glycogen into glucose . The liver is also responsible for gluconeogenesis , which is the synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids , lactate , or glycerol . Adipose and liver cells produce glycerol by breakdown of fat , which the liver uses for gluconeogenesis . The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein metabolism , synthesis as well as degradation . It is also responsible for a large part of amino acid synthesis . The liver plays a role in the production of clotting factors , as well as red blood cell production . Some of the proteins synthesized by the liver include coagulation factors I ( fibrinogen ) , II ( prothrombin ) , V , VII , VIII , IX , X , XI , XIII , as well as protein C , protein S and antithrombin . In the first trimester fetus , the liver is the main site of red blood cell production . By the 32nd week of gestation , the bone marrow has almost completely taken over that task . The liver is a major site of production for thrombopoietin , a glycoprotein hormone that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow . The liver plays several roles in lipid metabolism : it performs cholesterol synthesis , lipogenesis , and the production of triglycerides , and a bulk of the body 's lipoproteins are synthesized in the liver . The liver plays a key role in digestion , as it produces and excretes bile ( a yellowish liquid ) required for emulsifying fats and help the absorption of vitamin K from the diet . Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum , and some is stored in the gallbladder . The liver also produces insulin - like growth factor 1 , a polypeptide protein hormone that plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults . Breakdown ( edit ) The liver is responsible for the breakdown of insulin and other hormones . The liver breaks down bilirubin via glucuronidation , facilitating its excretion into bile . The liver is responsible for the breakdown and excretion of many waste products . It plays a key role in breaking down or modifying toxic substances ( e.g. , methylation ) and most medicinal products in a process called drug metabolism . This sometimes results in toxication , when the metabolite is more toxic than its precursor . Preferably , the toxins are conjugated to avail excretion in bile or urine . The liver breaks down ammonia into urea as part of the urea cycle , and the urea is excreted in the urine . Other ( edit ) The liver stores a multitude of substances , including glucose ( in the form of glycogen ) , vitamin A ( 1 -- 2 years ' supply ) , vitamin D ( 1 -- 4 months ' supply ) , vitamin B12 ( 3 -- 5 years ' supply ) , vitamin K , iron , and copper . The liver is responsible for immunological effects -- the mononuclear phagocyte system of the liver contains many immunologically active cells , acting as a ' sieve ' for antigens carried to it via the portal system . The liver produces albumin , the most abundant protein in blood serum . It is essential in the maintenance of oncotic pressure , and acts as a transport for fatty acids and steroid hormones . The liver synthesizes angiotensinogen , a hormone that is responsible for raising the blood pressure when activated by renin , an enzyme that is released when the kidney senses low blood pressure . The liver produces the enzyme catalase in order to break down hydrogen peroxide , a very toxic substance due to it being a powerful oxidising agent , into water and oxygen . With aging ( edit ) The oxidative capacity of the liver decreases with aging and therefore any medications that require oxidation ( for instance , benzodiazepines ) are more likely to accumulate to toxic levels . However , medications with shorter half - lives , such as lorazepam and oxazepam , are preferred in most cases when benzodiazepines are required in regard to geriatric medicine . Clinical significance ( edit ) Disease ( edit ) Main article : Liver disease Left lobe liver tumor The liver is a vital organ and supports almost every other organ in the body . Because of its strategic location and multidimensional functions , the liver is also prone to many diseases . The bare area of the liver is a site that is vulnerable to the passing of infection from the abdominal cavity to the thoracic cavity . Hepatitis is a common condition of inflammation of the liver . The most usual cause of this is viral , and the most common of these infections are hepatitis A , B , C , D , and E. Some of these infections are sexually transmitted . Inflammation can also be caused by other viruses in the family Herpesviridae such as the herpes simplex virus . Chronic ( rather than acute ) infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus is the main cause of liver cancer . Globally , about 248 million individuals are chronically infected with HBV ( with 843,724 in the U.S. ) and 142 million are chronically infected with HCV ( with 2.7 million in the U.S. ) . Globally there are about 114 million and 20 million cases of hepatitis A and hepatitis E respectively , but these generally resolve , and do not become chronic ( see Hepatitis A , Hepatitis E ) . Hepatitis D virus is a `` satellite '' of hepatitis B virus ( can only infect in the presence of hepatitis B ) , and co-infects nearly 20 million people with hepatitis B , globally ( see Hepatitis D ) . Hepatic encephalopathy is caused by an accumulation of toxins in the bloodstream that are normally removed by the liver . This condition can result in coma and can prove fatal . Other disorders caused by excessive alcohol consumption are grouped under alcoholic liver diseases and these include alcoholic hepatitis , fatty liver , and cirrhosis . Factors contributing to the development of alcoholic liver diseases are not only the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption , but can also include gender , genetics , and liver insult . Liver damage can also be caused by drugs , particularly paracetamol and drugs used to treat cancer . A rupture of the liver can be caused by a liver shot used in combat sports . Budd -- Chiari syndrome is a condition caused by blockage of the hepatic veins ( including thrombosis ) that drain the liver . It presents with the classical triad of abdominal pain , ascites and liver enlargement . Primary biliary cholangitis is an autoimmune disease of the liver . It is marked by slow progressive destruction of the small bile ducts of the liver , with the intralobular ducts ( Canals of Hering ) affected early in the disease . When these ducts are damaged , bile and other toxins build up in the liver ( cholestasis ) and over time damages the liver tissue in combination with ongoing immune related damage . This can lead to scarring ( fibrosis ) and cirrhosis . Cirrhosis increases the resistance to blood flow in the liver , and can result in portal hypertension . Congested anastomoses between the portal venous system and the systemic circulation , can be a subsequent condition . Many diseases of the liver are accompanied by jaundice caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the system . The bilirubin results from the breakup of the hemoglobin of dead red blood cells ; normally , the liver removes bilirubin from the blood and excretes it through bile . There are also many pediatric liver diseases , including biliary atresia , alpha - 1 antitrypsin deficiency , alagille syndrome , progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis , Langerhans cell histiocytosis and hepatic hemangioma a benign tumour the most common type of liver tumour , thought to be congenital . A genetic disorder causing multiple cysts to form in the liver tissue , usually in later life , and usually asymptomatic , is polycystic liver disease . Diseases that interfere with liver function will lead to derangement of these processes . However , the liver has a great capacity to regenerate and has a large reserve capacity . In most cases , the liver only produces symptoms after extensive damage . Hepatomegaly refers to an enlarged liver and can be due to many causes . It can be palpated in a liver span measurement . Liver diseases may be diagnosed by liver function tests -- blood tests that can identify various markers . For example , acute - phase reactants are produced by the liver in response to injury or inflammation . Symptoms ( edit ) The classic symptoms of liver damage include the following : Pale stools occur when stercobilin , a brown pigment , is absent from the stool . Stercobilin is derived from bilirubin metabolites produced in the liver . Dark urine occurs when bilirubin mixes with urine Jaundice ( yellow skin and / or whites of the eyes ) This is where bilirubin deposits in skin , causing an intense itch . Itching is the most common complaint by people who have liver failure . Often this itch can not be relieved by drugs . Swelling of the abdomen , and swelling of the ankles and feet occurs because the liver fails to make albumin . Excessive fatigue occurs from a generalized loss of nutrients , minerals and vitamins . Bruising and easy bleeding are other features of liver disease . The liver makes clotting factors , substances which help prevent bleeding . When liver damage occurs , these factors are no longer present and severe bleeding can occur . Pain in the upper right quadrant can result from the stretching of Glisson 's capsule in conditions of hepatitis and pre-eclampsia . Diagnosis ( edit ) The diagnosis of liver disease is made by liver function tests , groups of blood tests , that can readily show the extent of liver damage . If infection is suspected , then other serological tests will be carried out . A physical examination of the liver can only reveal its size and any tenderness , and some form of imaging such as an ultrasound or CT scan may also be needed . Sometimes a liver biopsy will be necessary , and a tissue sample is taken through a needle inserted into the skin just below the rib cage . This procedure may be helped by a sonographer providing ultrasound guidance to an interventional radiologist . Axial CT image showing anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the subcapsular anterior surface of the liver . Maximum intensity projection ( MIP ) CT image as viewed anteriorly showing the anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the anterior surface of the liver Lateral MIP view in the same patient A CT scan in which the liver and portal vein are shown . Liver regeneration ( edit ) Main article : Liver regeneration The liver is the only human internal organ capable of natural regeneration of lost tissue ; as little as 25 % of a liver can regenerate into a whole liver . This is , however , not true regeneration but rather compensatory growth in mammals . The lobes that are removed do not regrow and the growth of the liver is a restoration of function , not original form . This contrasts with true regeneration where both original function and form are restored . In some other species , such as fish , the liver undergoes true regeneration by restoring both shape and size of the organ . In the liver , large areas of the tissues are formed but for the formation of new cells there must be sufficient amount of material so the circulation of the blood becomes more active . This is predominantly due to the hepatocytes re-entering the cell cycle . That is , the hepatocytes go from the quiescent G0 phase to the G1 phase and undergo mitosis . This process is activated by the p75 receptors . There is also some evidence of bipotential stem cells , called hepatic oval cells or ovalocytes ( not to be confused with oval red blood cells of ovalocytosis ) , which are thought to reside in the canals of Hering . These cells can differentiate into either hepatocytes or cholangiocytes . Cholangiocytes are the epithelial lining cells of the bile ducts . They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts , but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts . Research is being carried out on the use of stem cells for the generation of an artificial liver . Scientific and medical works about liver regeneration often refer to the Greek Titan Prometheus who was chained to a rock in the Caucasus where , each day , his liver was devoured by an eagle , only to grow back each night . The myth suggests the ancient Greeks may have known about the liver 's remarkable capacity for self - repair . Liver transplantation ( edit ) Main article : Liver transplantation Human liver transplants were first performed by Thomas Starzl in the United States and Roy Calne in Cambridge , England in 1963 and 1967 , respectively . After resection of left lobe liver tumor Liver transplantation is the only option for those with irreversible liver failure . Most transplants are done for chronic liver diseases leading to cirrhosis , such as chronic hepatitis C , alcoholism , and autoimmune hepatitis . Less commonly , liver transplantation is done for fulminant hepatic failure , in which liver failure occurs over days to weeks . Liver allografts for transplant usually come from donors who have died from fatal brain injury . Living donor liver transplantation is a technique in which a portion of a living person 's liver is removed ( hepatectomy ) and used to replace the entire liver of the recipient . This was first performed in 1989 for pediatric liver transplantation . Only 20 percent of an adult 's liver ( Couinaud segments 2 and 3 ) is needed to serve as a liver allograft for an infant or small child . More recently , adult - to - adult liver transplantation has been done using the donor 's right hepatic lobe , which amounts to 60 percent of the liver . Due to the ability of the liver to regenerate , both the donor and recipient end up with normal liver function if all goes well . This procedure is more controversial , as it entails performing a much larger operation on the donor , and indeed there have been at least two donor deaths out of the first several hundred cases . A recent publication has addressed the problem of donor mortality , and at least 14 cases have been found . The risk of postoperative complications ( and death ) is far greater in right - sided operations than that in left - sided operations . With the recent advances of noninvasive imaging , living liver donors usually have to undergo imaging examinations for liver anatomy to decide if the anatomy is feasible for donation . The evaluation is usually performed by multidetector row computed tomography ( MDCT ) and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) . MDCT is good in vascular anatomy and volumetry . MRI is used for biliary tree anatomy . Donors with very unusual vascular anatomy , which makes them unsuitable for donation , could be screened out to avoid unnecessary operations . MDCT image . Arterial anatomy contraindicated for liver donation MDCT image . Portal venous anatomy contraindicated for liver donation MDCT image . 3D image created by MDCT can clearly visualize the liver , measure the liver volume , and plan the dissection plane to facilitate the liver transplantation procedure . Phase contrast CT image . Contrast is perfusing the right liver but not the left due to a left portal vein thrombus . Society and culture ( edit ) In Greek mythology , Prometheus was punished by the gods for revealing fire to humans , by being chained to a rock where a vulture ( or an eagle ) would peck out his liver , which would regenerate overnight . ( The liver is the only human internal organ that actually can regenerate itself to a significant extent . ) Many ancient peoples of the Near East and Mediterranean areas practiced a type of divination called haruspicy , where they tried to obtain information by examining the livers of sheep and other animals . In Plato , and in later physiology , the liver was thought to be the seat of the darkest emotions ( specifically wrath , jealousy and greed ) which drive men to action . The Talmud ( tractate Berakhot 61b ) refers to the liver as the seat of anger , with the gallbladder counteracting this . The Persian , Urdu , and Hindi languages ( جگر or जिगर or jigar ) refer to the liver in figurative speech to indicate courage and strong feelings , or `` their best '' ; e.g. , `` This Mecca has thrown to you the pieces of its liver ! '' . The term jan e jigar , literally `` the strength ( power ) of my liver '' , is a term of endearment in Urdu . In Persian slang , jigar is used as an adjective for any object which is desirable , especially women . In the Zulu language , the word for liver ( isibindi ) is the same as the word for courage . The legend of Liver - Eating Johnson says that he would cut out and eat the liver of each man killed after dinner . In the motion picture The Message , Hind bint Utbah is implied or portrayed eating the liver of Hamza ibn ' Abd al - Muttalib during the Battle of Uhud . Although there are narrations that suggest that Hind did `` taste '' , rather than eat , the liver of Hamza , the authenticity of these narrations has to be questioned . On November 26 , 1987 , the city of Ferrol , Spain , inaugurated what is believed to be the only monument to the liver in the world . The then - mayor , Jaime Quintanilla , also happened to be a doctor , and thought it appropriate to promote the monument . At an approximate cost of $3.200 , the monument stands in the village of Balón . A plaque reads ( In Galician , free translation ) : `` The Liver ( is the ) basis of Life '' , and below `` Through History , Mankind tried to cure all illness . By helping it on this duty , you are doing a great job . We are grateful for it '' . Food ( edit ) Main article : Liver ( food ) The liver of mammals , fowl , and fish are commonly eaten as food by humans . Domestic pig , ox , lamb , calf , chicken , and goose livers are widely available from butchers and supermarkets . Liver can be baked , boiled , broiled , fried , stir - fried , or eaten raw ( asbeh nayeh or sawda naye in Lebanese cuisine , or liver sashimi in Japanese cuisine . In many preparations , pieces of liver are combined with pieces of meat or kidneys , like in the various forms of Middle Eastern mixed grill ( e.g. meurav Yerushalmi ) . Well - known examples include liver pâté , foie gras , chopped liver , and leverpastej . Liver sausages such as Braunschweiger and liverwurst are also a valued meal . Liver sausages may also be used as spreads . A traditional South African delicacy , namely skilpadjies , is made of minced lamb 's liver wrapped in netvet ( caul fat ) , and grilled over an open fire . Animal livers are rich in iron , vitamin A and vitamin B , and cod liver oil is commonly used as a dietary supplement . Traditionally , some fish livers were valued as food , especially the stingray liver . It was used to prepare delicacies , such as poached skate liver on toast in England , as well as the beignets de foie de raie and foie de raie en croute in French cuisine . Other animals ( edit ) Sheep 's liver The liver is found in all vertebrates , and is typically the largest visceral ( internal ) organ . Its form varies considerably in different species , and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs . 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Jump up ^ Suzuki K , Tanaka M , Watanabe N , Saito S , Nonaka H , Miyajima A ( 2008 ) . `` p75 Neurotrophin receptor is a marker for precursors of stellate cells and portal fibroblasts in mouse fetal liver '' . Gastroenterology. 135 ( 1 ) : 270 -- 281. e3 . doi : 10.1053 / j. gastro. 2008.03. 075 . PMID 18515089 . Jump up ^ Tietz PS , Larusso NF ( May 2006 ) . `` Cholangiocyte biology '' . Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 22 ( 3 ) : 279 -- 87 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. mog. 0000218965.78558. bc . PMID 16550043 . Jump up ^ An argument for the ancient Greek 's knowing about liver regeneration is provided by Chen , T.S. ; Chen , P.S. ( 1994 ) . `` The myth of Prometheus and the liver '' . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 87 ( 12 ) : 754 -- 755 . PMC 1294986 . PMID 7853302 . Counterarguments are provided by Tiniakos , D.G. ; Kandilis , A. ; Geller , S.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Tityus : A forgotten myth of liver regeneration '' . Journal of Hepatology. 53 ( 2 ) : 357 -- 361 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhep. 2010.02. 032 . PMID 20472318 . and by Power , C. ; Rasko , J.E. ( 2008 ) . `` Whither prometheus ' liver ? Greek myth and the science of regeneration '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 149 ( 6 ) : 421 -- 426 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 149 - 6 - 200809160 - 00009 . PMID 18794562 . Jump up ^ Bramstedt K ( 2006 ) . `` Living liver donor mortality : where do we stand ? '' . Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101 ( 4 ) : 755 -- 9 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1572 - 0241.2006. 00421. x . PMID 16494593 . Jump up ^ Krishna , Gopi ; Hillman , James ( 1970 ) . Kundalini -- the evolutionary energy in man . London : Stuart & Watkins . p. 77 . ISBN 1570622809 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ The Great Battle Of Badar ( Yaum - E-Furqan ) . Shawuniversitymosque.org ( 2006 - 07 - 08 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` La Voz de Galicia `` Ferrol monument mentioned in US newspaper '' 07 / 30 / 2015 `` '' . Jump up ^ Schwabe , Calvin W. ( 1979 ) . Unmentionable Cuisine . University of Virginia Press . pp. 313 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1162 - 5 . Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 354 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Yuan , Shaochun ; Ruan , Jie ; Huang , Shengfeng ; Chen , Shangwu ; Xu , Anlong ( 2015 ) . `` Amphioxus as a model for investigating evolution of the vertebrate immune system '' ( PDF ) . Developmental & Comparative Immunology. 48 ( 2 ) : 297 -- 305 . doi : 10.1016 / j. dci. 2014.05. 004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Yu , Jr - Kai Sky ; Lecroisey , Claire ; Le Pétillon , Yann ; Escriva , Hector ; Lammert , Eckhard ; Laudet , Vincent ( 2015 ) . `` Identification , Evolution and Expression of an Insulin - Like Peptide in the Cephalochordate Branchiostoma lanceolatum '' . PLoS ONE . 10 ( 3 ) : e0119461 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0119461 . PMC 4361685 . PMID 25774519 . Jump up ^ Escriva , Hector ; Chao , Yeqing ; Fan , Chunxin ; Liang , Yujun ; Gao , Bei ; Zhang , Shicui ( 2012 ) . `` A Novel Serpin with Antithrombin - Like Activity in Branchiostoma japonicum : Implications for the Presence of a Primitive Coagulation System '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 3 ) : e32392 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0032392 . PMC 3299649 . PMID 22427833 . Jump up ^ Guo , Bin ; Zhang , Shicui ; Wang , Shaohui ; Liang , Yujun ( 2009 ) . `` Expression , mitogenic activity and regulation by growth hormone of growth hormone / insulin - like growth factor in Branchiostoma belcheri '' ( PDF ) . Cell and Tissue Research . 338 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 77 . doi : 10.1007 / s00441 - 009 - 0824 - 8 . PMID 19657677 . Works cited ( edit ) Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Saunders. 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4557 - 0985 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Look up liver in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Livers . Liver at the Human Protein Atlas VIRTUAL Liver -- online learning resource Liver enzymes Anatomy of the liver , pancreas and biliary tree Liver Bare area Cantlie line Ligamentum venosum Porta hepatis Round ligament Lobes of liver Caudate Quadrate Fibrous capsule of Glisson Perisinusoidal space Liver sinusoid Periportal space Portal triad Lobules of liver Liver segment Microanatomy Hepatocyte Hepatic stellate cell Kupffer cell Biliary tract Bile ducts Intrahepatic bile ducts Bile canaliculus Canals of Hering Interlobular Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct Common hepatic duct Gallbladder Cystic duct Common bile duct Ampulla of Vater Sphincter of Oddi Cells Cholecystocyte Pancreas Gross Tail Body Neck Head ( Uncinate process ) Ducts main accessory Microanatomy Pancreatic islets Centroacinar cell Stellate cell GND : 4034933 - 0 NDL : 00565010 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liver&oldid=854577629 '' Categories : Liver Organs ( anatomy ) Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 138 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 10 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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Good Times
Good Times - wikipedia Good Times Jump to : navigation , search For the Chinese television series , see Good Times ( TV series ) . For other uses , see Good Times ( disambiguation ) . Good Times Genre Sitcom Created by Eric Monte Michael Evans Developed by Norman Lear Directed by Gerren Keith Herbert Kenwith Bob LaHendro Donald McKayle Perry Rosemond Starring Esther Rolle John Amos ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Jimmie Walker Ja'net Dubois Bern Nadette Stanis Ralph Carter Johnny Brown ( Seasons 2 - 6 ) Janet Jackson ( Seasons 5 -- 6 ) Ben Powers ( Season 6 ) Theme music composer Dave Grusin Alan Bergman Marilyn Bergman Opening theme `` Good Times '' performed by Jim Gilstrap and Blinky Williams Composer ( s ) Dave Grusin Alan and Marilyn Bergman Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 133 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Norman Lear ( 1974 -- 75 ) Allan Manings ( 1974 -- 77 ) Austin and Irma Kalish ( 1976 -- 78 ) Norman Paul ( 1975 -- 79 ) Producer ( s ) Allan Manings Jack Elinson ( 1975 -- 76 ) Norman Paul Austin and Irma Kalish Lloyd Turner ( 1977 -- 78 ) Gordon Mitchell ( 1977 -- 78 ) Sid Dorfman ( 1978 -- 79 ) Location ( s ) CBS Television City , Hollywood , California ( 1974 -- 75 ) Metromedia Square , Hollywood , California ( 1975 -- 79 ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Tandem Productions Distributor PITS Films ( 1978 -- 82 ) Embassy Telecommunications ( 1982 -- 86 ) Embassy Communications ( 1986 -- 88 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1988 -- 96 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1996 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Release Original network CBS Original release February 8 , 1974 ( 1974 - 02 - 08 ) -- August 1 , 1979 ( 1979 - 08 - 01 ) Chronology Preceded by All in the Family Maude Related shows Checking In The Jeffersons Archie Bunker 's Place Gloria 704 Hauser Good Times is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from February 8 , 1974 , to August 1 , 1979 . It was created by Eric Monte and Mike Evans , and developed by Norman Lear , the series ' primary executive producer . Good Times was a spin - off of Maude , which was itself a spin - off of All in the Family . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Cast conflicts 1.2 Final seasons 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Minor characters 2.3 Notable guest stars 3 Production notes 3.1 Theme song and opening sequence 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 Syndication 8 DVD releases 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) John Amos and Esther Rolle , 1974 Florida and James Evans and their three children live at 921 N. Gilbert Ave. , apartment 17C , in a housing project in a poor , black neighborhood in inner - city Chicago . The project is unnamed on the show , but is implicitly the infamous Cabrini -- Green projects , shown in the opening and closing credits . Florida and James have three children : James Jr. , also known as `` J.J. '' ; Thelma ; and Michael , called `` the militant midget '' by his father due to his passionate activism . When the series begins , J.J. is seventeen years old , Thelma is sixteen , and Michael is eleven . Their exuberant neighbor , and Florida 's best friend , is Willona Woods , a recent divorcée who works at a boutique . Their building superintendent is Nathan Bookman ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , who James , Willona and later J.J. refer to as `` Buffalo Butt '' , or , even more derisively , `` Booger '' . Florida and son J.J. , 1974 The characters originated on the sitcom Maude as Florida and Henry Evans , with Florida employed as Maude Findlay 's housekeeper in Tuckahoe , New York , and Henry employed as a firefighter . When producers decided to feature the Florida character in her own show , they changed the characters ' history : Henry 's name became James , there was no mention of Maude , and the couple lived in Chicago . Episodes of Good Times deal with the characters ' attempts to overcome poverty living in a high rise project building in Chicago . James Evans often works at least two jobs , mostly manual labor such as dishwasher , construction laborer , etc . Often he is unemployed , but he is a proud man who will not accept charity . When he has to , he hustles money playing pool , although Florida disapproves of this . Cast conflicts ( edit ) Good Times was intended to be a good show for Esther Rolle and John Amos . Both expected the show to deal with serious topics in a comedic way while providing positive characters for viewers to identify with . However , Jimmie Walker 's character of J.J. was an immediate hit with audiences and became the breakout character of the series . J.J. 's frequent use of the expression `` Dy - no - mite ! '' ( often in the phrase `` Kid Dy - no - mite ! '' ) , credited to director John Rich , became a popular catchphrase ( later included in TV Land 's The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases special ) . Rich insisted Walker say it in every episode . Walker and executive producer Norman Lear were skeptical of the idea , but the phrase and the J.J. Evans character caught on with the audience . As a result of the character 's popularity , the writers focused more on J.J. 's comedic antics instead of serious issues . Through seasons two and three , Rolle and Amos grew increasingly disillusioned with the direction of the show and especially with J.J. 's antics and stereotypically buffoonish behavior . Rolle was vocal about her dislike of his character . In a 1975 interview with Ebony magazine she stated : He 's 18 and he does n't work . He ca n't read or write . He does n't think . The show did n't start out to be that ... Little by little -- with the help of the artist , I suppose , because they could n't do that to me -- they have made J.J. more stupid and enlarged the role . Negative images have been slipped in on us through the character of the oldest child . Although doing so less publicly , Amos also was outspoken about his dissatisfaction with the J.J. character . Amos stated : The writers would prefer to put a chicken hat on J.J. and have him prance around saying `` DY - NO - MITE '' , and that way they could waste a few minutes and not have to write meaningful dialogue . While Amos was less public with his dissatisfaction , he was ultimately fired after season three due to disagreements with Norman Lear . Amos ' departure was initially attributed to his desire to focus on a film career , but he admitted in a 1976 interview that Lear called him and told him that his contract option with the show was not being renewed . Amos stated , `` That 's the same thing as being fired . '' The producers decided not to recast the character of James Evans , instead opting to kill off the character in the two - part season four episode , `` The Big Move '' . Final seasons ( edit ) By the end of season four , Esther Rolle had also become dissatisfied with the show 's direction and decided to leave the series . In the final two episodes of the season , `` Love Has a Spot On His Lung '' , Rolle 's character gets engaged to Carl Dixon ( Moses Gunn ) , a man she began dating toward the end of season four . In the season five premiere episode , it is revealed that Florida and Carl married off screen and moved to Arizona for the sake of Carl 's health . With Amos and Rolle gone , Ja'net Dubois took over as the lead character , as Willona checked in on the Evans children since they were now living alone . In season five Janet Jackson joined the cast , playing Penny Gordon Woods , an abused girl who is abandoned by her mother and eventually adopted by Willona . Before taping of season six began , CBS and the show 's producers decided that they had to do `` something drastic '' to increase viewership . According to then - vice president of CBS programming Steve Mills , `` We had lost the essence of the show . Without parental guidance the show slipped . Everything told us that : our mail , our phone calls , our research . We felt we had to go back to basics . '' Producers approached Esther Rolle with an offer to appear in a guest role on the series . Rolle was initially hesitant but when producers agreed to a number of her demands ( including an increased salary and higher quality scripts ) , she agreed to return to the series on a full - time basis . Rolle also wanted producers to make the character of J.J. more responsible , as she felt the character was a poor role model for black American youths . She also requested that producers write out the character of Carl Dixon ; Rolle reportedly disliked the storyline surrounding the Carl Dixon character , as she believed Florida would not have moved on so quickly after James ' death or leave her children . Rolle also thought the writers had disregarded Florida 's devout Christian beliefs by having her fall for and marry Carl , who was an atheist . In the season six premiere episode `` Florida 's Homecoming : Part 1 '' , Florida returns from Arizona without Carl to attend Thelma 's upcoming wedding to professional football player Keith Anderson ( Ben Powers , who joined the cast for the final season ) . In a rare uncut version of `` Florida 's Homecoming : Part 2 '' , after Florida arrives home from Arizona , Willona briefly pulls her aside and mentions Carl , to which Florida sadly smiles and shakes her head implying that Carl had died from cancer . Florida later mentions Carl one last time when she tells Michael about a book they 'd both bought him . Despite changes in the series at Esther Rolle 's request and her return , ratings did not improve and CBS canceled the series during the 1978 -- 79 season . In the series finale , `` The End of the Rainbow '' , each character finally gets a `` happy ending . '' J.J. gets his big break as an artist for a comic book company with his newly created character , DynoWoman , which is based on Thelma ( much to her surprise and delight ) , and is moving into an apartment with some lady friends . Michael attends college and moves into an on - campus dorm . Keith 's bad knee heals due to his exercise and own physical therapy , leading to the Chicago Bears offering him a contract to play football . Keith announces that he and Thelma are moving into a luxury apartment in the city 's upscale Gold Coast district . Thelma also announces that she is pregnant with the couple 's first child . Keith offers Florida the chance to move in with them so she can help Thelma with the new baby . Willona becomes the head buyer of the boutique she works in and announces that she and Penny are also moving out of the projects . Willona then reveals that her new apartment is in the same apartment building that Keith , Thelma and Florida are moving to ; once again , she and Penny become the Evans ' downstairs neighbors . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 Esther Rolle Florida Evans Main Main John Amos James Evans Main Ja'net Dubois Willona Woods Main Jimmie Walker James `` J.J. '' Evans , Jr . Main Ralph Carter Michael Evans Main Bern Nadette Stanis Thelma Evans Anderson Main Johnny Brown Nathan Bookman Recurring Main Janet Jackson Millicent `` Penny '' Gordon Woods Main Ben Powers Keith Anderson Main Bern Nadette Stanis was credited as `` Bern Nadette '' during early episodes of season one , and later as `` Bernnadette Stanis . '' Minor characters ( edit ) Ned the Wino ( Raymond Allen ) is the local drunk who frequents the neighborhood and the apartment building where the Evans family reside . In the season one episode `` Black Jesus '' , J.J. uses Ned the Wino as the model for a portrait of Jesus . Another episode is centered on Michael 's plan to `` clean up '' Ned and get him off the booze by letting him stay at the Evans ' house . Carl Dixon ( Moses Gunn ) is an atheist shop owner who Michael briefly works for . Despite their religious differences , Carl and Florida begin dating and become engaged in the final episode of season four . Carl breaks off the engagement after he is diagnosed with lung cancer . After a talk from Bookman , Carl again asks Florida for her hand in marriage . The two marry off - screen and move to Arizona . Florida returns at the beginning of season six , without Carl , for Thelma 's wedding . Carl is referenced briefly in episode two of season six , but he is never mentioned again ( Florida continues to use the surname Evans instead of Dixon ) . ( Esther Rolle decided to come back to the show if the character was written out . ) Florida then revealed he died from his battle of lung cancer . Marion `` Sweet Daddy '' Williams ( Theodore Wilson ) is a menacing neighborhood numbers runner and pimp , who has a reputation for wearing flashy clothing and jewelry . He is usually accompanied by bodyguards ( one portrayed by Bubba Smith , the other by series painter Ernie Barnes ) and comes across as cool and threatening , but has shown a soft heart on occasion , particularly when he decided not to take an antique locket ( to settle a debt ) that Florida had given to Thelma because it had reminded him of his late mother . ( Wilson also plays a club owner named Stanley in the season four episode , `` The Comedian and the Loan Sharks '' ) . Alderman Fred C. Davis ( Albert Reed , Jr . ) is a local politician with a slightly shady disposition whom the Evans generally despise . Spoofing President Richard M. Nixon , he would state in a speech `` I am not a crook . '' He frequently relies on the support of the Evans family ( his `` favorite project family '' ) for reelection or support and resorts to threats of eviction to secure their support . In a running joke , Alderman Davis frequently forgets Willona 's name and calls her another similar - sounding name that began with a `` W '' ( such as Wilhemina , Winnifrieda , Winsomnium , Wyomia and even Waldorf - Astoria ) , thus earning him her everlasting ire as well as the nickname `` Baldy '' . Lenny ( Dap ' Sugar ' Willie ) is a neighborhood hustler and peddler who tries to sell presumably stolen items that are usually attached to the lining of his fur coat . He usually approaches people with a laid - back rap and a rhyme ( `` my name is Len - nay , if I ai n't got it , there ai n't an - nay '' ) . He is typically rebuffed by the people he approaches and responds by saying `` that 's cold '' or uses a small brush to `` brush off '' the negativity . `` Grandpa '' Henry Evans ( Richard Ward ) is James ' long lost father . He abandoned the family years before because he was ashamed that he could not do more to provide for them . This hurt James deeply , who disregarded his father 's existence , telling everyone he was dead . Thelma learns about her grandfather while doing some family research . She meets him and invites him to the Evans ' home to surprise James for his birthday , not knowing that James was well aware of his whereabouts but chose to stay out of his life . After Henry arrives at the Evans home and meets the rest of the family , he realizes that James would not welcome him in the home and decides to leave . Florida convinces him to stay and talk to James and explains that there may never be another chance to do so . Henry and James have a heart - to - heart talk , with Henry being remorseful and apologetic . James ultimately forgives his father . After James ' death , the Evans family embraces Henry into the family , alongside his common law ( and eventually legal ) wife Lena in later episodes . Wanda ( Helen Martin ) is another resident in the apartment building where the Evans reside . Earlier episodes show her at a women 's support group , and the tenants rallying around her by giving her a rent party . Later episodes show her appearing and crying at several funerals , whether she knew the person or not , thus earning her the nickname `` Weeping Wanda '' from J.J. and Willona . Mrs. Lynnetta Gordon ( Chip Fields ) is Penny 's abusive biological mother . Her first appearance is in the four part Fifth season opening episode , `` The Evans Get Involved '' . Penny 's father abandoned Mrs. Gordon when she became pregnant . As a result , she takes her anger and frustrations out on Penny , including burning her with a hot iron . After the abuse is finally brought to light , ( during which Mrs. Gordon gets into a shouting match with Willona and Thelma ) she abandons Penny , despite Willona and Thelma 's pleas to her to seek help . Just before she disappears , Mrs. Gordon expresses regret for hurting her child , telling Willona that Penny deserves better than her . This clears the way for Willona to adopt Penny . She reappears more than a year later , in the sixth - season episode , `` A Matter of Mothers '' , having remarried , and reveals that her new husband is from a very wealthy family . Mrs. Gordon uses her husband 's wealth to send Penny anonymous gifts and , in an effort to regain custody of Penny , she also attempts to frame Willona as an unfit adoptive parent who throws wild parties with less than wholesome attendees . However , her scheme is exposed by being recorded on tape admitting that the scheme was a set up to get Penny back . After trying to get the tape from Penny and threatening her again with physical abuse ( which is stopped by Willona ) , Penny outright rejects Mrs. Gordon , telling her birth mother that no matter what anyone says , she would always consider Willona to be her real mother . Mrs. Gordon is devastated by this , agrees to drop the charges against Willona and leaves Penny with her , never to be seen again . Cleatus ( Jack Baker ) is a cousin of J.J. Evans , Thelma Evans Anderson , and Michael Evans and nephew of Florida Evans and James Evans . He made one appearance in the episode `` Cousin Cleatus '' . Violet Bookman ( Marilyn Coleman ) is the wife of Bookman ( episodes : `` Bye , Bye Bookman '' and `` Willona , the Other Woman '' in season 5 ) . Notable guest stars ( edit ) Louis Gossett , Jr. as Florida 's brother , Wilbert Debbie Allen as J.J. 's drug - addicted fiancee , Diana in `` J.J. 's Fiancee ( Parts 1 & 2 ) '' ( season 3 ) Matthew `` Stymie '' Beard ( former Our Gang child actor ) in five episodes , including four appearances as James ' friend Monty Sorrell Booke as Mr. Galbraith , J.J. 's boss at the ad agency ( season 5 , episode 17 ) Roscoe Lee Browne as a shady televangelist Reverend Sam `` the Happiness Man '' , who befriended James in the military ( season 1 , episode 4 ) T.K. Carter as J.J. 's friend `` Head '' ( part of the `` Awesome Foursome '' , later the `` Gleesome Threesome '' , the `` Gruesome Twosome '' and the `` Lonesome Onesome '' , as stated in the episode `` The New Car '' Rosalind Cash as Thelma 's teacher , Jessica Bishop , who becomes romantically involved with a much younger J.J. ( season 4 , episode 3 ) Judith Cohen as herself in the episode `` The Judy Cohen Story '' ( season 4 , episode 12 ) Gary Coleman as Gary , a sharp - tongued classmate of Penny 's in two season five episodes Conchata Ferrell as Miss Johnson , Willona 's supervisor at her short - lived second job as security in a department store ( season 5 , episode 6 ) Kim Fields ( real - life daughter of Chip Fields ) as Penny 's friend , Kim , who has a tendency to add the suffix `` - ness '' to emphasize her anxiety such as `` hopelessnessness '' ( 2 season 6 episodes ) Carl Franklin as Larry , Thelma 's fiance ' , ultimately breaking up when Larry is offered a job on the West Coast and Thelma is not ready to accompany him ( 2 episodes ) Alice Ghostley as Ms Dobbs , a social worker who is working on Penny being adopted by Willona ( 3 episodes ) Ron Glass as Michael 's elementary school principal ( 2.4 ) ; also made an appearance as a blind encyclopedia salesman who tries to swindle the Evans family ( 2.8 ) Louis Gossett , Jr. , in season two as Thelma 's older boyfriend , which Florida and James object to their relationship because of the age difference ( 2.6 ) ; also appears as Uncle Wilbert ( Florida 's brother ) , who comes from Detroit to look in on the family while James is away ( 3.8 ) Robert Guillaume as Fishbone the wino in the episode `` Requiem for a Wino '' ( season 5 , episode 11 ) Phillip Baker Hall as Motel Owner in the episode `` J.J. 's Fiancee ( Part 2 ) '' ( season 3 , episode 18 ) Shirley Hemphill as `` Roz '' , the dimwitted sister of Edna , who was being tutored by Thelma ( season 4 , episode 10 ) Gordon Jump as Mr. Rogers , the head of security at Willona 's short - lived second job as security in a department store ( season 5 , episode 6 ) Paula Kelly as Dr. Kelly in the episode `` Where Have All The Doctors Gone '' ( season 6 , episode 17 ) Jay Leno as `` Young Man '' in the season three 's `` J.J. in Trouble '' , which was one of the first times that the subject of `` VD '' ( STD ) was addressed on a primetime series Calvin Lockhart as Florida 's cousin Raymond , who earned his riches by betting on horses ( season 6 , episode 23 ) Don Marshall as FBI Agent Lloyd in the episode `` The Investigation '' ( season 3 , episode 20 ) . Paul Mooney as `` The Second Guy '' in the episode `` J.J. and T.C. '' ( season 6 ) Debbi Morgan as Samantha , a date of J.J. 's ( 3.23 ) ; and as Ellen ( 4.18 ) J.A. Preston as Walter Ingles in the episode `` Wilona 's Dilemma '' ( season 3 , episode 10 ) Charlotte Rae as a hiring manager for a sales job that Florida stole from James ( season 2 , episode 14 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph as Vanessa in the episode `` J.J. and The Plumber 's Helper '' ( season 6 , episode 9 ) Bubba Smith as Claude , a bodyguard / thug working for Marion `` Sweet Daddy '' Williams ( 4 season 6 episodes ) Thalmus Rasulala as Ernie Harris , a childhood friend of James with a gambling problem ( season 3 , episode 20 ) Philip Michael Thomas as Eddie , Thelma 's college - age boyfriend ( season 1 , episode 6 ) Adam Wade as successful businessman Frank Mason , Willona 's boyfriend ( 2 season 5 episodes ) Vernee Watson - Johnson as Thelma 's friend and college mate Valerie , in the episode `` Thelma 's African Romance ( Part 1 ) '' ( season 4 ) Carl Weathers as Calvin Brooks , husband of the ' nude ' model for J.J. 's painting ( season 2 , episode 16 ) Hal Williams as one of the movers in a season one episode ; James ' friend , Willie Washington ( season 2 ) ; and Mr. Mitchell , the father of Earl Mitchell , who is an art student of J.J. 's ( season 6 ) John Witherspoon as Officer Lawson in the episode `` A Matter of Mothers '' ( season 6 , episode 20 ) Production notes ( edit ) Good Times was created by Eric Monte and actor Mike Evans . The series also features a character named `` Michael Evans '' , after co-creator Mike Evans who portrayed Lionel Jefferson on the Norman Lear - produced series All in the Family and The Jeffersons . Theme song and opening sequence ( edit ) The gospel - styled theme song was composed by Dave Grusin with lyrics written by Alan and Marilyn Bergman . It was sung by Jim Gilstrap and Motown singer Blinky Williams with a gospel choir providing background vocals . The lyrics to the theme song are notorious for being hard to discern , notably the line `` Hangin ' in a chow line '' / `` Hangin ' in and jivin ' '' ( depending on the source used ) . Dave Chappelle used this part of the lyrics as a quiz in his `` I Know Black People '' skit on Chappelle 's Show in which the former was claimed as the answer . The insert for the Season One DVD box set has the lyric as `` Hangin ' in a chow line '' . However , the Bergmans confirmed that the lyric is actually `` Hangin ' in and jivin ' . '' Slightly different lyrics were used for the closing credits , with the song beginning on a verse instead of the chorus . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Good Times episodes Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The Evans family ( l -- r ) Michael , Thelma , J.J. , Florida , and James The program premiered in February 1974 ; high ratings led CBS to renew the program for the 1974 -- 75 season , as it was the seventeenth - highest - rated program that year . During its first full season on the air , 1974 -- 75 , the show was the seventh - highest - rated program in the Nielsen ratings , with more than 25 % of all American households tuning into an episode each week . Three of the top ten highest - rated programs on American TV that season centered on the lives of African - Americans : Sanford and Son , The Jeffersons , and Good Times . The Nielsen ratings for the series declined over time , partly because of its many time slot changes and the departure of John Amos . The ratings went down considerably when the show entered its final two seasons : Season TV Season No. of Episodes Time slot ( ET ) Nielsen ratings Rank Rating 1973 -- 1974 13 Friday at 8 : 30 pm 17 21.4 ( Tied with Barnaby Jones ) 1974 -- 1975 24 Tuesday at 8 : 00 pm 7 25.8 1975 -- 1976 24 24 21.0 1976 -- 1977 24 Wednesday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 - 15 , 17 - 24 ) Wednesday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episode 16 ) 26 20.5 5 1977 -- 1978 24 Wednesday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 , 3 - 16 ) Wednesday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episode 2 ) Monday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 17 - 24 ) 53 N / A 6 1978 -- 1979 22 Saturday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episode 1 ) Saturday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 2 - 10 ) Wednesday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 11 - 22 ) 83 14.4 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Recipient ( s ) / work Result Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Television Jimmie Walker Nominated Best TV Actress -- Musical / Comedy Esther Rolle Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Television Jimmie Walker Nominated Humanitas Prize 30 Minute Category John Baskin and Roger Shulman / episode : `` The Lunch Money Ripoff '' Nominated 30 Minute Category Bob Peete / episode : `` My Girl Henrietta '' Nominated 2006 TV Land Awards Impact Award John Amos , Ralph Carter , Ja'net DuBois , Esther Rolle ( posthumously ) , BernNadette Stanis , and Jimmie Walker Won Syndication ( edit ) The cable network TV One aired reruns of the show since its launch on January 19 , 2004 until 2012 . The network began airing the series again in June 2013 . Good Times has also aired at various times on TV Land , Antenna TV and on the Canadian specialty cable channel DejaView . Minisodes of the show are available for free on Crackle . DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the entire series on DVD in Region 1 between February 2003 and August 2006 , with a complete box set following the separate seasons on October 28 , 2008 . Season 1 was released on DVD in Region 4 on December 27 , 2006 . On August 27 , 2013 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Good Times . They have subsequently re-released the first four seasons on DVD . On September 1 , 2015 , Mill Creek Entertainment re-release Good Times - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . DVD name Ep # Release date The Complete First Season 13 February 4 , 2003 January 21 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Second Season 24 February 3 , 2004 January 21 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Third Season 24 August 10 , 2004 May 20 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Fourth Season 24 February 15 , 2005 May 20 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Fifth Season 24 August 23 , 2005 The Complete Sixth and Final Season 24 August 1 , 2006 The Complete Series 133 October 28 , 2008 September 1 , 2015 ( re-release ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cabrini - Green Set For Demolition '' . cbslocal.com . December 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Simms , Gregory ( September 8 , 1977 ) . `` Ja'Net DuBois Tells Diet And ' Good Times ' Secrets During Swing Through Chi . '' . Jet . Vol. 52 no . 25 . Johnson Publishing Company . pp. 62 -- 63 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle F. ( October 17 , 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present ( 9 ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 869 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49773 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Star Ledger . December 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Jimmie ' J.J. ' Walker lights ' Dy - no - mite ' on gay marriage , Leno and dating '' . CNN . July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fearn - Banks , Kathleen ( August 4 , 2009 ) . The A to Z of African - American Television . 49 . Scarecrow Press . p. 169 . ISBN 0 - 810 - 86348 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Louie ( September 1975 ) . `` Bad Times On the ' Good Times ' Set '' . Ebony . Vol. 30 no . 11 . Johnson Publishing Company . p. 35 . ISSN 0012 - 9011 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , John L. ( April 14 , 2006 ) . `` Plotting His Next Big Break '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2006 . Retrieved July 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' I Was Fired , ' Reveals Good Times ' John Amos '' . Jet . Vol. 50 no . 10 . Johnson Publishing Company . May 27 , 1976 . p. 57 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Dawidziak , Mark ( January 17 , 1994 ) . `` Lear , Amos paired up again '' . Herald - Journal . p . C3 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 5000 Episodes and No Commercials : The Ultimate Guide to TV Shows On DVD . Random House Digital , Inc . November 9 , 2011 . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 79950 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Marguiles , Lee ( June 10 , 1978 ) . `` Esther Rolle Returning To ' Good Times ' '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 11B . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , Marilyn ( September 23 , 1977 ) . `` It 's ' good times ' for Ja'net Dubois '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 14D . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle F. ( October 17 , 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present ( 9 ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 552 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49773 - 2 . Jump up ^ Newcomb 2004 p. 1012 ^ Jump up to : Bodroghkozy , Aniko ( January 1 , 2012 ) . Equal Time : Television and the Civil Rights Movement . University of Illinois Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 09378 - X . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dan ( February 19 , 1974 ) . `` Good Times Is Maude Spinoff '' . St. Joseph News - Press . p. 15 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backstage with ... Alan and Marilyn Bergman '' . timeout.com . Time Out New York . February 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Good Times In Trouble ; Jeffersons Holding Own '' . Jet . Vol. 55 no . 13 . Johnson Publishing Company . December 14 , 1978 . p. 64 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1687 -- 1688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ http://www.revealshot.com/good-times-movie-is-bad-idea-but-could-be-cathartic-for-series-co-creator-eric-monte/ Jump up ^ http://www.revealshot.com/good-times-movie-is-bad-idea-but-could-be-cathartic-for-series-co-creator-eric-monte/ Jump up ^ http://www.revealshot.com/good-times-movie-is-bad-idea-but-could-be-cathartic-for-series-co-creator-eric-monte/ Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Mill Creek Entertainment Signs Deals With Sony Pictures Home Entertainment To Expand Their Distribution Partnership '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Dyn - O - Mite ! Mill Creek Brings the First Two Seasons Back to DVD Soon ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Good Times - We 've Got Mill Creek 's Box Art Now for Their 3rd and 4th Season Re-Releases ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ `` Good Times DVD news : Announcement for Good Times - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Good Times . Good Times on IMDb Good Times at TV.com Good Times at TVLand.com Maude Characters Maude Findlay Episodes `` Maude '' ( pilot ) Spin - offs Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) Episodes Mr. Dugan ( 1979 ; unaired ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) Related All in the Family ( 1971 -- 1979 ) Episodes `` And Then There 's Maude '' ( theme song ) All in the Family Main characters Archie Bunker Edith Bunker Gloria Stivic Michael Stivic Stephanie Mills Recurring characters Joey Stivic George Jefferson Louise Jefferson Lionel Jefferson Henry Jefferson Episodes `` Maude '' `` Cousin Liz '' `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' `` The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family '' Related series Based on Till Death Us Do Part Spin - offs Maude ( 1972 -- 1978 ) ( episodes ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) ( episodes ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 1985 ) ( episodes ) Checking In ( 1981 ) Gloria ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Sequels Archie Bunker 's Place ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( episodes ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Shows produced or created by Norman Lear The Deputy ( 1959 -- 61 ) All in the Family ( 1971 -- 79 ) Sanford and Son ( 1972 -- 78 ) Maude ( 1972 -- 78 ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 79 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 85 ) Hot l Baltimore ( 1975 ) One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 84 ) Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Dumplings ( 1976 ) All 's Fair ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Nancy Walker Show ( 1976 ) All That Glitters ( 1977 ) Fernwood 2 Night ( 1977 ) A Year at the Top ( 1977 ) Sanford Arms ( 1977 ) America 2 - Night ( 1978 ) In the Beginning ( 1978 ) Apple Pie ( 1978 ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) The Baxters ( 1979 -- 81 ) Palmerstown , U.S.A. ( 1980 -- 81 ) a.k.a. Pablo ( 1984 ) E / R ( 1984 -- 85 ) Sunday Dinner ( 1991 ) The Powers That Be ( 1992 -- 93 ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Channel Umptee - 3 ( 1997 -- 98 ) One Day at a Time ( 2017 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Times&oldid=800032764 '' Categories : 1974 American television series debuts 1979 American television series endings 1970s American comedy television series 1970s American television series American television sitcoms Black sitcoms CBS network shows English - language television programs Media portrayals of the working class Television spin - offs Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Chicago Television series about families Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Español Italiano Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 06 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sing the theme song for good times
[ "\nOpening theme\n\"Good Times\" performed by Jim Gilstrap and Blinky Williams\n", "\nOpening theme\n\"Good Times\" performed by Jim Gilstrap and Blinky Williams\n" ]
[ "Jim Gilstrap", "Blinky Williams" ]
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American Horror Story: Cult
American Horror Story : Cult - wikipedia American Horror Story : Cult Jump to : navigation , search American Horror Story : Cult Promotional poster Starring Sarah Paulson Evan Peters Cheyenne Jackson Billie Lourd Alison Pill Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network FX Original release September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Roanoke List of American Horror Story episodes American Horror Story : Cult is the seventh season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story . The season was picked up on October 4 , 2016 , and premiered on September 5 , 2017 . The season will consist of a total of 11 episodes . Returning cast members from previous seasons include : Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters , Cheyenne Jackson , Chaz Bono , Adina Porter , John Carroll Lynch , Emma Roberts , James Morosini , Mare Winningham , Frances Conroy , and Jamie Brewer , along with new cast members Billie Lourd and Alison Pill . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring 2.4 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Edits 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Ally ( Sarah Paulson ) and Ivy Mayfair - Richards ( Alison Pill ) are a married couple with a son named Oz ( Cooper Dodson ) who live in the fictitious city of Brookfield Heights , Michigan . Ally suffers from several phobias including coulrophobia , hemophobia , and trypophobia which intensify in the wake of Donald Trump winning the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Fellow Brookfield Heights resident Winter Anderson ( Billie Lourd ) , having dropped out of college to work on Hillary Clinton 's campaign , is devastated by Trump 's victory . Winter 's estranged and manipulative brother , Kai ( Evan Peters ) , rejoices at the election results and is enticed to pursue political power . The social paranoia of the citizens of Brookfield Heights is increased by newscast reporter Beverly Hope ( Adina Porter ) . In the months following the election , Ally is targeted and terrorized by masked clowns . Those close to Ally , including her psychiatrist , Dr. Rudy Vincent ( Cheyenne Jackson ) , struggle to ascertain whether the attacks she alleges are real or merely hallucinations manifested by her phobias . Ally 's paranoia and turmoil , escalated by suspicious activities perpetrated by new neighbors Harrison ( Billy Eichner ) and Meadow Wilton ( Leslie Grossman ) , hinder her relationships with her wife and her son . Depictions of true cults , including the Peoples Temple and the Manson Family , mirror the affairs of a fledgling Brookfield Heights extremist group comprised of individuals fed up with the political climate of the United States . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of American Horror Story cast members and List of American Horror Story : Cult characters Main ( edit ) Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters , and Alison Pill ( left to right ) portray lead roles Ally Mayfair - Richards , Kai Anderson , and Ivy Mayfair - Richards , respectively . Billie Lourd , Cheyenne Jackson , and Billy Eichner ( left to right ) portray Winter Anderson , Dr. Rudy Vincent , and Harrison Wilton , respectively . Sarah Paulson as Ally Mayfair - Richards and Susan Atkins Evan Peters as Kai Anderson , Andy Warhol , Marshall Applewhite , David Koresh , Jim Jones , Jesus , and Charles Manson Cheyenne Jackson as Dr. Rudy Vincent Billie Lourd as Winter Anderson and Linda Kasabian Alison Pill as Ivy Mayfair - Richards Special guest stars ( edit ) Billy Eichner as Harrison Wilton and Charles `` Tex '' Watson Emma Roberts as Serena Belinda Mare Winningham as Sally Keffler Lena Dunham as Valerie Solanas Frances Conroy as Bebe Babbitt Recurring ( edit ) Adina Porter as Beverly Hope Colton Haynes as Detective Jack Samuels Leslie Grossman as Meadow Wilton and Patricia Krenwinkel Chaz Bono as Gary Longstreet Cooper Dodson as Ozymandias `` Oz '' Mayfair - Richards Dermot Mulroney as Bob Thompson Cameron Cowperthwaite as Speedwagon Guest stars ( edit ) Tim Kang as Tom Chang John Carroll Lynch as Twisty the Clown Jorge - Luis Pallo as Pedro Morales Zack Ward as Roger Laura Allen as Rosie Ron Melendez as Mark James Morosini as R.J. Dot - Marie Jones as Butchy May Jamie Brewer as Hedda Rick Springfield as Pastor Charles Rachel Roberts as Sharon Tate Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of American Horror Story episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 74 `` Election Night '' Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 7ATS01 3.93 Ally and Ivy are a married couple who have a son named Oz . Ally suffers from several phobias which intensify after learning that Donald Trump has won the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Her psychiatrist , Dr. Rudy Vincent , recommends a medicine to calm her phobia - induced anxiety . Clowns soon start to stalk Ally . Meanwhile , Kai and Winter are two siblings who make a mysterious pact after Trump becomes president . Winter becomes Oz 's nanny and attempts to desensitize him to violence . Kai entices a group of Hispanic men to beat him up . Ally and Ivy 's neighbors , the Changs , are slaughtered by a group of clowns . The police erroneously rule the incident as a murder -- suicide . Mr. Chang 's death leaves a city council seat vacant . 75 `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' Liza Johnson Tim Minear September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 7ATS02 2.38 Kai campaigns for the vacant seat on city council . Ally distrusts the new occupants of the Chang 's former home , Harrison and Meadow Wilton . At Ally and Ivy 's restaurant , the Butchery on Main , tensions fuel between the sous - chef , Roger , and a Hispanic employee , Pedro . Later , the restaurant 's security system trips and Ally investigates . She finds Roger hanging on a hook in the meat locker . Detective Samuels singles out Pedro as the most likely suspect . Ally obtains a gun from the Wiltons . Later on , there is an alleged power shortage in the city and Ally is terrorized by clowns . Ivy sends Pedro to deliver supplies to the house and he is accidentally shot and killed by Ally . 76 `` Neighbors from Hell '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton James Wong September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 7ATS03 2.25 Clowns break into a couple 's home and entomb them in coffins . Picketers protest Pedro 's death outside of the Butchery on Main . Kai promises Ally that he will dissuade them and he delivers . The Wiltons berate Ally for Pedro 's death and gift Oz a guinea pig . A truck , dispersing a mysterious green gas throughout the neighborhood , disturbs Ally . Oz 's guinea pig is microwaved and killed . Ally suspects the Wiltons to be the perpetrators . She assaults Harrison and threatens Meadow . Footage of Ally being seduced by Winter is posted online , devastating Ivy . The Wiltons are individually interrogated by Kai . Harrison expresses his desire for Meadow 's death . Afterwards , Meadow disappears and Harrison blames Ally . 77 `` 11 / 9 '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton John J. Gray September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 7ATS04 2.13 The day before the election , Ivy attends a political rally where she is groped by a man named Gary . Winter comes to Ivy 's defense and the two have lunch together . That night , Ivy and Winter kidnap Gary and chain him to a pole in an abandoned building to prevent him from voting the next day . Kai comes to Gary 's aid one hour before the polls close and offers him a saw . Gary severs off his chained hand . The day after the election , Harrison becomes Kai 's personal trainer . Kai takes Harrison under his wing and eventually convinces him to murder his degrading boss . Later , Kai takes a special interest in a news reporter named Beverly Hope and offers her `` equal power '' in his quest for domination . He instigates the murder of her rival , Serena Belinda , as proof of his dedication to her . 78 5 `` Holes '' Maggie Kiley Crystal Liu October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 7ATS05 2.20 Beverly informs Kai that her boss , Bob , is compromising news coverage of the clown murders and thereby hindering Kai 's campaign . Kai , Beverly , Winter , Harrison , Detective Samuels , Ivy , Gary , and Beverly 's cameraman , RJ , don clown masks , break into Bob 's house , and film his murder . Beverly later advises Kai to cut ties with RJ whom she views as a weak link . Each cult member shoots a tied - up RJ in the head with a nail gun before Kai finishes him off . Meadow pleads to Ally for safety from the cult and lets it slip that Ivy is a member . Beverly probes Kai about the whereabouts of his parents and Kai divulges that his mom shot his dad and then herself in a murder -- suicide . Kai 's brother , Dr. Rudy Vincent , insisted that they cover up their deaths in order to protect his career and continue receiving their mom 's pension and their dad 's disability checks . 79 6 `` Mid-Western Assassin '' Bradley Buecker Todd Kubrak October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 7ATS06 2.15 Meadow reveals to Ally that she had fallen in love with Kai and decided to desert the cult when her feelings were not reciprocated . Meadow also tells Ally that the cult has made strides to drive her insane so that Ivy would gain sole custody of Oz . Ally plans to use Meadow 's testimony to expose Kai and pays an opposing candidate of his , Sally Keffler , a visit to ask for her help . In the midst of their conversation , the cult breaks into Sally 's house and Kai shoots her in the chest . He stages her murder as a suicide . The next day , at a political rally , Meadow shoots several people , including Kai . Ally attempts to wrestle the gun out of Meadow 's hands and Meadow shoots herself in the mouth . Ally is arrested after a SWAT team arrives to the scene and finds her with the gun in her hands . Kai had ordered Meadow to attempt to assassinate him so that his figure would be elevated to a national level . In addition , Meadow was instructed to bear witness to Ally on the grounds that no one would believe a `` crazy woman '' . 80 7 `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' Rachel Goldberg Crystal Liu October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 7ATS07 2.07 Ally is sent to a psychiatric hospital . Kai wins the vacant seat on city council . His presence in the national media attracts an underground following of misogynistic militiamen . Beverly , Winter , and Ivy are warned by Bebe Babbitt , the former lover of radical feminist Valerie Solanas , about the danger of putting their trust in Kai . Bebe asserts that men in power always push women aside . She divulges to them that Solanas orchestrated the murders accredited to the Zodiac Killer . Solanas died haunted by the fact that her legacy would be tied with her shooting of Andy Warhol . Later , Beverly , Winter , and Ivy murder Harrison for making a sexist comment . Kai and Bebe watch Beverly report on Harrison 's death together . 81 8 `` Winter of Our Discontent '' Barbara Brown Joshua Green October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 7ATS08 2.06 Winter assures Beverly and Ivy that Kai is dependable and recounts an occasion in which they saved tortured captives of a deranged pastor . Kai 's proposal that Winter be impregnated with the `` messiah '' by Samuels does not go as planned and Samuels later attempts to rape Winter . She shoots him in the head . In the meantime , Ally is released from the psychiatric hospital and , in an effort to get her son back , informs Kai that Vincent is seeking to get him committed . Kai kills Vincent and confines Beverly , having been blamed for the death of Samuels by Winter , to an isolation chamber . Ally joins the cult , much to the dismay of Ivy . 82 9 `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' Angela Bassett Adam Penn October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 7ATS09 1.48 Kai declares his intention to run for Senate . Later , he requires each cult member to drink presumably poisoned Kool - Aid to test their loyalty . He reveals that the drinks were untainted afterwards . Meanwhile , Ally serves Ivy pasta and wine laced with arsenic and Ivy drops dead . As a means to protect Oz from harm , Ally presents to Kai doctored evidence that his sperm inseminated her when she became pregnant . 83 10 `` Charles ( Manson ) in Charge '' Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 7ATS10 1.82 Kai recounts the Tate murders to the militiamen . Afterwards , he begins to suspect that a ‪ mole has infiltrated the cult and slips into a state of manic paranoia which plagues him with visions of Charles Manson . Meanwhile , Bebe Babbitt is incensed by Kai 's failing to implement their master plan : to unleash female rage with an inflammatory political platform . Ally shoots Bebe in the head after she pulls a gun on Kai . After reporting on the murder of Gary , enacted by the cult at a local Planned Parenthood , a broken Beverly is urged by Winter to run away . Beverly insists that she remain loyal to Kai . Kai later tearfully strangles Winter to death after Ally singles her out as the mole . Ally takes notice of the real mole , militiaman Speedwagon . 84 11 `` Great Again '' Jennifer Lynch Tim Minear November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 7ATS11 TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On October 4 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a seventh cycle , which premiered on September 5 , 2017 . Ryan Murphy confirmed that the season will be connected to Freak Show ; but will be set in modern day . In February 2017 , on Watch What Happens Live , Murphy announced that the season would revolve around the 2016 U.S. election and suggested that it may feature a character based on President Donald Trump . Murphy has said that the season will be representative of both sides of the political divide . He also said that he will be `` illuminating and highlighting '' groups of people he believes to be `` ignored by the current ( Trump ) administration and who are afraid and feel terrorized that their lives are going to be taken away . '' It was later confirmed that the season would be set in the aftermath of the presidential election , with the first episode taking place on election night . Murphy explained it will be about `` the fallout of that night , which to many people , from all sides of the camps is a horror story . '' He also revealed the season will not feature Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton , stating `` Horror Story is always about allegory , so the election is allegory . '' In April 2017 , Murphy confirmed that archive footage of the election night is going to be used in the season premiere . Murphy revealed via Twitter that the details of the seventh season , including the title , would be revealed on July 20 . He also teased that the opening sequence of the series would return in this season , following its absence in Roanoke . On July 20 , 2017 , it was announced at the San Diego Comic - Con that the title of the season would be Cult . Murphy also revealed it would be set in Michigan , and confirmed it would consist of a total of 11 episodes , premiering on September 5 , 2017 . For the first time , the series will not air on Wednesdays but rather on Tuesdays . On August 3 , 2017 , online posters revealed the names of multiple characters of the season . On August 21 , 2017 , the opening title sequence of the season was revealed , following its absence in the previous season . That same month , Murphy confirmed that , contrary to the past seasons , Cult would not feature supernatural elements . Casting ( edit ) During the Winter 2017 TCA Press Tour , series mainstays Sarah Paulson and Evan Peters were reported to be starring as the leads in the season . In March 2017 , Billy on the Street host Billy Eichner was announced to be cast in the series , playing a role in the life of Paulson 's character . His character is slated for appearing in `` six or seven '' episodes . The next month , it was reported that Scream Queens alum Billie Lourd will also star in the seventh installment of the series . In May 2017 , Leslie Grossman , who starred in Murphy 's series Popular , joined the cast of the series , and Angela Bassett hinted she may return in a recurring role . Later that month , it was confirmed via set pictures that Adina Porter and Cheyenne Jackson were also returning . In June 2017 , Murphy confirmed via his Instagram account that Colton Haynes , whom Murphy worked with previously on second season of Scream Queens , was joining the casting for the seventh season . Later that month , set pictures revealed that Alison Pill was joining the cast of the season , seemingly portraying the partner of Sarah Paulson 's character . In July 2017 , Murphy revealed via his Twitter account that Lena Dunham was joining the season . She is set to play Valerie Solanas , author of the SCUM Manifesto and attempted murder of Andy Warhol , via flashbacks . Murphy also confirmed the returns of Frances Conroy and Mare Winningham . Conroy has appeared in all the seasons except Hotel , while Winningham has appeared in Coven , Freak Show and Hotel . In August 2017 , Murphy confirmed the return of Emma Roberts , who appeared in Coven and Freak Show , while Roanoke actors Chaz Bono and James Morosini also confirmed their returns . In the seventh episode , Murder House , Coven and Freak Show actress alum Jamie Brewer returned to the show . On June 26 , 2017 , it was confirmed that Lady Gaga would not return for the seventh season due to other projects . Despite rumors , Entertainment Weekly reported on July 7 , 2017 , that Vera Farmiga , sister of American Horror Story alum Taissa Farmiga , would not appear in the season . Later that month , it was confirmed by The Hollywood Reporter that Kathy Bates will not appear in Cult , after four seasons of regular appearances . Murphy also revealed via his Instagram account that Freak Show character Twisty the Clown would return in the seventh season , indicating that John Carroll Lynch would reprise his role . Filming ( edit ) In February 2017 , it was announced the season would begin principal photography in June 2017 . By the next month , filming was moved to May 2017 . On May 24 , 2017 , writer and producer John J. Gray confirmed the show started filming . Edits ( edit ) On October 7 , 2017 , it was confirmed that the sixth episode of the season would be edited as a direct result of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting that occurred on October 1 , 2017 . The episode originally featured a scene lasting 2 minutes and 16 seconds where Leslie Grossman 's character Meadow Wilton begins to fire at Evan Peters ' character , as well as a crowd , during a campaign speech . The episode was edited to de-emphasize the violence and to mostly have it featured completely off - screen - as a result the opening sequence of the episode was cut in half , several on - screen deaths were removed and two separate close - up shots of the handgun firing were removed . While only the edited episode was broadcast on FX , the original uncut episode was released via VOD , FXNOW and FX+ . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) American Horror Story : Cult has received positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 75 % approval rating , with an average rating of 6.95 / 10 , based on 40 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` American Horror Story : Cult intrigues with timely , over-the - top creepiness - and lots of clowns - despite being hampered by broad political generalizations and occasional holes in the narrative 's logic . '' On Metacritic , the season was given a score of 66 out of 100 based on 24 reviews , indicating `` generally positive reviews '' . American Horror Story ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Election Night '' September 5 , 2017 2.0 3.93 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' September 12 , 2017 1.2 2.38 1.7 3.05 2.9 5.43 `` Neighbors from Hell '' September 19 , 2017 1.2 2.25 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` 11 / 9 '' September 26 , 2017 1.1 2.13 1.5 2.87 2.7 5.00 5 `` Holes '' October 3 , 2017 1.1 2.20 1.5 2.82 2.6 5.02 6 `` Mid-Western Assassin '' October 10 , 2017 1.0 2.15 1.2 2.28 2.2 4.43 7 `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' October 17 , 2017 1.0 2.07 1.5 2.74 2.5 4.81 8 `` Winter of Our Discontent '' October 24 , 2017 1.0 2.06 1.4 2.56 2.4 4.62 9 `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' October 31 , 2017 0.7 1.48 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Charles ( Manson ) in Charge '' November 7 , 2017 0.8 1.82 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` Great Again '' November 14 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD American Horror Story : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Murder House 3.18 2.46 2.59 2.96 2.74 2.83 3.06 2.81 2.85 2.54 2.59 3.22 N / A Asylum 3.85 3.06 2.47 2.65 2.78 1.89 2.27 2.36 2.22 2.21 2.51 2.30 2.29 Coven 5.54 4.51 3.78 3.71 3.80 4.16 4.00 4.07 3.94 3.49 3.46 3.35 4.24 Freak Show 6.13 4.53 4.44 4.51 4.22 3.65 3.91 3.30 3.07 2.99 3.11 2.94 3.27 Hotel 5.81 4.06 3.20 3.04 2.87 2.64 2.64 2.31 2.14 1.85 1.84 2.24 N / A Roanoke 5.14 3.27 3.08 2.83 2.82 2.48 2.62 2.20 2.43 2.45 N / A Cult 3.93 2.38 2.25 2.13 2.20 2.15 2.07 2.06 1.48 1.82 TBD N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story : Cult ' premieres lower than ' Roanoke ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.26. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.3. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.10. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.17. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.31. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 711 ) `` Great Again '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Murphy Teases ' American Crime Story ' Future Seasons E ! Live from the Red Carpet '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story Renewed for ( Top - Secret , Duh ) Season 7 at FX '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters to Return for ' American Horror Story ' Season 7 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : Ryan Murphy Reveals Roanoke Twist , Hints at Next Season 's Freak Show Tie - In '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan Murphy Reveals ' American Horror Story ' Will Tackle 2016 Presidential Election '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan Murphy on ' American Horror Story 's ' Next Season and Casting the Role of Monica Lewinsky '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Billie Lourd To Star In ' American Horror Story ' Season 7 On FX '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Billy Eichner Cast In Season 7 Of FX Anthology Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billie ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story Season 7 Adds Scream Queens Vet Billie Lourd '' . E !. Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Who Will Play Princess Diana on Feud ? The Latest From Ryan Murphy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( @ MrRPMurphy ) ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Official American Horror Story Season 7 title will be revealed Thursday July 20 . And suddenly ... it will all make sense '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( @ MrRPMurphy ) ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Wait a minute ... you want the main title sequence to return this year ? ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Cult Confirmed -- Plus : Who 's Returning in Season 7 ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ American Horror Story ( @ AHSFX ) ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Watch it begin . Witness the opening credits for # AHSCult '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Lena Dunham , Emma Roberts ' Cult Characters Revealed , More AHS Scoop '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Billy Eichner cast in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Leslie Grossman Joins FX Anthology From Ryan Murphy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Angela Bassett Is n't Sure Political ' American Horror Story ' Return Can ' Keep Up ' With Reality ( Exclusive Video ) '' . toofab . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AHStoryNet ( @ AHStoryNet ) ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` HELL YEAH ! ADINA PORTER IS THERE TOO ! ! ! # AHS # AHS7 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AHStoryNet ( @ AHStoryNet ) ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Cheyenne Jackson @ cheyennejackson - On Set of `` American Horror Story '' - May 26 # AHS # AHS7 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Welcome to American Horror Story , Colton Haynes '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AHStoryNet ( @ AHStoryNet ) ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Alison Pill is officially joining the cast of # AHS7 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( @ MrRPMurphy ) ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Thrilled that my talented friend Lena Dunham is joining the AMERICAN HORROR STORY family . Always wanted to work together , and now we r ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' : Ryan Murphy On Lena Dunham 's Portrayal Of Valerie Solanas '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( @ MrRPMurphy ) ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Frances Conroy and Mare Winningham return ... and others '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Look who showed up on the set of Cult looking glamorous and ready for action '' . Instagram . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bono , Chaz ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Guess what ? YOU could have a walk - on role in American Horror Story ! Check out the set , get dolled up , AND grab some lunch with Evan Peters . It 's all to support Children 's Hospital Los Angeles . Click the link in the bio or go to omaze.com/AHS NOW ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Lady Gaga wo n't return for season 7 despite rumors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Vera Farmiga not appearing this season despite rumors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ; Nemetz , Dave ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Kathy Bates Wo n't Return for Next Season 's Cult '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` He 's Baaaaaack '' . Instagram . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gray , John J. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` 🎥 # ahs7 '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/10/ryan-murphy-ahs-cult-recutting-shooting-1202184101/ ^ Jump up to : https://www.popsugar.com/entertainment/American-Horror-Story-Cult-Shooting-Scene-Edits-44128303 Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Cult Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Cult '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' South Park ' premiere makes big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' AHS : Cult ' outgains everything in cable Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 25 - Oct. 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story : Cult ' on top again in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 2 - 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gold Rush ' still striking it rich for Discovery : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 9 - 15 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere grows a lot , still trails Season 7 debut by a lot : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 16 - 22 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' AHS : Cult ' way above everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 23 - 29 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Coven : ( Season Three ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Freak Show Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Hotel ( Season Five ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television in the United States portal Official website ( hide ) American Horror Story Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes list Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn , Witch , Burn ! '' `` The Axeman Cometh '' `` The Dead '' `` The Sacred Taking '' `` Head '' `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' `` Protect the Coven '' `` Go to Hell '' `` The Seven Wonders '' Freak Show `` Monsters Among Us '' `` Massacres and Matinees '' `` Edward Mordrake , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Pink Cupcakes '' `` Bullseye '' `` Test of Strength '' `` Blood Bath '' `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' `` Orphans '' `` Magical Thinking '' `` Show Stoppers '' `` Curtain Call '' Hotel `` Checking In '' `` Chutes and Ladders '' `` Mommy '' `` Devil 's Night '' `` Room Service '' `` Room 33 '' `` Flicker '' `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' `` She Wants Revenge '' `` She Gets Revenge '' `` Battle Royale '' `` Be Our Guest '' Roanoke `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' `` Chapter 8 '' `` Chapter 9 '' `` Chapter 10 '' Cult `` Election Night '' `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' `` Neighbors from Hell '' `` 11 / 9 '' `` Holes '' `` Mid-Western Assassin '' `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' `` Winter of Our Discontent '' `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' `` Charles ( Manson ) in Charge '' Characters Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Horror_Story:_Cult&oldid=810297340 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons American drama television series American Horror Story seasons American LGBT - related television shows Cult - related media Donald Trump in popular culture Mass murder in fiction Fratricide in fiction Lesbian - related television programmes Sororicide in fiction Suicide in fiction Television series set in the 2010s Television shows set in Michigan Uxoricide in fiction United States presidential election , 2016 in popular culture Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 12 : 02 . 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Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) - Wikipedia Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Also known as Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( season five title ) Genre Action Comedy Drama Based on Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird Developed by Ciro Nieli Joshua Sternin J.R. Ventimilia Voices of Jason Biggs ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Seth Green ( Seasons 3 -- 5 ) Rob Paulsen Sean Astin Greg Cipes Hoon Lee Mae Whitman Kevin Michael Richardson Josh Peck Kelly Hu Nolan North Clancy Brown Christian Lanz Phil LaMarr Eric Bauza Fred Tatasciore J.B. Smoove Opening theme `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' Ending theme `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Sebastian Evans II Stanley Martinez Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 124 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Joshua Sternin J.R. Ventimilia Ciro Nieli Peter Hastings Brandon Auman Producer ( s ) MacGregor Middleton Christopher Waters ( supervising ) Ant Ward ( supervising ) Patrick Krebs ( supervising ) Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Lowbar Productions Mirage Studios Nickelodeon Animation Studio Release Original network Nickelodeon Picture format 480i NTSC 1080i HDTV Original release September 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 29 ) -- November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) Chronology Preceded by Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2003 TV series ) Followed by Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles External links Website www.nick.com/ninja-turtles/ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( also known as Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles for its fifth season ) is an American 3D rendered computer animated television series . It aired on Nickelodeon in the United States from September 29 , 2012 to November 12 , 2017 . It is the third animated Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles television series . It is produced by Nickelodeon Animation Studio . Composer Sebastian Evans provides the show 's score . On October 2 , 2012 and February 26 , 2013 , Nickelodeon renewed the series for a second and third season , respectively . On June 17 , 2014 , Nickelodeon ordered a fourth season of the show . On July 10 , 2015 , a fifth and final season was announced . The series ended on November 12 , 2017 and will be succeeded by Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 2 Characters 3 Background and production 4 Episodes 5 Related animation 5.1 Half - Shell Heroes : Blast to the Past 5.2 Shorts 6 Broadcast 7 Home video 8 Merchandise 8.1 Comics 8.2 Toys 9 Video games 10 Reception 10.1 Accolades 11 References 12 External links Plot Season 1 Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) ( season 1 ) Ninjutsu master Hamato Yoshi ( Splinter ) is carrying his four pet turtles through the streets of Manhattan when he encounters members of an alien race called the Kraang . During an altercation with these aliens , Yoshi and the turtles are exposed to the Kraang 's chemical , called mutagen , which causes organic beings to undergo major physical transformations . Yoshi takes on characteristics of a brown rat and the turtles take on human characteristics . Yoshi retreats to the New York City sewers where he raises the four turtles as his sons and imparts to them his knowledge of ninjutsu . Now teenagers , the turtles ( Leonardo , Raphael , Donatello and Michelangelo ) venture to the surface for the first time and learn that the Kraang are using the mutagen as part of their plan to take over New York City . They befriend the teenage April O'Neil after she and her psychologist father Kirby are abducted by the Kraang . Donatello , who has developed a crush on April , is able to rescue her . While Kirby remains a prisoner of the Kraang , April becomes an ally of the turtles , who try to help her locate her father . April is also trained by Splinter to be a kunoichi , a female ninja . After learning of Splinter 's and the turtles 's presence in New York , Splinter 's adoptive brother and long - time enemy Oroku Saki ( Shredder ) travels there from Japan and orders his birth clan , the Foot to track down Splinter and his sons , and put an end to their clan . This family feud eventually earns the coincidence of two of Shredder 's disciples , martial arts star Chris Bradford and Brazilian street thug Xever Montes , getting mutated into Dogpound ( later Rahzar ) and Fishface . Learning about the Kraang 's presence through his adopted daughter Karai , Shredder enters an alliance with the aliens to destroy their mutual enemies in the Hamato Clan . The turtles later discover that the Kraang came to Earth from Dimension X and built their headquarters with a company called T.C.R.I and are plotting to use the mutagen and a set of Kraang - like powers that April was born with to convert Earth into a planet suitable for their race . After the turtles rescue Kirby , the Kraang invade New York , but the turtles and April emerge triumphant when they send the Technodrome , the Kraang leader Kraang Prime 's ship , crashing into the sea . Meanwhile , Splinter battles Shredder and learns that Karai is his own daughter , Hamato Miwa , who was kidnapped by Shredder and who believes that Splinter killed her mother . The season ends with turtles celebrating their victory over the Kraang as Splinter hides the secret of Miwa from them . Season 2 Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) ( season 2 ) The turtles struggle to contain an outbreak of mutations that occurs thanks to the leftover mutagen from the thwarted Kraang invasion . Kirby is among the victims of the outbreak , and a misunderstanding leads April to become very upset and ashamed of the turtles and break off their friendship . However , the turtles are able to earn her forgiveness when they save her from Karai , who has taken temporary command of the Foot while the Shredder is away in Japan . Along with April came her new friend Casey Jones , who helps repel an assault on the turtles ' lair . Kirby is eventually restored to his human form when Donatello manages to concoct another Kraang chemical called retro - mutagen , which causes organic beings to reverse their major physical transformations , and help keep it away from former T.C.R.I inventor Baxter Stockman , who gets mutated into Stockman - Fly while under Shredder 's employ . Meanwhile , Shredder returns from Japan with the mutated Japanese bounty hunter Tiger Claw as his new second - in - command . Tiger Claw is later sent through a portal to the 1987 cartoon universe , but returns . During a battle with the turtles , Karai is informed of her true nature by Leonardo ( who has developed a crush on her since season 1 ) , but she is too reluctant to accept it . When she is taken to the lair , she finally realizes the truth and disowns Shredder , who responds by imprisoning her . Repeated attempts to free Karai ultimately succeed , but Shredder captures her again and uses her as bait to kill the Hamato Clan . However , Karai ends up mutated into a serpent , to everyone 's horror . In response to this , Shredder has the Foot Clan help the Kraang , who have just perfected the previously unstable mutagen , launch a second invasion of New York , starting by destroying the turtles ' lair and forcing them to abandon it . The Kraang begin mutating New York 's populace , including Kirby , despite the efforts of Earth 's military and the turtles . Leonardo is gravely wounded when he is ambushed by the entire Foot , and Splinter is seemingly killed during a battle with Shredder . The turtles , April , and Casey are forced to flee to the O'Neil family 's summer home in Upstate New York as the Kraang successfully conquers Manhattan . Season 3 Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) ( season 3 ) The group takes refuge at the O'Neil family 's summer home in North Hampton in order to recuperate from their loss at the hands of the Kraang and the Foot Clan . Leonardo takes an extended amount of time to recover , but guided by an apparition of Splinter , is able to overcome his physical and mental wounds . They eventually return to New York with the goal of finding Splinter , Karai , Kirby , and their other missing allies and liberate the city from the Kraang . They are successful in finding Splinter and set up a temporary base in the abandoned Antonio 's Pizza , and Donatello begins work on new samples of retro - mutagen as the search for Kirby and Karai continues . Meanwhile , Shredder mutates Russian arms dealer Ivan Steranko and his only known disciple , high - tech master thief Anton Zeck , into Bebop and Rocksteady for stealing his helmet , the Kuro Kabuto , and hunting Karai in exchange for a safe departure from the Kraang - invaded city before sending them to find her again . The duo succeed behind the Turtles 's backs and Shredder promises to cure Karai of her misery . The turtles , on the other hand , run into a recently founded mutant team called the Mighty Mutanimals ( consisting of mutant allies that they made during the last two seasons , such as Slash , Leatherhead , Pigeon Pete and former British neurochemist Dr. Tyler Rockwell ) who are backed by their human ally Jack J. Kurtzman . Together , they manage to banish the Kraang back to Dimension X and free New York , but the effect of the invasion eventually earns Shredder cemented control of the city 's criminal underworld for his efforts to create a mind - control serum meant for the turtles , Mutanimals and Karai . The turtles are later offered by future time sorceress Renet to time travel to the past , where they meet up with a younger Hamato Yoshi and Oroku Saki , as well as Yoshi 's late wife and Karai 's mother , Teng Shen . During the battle between Yoshi and Saki inside the burning Hamato Clan dojo , Shen is accidentally killed by Saki , who meant to kill Yoshi instead . Saki leaves the dojo after his hair burns off from the fire and kidnaps Yoshi and Shen 's baby daughter Miwa , vowing to raise her as Karai and leaving Yoshi to die . After his escape , the turtles save Yoshi , as they were `` always destined to '' before traveling back to the present with Renet . When the Kraang return to Earth , the Turtles discover that the Kraang have another enemy from Dimension X in the form of the Triceraton Empire . Despite their best efforts and Shredder violating the Foot Clan 's temporary truce with the Turtles by stabbing Splinter during the fight , the ruthless Triceratons activate the Heart of Darkness , a black hole - creating machine which annihilates both the Kraang , the Earth , and everyone on it . But just as it comes to the worst for the Turtles , April , and Casey , they are rescued by a friendly robot by the name of Professor Honeycutt ( aka the Fugitoid ) who uses a spacecraft to take the Turtles , April and Casey to a journey into space . Season 4 Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) ( season 4 ) After the Turtles , April , and Casey are saved from the destruction of Earth , the Fugitoid uses his spacecraft the Ulixes to turn back time to six months earlier in order for him and the Turtles to prevent the Triceraton Empire led by Emperor Zanmoran from assembling the three components of the Heart of Darkness that are scattered throughout the universe before everything on Earth is lost . Besides fighting the Triceratons , the Turtles also face new enemies in outer space like Lord Vringath Dregg of the planet Sectoid and the bounty hunter Armaggon , and even have an adventure with their interdimensional 1987 counterparts and their enemy Krang who is an exiled relative of Kraang Subprime . Despite the efforts of the Turtles , the Triceratons are still able to collect all three pieces of the Black Hole Generator , only for the Turtles to return to Earth and join forces with their past selves to warn Splinter before he is killed by the Shredder , stop the detonator of the Heart of Darkness , and defeat the Triceratons . The Fugitoid destroys the Black Hole Generator near the Triceraton spacefleet , causing to explode , presumably killing the Triceratons . In the aftermath of the fight against the Triceratons , the past versions of the Turtles , April , and Casey leave Earth with the past Fugitoid in the Ulixes while the present Fugitoid 's head reactivates in Earth 's orbit . Weeks later following the Triceraton Invasion being thwarted and the Foot Clan 's disappearance , April is promoted to kunoichi at the time when the witch Shinigami arrives and is revealed that she is Karai 's friend as they plot to rebuild the Hamato Clan and dispose of Shredder who is still recuperating from his last fight with Splinter . While Karai and Shinigami got some ninjas on their side , the Foot Clan strengthens the Footbot army by creating the Elite Footbots . Furthermore , some other crime organizations have been plotting to take over the Foot Clan 's territory and a crystal shard of unimaginable power which April received from the alien Aeons during their space adventure is beginning to exert a baleful influence on her . Using a special mutagen formula made by Stockman - Fly , Oroku Saki recuperates and becomes Super-Shredder in order to take back control of the Foot Clan . Once a stable formula is made , Super-Shredder attacks the Turtles , the Mighty Mutanimals , Karai , and Shinigami which ends with Splinter falling in battle against Super-Shredder and is buried at the O'Neil family 's summer home in North Hampton . This leads up to the final battle at Super-Shredder's hidden mansion where Leonardo manages to slay Super-Shredder and throw his mutated Kuro Kabuto to the other Turtles in victory . Season 5 Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) ( season 5 ) Following the death of the Super-Shredder , Tiger Claw has led the unspecified Foot Cultists into obtaining the Scroll of the Demodragon and a special control amulet called the Seal of the Ancients that would enable him to summon the demodragon Kavaxas . When Kavaxas is summoned from the Netherworld , Tiger Claw plans to use Kavaxas ' wish - granting abilities to revive the Shredder . Upon demonstrating the revival ability on Rahzar who fell in an underwater battle against Leatherhead , Kavaxas states that he will need the Kuro Kabuto that contains Shredder 's mental energies . Upon Rahzar and Tiger Claw reclaiming the Kuro Kabuto after Kavaxas drained the soul out of Shredder 's former right - hand man Hattori Tatsu , Kavaxas states that they will need the Shredder 's heart for the revival to occur . The Foot Clan obtains the Shredder 's heart that was in the possession of Don Vizioso . Upon Shredder 's heart being placed on his corpse , Kavaxas begins to work on reviving Shredder as the Zombie Shredder . This goes against what Tiger Claw eventually planned when Undead Shredder destroys the Seal of the Ancients which enables Kavaxas to raise the spirits of the Netherworld in order to rule both worlds . While Splinter 's ghost helps those fighting on the surface , Michelangelo managed to use gum to stick the Seal of the Ancients back together enabling him to have Kavaxas undo his damages and open the portal to the Netherworld as the Zombie Shredder drags Kavaxas back to the Netherworld . Afterwards , the Turtles face different challenges like the return of Lord Dregg when he collaborates with Newtralizer , being transported to Miyamoto Usagi 's reality where they help to protect the pug Kintaro from the evil gray wolf Jei , an adventure featuring a possible future ruled by mutant animals , and another adventure involving the return of Savanti Romero where he collaborates with Count Dracula to make Earth habitable for monsters . The Turtles , April , Casey , Karai , Shinigami , and the Mighty Mutanimals soon teamed up with the 1987 counterparts of the Ninja Turtles where they face the return of Bebop and Rocksteady where they are recruited by the 1987 counterparts of the Shredder and Krang to conquer Earth of both the 1987 and 2012 realities with a fully - powered Technodrome after their Bebop and Rocksteady were accidentally left behind . While the Turtles and their allies fight off a horde of Foot Soldiers from the 1980 's reality and the 2012 Rock Soldiers led by Traag and Granitor , Bebop and Rocksteady discovers Shredder and Krang 's treacherous scheme to destroy the Earth and choose to become heroes in order to save the planet . Characters Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) characters Leonardo ( voiced by Jason Biggs up until `` The Wrath of Tiger Claw '' , Dominic Catrambone for the last seven episodes of Season 2 , Seth Green in Seasons 3 - 5 ) -- Leonardo , called `` Leo '' for short , is an enthusiastic ninjutsu student , wears a blue mask , and fights with two swords called Niten Ryu . He leads the various missions of the Turtles . Donatello ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) -- Donatello , called `` Donnie '' for short , is in charge of the design and manufacture of all of the tools and weapons in the Turtles ' arsenal . He is also a gifted hacker . He wears a purple mask and fights with a bō which converts to a naginata via a blade inside one end of the staff . Raphael ( voiced by Sean Astin ) -- Raphael , also called `` Raph '' , wears a red mask and fights with two sai . Known for his rage , he commonly takes it out on Mikey , and on occasions Leo , due to their feud . He acts as the muscles of the Turtles ' attacks . Michelangelo ( voiced by Greg Cipes ) -- Michelangelo , known as `` Mikey '' , is the least mature of the turtles and is a lover of video games , skateboarding , pranks and pizza . He wears an orange mask and fights with two nunchaku which convert into kusarigama via a blade inside of one of the sticks of each nunchaku and extra lengths of chain stored in the other . He brings a brighter mood than his brother towards the team . Background and production On October 21 , 2009 , a press release was made indicating that Viacom had bought the complete rights of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise from Peter Laird for $60 million , and would be developing a CGI animated TV series for its Nickelodeon family of channels for broadcast in 2012 . A feature film , released by Paramount Pictures ( also a division of Viacom ) , debuted in 2014 . Jason Biggs originally voiced Leonardo and Rob Paulsen voices Donatello . In June 2011 , it was confirmed that Sean Astin is playing Raphael and Greg Cipes is Michelangelo . In August 2011 , it was revealed that Mae Whitman would be the voice for April O'Neil . In April 2012 , it was announced that Phil LaMarr would be playing the role of Baxter Stockman and Nolan North would be playing a race of aliens known as the Kraang , while Roseanne Barr is confirmed to voice their leader , Kraang Prime . Actress Kelly Hu confirmed her role as Karai in May 2012 . Corey Feldman was confirmed to play the role of Slash . Recurring TMNT character Casey Jones began appearing in the second season , and is voiced by former Nickelodeon star Josh Peck . Production art was leaked on the Nickelodeon website before it was taken down . The images showed the designs of all four turtles , Shredder , Splinter , a teenage April O'Neil and the Kraang , an alien race that combines elements of both Krang and the Utroms . A trailer for the series was released on June 21 , 2012 , on Nickelodeon USA . In June 2014 , it was announced that Seth Green would replace Jason Biggs and Dominic Catrambone as the voice of Leonardo in season 3 . Episodes Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 September 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 29 ) August 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 08 ) 26 October 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 12 ) September 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 26 ) 26 October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 26 October 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 25 ) February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) 5 20 March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) Related Animation Half - Shell Heroes : Blast to the past On November 22 , 2015 , Nickelodeon aired a 2D animated special , Half - Shell Heroes : Blast to the Past . In the special , the Ninja Turtles are accidentally transported back to the Cretaceous period by an ancient meteorite and must work together with Rocksteady and Bebop ( along with some newly befriended dinosaur allies ) to get back to their own time , while simultaneously fending off would - be predators and a faction of the Triceraton Army led by General Zera ( voiced by Kate Mulgrew ) . Random House also released a book based on the special while Playmates released new dinosaur toys in the fall to coincide with the program . The special was seen by 1.41 million viewers . It was released on DVD , through Nickelodeon and Paramount Home Media Distribution , on March 15 , 2016 . Shorts This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 ) A series of shorts were released during the course of the series , including : Turtles in Time , Teenage Mecha Ninja Turtles , TMNT Team Up : The Short Series . Teenage Mecha Ninja Turtles focuses on the eponymous group , four human teen mecha pilots trained by an aged Michelangelo ( with Greg Cipes reprising his role from the series ) set in a futuristic New York ( circa 2090 ) inhabited both by humans and anthropormorphic animals , including a Scruff McGruff - like police chief . The four children each pilot colored turtle like mechs , and consist of the following : team leader Frida ( voiced by America Young ) pilots the red , Raphael - like mech ; the blue mech with cloaking abilities that resembles Leonardo is piloted by Frida 's antagonistic teammate Jackson ( Eric Artel ) ; the battle happy Kusama ( Tania Gunadi ) pilots the Michelangelo - like orange mech ; and the purple mech , which is heavily armored and wields a Bo staff that can transform into a hammer , is piloted by the nerdy and somewhat anxious Basque ( Khary Payton ) . The short features the Mecha Turtles subduing a group of anthropomorphic thieves resembling Hyenas and other canines , consisting of wolf - like leader Grimm , spotted hyena - like members Jester Joe ( both voiced by Eric Bauza ) and Jester Jim ( voiced by David Kaye , who also voices the armored police officer Sgt . Swat ) , and several other silent members . Broadcast This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The series premiered on Canadian channel YTV on September 29 , 2012 . It also premiered on Nickelodeon UK and Ireland in the UK and Ireland on October 1 , 2012 . It premiered on Nickelodeon Australia and New Zealand in Australia and New Zealand on October 8 , 2012 . In India , it airs on Teen Nick India . It premiered on Nickelodeon Canada in Canada on September 2 , 2013 . It also airs on Channel 5 in the UK . Home video The series has also been released to home video , mainly on DVD . Nickelodeon 's typical Region 1 DVD release schedule is to release each season across three volumes , consisting of four DVDs total , with each disc containing 6 - 7 sequential episodes . Season Episodes DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 26 Volume 1 : Rise of the Turtles : February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) Volume 2 : Enter Shredder : July 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 16 ) Volume 3 : Ultimate Showdown : October 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) The Complete 1st Season : October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) Pulverizer Power : June 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 09 ) The Complete 1st and 2nd Seasons : October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) Complete Season : November 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 18 ) Volume 1 : March 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 06 ) Volume 2 : June 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 26 ) Volume 3 : September 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) Volume 4 : October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) 26 Volume 4 : Mutagen Mayhem : March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) Volume 5 : The Good , The Bad and Casey Jones : July 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 01 ) Volume 6 : Showdown in Dimension X : December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) The Complete 1st and 2nd Seasons : October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) Complete Season : March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) Volume 1 : June 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 25 ) 26 Volume 7 : Retreat : March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) Volume 8 : Return to NYC : July 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) Volume 9 : Revenge : December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) Complete Season : September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) TBA 26 Volume 10 : Beyond the Known Universe : May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) Volume 11 : Earth 's Last Stand : December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) Volume 12 : Super Shredder ( E20 - 26 ) : March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) TBA TBA 5 20 Volume 12 : Super Shredder ( E01 - 04 ) : March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) Volume 13 : Wanted : Bebop & Rocksteady : September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) Volume 14 : The Final Chapters : December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) TBA TBA Merchandise Comics Similar to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures series from Archie Comics , IDW Publishing released a spin - off comic title named New Animated Adventures featuring original adventures , starting July 2013 . The series was cancelled after 24 issues , and was succeeded by a revised story program entitled Amazing Adventures , which was launched in August 2015 . One of the main reasons for this revision was the inclusion of the Shredder as a vital character into the comic stories , which had been neglected in New Animated Adventures . Amazing Adventures was published until September 2017 , with a total of fourteen regular issues , one special story guest - starring Carmelo Anthony , a three - issue story arch titled Robotanimals , and the crossover mini-series Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures . Toys Playmates Toys created a new line of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles consumer products to go along with the show . In mid 2012 , Playmates Toys released their first wave of basic Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures which consisted of `` hero figures '' Leonardo , Donatello , Raphael , Michelangelo , Splinter and April O'Neil as well as `` villain characters '' Shredder , Kraang , and a Foot Soldier . In early 2013 , Playmates released series 2 which consisted of the new `` hero '' character Metalhead as well as new villains Dogpound and Fishface . In April 2013 , the third wave appeared which included the `` hero '' character Leatherhead as well as villains Snakeweed and Baxter Stockman . Wave four was released in early August and it featured the villains Rat King and Spyroach as well as new `` Stealth Tech '' versions of the four turtles . Wave 5 was released in October with a 7 pack of Mousers as well as four baby versions of the Turtles ( Turtles in training ) October saw the final release of 2013 with wave six which included two new villains : Spider Bytez and a newly sculpted Shredder figure featuring a removable helmet and cape . Wave seven first appeared in February 2014 with figures for Kirby Bat , Squirrelanoid , Casey Jones , and Mutagen Man . The Lego Group released a Lego theme of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles in 2013 . in July 2014 , Build - A-Bear Workshop released a series of plush versions of the Turtles , as well as other TMNT themed apparel including an outfit of Shredder , along with items such as the Turtles ' signature weapons . In April 2014 , Diamond Select Toys unveiled the first series of Minimates mini-figures based on the cartoon . Two unpainted promotional figures were given away at Comic - Con International 2014 , and Series 1 was released in fall 2014 as blind bags at Kmart and comic shops , and in 2 - packs at Toys `` R '' Us . Each location had one or two exclusive characters in addition to their shared characters . Series 2 was released in comic shops in spring of 2015 and at Toys `` R '' Us in summer 2015 , again with both shared and exclusive figures . Series 3 is scheduled for both locations for the fall of 2015 . A Series 4 has been confirmed . Video games In 2013 , Nickelodeon released Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Rooftop Run for iOS devices such as the iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch . On August 28 , 2013 , Activision released Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows , a downloadable 3D beat ' em up game , for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows . On April 15 , 2014 , a version was released for the PlayStation 3 . The game features an online multiplayer co-op for up to four players . Activision also released a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video game based on the series for Wii , Xbox 360 , and Nintendo 3DS on October 22 , 2013 . On September 4 , 2014 . Activision announced there being a second game based on the show called Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Danger of the Ooze . The game was released on October 28 , 2014 for the Nintendo 3DS and Xbox 360 , and the PlayStation 3 . The game was developed by WayForward . Reception IGN has given the show positive reviews , with many episodes reviewed being given the `` Editor 's Choice '' title . `` Invasion '' has received the highest rating of 10 / 10 . The series premiered in the U.S. to 3.9 million viewers . Variety has praised the show , saying `` ... handsomely produced effort , with a strong vocal cast , considerable humor and scads of high - spirited action . If the goal was to introduce the Turtles to a new generation -- amphibious mission accomplished . '' Accolades Awards Year Award Category Recipients and nominees Result 2013 40th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Animated Program Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Meredith Layne , Sarah Noonan , and Gene Vassilaros Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing - Animation Jeff Shiffman , Otis Van Osten , Anna Adams , Gerry Gonzalez , Matt Hall , Roger Pallan , John Sanacore , and Alex Ullrich Nominated 2014 41st Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Editorial in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Myra Lopez , Ana Adams , and Justin Baker Nominated 2014 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 2014 Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Show Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Sarah Noonan , Gene Vassilaros , and Meredith Layne Won Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Animation Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 66th Primetime Emmy Awards Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ( for Programming Less Than One Hour ) `` The Manhattan Project '' Nominated 2014 British Academy Children 's Awards International Alan Wan , Brandon Auman , Ciro Nieli Nominated 2015 Producers Guild of America Awards 2014 Outstanding Children 's Program Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 2015 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 42nd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Meredith Layne , Sarah Noonan , and Gene Vassilaros Won ( tie ) Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Animation Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 2016 Producers Guild of America Awards 2015 Outstanding Children 's Program Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 43rd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Meredith Layne , Sarah Noonan , and Gene Vassilaros Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Animation Justin Brinsfield , Matt Corey , Manny Grijalva , D.J. Lynch , Jeff Shiffman Won Outstanding Sound Editing -- Animation Jeff Shiffman , Jessey Drake , Anna Adams , Elliot Herman and Roger Pallan Nominated 2017 44th Annie Awards Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production For Children `` Trans - Dimensional Turtles '' Nominated References Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 ) : Enter Shredder '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stransky , Tanner ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Nickelodeon sets premiere date for ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Renewed by Nickelodeon for Second Season ; Premiere is Number 1 Kids Program on Basic Cable - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Nickelodeon Orders ' Breadwinners ' - Renews ' Ninja Turtles ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nickelodeon Renews ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' for Season 4 ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Tennant , Peter Stormare , & Michael Dorn , To Guest Star On Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Comicbook . July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' CG Animated Series Gets 2D Reboot at Nickelodeon '' . Variety . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . The CG series will air one last season starting Sunday , March 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.teenagemutantninjaturtles.com/blog/tmnt-annihilation-earth-review/ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.com : TMNT -- `` Annihilation : Earth ! '' Review . September 22 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michelangelo - Ninja Turtles - TMNT Characters '' . Nick.com. 2012 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tuning in to TV : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles have new series , toys '' . The Washington Times . July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Brian ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Variety Reviews - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - TV Reviews - - Review by Brian Lowry '' . Variety.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sean Astin voicing Raphael in new ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' '' . New York City : Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rob Paulsen . `` Voice of April ONeil revealed '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 36 Guest : Phil Lamarr '' . Rob Paulsen Live . April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 38 Guest : Nolan North '' . Rob Paulsen Live . April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Guest Cast Includes Roseanne Barr - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / KellyHu : `` @ JasonRainwater : @ Kelly '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Feldman is Slash for Nick 's TMNT '' . Theouthousers.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Balances Comedy and Action '' . IGN . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Comic - Con : Nickelodeon Sets ' Legend of Korra , ' ' Ninja Turtles ' Panels ( Exclusive ) Hollywood Reporter , Retrieved July 13 , 2013 Jump up ^ Goellner , Caleb ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Parting Shot : Nickelodeon Shells Out New ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Images '' . Comics Alliance . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' reboot : See the show 's trailer here ! -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Talks Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Season 2 and Previews The Legend of Korra : Book 2 '' . IGN. 2013 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Season 1 Episode 25 - Showdown - Zap2it TV Listings '' . tvlistings.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Renewed by Nickelodeon for Second Season ; Premiere is Number 1 Kids Program on Basic Cable - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nickelodeon Renews ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' for Season 4 ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Sets Premiere Date for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Season 2 - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Renewed by Nickelodeon for Third Season '' . nickelodeon.tumblr.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nickelodeon Renews ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' and Announces New Series ' Breadwinners ' , ' The Haunted Hathaways ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . February 26 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Peter DiCicco confirms that Season 4 has been extended to 26 episodes '' . Tumblr . October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Tennant , Peter Stormare , & Michael Dorn , To Guest Star On Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Comicbook . July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` NEW 2D - ANIMATED TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES TV SPECIAL ANNOUNCED '' . IGN . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' rises with Glenn 's fate revealed , ' Into the Badlands ' down in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - ' Half - Shell Heroes : Blast to the Past ' Special is Coming to DVD ! '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 1 : Rise of the Turtles '' . TV Shows on DVD . February 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 2 : Enter Shredder '' . TV Shows on DVD . July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 3 : Ultimate Showdown '' . TV Shows on DVD . October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Complete 1st Season '' . TV Shows on DVD . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Pulverizer Power '' . TV Shows on DVD . June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Complete 1st and 2nd Seasons DVD Information '' . TV Shows on DVD . October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Complete Season 1 ( R2 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Rise of the Turtles ( R4 ) '' . EzyDVD Pty Ltd . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Enter Shredder ( R4 ) '' . EzyDVD Pty Ltd . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Kraang Invasion '' . EzyDVD Pty Ltd . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Ultimate Showdown ( R4 ) '' . EzyDVD Pty Ltd . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 4 : Mutagen Mayhem '' . TV Shows on DVD . March 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 5 : The Good , The Bad and Casey Jones '' . TV Shows on DVD . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 6 : Showdown in Dimension X '' . TV Shows on DVD . December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Season Two ( R2 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Mutagen Mayhem ( R4 ) '' . EzyDVD Pty Ltd . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Volume 7 '' . TV Shows on DVD . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Volume 8 : Return to NYC ! '' . TV Shows on DVD . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Volume 9 : Revenge '' . TV Shows on DVD . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 3 Complete Collection '' . Amazon . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles DVD news : Announcement for Vol. 10 : Beyond the Known Universe '' . TV Shows on DVD . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Formal Press Release for Vol. 11 : Earth 's Last Stand ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - ' Tales of the Turtles V1 : Super Shredder ' DVD Announced ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - ' Tales of the Turtles V1 : Super Shredder ' DVD Announced ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Press Release , Box for ' Wanted : Bebop & Rocksteady ' DVDs '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - ' Tales of the Turtles V3 : The Final Chapters ' DVD Announced '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ TMNT-NinjaTurtles.com : `` TMNT New Animated Adventures Canceled '' ( 22 . April 2015 ) Jump up ^ Comics Alliance : `` IDW Announces TMNT Amazing Adventures , With Backup Story By James Kochalka '' Archived June 23 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 15 . Mai 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Make a Triumphant Return to Television in New Nickelodeon Series '' . India Retail News . October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Action Figures Playmates Toys , Inc '' . Playmatestoys.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Fair 2013 : Playmates ' Upcoming ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Figures And Vehicles '' . Comicsalliance.com . February 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Nickelodeon TMNT Mutagen Man , Kirby Bat , and Squirrelanoid Figure Images '' . toynewsi.com. 2013 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles LEGO Shop Jump up ^ `` DST Reveals ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Minimates and More at C2E2 '' . ComicsAlliance.com. April 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ishaan ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` TMNT : Out of the Shadows And More In This Year 's Summer of Arcade Line - up '' . Siliconera . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TM : Out of the Shadows '' . http://us.playstation.com/ . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sliwinski , Alexander ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows this summer '' . Joystiq . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon and Activision Reveal New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TM Video Game Based ... - NEW YORK , July 19 , 2013 / PRNewswire / '' . Prnewswire.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . 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Vinland
Vinland - wikipedia Vinland Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Vinland ( disambiguation ) . Leiv Eriksson oppdager Amerika ( `` Leif Erikson discovers America '' ) by Christian Krogh ( 1893 ) Recreated Norse long house , L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site in Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada Vinland , Vineland or Winland ( Old Norse : Vínland ) is the area of coastal North America explored by Norse Vikings , where Leif Erikson first landed in c. 1000 , approximately five centuries prior to the voyages of Christopher Columbus and John Cabot . Vinland was the name given to North America as far as it was explored by the Vikings , presumably including both Newfoundland and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence as far as northeastern New Brunswick ( where the eponymous grapevines are found ) . In 1960 , archaeological evidence of a Norse settlement in North America ( outside Greenland ) was found at L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of the island of Newfoundland . Before the discovery of archaeological evidence , Vinland was known only from Old Norse sagas and medieval historiography . The 1960 discovery conclusively proved the pre-Columbian Norse colonization of the Americas . L'Anse aux Meadows may correspond to the camp Straumfjörð mentioned in the Saga of Erik the Red . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 The sagas 2.1 Saga of the Greenlanders 2.2 Saga of Erik the Red 3 Medieval geographers 4 Later Norse voyages 5 Controversy over the location of Vinland 5.1 L'Anse aux Meadows 5.2 Other possible Norse finds 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Name ( edit ) Vinland or `` Winland '' was the name given to part of North America by the Icelandic Norseman Leif Eiríksson , about year 1000 . The exact meaning of this Norse toponym has not been established . Three likely translations of the name have been advanced by linguists : `` land of meadows '' `` windswept land '' The earliest record of the name Winland is found in Adam of Bremen 's Descriptio insularum Aquilonis ( `` Description of the Northern Islands '' , ch. 39 ) , written c. 1075 . To write it he visited the King of Denmark , Sweyn II Estridsson who had knowledge of the northern lands . The name contains Old Norse vin which means meadow . Adam implies that the name should be mistranslated via Latin ( a language not significantly related to Old Norse ) vinum to `` wine '' ( rendered as Old High German win ) : Moreover , he has also reported one island discovered by many in that ocean , which is called Winland , for the reason that grapevines grow there by themselves , producing the best wine . This etymology is retained in the 13th - century Grœnlendinga saga , which provides a circumstantial account of the discovery of Vinland and its being named from the vínber , i.e. `` wineberry '' , a term for grapes or currants ( black or red ) , found there . There is a long - standing Scandinavian tradition of fermenting berries into wine . The question whether the name refers to actual grapevines ( as implied by Adam of Bremen ) or just to berries was addressed in a 2010 excavation report on L'Anse aux Meadows . The discovery of butternuts at the site implies that the Norse explored Vinland further to the south , at least as far as St. Lawrence River and parts of New Brunswick , the northern limit for both butternut and wild grapes ( Vitis riparia ) . Another proposal for the name 's etymology , was brought up by Sven Söderberg in 1898 ( first published in 1910 ) . This suggestion involves interpreting the Old Norse name not as vín - land but as vin - land , with a short vowel. Old Norse vin ( from Proto - Norse winju ) has a meaning of `` meadow , pasture '' . This interpretation of Vinland as `` pasture - land '' rather than `` vine - land '' was accepted by Valter Jansson in his classic 1951 dissertation on the vin - names of Scandinavia , by way of which it entered popular knowledge in the later 20th century . It was rejected by Einar Haugen ( 1977 ) , who argued that the vin element had changed its meaning from `` pasture '' to `` farm '' long before the Old Norse period . Names in vin were given in the Proto - Norse period , and they are absent from places colonized in the Viking Age . Haugen 's basis for rejection has since been challenged . There is a runestone which may have contained a record of the Old Norse name slightly predating Adam of Bremen 's Winland . The Hønen Runestone was discovered in Norderhov , Norway shortly before 1817 , but it was subsequently lost . Its assessment depends on a sketch made by antiquarian L.D. Klüwer ( 1823 ) , now also lost but in turn copied by Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie ( 1838 ) . The Younger Futhark inscription was dated to c. 1010 -- 50 . The stone had been erected in memory of a Norwegian , possibly a descendant of Sigurd Syr . Sophus Bugge ( 1902 ) read part of the inscription as ᚢᛁᚿ ᛫ ( ᛚ ) ᛆ ( ᛐ ) ᛁᚭ ᛫ ᛁᛌᛆ uin ( l ) a ( t ) ią isa Vínlandi á ísa `` from Vinland over ice '' This is highly uncertain ; the same sequence is read by Magnus Olsen ( 1951 ) as ᚢᛁᚿ ᛫ ᚴᛆ ( ᛚᛐ ) ᚭ ᛫ ᛁᛌᛆ uin ka ( lt ) ą isa vindkalda á ísa `` over the wind - cold ice '' The sagas ( edit ) The beginning of The Saga of Erik the Red The main sources of information about the Norse voyages to Vinland are two Icelandic sagas , the Saga of Eric the Red and the Saga of the Greenlanders . These stories were preserved by oral tradition until they were written down some 250 years after the events they describe . The existence of two versions of the story shows some of the challenges of using traditional sources for history , because they share a large number of story elements but use them in different ways . A possible example is the reference to two different men named Bjarni who are blown off course . A brief summary of the plots of the two sagas , given at the end of this article , shows other examples . The sagas report that a considerable number of Vikings were in parties that visited Vinland . Thorfinn Karlsefni 's crew consisted of 140 or 160 people according to Saga of Eric the Red , 60 according to the Greenland Saga . Still according to the latter , Leif Ericson led a company of 35 , Thorvald Eiriksson a company of 30 , and Helgi and Finnbogi had 30 crew members . According to the Saga of Erik the Red , Þorfinnr `` Karlsefni '' Þórðarson and a company of 160 men , going south from Greenland traversed an open stretch of sea , found Helluland , another stretch of sea , Markland , another stretch of sea , the headland of Kjalarnes , the Wonderstrands , Straumfjörð and at last a place called Hóp , a bountiful place where no snow fell during winter . However , after several years away from Greenland , they chose to turn back to their homes when they realised that they would otherwise face an indefinite conflict with the natives . This saga references the place - name Vinland in four ways . First , it is identified as the land found by Leif Ericson . Karlsefni and his men subsequently find `` vín - ber '' near the Wonderstrands . Later , the tale locates Vinland to the south of Markland , with the headland of Kjalarnes at its northern extreme . However , it also mentions that while at Straumfjord , some of the explorers wished to go in search for Vinland west of Kjalarnes . Saga of the Greenlanders ( edit ) Church of Hvalsey , one of the best preserved remnants from the Norse settlement in Greenland . Simiutaq Island , Greenland , as seen from the Davis Strait . This has been suggested to be a suitable starting point for a crossing to Canada Baffin Island , possible location of Helluland Leif Ericson U.S. commemorative stamp , issued 1968 In Grænlendinga saga ( `` Saga of the Greenlanders '' ) , Bjarni Herjólfsson accidentally discovers the new land when travelling from Norway to visit his father in the second year of Eric the Red 's Greenland colony ( about 986 CE ) . When he does manage to reach Greenland , making land at Herjolfsness , site of his father 's farm , he remains there for the rest of his father 's life and does not return to Norway until about 1000 CE . There , he tells his overlord ( the Earl , also named Eric ) about the new land and is criticised for his long delay in reporting . On his return to Greenland he tells the story and inspires Leif Ericsson to organise an expedition , which retraces in reverse the route Bjarni had followed , past a land of flat stones ( Helluland ) and a land of forests ( Markland ) . After sailing another two days across open sea , the expedition finds a headland with an island just offshore ; nearby is a pool accessible to ships at high tide in an area where the sea is shallow with sandbanks . Here the explorers land and establish a base which can plausibly be matched to L'Anse aux Meadows , except that the winter is described as mild , not freezing . One day an old family servant , Tyrker , goes missing and is found mumbling to himself ; he eventually explains that he has found grapes . In spring , Leif returns to Greenland with a shipload of timber towing a boatload of grapes . On the way home , he spots another ship aground on rocks , rescues the crew and later salvages the cargo . A second expedition , one ship of about 40 men , led by Leif 's brother Thorvald , sets out in the autumn after Leif 's return and stays over three winters at the new base ( Leifsbúðir ( - budir ) , meaning Leif 's temporary shelters ) , exploring the west coast of the new land in the first summer , and the east coast in the second , running aground and losing the ship 's keel on a headland they christen Keel Point ( Kjalarnes ) . Further south , at a point where Thorvald would like to establish a settlement , the Greenlanders encounter some of the local inhabitants ( Skrælings ) and kill them , following which they are attacked by a large force in hide boats , and Thorvald dies from an arrow - wound . After the exploration party returns to base , the Greenlanders decide to return home the following spring . Thorstein , Leif 's brother , marries Gudrid , widow of the captain rescued by Leif , then leads a third expedition to bring home Thorvald 's body , but is driven off course and spends the whole summer wandering the Atlantic . Spending the winter as a guest at a farm on Greenland with Gudrid , Thorstein dies of sickness , reviving just long enough to make a prophecy about her future as a Christian . The next winter , Gudrid marries a visiting Icelander named Thorfinn Karlsefni , who agrees to undertake a major expedition to Vinland , taking livestock . On arrival , they soon find a beached whale which sustains them until spring . In the summer , they are visited by some of the local inhabitants who are scared by the Greenlanders ' bull but happy to trade goods for milk and other products . In autumn , Gudrid gives birth to a son , Snorri . Shortly after this , one of the local people tries to take a weapon and is killed ; the explorers are then attacked in force , but manage to survive with only minor casualties by retreating to a well - chosen defensive position a short distance from their base . One of the local people picks up an iron axe , tries it , and throws it away . The explorers return to Greenland in summer with a cargo of grapes and hides . Shortly afterwards , a ship captained by two Icelanders arrives in Greenland , and Freydis , daughter of Eric the Red , persuades them to join her in an expedition to Vinland . They sail that autumn , but disagreements during the winter lead to the killing , at Freydis ' order , of all the Icelanders , including five women , as they lie sleeping . In spring the Greenlanders return home with a good cargo , but Leif finds the truth about the Icelanders . That is the last Vinland expedition recorded in the saga . Saga of Erik the Red ( edit ) In the other version of the story , Eiríks saga rauða or the Saga of Erik the Red , Leif Ericsson accidentally discovers the new land when travelling from Norway back to Greenland after a visit to his overlord , King Olaf Tryggvason , who commissions him to spread Christianity in the colony . Returning to Greenland with samples of grapes , wheat and timber , he rescues the survivors from a wrecked ship and gains a reputation for good luck ; his religious mission is a swift success . The next spring , Thorstein , Leif 's brother , leads an expedition to the new land but is driven off course and spends the whole summer wandering the Atlantic . On his return , he meets and marries Gudrid , one of the survivors from a ship which has made land at Herjolfsnes after a difficult voyage from Iceland . Spending the winter as a guest at a farm on Greenland with Gudrid , Thorstein dies of sickness , reviving just long enough to make a prophecy about her future as a far - travelling Christian . The next winter , Gudrid marries a visiting Icelander named Thorfinn Karlsefni , who , with his business partner Snorri Thorbrandsson , agrees to undertake a major expedition to the new land , taking livestock . Also contributing ships for this expedition are another pair of visiting Icelanders , Bjarni Grimolfsson and Thorhall Gamlason , and Leif 's brother and sister Thorvald and Freydis , with her husband Thorvard . Sailing past landscapes of flat stones ( Helluland ) and forests ( Markland ) they round a cape where they see the keel of a boat ( Kjalarnes ) , then continue past some extraordinary long beaches ( Furthustrandir ) before landing and sending out two runners to explore inland . After three days , the pair return with samples of grapes and wheat . After sailing a little farther , the expedition lands at an inlet next to an area of strong currents ( Straumfjörð ) , with an island just offshore ( Straumsey ) and makes camp . The winter months are harsh , and food is in short supply . One day an old family servant , Thorhall the Hunter ( who has not become Christian ) , goes missing and is found mumbling to himself ; shortly afterwards , a beached whale is found which Thorhall claims has been provided in answer to his praise of the pagan gods . The explorers find that eating it makes them ill , so they pray to the Christian God , and shortly afterwards the weather improves . When spring comes , Thorhall Gamlason , the Icelander , wants to sail north round Kjalarnes to seek Vinland , while Thorfinn Karlsefni prefers to sail southward down the east coast . Thorhall takes only nine men , and his vessel is swept out into the ocean by contrary winds ; he and his crew never return . Thorfinn and Snorri , with Freydis ( plus possibly Bjarni ) , sail down the east coast with 40 men or more and establish a camp on the shore of a seaside lake , protected by barrier islands and connected to the open ocean by a river which is navigable by ships only at high tide . The settlement was known as Hop , and the land abounds with grapes and wheat . The teller of this saga is uncertain whether the explorers remain here over the next winter ( said to be very mild ) or for only a few weeks of summer . One morning they see nine hide boats ; the local people ( Skraelings ) examine the Norse ships and depart in peace . Later a much larger flotilla of boats arrives , and trade commences ( Karlsefni forbids the sale of weapons ) . One day , the local traders are frightened by the sudden arrival of the Greenlanders ' bull , and they stay away for three weeks . They then attack in force , but the explorers manage to survive with only minor casualties by retreating inland to a defensive position a short distance from their camp . Pregnancy slows Freydis down , so she picks up the sword of a fallen companion and brandishes it against her bare breast , scaring the attackers into withdrawal . One of the local people picks up an iron axe , tries it , and throws it away . The explorers subsequently abandon the southern camp and sail back to Straumsfjord , killing five natives they encounter on the way , lying asleep in hide sacks . Karlsefni , accompanied by Thorvald Eriksson and others , sails around Kjalarnes and then south , keeping land on their left side , hoping to find Thorhall . After sailing for a long time , while moored on the south side of a west - flowing river , they are shot at by a one - footed man , and Thorvald dies from an arrow - wound . The explorers return to Straumsfjord , but disagreements during the following winter lead to the abandonment of the venture . On the way home , the ship of Bjarni the Icelander is swept into the Sea of Worms ( Madkasjo ) by contrary winds . The marine worms destroy the hull , and only those who escape in the ship 's worm - proofed boat survive . This is the last Vinland expedition recorded in the saga . Medieval geographers ( edit ) The oldest commonly acknowledged surviving written record of Vinland appears in Descriptio insularum Aquilonis , by Adam of Bremen , a German ( Saxon ) geographer and historian , written in about 1075 . To write it he visited the Danish king Svend Estridsen , who had knowledge of the northern lands and told him of the `` islands '' discovered by Norse sailors far out in the Atlantic , of which Vinland was the most remote . The exact phrasing of this , the first mention of Vinland in known written sources , is as follows : He also told me that many in this part of the Ocean have discovered an island called Vinland because there are grapevines growing wild which produces the best of wines . From trustworthy Danes rather than from fantastic tales , I also have heard that there is an abundance of cereal which is self - sown . Beyond this island , he ( King Sven of Denmark ) says , are no more inhabitable islands in the Ocean . Everything farther out is covered by immense masses of ice and perennial fog . Martianus tells of this : `` One day of sailing beyond Thule the sea is solid . '' This the widely travelled King Harold of Norway found to be true . With his ships he recently investigated the extent of the northern Ocean but finally had to turn back when the extreme limit of the world disappeared in fog before his eyes . He barely escaped the gaping ravine of the abyss . Adam became confused between Helluland and Halagland , the northernmost part of medieval Norway , where the `` midnight sun '' is visible . He also spelled Vinland in Latin the same as Wendland , the Slavic province closest to Denmark . In the early 14th Century , a geography encyclopedia called Geographica Universalis was compiled at Malmesbury Abbey in England , which was in turn used as a source for one of the most widely circulated medieval English educational works , Polychronicon by Ranulf Higden , a few years later . Both these works , with Adam of Bremen as a possible source , were confused about the location of what they called Wintland -- the Malmesbury monk had it on the ocean east of Norway , while Higden put it west of Denmark but failed to explain the distance . Copies of Polychronicon commonly included a world map on which Wintland was marked in the Atlantic Ocean near Iceland , but again much closer to the Scandinavian mainland than in reality . The name was explained in both texts as referring to the savage inhabitants ' ability to tie the wind up in knotted cords , which they sold to sailors who could then undo a knot whenever they needed a good wind . Neither mentioned grapes , and the Malmesbury work specifically states that little grows there but grass and trees , which reflects the saga descriptions of the area round the main Norse expedition base . Medieval Norse sailing routes and geography of the North Atlantic , based on the saga texts ( after Árni Ibsen , Svart á hvítu , 1987 ) More geographically correct were Icelandic texts from about the same time , which presented a clear picture of the northern countries as experienced by Norse explorers : north of Iceland a vast , barren plain ( which we now know to be the Polar ice - cap ) extended from Biarmeland ( northern Russia ) east of the White Sea , to Greenland , then further west and south were , in succession , Helluland , Markland and Vinland . The Icelanders had no knowledge of how far south Vinland extended , and they speculated that it might reach as far as Africa . The `` Historia Norwegiae '' ( History of Norway ) compiled around 1200 does not refer directly to Vinland and tries to reconcile information from Greenland with mainland European sources ; in this text Greenland 's territory extends so that it is `` almost touching the African islands , where the waters of ocean flood in '' . Later Norse voyages ( edit ) Icelandic chronicles record another attempt to visit Vinland from Greenland , over a century after the saga voyages . In 1121 , Icelandic bishop Eric Gnupsson , who had been based on Greenland since 1112 , `` went to seek Vinland '' . Nothing more is reported of him , and three years later another bishop , Arnald , was sent to Greenland . No written records , other than inscribed stones , have survived in Greenland , so the next reference to a voyage also comes from Icelandic chronicles . In 1347 , a ship arrived in Iceland , after being blown off course on its way home from Markland to Greenland with a load of timber . The implication is that the Greenlanders had continued to use Markland as a source of timber over several centuries . Controversy over the location of Vinland ( edit ) 16th - century Skálholt map of Norse America , showing `` Bjarmaland '' , Norway , the British Isles , Iceland , and the Atlantic islands , including the phantom Frisland . The definition of Vinland is somewhat elusive . According to a 1969 article by Douglas McManis in the Annals of the Association of American Geographers , The study of the early Norse voyages to North America is a field of research characterized by controversy and conflicting , often irreconcilable , opinions and conclusions . These circumstances result from the fact that details of the voyages exist only in two Icelandic sagas which contradict each other on basic issues and internally are vague and contain nonhistorical passages . This leads him to conclude that `` there is not a Vinland , there are many Vinlands '' . According to a 1970 reply by Matti Kaups in the same journal , Certainly there is a symbolic Vinland as described and located in the Groenlandinga saga ; what seems to be a variant of this Vinland is narrated in Erik the Red 's Saga . There are , on the other hand , numerous more recent derivative Vinlands , each of which actually is but a suppositional spatial entity . ( ... ) ( e.g. Rafn 's Vinland , Steensby 's Vinland , Ingstad 's Vinland , and so forth ) . In geographical terms , Vinland is sometimes used to refer generally to all areas in North America beyond Greenland that were explored by the Norse . In the sagas , however , Vinland is sometimes indicated to not include the territories of Helluland and Markland , which appear to also be located in North America beyond Greenland . Moreover , some sagas establish vague links between Vinland and an island or territory that some sources refer to as Hvítramannaland . Another possibility is to not understand the name of Vinland as fixed to one defined location , but as merely referring to every location where vínber could be found , i.e. to understand it as a common noun , vinland , rather than as a toponym , Vinland . The Old Norse and Icelandic languages were , and are , fusional languages . Sixteenth century Icelanders realised that the `` New World '' which European geographers were calling `` America '' was the land described in their Vinland Sagas . The Skálholt Map , drawn in 1570 or 1590 but surviving only through later copies , shows Promontorium Winlandiae ( `` promontory / cape / foreland of Vinland '' ) as a narrow cape with its northern tip at the same latitude as southern Ireland . ( The scales of degrees in the map margins are inaccurate . ) This effective identification of northern Newfoundland with the northern tip of Vinland was taken up by later Scandinavian scholars such as bishop Hans Resen . Although it is generally agreed , based on the saga descriptions , that Helluland includes Baffin Island , and Markland represents at least the southern part of the modern Labrador , there has been considerable controversy over the location of the actual Norse landings and settlement . Comparison of the sagas , as summarised below , shows that they give similar descriptions and names to different places . One of the few reasonably consistent pieces of information is that exploration voyages from the main base sailed down both the east and west coasts of the land ; this was one of the factors which helped archaeologists locate the site at L'Anse aux Meadows , at the tip of Newfoundland 's long northern peninsula . Erik Wahlgren examines the question in his book ' The Vikings and America ' , and points out clearly that L'Anse aux Meadows can not be the location of Vínland , as the location described in the sagas has both salmon in the rivers and the ' vínber ' ( meaning specifically ' grape ' , that according to Wahlgren the explorers were familiar with and would have thus recognised ) , growing freely . Charting the overlap of the limits of wild vine and wild salmon habitats , Wahlgren indicates a location near New York . Other clues appear to place the main settlement farther south , such as the mention of a winter with no snow and the reports in both sagas of grapes being found . A very specific indication in the Greenlanders ' Saga of the latitude of the base has also been subject to misinterpretation . This passage states that in the shortest days of midwinter , the sun was still above the horizon at `` dagmal '' and `` eykt '' , two specific times in the Norse day . Carl Christian Rafn , in the first detailed study of the Norse exploration of the New World , `` Antiquitates Americanae '' ( 1837 ) , interpreted these times as equivalent to 7 : 30am and 4.30 pm , which would put the base a long way south of Newfoundland . According to the 1880 Sephton translation of the saga , Rafn and other Danish scholars placed Kjalarnes at Cape Cod , Straumfjörð at Buzzards Bay , Massachusetts , and Straumsey at Martha 's Vineyard . However , an Icelandic law text gives a very specific explanation of `` eykt '' , with reference to Norse navigation techniques . The eight major divisions of the compass were subdivided into three hours each , to make a total of 24 , and `` eykt '' was the end of the second hour of the south - west division , which in modern terms would be 3 : 30pm . `` Dagmal '' , the `` day - meal '' which is specifically distinguished from the earlier `` rismal '' ( breakfast ) , would thus be about 8 : 30am . The sun is indeed just above the horizon at these times on the shortest days of the year in northern Newfoundland -- but not much farther north . A 2012 article by Jónas Kristjánsson et al. in the scientific journal Acta Archeologica , which assumes that the headland of Kjalarnes referred to in the Saga of Erik the Red is at L'Anse aux Meadows , suggests that Straumfjörð refers to Sop 's Arm , Newfoundland , as no other fjord in Newfoundland was found to have an island at its mouth . Reconstructions at the Viking colonisation site at L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site , Newfoundland Reconstructed Viking building at L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site L'Anse aux Meadows ( edit ) Main article : L'Anse aux Meadows Newfoundland marine insurance agent and historian William A. Munn ( 1864 -- 1939 ) , after studying literary sources in Europe , suggested in his 1914 book `` Wineland Voyages : Location of Helluland , Markland & Vinland '' that the Vinland explorers `` went ashore at Lancey ( sic ) Meadows , as it is called today '' . In 1960 a Viking era settlement was discovered by Helge Ingstad and Anne Stine Ingstad at that spot , L'Anse aux Meadows in northern Newfoundland , and excavated during the 1960s and 1970s . It is most likely this was the main settlement of the sagas , a `` gateway '' for the Norse Greenlanders to the rich lands farther south . Many wooden objects were found at L'Anse aux Meadows , and radiocarbon dating confirms the site 's occupation as being confined to a short period around 1000 CE . In addition , a number of small pieces of jasper , known to have been used in the Norse world as fire - strikers , were found in and around the different buildings . When these were analyzed and compared with samples from jasper sources around the North Atlantic area , it was found that two buildings contained only Icelandic jasper pieces , while another contained some from Greenland ; also a single piece from the east coast of Newfoundland was found . These finds appear to confirm the saga claim that some of the Vinland exploration ships came from Iceland and that they ventured down the east coast of the new land . Based on such interpretations and archaeological evidence , it is now generally accepted that L'Anse aux Meadows was the base of the Norse explorers . The location has been named both a National Historic Site of Canada and UNESCO World Heritage Site . However the southernmost limit of the Norse exploration remains a subject of intense speculation . Samuel Eliot Morison ( 1971 ) suggested the southern part of Newfoundland ; Erik Wahlgren ( 1986 ) Miramichi Bay in New Brunswick ; and Icelandic climate specialist Pall Bergthorsson ( 1997 ) proposed New York City . The insistence in all the main historical sources that grapes were found in Vinland suggests that the explorers ventured at least to the south side of the St. Lawrence River , as Jacques Cartier did 500 years later , finding both wild vines and nut trees . Three butternuts were a further important find at L'Anse aux Meadows : another species which grows only as far north as the St. Lawrence . These travels explain as well how the vinviðir ( wine wood ) the Norse were cutting down in the sagas is actually referring to the vines of Vitis riparia , a species of wild grape that grows on trees . As the Norse were searching for lumber , a material that was needed in Greenland , they found trees covered with Vitis riparia south of L'Anse aux Meadows and called them vinviðir . Vinland map alleged to be pre-Columbian Other possible Norse finds ( edit ) Artifacts attribute to the Norse Greenlanders have been found in Canada , particularly on Baffin Island and in northern Labrador . A late - 11th - century Norwegian penny , with a hole for stringing on a necklace , has also been found in Maine . There is dispute about the authenticity of this small penny , and its discovery by an amateur archaeologist in 1957 has become controversial ; questions have been raised whether it was planted as a hoax . Other claimed Norse artifacts in the area south of the St. Lawrence include a number of stones inscribed with runic letters . The Kensington Runestone was found in Minnesota , but is generally considered a hoax . The authenticity of the Spirit Pond runestones , recovered in Phippsburg , Maine , is also questioned . Other examples are the Heavener Runestone , the Shawnee Runestone , and the Vérendrye Runestone . The age and origin of these stones is debated , and so far none has been firmly dated or associated with clear evidence of a medieval Norse presence . In general , script in the runic alphabet does not in itself guarantee a Viking age or medieval connection , as Dalecarlian runes have been suggested to have been used until the 20th century . Possible archeological findings in 2015 at Point Rosee , on the southwest coast of Newfoundland , could be the location of a bog iron - smelting site and therefore a possible Norse settlement . The site was discovered through satellite imagery and magnetometer readings , but no positive identification has been made thus far . See also ( edit ) Antillia Great Ireland ( Hvítramannaland ) Norse colonization of the Americas Point Rosee Vinland map Vinland the Good Vitis labrusca Wolves of Vinland Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Laurence Marcellus Larson in Canute the Great : 995 ( c . ) -- 1035 and the Rise of Danish Imperialism During the Viking Age , New York : Putnam , 1912 p. 17 Jump up ^ Elizabeth Janeway in The Vikings , New York , Random House , 1951 throughout ^ Jump up to : Danver , Steven L. ( 2010 ) . Popular Controversies in World History : Investigating History 's Intriguing Questions . 4 . ABC - CLIO . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 078 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ingstad , Helge ; Ingstad , Anne Stine ( 2001 ) . The Viking Discovery of America : The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows , Newfoundland . Checkmark Books . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4716 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is L'Anse aux Meadows Vinland ? '' . L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada . Parks Canada . 2003 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Significance of the discovery of butternut shells at L'Anse aux Meadows : Birgitta Wallace , `` The Norse in Newfoundland : L'Anse aux Meadows and Vinland '' , The New Early Modern Newfoundland : Part 2 ( 2003 ) , Vol. 19 , No. 1 . `` Many scholars have dismissed L'Anse aux Meadows as peripheral in the Vinland story ( Kristjánsson 2005 : 39 ) . I myself held that view for a long time . I am now contending that L'Anse aux Meadows is in fact the key to unlocking the Vinland sagas . Two factors crystallized this idea in my mind . One was my subsequent research into early French exploitation outposts in Acadia ( Wallace 1999 ) and the nature of migration ( Anthony 1990 ) ... The second signal was the identification of butternut remains in the Norse stratum at L'Anse aux Meadows . Here was the smoking gun that linked the limited environment of northern Newfoundland with a lush environment in the Gulf of St. Lawrence , where wild grapes did indeed exist . The mythical Vinland had a basis in archaeological fact . '' Birgitta Wallace , `` L'Anse aux Meadows , Leif Eriksson 's Home in Vinland '' , Norse Greenland : Selected Papers from the Hvalsey Conference 2008 Journal of the North Atlantic , 2009 , 114 -- 25 . Jump up ^ ( meadow , pasture , prairie , etc ) `` Ulf Hansen , formerly Statens kartverk , Norway . '' , Forskning.no , 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Praeterea unam adhuc insulam recitavit a multis in eo repertam occeano , quae dicitur Winland , eo quod ibi vites sponte nascantur , vinum optimum ferentes . Some manuscripts have the gloss id est terra vini . M. Adam Bremensis Lib. IV , Cap . XXXVIIII , ed . B. Schmeidler 1917 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Compare the alternative English name for blueberry : whinberry or winberry . Henley , Jon . Bilberries : the true taste of northern England The Guardian , 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Sven Söderberg om Vinland '' , Sydsvenska Dagbladet Snällposten , Nr. 295 , 30 October 1910 . `` On a philological basis it can hardly be determined whether the first member is to be interpreted as ' vine ' , as most have done , or as ' pasture , meadow ' . '' Sverre Marstrander , `` Arkeologiske funn bekrefter sagaens Vinlandsberetninger '' , Forskningsnytt , XIX :3 ( 1974 ) , 2 -- 11 . Jump up ^ It remains a common place - name element in Scandinavia , e.g. in Bjørgvin and Granvin , also `` possibly in a kenning for Sjaelland , viney , where we have no means of knowing exactly what it implies '' ( Haugen 1977 ) . A cognate name also existed in Old English ( Anglo - Saxon ) , in the name of the village Woolland in Dorset , England : this was written `` Winlande '' in the 1086 Domesday Book , and it is interpreted as `` meadow land '' or `` pasture land '' . Jump up ^ `` Was Vinland in Newfoundland '' , Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress , Arhus. 24 -- 31 August 1977 , ed . Hans Bekker - Nielsen , Peter Foote , Olaf Olsen . Odense University Press . 1981. ( 1 ) . See also Kirsten A. Seaver , Maps , Myths and Men . The story of the Vinland Map , Stanford University Press , p. 41 . Jump up ^ P.B. Taylor , `` The Hønen runes : A survey '' , Neophilologus Volume 60 , Issue 1 ( January 1976 ) , pp. 1 -- 7 . See also : Text and translation of the copy Geirodden.com ; C. Cavaleri ( 2008 ) , `` The Vínland Sagas as Propaganda for the Christian Church : Freydís and Gudríd as Paradigms for Eve and the Virgin Mary '' Master 's thesis , University of Oslo . Jump up ^ `` Vinland and Ultima Thule '' . John Th . Honti . Modern Language Notes Vol. 54 , No. 3 ( Mar. , 1939 ) , pp. 159 -- 172 Jstor.org ^ Jump up to : Jónas Kristjánsson et al. ( 2012 ) Falling into Vínland . Acta Archeologica 83 , pp. 145 -- 77 Jump up ^ based on translations by Keneva Kunz , with table of story element comparisons , in `` The Sagas of Icelanders '' , London , Allen Lane ( 2000 ) ISBN 0 - 7139 - 9356 - 1 Jump up ^ canadianmysteries.ca Jump up ^ Adam of Bremen , Descriptio insularum Aquilonis chapters 37 -- 38 ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Livingston , Michael ( March 2004 ) . `` More Vinland maps and texts '' . Journal of Medieval History . 30 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 44 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmedhist. 2003.12. 001 . Jump up ^ translations in : B.F. de Costa , Pre-Columbian Discovery of America by the Northmen , Albany NY , Munsell , 1890 Jump up ^ Historia Norwegiae Jump up ^ chronicle entries translated in A.M. Reeves et al . The Norse Discovery of America ( 1906 ) via saacred-texts.com Jump up ^ McManis D. 1969 . The Traditions of Vinland . Annals of the Association of American Geographers 59 ( 4 ) doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1969. tb01812. x Jump up ^ Kaups M , Some Observations on Vinland , Annals of the Association of American Geographers , Volume 60 , Issue 3 , pp. 603 -- 09 , September 1970 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1970. tb00746. x Jump up ^ https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/14061/12.01.09.html Jump up ^ https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17946/17946-h/17946-h.htm Jump up ^ R. Cleasby & G. Vigfusson An Icelandic - English Dictionary ( 1874 ) via the Germanic Lexicon Project Jump up ^ Where is Vinland : L'Anse aux Meadows at canadianmysteries.ca Jump up ^ `` Helge Marcus Ingstad , champion of the Vikings , died on March 29th , aged 101 '' . The Economist Newspaper Limited . April 12 , 2001 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site '' . Parks Canada . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gisli Sigurdsson , `` The Quest for Vinland in Saga Scholarship '' , in William Fitzhugh & Elizabeth Ward ( Eds . ) Vikings : the North Atlantic Saga , Washington DC , Smithsonian Institution ( 2000 ) ISBN 1 - 56098 - 995 - 5 Jump up ^ Cartier , Jacques ( 1863 ) . Voyage de J. Cartier au Canada . Jump up ^ COSEWIC report on Juglans cinerea ( butternut ) in Canada Jump up ^ `` The Norse : An Arctic Mystery '' . CBC / Radio - Canada . February 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Carpenter , `` Norse Penny '' , New York ( 2003 ) ; See also the critical book review of Bruce Bourque 's `` Twelve Thousand Years : American Indians in Maine '' , published in `` American Anthropologist '' 104 ( 2 ) : 670 -- 72 , and Prins , Harald E.L. , and McBride , Bunny , `` Asticou 's Island Domain : Wabanaki Peoples at Mount Desert Island 1500 -- 2000 . '' ( National Park Service ) nps.gov Jump up ^ William W. Fitzhugh & Elizabeth I. Ward ( Eds ) , `` Vikings : The North Atlantic Saga '' , Washington DC , Smithsonian Books ( 2000 ) ISBN 1 - 56098 - 995 - 5 Jump up ^ Kean , Gary ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Update : Archaeologist thinks Codroy Valley may have once been visited by Vikings '' . The Western Star . Jump up ^ Strauss , Mark ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Discovery Could Rewrite History of Vikings in New World '' . National Geographic . References ( edit ) Jones , Gwyn ( 1986 ) . The Norse Atlantic Saga : Being the Norse Voyages of Discovery and Settlement to Iceland , Greenland , and North America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285160 - 8 . Sverrir Jakobsson , `` Vínland and Wishful Thinking : Medieval and Modern Fantasies , '' Canadian Journal of History ( 2012 ) 47 # 3 pp. 493 -- 514 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vinland . `` Vinland '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Parks Canada -- L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada Vikings : The north Atlantic saga ; Searching for archeological evidence of Vikings in Labrador and Newfoundland -- from The Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of Natural History The Vinland Mystery -- a National Film Board of Canada documentary `` Where is Vinland ? '' , Great Unsolved Mysteries in Canadian History website Skálholt Map -- in the Royal Library , Copenhagen , Denmark Full text of Eirik the Red 's Saga Norse exploration of the Americas Explorers Erik the Red Leif Erikson Thorvald Eiriksson Freydís Eiríksdóttir Gunnbjörn Ulfsson Snæbjörn Galti Bjarni Herjólfsson Thorfinn Karlsefni Helgi and Finnbogi Places Greenland Vinland Eastern Settlement Western Settlement Ivittuut Markland Helluland L'Anse aux Meadows Gunnbjörn 's skerries Great Ireland Point Rosee Skræling Tanfield Valley Kingdom of Saguenay Norumbega Artifacts Maine penny Skálholt Map Accounts and study Literature Saga of Erik the Red Grœnlendinga saga Flateyjarbók Hauksbók Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum Book of Icelanders Researchers Adam of Bremen Carl Christian Rafn Helge Ingstad Anne Stine Ingstad Disputed sources Kensington Runestone Vinland map In popular culture Leif Erikson Day Vinland Saga album manga `` Immigrant Song '' Pathfinder Related topics Viking ship Norwegian penning Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact History of Greenland History of Nunavut History of Newfoundland Iceland Norway Former colonies and territories in Canada Norse Named Territories Vinland Markland Helluland Sites L'Anse aux Meadows Point Rosee French Claims New France Acadia Isle St - Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of Forts Spanish Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest Scottish Claims Nova Scotia ( 1621 ) Sites Port Royal Colony Russian Claims Russian America American Claims Oregon Country English & British Claims Newfoundland ( 1583 ) New Albion ( ? ) Rupert 's Land Nova Scotia ( 1710 ) Quebec Lower and Upper Canada New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Cape Breton United Canada New Caledonia Columbia District Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) British Columbia ( 1866 -- 71 ) Stickeen North - Western Territory Red River Important sites Cuper 's Cove Avalon ( 1620 ) York Factory Halifax Victoria Fort Langley List of HBC sites Norwegian Claims Sverdrup Islands Related Territorial evolution after 1867 Areas disputed by Canada and the United States Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Population of Canada Portal WikiProject ( hide ) Vikings Viking Age Culture Old Norse language Norse pantheon Norse mythology Norse religion Norsemen Danegeld Berserker Homelands and colonies Sweden Norway Denmark Iceland Greenland Vinland Faroe Islands Orkney Islands Shetland Islands Finland Danelaw Normandy North Sea Empire History Viking expansion British Isles Scotland Battles Tactics and warfare Raid on Seville Sack of Paris Siege of Paris Brunanburh Cnut the Great 's Invasion of England Stamford Bridge Arms and armour and fortifications Halberd Atgeir Skeggöx Dane axe Sword Ulfberht Ingelrii Ring fortress Historical figures Erik the Red Leif Erikson Snorri Sturluson VIAF : 235031970 GND : 4063568 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinland&oldid=813023918 '' Categories : Vinland Viking exploration of North America Saga locations Viking Age populated places History of Greenland Viking Age in Norway History of North America Hidden categories : Articles containing Old Norse - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2015 Articles needing the year an event occurred from January 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2015 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Old High German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 08 : 04 . 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Mohra
Mohra - Wikipedia Mohra Mohra DVD cover Directed by Rajiv Rai Produced by Gulshan Rai Written by Rajiv Rai Shabbir Boxwala Starring Sunil Shetty Akshay Kumar Raveena Tandon Poonam Jhawer Naseeruddin Shah Paresh Rawal Gulshan Grover Music by Viju Shah Cinematography Damodar Naidu Edited by Rajiv Rai Distributed by Trimurti Films Pvt. Ltd . Release date 1 July 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 01 ) Running time 177 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 4.75 crore ( US $710,000 ) Box office ₹ 22.65 crore ( US $3.4 million ) Mohra ( English : Pawn ) is a 1994 Indian action thriller film directed by Rajiv Rai . It features Sunil Shetty , Akshay Kumar , Raveena Tandon and Naseeruddin Shah in the lead roles , with Paresh Rawal , Gulshan Grover , Raza Murad and Sadashiv Amrapurkar in supporting roles . The film was released on July 1 , 1994 , and went on to become the second highest grossing Indian film of that year and was declared a `` Blockbuster ''. Naseeruddin Shah uses Sunil Shetty as his Mohra in the film . The film received nine Filmfare nominations in 1995 . It was the first time that the trio of Sunil Shetty , Akshay Kumar and Paresh Rawal worked together . Originally , Divya Bharti was cast as the female lead but she only managed five days working on the film before her death . Raveena Tandon was cast as her replacement . The film is also remembered for its songs which became chartbusters in that year ( 1994 ) . The popularity of the song `` Tu Cheez Badi Hai Mast Mast '' , which was picturised on Raveena Tandon , led to her being nicknamed `` the mast mast girl '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Vishal Agnihotri ( Sunil Shetty ) , a convict , is imprisoned for the murder of a group of four criminals who had brutally raped and killed his sister - in - law . Vishal tries to get justice in court , but is unsuccessful and the men are released from prison with the help of a corrupt lawyer . The criminals then visit Vishal 's home because he tried to file a case against them . The four criminals try to rape Vishal 's wife Priya ( Poonam Jhawer ) , but she kills herself with a knife . Angered at all this , Vishal decides to take the matter into his own hands and murders the four criminals himself . He is sentenced to life in prison for the crimes . When journalist Roma Singh ( Raveena Tandon ) visits the jail for a report that she 's writing , a few of the convicts try to rape her . The attempted rape reminds Vishal of his misfortune and he intervenes and saves Roma . Roma hears Vishal 's story and decides to help free him . She is heard by a blind businessman - Mr. Jindal ( Naseeruddin Shah ) who tries to recruit Vishal as a hit - man . He wants Vishal to kill some anti-social elements in the city , mainly the two powerful drug lords Jibran ( Raza Murad ) and Tyson ( Gulshan Grover ) and all the people who work for them . Mr. Jindal tells Vishal that these drug lords are responsible for creating people like the group of four men he killed in the first place , by bringing drugs to the streets and corrupting the locals . Vishal refuses at first as he has just got out of prison , and now wants to live a normal life . However , the memories of his murdered family come back to haunt him as he spends a day alone in his home , and he agrees to work for Jindal . Inspector Sahoo ( Paresh Rawal ) is very greedy and becomes an informer for Jibran , one of the targeted drug lords . He discloses all internal matters of the police department to Jibran in return for money . Police Inspector Amar Saxena ( Akshay Kumar ) is trying to catch the drug - trading suspects . He is unhappy about the release of Vishal , who he believes deserves to be in prison because of the murders he committed . Things become even more complicated when Amar finds Vishal at most of the murder scenes of criminals involved in drug - trading . Vishal goes on a murder spree , until he realizes that even the Commissioner ( Sadashiv Amrapurkar ) thinks that the unknown murderer is doing more to help society than police could ever do . Vishal refuses to kill the Commissioner , thus angering his boss , Jindal . Vishal attacks Jindal with a paper - weight , but Jindal dodges it . Vishal then realizes that Jindal is not blind and is the real antagonist , as he was pulling the strings all this time . Jindal tells Vishal that Jibran and Tyson were his rivals . He also confesses that he murdered his wife Pooja ( Priya Tendulkar ) and Inspector Karan Saxena ( who happens to be Amar 's father ) , to cover up the truth , and faked his blindness to throw the police off his trail . Jindal , who has now partnered with his former enemy , Jibran , leaves Vishal to die . Vishal escapes , only to be confronted by Amar . Vishal subdues Amar and tells him the truth . Inspector Sahoo , who is brought to Jindal by Jibran to give him important information about Vishal , tells him that Vishal is alive and will tell the entire truth to Amar and the Commissioner by the next morning . Then Jindal kidnaps the journalist , Roma , and kills the sub-editor Siddiqui , who tries to save Roma . Amar , Vishal and the Commissioner go to Jindal 's home to arrest him , but they find the sub-editor , Siddiqui , brutally murdered at his home . They discover that Jindal has kidnapped Roma in order to forcefully marry her . Amar and Vishal find Jindal 's den with the help of Inspector Sahoo and corner him . After a melee , Jibran is killed . Jindal tries to kill Amar , but Vishal takes the bullet and dies in Amar 's lap . Amar kills Jindal and avenges the death of Vishal and his father . Cast ( edit ) Sunil Shetty as Vishal Agnihotri Akshay Kumar as Inspector Amar Saxena Raveena Tandon as Roma Singh , Amar 's love interest Naseeruddin Shah as Mr Jindal Poonam Jhawer as Priya Agnihotri , Vishal 's wife Paresh Rawal as Kashinath Sahoo , Sub inspector of Police Sadashiv Amrapurkar as Kamdev Kulkarni , Commissioner of Police Gulshan Grover as Tyson , the drug lord Raza Murad as Jibran , another drug lord , rival of Tyson Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Jailer , Roma 's Dad Avtar Gill as Karan Saxena , Amar 's dad Priya Tendulkar as Pooja ( Special Appearance ) Kunika as Flora Tej Sapru as Irfan Vishwajeet Pradhan as Jackson Yunus Parvez as Siddiqui Vinay Sapru as Tony Harish Patel as Kranti Kumar Aparajita as Mrs Saxena John Gabriel as Rampal Gopal Poojari as Gopal Pujari Rashid Mehta as Rashid Razak Khan as Rizwaan ( Jibraan 's Brother ) Soundtrack ( edit ) The music for the film was composed by Viju Shah , with lyrics by Indeevar and Anand Bakshi . Mohra was one of the most successful soundtrack albums of 1994 , especially the song `` Tu Cheez Badi Hai Mast '' . Initially , Viju Shah wanted Sapna Mukherjee to render `` Tu Cheez Badi Hai Mast '' but , upon Rajiv Rai 's insistence , opted for Kavita Krishnamurthy instead . The track is based on the popular qawwali `` Dam Mast Qalandar '' , by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan . The album was the second highest selling of 1994 . The song `` Na Kajare Ki Dhar '' was originally composed by Kalyanji - Anandji , but was n't released as the movie was shelved in 1980 . The song was originally sung by Mukesh . Track list # Title Singer ( s ) `` Tip Tip Barsa Paani '' Udit Narayan , Alka Yagnik `` Aye Kaash Kaheen Aisa Hota '' Kumar Sanu `` Main Cheez Badi Hoon Mast '' Kavita Krishnamurthy `` Na Kajre Ki Dhar '' Pankaj Udhas , Sadhana Sargam 5 `` Na Kajre Ki Dhar '' ( Part 1 ) Pankaj Udhas 6 `` Na Kajre Ki Dhar '' ( Part 2 ) Sadhana Sargam 7 `` Subah Se Lekar '' Sadhana Sargam , Udit Narayan 8 `` Dil Har Koi '' Kumar Sanu , Alka Yagnik 9 `` Tu Cheez Badi Hai Mast Mast '' Udit Narayan , Kavita Krishnamurthy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mohra '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 20 July 2016 . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Verma , Sukanya ( 9 March 2009 ) . `` Raveena Tandon , Mohra '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1994 '' . Boxofficeindia.com . Archived from the original on 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Raveena Tandon , Mohra '' . Rediff.com. 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Raveena : The mast mast girl ! '' . Sify . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bollywood Retrospect - The enduring lyrics of Anand Bakshi '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Amit Baruah , R. Padmanabhan ( 6 September 1997 ) . `` The stilled voice '' . The Hindu , Frontline . External links ( edit ) Mohra on IMDb hide Trimurti Films Key individuals Gulshan Rai ( 1970 -- 2004 ) Rajiv Rai ( 2004 ) Rajiv Rai Yudh ( 1985 ) Tridev ( 1989 ) Vishwatma ( 1992 ) Mohra ( 1994 ) Gupt ( 1997 ) Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat ( 2001 ) Asambhav ( 2004 ) Vijay Anand Johny Mera Naam ( 1970 ) Yash Chopra Joshila ( 1973 ) Deewaar ( 1975 ) Trishul ( 1978 ) Subhash Ghai Vidhaata ( 1982 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohra&oldid=845825555 '' Categories : 1994 films Indian films Films about rape in India Films about women in India Films about the illegal drug trade Indian courtroom films 1990s Hindi - language films Films scored by Viju Shah Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2015 Use Indian English from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی हिन्दी Italiano नेपाल भाषा Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 11 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
tu cheez badi hai mast mast tu cheez badi hai mast old song
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The Block (Australian TV series)
The Block ( Australian TV series ) - Wikipedia The Block ( Australian TV series ) The Block Created by Julian Cress David Barbour Presented by Jamie Durie ( 2003 - 2004 ) Scott Cam ( 2010 - present ) Shelley Craft ( 2010 - present ) Starring Foreman : Keith Schleiger Dan Reilly Judges John McGrath Neale Whitaker Shaynna Blaze Darren Palmer Romy Alwill Opening theme `` Here Comes Another One '' by Groove Terminator Original Version ( seasons 1 - 5 ) Remixed Editions ( season 6 - present ) Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 651 ( as of 28 October 2018 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Julian Cress Justin Sturzaker Production location ( s ) Sydney ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 ) Melbourne ( seasons 4 -- 5 , 7 -- present ) Running time 30 -- 90 mins ( including ads ) Production company ( s ) Watercress Productions ( seasons 4 -- 11 ) Cavalier Productions ( seasons 12 -- present ) Release Original network Nine Network Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release Original Series 1 June 2003 -- 25 July 2004 Revived Series 22 September 2010 -- present External links Website The Block is an Australian reality television series broadcast on the Nine Network . The series follows four or five couples as they compete against each other to renovate and style houses / apartments and sell them at auction for the highest price . The original series first ran for two consecutive seasons in 2003 and 2004 , and was originally hosted by Jamie Durie . The Nine Network revived The Block after a six - year absence , with a third season commenced airing on 22 September 2010 , this time hosted by television personality and builder Scott Cam . Shelley Craft joined as co-host from the fourth season . The Block has a large number of commercial sponsors and prominently features brand sponsorships regularly throughout episodes . Contents 1 Format 2 Hosts and judges 3 Series overview 4 Combined profits 4.1 Auction 4.2 Returning teams 5 Season synopsis 5.1 Season 1 5.2 Season 2 5.3 Season 3 5.4 Season 4 5.5 Season 5 5.6 Season 6 5.7 Season 7 5.8 Season 8 5.9 Season 9 5.10 Season 10 5.11 Season 11 5.12 Season 12 5.13 Season 13 5.14 Season 14 5.15 Future 6 Viewership 7 Awards and nominations 8 Reno Rumble 9 International broadcasters and adaptations 9.1 Broadcasters 9.2 Adaptations 10 Notes 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Format ( edit ) The original format of the series featured four couples with a prior relationship renovating a derelict apartment block in the Sydney suburb of Bondi , with each couple renovating a separate apartment over a period of 12 weeks and with a budget of A $ 40,000 . The apartments were then sold at auction , with each couple keeping any profit made above a set reserve price and the couple with the highest profit winning a A $100,000 prize . The current format is relatively the same except the series usually features five couples , it is mainly based in Melbourne suburbs and the budget is $100,000 + . The first season was filmed at Bondi and the second at Manly . The third season again took place in Sydney , in the suburb of Vaucluse . Moving to Victoria , Australia , the fourth season was filmed in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond , Victoria on Cameron Street . Breaking with tradition , season four was filmed in four side - by - side houses as opposed to an apartment block of four . Season four saw television personality Shelley Craft join Scott Cam in hosting the show . Season five began airing in April 2012 . As with season four , season five has retained the four separate houses format , as opposed to four apartments in a single apartment block as in earlier seasons . Season five is again set in Melbourne , on Dorcas Street , and is set in four adjacent multi-storey town houses . Season six returned to Sydney , in Bondi , for the tenth anniversary . The program has remained in Melbourne since season seven . The first three seasons of The Block aired once weekly for 13 , 26 and 9 weeks respectively . Since season four , the program has aired across multiple nights per week . Hosts and judges ( edit ) Timeline of hosts , judges and other personnel Starring Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Current Scott Cam Host Neale Whitaker Judge Shelley Craft Host / Challenge Master Keith Schleiger Foreman Shaynna Blaze Judge Darren Palmer Guest Judge Dan Reilly Contestant `` Foreboy '' `` Foredan '' Alice Stolz Domain Judge Former Jamie Durie Host John McGrath Judge Guest Guest Guest Romy Alwill Guest Series overview ( edit ) Season Title Type of building Location Episodes Originally aired Result Season premiere Season finale Winning team Winning profit ( AUD ) Total winnings The Block Rundown Apartment Complex Bondi , New South Wales 13 1 June 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 01 ) 17 August 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 17 ) Adam Thorn Fiona Mills $156,000 $256,000 The Block 2 Manly , New South Wales 26 18 April 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 18 ) 25 July 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 25 ) Andrew Rochford Jamie Nicholson $78,000 $178,000 The Block 2010 Vaucluse , New South Wales 9 22 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) 24 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 24 ) John and Neisha Pitt $205,000 $305,000 The Block 2011 Rundown Workers Cottages Richmond , Victoria 51 20 June 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 20 ) 21 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 21 ) Polly Porter Warwick `` Waz '' Jones $15,000 $115,000 5 The Block 2012 Rundown Terrace Houses South Melbourne , Victoria 69 16 April 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 16 ) 1 July 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 01 ) Brad Cranfield Lara Welham $506,000 $606,000 6 All Stars Rundown Heritage - Listed Semi-Detached Houses Bondi , New South Wales 39 4 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 04 ) 20 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) Phil Rankine Amity Dry $295,000 $395,000 7 Sky High Former Motel South Melbourne , Victoria 66 12 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) 28 July 2013 Alisa and Lysandra Fraser 8 Fans v Faves Former Warehouse Albert Park , Victoria 61 27 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 9 April 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) Steve O'Donnell Chantelle Ford $636,000 $736,000 9 Glasshouse Former Office Building Prahran , Victoria 65 27 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 27 ) 12 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) Shannon and Simon Voss $335,000 $435,000 10 Triple Threat Former Apartment Block South Yarra , Victoria 58 27 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 29 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) Darren and Deanne Jolly $835,000 $935,000 11 Blocktagon Former Hotel 47 6 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 06 ) 25 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 25 ) Dean and Shay Paine $655,000 $755,000 12 The Block 2016 Heritage Art Deco Building Port Melbourne , Victoria 46 21 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 21 ) 13 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) William Bethune Karlie Cicero $715,000 $815,000 13 The Block 2017 Rundown Weatherboard Houses Elsternwick , Victoria 52 30 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 29 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) Elyse Knowles Josh Barker $447,000 $547,000 14 The Block 2018 Former Hotel St Kilda , Victoria 47 5 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) 28 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 28 ) Hayden Vale Sara Tumino $545,000 $645,000 15 The Block 2019 Former Hotel TBA Combined profits ( edit ) Auction ( edit ) Season No. of teams No. of properties sold at auction After auction sales Winning prize Average auction profit Combined auction profit 2003 $0 $100,000 $110,750 $443,000 $77,500 $155,000 $90,000 $113,166 $339,500 2011 $122,000 $15,000 $15,000 5 2012 $0 $430,750 $1,723,001.01 6 2013 $203,750 $815,000 7 5 $256,600 $1,283,000 8 2014 $581,625 $2,326,500 9 5 $141,000 $705,000 10 2015 $766,250 $3,065,000 11 5 $487,800 $2,439,000 12 2016 5 $567,000 $2,835,000 13 2017 5 $244,000 $1,220,000 14 2018 5 $376,000 $1,880,000 Overall combined profit $ 7007192440010100000 ♠ 19,244,001.01 Including prize money ( $1,400,000 ) $ 7007206440010100000 ♠ 20,644,001.01 Including after auction sales ( $212,000 ) $ 7007208560010100000 ♠ 20,856,001.01 ^ 1 The combined auction profit excludes the winning prize money and after auction sales . Returning teams ( edit ) Contestants Relationship Original season Returning season Combined profit Alisa & Lysandra Fraser Twin sisters 7 $395,000 8 $616,000 $1.011 m Darren & Deanne Jolly Married with children 9 $10,000 10 $935,000 $945,000 Brad Cranfield & Dale Vine Best mates 5 $606,000 & $355,000 8 $507,250 $859,625 & $608,625 Dan & Dani Reilly Married $448,000 6 $220,000 $668,000 Phil Rankin & Amity Dry Married with children $60,000 $395,000 $455,000 Josh & Jenna Densten Married $50,000 $275,000 $325,000 Mark Bowyer & Duncan Miller Best mates $47,000 $25,000 $72,000 ^ 2 Brad & Dale were both contestants on Season 5 , but they were with their partners ( Lara & Sophie respectively ) . In Season 8 , they returned to the show as a team . ^ 3 This amount of money is split between the two contestants in the team . Season synopsis ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : The Block ( season 1 ) Jamie Durie hosted the first two seasons of the show . The first season of The Block began airing on 1 June 2003 on the Nine Network , replacing Backyard Blitz and Location Location in the network 's flagship time slot of Sunday at 6 : 30 to 7 : 30 pm ( AEST ) . The season was presented by Backyard Blitz host Jamie Durie and filmed in Bondi , New South Wales , with the majority of filming being completed prior to the series airing for editing purposes . Selected from approximately 2,000 applicants , the four couples in the season were : Adam Thorn ( aged 30 ) and Fiona Mills ( 27 ) , a married couple from Banksia . A data analyst and former sales representative , the couple had renovated three properties prior to competing on The Block . They renovated the first ground floor apartment ( flat number one ) and were widely considered the `` show favourites '' throughout the course of the season . Their apartment -- which was the last to be auctioned -- sold for $751,000 earning them the highest profit of $156,000 as well as the winning prize of $100,000 . Mills appeared on the cover of Ralph while the season was airing in July 2003 . Warren Sonin ( 37 ) and Gavin Atkins ( 35 ) , a sales manager and public relations manager from Elizabeth Bay , New South Wales . They are the first male same - sex couple to compete on The Block . Paul and Kylie Ingram Phil Rankine and Amity Dry The auction profits had a combined result of $ 7005443000000000000 ♠ 443,000 . Flat Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction result Profit Total winnings Placing spot Adam & Fiona $595,000 $751,000 $156,000 $256,000 1st Warren & Gavin $595,000 $670,000 $75,000 $75,000 3rd Phil & Amity $595,000 $655,000 $60,000 $60,000 4th Paul & Kylie $595,000 $747,000 $152,000 $152,000 2nd Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : The Block ( season 2 ) The site used for the second season , as seen several days prior to auction Following the success of the first season , an expanded second season of 26 episodes , airing twice weekly , premiered on 18 April 2004 . The season was again set in Sydney , although in the suburb of Manly rather than Bondi where the first season was located . The auction profits had a combined result of $ 7005155000000000000 ♠ 155,000 with two properties not selling at auction . Selected from over 18,000 applicants , the four couples in the season were : Flat Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction result Profit Total winnings Placing spot Jason & Kirsten $795,000 $872,000 $77,000 $77,000 2nd Andrew & Jamie $790,000 $868,000 $78,000 $178,000 1st Matt & Jane $795,000 $795,000 $0 $0 3rd ( tied ) Steven & Richard $800,000 $800,000 $0 $0 3rd ( tied ) Two original contestants , Dani and Monique Bacha , left the program in January 2004 , two weeks into the second season , when it was reported that Dani had spent six months in jail in 2002 following his conviction for a drug - related offence . Andrew Rochford and Jamie Nicholson replaced Dani and Monique Bacha . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : The Block ( season 3 ) Scott Cam ( right ) , host since 2010 After a long break , the series was revived in 2010 with a set of four apartments in the upmarket suburb of Vaucluse in Sydney being renovated and Scott Cam replacing Jamie Durie as host . The auction profits had a combined result of $ 7005339500000000000 ♠ 339,500 with only one property not selling at auction . Flat Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction result Profit Total winnings Placing spot Josh & Nisha $900,000 $1.105 m $205,000 $305,000 1st Mark & Duncan $860,000 $907,000 $47,000 $47,000 3rd Erin & Jake $910,000 $997,500 $87,500 $87,500 2nd Chez & Brenton $880,000 $970,000 ( sold after auction ) $90,000 ( after auction ) $90,000 4th Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : The Block ( season 4 ) Shelley Craft joined Scott Cam as a host from the fourth season onwards . Season four saw six major changes to the format of The Block . The location has changed to Melbourne instead of Sydney . An initial elimination week sees eight couples reduced to four . Instead of a block of flats with four apartments , there are four separate houses next to one another . Contestants now have to renovate the exterior of their home , in addition to the interior . Instead of two one - hour - long episodes airing per week , six episodes now air per week with a mix of one - hour - and half - hour - length episodes . Shelley Craft has been introduced to help host special challenges where contestants can win extra cash and prizes for their houses . A weekly episode named `` The Blocked : Unlocked '' was introduced . Hosted by Shelley Craft , the episode shares a personal insight into The Block transformations as the couples guide viewers through their completed rooms . It also includes behind the scenes footage and footage not seen on TV . Eight couples were initially selected , with four being eliminated and the other four being given keys to the houses . The four remaining teams are : Josh and Jenna -- House 1 ( Blue ) Polly and Waz -- House 2 ( Yellow ) Katrina and Amie -- House 3 ( Green ) Rod and Tanya -- House 4 ( Red ) Waz Jones and Polly Porter , winners of the fourth season of The Block The winners of The Block were Polly and Waz . They made $15,000 in profit and due to the other three couples ' houses being passed in , they also won the $100,000 grand prize making them the winners . Also in this finale episode , Josh proposed to Jenna , his girlfriend for five years and partner on The Block . This was the worst auction in the history of The Block with auction profits having a combined result of $ 7004150000000000000 ♠ 15,000 due to only one property selling at auction . House Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction result Profit Total winnings Placing spot Josh & Jenna $950,000 $1.000 m ( sold after auction ) $50,000 ( after auction ) $50,000 2nd ( tied ) Polly & Waz $840,000 $855,000 $15,000 $115,000 1st Amie & Katrina $860,000 $860,000 ( sold after auction ) $0 ( after auction ) $0 2nd ( tied ) Rod & Tania $850,000 $922,000 ( sold after auction ) $72,000 ( after auction ) $72,000 2nd ( tied ) Polly and Waz were the only couple whose property sold at auction , with the other three failing to meet their reserve prices . Following the auction , Amie and Katrina 's property sold for their exact reserve amount , meaning they would not take any winnings from appearing on The Block . Also , Rod and Tania 's property sold for the highest profit on The Block , at $72,000 ( however , as it was after the auction , Polly and Waz are still the winners ) . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : The Block ( season 5 ) This season , like season four , was also based in Melbourne , in the inner city suburb of South Melbourne with four double storey side by side terrace houses located at 401 -- 407 Dorcas Street . The properties are all on separate titles with car access from Montague Street and plans approved to allow for a third story extension . Eight couples were initially selected , with four being eliminated and the other four being given keys to the houses . The four remaining teams are : Dale and Sophie -- House 1 ( Blue ) Mike and Andrew -- House 2 ( Yellow ) Brad and Lara -- House 3 ( Green ) Dan and Dani -- House 4 ( Red ) The auction profits had a combined result of $ 7006172300101000000 ♠ 1,723,001.01 House Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction result Profit Total winnings Placing spot Dale & Sophie $975,000 $1.330 m $335,000 $335,000 4th Mike & Andrew $966,000 $1,400,001.01 $434,001.01 $434,001.01 3rd Brad & Lara $1.114 m $1.620 m $506,000 $606,000 1st Dan & Dani $992,000 $1.440 m $448,000 $448,000 2nd Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : The Block ( season 6 ) It was announced during the finale of the fifth season that an all - star edition of the series would air in 2013 , with viewers able to vote for couples to return from past seasons . These votes were taken into consideration when selecting the contestants , and the four returning couples were announced in October 2012 as Phil and Amity ( of season one ) , Mark and Duncan ( season three ) , Josh and Jenna ( season four ) and Dan and Dani ( season five ) . Phil and Amity won All Stars with a total of $1,670,000 selling for their home . The auction profits had a combined result of $ 7005815000000000000 ♠ 815,000 . Production for the series relocated from Melbourne -- which had hosted the prior two seasons -- to its original location of Bondi in Sydney to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the show 's first season . Filming took place over nine weeks from October to December 2012 . Darren Palmer , who was a guest judge in the fourth and fifth seasons , replaced John McGrath as a permanent judge for this season . Both Neale Whitaker and Shaynna Blaze reprised their roles as judges from the previous season . House Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction result Profit Total winnings Placing spot Phil & Amity $1.375 m $1.670 m $295,000 $395,000 1st Mark & Duncan ( & Dale ) $1.345 m $1.370 m $25,000 $25,000 4th Josh & Jenna $1.375 m $1.650 m $275,000 $275,000 2nd Dan & Dani $1.355 m $1.575 m $220,000 $220,000 3rd Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : The Block ( season 7 ) `` The Block : Sky High '' under construction The Nine Network renewed The Block for a seventh season to air after Easter in 2013 . The location for this season was 142 Park Street , South Melbourne . The building consists of 5 levels , with each couple was allocated a full level to renovate . Alisa and Lysandra renovated level 1 , Matt and Kim were responsible for level 2 , level 3 was occupied by Bec and George , level 4 was completed by Madi and Jarrod and level 5 was made over by Trixie and Johnno . Twin sisters Alisa and Lysandra won The Block , with a profit of $295,000 . The auction profits had a combined result of $ 7006128300000000000 ♠ 1,283,000 . Level Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction result Profit Total winnings Placing spot Alisa & Lysandra $1.140 m $1.435 m $295,000 $395,000 1st 5 Matt & Kim $1.205 m $1.455 m $250,000 $250,000 3rd Bec & George $1.265 m $1.507 m $242,000 $242,000 4th Madi & Jarrod $1.310 m $1.601 m $291,000 $291,000 2nd 5 Johnno & Trixie $1.400 m $1.605 m $205,000 $205,000 5th Alisa & Lysandra win The Block with a $4000 profit lead over Madi & Jarrod . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : The Block ( season 8 ) `` Dux House '' in February 2014 Applications for the eighth season of the series opened whilst the seventh season was airing , with couples aged between 18 and 65 years old being sought by casting agents . Filming for the season was scheduled to occur between November 2013 and January 2014 , and aired from 27 January 2014 . Season 8 was based in the Melbourne suburb of Albert Park , Victoria . The production company paid $5.9 million for 47 O'Grady Street , a brick warehouse that was then transformed into four luxury apartments . The working title of season 8 was `` Fans vs Favourites '' as shown in the 2014 preview that was aired on the Big Brother 2013 finale . Returning to The Block were Brad and Dale ( season 5 ) / Alisa and Lysandra ( season 7 ) . Joining The Block were The Super K 's -- Kyal and Kara , and The Retro Rookies -- Steve and Chantelle . Steve O'Donnell and Chantelle Ford won The Block with a profit of $636,000 + $100,000 winners ' prize money . The auction profits had a combined result of $ 7006232650000000000 ♠ 2,326,500 . Loft Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction result Profit Total winnings Placing spot Steve & Chantelle $1.834 m $2.470 m $636,000 $736,000 1st Kyal & Kara $1.872 m $2.440 m $567,250 $567,250 3rd Alisa & Lysandra $1.759 m $2.375 m $616,000 $616,000 2nd Brad & Dale $1.802 m $2.310 m $507,250 $507,250 4th In May 2014 , it was reported that Lukas Kamay -- who had won the auction for Alisa and Lysandra 's apartment -- had been arrested for his involvement in an insider trading scam . As a result , the $500,000 deposit he had paid was frozen and the apartment was seized . The apartment will be re-sold at a later date . It 's unclear whether Alisa and Lysandra will receive the money they would have received had the scandal not broken , or if they are now considered to have come fourth and did not sell their apartment at auction . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : The Block ( season 9 ) The ninth season of The Block featured contestants renovating a former office building in Prahran into luxury apartments , with the season subtitled as The Block : Glasshouse . Filming began in April 2014 . One of the contestants was former professional Australian rules footballer Darren Jolly and his wife Deanne as one of the couples . The season debuted on 27 July 2014 at the 6 : 30 time slot . Shannon and Simon Voss won The Block with a profit of $335,000 + $100,000 winners ' prize money , while Michael & Carlene and Darren & Deanne made the bare minimum of $10,000 above reserve . Even newly - weds Karstan & Maxine only netted $40,000 in winnings . The auction profits had combined results of $ 7005705000000000000 ♠ 705,000 . Apt Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction result Profit Total winnings Placing spot 5 Michael & Carlene $1.380 m $1.390 m $10,000 $10,000 4th ( tied ) Chris & Jenna $1.500 m $1.810 m $310,000 $310,000 2nd Max & Karstan $1.670 m $1.710 m $40,000 $40,000 3rd Simon & Shannon $1.565 m $1.900 m $335,000 $435,000 1st 5 Darren & Deanne $1.370 m $1.380 m $10,000 $10,000 4th ( tied ) Season 10 ( edit ) Main article : The Block ( season 10 ) The Block was renewed for a Tenth season which was to begin airing on 27 January 2015 . The working title of season 10 was `` Triple Threat '' as shown in the 2014 preview that was aired on 23 November 2014 . It was premiered on 27 January 2015 where contestants renovate a former three - level block of flats . Darren & Deanne ( season 9 ) , Bec & George and Matt & Kim ( both season 7 ) returned to vie for a spot as contestants . Former contestant Dan Reilly from seasons 5 and 6 returned , this time as an apprentice foreman ( `` foreboy '' ) under Keith 's guidance after Dan himself became a qualified builder , who was a qualified carpenter during his stints as a contestant . Former contestants Darren & Deanne won the season with $835,000 + $100,000 prize money , and all contestants won over $665,000 . This is the highest making combined auction profits with a result of $ 7006306500000000000 ♠ 3,065,000 . Apt Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction Result Profit Total winnings Placing spot Josh & Charlotte $1.390 m $2.200 m $810,000 $810,000 2nd Tim & Anastasia $1.420 m $2.175 m $755,000 $755,000 3rd Ayden & Jess $1.335 m $2.000 m $665,000 $665,000 4th Darren & Deanne $1.455 m $2.290 m $835,000 $935,000 1st Season 11 ( edit ) Main article : The Block ( season 11 ) The Block was renewed for an eleventh season , which went into production in May 2015 . Season 11 put the show ' back - to - basics ' after ratings declines during the tenth season ; episodes were cut from 90 to 60 minutes , fewer episodes , the eliminations were removed and Thursday night episodes were dropped . Filming for season 11 began on 15 May 2015 . This season renovated the former Hotel Saville in South Yarra - an octagonal , eight floor brick building . The title for Season 11 is `` The Block : Blocktagon '' . Co-creator Julian Cress said that this season of The Block would have no tradies and only passionate do - it - yourself couples . In other seasons , at least one person in each team had a trade . The change came in the new direction in the back - to - basics change to the season . Cress said viewers would relate more to the characters who are big on spirit but small on skills when the show returned later in the year . This season was sponsored by Mitre 10 ( building equipment ) , Swisse Australia ( vitamins ) , Aldi ( groceries ) , Domain ( money and apartment information ) , The Good Guys ( electronics and kitchens ) and Suzuki ( transport ) . Shay & Dean Paine won the season with $655,000 + $100,000 prize money , and all contestants won over $349,000 . The auction profits had a combined result of $ 7006243900000000000 ♠ 2,439,000 . Level Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction result Profit Total winnings Placing spot Kingi & Caro $1.330 m $1.735 m $405,000 $405,000 3rd Andrew & Whitney $1.400 m $1.790 m $390,000 $390,000 4th Suzi & Voni $1.480 m $1.829 m $349,000 $349,000 5th 5 Luke & Ebony $1.560 m $2.200 m $640,000 $640,000 2nd 5 Dean & Shay $1.645 m $2.300 m $655,000 $755,000 1st Season 12 ( edit ) Main article : The Block ( season 12 ) On 28 October 2015 , Nine renewed the series for a twelfth season . Since 2013 , the Nine Network had aired two seasons of the show each year . In 2016 , however , this would be the one and only season airing , and it did not air until the last quarter of 2016 . It was once again set in Melbourne . On 27 December 2015 , Frank Valentic teased a video saying that there are rumours of The Block going to Greville Street , Prahran . On 18 February 2016 , it was reported that The Block 's producers had bought an old heritage - listed soap factory for $5 million at 164 Ingles Street , Port Melbourne . This address was confirmed by Scott Cam on The Today Show on 9 May 2016 . Filming began on 26 May 2016 . The series began airing in August 2016 and had 5 teams competing . The season premiered on Sunday 21 August 2016 . This season 's contestants , Julia & Sasha , are the first ever female same - sex couple to compete on any season of The Block . The season concluded on 13 November 2016 . This season is sponsored by Mitre 10 ( building equipment ) , Aldi ( groceries ) , Domain ( cash flow and apartment information ) , McCafé ( snacks , beverages , and the McCafe Quality Award ) , Stayz ( challenge and additional finale prizes ) , Suzuki ( transport and viewer voting prize ) and Telstra ( Smart Home Technology and additional cash flow ) . William Bethune & Karlie Cicero won the season with $715,000 + $100,000 prize money . Each team of contestants won $425,000 or more . The auction profits had a combined result of $ 7006283500000000000 ♠ 2,835,000 . Apt Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction result Profit Total winnings Placing spot William & Karlie $1.885 m $2.600 m $715,000 $815,000 1st Dan & Carleen $1.775 m $2.300 m $525,000 $525,000 3rd 5 Andy & Ben $1.740 m $2.250 m $510,000 $510,000 4th Julia & Sasha $1.930 m $2.590 m $660,000 $660,000 2nd 5 Chris & Kim $1.880 m $2.305 m $425,000 $425,000 5th Season 13 ( edit ) Main article : The Block ( season 13 ) On 8 November 2016 , The Block was renewed for a thirteenth season at Nine 's upfronts . Applications for the thirteenth season of the series opened on 9 January 2017 , with energetic couples aged between 18 and 65 years old being sought by casting agents . Filming for the season is scheduled to occur between April 2017 and July 2017 . The casting call also specifies first round couples will be reduced to final participants in the first week of filming , which suggests Season 13 will feature an elimination round similar to that of Season 5 . On 11 March 2017 , it was reported that a vacant block of land at 46 Regent Street , Elsternwick , had been purchased for $9.6 million back in December 2016 , with plans approved to build a five lot subdivision , meaning for the first time ever , they would be building a property from the ground up , instead of renovating an existing building . On 17 March 2017 , it was officially confirmed that 46 Regent Street Elsternwick will be the location of The Block 's thirteenth season with filming to begin on 27 April 2017 , however they will not be building a property from the ground up , as five old rundown weatherboard houses are being relocated to the location , meaning this will be the first time since the sixth season the contestants will renovate a house . In June 2017 , Network Nine officially announced the location and teams for the thirteenth season of The Block , one team being Aussie Model Elyse Knowles and her Boyfriend Josh . The season will premiere on Sunday 30 July 2017 . This season is sponsored by Mitre 10 ( building equipment ) , Domain ( cash flow & house marketing ) , McCafé ( snacks & beverages ) , Stayz ( challenge & additional finale prizes ) , Volkswagen ( transport & cash flow ) , Centrum ( vitamins ) & Youfoodz ( groceries & meals ) . Elyse Knowles & Josh Barker won the season with $447,000 + $100,000 prize money . Each team of contestants won $95,000 or more . The auction profits had a combined result of $ 7006122000000000000 ♠ 1,220,000 . House Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction result Profit Total winnings Placing spot Jason & Sarah $2.620 m $3.007 m $387,000 $387,000 2nd 5 Clint & Hannah $2.520 m $2.615 m $95,000 $95,000 5th Georgia & Ronnie $2.620 m $2.781 m $161,000 $161,000 3rd Sticks & Wombat $2.520 m $2.650 m $130,000 $130,000 4th 5 Elyse & Josh $2.620 m $3.067 m $447,000 $547,000 1st Season 14 ( edit ) Main article : The Block ( season 14 ) On 21 November 2016 , it was reported the producers were looking at The Gatwick Private Hotel at 34 Fitzroy Street , St Kilda as a possible site for its thirteenth season . On 17 December 2016 , it was reported that The Block producers and the owners of The Gatwick Hotel are currently in negotiations on purchasing the property . On 4 March 2017 , it was reported that the Gatwick Hotel deal did not go ahead and that the producers are searching for another property , however on 6 March 2017 , it was reported the producers were in a closing deal to buy the property as residents of the building are to move out . On 17 March 2017 , it was reported that The Gatwick Hotel would not be the location of The Block 's thirteenth season , although there was still interest in the building . On 22 March 2017 , Nine officially confirmed that the building had been purchased and will be used for a future season of The Block . In June 2017 , The Block producers lodged renovation plans for The Gatwick Hotel with Port Phillip City Council . On 23 July 2017 , the renovation plans were officially released , the information included that the network paid $10 million for the building ( not $15 million as originally reported ) , it was confirmed that the site will have eight apartments , two - bedrooms on the ground level and three - bedrooms for the remaining homes , the existing roof to be partly demolished and a fourth floor built to include pergolas above outdoor terraces & a car park area would have six car spaces and bicycle parking , and each apartment would come with secure storage . Applications for the fourteenth season of the series opened in August 2017 until 10 September 2017 , looking for couples couples aged between 18 and 65 years old being sought by casting agents . Filming for the season was originally slated to occur between January 2018 and April 2018 , but will begin filming on 8 February 2018 . In October 2017 , the fourteenth season and location of The Block were officially confirmed at Nine 's upfronts . In June 2018 , Network Nine announced the teams for the fourteenth season of The Block . In July 2018 , Network Nine announced the premiere date of Season 14 as Sunday , August 5th at 7pm . Hayden Vale & Sara Tumino won the season with $545,000 + $100,000 prize money . Each team of contestants won $209,000 or more . The auction profits had a combined result of $ 7006188000000000000 ♠ 1,880,000 . Apt Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction result Profit Total winnings Placing spot Kerrie & Spence $2.435 m $2.850 m $415,000 $415,000 2nd 5 Hans & Courtney $2.360 m $2.770 m $410,000 $410,000 3rd Hayden & Sara $2.475 m $3.020 m $545,000 $645,000 1st Norm & Jess $2.650 m $2.859 m $209,000 $209,000 5th 5 Bianca & Carla $2.690 m $2.991 m $301,000 $301,000 4th Future ( edit ) In June 2018 , it was reported that The Block producers had acquired a rundown backpackers accommodation , Oslo Hotel , at 38 Grey Street , St Kilda , through an off - market deal struck after the series approached one of the owners . The building contains five mansions hidden behind the facade . The series producers and building planners set to submit renovation plans to the City of Port Phillip council imminently . Viewership ( edit ) The two first seasons were successful in the ratings , with the first season averaging 2.2 million viewers . Season 1 Finale was watched by 3.115 million viewers and Season 2 was watched by 2.273 million viewers . The third season debuted with 1,134,000 , a daily rank of 9 . It lost to all its main time slot competition consisting of Glee on Network Ten and Border Security on the Seven Network . However , it remained successful with key demographics and enjoyed steady ratings throughout the season . Season 3 concluded with 1.712 million viewers , and was the top program of the night in total people and all key demographics . It was also the second most - watched program of the week . Season Episodes Premiere Finale Source Premiere date Premiere ratings Rank Finale date Finale ratings ( Grand final ) Rank Finale ratings ( Winner announced ) Rank One 13 1 June 2003 N / A 17 August 2003 3.115 # 1 N / A Two 26 18 April 2004 25 July 2004 2.273 # 1 Three 9 22 September 2010 1.139 # 9 24 November 2010 1.305 # 3 1.716 # 1 Four 51 20 June 2011 1.342 # 4 21 August 2011 2.283 # 4 3.289 # 1 Five 69 16 April 2012 1.404 # 2 1 July 2012 2.145 # 3 2.715 # 1 Six 39 4 February 2013 0.959 # 9 20 March 2013 1.646 # 3 2.119 # 1 Seven 68 12 May 2013 1.312 # 4 28 July 2013 2.132 # 3 2.808 # 1 Eight 61 27 January 2014 1.143 # 7 9 April 2014 1.884 # 3 2.181 # 1 Nine 65 27 July 2014 1.374 # 1 12 October 2014 1.796 # 4 2.764 # 1 Ten 58 27 January 2015 0.860 # 8 29 April 2015 1.645 # 3 2.027 # 1 Eleven 47 6 September 2015 1.074 # 4 25 November 2015 1.579 # 2 1.812 # 1 Twelve 46 21 August 2016 1.074 # 3 13 November 2016 1.712 # 2 2.104 # 1 Thirteen 52 30 July 2017 1.117 # 4 29 October 2017 1.976 # 2 2.255 # 1 Fourteen 47 5 August 2018 1.163 # 1 28 October 2018 1.674 # 2 1.865 # 1 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Logie Awards Most Popular Reality Program The Block Nominated 2005 Logie Awards Most Popular Reality Program The Block 2 2012 Logie Awards Most Popular Reality Program The Block 2011 Won 2013 Logie Awards Most Popular Reality Program The Block 2012 2014 Logie Awards Most Popular Reality Program The Block : All Stars Nominated The Block : Sky High Gold Logie for Most Popular Personality on Australian TV Scott Cam Won Most Popular Presenter 2015 Logie Awards Gold Logie for Most Popular Personality on Australian TV Scott Cam Nominated Most Popular Reality Program The Block : Glasshouse Won 2016 Logie Awards Gold Logie for Best Personality on Australian TV Scott Cam Nominated Best Reality Program The Block : Blocktagon Won Best New Talent Dan Reilly Nominated 2017 Logie Awards Best Reality Program The Block 2016 Won 2018 Logie Awards Best Reality Program The Block 2017 Won Reno Rumble ( edit ) Main article : Reno Rumble Reno Rumble was a program that pit teams from The Block against teams from the Seven Network 's reality series House Rules . The program aired on the Nine Network and was produced by the same production company as The Block . The series was renewed for a second season but did not involve former contestants from The Block or House Rules and was only produced by the Nine Network . International broadcasters and adaptations ( edit ) Broadcasters ( edit ) Country Network Current broadcaster Subtitled or dubbed Notes Canada Casa Yes Subtitled and dubbed in French Québec Seasons 4 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 10 & 11 aired Gusto Yes Season 13 aired HGTV No Seasons 1 & 2 aired Iceland Stöð 2 Yes Subtitled Ireland Home Yes TV3 No Seasons 1 & 2 aired Watch Yes The Netherlands NET 5 Yes Subtitled United Kingdom Home No Watch No New Zealand Three Yes Seasons 5 - 13 aired on TV3 . Prime No Portugal SIC Mulher Yes Subtitled Seasons 1 - 5 aired . + TVI Yes Subtitled Sweden TV12 No Subtitled Seasons 5 & 7 aired . Finland AVA Yes Subtitled Seasons 5 , 7 , 9 , 10 & 11 aired . Adaptations ( edit ) Country Title Broadcaster Presenter ( s ) Original run Belgium The Block VIER Hans Otten & Hanne Troonbeeckx 2004 -- 2009 Israel The Block Channel 10 Haim Etgar 30 May 2009 -- 10 September 2009 Netherlands Het Blok NET 5 Erik van der Hoff 2004 -- 2008 , 2010 - 2011 New Zealand The Block NZ Three Mark Richardson & Shelley Ferguson 4 July 2012 -- present United Kingdom The Block ITV Lisa Rogers The Block has also been adapted in Russia , Norway , Romania , Sweden , Denmark , Finland , Iceland , United States and South Africa . Notes ( edit ) The first season has retroactively been re-titled The Block 2003 as shown in The Block : All Stars when Phil and Amity were noted as having previously appeared in `` The Block 2003 '' . The second season has retroactively been re-titled The Block 2004 , in line with the re-titled first season . Despite constant references to `` The Blocktagon '' being made by hosts , contestants and other media , the eleventh season was the first season since The Block 2 to not have the title appear on - screen . The title sequence only said `` The Block '' . See also ( edit ) Television in Australia portal List of Australian television series List of programs broadcast by Nine Network House Rules ( Australian TV series ) The Renovators References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Power , Emily ( 20 November 2015 ) . `` The Block 2015 : meet the show 's brains Julian Cress and Julian Brenchley '' . Domain . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 25 July 2014 ) . `` Chris & Jenna to shake up The Block '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Block '' . TV-Tonight.com.au. 10 September 2010 . Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Airdate : The Block '' . Nine Network Pres Release . TV-Tonight.com.au. 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Block returns to Nine '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 21 March 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Ma , Wenlei ( 11 April 2014 ) . `` Brands such as Mitre 10 , The Good Guys , Suzuki and iSelect were the real winners of The Block : Fans v Faves '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Warneke , Ross ( 5 June 2003 ) . `` The Block 's a winner or I 'm out to pasture '' . The Age . Melbourne . p. 6 ( Green Guide ) . Jump up ^ `` The Block returns to Sydney '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 13 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ The Block TV Shows Online ninemsn Video . Catchup.ninemsn.com.au . Jump up ^ The Block TV Shows Online ninemsn Video . Catchup.ninemsn.com.au . Jump up ^ The Block TV Shows Online ninemsn Video . Catchup.ninemsn.com.au . Jump up ^ The Block TV Shows Online ninemsn Video . Catchup.ninemsn.com.au . Jump up ^ The Block TV Shows Online ninemsn Video . Catchup.ninemsn.com.au . Jump up ^ Ellis , Scott ( 1 June 2003 ) . `` Doing their block '' . The Sun - Herald . Sydney . p. 8 ( Television ) . Jump up ^ Hunter , Tim ( 14 August 2003 ) . `` Boys ' own adventure on The Block '' . The Age . Melbourne . p. 10 ( Green Guide ) . Jump up ^ Dale , David ( 17 May 2004 ) . `` Reality TV feels the pain '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 11 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Chalmers , Emma ( 24 July 2004 ) . `` Last time around the block for reality shows '' . The Courier Mail . Brisbane . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 12 January 2013 ) . `` Airdate : The Block : All - Stars '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 15 March 2013 ) . `` Nine sets date for The Block finale '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 May 2013 ) . `` The Block vs House Rules '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Melloy , Neil ( 24 May 2003 ) . `` Reality is a queer thing '' . The Courier Mail . Brisbane . p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Wells , Rachel ; Jenkins , Melissa ( 18 August 2003 ) . `` Everyone a winner as buyers vie for chip off the Block '' . The Age . Melbourne . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` They 've been around the Block -- now they 'll chase their dream '' . The Advertiser . Adelaide. 23 August 2003 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Williams , Nadine ; Hurt , Jessica , eds. ( 28 July 2003 ) . `` Fiona tries another type of stripping '' . The Advertiser . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Candace ( 8 June 2003 ) . `` Gay TV tut - tutting straight from past - Radio chip at new Block guarantees top ratings '' . The Sun - Herald . Sydney : Fairfax Media . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Jinman , Richard ( 5 June 2003 ) . `` Doing their block down at Bondi '' . The Age . Melbourne : Fairfax Media . p. 19 ( Green Guide ) . Jump up ^ Couple quit The Block . Theage.com.au ( 19 January 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` Cast Of The Block Revealed And It Will Be Filmed In Vaucluse '' . Realityravings.com. 2010 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ South Melbourne Homes for Sale realestateVIEW.com.au . Myhome.com.au ( 27 September 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` Nine reveals The Block : All Stars contestants '' . Media Spy. 13 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Seanna ( 16 October 2012 ) . `` The Block All - Stars filming at Bondi '' . Sunshine Coast Daily . Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Shae ( 9 August 2012 ) . `` Waverley Council receives application to turn Bondi into set for Channel 9 series The Block '' . Herald Sun . Melbourne . Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Nauman , Zoe ( 20 January 2013 ) . `` MKR cooks up new Dr Evil '' . The Sunday Telegraph . Sydney . Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Renewed : The Voice , The Block , Celebrity Apprentice ... TV Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Renovation , DIY , Interior Design & Decorating - 9Homes '' . Homes.ninemsn.com.au. 2016 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 2 July 2013 ) . `` The Block calling for new contestants '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Locals unhappy The Block is moving in '' , TV Tonight , 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael , Sarah . `` Alisa and Lysandra 's luxury The Block apartment seized by police '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Channel Nine 's reveal new name on reality renovation show The Block : Glasshouse '' . news.com.au. 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Power , Emily ; Alexandra Spangaro ; Alistair Walsh ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) . `` The Block winners Darren and Deanne Jolly pocket almost $1 million at auction '' . News.domain.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Block to go back - to - basics after massive ratings decline '' . news.com.au. 21 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Block in doubt as Channel Nine say no show in early 2016 '' . Mobile.news.com.au. 2015 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Blockinator Blog : The Block Season 11 is titled The Blocktagon '' . Theblockinator.blogspot.com.au. 2015 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Block : ' Tradies out , clueless couples in ' '' . Mobile.news.com.au. 2015 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Nine signs major sponsors for The Block '' . AdNews.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Willis , Charlotte ( 2015 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Dean and Shay win The Block finale 2015 Australia '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Nine Upfronts 2016 : Nine goes HD , new lifestyle channel - and Daryl Somers returns -- TV Tonight '' . Tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Vickery , Colin ( 2015 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Nine insists only one Block in 2016 '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Blockinator Blog : The Block 2016 in Greville Street Prahran ! ! '' . Theblockinator.blogspot.com.au. 2016 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Block : Port Melbourne site rumoured to be the next location for reality TV show '' . News.com.au. 2016 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Logies reveals new details on upcoming TV shows Australian Women 's Weekly '' . Aww.com.au. 2016 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Block casts same - sex couple and oldest ever - team for Melbourne factory renovation '' . smh.com.au. 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nine bumps The Block to Sunday premiere against Australian Survivor '' . TV Tonight . 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Insults fly as The Block looks set to go up against Australian Survivor in a bloody reality TV war '' . news.com.au. 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nine locks on Block finale '' . TV Tonight . 7 November 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Telstra joins The Block as Nine reveals commercial partners '' . AdNews.com.au. 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bond , Nick ( 13 November 2016 ) . `` Block winners score near - record - breaking profit after almost going broke '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 November 2016 ) . `` Nine Upfronts 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nine in 2017 '' . nineentertainmentco.com.au . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Block 2017 Casting '' . castasugar.com . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Fiona ( 11 March 2017 ) . `` Forget The Gatwick : New location for The Block revealed '' . heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` Regent St new home for The Block ? '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` The Block to begin filming on April 27 '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 March 2017 ) . `` The Block 2017 ... renovate this ! '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennehy , Luke ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Is this Elsternwick site the new location of The Block ? '' . heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennehy , Luke ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` The Block : Aussie model Elyse Knowles set to get working on reno show '' . dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Malbon , Abigail ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` The Block Baby '' . honey.nine.com.au . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Nine confirms 2017 cast for The Block '' . tvtonight.nine.com.au . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` Airdate : The Block 2017 '' . dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Block Returns With A Record Number Of Commercial Partners '' . nineentertainmentco.com.au . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Worrall , Allison ( 29 October 2017 ) . `` The Block Grand Finale : Who won The Block ? '' . domain.com.au . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 November 2016 ) . `` The Block eyeing Gatwick Hotel '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Kidman , Angus ( 21 November 2016 ) . `` Block 2017 eyeing the Gatwick Private Hotel in St Kilda '' . finder.com.au . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Devic , Aleks ( 17 December 2016 ) . `` The Block eyes off the notorious Gatwick Hotel '' . themercury.com.au . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Mills , Tammy ( 17 December 2016 ) . `` The Block in ' serious negotiations ' over sale of Gatwick Hotel '' . smh.com.au . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 December 2016 ) . `` Rumours gather on The Block '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Fiona ( 4 March 2017 ) . `` No reality TV makeover on The Block for St Kilda eyesore Gatwick Hotel '' . heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mineae , Tom ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Gatwick Hotel residents to move out as notorious hotel to be sold '' . heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Nine confirms The Gatwick purchase for The Block '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Carmody , Broede ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Channel Nine confirms Gatwick Hotel purchased for ' future season ' of The Block '' . smh.com.au . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 25 June 2017 ) . `` The Block eyeing 8 apartments at Gatwick '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Fiona ( 25 June 2017 ) . `` The Block : Plans lodged for TV makeover of notorious St Kilda flophouse The Gatwick Hotel '' . heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 23 July 2017 ) . `` The Block : lodges plans for The Gatwick Hotel '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Block 2018 Casting '' . castasugar.com . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 August 2017 ) . `` Auditions : The Block 2018 '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Fiona ( 27 January 2018 ) . `` The Block 2018 : Gatwick Hotel filming to start in St Kilda next month '' . Dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment On Nine In 2018 '' . nineentertainmentco.com.au . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Block 2018 contestants : meet the teams '' . homestolove.com.au. 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Block 2018 premiere date '' . Jump up ^ Worrall , Allison ( 28 October 2018 ) . `` The Block 2018 auction : Hayden and Sara win this year 's series in a nailbiting auction '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 28 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Cam , Tyeson ( 6 June 2018 ) . `` ' The Block ' Has Its Sights Set On Another St Kilda Landmark With A History '' . pedestrian.tv . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 7 June 2018 ) . `` The Block to makeover St Kilda backpackers '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 20 programs 1998 - 2009 - Top programs - In the archive - Industry trends - Television - Fact Finders '' . Screen Australia . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : Week 39 '' . TV Tonight.com.au . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Media Spy - Week 48 2010 '' . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 September 2010 ) . `` Week 39 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 November 2010 ) . `` Week 48 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` Week 26 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 August 2011 ) . `` Seven steals ratings week from Nine '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 17 April 2012 ) . `` Monday 16 April 2012 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 July 2012 ) . `` Sunday 1 July 2012 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 5 February 2013 ) . `` Monday 4 February 2013 '' . Tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 March 2013 ) . `` Wednesday 20 March 2013 '' . Tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` Sunday 12 May 2013 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 July 2013 ) . `` Sunday 28 July 2013 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 27 January 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 9 April 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 5 August 2014 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 27 July 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 October 2014 ) . `` Sunday 12 October 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 February 2015 ) . `` Tuesday 27 January 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 30 April 2015 ) . `` Wednesday 29 April 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 7 September 2015 ) . `` Sunday 6 September 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 26 November 2015 ) . `` Wednesday 25 November 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday 21 August 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 22 August 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday 13 November 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Sunday 30 July 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` Sunday 29 October 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday 5 August 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( October 29 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday 28 October 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Logie Awards '' . Australiantelevision.net . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Logie Awards '' . Australiantelevision.net . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 15 April 2012 ) . `` 2012 Logie Awards : Winners '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Logie Awards : Full List of Winners '' . News.com.au . News Corp Australia . 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 April 2014 ) . `` Logie Awards 2014 : Winners '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Willis , Charlotte ( 22 March 2015 ) . `` Here 's the full List of 2015 Logies nominations '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 April 2016 ) . `` 2016 Logie Awards : winners '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 26 March 2017 ) . `` 2017 Logie Awards : nominations '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 26 March 2017 ) . `` 2017 Logie Awards : nominations '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` Renovation Rumble reality coming to Nine in 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nine reality series Reno Rumble unveils makeover for 2016 series '' . News.com.au. 20 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Nine renews The Block for 2010 which is being filmed in the upmarket Takapuna of Auckland on Anzac Street . Tvtonight.com.au . 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2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
2018 World Junior ice Hockey Championships - wikipedia 2018 World Junior ice Hockey Championships Jump to : navigation , search 2018 IIHF World U20 Championships Tournament details Host country United States Dates December 26 , 2017 -- January 5 , 2018 Teams 10 Venue ( s ) KeyBank Center , Buffalo HarborCenter , Buffalo New Era Field , Orchard Park ( in 2 host cities ) Final positions Champions Canada ( 17th title ) Runner - up Sweden Third place United States Fourth place Czech Republic Tournament statistics Matches played 30 Goals scored 216 ( 7.2 per match ) Attendance 211,210 ( 7,040 per match ) Scoring leader ( s ) Casey Mittelstadt ( 11 points ) MVP Casey Mittelstadt Website 2018. worldjunior. hockey ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 IIHF World Junior Championship was the 42nd Ice Hockey World Junior Championship , and was hosted by the city of Buffalo , New York at the KeyBank Center and HarborCenter . It opened on December 26 , 2017 and closed with the gold medal game on January 5 , 2018 . It was the sixth time that the United States has hosted the IHWJC , and the second time that Buffalo has done so , previously hosting in 2011 . A preliminary round game between Canada and the United States was played outdoors at New Era Field in nearby Orchard Park , New York on December 29 , 2017 . It was the first ever `` outdoor game held at any top - level IIHF world championship . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Top Division 1.1 Venues 1.2 Host selection 1.3 Officials 1.4 Rosters 1.5 Format 1.6 Preliminary round 1.6. 1 Group A 1.6. 2 Group B 1.7 Relegation 1.8 Playoff round 1.8. 1 Quarterfinals 1.8. 2 Semifinals 1.8. 3 Bronze medal game 1.8. 4 Gold medal game 1.9 Statistics 1.9. 1 Scoring leaders 1.9. 2 Goaltending leaders 1.10 Tournament awards 1.11 Final standings 2 Division I 2.1 Division IA 2.2 Division IB 3 Division II 3.1 Division IIA 3.2 Division II B 4 Division III 4.1 Division III qualification 5 References 6 External links Top Division ( edit ) Venues ( edit ) KeyBank Center Capacity : 19,070 KeyBank Rink at HarborCenter Capacity : 1,800 New Era Field Capacity : 71,870 United States -- Buffalo United States -- Buffalo United States -- Orchard Park Host selection ( edit ) On July 28 , 2015 , USA Hockey named the five initial finalists for hosting the event : Buffalo , New York Pittsburgh St. Louis Chicago Tampa , Florida Chicago and Tampa were eliminated on September 15 . Buffalo was chosen as the host site on December 3 , with a formal announcement on December 4 . Officials ( edit ) The following officials were assigned by the International Ice Hockey Federation to officiate the 2018 World Junior Championships . Referees Andris Ansons Alexandre Garon Jacob Grumsen Mikko Kaukokari Artur Kulev Manuel Nikolic Gordon Schukies Robin Šír Mikael Sjöqvist Stephen Thomson Jeremy Tufts Marc Wiegand Linesmen Franco Castelli Markus Hägerström William Hancock II Rene Jensen Jon Kilian Dustin McCrank Jiří Ondráček Peter Šefčík Alexander Sysuev Emil Yletyinen Rosters ( edit ) Main article : 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships rosters Format ( edit ) The preliminary round was a two group of five teams each internal round - robin format , followed by a three - round playoff . In the round - robin , two points were allotted for a win , and one additional point for a regulation win . One point was allotted for an overtime or game winning shots loss . The four highest - ranked teams from each group of the preliminary round advanced to quarterfinals while the last - placed team from each group played a best - of - three series , the loser relegated to Division IA for 2019 . All other teams will retain their Top Division status . Preliminary round ( edit ) All times are local . ( Eastern Standard Time -- UTC - 5 ) Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification Canada 0 0 21 6 + 15 10 Advance to Quarterfinals United States 0 20 10 + 10 8 Finland 0 0 15 12 + 3 6 Slovakia 0 0 10 14 − 4 6 5 Denmark 0 0 0 26 − 24 0 Advance to Relegation Source : IIHF.com December 26 , 2017 16 : 00 Canada 4 -- 2 ( 3 -- 1 , 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 ) Finland KeyBank Center Attendance : 9,552 ( show ) Game reference Carter Hart Goalies Ukko -- Pekka Luukkonen Referees : Artur Kulev Manuel Nikolic Linesmen : Jon Kilian Jiří Ondráček Katchouk ( Thomas ) -- 05 : 34 1 -- 0 Steel ( Raddysh , Kyrou ) ( PP ) -- 06 : 01 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 12 : 19 -- Heponiemi ( Välimäki ) Batherson ( Gadjovich , Mete ) -- 12 : 52 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 27 : 31 -- Jokiharju ( Tolvanen , Koivula ) ( PP ) Raddysh ( Katchouk ) -- 32 : 47 4 -- 2 12 min Penalties 6 min 32 Shots 31 December 26 , 2017 20 : 00 Denmark 0 -- 9 ( 0 -- 5 , 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 2 ) United States KeyBank Center Attendance : 7,207 ( show ) Game reference Kasper Krog Emil Gransøe Goalies Joseph Woll Referees : Gordon Schukies Robin Šír Linesmen : Peter Šefčík Alexander Sysuev 0 -- 1 02 : 27 -- Jones ( Peeke , Norris ) 0 -- 2 05 : 04 -- Bellows ( Brown ) ( PP ) 0 -- 3 08 : 26 -- Mittelstadt ( Hughes , M. Anderson ) 0 -- 4 11 : 35 -- Yamamoto ( Tkachuk , Hughes ) 0 -- 5 18 : 48 -- Mittelstadt ( Harper , Tufte ) 0 -- 6 24 : 08 -- Bellows ( PS ) 0 -- 7 39 : 31 -- Harper ( Fox ) 0 -- 8 52 : 30 -- Peeke ( Jones ) ( PP ) 0 -- 9 53 : 23 -- Samberg ( Perunovich , Norris ) 10 min Penalties 6 min 17 Shots 36 December 27 , 2017 19 : 00 Slovakia 0 -- 6 ( 0 -- 1 , 0 -- 3 , 0 -- 2 ) Canada KeyBank Center Attendance : 7,834 ( show ) Game reference Dávid Hrenák Goalies Colton Point Referees : Jeremy Tufts Marc Wiegand Linesmen : William Hancock II Rene Jensen 0 -- 1 03 : 39 -- Steel ( Makar , Kyrou ) 0 -- 2 21 : 24 -- Kyrou ( Mete , Dubé ) ( PP ) 0 -- 3 25 : 43 -- Gadjovich ( Makar ) 0 -- 4 30 : 33 -- Raddysh ( Kyrou , Steel ) ( PP ) 0 -- 5 55 : 58 -- Comtois 0 -- 6 58 : 30 -- Gadjovich ( McLeod , Timmins ) ( PP ) 12 min Penalties 4 min 20 Shots 52 December 28 , 2017 12 : 00 Finland 4 -- 1 ( 2 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 ) Denmark KeyBank Center Attendance : 5,026 ( show ) Game reference Ukka -- Pekka Luukkonen Goalies Kasper Krog Referees : Andris Ansons Alexandre Garon Linesmen : Franco Castelli Jon Kilian Koppanen ( Välimäki , Heiskanen ) -- 02 : 49 1 -- 0 Räsänen ( Tolvanen , Jokiharju ) -- 06 : 56 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 21 : 38 -- Krag ( Røndbjerg , Setkov ) ( PP ) Välimäki ( Heiskanen , Vaakanainen ) -- 35 : 38 3 -- 1 Jokiharju ( Koivula ) -- 37 : 44 4 -- 1 2 min Penalties 14 min 62 Shots 7 December 28 , 2017 20 : 00 United States 2 -- 3 ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 , 1 -- 2 ) Slovakia KeyBank Center Attendance : 8,188 ( show ) Game reference Joseph Woll Goalies Roman Durný Referees : Artur Kulev Mikael Sjöqvist Linesmen : Markus Hägerström Emil Yletyinen 0 -- 1 24 : 52 -- Krivošík ( Buček ) Tkachuk ( Poehling , J. Anderson ) -- 31 : 07 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 55 : 15 -- Krivošík ( Buček ) Mittelstadt -- 56 : 49 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 57 : 52 -- Buček 2 min Penalties 4 min 45 Shots 25 December 29 , 2017 15 : 00 Canada 3 -- 4 GWS ( 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 2 ) ( OT : 0 -- 0 ) ( SO : 0 -- 2 ) United States New Era Field Attendance : 44,592 ( show ) Game reference Carter Hart Goalies Jake Oettinger Referees : Mikko Kaukokari Marc Wiegand Linesmen : Jiří Ondráček Alexander Sysuev Makar ( Thomas ) ( PP ) -- 04 : 13 1 -- 0 Dubé ( Steel ) ( PP ) -- 15 : 17 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 36 : 27 -- Bellows ( Mittelstadt , Oettinger ) ( PP2 ) Katchouk ( Bean ) -- 37 : 39 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 46 : 09 -- Perunovich ( Mittelstadt ) ( PP ) 3 -- 3 46 : 43 -- Tkachuk ( Mittelstadt ) Steel Thomas Raddysh Batheson Shootout Bellows Tkachuk Mittelstadt 12 min Penalties 6 min 22 Shots 36 December 30 , 2017 16 : 00 Finland 5 -- 2 ( 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 , 3 -- 1 ) Slovakia KeyBank Center Attendance : 6,229 ( show ) Game reference Ukko - Pekka Luukkonen Goalies Roman Durný Referees : Gordon Schukies Stephen Thomson Linesmen : Dustin McCrank Jiří Ondráček Koppanen ( Nurmi , Jääskä ) -- 27 : 02 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 34 : 14 -- Bodák ( Tamáši , Ivan ) Räsänen ( Juolevi , Tolvanen ) ( PP ) -- 39 : 02 2 -- 1 Heponiemi ( Kuokkanen ) -- 46 : 23 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 49 : 03 -- Buček ( Krivošík , Ružička ) Ikonen -- 52 : 36 4 -- 2 Nurmi ( Koppanen ) -- 54 : 01 5 -- 2 8 min Penalties 8 min 39 Shots 26 December 30 , 2017 20 : 00 Denmark 0 -- 8 ( 0 -- 3 , 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 3 ) Canada KeyBank Center Attendance : 8,671 ( show ) Game reference Emil Gransøe Goalies Carter Hart Referees : Manuel Nikolic Mikael Sjöqvist Linesmen : Peter Šefčík Emil Yletyinen 0 -- 1 03 : 52 -- Thomas ( Raddysh , Katchouk ) 0 -- 2 17 : 21 -- Howden ( Comtois , Foote ) 0 -- 3 19 : 39 -- Steel ( Clague , Kyrou ) 0 -- 4 27 : 52 -- Makar ( Bean ) ( PP ) 0 -- 5 29 : 20 -- Howden ( Foote , Formenton ) 0 -- 6 43 : 30 -- Formenton ( Timmins ) 0 -- 7 49 : 03 -- McLeod 0 -- 8 52 : 26 -- Batherson ( Foote , McLeod ) ( PP ) 8 min Penalties 4 min 18 Shots 44 December 31 , 2017 16 : 00 United States 5 -- 4 ( 2 -- 0 , 2 -- 2 , 1 -- 2 ) Finland KeyBank Center Attendance : 7,884 ( show ) Game reference Joseph Woll Goalies Ukko - Pekka Luukkonen Referees : Alexandre Garon Robin Šír Linesmen : Rene Jensen Peter Šefčík Frederic ( Tufte , Yamamoto ) -- 03 : 59 1 -- 0 Mittelstadt ( Tkachuk ) -- 14 : 33 2 -- 0 J. Anderson ( Tkachuk , Fox ) ( PP2 ) -- 26 : 56 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 29 : 01 -- Räsänen ( Tolvanen ) 3 -- 2 38 : 44 -- Tolvanen ( Jokiharju , Vesalainen ) ( PP ) J. Anderson ( Fox , Mittelstadt ) ( PP ) -- 39 : 26 4 -- 2 4 -- 3 48 : 25 -- Koppanen ( Nurmi , Vaakanainen ) ( SH ) 4 -- 4 49 : 31 -- Vesalainen ( Juolevi , Välimäki ) Fox ( Mittelstadt , Tkachuk ) -- 58 : 23 5 -- 4 8 min Penalties 10 min 37 Shots 24 December 31 , 2017 18 : 00 Slovakia 5 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 , 2 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 ) Denmark HarborCenter Attendance : 1,419 ( show ) Game reference Roman Durný Goalies Kasper Krog Referees : Andris Ansons Jeremy Tufts Linesmen : Franco Castelli Alexander Sysuev 0 -- 1 04 : 46 -- Blichfield ( Krag , Røndbjerg ) ( PP ) Roman ( Tamáši ) -- 11 : 42 1 -- 1 Fehérváry ( Ružička , Buček ) -- 29 : 38 2 -- 1 Roman ( SH ) -- 34 : 38 3 -- 1 Buček ( Fehérváry ) -- 44 : 06 4 -- 1 Liška ( Kundrík , Solenský ) -- 45 : 22 5 -- 1 12 min Penalties 10 min 40 Shots 31 Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification Sweden 0 0 20 7 + 13 11 Advance to Quarterfinals Czech Republic 0 0 18 15 + 3 9 Russia 0 17 13 + 4 7 Switzerland 0 0 10 20 − 10 5 Belarus 0 0 0 10 20 − 10 0 Advance to Relegation Source : IIHF.com December 26 , 2017 12 : 00 Czech Republic 5 -- 4 ( 2 -- 2 , 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 2 ) Russia KeyBank Center Attendance : 4,998 ( show ) Game reference Josef Kořenář Goalies Alexei Melnichuk Vladislav Sukhachyov Referees : Andris Ansons Alexandre Garon Linesmen : Franco Castelli Markus Hägerström Nečas ( Kaut , Zadina ) ( PP ) -- 04 : 42 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 05 : 21 -- Polodyan ( Altybarmakyan , Zaitsev ) Safin ( Chytil , Hájek ) -- 07 : 28 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 09 : 16 -- Sholokhov ( Kostin , Syomin ) Zadina ( Kaut , Nečas ) ( PP ) -- 25 : 34 3 -- 2 Chytil ( Safin , Zachar ) -- 37 : 26 4 -- 2 Král ( Kaut , Galvas ) -- 46 : 16 5 -- 2 5 -- 3 57 : 48 -- Kayumov ( Maunkyan , Rubstov ) 5 -- 4 59 : 02 -- Syomin ( Kayumov , Rubstov ) ( EA ) 14 min Penalties 6 min 24 Shots 38 December 26 , 2017 14 : 00 Belarus 1 -- 6 ( 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 3 , 0 -- 2 ) Sweden HarborCenter Attendance : 1,754 ( show ) Game reference Andrei Grishenko Goalies Filip Gustavsson Referees : Jacob Grumsen Mikko Kaukokari Linesmen : William Hancock II Rene Jensen 0 -- 1 08 : 44 -- Pettersson ( Dahlin ) ( PP ) Sharangovich ( SH ) -- 14 : 56 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 30 : 57 -- Brännström ( Nylander , Steen ) 1 -- 3 32 : 33 -- Gustafsson ( G. Lindström , Sellgren ) 1 -- 4 34 : 18 -- Boqvist ( Brännström , Karlström ) 1 -- 5 42 : 17 -- Andersson ( Nylander , Pettersson ) ( PP ) 1 -- 6 51 : 07 -- Andersson ( Dahlin , Karlström ) 16 min Penalties 8 min 9 Shots 36 December 27 , 2017 15 : 00 Switzerland 3 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 ) Belarus KeyBank Center Attendance : 5,224 ( show ) Game reference Philip Wüthrich Goalies Andrei Grishenko Referees : Mikael Sjöqvist Stephen Thomson Linesmen : Dustin McCrank Emil Yletyinen Müller -- 08 : 07 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 18 : 34 -- Sushko ( Martynyuk , Gabrus ) 1 -- 2 44 : 25 -- Bovbel ( Litvinov , Sushko ) ( PP ) Nussbaumer ( Luenberger ) -- 48 : 12 2 -- 2 Kurashev ( Maillard , Miranda ) -- 51 : 16 3 -- 2 4 min Penalties 2 min 39 Shots 29 December 28 , 2017 14 : 00 Russia 5 -- 2 ( 1 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 , 3 -- 1 ) Switzerland HarborCenter Attendance : 1,895 ( show ) Game reference Vladislav Sukhachyov Goalies Philip Wüthrich Referees : Jacob Grumsen Jeremy Tufts Linesmen : Jiří Ondráček Peter Šefčík Syomin ( Sokolov ) ( PP ) -- 10 : 21 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 20 : 09 -- Miranda ( Kurashev , Maillard ) Kostin ( Svechnikov , Syomin ) -- 38 : 16 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 42 : 10 -- Jäger ( Heim , Sigrist ) Kayumov ( Kostin ) -- 51 : 02 3 -- 2 Ivanov ( Svechnikov ) -- 58 : 18 4 -- 2 Abramov ( Sokolov ) ( ENG ) -- 58 : 31 5 -- 2 6 min Penalties 8 min 37 Shots 13 December 28 , 2017 16 : 00 Sweden 3 -- 1 ( 2 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Czech Republic KeyBank Center Attendance : 6,890 ( show ) Game reference Filip Gustavsson Goalies Jakub Škarek Referees : Filip Larsson Marc Wiegand Linesmen : Dustin McCrank Alexander Sysuev Davidsson ( Fjällby , Gustafsson ) -- 05 : 56 1 -- 0 Pettersson ( Nylander , Dahlin ) ( PP ) -- 19 : 04 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 39 : 02 -- Zadina ( Nečas , Hájek ) ( PP ) Nylander ( Dahlin ) ( PP ) -- 44 : 25 3 -- 1 10 min Penalties 8 min 35 Shots 25 December 29 , 2017 12 : 00 Belarus 2 -- 5 ( 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 1 , 2 -- 2 ) Russia HarborCenter Attendance : 1,841 ( show ) Game reference Andrei Grishenko Goalies Vladislav Sukhachyov Referees : Manuel Nikolic Gordon Schukies Linesmen : William Hancock II Jon Kilian 0 -- 1 10 : 14 -- Polodyan ( Makeyev , Maltsev ) 0 -- 2 12 : 44 -- Rubtsov ( Manukyan , Minulin ) 0 -- 3 23 : 33 -- Kostin ( Svechnikov ) Deryabin ( Pishuk ) -- 42 : 03 1 -- 3 1 -- 4 44 : 21 -- Kayumov ( Rubtsov , Manukyan ) 1 -- 5 48 : 12 -- Kostin ( Svechnikov , Ivanov ) Pishuk ( Martynov ) -- 50 : 43 2 -- 5 6 min Penalties 10 min 19 Shots 40 December 30 , 2017 12 : 00 Czech Republic 6 -- 5 ( 0 -- 1 , 5 -- 2 , 1 -- 2 ) Belarus KeyBank Center Attendance : 5,222 ( show ) Game reference Josef Kořenář Jakub Škarek Goalies Andrei Grishenko Dmitri Rodik Referees : Jacob Grumsen Artur Kulev Linesmen : Franco Castelli Rene Jensen 0 -- 1 08 : 31 -- Sharangovich ( Yeryomenko , Litvinov ) ( PP ) 0 -- 2 20 : 48 -- Drozdov ( Sushko , Bovbel ) Pavlík ( Safin , Reichel ) -- 21 : 29 1 -- 2 Hájek ( Nečas , Budík ) -- 21 : 53 2 -- 2 Zadina ( Michnáč , Kaut ) ( PP ) -- 25 : 58 3 -- 2 Chytil ( Zachar , Hájek ) -- 32 : 45 4 -- 2 Pavlík ( Chytil ) -- 35 : 26 5 -- 2 5 -- 3 38 : 45 -- Sharangovich ( Sushko , Bovbel ) ( PP ) 5 -- 4 50 : 27 -- Martynov ( Drozdov , Yeryomenko ) ( PP ) Zachar ( Budík ) -- 53 : 23 6 -- 4 6 -- 5 54 : 52 -- Gabrus 41 min Penalties 4 min 39 Shots 21 December 30 , 2017 14 : 00 Sweden 7 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 , 4 -- 0 ) Switzerland HarborCenter Attendance : 2,115 ( show ) Game reference Filip Larsson Goalies Matteo Ritz Referees : Andris Ansons Robin Šír Linesmen : Markus Hägerström William Hancock II Andersson ( Nylander , Pettersson ) ( PP ) -- 05 : 25 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 10 : 13 -- Müller Andersson -- 26 : 07 2 -- 1 Fjällby ( SH ) -- 32 : 27 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 39 : 14 -- Miranda ( PP ) Pettersson -- 44 : 55 4 -- 2 Söderlund ( Dahlin , Brännström ) -- 50 : 01 5 -- 2 Zetterlund -- 51 : 43 6 -- 2 Pettersson ( Andersson , Dahlin ) -- 52 : 17 7 -- 2 6 min Penalties 8 min 42 Shots 22 December 31 , 2017 12 : 00 Switzerland 3 -- 6 ( 1 -- 2 , 2 -- 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Czech Republic KeyBank Center Attendance : 5,548 ( show ) Game reference Philip Wüthrich Goalies Jakub Škarek Josef Kořenář Referees : Mikko Kaukokari Mikael Sjöqvist Linesmen : Jon Kilian Emil Yletyinen 0 -- 1 02 : 38 -- Lauko ( Hájek , Budík ) Jäger ( Miranda , Kurashev ) -- 02 : 51 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 11 : 07 -- Nečas ( Kaut , Hájek ) ( PP ) 1 -- 3 22 : 11 -- Reichel ( Pavlík ) Rohrbach -- 22 : 20 2 -- 3 Riva ( le Coultre , Heim ) ( PP ) -- 23 : 55 3 -- 3 3 -- 4 28 : 38 -- Kaut ( Michnáč , Nečas ) ( PP ) 3 -- 5 47 : 46 -- Kurovský ( Kodýtek ) 3 -- 6 57 : 40 -- Reichel ( Kurovský ) 4 min Penalties 8 min 31 Shots 60 December 31 , 2017 20 : 00 Russia 3 -- 4 GWS ( 2 -- 2 , 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 ) ( OT : 0 -- 0 ) ( SO : 1 -- 2 ) Sweden KeyBank Center Attendance : 6,121 ( show ) Game reference Vladislav Sukhachyov Goalies Filip Gustavsson Referees : Gordon Schukies Stephen Thomson Linesmen : Markus Hägerström Dustin McCrank 0 -- 1 07 : 18 -- Andersson ( Liljegren , Nylander ) Sokolov ( Maltsev , Polodyan ) -- 15 : 09 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 17 : 32 -- Liljegren ( Söderlund , L. Lindström ) Kostin ( Ivanov , Svechnikov ) -- 18 : 18 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 54 : 21 -- Gustafsson ( Fjällby , Davidsson ) Polodyan ( Shepelev , Ivanov ) -- 56 : 15 3 -- 3 Yelizarov Abramov Maltsev Kostin Kayumov Shootout Pettersson Nylander L. Lindström Steen 12 min Penalties 8 min 31 Shots 43 Relegation ( edit ) January 2 , 2018 14 : 00 Belarus 4 -- 5 ( 0 -- 2 , 2 -- 0 , 2 -- 3 ) Denmark HarborCenter Attendance : 1,245 ( show ) Game reference Andrei Grishenko Goalies Kasper Krog Referees : Gordon Schukies Marc Wiegand Linesmen : Franco Castelli Markus Hägerström 0 -- 1 15 : 56 -- Røndbjerg ( Blichfeld ) 0 -- 2 16 : 48 -- Schultz ( Madsen , Grundtvig ) Litvinov ( SH ) -- 21 : 01 1 -- 2 Yeryomenko ( Sushko , Sharangovich ) ( PP ) -- 29 : 13 2 -- 2 Drozdov ( SH ) -- 41 : 44 3 -- 2 Martynov ( Sushko , Sharangovich ) ( PP ) -- 48 : 30 4 -- 2 4 -- 3 49 : 04 -- Blichfeld ( Røndbjerg , Jessen ) 4 -- 4 59 : 26 -- Blichfeld ( Setkov ) ( EA ) 4 -- 5 59 : 45 -- Grundtvig ( Røndbjerg , Mogensen ) 20 min Penalties 14 min 28 Shots 29 January 4 , 2018 12 : 00 Denmark 3 -- 2 GWS ( 2 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 ) ( OT : 0 -- 0 ) ( SO : 4 -- 2 ) Belarus KeyBank Center Attendance : 4,295 ( show ) Game reference Kasper Krog Goalies Andrei Grishenko Dmitri Rodik Referees : Andris Ansons Alexandre Garon Linesmen : William Hancock II Emil Yletyinen Nielsen ( Blichfeld , Røndbjerg ) -- 10 : 47 1 -- 0 Røndbjerg ( Blichfeld , Schmidt - Svestrup ) -- 12 : 23 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 48 : 54 -- Sushko ( Yeryomenko ) ( PP2 ) 2 -- 2 49 : 40 -- Litvinov ( Bovbel , Sushko ) ( PP ) Molge Grundtvig Andersen Schmidt - Svejstrup Røndbjerg Shootout Drozdov Sharangovich Mikhalchuk Martynov 10 min Penalties 33 min 28 Shots 30 Playoff round ( edit ) Quarterfinal 1B Sweden 4A Slovakia Semifinal 1B Sweden Quarterfinal 2A United States 2A United States 3B Russia Final 1B Sweden Quarterfinal 1A Canada 1A Canada 8 4B Switzerland Semifinal Bronze medal game 1A Canada 7 2B Czech Republic Quarterfinal 2B Czech Republic 2A United States 9 2B Czech Republic ( GWS ) 3A Finland Quarterfinals ( edit ) January 2 , 2018 12 : 00 Czech Republic 4 -- 3 GWS ( 1 -- 0 , 1 -- 2 , 1 -- 1 ) ( OT : 0 -- 0 ) ( SO : 2 -- 1 ) Finland KeyBank Center Attendance : 5,109 ( show ) Game reference Josef Kořenář Goalies Ukko - Pekka Luukkonen Referees : Stephen Thomson Jeremy Tufts Linesmen : Jon Kilian Emil Yletyinen Zadina ( Nečas , Hájek ) ( PP ) -- 06 : 20 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 23 : 04 -- Räsänen ( Vesalainen , Juolevi ) ( PP ) 1 -- 2 29 : 53 -- Juolevi ( Vesalainen , Kuokkanen ) Reichel ( Pavlík , Budík ) -- 34 : 17 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 46 : 30 -- Vesalainen ( Tolvanen ) Zadina ( Galvas , Nečas ) ( EA ) -- 57 : 34 3 -- 3 Reichel Zadina Nečas Kaut Zachar Shootout Räsänen Tolvanen Kuokkanen Vesalainen Juolevi 8 min Penalties 4 min 30 Shots 54 January 2 , 2018 16 : 00 Canada 8 -- 2 ( 3 -- 0 , 3 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 ) Switzerland KeyBank Center Attendance : 5,533 ( show ) Game reference Carter Hart Goalies Philip Wüthrich Matteo Ritz Referees : Jacob Grumsen Mikael Sjöqvist Linesmen : Rene Jensen Alexander Sysuev Howden ( Comtois , Makar ) -- 00 : 48 1 -- 0 Makar ( Timmins , Comtois ) -- 08 : 29 2 -- 0 Batherson ( Katchouk , Thomas ) ( PP ) -- 12 : 06 3 -- 0 Batherson ( Howden ) -- 26 : 12 4 -- 0 Kyrou ( Steel ) -- 27 : 24 5 -- 0 5 -- 1 28 : 46 -- Rohrbach ( Le Coultre , Maillard ) Timmins ( Steenbergen , Howden ) -- 32 : 19 6 -- 1 6 -- 2 50 : 26 -- Simic ( Maillard ) ( SH ) Dubé ( Kyrou , Raddysh ) ( PP ) -- 51 : 12 7 -- 2 Comtois ( Howden ) -- 59 : 09 8 -- 2 6 min Penalties 8 min 60 Shots 15 January 2 , 2018 18 : 00 Sweden 3 -- 2 ( 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 , 1 -- 1 ) Slovakia HarborCenter Attendance : 1,445 ( show ) Game reference Philip Larsson Goalies Roman Durný Referees : Alexandre Garon Manuel Nkolic Linesmen : William Hancock II Jiří Ondráček Lundeström ( Söderlund ) -- 20 : 09 1 -- 0 Zetterlund -- 26 : 55 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 37 : 41 -- Bodák ( Čacho , Buček ) ( PP ) Lundeström ( Söderlund , Steen ) -- 50 : 17 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 51 : 58 -- Bodák ( Kelemen , Smolka ) 10 min Penalties 4 min 39 Shots 22 January 2 , 2018 20 : 00 United States 4 -- 2 ( 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 ) Russia KeyBank Center Attendance : 6,242 ( show ) Game reference Joseph Woll Goalies Vladislav Sukhachyov Referees : Mikko Kaukokari Robin Šír Linesmen : Dustin McCrank Peter Šefčík Bellows ( Tkachuk , Fox ) ( PP ) -- 02 : 18 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 10 : 32 -- Sholokhov ( Kostin , Yelizarov ) Yamamoto ( Mittelstadt , Samberg ) -- 14 : 34 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 43 : 39 -- Altybarmakyan ( Samorukov ) Bellows ( Samberg ) -- 52 : 31 3 -- 2 J. Anderson ( Poehling , Lindgren ) ( ENG ) -- 59 : 18 4 -- 2 8 min Penalties 33 min 43 Shots 29 Semifinals ( edit ) January 4 , 2018 16 : 00 Sweden 4 -- 2 ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 , 3 -- 2 ) United States KeyBank Center Attendance : 7,524 ( show ) Game reference Filip Gustavsson Goalies Joseph Woll Jake Oettinger Referees : Manuel Nikolic Marc Wiegand Linesmen : Rene Jensen Peter Šefčík Pettersson ( Nylander , L. Lindström ) ( PP ) -- 33 : 30 1 -- 0 Andersson ( Karlström ) -- 46 : 17 2 -- 0 Steen ( SH ) -- 47 : 47 3 -- 0 Fjällby ( Davidsson ) ( SH ) -- 48 : 25 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 52 : 24 -- Bellows ( Yamamoto ) ( PP ) 4 -- 2 56 : 59 -- Tkachuk ( J. Anderson ) ( EA ) 16 min Penalties 8 min 20 Shots 31 January 4 , 2018 20 : 00 Canada 7 -- 2 ( 2 -- 1 , 4 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 ) Czech Republic KeyBank Center Attendance : 6,941 ( show ) Game reference Carter Hart Goalies Josef Kořenář Jakub Škarek Referees : Gordon Schukies Jeremy Tufts Linesmen : Markus Hägerström Jon Kilian 0 -- 1 05 : 55 -- Zadina ( Nečas , Michnáč ) Steel ( Clague , Kyrou ) ( PP ) -- 15 : 05 1 -- 1 Batherson ( Makar , Thomas ) ( PP ) -- 18 : 08 2 -- 1 Batherson ( Makar , Bean ) ( PP ) -- 27 : 48 3 -- 1 Comtois ( Howden , Formenton ) -- 29 : 43 4 -- 1 Kyrou ( Steel , Dubé ) -- 32 : 15 5 -- 1 Batherson ( McLeod ) -- 36 : 58 6 -- 1 Katchouk ( Thomas ) -- 45 : 15 7 -- 1 7 -- 2 50 : 11 -- Zadina ( Budík ) 10 min Penalties 8 min 39 Shots 20 Bronze medal game ( edit ) January 5 , 2018 16 : 00 Czech Republic 3 -- 9 ( 0 -- 1 , 0 -- 6 , 3 -- 2 ) United States KeyBank Center Attendance : 7,122 ( show ) Game reference Josef Kořenář Jakub Škarek Goalies Jake Oettinger Jeremy Swayman Referees : Gordon Schukies Mikael Sjöqvist Linesmen : Jon Kilian Dustin McCrank 0 -- 1 19 : 56 -- Frederic ( SH ) 0 -- 2 20 : 09 -- Poehling ( J. Anderson , Perunovich ) ( SH ) 0 -- 3 24 : 18 -- J. Anderson ( Tkachuk , Mittelstadt ) 0 -- 4 25 : 52 -- Frederic ( Hughes , Tufte ) 0 -- 5 27 : 23 -- Bellows ( PS ) 0 -- 6 32 : 55 -- Frederic 0 -- 7 39 : 01 -- Bellows ( Norris ) Kaut ( Hájek , Nečas ) ( PP ) -- 40 : 43 1 -- 7 Pavlík ( Kodýtek , Vála ) -- 42 : 11 2 -- 7 2 -- 8 45 : 41 -- Frederic ( Bellows , Harper ) ( PP ) Kurovský ( Kodýtek , Pavlík ) -- 47 : 45 3 -- 8 3 -- 9 57 : 10 -- Harper ( Samberg ) 4 min Penalties 8 min 35 Shots 39 Gold medal game ( edit ) January 5 , 2018 20 : 00 Sweden 1 -- 3 ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 2 ) Canada KeyBank Center Attendance : 17,544 ( show ) Game reference Filip Gustavsson Goalies Carter Hart Referees : Mikko Kaukokari Robin Šir Linesmen : Jiří Ondráček Peter Šefčík 0 -- 1 21 : 49 -- Dubé ( Kyrou , Steel ) Söderlund ( L. Lindström , Brännström ) ( SH ) -- 33 : 07 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 58 : 20 -- Steenbergen ( Timmins ) 1 -- 3 58 : 46 -- Formenton ( Mete ) ( ENG ) 22 min Penalties 2 min 36 Shots 28 Statistics ( edit ) Scoring leaders ( edit ) Pos Player Country GP Pts + / − PIM Casey Mittelstadt United States 7 7 11 + 8 Martin Nečas Czech Republic 7 8 11 − 5 0 Kieffer Bellows United States 7 9 10 + 2 Jordan Kyrou Canada 7 7 10 + 2 0 5 Sam Steel Canada 7 5 9 + 3 0 6 Brady Tkachuk United States 7 6 9 + 6 7 Filip Zadina Czech Republic 7 7 8 - 4 8 Klim Kostin Russia 5 5 8 + 7 9 Cale Makar Canada 7 5 8 + 5 0 10 Maxim Sushko Belarus 6 6 8 − 1 GP = Games played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; + / − = Plus - minus ; PIM = Penalties In Minutes Source : IIHF Goaltending leaders ( edit ) ( minimum 40 % team 's total ice time ) Pos Player Country TOI GA GAA Sv % SO Carter Hart Canada 365 : 00 11 1.81 92.95 Roman Durný Slovakia 240 : 00 11 2.75 92.86 0 Filip Gustavsson Sweden 364 : 36 11 1.81 92.41 0 Vladislav Sukhachyov Russia 262 : 30 12 2.74 90.40 0 5 Philip Wüthrich Switzerland 207 : 22 17 4.92 88.74 0 TOI = Time On Ice ( minutes : seconds ) ; GA = Goals Against ; GAA = Goals Against Average ; Sv % = Save Percentage ; SO = Shutouts Source : IIHF Tournament awards ( edit ) Most Valuable Player Casey Mittelstadt All - star team Goaltender : Filip Gustavsson Defencemen : Rasmus Dahlin , Cale Makar Forwards : Casey Mittelstadt , Filip Zadina , Kieffer Bellows IIHF best player awards Goaltender : Filip Gustavsson Defenceman : Rasmus Dahlin Forward : Casey Mittelstadt Final standings ( edit ) Pos Grp Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Final result Canada 7 6 0 0 39 11 + 28 19 Champions Sweden 7 5 0 28 14 + 14 17 Runners - up United States ( H ) 7 0 35 19 + 16 14 Third place Czech Republic 7 0 27 34 − 7 11 Fourth place 5 Russia 5 0 19 17 + 2 7 Eliminated in Quarter - finals 6 Finland 5 0 18 16 + 2 7 7 Slovakia 5 0 0 12 17 − 5 6 8 Switzerland 5 0 0 12 28 − 16 9 Denmark 6 0 10 32 − 22 5 Avoided Relegation 10 Belarus 6 0 0 5 16 28 − 12 Relegated to 2019 Division I Source : IIHF ( H ) Host . Division i ( edit ) Main article : 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships -- Division I The Division IA tournament was held in Courchevel and Meribel , France from December 10 - 16 , 2017 . The Division IB tournament was held in Bled , Slovenia from December 9 - 15 , 2017 . As a result of the Division IA tournament , Kazakhstan was promoted to the Top Division , and Hungary was relegated to Division IB . As a result of the Division IB tournament , Norway was promoted to Division IA , and Lithuania was relegated to Division IIA . Division IA ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation Kazakhstan 5 0 0 20 10 + 10 13 Promoted to Top Division Latvia 5 0 13 5 + 8 12 Germany 5 0 17 7 + 10 10 France ( H ) 5 11 15 − 4 6 5 Austria 5 0 0 10 20 − 10 6 Hungary 5 0 0 11 25 − 14 Relegated to Division IB Source : IIHF Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) head - to - head points ; 3 ) head - to - head goal difference ; 4 ) head - to - head number of goals scored ; 5 ) result against closest best - ranked team outside tied teams ; 6 ) result against second - best ranked team outside tied teams ; 7 ) seeding before tournament . ( H ) Host . Division IB ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation Norway 5 0 0 18 5 + 13 13 Promoted to Division IA Poland 5 0 23 14 + 9 12 Slovenia ( H ) 5 0 18 15 + 3 10 Ukraine 5 9 11 − 2 6 5 Italy 5 0 0 9 23 − 14 6 Lithuania 5 0 0 7 16 − 9 Relegated to Division II A Source : IIHF Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) head - to - head points ; 3 ) head - to - head goal difference ; 4 ) head - to - head number of goals scored ; 5 ) result against closest best - ranked team outside tied teams ; 6 ) result against second - best ranked team outside tied teams ; 7 ) seeding before tournament . ( H ) Host . Notes : ^ Jump up to : Italy defeated Lithuania 2 -- 1 Division ii ( edit ) Main article : 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships -- Division II The Division IIA tournament was held in Dumfries , Great Britain from December 10 - 16 , 2017 . The Division IIB tournament was held in Belgrade , Serbia from January 10 - 16 , 2018 . As a result of the Division IIA tournament , Japan was promoted to Division IB , and Netherlands was relegated to Division IIB . Division IIA ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation Japan 5 0 0 23 7 + 16 14 Promotion to Division IB South Korea 5 0 21 19 + 2 10 Great Britain ( H ) 5 0 23 15 + 8 10 Estonia 5 0 20 25 − 5 5 Romania 5 0 17 20 − 3 6 Netherlands 5 0 0 13 31 − 18 Relegation to Division II B Source : IIHF Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) head - to - head points ; 3 ) head - to - head goal difference ; 4 ) head - to - head number of goals scored ; 5 ) result against closest best - ranked team outside tied teams ; 6 ) result against second - best ranked team outside tied teams ; 7 ) seeding before tournament . ( H ) Host . Notes : ^ Jump up to : South Korea defeated Great Britain 5 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Estonia defeated Romania 8 -- 4 Division ii b ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation Spain 5 0 0 26 8 + 18 14 Promoted to Division II A Serbia ( H ) 5 0 0 22 12 + 10 13 Croatia 5 0 0 16 11 + 5 9 Belgium 5 0 0 22 28 − 6 5 Mexico 5 0 0 12 22 − 10 6 Turkey 5 0 0 13 30 − 17 Relegation to Division III Source : IIHF Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) head - to - head points ; 3 ) head - to - head goal difference ; 4 ) head - to - head number of goals scored ; 5 ) result against closest best - ranked team outside tied teams ; 6 ) result against second - best ranked team outside tied teams ; 7 ) seeding before tournament . ( H ) Host . Division III ( edit ) Main article : 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships -- Division III The Division III tournament was held in Sofia , Bulgaria from January 22 -- 28 , 2018 . The Division III qualification tournament was held in Cape Town , South Africa from February 5 -- 7 , 2018 . Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation Israel 5 5 0 0 0 25 11 + 14 15 Promoted to Division II B China 5 0 0 30 12 + 18 9 Bulgaria ( H ) 5 0 0 22 24 − 2 9 Iceland 5 0 20 15 + 5 7 5 Australia 5 0 18 24 − 6 5 6 New Zealand 5 0 0 0 5 11 40 − 29 0 Relegation to Division III qualification Source : IIHF.com Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) head - to - head points ; 3 ) head - to - head goal difference ; 4 ) head - to - head number of goals scored ; 5 ) result against closest best - ranked team outside tied teams ; 6 ) result against second - best ranked team outside tied teams ; 7 ) seeding before tournament . ( H ) Host . Division III qualification ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation South Africa 0 0 0 6 + 2 6 Promoted to Division III Chinese Taipei 0 0 0 6 − 2 0 Source : IIHF Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) head - to - head points ; 3 ) head - to - head goal difference ; 4 ) head - to - head number of goals scored ; 5 ) seeding before tournament . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.tsn.ca/sources-outdoor-game-planned-for-2018-world-juniors-in-buffalo-1.403558 Jump up ^ `` USA Hockey Selects Buffalo Sabres as Host of 2018 IIHF World Junior Championship '' . Sabres.com . December 4 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canada faces U.S. outdoors at 2018 WJC '' . TSN.ca . Bell Media . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finalists Named for Hosting 2018 IIHF World Juniors '' . USA Hockey . July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Host Finalists Announced for 2018 World Juniors '' . USA Hockey . September 15 , 2015 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.therepublic.com/view/story/14c4e4c9ee6a44589225bc1863c6b30e/HKO--World-Junior-Championship-Buffalo Jump up ^ http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/sport/officials/assignments/#c34618 Jump up ^ `` New format for U18 , U20 Worlds '' . IIHF.com. 2012 - 05 - 29 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Scoring Leaders '' ( PDF ) ( PDF ) . IIHF. 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Goalkeepers '' ( PDF ) . IIHF.com . January 5 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website IIHF World U20 Championships Current champions ( 2018 ) : Canada 2019 Championship teams Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland Kazakhstan Russia Slovakia Sweden Switzerland United States Championships Soviet Union 1974 Canada 1975 Finland 1976 Czechoslovakia 1977 Canada 1978 Sweden 1979 Finland 1980 West Germany 1981 United States 1982 Soviet Union 1983 Sweden 1984 Finland 1985 Canada 1986 Czechoslovakia 1987 Soviet Union 1988 United States 1989 Finland 1990 Canada 1991 Germany 1992 Sweden 1993 Czech Republic 1994 Canada 1995 United States 1996 Switzerland 1997 Finland 1998 Canada 1999 Sweden 2000 Russia 2001 Czech Republic 2002 Canada 2003 Finland 2004 United States 2005 Canada 2006 Sweden 2007 Czech Republic 2008 Canada 2009 Canada 2010 United States 2011 Canada 2012 Russia 2013 Sweden 2014 Canada 2015 Finland 2016 Canada 2017 United States 2018 Canada 2019 Czech Republic 2020 Canada 2021 Finals 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Rosters 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Division I 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Division II 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Division III 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Medalists Directorate award winners Media All - Star Teams Players for Canada Punch - up in Piestany Team Canada New Year 's Eve Game 2017 -- 18 in men 's ice hockey International Olympics Rosters World Championships Championship Rosters Group A Group B Playoff round Final Division I Division II Division III Under - 20 Division I Division II Division III Under - 18 Division I Division II Division III Leagues International National Hockey League AHL ECHL Kontinental Hockey League Champions Hockey League Continental Cup Austria League Asia League MOL Liga Domestic Australia ' 17 ' 18 Belarus Czech Republic 2nd tier Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany 2nd tier Norway 2nd tier Poland Slovakia Sweden 2nd tier Switzerland 2nd tier Ukraine United Kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships&oldid=831424174 '' Categories : 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships 2017 in ice hockey 2018 in ice hockey World Junior Ice Hockey Championships International ice hockey competitions hosted by the United States Sports competitions in Buffalo , New York Outdoor ice hockey games 2017 -- 18 in American ice hockey 2017 in sports in New York ( state ) 2018 in sports in New York ( state ) December 2017 sports events in the United States January 2018 sports events in the United States 21st century in Buffalo , New York Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Norsk Polski Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 14 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is the world juniors being held this year
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5662717265593822735
List of UK dialling codes covering Wales
List of UK dialling codes covering Wales - wikipedia List of UK dialling codes covering Wales Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of geographic UK dialling codes covering Wales that are currently in use . Some exchanges cover both sides of the Wales - England border . All geographic telephone numbers in Wales are in the format ( 01xxx ) xxxxxx , with the exception of Cardiff and the surrounding area which is ( 029 ) xxxx xxxx . Dialling Code Area 01239 Cardigan 01244 Chester 01248 Bangor 01267 Carmarthen 01269 Ammanford 01286 Caernarfon 01291 Chepstow 01341 Barmouth 01348 Fishguard 01352 Mold 01407 Holyhead 01437 Clynderwen & Haverfordwest 01443 Pontypridd 01446 Barry 01490 Corwen 01492 Colwyn Bay 01495 Pontypool 01497 Hay on Wye 01544 Kington 01545 Llanarth 01547 Knighton 01550 Llandovery 01554 Llanelli 01558 Llandeilo 01559 Llandysul 01570 Lampeter 01591 Llanwrtyd Wells 01597 Llandrindod Wells 01600 Monmouth 01633 Newport 01639 Neath 01646 Milford Haven 01650 Cemmaes Road 01654 Machynlleth 01656 Bridgend 01678 Bala 01685 Merthyr Tydfil 01686 Llanidloes & Newtown 01690 Betws - y - Coed 01691 Oswestry 01745 Rhyl 01758 Pwllheli 01766 Porthmadog 01792 Swansea 01824 Ruthin 01834 Narberth 01873 Abergavenny 01874 Brecon 01938 Welshpool 01948 Whitchurch 01970 Aberystwyth 01974 Llanon 01978 Wrexham 01982 Builth Wells 01994 St Clears 029 Cardiff ( Source : `` The Phone Book - Code Companion '' , BT ) Misconceptions ( edit ) Main article : UK telephone code misconceptions It is a common misconception that the code for Cardiff is 02920 , whereas in fact it is 029 followed by an eight - digit local number . This is due to Cardiff previously having a 5 digit code ( 01222 ) with six - digit local numbers , and to the fact that all of its local numbers begin with 20 until 2005 . This problem is also widespread in cities with other 02x codes such as Coventry , London , Portsmouth and Southampton , and in the region of Northern Ireland . See also ( edit ) List of United Kingdom dialling codes UK telephone numbering plan Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Telecommunications in the United Kingdom UK telephone code misconceptions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_UK_dialling_codes_covering_Wales&oldid=696190870 '' Categories : Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Wales communications - related lists Talk About Wikipedia Cymraeg Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2015 , at 14 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is area code 01446 in the uk
[ "\n\nDialling Code\nArea\n\n\n01239\nCardigan\n\n\n01244\nChester\n\n\n01248\nBangor\n\n\n01267\nCarmarthen\n\n\n01269\nAmmanford\n\n\n01286\nCaernarfon\n\n\n01291\nChepstow\n\n\n01341\nBarmouth\n\n\n01348\nFishguard\n\n\n01352\nMold\n\n\n01407\nHolyhead\n\n\n01437\nClynderwen & Haverfordwest\n\n\n01443\nPontypridd\n\n\n01446\nBarry\n\n\n01490\nCorwen\n\n\n01492\nColwyn Bay\n\n\n01495\nPontypool\n\n\n01497\nHay on Wye\n\n\n01544\nKington\n\n\n01545\nLlanarth\n\n\n01547\nKnighton\n\n\n01550\nLlandovery\n\n\n01554\nLlanelli\n\n\n01558\nLlandeilo\n\n\n01559\nLlandysul\n\n\n01570\nLampeter\n\n\n01591\nLlanwrtyd Wells\n\n\n01597\nLlandrindod Wells\n\n\n01600\nMonmouth\n\n\n01633\nNewport\n\n\n01639\nNeath\n\n\n01646\nMilford Haven\n\n\n01650\nCemmaes Road\n\n\n01654\nMachynlleth\n\n\n01656\nBridgend\n\n\n01678\nBala\n\n\n01685\nMerthyr Tydfil\n\n\n01686\nLlanidloes & Newtown\n\n\n01690\nBetws-y-Coed\n\n\n01691\nOswestry\n\n\n01745\nRhyl\n\n\n01758\nPwllheli\n\n\n01766\nPorthmadog\n\n\n01792\nSwansea\n\n\n01824\nRuthin\n\n\n01834\nNarberth\n\n\n01873\nAbergavenny\n\n\n01874\nBrecon\n\n\n01938\nWelshpool\n\n\n01948\nWhitchurch\n\n\n01970\nAberystwyth\n\n\n01974\nLlanon\n\n\n01978\nWrexham\n\n\n01982\nBuilth Wells\n\n\n01994\nSt Clears\n\n\n029\nCardiff\n\n" ]
[ "Barry" ]
-1302474660673405593
Halley's Comet
Halley 's comet - wikipedia Halley 's comet For the video game , see Halley 's Comet ( video game ) . 1P / Halley ( Halley 's Comet ) Halley 's Comet on 8 March 1986 Discovery Discovered by Prehistoric observation ; Edmond Halley ( recognition of periodicity ) Orbital characteristics Epoch 17 February 1994 ( 2449400.5 ) Aphelion 35.082 AU Perihelion 0.586 AU last perihelion : 9 February 1986 next perihelion : 28 July 2061 Semi-major axis 17.834 AU Eccentricity 0.96714 Orbital period 75.32 yr Mean anomaly 38.38 ° Inclination 162.26 ° Longitude of ascending node 58.42 ° Argument of perihelion 111.33 ° Earth MOID 0.0638 AU ( 9.54 million km ) Physical characteristics 15 × 8 km , 11 km ( mean diameter ) Mass 2.2 × 10 kg Mean density 0.6 ( estimates range from 0.2 to 1.5 g / cm ) Escape velocity ~ 0.002 km / s Sidereal rotation period 2.2 d ( 52.8 h ) ( ? ) Albedo 0.04 Apparent magnitude 28.2 ( in 2003 ) Halley 's Comet or Comet Halley , officially designated 1P / Halley , is a short - period comet visible from Earth every 74 -- 79 years . Halley is the only known short - period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth , and the only naked - eye comet that might appear twice in a human lifetime . Halley last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061 . Halley 's returns to the inner Solar System have been observed and recorded by astronomers since at least 240 BC . Clear records of the comet 's appearances were made by Chinese , Babylonian , and medieval European chroniclers , but were not recognized as reappearances of the same object at the time . The comet 's periodicity was first determined in 1705 by English astronomer Edmond Halley , after whom it is now named . During its 1986 apparition , Halley 's Comet became the first comet to be observed in detail by spacecraft , providing the first observational data on the structure of a comet nucleus and the mechanism of coma and tail formation . These observations supported a number of longstanding hypotheses about comet construction , particularly Fred Whipple 's `` dirty snowball '' model , which correctly predicted that Halley would be composed of a mixture of volatile ices -- such as water , carbon dioxide , and ammonia -- and dust . The missions also provided data that substantially reformed and reconfigured these ideas ; for instance , it is now understood that the surface of Halley is largely composed of dusty , non-volatile materials , and that only a small portion of it is icy . Contents 1 Pronunciation 2 Computation of orbit 3 Orbit and origin 4 Structure and composition 5 History 5.1 Prior to 1066 5.2 1066 5.3 1145 -- 1378 5.4 1456 5.5 1531 -- 1835 5.6 1910 5.7 1986 5.8 After 1986 5.9 2061 5.10 Apparitions 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Pronunciation ( edit ) Comet Halley is commonly pronounced / ˈhæli / , rhyming with valley , or / ˈheɪli / , rhyming with daily . Colin Ronan , one of Edmond Halley 's biographers , preferred / ˈhɔːli / ( HAW - lee , similar to holly ) . Spellings of Halley 's name during his lifetime included Hailey , Haley , Hayley , Halley , Hawley , and Hawly , so its contemporary pronunciation is uncertain . Computation of orbit ( edit ) Halley was the first comet to be recognized as periodic . Until the Renaissance , the philosophical consensus on the nature of comets , promoted by Aristotle , was that they were disturbances in Earth 's atmosphere . This idea was disproved in 1577 by Tycho Brahe , who used parallax measurements to show that comets must lie beyond the Moon . Many were still unconvinced that comets orbited the Sun , and assumed instead that they must follow straight paths through the Solar System . In 1687 , Sir Isaac Newton published his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , in which he outlined his laws of gravity and motion . His work on comets was decidedly incomplete . Although he had suspected that two comets that had appeared in succession in 1680 and 1681 were the same comet before and after passing behind the Sun ( he was later found to be correct ; see Newton 's Comet ) , he was unable to completely reconcile comets into his model . Ultimately , it was Newton 's friend , editor and publisher , Edmond Halley , who , in his 1705 Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets , used Newton 's new laws to calculate the gravitational effects of Jupiter and Saturn on cometary orbits . Having compiled a list of 24 comet observations , he calculated that the orbital elements of a second comet that had appeared in 1682 were nearly the same as those of two comets that had appeared in 1531 ( observed by Petrus Apianus ) and 1607 ( observed by Johannes Kepler ) . Halley thus concluded that all three comets were , in fact , the same object returning about every 76 years , a period that has since been found to vary between 74 -- 79 years . After a rough estimate of the perturbations the comet would sustain from the gravitational attraction of the planets , he predicted its return for 1758 . While he had personally observed the comet around perihelion in September 1682 , Halley died in 1742 before he could observe its predicted return . Halley 's prediction of the comet 's return proved to be correct , although it was not seen until 25 December 1758 , by Johann Georg Palitzsch , a German farmer and amateur astronomer . It did not pass through its perihelion until 13 March 1759 , the attraction of Jupiter and Saturn having caused a retardation of 618 days . This effect was computed prior to its return ( with a one - month error to 13 April ) by a team of three French mathematicians , Alexis Clairaut , Joseph Lalande , and Nicole - Reine Lepaute . The confirmation of the comet 's return was the first time anything other than planets had been shown to orbit the Sun . It was also one of the earliest successful tests of Newtonian physics , and a clear demonstration of its explanatory power . The comet was first named in Halley 's honour by French astronomer Nicolas - Louis de Lacaille in 1759 . Some scholars have proposed that first - century Mesopotamian astronomers already had recognized Halley 's Comet as periodic . This theory notes a passage in the Bavli Talmud that refers to `` a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err . '' Researchers in 1981 attempting to calculate the past orbits of Halley by numerical integration starting from accurate observations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries could not produce accurate results further back than 837 due to a close approach to Earth in that year . It was necessary to use ancient Chinese comet observations to constrain their calculations . Orbit and origin ( edit ) The orbital path of Halley , against the orbits of Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus and Neptune . Halley 's orbital period has varied between 74 -- 79 years since 240 BC . Its orbit around the Sun is highly elliptical , with an orbital eccentricity of 0.967 ( with 0 being a circle and 1 being a parabolic trajectory ) . The perihelion , the point in the comet 's orbit when it is nearest the Sun , is just 0.6 AU . This is between the orbits of Mercury and Venus . Its aphelion , or farthest distance from the Sun , is 35 AU ( roughly the distance of Pluto ) . Unusual for an object in the Solar System , Halley 's orbit is retrograde ; it orbits the Sun in the opposite direction to the planets , or , clockwise from above the Sun 's north pole . The orbit is inclined by 18 ° to the ecliptic , with much of it lying south of the ecliptic . ( Because it is retrograde , the true inclination is 162 ° . ) Due to the retrograde orbit , it has one of the highest velocities relative to the Earth of any object in the Solar System . The 1910 passage was at a relative velocity of 70.56 km / s ( 157,838 mph or 254,016 km / h ) . Because its orbit comes close to Earth 's in two places , Halley is associated with two meteor showers : the Eta Aquariids in early May , and the Orionids in late October . Halley is the parent body to the Orionids . Observations conducted around the time of Halley 's appearance in 1986 suggested that the comet could additionally perturb the Eta Aquariids meteor shower , although it might not be the parent of that shower . Orionid meteor originating from Halley 's Comet striking the sky below the Milky Way and to the right of Venus . Halley is classified as a periodic or short - period comet ; one with an orbit lasting 200 years or less . This contrasts it with long - period comets , whose orbits last for thousands of years . Periodic comets have an average inclination to the ecliptic of only ten degrees , and an orbital period of just 6.5 years , so Halley 's orbit is atypical . Most short - period comets ( those with orbital periods shorter than 20 years and inclinations of 20 -- 30 degrees or less ) are called Jupiter - family comet . Those resembling Halley , with orbital periods of between 20 and 200 years and inclinations extending from zero to more than 90 degrees , are called Halley - type comets . As of 2015 , only 75 Halley - type comets have been observed , compared with 511 identified Jupiter - family comets . The orbits of the Halley - type comets suggest that they were originally long - period comets whose orbits were perturbed by the gravity of the giant planets and directed into the inner Solar System . If Halley was once a long - period comet , it is likely to have originated in the Oort cloud , a sphere of cometary bodies that has an inner edge of 20,000 -- 50,000 AU . Conversely the Jupiter - family comets are generally believed to originate in the Kuiper belt , a flat disc of icy debris between 30 AU ( Neptune 's orbit ) and 50 AU from the Sun ( in the scattered disc ) . Another point of origin for the Halley - type comets was proposed in 2008 , when a trans - Neptunian object with a retrograde orbit similar to Halley 's was discovered , 2008 KV 42 , whose orbit takes it from just outside that of Uranus to twice the distance of Pluto . It may be a member of a new population of small Solar System bodies that serves as the source of Halley - type comets . Halley has probably been in its current orbit for 16,000 -- 200,000 years , although it is not possible to numerically integrate its orbit for more than a few tens of apparitions , and close approaches before 837 AD can only be verified from recorded observations . The non-gravitational effects can be crucial ; as Halley approaches the Sun , it expels jets of sublimating gas from its surface , which knock it very slightly off its orbital path . These orbital changes cause delays in its perihelion of four days , average . In 1989 , Boris Chirikov and Vitaly Vecheslavov performed an analysis of 46 apparitions of Halley 's Comet taken from historical records and computer simulations . These studies showed that its dynamics were chaotic and unpredictable on long timescales . Halley 's projected lifetime could be as long as 10 million years . These studies also showed that many physical properties of Halley 's Comet dynamics can be approximately described by a simple symplectic map , known as the Kepler map . More recent work suggests that Halley will evaporate , or split in two , within the next few tens of thousands of years , or will be ejected from the Solar System within a few hundred thousand years . Observations by D.W. Hughes suggest that Halley 's nucleus has been reduced in mass by 80 to 90 % over the last 2,000 to 3,000 revolutions . Structure and composition ( edit ) The nucleus of Halley 's Comet , imaged by the Giotto probe in 1986 . The dark coloration of the nucleus can be observed , as well as the jets of dust and gas erupting from its surface . The Giotto and Vega missions gave planetary scientists their first view of Halley 's surface and structure . Like all comets , as Halley nears the Sun , its volatile compounds ( those with low boiling points , such as water , carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide and other ices ) begin to sublime from the surface of its nucleus . This causes the comet to develop a coma , or atmosphere , up to 100,000 km across . Evaporation of this dirty ice releases dust particles , which travel with the gas away from the nucleus . Gas molecules in the coma absorb solar light and then re-radiate it at different wavelengths , a phenomenon known as fluorescence , whereas dust particles scatter the solar light . Both processes are responsible for making the coma visible . As a fraction of the gas molecules in the coma are ionized by the solar ultraviolet radiation , pressure from the solar wind , a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun , pulls the coma 's ions out into a long tail , which may extend more than 100 million kilometres into space . Changes in the flow of the solar wind can cause disconnection events , in which the tail completely breaks off from the nucleus . Despite the vast size of its coma , Halley 's nucleus is relatively small : barely 15 kilometres long , 8 kilometres wide and perhaps 8 kilometres thick . Its shape vaguely resembles that of a peanut . Its mass is relatively low ( roughly 2.2 × 10 kg ) and its average density is about 0.6 g / cm , indicating that it is made of a large number of small pieces , held together very loosely , forming a structure known as a rubble pile . Ground - based observations of coma brightness suggested that Halley 's rotation period was about 7.4 days . Images taken by the various spacecraft , along with observations of the jets and shell , suggested a period of 52 hours . Given the irregular shape of the nucleus , Halley 's rotation is likely to be complex . Although only 25 % of Halley 's surface was imaged in detail during the flyby missions , the images revealed an extremely varied topography , with hills , mountains , ridges , depressions , and at least one crater . Halley is the most active of all the periodic comets , with others , such as Comet Encke and Comet Holmes , being one or two orders of magnitude less active . Its day side ( the side facing the Sun ) is far more active than the night side . Spacecraft observations showed that the gases ejected from the nucleus were 80 % water vapour , 17 % carbon monoxide and 3 -- 4 % carbon dioxide , with traces of hydrocarbons although more - recent sources give a value of 10 % for carbon monoxide and also include traces of methane and ammonia . The dust particles were found to be primarily a mixture of carbon -- hydrogen -- oxygen -- nitrogen ( CHON ) compounds common in the outer Solar System , and silicates , such as are found in terrestrial rocks . The dust particles decreased in size down to the limits of detection ( ~ 0.001 μm ) . The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the water released by Halley was initially thought to be similar to that found in Earth 's ocean water , suggesting that Halley - type comets may have delivered water to Earth in the distant past . Subsequent observations showed Halley 's deuterium ratio to be far higher than that found in Earth 's oceans , making such comets unlikely sources for Earth 's water . Giotto provided the first evidence in support of Fred Whipple 's `` dirty snowball '' hypothesis for comet construction ; Whipple postulated that comets are icy objects warmed by the Sun as they approach the inner Solar System , causing ices on their surfaces to sublimate ( change directly from a solid to a gas ) , and jets of volatile material to burst outward , creating the coma . Giotto showed that this model was broadly correct , though with modifications . Halley 's albedo , for instance , is about 4 % , meaning that it reflects only 4 % of the sunlight hitting it ; about what one would expect for coal . Thus , despite appearing brilliant white to observers on Earth , Halley 's Comet is in fact pitch black . The surface temperature of evaporating `` dirty ice '' ranges from 170 K ( − 103 ° C ) at higher albedo to 220 K ( − 53 ° C ) at low albedo ; Vega 1 found Halley 's surface temperature to be in the range 300 -- 400 K ( 27 -- 127 ° C ) . This suggested that only 10 % of Halley 's surface was active , and that large portions of it were coated in a layer of dark dust that retained heat . Together , these observations suggested that Halley was in fact predominantly composed of non-volatile materials , and thus more closely resembled a `` snowy dirtball '' than a `` dirty snowball '' . History ( edit ) Prior to 1066 ( edit ) Observation of Halley 's Comet , recorded in cuneiform on a clay tablet between 22 and 28 September 164 BC , Babylon , Iraq . British Museum ( BM 41462 ) Halley may have been recorded as early as 467 BC , but this is uncertain . A comet was recorded in ancient Greece between 468 and 466 BC ; its timing , location , duration , and associated meteor shower all suggest it was Halley . According to Pliny the Elder , that same year a meteorite fell in the town of Aegospotami , in Thrace . He described it as brown in colour and the size of a wagon load . Chinese chroniclers also mention a comet in that year . Report of Halley 's Comet by Chinese astronomers in 240 BC ( Shiji ) The first certain appearance of Halley 's Comet in the historical record is a description from 240 BC , in the Chinese chronicle Records of the Grand Historian or Shiji , which describes a comet that appeared in the east and moved north . The only surviving record of the 164 BC apparition is found on two fragmentary Babylonian tablets , now owned by the British Museum . The apparition of 87 BC was recorded in Babylonian tablets which state that the comet was seen `` day beyond day '' for a month . This appearance may be recalled in the representation of Tigranes the Great , an Armenian king who is depicted on coins with a crown that features , according to Vahe Gurzadyan and R. Vardanyan , `` a star with a curved tail ( that ) may represent the passage of Halley 's Comet in 87 BC . '' Gurzadyan and Vardanyan argue that `` Tigranes could have seen Halley 's Comet when it passed closest to the Sun on August 6 in 87 BC '' as the comet would have been a `` most recordable event '' ; for ancient Armenians it could have heralded the New Era of the brilliant King of Kings . The apparition of 12 BC was recorded in the Book of Han by Chinese astronomers of the Han Dynasty who tracked it from August through October . It passed within 0.16 AU of Earth . According to the Roman historian Cassius Dio , a comet appeared suspended over Rome for several days portending the death of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa in that year . Halley 's appearance in 12 BC , only a few years distant from the conventionally assigned date of the birth of Jesus Christ , has led some theologians and astronomers to suggest that it might explain the biblical story of the Star of Bethlehem . There are other explanations for the phenomenon , such as planetary conjunctions , and there are also records of other comets that appeared closer to the date of Jesus ' birth . If , as has been suggested , the reference in the Talmud to `` a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err '' ( see above ) refers to Halley 's Comet , it may be a reference to the 66 AD appearance , because this passage is attributed to the Rabbi Yehoshua ben Hananiah . This apparition was the only one to occur during ben Hananiah 's lifetime . The 141 AD apparition was recorded in Chinese chronicles . It was also recorded in the Tamil work Purananuru , in connection with the death of the south Indian Chera king Yanaikatchai Mantaran Cheral Irumporai . The 374 AD and 607 approaches each came within 0.09 AU of Earth . The 684 AD apparition was recorded in Europe in one of the sources used by the compiler of the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicles ; it is the oldest - known picture of a comet . Chinese records also report it as the `` broom star '' . The 451 AD apparition was said to herald the defeat of Attila the Hun at the Battle of Chalons . In 837 , Halley 's Comet may have passed as close as 0.03 AU ( 3.2 million miles ; 5.1 million kilometres ) from Earth , by far its closest approach . Its tail may have stretched 60 degrees across the sky . It was recorded by astronomers in China , Japan , Germany , the Byzantine Empire , and the Middle East . In 912 , Halley is recorded in the Annals of Ulster , which state `` A dark and rainy year . A comet appeared . '' 1066 ( edit ) Halley 's Comet in 1066 depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry . In 1066 , the comet was seen in England and thought to be an omen : later that year Harold II of England died at the Battle of Hastings ; it was a bad omen for Harold , but a good omen for the man who defeated him , William the Conqueror . The comet is represented on the Bayeux Tapestry and described in the tituli as a star . Surviving accounts from the period describe it as appearing to be four times the size of Venus and shining with a light equal to a quarter of that of the Moon . Halley came within 0.10 AU of Earth at that time . This appearance of the comet is also noted in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle . Eilmer of Malmesbury may have seen Halley previously in 989 , as he wrote of it in 1066 : `` You 've come , have you ? ... You 've come , you source of tears to many mothers , you evil . I hate you ! It is long since I saw you ; but as I see you now you are much more terrible , for I see you brandishing the downfall of my country . I hate you ! '' The Irish Annals of the Four Masters recorded the comet as `` A star ( that ) appeared on the seventh of the Calends of May , on Tuesday after Little Easter , than whose light the brilliance or light of The Moon was not greater ; and it was visible to all in this manner till the end of four nights afterwards . '' Chaco Native Americans in New Mexico may have recorded the 1066 apparition in their petroglyphs . 1145 -- 1378 ( edit ) The Adoration of the Magi ( circa 1305 ) by Giotto , who purportedly modeled the star of Bethlehem on Halley , which had been sighted 4 years prior to this painting . The 1145 apparition was recorded by the monk Eadwine . The 1986 apparition exhibited a fan tail similar to Eadwine 's drawing . Some claim that Genghis Khan was inspired to turn his conquests toward Europe by the 1222 apparition . The 1301 apparition may have been seen by the artist Giotto di Bondone , who represented the Star of Bethlehem as a fire - colored comet in the Nativity section of his Arena Chapel cycle , completed in 1305 . Its 1378 appearance is recorded in the Annales Mediolanenses as well as in East Asian sources . 1456 ( edit ) 1456 comet in Zodiac In 1456 , the year of Halley 's next apparition , the Ottoman Empire invaded the Kingdom of Hungary , culminating in the Siege of Belgrade in July of that year . In a papal bull , Pope Callixtus III ordered special prayers be said for the city 's protection . In 1470 , the humanist scholar Bartolomeo Platina wrote in his Lives of the Popes that , A hairy and fiery star having then made its appearance for several days , the mathematicians declared that there would follow grievous pestilence , dearth and some great calamity . Calixtus , to avert the wrath of God , ordered supplications that if evils were impending for the human race He would turn all upon the Turks , the enemies of the Christian name . He likewise ordered , to move God by continual entreaty , that notice should be given by the bells to call the faithful at midday to aid by their prayers those engaged in battle with the Turk . Platina 's account is not mentioned in official records . In the 18th century , a Frenchman further embellished the story , in anger at the Church , by claiming that the Pope had `` excommunicated '' the comet , though this story was most likely his own invention . Halley 's apparition of 1456 was also witnessed in Kashmir and depicted in great detail by Śrīvara , a Sanskrit poet and biographer to the Sultans of Kashmir . He read the apparition as a cometary portent of doom foreshadowing the imminent fall of Sultan Zayn al - Abidin ( AD 1418 / 1420 -- 1470 ) . After witnessing a bright light in the sky which most historians have identified as Halley 's Comet , Zara Yaqob , Emperor of Ethiopia from 1434 to 1468 , founded the city of Debre Berhan ( tr . City of Light ) and made it his capital for the remainder of his reign . 1531 -- 1835 ( edit ) Halley 's periodic returns have been subject to scientific investigation since the 16th century . The three apparitions from 1531 to 1682 were noted by Edmond Halley , enabling him to predict its 1759 return . Streams of vapour observed during the comet 's 1835 apparition prompted astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel to propose that the jet forces of evaporating material could be great enough to significantly alter a comet 's orbit . Illustrations of prior comet appearances in a 1910 popular science publication 1682 1759 1835 1910 ( edit ) A photograph of Halley 's Comet taken during its 1910 approach The 1910 approach , which came into naked - eye view around 10 April and came to perihelion on 20 April , was notable for several reasons : it was the first approach of which photographs exist , and the first for which spectroscopic data were obtained . Furthermore , the comet made a relatively close approach of 0.15 AU , making it a spectacular sight . Indeed , on 19 May , Earth actually passed through the tail of the comet . One of the substances discovered in the tail by spectroscopic analysis was the toxic gas cyanogen , which led astronomer Camille Flammarion to claim that , when Earth passed through the tail , the gas `` would impregnate the atmosphere and possibly snuff out all life on the planet . '' His pronouncement led to panicked buying of gas masks and quack `` anti-comet pills '' and `` anti-comet umbrellas '' by the public . In reality , as other astronomers were quick to point out , the gas is so diffuse that the world suffered no ill effects from the passage through the tail . The comet added to the unrest in China on the eve of the Xinhai Revolution that would end the last dynasty in 1911 . As James Hutson , a missionary in Sichuan Province at the time , recorded , The people believe that it indicates calamity such as war , fire , pestilence , and a change of dynasty . In some places on certain days the doors were unopened for half a day , no water was carried and many did not even drink water as it was rumoured that pestilential vapour was being poured down upon the earth from the comet . '' The 1910 visitation is also recorded as being the travelling companion of Hedley Churchward , the first known English Muslim to make the Haj pilgrimage to Mecca . However , his explanation of its scientific predictability did not meet with favour in the Holy City . The comet was also fertile ground for hoaxes . One that reached major newspapers claimed that the Sacred Followers , a supposed Oklahoma religious group , attempted to sacrifice a virgin to ward off the impending disaster , but were stopped by the police . American satirist and writer Mark Twain was born on 30 November 1835 , exactly two weeks after the comet 's perihelion . In his autobiography , published in 1909 , he said , I came in with Halley 's comet in 1835 . It is coming again next year , and I expect to go out with it . It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I do n't go out with Halley 's comet . The Almighty has said , no doubt : ' Now here are these two unaccountable freaks ; they came in together , they must go out together . ' Twain died on 21 April 1910 , the day following the comet 's subsequent perihelion . The 1985 fantasy film The Adventures of Mark Twain was inspired by the quotation . Halley 's 1910 apparition is distinct from the Great Daylight Comet of 1910 , which surpassed Halley in brilliance and was actually visible in broad daylight for a short period , approximately four months before Halley made its appearance . 1986 ( edit ) Daily motion across sky during 1986 passage Halley 's Comet in 1986 1986 USSR miniature sheet , featuring Edmond Halley , Comet Halley , Vega 1 , Vega 2 , Giotto , Suisei ( Planet - A ) Halley 's 1986 apparition was the least favourable on record . The comet and Earth were on opposite sides of the Sun in February 1986 , creating the worst viewing circumstances for Earth observers for the last 2,000 years . Halley 's closest approach was 0.42 AU . Additionally , with increased light pollution from urbanization , many people failed to even see the comet . It was possible to observe it in areas outside of cities with the help of binoculars . Further , the comet appeared brightest when it was almost invisible from the northern hemisphere in March and April . Halley 's approach was first detected by astronomers David Jewitt and G. Edward Danielson on 16 October 1982 using the 5.1 m Hale telescope at Mount Palomar and a CCD camera . The first person to visually observe the comet on its 1986 return was amateur astronomer Stephen James O'Meara on 24 January 1985 . O'Meara used a home - built 24 - inch telescope on top of Mauna Kea to detect the magnitude 19.6 comet . On 8 November 1985 , Stephen Edberg ( then serving as the Coordinator for Amateur Observations at NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory ) and Charles Morris were the first to observe Halley 's Comet with the naked eye in its 1986 apparition . Although Halley 's Comet 's retrograde orbit and high inclination make it difficult to send a space probe to it , the 1986 apparition gave scientists the opportunity to closely study the comet , and several probes were launched to do so . The Soviet Vega 1 started returning images of Halley on 4 March 1986 , and the first ever of its nucleus , and made its flyby on 6 March , followed by Vega 2 making its flyby on 9 March . On 14 March , the Giotto space probe , launched by the European Space Agency , made the closest pass of the comet 's nucleus . There were also two Japanese probes , Suisei and Sakigake . The probes were unofficially known as the Halley Armada . Based on data retrieved by Astron , the largest ultraviolet space telescope of the time , during its Halley 's Comet observations in December 1985 , a group of Soviet scientists developed a model of the comet 's coma . The comet was also observed from space by the International Cometary Explorer . Originally International Sun - Earth Explorer 3 , the probe was renamed and freed from its L Lagrangian point location in Earth 's orbit to intercept comets 21P / Giacobini - Zinner and Halley . Two Space Shuttle missions -- the ill - fated STS - 51 - L ( ended by the Challenger disaster ) and STS - 61 - E -- were scheduled to observe Halley 's Comet from low Earth orbit . STS - 51 - L carried the Shuttle - Pointed Tool for Astronomy ( SPARTAN - 203 ) satellite , also called the Halley 's Comet Experiment Deployable ( HCED ) . STS - 61 - E was a Columbia mission scheduled for March 1986 , carrying the ASTRO - 1 platform to study the comet . Due to the suspension of America 's manned space program after the Challenger explosion , the mission was canceled , and ASTRO - 1 would not fly until late 1990 on STS - 35 . After 1986 ( edit ) Halley 's Comet observed in 2003 at 28 AU from the Sun On 12 February 1991 , at a distance of 14.4 AU ( 2.15 × 10 km ) from the Sun , Halley displayed an outburst that lasted for several months , releasing a cloud of dust 300,000 km across . The outburst likely started in December 1990 , and then the comet brightened from magnitude 24.3 to magnitude 18.9 . Halley was most recently observed in 2003 by three of the Very Large Telescopes at Paranal , Chile , when Halley 's magnitude was 28.2 . The telescopes observed Halley , at the faintest and farthest any comet has ever been imaged , in order to verify a method for finding very faint trans - Neptunian objects . Astronomers are now able to observe the comet at any point in its orbit . 2061 ( edit ) The next predicted perihelion of Halley 's Comet is 28 July 2061 , when it is expected to be better positioned for observation than during the 1985 -- 1986 apparition , as it will be on the same side of the Sun as Earth . It is expected to have an apparent magnitude of − 0.3 , compared with only + 2.1 for the 1986 apparition . It has been calculated that on 9 September 2060 , Halley will pass within 0.98 AU ( 147,000,000 km ) of Jupiter , and then on 20 August 2061 will pass within 0.0543 AU ( 8,120,000 km ) of Venus . In 2134 , Halley is expected to pass within 0.09 AU ( 13,000,000 km ) of Earth . Its apparent magnitude is expected to be − 2.0 . Apparitions ( edit ) Halley 's calculations enabled the comet 's earlier appearances to be found in the historical record . The following table sets out the astronomical designations for every apparition of Halley 's Comet from 240 BC , the earliest documented widespread sighting . For example , `` 1P / 1982 U1 , 1986 III , 1982i '' indicates that for the perihelion in 1986 , Halley was the first period comet known ( designated 1P ) and this apparition was the first seen in half - month U ( the second half of October ) in 1982 ( giving 1P / 1982 U1 ) ; it was the third comet past perihelion in 1986 ( 1986 III ) ; and it was the ninth comet spotted in 1982 ( provisional designation 1982i ) . The perihelion dates of each apparition are shown . The perihelion dates farther from the present are approximate , mainly because of uncertainties in the modelling of non-gravitational effects . Perihelion dates of 1531 and earlier are in the Julian calendar , while perihelion dates 1607 and after are in the Gregorian calendar . Halley 's Comet is visible from Earth every 74 -- 79 years . Designation Year BC / AD Gap ( years ) Date of perihelion Visible duration Closest approach Description 1P / − 239 K1 , − 239 240 BC -- 15 May 15 -- 25 May First confirmed sighting . 1P / − 163 U1 , − 163 164 BC 76 20 May Seen by Babylonians . 1P / − 86 Q1 , − 86 87 BC 77 15 August 6 -- 19 August Seen by the Babylonians and Chinese . 1P / − 11 Q1 , − 11 12 BC 75 8 October August -- 10 October 0.16 AU Watched by Chinese for two months . 1P / 66 B1 , 66 66 78 26 January 25 -- 26 January May be the comet described in Josephus 's The Jewish War as ' A comet of the kind called Xiphias , because their tails appear to represent the blade of a sword ' that supposedly heralded the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD . 1P / 141 F1 , 141 141 75 25 March 22 -- 25 March Described by the Chinese as bluish - white in colour 1P / 218 H1 , 218 218 77 6 April 6 April -- 17 May Described by the Roman historian Dion Cassius as ' a very fearful star ' . 1P / 295 J1 , 295 295 77 7 April 7 -- 20 April Seen in China , but not spectacular . 1P / 374 E1 , 374 374 79 13 February 13 -- 16 February 0.09 AU Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth . 1P / 451 L1 , 451 451 77 3 July 28 June -- 3 July Appeared before the defeat of Attila the Hun at the Battle of Chalons . 1P / 530 Q1 , 530 530 79 15 November 27 September -- 15 November Noted in China and Europe , but not spectacular . 1P / 607 H1 , 607 607 77 26 March 15 -- 26 March 0.09 AU Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth . 1P / 684 R1 , 684 684 77 26 November 2 October -- 26 November First known Japanese records of the comet . Seen in Europe and depicted 800 years later in the Nuremberg Chronicle . Attempts have been made to connect an ancient Maya depiction of God L to the event . 1P / 760 K1 , 760 760 76 10 June 20 May -- 10 June Seen in China , at the same time as another comet . 1P / 837 F1 , 837 837 77 25 February 25 -- 28 February 0.03 AU Closest - ever approach to the Earth ( 5 million km ) . Tail stretched halfway across the sky . Appeared as bright as Venus . 1P / 912 J1 , 912 912 75 27 July 18 -- 27 July Seen briefly in China and Japan . 1P / 989 N1 , 989 989 77 2 September 2 -- 5 September Seen in China , Japan , and ( possibly ) Korea . 1P / 1066 G1 , 1066 1066 77 25 March January -- 25 March 0.10 AU Seen for over two months in China . Recorded in England and depicted on the later Bayeux tapestry which portrayed the events of that year . 1P / 1145 G1 , 1145 1145 79 19 April 15 -- 19 April Depicted on the Eadwine Psalter , with the remark that such ' hairy stars ' appeared rarely , ' and then as a portent ' . 1P / 1222 R1 , 1222 1222 77 10 September 10 -- 28 September Described by Japanese astronomers as being ' as large as the half Moon ... Its colour was white but its rays were red ' . 1P / 1301 R1 , 1301 1301 79 22 October 22 -- 31 October Seen by Giotto di Bondone and included in his painting The Adoration of the Magi . Chinese astronomers compared its brilliance to that of the first - magnitude star Procyon . 1P / 1378 S1 , 1378 1378 77 9 November 9 -- 14 November Passed within 10 degrees of the north celestial pole , more northerly than at any time during the past 2000 years . This is the last appearance of the comet for which Oriental records are better than Western ones . 1P / 1456 K1 , 1456 1456 78 8 January 8 January -- 9 June Observed in Italy by Paolo Toscanelli , who said its head was ' as large as the eye of an ox ' , with a tail ' fan - shaped like that of a peacock ' . Arabs said the tail resembled a Turkish scimitar . Turkish forces attacked Belgrade . 1P / 1531 P1 , 1531 1531 75 26 August 26 August Seen by Peter Apian , who noted that its tail always pointed away from the Sun . This sighting was included in Halley 's table . 1P / 1607 S1 , 1607 1607 76 27 October 27 October Seen by Johannes Kepler . This sighting was included in Halley 's table . 1P / 1682 Q1 , 1682 1682 75 15 September 15 September Seen by Edmond Halley at Islington . 1P / 1758 Y1 , 1759 I 1758 76 13 March 13 March -- 25 December Return predicted by Halley . First seen by Johann Palitzsch on 1758 December 25 . 1P / 1835 P1 , 1835 III 1835 77 16 November August -- 16 November First seen at the Vatican Observatory in August . Studied by John Herschel at the Cape of Good Hope . 1P / 1909 R1 , 1910 II , 1909c 1910 75 20 April 20 April -- 20 May Photographed for the first time . Earth passed through the comet 's tail on 20 May . 1P / 1982 U1 , 1986 III , 1982i 1986 76 9 February 9 February 0.586 AU Reached perihelion on 9 February , closest to Earth ( 63 million km ) on 11 April . Nucleus photographed by the European space probe Giotto and the Russian probes Vega 1 and 2 . 2061 75 28 July 28 July 2061 Next return of Halley 's comet . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal List of Halley - type comets Halley 's Comet in fiction References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Donald K. Yeomans . `` Horizon Online Ephemeris System '' . California Institute of Technology , Jet Propulsion Laboratory . 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Jump up ^ A.A. Boyarchuk ; V.P. Grinin ; A.M. Zvereva ; P.P. Petrov ; A.I. Sheikhet ( 1986 ) . `` A model for the coma of Comet Halley , based on the Astron ultraviolet spectrophotometry '' . Soviet Astronomy Letters ( in Russian ) . 12 : 291 -- 296 . Bibcode : 1986PAZh ... 12 ... 696B . Jump up ^ P. Murdin ( 2000 ) . `` International Cometary Explorer ( ICE ) '' . Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics . Institute of Physics Publishing . Bibcode : 2000eaa ... bookE4650 ... doi : 10.1888 / 0333750888 / 4650 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 75088 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 51L '' . NASA Kennedy Space Center . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spartan 203 ( Spartan Halley , HCED ) '' . space.skyrocket.de . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . Jump up ^ D.J. Shayler ; C. Burgess ( 2007 ) . `` Ending of Eras '' . NASA 's Scientist - Astronauts . Praxis . pp. 431 -- 476 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 21897 - 1 . Retrieved 7 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 35 ( 38 ) '' . NASA . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ D. Prialnik ; A. Bar - Nun ( 1992 ) . `` Crystallization of amorphous ice as the cause of Comet P / Halley 's outburst at 14 AU '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 258 ( 2 ) : L9 -- L12 . Bibcode : 1992A&A ... 258L ... 9P . ^ Jump up to : S. Odenwald . `` When will Halley 's Comet return ? '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` JPL Close - Approach Data : 1P / Halley '' ( 11 January 1994 last obs ) . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Comet names and designations '' . International Comet Quarterly . Retrieved 20 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard M. Schmude ( 2010 ) . Comets and How to Observe Them . Springer . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 5790 - 0 . Jump up ^ B.G. Marsden ; G.V. Williams ( 1996 ) . `` Catalogue of Cometary Orbits 1996 . 11th edition '' . Catalogue of Cometary Orbits . International Astronomical Union . Bibcode : 1996cco ... book ... M . Jump up ^ J.L. Brady ( 1982 ) . `` Halley 's Comet AD 1986 to 2647 BC '' . Journal of the British Astronomical Association . Lawrence Livermore Laboratory , University of California . 92 : 209 . Bibcode : 1982JBAA ... 92 ... 209B . Jump up ^ Star Gods of the Maya : Astronomy in Art , Folklore , and Calendars Bibliography ( edit ) Gore , Rick ( December 1986 ) . `` Halley 's Comet ' 86 '' . National Geographic . Vol. 170 no . 6 . pp. 758 -- 785 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . P. Lancaster - Brown ( 1985 ) . Halley & His Comet . Blandford Press . ISBN 0 - 7137 - 1447 - 6 . C. Sagan ; A. Druyan ( 1985 ) . Comet . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 54908 - 2 . Joseph Needham ( 1959 ) . `` Comets , meteors , and meteorites '' . Science and Civilisation in China : Volume 3 , Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth . Cambridge University Press . pp. 430 -- 433 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 05801 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Comet Halley . Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets ( 1706 reprint of Halley 's 1705 paper ) Halley 's nucleus by Giotto spacecraft ( ESA link ) Image of Halley in 1986 by Giotto spacecraft ( NASA link ) cometography.com 1P / Halley at CometBase database seds.org Orbital simulation from JPL ( Java ) / Ephemeris Donald Yeomans , `` Great Comets in History '' A brief history of Halley 's Comet ( Ian Ridpath ) Photographs of 1910 approach taken from the Lick Observatory from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive , UC Santa Cruz Library 's Digital Collections Comets Features Nucleus Coma Tails Antitail Comet dust Meteor shower Types Periodic Numbered Lost Long period Halley - type Jupiter - family Encke - type Main - belt Non-periodic Near - parabolic Hyperbolic Unknown - orbit Great Comet Sungrazing ( Kreutz ) Extinct Rock Exocomet Interstellar Related Naming of comets Centaur Comet discoverers LINEAR Extraterrestrial atmosphere Oort cloud Small Solar System body Asteroid Exploration List of missions to comets List of comets visited by spacecraft Latest C / 2018 C2 ( Lemmon ) C / 2017 U7 1I / 2017 U1 ʻOumuamua C / 2016 U1 ( NEOWISE ) C / 2015 G2 ( MASTER ) C / 2015 F5 ( SWAN - XingMing ) C / 2015 F3 C / 2015 ER61 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2014 Q2 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2014 E2 ( Jacques ) C / 2013 US10 ( Catalina ) C / 2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) C / 2012 S4 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2012 K1 ( PANSTARRS ) Culture and speculation Antimatter comet Comets in fiction list Comet vintages Lists of comets ( more ) Periodic comets Until 1985 ( all ) 1P / Halley 2P / Encke 3D / Biela 4P / Faye 5D / Brorsen 6P / d'Arrest 7P / Pons -- Winnecke 8P / Tuttle 9P / Tempel 10P / Tempel 11P / Tempel -- Swift -- LINEAR 12P / Pons -- Brooks 13P / Olbers 14P / Wolf 15P / Finlay 16P / Brooks 17P / Holmes 18D / Perrine -- Mrkos 19P / Borrelly 20D / Westphal 21P / Giacobini -- Zinner 22P / Kopff 23P / Brorsen -- Metcalf 24P / Schaumasse 25D / Neujmin 26P / Grigg -- Skjellerup 27P / Crommelin 28P / Neujmin 29P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann 30P / Reinmuth 31P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann 32P / Comas Solà 33P / Daniel 34D / Gale 35P / Herschel -- Rigollet 36P / Whipple 37P / Forbes 38P / Stephan -- Oterma 39P / Oterma 40P / Väisälä 41P / Tuttle -- Giacobini -- Kresák 42P / Neujmin 43P / Wolf -- Harrington 44P / Reinmuth 45P / Honda -- Mrkos -- Pajdušáková 46P / Wirtanen 47P / Ashbrook -- Jackson 48P / Johnson 49P / Arend -- Rigaux 50P / Arend 51P / Harrington 52P / Harrington -- Abell 53P / Van Biesbroeck 54P / de Vico -- Swift -- NEAT 55P / Tempel -- Tuttle 56P / Slaughter -- Burnham 57P / du Toit -- Neujmin -- Delporte 58P / Jackson -- Neujmin 59P / Kearns -- Kwee 60P / Tsuchinshan 61P / Shajn -- Schaldach 62P / Tsuchinshan 63P / Wild 64P / Swift -- Gehrels 65P / Gunn 66P / du Toit 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko 68P / Klemola 69P / Taylor 70P / Kojima 71P / Clark 72P / Denning -- Fujikawa 73P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann 74P / Smirnova -- Chernykh 75D / Kohoutek 76P / West -- Kohoutek -- Ikemura 77P / Longmore 78P / Gehrels 79P / du Toit -- Hartley 80P / Peters -- Hartley 81P / Wild 82P / Gehrels 83D / Russell 84P / Giclas 85D / Boethin 86P / Wild 87P / Bus 88P / Howell 89P / Russell 90P / Gehrels 91P / Russell 92P / Sanguin 93P / Lovas 94P / Russell 95P / Chiron 96P / Machholz 97P / Metcalf -- Brewington 98P / Takamizawa 99P / Kowal 100P / Hartley 101P / Chernykh 102P / Shoemaker After 1985 ( notable ) 103P / Hartley 105P / Singer Brewster 107P / Wilson -- Harrington 109P / Swift -- Tuttle 111P / Helin -- Roman -- Crockett 114P / Wiseman -- Skiff 128P / Shoemaker -- Holt 139P / Väisälä -- Oterma 144P / Kushida 147P / Kushida -- Muramatsu 153P / Ikeya -- Zhang 163P / NEAT 168P / Hergenrother 169P / NEAT 177P / Barnard 178P / Hug -- Bell 205P / Giacobini 209P / LINEAR 238P / Read 246P / NEAT 252P / LINEAR 255P / Levy 273P / Pons -- Gambart 276P / Vorobjov 289P / Blanpain 311P / PANSTARRS 322P / SOHO 332P / Ikeya - Murakami 354P / LINEAR 362P P / 1997 B1 ( Kobayashi ) P / 2010 B2 ( WISE ) P / 2011 NO1 ( Elenin ) Comet - like asteroids 596 Scheila 2060 Chiron ( 95P ) 4015 Wilson -- Harrington ( 107P ) 7968 Elst -- Pizarro ( 133P ) 165P / LINEAR 166P / NEAT 167P / CINEOS 60558 Echeclus ( 174P ) 118401 LINEAR ( 176P ) 238P / Read 259P / Garradd 311P / PANSTARRS 324P / La Sagra P / 2010 A2 ( LINEAR ) P / 2012 F5 ( Gibbs ) P / 2012 T1 ( PANSTARRS ) P / 2013 R3 ( Catalina - PANSTARRS ) ( 300163 ) 2006 VW139 Lost Recovered 11P / Tempel -- Swift -- LINEAR 15P / Finlay 17P / Holmes 27P / Crommelin 54P / de Vico -- Swift -- NEAT 55P / Tempel -- Tuttle 57P / du Toit -- Neujmin -- Delporte 69P / Taylor 72P / Denning -- Fujikawa 80P / Peters -- Hartley 97P / Metcalf -- Brewington 107P / Wilson -- Harrington 109P / Swift -- Tuttle 113P / Spitaler 122P / de Vico 157P / Tritton 177P / Barnard 205P / Giacobini 206P / Barnard -- Boattini 271P / van Houten -- Lemmon 273P / Pons -- Gambart 289P / Blanpain Destroyed 3D / Biela 73P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann D / 1993 F2 ( Shoemaker -- Levy 9 ) Not found D / 1770 L1 ( Lexell ) 5D / Brorsen 18D / Perrine -- Mrkos 20D / Westphal 25D / Neujmin 34D / Gale 75D / Kohoutek 83D / Russell 85D / Boethin Visited by spacecraft 21P / Giacobini -- Zinner ( 1985 ) 1P / Halley ( 1986 ) 26P / Grigg -- Skjellerup ( 1992 ) 19P / Borrelly ( 2001 ) 81P / Wild ( 2004 ) 9P / Tempel ( 2005 , 2011 ) C / 2006 P1 ( 2007 ) 103P / Hartley ( 2010 ) 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko ( 2014 ) Non-Periodic comets ( notable ) Until 1910 C / - 43 K1 ( Caesar 's Comet ) X / 1106 C1 ( Great Comet of 1106 ) C / 1577 V1 ( Great Comet of 1577 ) C / 1652 Y1 C / 1680 V1 ( Great Comet of 1680 , Kirsch 's Comet , Newton 's Comet ) ) C / 1702 H1 ( Comet of 1702 ) C / 1729 P1 ( Comet of 1729 , Comet Sarabat ) C / 1743 X1 ( Great Comet of 1744 , Comet Klinkenberg - Chéseaux ) C / 1760 A1 ( Great Comet of 1760 ) C / 1769 P1 ( Great Comet of 1769 ) C / 1807 R1 ( Great Comet of 1807 ) C / 1811 F1 ( Great Comet of 1811 ) C / 1819 N1 ( Great Comet of 1819 ) C / 1823 Y1 ( Great Comet of 1823 ) C / 1843 D1 ( Great March Comet of 1843 ) C / 1847 T1 ( Miss Mitchell 's Comet ) C / 1858 L1 ( Comet Donati ) C / 1861 G1 ( Comet Thatcher ) C / 1861 J1 ( Great Comet of 1861 ) C / 1865 B1 ( Great Southern Comet of 1865 ) X / 1872 X1 ( Pogson 's Comet ) C / 1874 H1 ( Comet Coggia ) C / 1881 K1 ( Comet Tebbutt ) C / 1882 R1 ( Great Comet of 1882 ) C / 1887 B1 ( Great Southern Comet of 1887 ) C / 1890 V1 ( Comet Zona ) C / 1901 G1 ( Great Comet of 1901 ) C / 1910 A1 ( Great January Comet of 1910 ) After 1910 C / 1911 O1 ( Brooks ) C / 1911 S3 ( Beljawsky ) C / 1927 X1 ( Skjellerup -- Maristany ) C / 1931 P1 ( Ryves ) C / 1941 B2 ( de Kock - Paraskevopoulos ) ( de ) C / 1947 X1 ( Southern Comet ) ( de ) C / 1948 V1 ( Eclipse ) C / 1956 R1 ( Arend -- Roland ) C / 1957 P1 ( Mrkos ) ( de ) C / 1961 O1 ( Wilson - Hubbard ) ( de ) C / 1961 R1 ( Humason ) C / 1962 C1 ( Seki - Lines ) ( de ) C / 1963 R1 ( Pereyra ) C / 1965 S1 ( Ikeya - Seki ) C / 1969 Y1 ( Bennett ) C / 1970 K1 ( White -- Ortiz -- Bolelli ) C / 1973 E1 ( Kohoutek ) C / 1975 V1 ( West ) C / 1980 E1 ( Bowell ) C / 1983 H1 ( IRAS -- Araki -- Alcock ) C / 1989 X1 ( Austin ) C / 1989 Y1 ( Skorichenko -- George ) C / 1992 J1 ( Spacewatch -- Rabinowitz ) C / 1993 Y1 ( McNaught -- Russell ) C / 1995 O1 ( Hale -- Bopp ) C / 1996 B2 ( Hyakutake ) C / 1997 L1 ( Zhu -- Balam ) C / 1998 H1 ( Stonehouse ) C / 1998 J1 ( SOHO ) C / 1999 F1 ( Catalina ) C / 1999 S4 ( LINEAR ) C / 2000 U5 ( LINEAR ) C / 2000 W1 ( Utsunomiya - Jones ) C / 2001 OG108 ( LONEOS ) C / 2001 Q4 ( NEAT ) C / 2002 T7 ( LINEAR ) C / 2004 F4 ( Bradfield ) ( de ) C / 2004 Q2 ( Machholz ) C / 2006 A1 ( Pojmański ) C / 2006 M4 ( SWAN ) C / 2006 P1 ( McNaught ) C / 2007 E2 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2007 F1 ( LONEOS ) C / 2007 K5 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2007 N3 ( Lulin ) C / 2007 Q3 ( Siding Spring ) C / 2007 W1 ( Boattini ) C / 2008 Q1 ( Matičič ) C / 2009 F6 ( Yi -- SWAN ) C / 2009 R1 ( McNaught ) C / 2010 X1 ( Elenin ) C / 2011 L4 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2011 W3 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2012 E2 ( SWAN ) C / 2012 F6 ( Lemmon ) C / 2012 K1 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2012 S1 ( ISON ) C / 2012 S4 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) C / 2013 R1 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2013 US10 ( Catalina ) C / 2013 V5 ( Oukaimeden ) C / 2014 E2 ( Jacques ) C / 2014 Q2 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2015 ER61 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2015 V2 ( Johnson ) 1I / 2017 U1 ʻOumuamua C / 2017 U7 C / 2018 C2 ( Lemmon ) After 1910 ( by name ) Arend -- Roland Austin Beljawsky Bennett Boattini Bowell Bradfield ( de ) Brooks Catalina C / 1999 F1 C / 2013 US10 de Kock -- Paraskevopoulos ( de ) Eclipse Elenin Hale - Bopp Humason Hyakutake Ikeya - Seki IRAS -- Araki -- Alcock ISON Jacques Johnson Kohoutek Lemmon C / 2012 F6 C / 2018 C2 LINEAR C / 1999 S4 C / 2000 U5 C / 2002 T7 LONEOS C / 2001 OG108 C / 2007 F1 Lovejoy C / 2007 E2 C / 2007 K5 C / 2011 W3 C / 2013 R1 C / 2014 Q2 Lulin Machholz Matičič McNaught C / 2006 P1 C / 2009 R1 McNaught -- Russell Mrkos ( de ) NEAT Oukaimeden ʻOumuamua Pan-STARRS C / 2011 L4 C / 2012 K1 C / 2012 S4 311P C / 2015 ER61 Pereyra Pojmański Ryves Seki -- Lines ( de ) Siding Spring C / 2007 Q3 C / 2013 A1 Skjellerup -- Maristany Skorichenko -- George SOHO Southern ( de ) Spacewatch -- Rabinowitz Stonehouse SWAN C / 2006 M4 C / 2012 E2 Utsunomiya -- Jones West White -- Ortiz -- Bolelli Wilson -- Hubbard ( de ) Yi -- SWAN Zhu -- Balam Commons Wikinews Numbered comets Previous ( periodic comet navigator ) 1P / Halley Next 2P / Encke Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halley%27s_Comet&oldid=864850648 '' Categories : Halley 's Comet Astronomical objects known since antiquity Comets Periodic comets Halley - type comets Meteor shower progenitors Comets visited by spacecraft Star of Bethlehem Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use dmy dates from September 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Interlanguage link template link number Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 80 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 22 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when is halley's comet coming around again
[ "Halley's Comet or Comet Halley, officially designated 1P/Halley,[2] is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 74–79 years.[2][10][11][12] Halley is the only known short-period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth, and the only naked-eye comet that might appear twice in a human lifetime.[13] Halley last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061.[14]\n" ]
[ "mid-2061" ]
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No-slip condition
No - slip condition - wikipedia No - slip condition Jump to : navigation , search In fluid dynamics , the no - slip condition for viscous fluids assumes that at a solid boundary , the fluid will have zero velocity relative to the boundary . The fluid velocity at all fluid -- solid boundaries is equal to that of the solid boundary . Conceptually , one can think of the outermost molecules of fluid as stuck to the surfaces past which it flows . Because the solution is prescribed at given locations , this is an example of a Dirichlet boundary condition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical justification 2 Exceptions 3 See also 4 External links 5 References Physical justification ( edit ) Particles close to a surface do not move along with a flow when adhesion is stronger than cohesion . At the fluid - solid interface , the force of attraction between the fluid particles and solid particles ( Adhesive forces ) is greater than that between the fluid particles ( Cohesive forces ) . This force imbalance brings down the fluid velocity to zero . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) Exceptions ( edit ) As with most of the engineering approximations , the no - slip condition does not always hold in reality . For example , at very low pressure ( e.g. at high altitude ) , even when the continuum approximation still holds there may be so few molecules near the surface that they `` bounce along '' down the surface . A common approximation for fluid slip is : u − u W a l l = β ∂ u ∂ n ( \ displaystyle u-u_ ( Wall ) = \ beta ( \ frac ( \ partial u ) ( \ partial n ) ) ) where n ( \ displaystyle n ) is the coordinate normal to the wall and β ( \ displaystyle \ beta ) is called the slip length . For an ideal gas , the slip length is often approximated as β ≈ 1.15 l ( \ displaystyle \ beta \ approx 1.15 \ ell ) , where l ( \ displaystyle \ ell ) is the mean free path . Some highly hydrophobic surfaces have also been observed to have a nonzero but nanoscale slip length . While the no - slip condition is used almost universally in modeling of viscous flows , it is sometimes neglected in favor of the ' no - penetration condition ' ( where the fluid velocity normal to the wall is set to the wall velocity in this direction , but the fluid velocity parallel to the wall is unrestricted ) in elementary analyses of inviscid flow , where the effect of boundary layers is neglected . The no - slip condition poses a problem in viscous flow theory at contact lines : places where an interface between two fluids meets a solid boundary . Here , the no - slip boundary condition implies that the position of the contact line does not move , which is not observed in reality . Analysis of a moving contact line with the no slip condition results in infinite stresses that ca n't be integrated over . The rate of movement of the contact line is believed to be dependent on the angle the contact line makes with the solid boundary , but the mechanism behind this is not yet fully understood . See also ( edit ) Boundary layer Wind gradient Shear stress External links ( edit ) No - Slip Condition at ScienceWorld How a fluid behaves near a surface chimney flow plot movie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Day , Michael A. ( 2004 ) . `` The no - slip condition of fluid dynamics '' . Erkenntnis. 33 ( 3 ) : 285 -- 296 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00717588 . Jump up ^ Shu , Jian - Jun ; Teo , J.B.M. ; Chan , W.K. ( 2016 ) . `` A new model for fluid velocity slip on a solid surface '' . Soft Matter. 12 ( 40 ) : 8388 -- 8397 . Bibcode : 2016SMat ... 12.8388 S. arXiv : 1612.08011 . doi : 10.1039 / c6sm01178k . Jump up ^ Shu , Jian - Jun ; Teo , J.B.M. ; Chan , W.K. ( 2017 ) . `` Fluid velocity slip and temperature jump at a solid surface '' . Applied Mechanics Reviews . 69 ( 2 ) : 020801 . Bibcode : 2017ApMRv ... 69b0801S . arXiv : 1705.02375 . doi : 10.1115 / 1.4036191 . Jump up ^ David L. Morris ; Lawrence Hannon ; Alejandro L. Garcia ( 1992 ) . `` Slip length in a dilute gas '' . Physical Review A. 46 ( 8 ) : 5279 . Bibcode : 1992PhRvA ... 46.5279 M . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevA. 46.5279 . . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No-slip_condition&oldid=800392339 '' Categories : Fluid dynamics Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Монгол Português Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 07 : 28 . About Wikipedia
what is no slip condition in fluid mechanics
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Seven Natural Wonders (CNN)
Seven Natural wonders ( cnn ) - wikipedia Seven Natural wonders ( cnn ) Seven Natural Wonders is an organization created with the mission of protecting and promoting the natural wonders of the world . The project was launched in 2008 in response to the New 7 Wonders efforts to change the natural wonders of the world . This announcement was made following the campaign 's efforts to establish a new list of modern man - made wonders . Seven Natural Wonders launched an effort to expand the 7 Natural Wonders of the World by creating campaigns to add the Seven Natural Wonders for each continent . These campaigns differed from the efforts of New7Wonders because every wonder of nature was eligible with no requirements for entry fees and sponsorship fees of any kind . This campaign was further distinguished by avoiding the influence of marketing , advertising and social media , with the winning wonders being determined by experts from around the world who leveraged statistical and traditional significance , uniqueness , and pure splendor . Seven Natural Wonders was established to protect the original vision and declaration of the seven natural wonders of the world . Their list of the natural wonders includes : Aurora Borealis Harbor of Rio de Janeiro Grand Canyon Great Barrier Reef , Australia Mount Everest Paricutin Victoria Falls The mission of Seven Natural Wonders is to promote and protect the natural wonders . See also ( edit ) New7Wonders of Nature Wonders of the World References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seven Natural Wonders Jump up ^ New Seven Wonders Jump up ^ Seven Natural Wonders Mission Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_Natural_Wonders_(CNN)&oldid=856561022 '' Categories : Conservation organizations based in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2014 Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 02 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
where are the 7 natural wonders of the world located
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The Wonderful World of Make Believe
The Wonderful World of Make Believe - wikipedia The Wonderful World of Make Believe Jump to : navigation , search The Wonderful World of Make Believe Studio album by Johnny Mathis Released July 10 , 1964 Recorded February 7 , 1964 -- February 10 , 1964 at United Recording Studios Hollywood , California Genre Vocal pop / rock Length 39 : 14 Label Mercury Producer Johnny Mathis Johnny Mathis chronology I 'll Search My Heart and Other Great Hits ( 1964 ) I 'll Search My Heart and Other Great Hits 1964 The Wonderful World of Make Believe ( 1964 ) The Great Years ( 1964 ) The Great Years 1964 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic link Billboard positive The Wonderful World of Make Believe is an album by American pop singer Johnny Mathis that was released by Mercury Records on July 10 , 1964 , and described by Greg Adams of Allmusic , who wrote , `` The theme is fantasy , from imaginary locations ( ' Camelot ' , ' Shangri - La ' ) to fanciful yearnings ( ' I 'm Always Chasing Rainbows ' , ' When You Wish Upon a Star ' ) to vague , idealized realms ( ' Beyond the Sea ' , ' Beyond the Blue Horizon ' ) . '' The album debuted on Billboard magazine 's Top LP 's chart in the issue dated July 25 , 1964 , and reached number 75 during its 10 weeks there . This project was released on compact disc for the first time as one of two albums in a two - CD set by Sony Music Entertainment on August 28 , 2012 , the other album being Mathis 's previous studio LP , Tender Is the Night . The Wonderful World of Make Believe was also included in Sony 's Mathis box set The Complete Global Albums Collection , which was released on November 17 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reception 2 Track listing 2.1 Side one 2.2 Side two 3 Recording dates 4 Personnel 5 References 6 Bibliography Reception ( edit ) Adams contrasts the approach of this album to his singles of the period . `` Mercury did n't tamper with Mathis 's established style on this album ( unlike his first singles for the label , which seemed geared toward a younger audience ) , so the arrangements are in keeping with his Columbia work , if a bit more swirly and ornate as the material seemed to require . '' He concludes that this project `` is strictly an album effort -- no standout single tracks here -- but it 's an enticingly dreamy effort and Mathis sings superbly . '' Billboard especially appreciated the concept and team at work here : `` A fine idea , beautifully performed by Mathis with able support from Allyn Ferguson 's arrangements and Jack Feierman 's orchestration . '' Track listing ( edit ) Side one ( edit ) `` Camelot '' from Camelot ( Alan Jay Lerner , Frederick Loewe ) -- 2 : 50 `` I 'm Always Chasing Rainbows '' from Oh , Look ! ( Harry Carroll , Joseph McCarthy ) -- 3 : 37 `` House of Flowers '' from House of Flowers ( Harold Arlen , Truman Capote ) -- 3 : 36 `` Beyond the Sea '' ( Jack Lawrence , Charles Trenet ) -- 3 : 25 `` Sky Full of Rainbows '' ( Bart Howard ) -- 3 : 09 `` Sands of Time '' from Kismet ( George Forrest , Robert Wright ) -- 3 : 11 Side two ( edit ) `` Shangri - La '' ( Matty Malneck , Robert Maxwell , Carl Sigman ) -- 3 : 30 `` Alice in Wonderland '' from Alice in Wonderland ( Bob Hilliard , Sammy Fain ) -- 2 : 46 `` Dream , Dream , Dream '' ( Jimmy McHugh , Mitchell Parish ) -- 3 : 09 `` The World of Make - Believe '' ( Jay Livingston , Paul Francis Webster ) -- 2 : 43 `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' from Pinnochio ( Leigh Harline , Ned Washington ) -- 4 : 21 `` Beyond the Blue Horizon '' from Monte Carlo ( Leo Robin , Richard Whiting ) -- 2 : 57 Recording dates ( edit ) February 7 , 1964 : `` Alice in Wonderland '' , `` Sky Full of Rainbows '' , `` The World of Make - Believe '' February 8 , 1964 : `` Beyond the Sea '' , `` House of Flowers '' , `` I 'm Always Chasing Rainbows '' , `` Shangri - La '' , `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' February 10 , 1964 : `` Beyond the Blue Horizon '' , `` Camelot '' , `` Dream , Dream , Dream '' , `` Sands of Time '' Personnel ( edit ) Johnny Mathis -- vocals ; producer Allyn Ferguson -- arranger Jack Feierman -- conductor Bill Putnam -- recording engineer Paul Francis Webster -- liner notes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( 2012 ) Tender Is the Night / The Wonderful World of Make Believe by Johnny Mathis ( CD booklet ) . New York : Sony Music Entertainment RGM - 0083 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2014 ) The Complete Global Albums Collection by Johnny Mathis ( CD booklet ) . New York : Sony Music Entertainment 88843091432 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1964 ) The Wonderful World of Make Believe by Johnny Mathis ( album jacket ) . New York : Mercury Records SR - 60913 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wonderful World of Make Believe - Johnny Mathis '' . allmusic.com . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Album Reviews '' . Billboard. 1964 - 07 - 04 . p. 56 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2010 , p. 503 . Jump up ^ `` Tender Is the Night / The Wonderful World of Make Believe -- Johnny Mathis '' . allmusic.com . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Complete Global Albums Collection - Johnny Mathis '' . allmusic.com . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Whitburn , Joel ( 2010 ) , Joel Whitburn Presents Top Pop Albums , Seventh Edition , Record Research Inc. , ISBN 0 - 89820 - 183 - 7 ( hide ) Johnny Mathis Studio albums Johnny Mathis Wonderful Wonderful Warm Good Night , Dear Lord Swing Softly Merry Christmas Open Fire , Two Guitars Heavenly Faithfully Johnny 's Mood The Rhythms and Ballads of Broadway I 'll Buy You a Star Live It Up ! Rapture Johnny Sounds of Christmas Romantically Tender Is the Night The Wonderful World of Make Believe This Is Love Olé Broadway Love Is Everything The Sweetheart Tree The Shadow of Your Smile So Nice Johnny Mathis Sings Up , Up and Away Love Is Blue Those Were the Days Love Theme from `` Romeo And Juliet '' ( A Time for Us ) Give Me Your Love for Christmas Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head Close to You Sings the Music of Bacharach & Kaempfert Love Story You 've Got a Friend The First Time Ever ( I Saw Your Face ) Song Sung Blue Me and Mrs. Jones Killing Me Softly with Her Song I 'm Coming Home The Heart of a Woman When Will I See You Again Feelings I Only Have Eyes for You Mathis Is ... Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me You Light Up My Life That 's What Friends Are For The Best Days of My Life Mathis Magic Different Kinda Different I Love My Lady Friends in Love A Special Part of Me Right from the Heart Christmas Eve with Johnny Mathis The Hollywood Musicals Once in a While In the Still of the Night In a Sentimental Mood : Mathis Sings Ellington How Do You Keep the Music Playing ? All About Love Because You Loved Me : The Songs of Diane Warren Mathis on Broadway The Christmas Album Is n't It Romantic : The Standards Album A Night to Remember Let It Be Me : Mathis in Nashville Sending You a Little Christmas Compilation albums Johnny 's Greatest Hits More Johnny 's Greatest Hits Portrait of Johnny Johnny 's Newest Hits I 'll Search My Heart and Other Great Hits The Great Years People The Impossible Dream Johnny Mathis ' All - Time Greatest Hits Johnny Mathis Sings the Great Songs The Johnny Mathis Collection The Mathis Collection Tears and Laughter The Best of Johnny Mathis 1975 -- 1980 The First 25 Years -- The Silver Anniversary Album Celebration -- The Anniversary Album 16 Most Requested Songs Better Together : The Duet Album The Christmas Music of Johnny Mathis : A Personal Collection The Hits of Johnny Mathis The Ultimate Hits Collection The Essential Johnny Mathis The Very Best of Johnny Mathis Gold : A 50th Anniversary Christmas Celebration Gold : A 50th Anniversary Celebration The Ultimate Collection The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Johnny Mathis in Person : Recorded Live at Las Vegas Unforgettable -- A Musical Tribute to Nat King Cole Live Box sets The Music of Johnny Mathis : A Personal Collection The Complete Global Albums Collection The Singles The Complete Christmas Collection 1958 -- 2010 Songs `` Wonderful ! Wonderful ! '' `` It 's Not for Me to Say '' `` Chances Are '' `` The Twelfth of Never '' `` Wild Is the Wind '' `` A Certain Smile '' `` Misty '' `` Beyond the Blue Horizon '' `` Remember When ( We Made These Memories ) '' `` When a Child Is Born '' `` Too Much , Too Little , Too Late '' Videos Live by Request : Johnny Mathis Johnny Mathis : Wonderful , Wonderful ! Related articles Discography Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award Family Ties Deniece Williams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wonderful_World_of_Make_Believe&oldid=791950415 '' Categories : 1964 albums Johnny Mathis albums English - language albums Mercury Records albums Albums arranged by Allyn Ferguson Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 July 2017 , at 13 : 55 . About Wikipedia
johnny mathis the wonderful world of make believe
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Dust Bowl
Dust Bowl - Wikipedia Dust Bowl For other uses , see Dust Bowl ( disambiguation ) . Map of states and counties affected by the Dust Bowl between 1935 and 1938 originally prepared by the Soil Conservation Service . The most severely affected counties are colored . A farmer and his two sons during a dust storm in Cimarron County , Oklahoma , April 1936 . Iconic photo taken by Arthur Rothstein . The Dust Bowl , also known as the Dirty Thirties , was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s ; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion ( the Aeolian processes ) caused the phenomenon . The drought came in three waves , 1934 , 1936 , and 1939 -- 1940 , but some regions of the high plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years . With insufficient understanding of the ecology of the plains , farmers had conducted extensive deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains during the previous decade ; this had displaced the native , deep - rooted grasses that normally trapped soil and moisture even during periods of drought and high winds . The rapid mechanization of farm equipment , especially small gasoline tractors , and widespread use of the combine harvester contributed to farmers ' decisions to convert arid grassland ( much of which received no more than 10 inches ( ~ 250 mm ) of precipitation per year ) to cultivated cropland . During the drought of the 1930s , the unanchored soil turned to dust , which the prevailing winds blew away in huge clouds that sometimes blackened the sky . These choking billows of dust -- named `` black blizzards '' or `` black rollers '' -- traveled cross country , reaching as far as the East Coast and striking such cities as New York City and Washington , D.C. On the plains , they often reduced visibility to 3 feet ( 1 m ) or less . Associated Press reporter Robert E. Geiger happened to be in Boise City , Oklahoma , to witness the `` Black Sunday '' black blizzards of April 14 , 1935 ; Edward Stanley , Kansas City news editor of the Associated Press coined the term `` Dust Bowl '' while rewriting Geiger 's news story . While the term `` the Dust Bowl '' was originally a reference to the geographical area affected by the dust , today it usually refers to the event itself . The drought and erosion of the Dust Bowl affected 100,000,000 acres ( 400,000 km ) that centered on the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma and touched adjacent sections of New Mexico , Colorado , and Kansas . The Dust Bowl forced tens of thousands of poverty - stricken families to abandon their farms , unable to pay mortgages or grow crops , and losses reached US $ 25 million per day by 1936 ( equivalent to US $440,000,000 in 2017 ) . Many of these families , who were often known as `` Okies '' because so many of them came from Oklahoma , migrated to California and other states to find that the Great Depression had rendered economic conditions there little better than those they had left . The Dust Bowl has been the subject of many cultural works , notably the novel The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) by John Steinbeck , the folk music of Woody Guthrie , and photographs depicting the conditions of migrants by Dorothea Lange . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographic characteristics and early history 2 Drought and dust storms 3 Human displacement 3.1 United States 3.2 Characteristics of migrants 4 U.S. government response 5 Long - term economic impact 6 Influence on the arts and culture 7 Aggregate changes in agriculture and population on the Plains 8 See also 8.1 International 8.2 General 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Geographic characteristics and early History A dust storm approaches Stratford , Texas , in 1935 . The Dust Bowl area lies principally west of the 100th meridian on the High Plains , characterized by plains which vary from rolling in the north to flat in the Llano Estacado . Elevation ranges from 2,500 feet ( 760 m ) in the east to 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) at the base of the Rocky Mountains . The area is semiarid , receiving less than 20 inches ( 510 mm ) of rain annually ; this rainfall supports the shortgrass prairie biome originally present in the area . The region is also prone to extended drought , alternating with unusual wetness of equivalent duration . During wet years , the rich soil provides bountiful agricultural output , but crops fail during dry years . The region is also subject to high winds . During early European and American exploration of the Great Plains , this region was thought unsuitable for European - style agriculture ; explorers called it the Great American Desert . The lack of surface water and timber made the region less attractive than other areas for pioneer settlement and agriculture . The federal government encouraged settlement and development of the Plains for agriculture via the Homestead Act of 1862 , offering settlers 160 - acre ( 65 ha ) plots . With the end of the Civil War in 1865 and the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 , waves of new migrants and immigrants reached the Great Plains , and they greatly increased the acreage under cultivation . An unusually wet period in the Great Plains mistakenly led settlers and the federal government to believe that `` rain follows the plow '' ( a popular phrase among real estate promoters ) and that the climate of the region had changed permanently . While initial agricultural endeavors were primarily cattle ranching , the adverse effect of harsh winters on the cattle , beginning in 1886 , a short drought in 1890 , and general overgrazing , led many landowners to increase the amount of land under cultivation . Recognizing the challenge of cultivating marginal arid land , the United States government expanded on the 160 acres ( 65 ha ) offered under the Homestead Act -- granting 640 acres ( 260 ha ) to homesteaders in western Nebraska under the Kinkaid Act ( 1904 ) and 320 acres ( 130 ha ) elsewhere in the Great Plains under the Enlarged Homestead Act ( 1909 ) . Waves of European settlers arrived in the plains at the beginning of the 20th century . A return of unusually wet weather seemingly confirmed a previously held opinion that the `` formerly '' semiarid area could support large - scale agriculture . At the same time , technological improvements such as mechanized plowing and mechanized harvesting made it possible to operate larger properties without increasing labor costs . The combined effects of the disruption of the Russian Revolution , which decreased the supply of wheat and other commodity crops , and World War I increased agricultural prices ; this demand encouraged farmers to dramatically increase cultivation . For example , in the Llano Estacado of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas , the area of farmland was doubled between 1900 and 1920 , then tripled again between 1925 and 1930 . The agricultural methods favored by farmers during this period created the conditions for large - scale erosion under certain environmental conditions . The widespread conversion of the land by deep plowing and other soil preparation methods to enable agriculture eliminated the native grasses which held the soil in place and helped retain moisture during dry periods . Furthermore , cotton farmers left fields bare during winter months , when winds in the High Plains are highest , and burned the stubble as a means to control weeds prior to planting , thereby depriving the soil of organic nutrients and surface vegetation . Drought and Dust storms A dust storm ; Spearman , Texas , April 14 , 1935 `` Heavy black clouds of dust rising over the Texas Panhandle , Texas '' , c. 1936 . After fairly favourable climatic conditions in the 1920s with good rainfall and relatively moderate winters , which permitted increased settlement and cultivation in the Great Plains , the region entered an unusually dry era in the summer of 1930 . During the next decade , the northern plains suffered four of their seven driest calendar years since 1895 , Kansas four of its twelve driest , and the entire region south to West Texas lacked any period of above - normal rainfall until record rains hit in 1941 . When severe drought struck the Great Plains region in the 1930s , it resulted in erosion and loss of topsoil because of farming practices at the time . The drought dried the topsoil and over time it became friable , reduced to a powdery consistency in some places . Without the indigenous grasses in place , the high winds that occur on the plains picked up the topsoil and created the massive dust storms that marked the Dust Bowl period . The persistent dry weather caused crops to fail , leaving the plowed fields exposed to wind erosion . The fine soil of the Great Plains was easily eroded and carried east by strong continental winds . On November 11 , 1933 , a very strong dust storm stripped topsoil from desiccated South Dakota farmlands in just one of a series of severe dust storms that year . Beginning on May 9 , 1934 , a strong , two - day dust storm removed massive amounts of Great Plains topsoil in one of the worst such storms of the Dust Bowl . The dust clouds blew all the way to Chicago , where they deposited 12 million pounds of dust ( ~ 5500 tonnes ) . Two days later , the same storm reached cities to the east , such as Cleveland , Buffalo , Boston , New York City , and Washington , D.C. That winter ( 1934 -- 1935 ) , red snow fell on New England . On April 14 , 1935 , known as `` Black Sunday '' , 20 of the worst `` black blizzards '' occurred across the entire sweep of the Great Plains , from Canada south to Texas . The dust storms caused extensive damage and turned the day to night ; witnesses reported that they could not see five feet in front of them at certain points . Denver - based Associated Press reporter Robert E. Geiger happened to be in Boise City , Oklahoma that day . His story about Black Sunday marked the first appearance of the term Dust Bowl ; it was coined by Edward Stanley , Kansas City news editor of the Associated Press , while rewriting Geiger 's news story . Spearman and Hansford County have been literaly ( sic ) in a cloud of dust for the past week . Ever since Friday of last week , there has n't been a day pass but what the county was beseieged ( sic ) with a blast of wind and dirt . On rare occasions when the wind did subside for a period of hours , the air has been so filled with dust that the town appeared to be overhung by a fog cloud . Because of this long seige of dust and every building being filled with it , the air has become stifling to breathe and many people have developed sore throats and dust colds as a result . '' -- Spearman Reporter , 21 March 1935 Much of the farmland was eroded in the aftermath of the Dust Bowl . In 1941 , a Kansas agricultural experiment station released a bulletin that suggested reestablishing native grasses by the `` hay method '' . Developed in 1937 to speed up the process and increase returns from pasture , the `` hay method '' was originally supposed to occur in Kansas naturally over 25 -- 40 years . After much data analysis , the causal mechanism for the droughts can be linked to ocean temperature anomalies . Specifically , Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperatures appear to have had an indirect effect on the general atmospheric circulation , while Pacific sea surface temperatures seem to have had the most direct influence . Human displacement This catastrophe intensified the economic impact of the Great Depression in the region . United States Buried machinery in a barn lot ; Dallas , South Dakota , May 1936 In 1935 , many families were forced to leave their farms and travel to other areas seeking work because of the drought ( which at that time had already lasted four years ) . The abandonment of homesteads and financial ruin resulting from catastrophic topsoil loss led to widespread hunger and poverty . Dust Bowl conditions fomented an exodus of the displaced from Texas , Oklahoma , and the surrounding Great Plains to adjacent regions . More than 500,000 Americans were left homeless . Over 350 houses had to be torn down after one storm alone . The severe drought and dust storms had left many homeless ; others had their mortgages foreclosed by banks , or felt they had no choice but to abandon their farms in search of work . Many Americans migrated west looking for work . Parents packed up `` jalopies '' with their families and a few personal belongings , and headed west in search of work . Some residents of the Plains , especially in Kansas and Oklahoma , fell ill and died of dust pneumonia or malnutrition . `` Broke , baby sick , and car trouble ! '' -- Dorothea Lange 's 1937 photo of a Missouri migrant family 's jalopy stuck near Tracy , California . The Dust Bowl exodus was the largest migration in American history within a short period of time . Between 1930 and 1940 , approximately 3.5 million people moved out of the Plains states ; of those , it is unknown how many moved to California . In just over a year , over 86,000 people migrated to California . This number is more than the number of migrants to that area during the 1849 Gold Rush . Migrants abandoned farms in Oklahoma , Arkansas , Missouri , Iowa , Nebraska , Kansas , Texas , Colorado , and New Mexico , but were often generally referred to as `` Okies '' , `` Arkies '' , or `` Texies '' . Terms such as `` Okies '' and `` Arkies '' came to be known in the 1930s as the standard terms for those who had lost everything and were struggling the most during the Great Depression . Not all migrants traveled long distances ; some simply went to the next town or county . So many families left their farms and were on the move that the proportion between migrants and residents was nearly equal in the Great Plains states . Characteristics of migrants A migratory family from Texas living in a trailer in an Arizona cotton field Historian James N. Gregory examined Census Bureau statistics and other records to learn more about the migrants . Based on a 1939 survey of occupation by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of about 116,000 families who arrived in California in the 1930s , he learned that only 43 percent of southwesterners were doing farm work immediately before they migrated . Nearly one - third of all migrants were professional or white - collar workers . The poor economy displaced more than just farmers as refugees to California ; many teachers , lawyers , and small business owners moved west with their families during this time . After the Great Depression ended , some moved back to their original states . Many others remained where they had resettled . About one - eighth of California 's population is of Okie heritage . Us government response The greatly expanded participation of government in land management and soil conservation was an important outcome from the disaster . Different groups took many different approaches to responding to the disaster . To identify areas that needed attention , groups such as the Soil Conservation Service generated detailed soil maps and took photos of the land from the sky . To create shelterbelts to reduce soil erosion , groups such as the United States Forestry Service 's Prairie States Forestry Project planted trees on private lands . Finally , groups like the Resettlement Administration , which later became the Farm Security Administration , encouraged small farm owners to resettle on other lands , if they lived in dryer parts of the Plains . During President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's first 100 days in office in 1933 , his administration quickly initiated programs to conserve soil and restore the ecological balance of the nation . Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes established the Soil Erosion Service in August 1933 under Hugh Hammond Bennett . In 1935 , it was transferred and reorganized under the Department of Agriculture and renamed the Soil Conservation Service . It is now known as the Natural Resources Conservation Service ( NRCS ) . As part of New Deal programs , Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act in 1936 , requiring landowners to share the allocated government subsidies with the laborers who worked on their farms . Under the law , `` benefit payments were continued as measures for production control and income support , but they were now financed by direct Congressional appropriations and justified as soil conservation measures . The Act shifted the parity goal from price equality of agricultural commodities and the articles that farmers buy to income equality of farm and non-farm population . '' Thus , the parity goal was to re-create the ratio between the purchasing power of the net income per person on farms from agriculture and that of the income of persons not on farms that prevailed during 1909 -- 1914 . To stabilize prices , the government paid farmers and ordered more than six million pigs to be slaughtered . It paid to have the meat packed and distributed to the poor and hungry . The Federal Surplus Relief Corporation ( FSRC ) was established to regulate crop and other surpluses . FDR in an address on the AAA commented , Let me make one other point clear for the benefit of the millions in cities who have to buy meats . Last year the Nation suffered a drought of unparalleled intensity . If there had been no Government program , if the old order had obtained in 1933 and 1934 , that drought on the cattle ranges of America and in the corn belt would have resulted in the marketing of thin cattle , immature hogs and the death of these animals on the range and on the farm , and if the old order had been in effect those years , we would have had a vastly greater shortage than we face today . Our program -- we can prove it -- saved the lives of millions of head of livestock . They are still on the range , and other millions of heads are today canned and ready for this country to eat . '' The FSRC diverted agricultural commodities to relief organizations . Apples , beans , canned beef , flour and pork products were distributed through local relief channels . Cotton goods were later included , to clothe the needy . In 1935 , the federal government formed a Drought Relief Service ( DRS ) to coordinate relief activities . The DRS bought cattle in counties which were designated emergency areas , for $14 to $20 a head . Animals determined unfit for human consumption were killed ; at the beginning of the program , more than 50 percent were so designated in emergency areas . The DRS assigned the remaining cattle to the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation ( FSRC ) to be used in food distribution to families nationwide . Although it was difficult for farmers to give up their herds , the cattle slaughter program helped many of them avoid bankruptcy . `` The government cattle buying program was a blessing to many farmers , as they could not afford to keep their cattle , and the government paid a better price than they could obtain in local markets . '' President Roosevelt ordered the Civilian Conservation Corps to plant a huge belt of more than 200 million trees from Canada to Abilene , Texas to break the wind , hold water in the soil , and hold the soil itself in place . The administration also began to educate farmers on soil conservation and anti-erosion techniques , including crop rotation , strip farming , contour plowing , terracing , and other improved farming practices . In 1937 , the federal government began an aggressive campaign to encourage farmers in the Dust Bowl to adopt planting and plowing methods that conserved the soil . The government paid reluctant farmers a dollar an acre to practice the new methods . By 1938 , the massive conservation effort had reduced the amount of blowing soil by 65 % . The land still failed to yield a decent living . In the fall of 1939 , after nearly a decade of dirt and dust , the drought ended when regular rainfall finally returned to the region . The government still encouraged continuing the use of conservation methods to protect the soil and ecology of the Plains . At the end of the drought , the programs which were implemented during these tough times helped to sustain a positive relationship between America 's farmers and the federal government . The President 's Drought Committee issued a report in 1935 covering the government 's assistance to agriculture during 1934 through mid-1935 : it discussed conditions , measures of relief , organization , finances , operations , and results of the government 's assistance . Numerous exhibits are included in this report . Long - term economic Impact In many regions , more than 75 % of the topsoil was blown away by the end of the 1930s . Land degradation varied widely . Aside from the short - term economic consequences caused by erosion , there were severe long - term economic consequences caused by the Dust Bowl . By 1940 , counties that had experienced the most significant levels of erosion had a greater decline in agricultural land values . The per - acre value of farmland declined by 28 % in high - erosion counties and 17 % in medium - erosion counties , relative to land value changes in low - erosion counties . Even over the long - term , the agricultural value of the land often failed to recover to pre-Dust Bowl levels . In highly eroded areas , less than 25 % of the original agricultural losses were recovered . The economy adjusted predominantly through large relative population declines in more - eroded counties , both during the 1930s and through the 1950s . The economic effects persisted , in part , because of farmers ' failure to switch to more appropriate crops for highly eroded areas . Because the amount of topsoil had been reduced , it would have been more productive to shift from crops and wheat to animals and hay . During the Depression and through at least the 1950s , there was limited relative adjustment of farmland away from activities that became less productive in more - eroded counties . Some of the failure to shift to more productive agricultural products may be related to ignorance about the benefits of changing land use . A second explanation is a lack of availability of credit , caused by the high rate of failure of banks in the Plains states . Because banks failed in the Dust Bowl region at a higher rate than elsewhere , farmers could not get the credit they needed to buy capital to shift crop production . In addition , profit margins in either animals or hay were still minimal , and farmers had little incentive in the beginning to change their crops . Patrick Allitt recounts how fellow historian Donald Worster responded to his return visit to the Dust Bowl in the mid-1970s when he revisited some of the worst afflicted counties : Capital - intensive agribusiness had transformed the scene ; deep wells into the aquifer , intensive irrigation , the use of artificial pesticides and fertilizers , and giant harvesters were creating immense crops year after year whether it rained or not . According to the farmers he interviewed , technology had provided the perfect answer to old troubles , such of the bad days would not return . In Worster 's view , by contrast , the scene demonstrated that America 's capitalist high - tech farmers had learned nothing . They were continuing to work in an unsustainable way , devoting far cheaper subsidized energy to growing food than the energy could give back to its ultimate consumers . In contrast with Worster 's pessimism , historian Mathew Bonnifield argued that the long - term significance of the Dust Bowl was `` the triumph of the human spirit in its capacity to endure and overcome hardships and reverses . '' Influence on the arts and culture Florence Owens Thompson seen in the photo Destitute Pea Pickers in California . Mother of Seven Children . by Dorothea Lange The crisis was documented by photographers , musicians , and authors , many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government . For instance , the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis . Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression . She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families . Among her most well - known photographs is Destitute Pea Pickers in California . Mother of Seven Children , which depicted a gaunt - looking woman , Florence Owens Thompson , holding three of her children . This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost . Decades later , Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast . Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl `` Okie . '' The work of independent artists was also influenced by the crises of the Dust Bowl and the Depression . Author John Steinbeck , borrowing closely from field notes taken by Farm Security Administration worker and author Sanora Babb , wrote The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) about migrant workers and farm families displaced by the Dust Bowl . Babb 's own novel about the lives of the migrant workers , Whose Names Are Unknown , was written in 1939 but was eclipsed and shelved in response to the success of the Steinbeck 's work , and was finally published in 2004 . Many of the songs of folk singer Woody Guthrie , such as those on his 1940 album Dust Bowl Ballads , are about his experiences in the Dust Bowl era during the Great Depression when he traveled with displaced farmers from Oklahoma to California and learned their traditional folk and blues songs , earning him the nickname the `` Dust Bowl Troubadour '' . Migrants also influenced musical culture wherever they went . Oklahoma migrants , in particular , were rural Southwesterners who carried their traditional country music to California . Today , the `` Bakersfield Sound '' describes this blend , which developed after the migrants brought country music to the city . Their new music inspired a proliferation of country dance halls as far south as Los Angeles . The 2014 science fiction film Interstellar features a ravaged 21st - century America which is again scoured by dust storms ( caused by a worldwide pathogen affecting all crops ) . Along with inspiration from the 1930s crisis , director Christopher Nolan features interviews from the 2012 documentary The Dust Bowl to draw further parallels . In 2017 , Americana recording artist Grant Maloy Smith released the album Dust Bowl -- American Stories , which was inspired by the history of the Dust Bowl . In a review , the music magazine No Depression wrote that the album 's lyrics and music are `` as potent as Woody Guthrie , as intense as John Trudell and dusted with the trials and tribulations of Tom Joad -- Steinbeck and The Grapes of Wrath . '' Aggregate changes in agriculture and population on the Plains The change in the total value of agricultural land and revenue was quite similar over the twentieth century . Agricultural land and revenue boomed during World War I , but fell during the Great Depression and the 1930s . The land and revenue began increasing again in 1940 , and has been increasing since then . From 1910 to the 1940s , total farmland increased and remained constant until 1970 when it slightly declined . During this time , total population increased steadily , but there was a slight dip in trend from 1930 to 1960 . See also 1936 North American heat wave Ogallala Aquifer The Plow That Broke the Plains -- 1936 documentary U.S. Route 66 -- notable Dust Bowl migration route to California International Goyder 's Line -- semiarid area of Australia Palliser 's Triangle -- semiarid area of Canada General Desertification Global warming Monoculture Semi-arid climate References ^ Jump up to : `` Drought : A Paleo Perspective -- 20th Century Drought '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The American Experience : Drought '' . PBS . 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( 1991 ) American Exodus : The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Babb , et al. ( 2007 ) , On the Dirty Plate Trail , p. 13 Jump up ^ Steiner , Frederick ( 2008 ) . The Living Landscape , Second Edition : An Ecological Approach to Landscape Planning , p. 188 . Island Press . ISBN 1 - 59726 - 396 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rau , Allan . Agricultural Policy and Trade Liberalization in the United States , 1934 -- 1956 ; a Study of Conflicting Policies . Genève : E. Droz , 1957 . p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` The American Experience / Surviving the Dust Bowl / Timeline '' . Jump up ^ Monthly Catalog , United States Public Documents , By United States Superintendent of Documents , United States Government Printing Office , Published by the G.P.O. , 1938 Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project . Texas . Writers ' Program ( Tex . ) : Writers ' Program Texas . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , James Shannon . Chronicles of Oklahoma . 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Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Patrick Allitt , A Climate of Crisis : America in the Age of Environmentalism ( 2014 ) p 203 Jump up ^ Allitt p 211 , paraphrasing William Cronin 's evaluation of Mathew Paul Bonnifield , Dust Bowl : Men , Dirt and Depression ( 1979 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Destitute Pea Pickers in California : Mother of Seven Children , Age Thirty - two , Nipomo , California . Migrant Mother '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DuBois , Ellen Carol ; Dumenil , Lynn ( 2012 ) . Through Women 's Eyes ( Third ed . ) . Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 583 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 67603 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Whose Names Are Unknown : Sanora Babb '' . Harry Ransom Center . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dayton Duncan , preface by Ken Burns ( 2012 ) . `` Biographies : Sanora Babb '' . The Dust Bowl : An Illustrated History . PBS . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ See : Lanzendorfer , Joy , `` The forgotten Dust Bowl novel that rivaled `` The Grapes of Wrath '' , '' Smithsonian.com , 2016 May 23 . `` Sanora Babb , '' The Dust Bowl : a film by Ken Burns , PBS.org ( 2012 ) For the role of Tom Collins of the Farm Security Administration in Steinbeck 's novel , see : John Steinbeck with Robert Demott , ed. , Working Days : The Journals of The Grapes of Wrath , 1938 -- 1941 ( New York , New York : Penguin Books , 1990 ) , pp. xxvii -- xxviii , 33 ( journal entry for 1938 June 24 ) . Jump up ^ Alarik , Scott . Robert Burns unplugged . The Boston Globe , August 7 , 2005 . Retrieved on December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` How Ken Burns ' surprise role in ' Interstellar ' explains the movie '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Hubble ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Kingman gets a mention on Dust Bowl album '' . Kingman Daily Miner . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Apice , John ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Expressive Original Songs Steeped In the Dirt & Reality of the Dust Bowl - Depression Era '' . No Depression . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Bibliography Bonnifield , Mathew Paul . ( 1979 ) Dust Bowl : Men , Dirt and Depression Gregory , James Noble . American exodus : The dust bowl migration and Okie culture in California ( Oxford University Press , 1989 ) Lassieur , Allison. ( 2009 ) The Dust Bowl : An Interactive History Adventure Capstone Press , ISBN 1 - 4296 - 3455 - 3 Reis , Ronald A. ( 2008 ) The Dust Bowl Chelsea House ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9737 - 3 Sylvester , Kenneth M. , and Eric S.A. Rupley , `` Revising the Dust Bowl : High above the Kansas Grassland '' , Environmental History , 17 ( July 2012 ) , 603 -- 33 . Worster , Donald 2004 ( 1979 ) Dust Bowl : The Southern Plains in the 1930s ( 25 . anniversary ed ) Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517489 - 5 Woody Guthrie , ( 1963 ) The ( Nearly ) Complete Collection of Woody Guthrie Folk Songs , Ludlow Music , New York . Alan Lomax , Woody Guthrie , Pete Seeger , ( 1967 ) Hard - Hitting Songs for Hard - Hit People , Oak Publications , New York . Timothy Egan ( 2006 ) The Worst Hard Time , Houghton Mifflin Company , New York , hardcover . ISBN 0 - 618 - 34697 - X . Katelan Janke , ( 1935 ) Survival in the Storm : The Dust Bowl Diary of Grace Edwards , Dalhart , Texas , Scholastic ( September 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 439 - 21599 - 4 . Karen Hesse ( paperback January 1999 ) Out of the Dust , Scholastic Signature . New York First Edition , 1997 , hardcover . ISBN 0 - 590 - 37125 - 8 . Sanora Babb ( 2004 ) Whose Names Are Unknown , University of Oklahoma Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3579 - 3 . Sweeney , Kevin Z. ( 2016 ) . Prelude to the Dust Bowl : Drought in the Nineteenth - Century Southern Plains Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dust Bowl . NASA Explains `` Dust Bowl '' Drought The Dust Bowl photo collection `` The Dust Bowl '' , a PBS television series by filmmaker Ken Burns The Dust Bowl ( EH.Net Encyclopedia ) Black Sunday , April 14 , 1935 , Dodge City , KS The Bibliography of Aeolian Research Surviving the Dust Bowl , Black Sunday ( April 14 , 1935 ) Voices from the Dust Bowl : The Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection , 1940 -- 1941 Library of Congress , American Folklife Center Online collection of archival sound recordings , photographs , and manuscripts YouTube Video : `` The Great Depression , Displaced Mountaineers in Shenandoah National Park , and the Civilian Conservation Corps ( C.C.C. ) '' Farming in the 1930s ( Wessels Living History Farm ) Out of the Dust ( The Modesto Bee ) Africa Data Dissemination Service , part of the Famine Early Warning Systems Network , U.S. Geological Service Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Dust Bowl Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory Dust Bowl Migration Archive at Sonoma State University Library Dust , Drought , and Dreams Gone Dry : Oklahoma Women in the Dust Bowl Oral History Project , Oklahoma Oral History Research Program Voices of Oklahoma interview with Frosty Troy . First person interview conducted on November 30 , 2011 with Frosty Troy talking about the Oklahoma Dust Bowl . Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project . Great Depression Topics Causes Wall Street Crash of 1929 Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act Dust Bowl New Deal Recession of 1937 -- 1938 Effects by area Australia Canada Chile Central Europe France Germany India Japan Latin America Netherlands South Africa United Kingdom United States Cities Commons History of Oklahoma Prior to 19th century Cooper Bison Kill ( 11th millennium BCE ) Spiro Mounds ( 9th -- 15th century CE ) 19th century Louisiana Purchase Arkansas Territory ( 1819 − 1824 ) Comanche -- Mexico Wars ( 1821 -- 1870s ) Cutthroat Gap Massacre ( 1833 ) Indian Removal Indian Territory ( 1834 -- 1907 ) Antelope Hills Expedition ( 1858 ) Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Washita Massacre ( 1868 ) Oklahoma Territory ( 1890 -- 1907 ) Land runs ( 1890s ) 20th century State of Sequoyah ( 1905 ) State of Oklahoma ( 1907 ) Crazy Snake Rebellion ( 1909 ) Green Corn Rebellion ( 1917 ) Osage Indian murders ( 1920s ) Tulsa race riot ( 1921 ) Dust Bowl ( 1930s ) Red River Bridge War ( 1931 ) Oklahoma City bombing ( 1995 ) 21st century OU Bombing ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dust_Bowl&oldid=848447230 '' Categories : Dust Bowl Great Plains Great Depression in the United States 1930s in the United States 1930 in the United States Internal migrations in the United States History of agriculture in the United States History of the American West Environmental disasters in the United States History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Soil in the United States Droughts in the United States Agriculture in the United States Agriculture in Oklahoma Agriculture in Texas Agriculture in Canada 20th - century droughts 1930 natural disasters in the United States Natural disasters in Oklahoma 1930s natural disasters 1930s droughts Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2011 Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Català Чӑвашла Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español فارسی Français Gaeilge ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 23 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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what is the significance of the dust bowl
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Nix v. Hedden
Nix v. Hedden - wikipedia Nix v. Hedden United States Supreme Court case Nix v. Hedden Supreme Court of the United States Submitted April 24 , 1892 Decided May 10 , 1893 Full case name John Nix , John W. Nix , George W. Nix , and Frank W. Nix v. Edward L. Hedden , Collector of the Port of New York Citations 149 U.S. 304 ( more ) 149 U.S. 304 ; 13 S. Ct. 981 ; 37 L. Ed . 745 ; 1893 U.S. LEXIS 2303 Prior history Judgment for defendant , 39 F. 109 ( C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1889 ) Subsequent history None Holding Tomatoes are `` vegetables '' and not `` fruit '' within the meaning of the Tariff Act of 1883 based on the common meaning of those words . Court membership Chief Justice Melville Fuller Associate Justices Stephen J. Field John M. Harlan Horace Gray Samuel Blatchford David J. Brewer Henry B. Brown George Shiras Jr . Howell E. Jackson Case opinions Majority Gray , joined by unanimous Laws applied Tariff Act of 1883 ( Mongrel Tariff ) Nix v. Hedden , 149 U.S. 304 ( 1893 ) , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that , under U.S. customs regulations , the tomato should be classified as a vegetable rather than a fruit . The Court 's unanimous opinion held that the Tariff Act of 1883 used the ordinary meaning of the words `` fruit '' and `` vegetable , '' instead of the technical botanical meaning . Contents 1 Background of the case 2 The Court 's decision 3 Subsequent jurisprudence 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background of the case ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) John Nix founded the John Nix & Co. fruit commission in New York City in 1839 . The company became one of the largest sellers of produce in New York City at the time , and was one of the first companies to ship produce from Virginia , Florida , and Bermuda to New York . In 1883 , President Chester A. Arthur signed the Tariff Act of March 3 , 1883 , requiring a tax to be paid on imported vegetables , but not fruit . The John Nix & Co. company filed a suit against Edward L. Hedden , Collector of the Port of New York , to recover back duties paid under protest . They argued against the tariff by pointing out that , botanically , a tomato is a fruit due to its seed - bearing structure growing from the flowering part of a plant . At the trial , the plaintiffs ' counsel entered into evidence definitions of the words `` fruit '' and `` vegetables '' from Webster 's Dictionary , Worcester 's Dictionary , and the Imperial Dictionary . They called two witnesses , who had been in the business of selling fruit and vegetables for 30 years , and asked them , after hearing these definitions , to say whether these words had `` any special meaning in trade or commerce , different from those read . '' During testimony , one witness testified that in regard to the dictionary definition : ( the dictionary ) does not classify all things there , but they are correct as far as they go . It does not take all kinds of fruit or vegetables ; it takes a portion of them . I think the words ' fruit ' and ' vegetable ' have the same meaning in trade today that they had on March 1 , 1883 . I understand that the term ' fruit ' is applied in trade only to such plants or parts of plants as contain the seeds . There are more vegetables than those in the enumeration given in Webster 's Dictionary under the term ' vegetable , ' as ' cabbage , cauliflower , turnips , potatoes , peas , beans , and the like , ' probably covered by the words ' and the like ' Another witness testified that `` I do n't think the term ' fruit ' or the term ' vegetables ' had , in March 1883 , and prior thereto , any special meaning in trade and commerce in this country different from that which I have read here from the dictionaries . '' Both the plaintiffs ' counsel and the defendant 's counsel made use of the dictionaries . The plaintiffs ' counsel read in evidence from the same dictionaries the definitions of the word tomato , while the defendant 's counsel then read in evidence from Webster 's Dictionary the definitions of the words pea , eggplant , cucumber , squash , and pepper . Countering this , the plaintiff then read in evidence from Webster 's and Worcester 's dictionaries the definitions of potato , turnip , parsnip , cauliflower , cabbage , carrot and bean . The Court 's decision ( edit ) Botanically , a tomato is a fruit . However , in common parlance it is seen as a vegetable ; hence the United States Supreme Court ruled that a tomato is a vegetable for the purposes of the customs regulations . The court unanimously decided in favor of the respondent and found that the tomato should be classified under the customs regulations as a vegetable , based on the ways in which it is used , and the popular perception to this end . Justice Horace Gray , writing the opinion for the Court , stated that : The passages cited from the dictionaries define the word ' fruit ' as the seed of plants , or that part of plants which contains the seed , and especially the juicy , pulpy products of certain plants , covering and containing the seed . These definitions have no tendency to show that tomatoes are ' fruit , ' as distinguished from ' vegetables , ' in common speech , or within the meaning of the tariff act . Justice Gray , citing several Supreme Court cases ( Brown v. Piper , 91 U.S. 37 , 42 , and Jones v. U.S. , 137 U.S. 202 , 216 ) stated that when words have acquired no special meaning in trade or commerce , the ordinary meaning must be used by the court . In this case dictionaries can not be admitted as evidence , but only as aids to the memory and understanding of the court . Gray acknowledged that botanically , tomatoes are classified as a `` fruit of the vine '' ; nevertheless , they are seen as vegetables because they were usually eaten as a main course instead of being eaten as a dessert . In making his decision , Justice Gray mentioned another case where it had been claimed that beans were seeds -- Justice Bradley , in Robertson v. Salomon , 130 U.S. 412 , 414 , similarly found that though a bean is botanically a seed , in common parlance a bean is seen as a vegetable . While on the subject , Gray clarified the status of the cucumber , squash , pea , and bean . Subsequent jurisprudence ( edit ) Nix has been cited in three Supreme Court decisions as a precedent for court interpretation of common meanings , especially dictionary definitions . ( Sonn v. Maggone , 159 U.S. 417 ( 1895 ) ; Saltonstall v. Wiebusch & Hilger , 156 U.S. 601 ( 1895 ) ; and Cadwalader v. Zeh , 151 U.S. 171 ( 1894 ) ) . Additionally , in JSG Trading Corp. v. Tray - Wrap , Inc. , 917 F. 2d 75 ( 2d Cir. 1990 ) , a case unrelated to Nix aside from the shared focus on tomatoes , a judge wrote the following paragraph citing the case : In common parlance tomatoes are vegetables , as the Supreme Court observed long ago ( see Nix v. Hedden 149 U.S. 304 , 307 , 13 S. Ct. 881 , 882 , 37 L. Ed . 745 ( 1893 ) ) , although botanically speaking they are actually a fruit . ( 26 Encyclopedia Americana 832 ( Int'l . ed. 1981 ) ) . Regardless of classification , people have been enjoying tomatoes for centuries ; even Mr. Pickwick , as Dickens relates , ate his chops in `` tomata '' sauce . In 2005 , supporters in the New Jersey legislature cited Nix as a basis for a bill designating the tomato as the official state vegetable . See also ( edit ) Carrot -- defined to be a fruit in European Union law , for the purpose of jam classification ; Annex III ( A ) ( 1 ) , Council Directive 2001 / 113 / EC of 20 December 2001 relating to fruit jams , jellies and marmalades and sweetened chestnut purée intended for human consumption Ketchup as a vegetable Jaffa Cakes , the subject of a 1991 UK tribunal which decided that they were cakes , rather than biscuits ( cookies ) , which would attract value - added tax . Toy Biz v. United States -- decided that action figures of certain superheroes are legally toys , not dolls List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 149 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FindLaw 's United States Supreme Court case and opinions '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Truck Farms : How They Supply Food For The Great Cities '' . Fruit Trade Journal and Produce Record . 56 : 14 . January 20 , 1917 . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Garden Tomato - Solanum lycopersicum - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life '' . Encyclopedia of Life . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ 149 U.S. at 305 . Jump up ^ `` Are Tomatoes Fruits or Vegetables ? '' . 2010 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ State of New Jersey , 212th Legislature , No . A1210 References ( edit ) Works related to Nix v. Hedden at Wikisource External links ( edit ) Rocknel Fastener , Inc. v. United States -- 34 page PDF covering a similar case hinging on the difference between screws and bolts . The difference is outlined in a 21 - page PDF Distinguishing Bolts From Screws . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nix_v._Hedden&oldid=851957702 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases Tomatoes United States statutory interpretation case law Collectors of the Port of New York 1893 in United States case law United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with short description Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Հայերեն עברית Latviešu Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 17 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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is tomato a fruit or vegetable us supreme court
[ "Nix v. Hedden, 149 U.S. 304 (1893),[1] was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that, under U.S. customs regulations, the tomato should be classified as a vegetable rather than a fruit. The Court's unanimous opinion held that the Tariff Act of 1883 used the ordinary meaning of the words \"fruit\" and \"vegetable,\" instead of the technical botanical meaning.\n" ]
[ "vegetable" ]
-5030779012018295911
Jiangnan sizhu
Jiangnan sizhu - wikipedia Jiangnan sizhu Jiangnan sizhu ( Shanghainese : ( koŋ nø sɨ d̥zoʔ ) ) is a style of traditional Chinese instrumental music from the Jiangnan region of China . Contents 1 Name 2 History 3 Instruments 4 Repertoire 4.1 Eight Great Pieces 4.2 Other pieces 5 Social context 6 Notable Jiangnan sizhu musicians 7 Related genres 8 Reference and further reading 9 External links 9.1 Video Name ( edit ) The name Jiangnan sizhu ( 江南 丝竹 pinyin : Jiāngnán sīzhú ) is made up of two parts . Jiangnan is the traditional name for the area south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze river in southern Jiangsu , Shanghai , and northern Zhejiang . Sizhu , literally `` silk and bamboo , '' refers to string and wind musical instruments , silk being the traditional material from which strings have historically been made in China , and bamboo being the material from which the Chinese flutes such as the dizi and xiao are made . The term sizhu by extension also came to refer to instrumental music in general , especially that played indoors . Other sizhu traditions also exist , particularly along China 's southeastern coastal regions of Fujian and Guangdong . History ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2010 ) Instruments ( edit ) Instruments typically used in Jiangnan sizhu include plucked , bowed , strummed and struck string instruments ; flutes and sometimes also mouth organs ; and small percussion instruments . The most commonly used instruments are : Dizi - transverse bamboo flute , most commonly with traditional equal distant finger holes which does not produce an equal temperament , although the equal - tempered dizi is standard with professionals Xiao - end - blown bamboo flute , as with the dizi , equal distant finger holes are preferred with the equal - tempered type standard with professionals Erhu - two - string vertical fiddle , standard erhu D4 , A4 tuning . A second erhu is sometimes used , known as fanhu ( meaning `` counter fiddle '' or `` cross fiddle '' ) ; it has thicker strings tuned a minor third ( B3 , F4 # ) or fourth ( A3 , E4 ) below the leading erhu Pipa - pear - shaped lute with four strings , uses standard tuning of A2 , D3 , E3 , A3 . Although G2 , C3 , D3 , G3 , a whole tone lower , is sometimes used , with other string instruments also tuned a tone lower Yangqin - hammered dulcimer , smaller than the large professional solo type , has range of two octaves and a fifth ; D3 to A5 Sheng - free - reed mouth organ , most commonly with 17 pipes Sanxian - plucked lute with three strings , the small `` southern '' type is used , tuned to D3 , A3 , D4 . Qinqin - plucked lute , tuned to D3 , A3 , ( optional 3rd string is tuned to D3 ) Wooden clapper ( guban ) and small drum ( biqigu , diangu , or huaigu ) Several other instruments sometimes are also used : Zhonghu - two - string fiddle , larger and lower pitched than the erhu Ruan - plucked lute with four strings Liuqin - small plucked lute with four strings Guzheng - plucked zither with movable bridges Pengling -- a pair of small bells As in an Irish traditional music session , the instrumentation is not fixed , and so may vary according to the musicians who are available for a particular performance . Usually only one of each instrument is used , and an ensemble can range from as few as two to as many as ten or more musicians , with the erhu , dizi or xiao , pipa , and yangqin being the core instruments . Players may sometimes switch instruments between pieces . Repertoire ( edit ) Eight Great pieces ( edit ) At the centre of the repertory are the Eight Great Pieces ( Ba Da Qu , 八大 曲 ) or Eight Great Famous Pieces ( Ba Da Mingqu , 八大 名曲 ) : Hua San Liu 花 三 六 ( Huā Sān Liù , `` Ornamented ' Three Six ' '' ) Huan Le Ge 欢乐 歌 ( Huān Lè Gē , `` Song of Joy '' ) Man Liu Ban 慢 六 板 ( Màn Liù Bǎn , `` Slow ' Six Beats ' '' ) San Liu 三 六 ( Sān Liù , `` Three Six '' ) Si He Ru Yi 四 合 如意 ( Sì Hé Rú Yì , `` Four Together as You Wish '' ) Xing Jie 行 街 ( Xíng Jiē , `` Walking in the Street '' , `` Wedding Procession , '' or `` Street Procession '' ) Yun Qing 云 庆 ( Yún Qìng ; `` Cloud Celebration '' ) Zhong Hua Liu Ban 中 花 六 板 ( Zhōng Huā Liù Bǎn , `` Moderately Ornamented ' Six Beats ' '' ; also called 薰 风 曲 Xūn Fēng Qǔ , `` Warm Breeze Tune '' ) ( Witzleben p. 61 ) The repertoire is based on old melodies such as `` Lao Liu Ban '' ( Old Six Beats ) , also called `` Lao Ba Ban '' ( Old Eight Beats ) , which are elaborated to create new pieces such as `` Zhong Hua Liu Ban '' ( Moderately Ornamented Six Beats ) , the latter of which is the most important piece of all the pieces derived from `` Lao Liu Ban '' ( Old Six Beats ) ( Jones 276 ) . Other pieces ( edit ) These are other pieces that are played by Jiangnan sizhu music clubs . It includes pieces that were originally instrumental solos , music from narrative genres , and sizhu pieces from Jiangnan and other areas . Zhong Liu Ban ( also called Hua Liu Ban , 花 六 板 ) Kuai Hua Liu Ban ( 快 花 六 板 ) Kuai Liu Ban ( 快 六 板 ; also called Kuai Hua Liu , 快 花 六 ) Lao Liu Ban ( 老 六 板 ) Man San Liu ( 慢 三 六 ) Chun Jiang Hua Yue Ye 春江 花 月夜 ( Chūn Jiāng Huā Yuè Yè , `` Spring River Flower Moon Night '' ) adapted from an ancient pipa solo in 1925 by the Datong Music Club . Deng Yue Jiao Hui 灯 月 交 辉 ( Dēng Yuè Jiāo Huī , `` Lanterns and Moon Exchanging in Brilliance '' ) , ensemble piece from the Jiangnan area ( Hangzhou ) Han Jiang Can Xue 寒 江 残雪 ( Hán Jiāng Cán Xuě , `` Cold River and Remnants of Snow '' ) Huai Gu 怀古 ( Huái Gǔ , `` Thinking of the Past '' ) , originally from Fujian Hakka ( Kejia ) music . Ni Chang Qu 霓裳 曲 ( Ní Cháng Qǔ , `` Rainbow Skirts '' ) , ensemble piece from the Jiangnan area , said to be from Hangzhou Xu Hua Luo 絮 花 落 ( Xù Huā Luò , `` Catkin Flowers Falling '' ) , derived from Lao Liu Ban . Yang Ba Qu 阳 八 曲 ( Yáng Bā Qǔ , `` Yang Eight Tune '' ) , also called Fan Wang Gong 凡忘 工 or 梵 王宫 ( Fàn Wáng Gōng , `` Fa as Mi '' ) or 梵 皇宫 ( Fàn Huáng Gōng ) , ensemble piece from the Jiangnan area . The last fast section was arranged by Nie Er into the piece `` Dance of the Golden Snake . '' Zhe Gu Fei 鹧 鸪 飞 ( Zhè Gū Fēi , `` Flying Partridge '' ) , from Hunan , commonly played as a dizi or xiao solo . New Jiangnan sizhu compositions include : Chun Hui Qu 春晖 曲 ( Chūn Huī Qǔ , `` Spring Sun '' ) Hao Jiangnan 好 江南 ( Hǎo Jiāngnán , `` Good Jiangnan '' ) Social context ( edit ) Jiangnan sizhu is generally considered to be a folk tradition rather than a professional one , and is most often performed by amateurs . It is typically performed in informal gatherings , often at tea houses . By the mid-20th century , it had also entered the curriculum of China 's conservatories , where it continues to be performed by large ensembles of traditional instruments in fully scored arrangements . Notable Jiangnan sizhu musicians ( edit ) In the second half of the 20th century , a quartet from China playing Jiangnan sizhu repertoire as well as newly composed pieces comprised four men : dizi player Lu Chunling ( 陆春龄 , 1921 - 2018 ) , pipa player Ma Shenglong ( 马圣龙 , 1934 - 2003 ) , yangqin player Zhou Hui ( 周 惠 , 1922 - 2011 ) , and erhu player Zhou Hao ( 周 皓 , b . 1929 ) . They brought the style to new audiences and performed together for many years . Related genres ( edit ) Shanghai opera , which was developed in the mid-20th century , has a musical style and accompaniment that is closely related to Jiangnan sizhu . Reference and further reading ( edit ) Jones , Stephen ( 1995 ) . Folk Music of China . Oxford : Clarendon Press OUP . Witzleben , J. Lawrence ( 1995 ) . `` Silk and Bamboo '' Music in Shanghai : The Jiangnan Sizhu Instrumental Ensemble Tradition . Kent , Ohio : The Kent State University Press External links ( edit ) Photos of Jiangnan sizhu in Shanghai Where to find Jiangnan sizhu music in Shanghai Video ( edit ) Video of `` Huan Le Ge '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiangnan_sizhu&oldid=842422836 '' Categories : Chinese styles of music Chinese folk music Chinese culture Chinese words and phrases Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from July 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from July 2010 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 吴语 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 10 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where do silk and bamboo ensembles usually play
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Palm oil
Palm oil - wikipedia Palm oil Jump to : navigation , search Palm oil block showing the lighter color that results from boiling Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp ( reddish pulp ) of the fruit of the oil palms , primarily the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis , and to a lesser extent from the American oil palm Elaeis oleifera and the maripa palm Attalea maripa . Palm oil is naturally reddish in color because of a high beta - carotene content . It is not to be confused with palm kernel oil derived from the kernel of the same fruit or coconut oil derived from the kernel of the coconut palm ( Cocos nucifera ) . The differences are in color ( raw palm kernel oil lacks carotenoids and is not red ) , and in saturated fat content : palm mesocarp oil is 49 percent saturated , while palm kernel oil and coconut oil are 81 percent and 86 percent saturated fats , respectively . However , crude red palm oil that has been refined , bleached and deodorized , a common commodity called RBD palm oil , does not contain carotenoids . Along with coconut oil , palm oil is one of the few highly saturated vegetable fats and is semisolid at room temperature . Palm oil is a common cooking ingredient in the tropical belt of Africa , Southeast Asia and parts of Brazil . Its use in the commercial food industry in other parts of the world is widespread because of its lower cost and the high oxidative stability ( saturation ) of the refined product when used for frying . One source reported that humans consumed an average 17 pounds ( 7.7 kg ) of palm oil per person in 2015 . The use of palm oil in food products has attracted the concern of environmental activist groups ; the high oil yield of the trees has encouraged wider cultivation , leading to the clearing of forests in parts of Indonesia and Malaysia to make space for oil - palm monoculture . This has resulted in significant acreage losses of the natural habitat of the three surviving species of orangutan . One species in particular , the Sumatran orangutan , has been listed as critically endangered . In 2004 , an industry group called the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil was formed to work with the palm oil industry to address these concerns . Additionally , in 1992 , in response to concerns about deforestation , the Government of Malaysia pledged to limit the expansion of palm oil plantations by retaining a minimum of half the nation 's land as forest cover . In March 2017 , a documentary made by Deutsche Welle revealed that palm oil is used to make milk substitutes to feed calves in dairies in the German alps . These milk substitutes contain 30 percent milk powder and the remainder of raw protein made from skimmed milk powder , whey powder , and vegetable fats , mostly coconut oil and palm oil . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Composition 2.1 Fatty acids 2.2 Carotenes 3 Processing and use 3.1 Refining 3.2 Red palm oil 3.3 White palm oil 3.4 Butter and trans fat substitute 3.5 Biomass and bioenergy 3.6 In wound care 4 Production 4.1 Indonesia 4.2 Malaysia 4.3 Nigeria 4.4 Thailand 4.5 Colombia 4.6 Other countries 4.6. 1 Benin 4.6. 2 Cameroon 4.6. 3 Kenya 4.6. 4 Ghana 5 Social and environmental impacts 5.1 Social 5.1. 1 Food vs. fuel 5.2 Environmental 5.3 Roundtable On Sustainable Palm Oil ( RSPO ) 6 Markets 6.1 Food label regulations 6.2 Supply chain institutions 7 Nutrition and health 7.1 Palmitic acid 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Oil palms ( Elaeis guineensis ) Humans used oil palms as far as 5,000 years back ; in the late -- 1800s , archaeologists discovered a substance that they concluded was originally palm oil in a tomb at Abydos dating back to 3,000 BCE . It is believed that traders brought oil palm to Egypt . Palm oil from E. guineensiss has long been recognized in West and Central African countries , and is widely used as a cooking oil . European merchants trading with West Africa occasionally purchased palm oil for use as a cooking oil in Europe . Palm oil became a highly sought - after commodity by British traders , for use as an industrial lubricant for machinery during Britain 's Industrial Revolution . Palm oil formed the basis of soap products , such as Lever Brothers ' ( now Unilever ) `` Sunlight '' soap , and the American Palmolive brand . By around 1870 , palm oil constituted the primary export of some West African countries , such as Ghana and Nigeria , although this was overtaken by cocoa in the 1880s . Composition ( edit ) Fatty acids ( edit ) Main article : Fatty acid Palm oil , like all fats , is composed of fatty acids , esterified with glycerol. Palm oil has an especially high concentration of saturated fat , specifically the 16 - carbon saturated fatty acid , palmitic acid , to which it gives its name . Monounsaturated oleic acid is also a major constituent of palm oil . Unrefined palm oil is a significant source of tocotrienol , part of the vitamin E family . The approximate concentration of esterified fatty acids in palm oil is : Fatty acid content of palm oil ( present as triglyceride esters ) Type of fatty acid pct Myristic saturated C14 1.0 % Palmitic saturated C16 43.5 % Stearic saturated C18 4.3 % Oleic monounsaturated C18 36.6 % Linoleic polyunsaturated C18 9.1 % Other / Unknown 5.5 % black : Saturated ; grey : Monounsaturated ; blue : Polyunsaturated Carotenes ( edit ) Red palm oil is rich in carotenes , such as alpha - carotene , beta - carotene and lycopene , which give it a characteristic dark red color . However , palm oil that has been refined , bleached and deodorized from crude palm oil ( called `` RBD palm oil '' ) does not contain carotenes . Processing and use ( edit ) Many processed foods either contain palm oil or various ingredients made from it . Refining ( edit ) See also : Cooking oil refinement After milling , various palm oil products are made using refining processes . First is fractionation , with crystallization and separation processes to obtain solid ( stearin ) , and liquid ( olein ) fractions . Then melting and degumming removes impurities . Then the oil is filtered and bleached . Physical refining removes smells and coloration to produce `` refined , bleached and deodorized palm oil '' ( RBDPO ) and free fatty acids , which are used in the manufacture of soaps , washing powder and other products . RBDPO is the basic palm oil product sold on the world 's commodity markets . Many companies fractionate it further to produce palm oil for cooking oil , or process it into other products . Red palm oil ( edit ) Since the mid-1990s , red palm oil has been cold - pressed and bottled for use as cooking oil , and blended into mayonnaise and salad oil . Oil produced from the fruit itself is called red palm oil or just palm oil . It contains around 50 percent saturated fat -- considerably less than palm kernel oil -- and 40 percent unsaturated fat and 10 percent polyunsaturated fat . In its unprocessed state , red palm oil has a deep red color because of its abundant carotene content . Like palm kernel oil , red palm oil contains around 50 percent medium chain fatty acids but it also contains the following nutrients : Carotenoids such as alpha - and beta - carotene and lycopene Sterols Vitamin E Antioxidants in the form of flavonoids and phenolic acid White palm oil ( edit ) White palm oil is the result of processing and refining . When refined , the palm oil loses its deep red color . It is extensively used in food manufacture and can be found in a variety of processed foods including peanut butter and chips . It is often labeled as palm shortening and is used as a replacement ingredient for hydrogenated fats in a variety of baked and fried products . Butter and trans fat substitute ( edit ) The highly saturated nature of palm oil renders it solid at room temperature in temperate regions , making it a cheap substitute for butter or trans fats in uses where solid fat is desirable , such as the making of pastry dough and baked goods . A recent rise in the use of palm oil in the food industry has partly come from changed labelling requirements that have caused a switch away from using trans fats. Palm oil has been found to be a reasonable replacement for trans fats ; however , a small study conducted in 2009 found that palm oil may not be a good substitute for trans fats for individuals with already - elevated LDL levels . The USDA agricultural research service states that palm oil is not a healthy substitute for trans fats . Biomass and bioenergy ( edit ) Palm oil is used to produce both methyl ester and hydrodeoxygenated biodiesel. Palm oil methyl ester is created through a process called transesterification . Palm oil biodiesel is often blended with other fuels to create palm oil biodiesel blends . Palm oil biodiesel meets the European EN 14214 standard for biodiesels . Hydrodeoxygenated biodiesel is produced by direct hydrogenolysis of the fat into alkanes and propane . The world 's largest palm oil biodiesel plant is the Finnish - operated Neste Oil biodiesel plant in Singapore , which opened in 2011 and produces hydrodeoxygenated NEXBTL biodiesel . The organic waste matter that is produced when processing oil palm , including oil palm shells and oil palm fruit bunches , can also be used to produce energy . This waste material can be converted into pellets that can be used as a biofuel . Additionally , palm oil that has been used to fry foods can be converted into methyl esters for biodiesel . The used cooking oil is chemically treated to create a biodiesel similar to petroleum diesel . In wound care ( edit ) Although palm oil is applied to wounds for its supposed antimicrobial effects , research does not confirm its effectiveness . Production ( edit ) In 2012 , the annual revenue received by Indonesia and Malaysia together , the top two producers of palm oil , was $40 billion . Between 1962 and 1982 global exports of palm oil increased from around half a million to 2.4 million tonnes annually and in 2008 world production of palm oil and palm kernel oil amounted to 48 million tonnes . According to FAO forecasts by 2020 the global demand for palm oil will double , and triple by 2050 . A map of world palm oil output , 2013 Indonesia ( edit ) Main article : Palm oil production in Indonesia Indonesia is the world 's largest producer of palm oil , surpassing Malaysia in 2006 , producing more than 20.9 million tonnes . Indonesia expects to double production by the end of 2030 . At the end of 2010 , 60 percent of the output was exported in the form of crude palm oil . FAO data show production increased by over 400 percent between 1994 and 2004 , to over 8.66 million metric tonnes . Malaysia ( edit ) Main article : Palm oil production in Malaysia A palm oil plantation in Malaysia In 2012 , Malaysia , the world 's second largest producer of palm oil , produced 18.79 million tonnes of crude palm oil on roughly 5,000,000 hectares ( 19,000 sq mi ) of land . Though Indonesia produces more palm oil , Malaysia is the world 's largest exporter of palm oil having exported 18 million tonnes of palm oil products in 2011 . China , Pakistan , the European Union , India and the United States are the primary importers of Malaysian palm oil products . A palm oil plantation in Indonesia Nigeria ( edit ) As of 2011 , Nigeria was the third - largest producer , with approximately 2.3 million hectares ( 5.7 × 10 ^ acres ) under cultivation . Until 1934 , Nigeria had been the world 's largest producer . Both small - and large - scale producers participated in the industry . Thailand ( edit ) Thailand is the world 's third largest producer of crude palm oil , producing approximately two million tonnes per year , or 1.2 percent of global output . Ninety - five percent of Thai production is consumed locally . Almost 85 percent of palm plantations and extraction mills are in south Thailand . At year - end 2016 , 4.7 to 5.8 million rai were planted in oil palms , employing 300,000 farmers , mostly on small landholdings of 20 rai . ASEAN as a region accounts for 52.5 million tonnes of palm oil production , about 85 percent of the world total and more than 90 percent of global exports . Indonesia accounts for 52.2 percent of world exports . Malaysian exports total 37.9 percent . The biggest consumers of palm oil are India , the European Union , and China , with the three consuming nearly 50 percent of world exports . Thailand 's Department of Internal Trade ( DIT ) usually sets the price of crude palm oil and refined palm oil . Thai farmers have a relatively low yield compared to those in Malaysia and Indonesia . Thai palm oil crops yield 4 -- 17 percent oil compared to around 20 percent in competing countries . In addition , Indonesian and Malaysian oil palm plantations are 10 times the size of Thai plantations . Colombia ( edit ) In the 1960s , about 18,000 hectares ( 69 sq mi ) were planted with palm . Colombia has now become the largest palm oil producer in the Americas , and 35 percent of its product is exported as biofuel . In 2006 , the Colombian plantation owners ' association , Fedepalma , reported that oil palm cultivation was expanding to 1,000,000 hectares ( 3,900 sq mi ) . This expansion is being funded , in part , by the United States Agency for International Development to resettle disarmed paramilitary members on arable land , and by the Colombian government , which proposes to expand land use for exportable cash crops to 7,000,000 hectares ( 27,000 sq mi ) by 2020 , including oil palms . Fedepalma states that its members are following sustainable guidelines . Some Afro - Colombians claim that some of these new plantations have been expropriated from them after they had been driven away through poverty and civil war , while armed guards intimidate the remaining people to further depopulate the land , with coca production and trafficking following in their wake . Other countries ( edit ) A satellite image showing deforestation in Malaysian Borneo to allow the plantation of oil palm Benin ( edit ) Palm is native to the wetlands of western Africa , and south Benin already hosts many palm plantations . Its ' Agricultural Revival Programme ' has identified many thousands of hectares of land as suitable for new oil palm export plantations . In spite of the economic benefits , Non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) , such as Nature Tropicale , claim biofuels will compete with domestic food production in some existing prime agricultural sites . Other areas comprise peat land , whose drainage would have a deleterious environmental impact . They are also concerned genetically modified plants will be introduced into the region , jeopardizing the current premium paid for their non-GM crops . Cameroon ( edit ) Cameroon had a production project underway initiated by Herakles Farms in the US . However , the project was halted under the pressure of civil society organizations in Cameroon . Before the project was halted , Herakles left the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil early in negotiations . The project has been controversial due to opposition from villagers and the location of the project in a sensitive region for biodiversity . Kenya ( edit ) Kenya 's domestic production of edible oils covers about a third of its annual demand , estimated at around 380,000 metric tonnes . The rest is imported at a cost of around US $140 million a year , making edible oil the country 's second most important import after petroleum . Since 1993 a new hybrid variety of cold - tolerant , high - yielding oil palm has been promoted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in western Kenya . As well as alleviating the country 's deficit of edible oils while providing an important cash crop , it is claimed to have environmental benefits in the region , because it does not compete against food crops or native vegetation and it provides stabilisation for the soil . Ghana ( edit ) Ghana has a lot of palm nut species , which may become an important contributor to the agriculture of the region . Although Ghana has multiple palm species , ranging from local palm nuts to other species locally called agric , it was only marketed locally and to neighboring countries . Production is now expanding as major investment funds are purchasing plantations , because Ghana is considered a major growth area for palm oil . Social and environmental impacts ( edit ) Main article : Social and environmental impact of palm oil Social ( edit ) In Borneo , the forest ( F ) , is being replaced by oil palm plantations ( G ) . These changes are irreversible for all practical purposes ( H ) . The palm oil industry has had both positive and negative impacts on workers , indigenous peoples and residents of palm oil - producing communities . Palm oil production provides employment opportunities , and has been shown to improve infrastructure , social services and reduce poverty . However , in some cases , oil palm plantations have developed lands without consultation or compensation of the indigenous people occupying the land , resulting in social conflict . The use of illegal immigrants in Malaysia has also raised concerns about working conditions within the palm oil industry . Some social initiatives use palm oil cultivation as part of poverty alleviation strategies . Examples include the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation 's hybrid oil palm project in Western Kenya , which improves incomes and diets of local populations , and Malaysia 's Federal Land Development Authority and Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority , which both support rural development . Food vs. fuel ( edit ) Main article : Food vs. fuel The use of palm oil in the production of biodiesel has led to concerns that the need for fuel is being placed ahead of the need for food , leading to malnutrition in developing nations . This is known as the food versus fuel debate . According to a 2008 report published in the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , palm oil was determined to be a sustainable source of both food and biofuel . The production of palm oil biodiesel does not pose a threat to edible palm oil supplies . According to a 2009 study published in the Environmental Science and Policy journal , palm oil biodiesel might increase the demand for palm oil in the future , resulting in the expansion of palm oil production , and therefore an increased supply of food . Environmental ( edit ) See also : 2015 Southeast Asian haze Palm oil cultivation has been criticized for impacts on the natural environment , including deforestation , loss of natural habitats , which has threatened critically endangered species such as the orangutan and Sumatran tiger , as well as increased greenhouse gas emissions . Many palm oil plantations are built on top of existing peat bogs , and clearing the land for palm oil cultivation contributes to rising greenhouse - gas emissions . Efforts to portray palm oil cultivation as sustainable have been made by organizations including the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil , an industry lobby group , as well as the Malaysian government , which has committed to preserve 50 percent of its total land area as forest . According to research conducted by the Tropical Peat Research Laboratory , a group studying palm oil cultivation in support of the industry , oil - palm plantations ( when compared to bare , unvegetated ground ) act as carbon sinks , converting carbon dioxide into oxygen . Also , according to Malaysia 's Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , the plantations contribute to Malaysia 's status as a net carbon sink , which considers unvegetated bare ground as its baseline , and not the carbon released as a consequence of the removal of the original native forest cover . Environmental groups such as Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth oppose the use of palm oil biofuels , claiming that the deforestation caused by oil palm plantations is more damaging for the climate than the benefits gained by switching to biofuel and utilizing the palms as carbon sinks . While only 5 percent of the world 's vegetable oil farmland is used for palm plantations , palm cultivation produces 38 percent of the world 's total vegetable oil supply . In terms of oil yield , a palm plantation is 10 times more productive than soya bean and rapeseed cultivation because the palm fruit and kernel both provide usable oil . Roundtable on Sustainable palm oil ( RSPO ) ( edit ) Main article : Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil Roundtable No 2 ( RT2 ) in Zurich in 2005 The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil ( RSPO ) was created as a lobby group by industry in 2004 following concerns raised by non-governmental organizations about environmental impacts related to palm oil production . The organization has established international standards for sustainable palm oil production . Products containing Certified Sustainable Palm Oil ( CSPO ) can carry the RSPO trademark . Members of the RSPO include palm oil producers , environmental groups , and manufacturers who use palm oil in their products . Palm oil growers who produce Certified Sustainable Palm Oil have been critical of the organization because , though they have met RSPO standards and assumed the costs associated with certification , the market demand for certified palm oil remains low . Low market demand has been attributed to the higher cost of Certified Sustainable Palm Oil , leading palm oil buyers to purchase cheaper non-certified palm oil . Palm oil is mostly fungible . In 2011 , 12 percent of palm oil produced was certified `` sustainable '' , though only half of that had the RSPO label . Even with such a low proportion being certified , Greenpeace has argued that confectioners are avoiding responsibilities on sustainable palm oil , because it says that RSPO standards fall short of protecting rain forests and reducing greenhouse gases . Markets ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) According to the Hamburg - based Oil World trade journal , in 2008 global production of oils and fats stood at 160 million tonnes. Palm oil and palm kernel oil were jointly the largest contributor , accounting for 48 million tonnes , or 30 percent of the total output . Soybean oil came in second with 37 million tonnes ( 23 percent ) . About 38 percent of the oils and fats produced in the world were shipped across oceans . Of the 60 million tonnes of oils and fats exported around the world , palm oil and palm kernel oil made up close to 60 percent ; Malaysia , with 45 percent of the market share , dominated the palm oil trade . Food label regulations ( edit ) Previously , palm oil could be listed as `` vegetable fat '' or `` vegetable oil '' on food labels in the European Union ( EU ) . From December 2014 , food packaging in the EU is no longer allowed to use the generic terms `` vegetable fat '' or `` vegetable oil '' in the ingredients list . Food producers are required to list the specific type of vegetable fat used , including palm oil . Vegetable oils and fats can be grouped together in the ingredients list under the term `` vegetable oils '' or `` vegetable fats '' but this must be followed by the type of vegetable origin ( e.g. , palm , sunflower , or rapeseed ) and the phrase `` in varying proportions '' . Supply chain institutions ( edit ) The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil ( RSPO ) was established in 2004 following concerns raised by non-governmental organizations about environmental impacts resulting from palm oil production . The organization has established international standards for sustainable palm oil production . Products containing Certified Sustainable Palm Oil ( CSPO ) can carry the RSPO trademark . Members of the RSPO include palm oil producers , environmental groups , and manufacturers who use palm oil in their products . The RSPO is applying different types of programmes to supply palm oil to producers . Book and claim : no guarantee that the end product contains certified sustainable palm oil , supports RSPO - certified growers and farmers Identity preserved : the end user is able to trace the palm oil back to a specific single mill and its supply base ( plantations ) Segregated : this option guarantees that the end product contains certified palm oil Mass balance : the refinery is only allowed to sell the same amount of mass balance palm oil as the amount of certified sustainable palm oil purchased GreenPalm is one of the retailers executing the book and claim supply chain and trading programme . It guarantees that the palm oil producer is certified by the RSPO . Through GreenPalm the producer can certify a specified amount with the GreenPalm logo . The buyer of the oil is allowed to use the RSPO and the GreenPalm label for sustainable palm oil on their products . Nutrition and Health ( edit ) Contributing significant calories as a source of fat , palm oil is a food staple in many cuisines . On average globally , humans consumed 17 pounds ( 7.7 kg ) of palm oil per person in 2015 . Although the relationship of palm oil consumption to disease risk has been previously assessed , the quality of the clinical research specifically assessing palm oil effects has been generally poor . Consequently , research has focused on the deleterious effects of palm oil and palmitic acid consumption as sources of saturated fat content in edible oils , leading to conclusions that palm oil and saturated fats should be replaced with polyunsaturated fats in the diet . Palmitic acid ( edit ) Excessive intake of palmitic acid , which makes up 44 percent of palm oil , increases blood levels of low - density lipoprotein and total cholesterol , and so increases risk of cardiovascular diseases . 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Archived from the original on 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia rounds up thousands of migrant workers '' . BBC News . 2 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ hybrid oil palm project in Western Kenya Archived 22 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine . FAO Jump up ^ Ibrahim , Ahmad ( 31 December 2012 ) . `` Felcra a success story in rural transformation '' . New Straits Times . Archived from the original on 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Man Kee Kam ; Kok Tat Tan ; Keat Teong Lee ; Abdul Rahman Mohamed ( 9 September 2008 ) . Malaysian Palm oil : Surviving the food versus fuel dispute for a sustainable future . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review ( Report ) . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Corley , R.H.V. ( 2009 ) . `` How much palm oil do we need ? '' . Environmental Science & Policy . 12 ( 2 ) : 134 -- 838 . doi : 10.1016 / j. envsci. 2008.10. 011 . Jump up ^ Clay , Jason ( 2004 ) . World Agriculture and the Environment . World Agriculture and the Environment . p. 219 . ISBN 1 - 55963 - 370 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Palm oil : Cooking the Climate '' . Greenpeace. 8 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The bird communities of oil palm and rubber plantations in Thailand '' ( PDF ) . The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ( RSPB ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Palm oil threatening endangered species '' ( PDF ) . Center for Science in the Public Interest . May 2005 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Shears , Richard ( 30 March 2012 ) . `` Hundreds of orangutans killed in north Indonesian forest fires deliberately started by palm oil firms '' . Daily Mail . London . Archived from the original on 30 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Camera catches bulldozer destroying Sumatra tiger forest '' . World Wildlife Fund . 12 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Foster , Joanna M. ( 1 May 2012 ) . `` A Grim Portrait of Palm Oil Emissions '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Elisabeth ( 31 January 2007 ) . `` Once a Dream Fuel , Palm Oil May Be an Eco-Nightmare '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 9 September 2017 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Adnan , Hanim ( 28 March 2011 ) . `` A shot in the arm for CSPO '' . The Star Online . Archived from the original on 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Masilamany , Joseph . `` Peatlands are in danger of human encroachment and degradation worldwide '' . Free Malaysia Today . ^ Jump up to : `` The truth about oil palms and carbon sinks '' . New Straits Times . 7 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Malaysia : Second National Communication to the UNFCCC ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Andre , Pachter ( 12 October 2007 ) . `` Greenpeace Opposing Neste Palm - Based Biodiesel '' . Epoch Times . Archived from the original on 12 November 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Fargione , Joseph ; Hill , Jason ; Tilman , David ; Polasky , Stephen ; Hawthorne , Peter ( 7 February 2008 ) . `` Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt '' . Science . 319 ( 5867 ) : 1235 -- 1238 . Bibcode : 2008Sci ... 319.1235 F . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1152747 . PMID 18258862 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Spinks , Rosie J ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Why does palm oil still dominate the supermarket shelves ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , Pete ( 6 November 2009 ) . `` Defining ' Sustainable ' Palm Oil Production '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gunasegaran , P. ( 8 October 2011 ) . `` The beginning of the end for RSPO ? '' . The Star Online . Archived from the original on 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yulisman , Linda ( 4 June 2011 ) . `` RSPO trademark , not much gain for growers : Gapki '' . The Jakarta Post . Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Watson , Elaine ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` WWF : Industry should buy into GreenPalm today , or it will struggle to source fully traceable sustainable palm oil tomorrow '' . Foodnavigator . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Growing pressure for stricter palm oil standards . Agritrade 19 Jan 2014 Archived 24 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ New EU Food Labeling Rules Published ( PDF ) . USDA Foreign Agricultural Service ( Report ) . 12 January 2012 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is Green Palm ? '' . Green Palm . Archived from the original on 3 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Diet Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases ( PDF ) . World Health Organization ( Report ) . 2003 . p. 82 , 88 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The other oil spill '' . The Economist. 24 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Bradsher , Keith ( 19 January 2008 ) . `` A New , Global Oil Quandary : Costly Fuel Means Costly Calories '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Mancini , A ; Imperlini , E ; Nigro , E ; Montagnese , C ; Daniele , A ; Orrù , S ; Buono , P ( 2015 ) . `` Biological and Nutritional Properties of Palm Oil and Palmitic Acid : Effects on Health '' . Molecules. 20 ( 9 ) : 17339 -- 61 . doi : 10.3390 / molecules200917339 . PMID 26393565 . ^ Jump up to : Sacks FM , Lichtenstein AH , Wu JHY , Appel LJ , Creager MA , Kris - Etherton PM , Miller M , Rimm EB , Rudel LL , Robinson JG , Stone NJ , Van Horn LV ( 2017 ) . `` Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease : A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association '' . Circulation. 136 ( 3 ) : e1 -- e23 . doi : 10.1161 / CIR. 0000000000000510 . PMID 28620111 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Mozaffarian , D ; Clarke , R ( 2009 ) . `` Quantitative effects on cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease risk of replacing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils with other fats and oils '' ( PDF ) . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 63 Suppl 2 : S22 -- 33 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ejcn. 1602976 . PMID 19424216 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Ellie ; Jacobson , Michael F. ( 2005 ) . Cruel Oil : How Palm Oil Harms Health , Rainforest & Wildlife ( PDF ) . Center for Science in the Public Interest . Washington , D.C. pp. iv , 3 -- 5 . OCLC 224985333 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Diet , Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases , WHO Technical Report Series 916 , Report of a Joint WHO / FAO Expert Consultation , World Health Organization , Geneva , 2003 , p. 88 ( Table 10 ) External links ( edit ) Forum for Sustainable Palm Oil ( Forum nachhaltiges Palmöl ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palm oil . ( hide ) Palm oil Oil palms Attalea A. maripa Elaeis E. guineesis E. oleifera Diseases and pests Bagworm moth Basal stem rot ( Ganoderma orbiforme ) Cadang - cadang disease Little leaf syndrome Oryctes rhinoceros Rhynchophorus palmarum Oil palm bunch moth Tirathaba mundella Tirathaba rufivena Red ring disease ( Bursaphelenchus cocophilus ) Components Mesocarp Palm kernel oil lauric acid Palm oil stearin stearic acid linoleic acid myristic acid oleic acid palmitic acid Processes Fractionation Hydrolysis Milling Refining Saponification Transesterification Products Biodiesel by region Neste Bioplastics Cellulosic ethanol Girl Scout Cookies Oleochemicals Vegetable oil cooking fuel Organisations Producers Bumitama Agri Cargill Equatorial Palm Oil Felda Global Ventures Holdings Feronia Inc . 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John Winchester (Supernatural)
John Winchester ( Supernatural ) - wikipedia John Winchester ( Supernatural ) Jump to : navigation , search John Winchester Supernatural character Jeffrey Dean Morgan as John Winchester First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Dark Side Of The Moon '' Created by Eric Kripke Portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan Matt Cohen ( young ) Nels Guloien ( child ) Information Species Human Gender Male Occupation Hunter Former mechanic Former Marine Family Henry Winchester ( father , deceased ) Millie Winchester ( mother , unknown ) Spouse ( s ) Mary Campbell ( wife ) Children Dean Winchester ( son ) Sam Winchester ( son ) Adam Milligan ( son ) Nationality United States John Eric Winchester is a fictional character on The CW 's series Supernatural , and the protagonist of the comic book spin - off series Supernatural : Origins . Developed by series creator Eric Kripke , the character is mainly portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan . John is the father of Sam and Dean Winchester , the show 's protagonists . Seeking revenge after his wife Mary was killed by the demon Azazel , John Winchester became a hunter and raised his two sons to fight the supernatural . John disappears early in Supernatural , and the first season revolves primarily around Sam and Dean trying to find him . Morgan was also filming episodes of Grey 's Anatomy while the first season of Supernatural was under production , and future appearances of the character were hindered by his busy schedule . While Morgan 's portrayal has been praised , fans and critics were generally frustrated at the character for keeping so many secrets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characterization 3 Development 4 Reception 5 References 5.1 Bibliography 5.2 Footnotes Plot ( edit ) The father of series protagonists Sam and Dean Winchester , John Winchester first appears in the pilot episode of the series , but plot devices such as flashbacks and time travel detail his background in later seasons . Apparently abandoned by his father at a young age -- his father actually died while serving a secret order known as the Men of Letters -- John Winchester grew up hating the man . John left high school to join the Marine Corps , eventually attaining the rank of corporal and receiving many medals for his service in Vietnam . After leaving the service , he found a job as a mechanic , and fell in love with Mary Campbell . In the fourth season episode `` In the Beginning , '' Dean is sent back through time by the angel Castiel . Dean meets his parents ' former selves , and ends up convincing John to buy the 67 Chevy Impala that he eventually inherits . Dean later watches John being killed by Azazel , though the demon then resurrects him in exchange for Mary 's permission to enter her house in ten years . When the angel Anna Milton travels back in time in the fifth season episode `` The Song Remains the Same '' to prevent the births of Sam and Dean , John agrees to serve as a temporary vessel for the archangel Michael to stop her . Michael subsequently kills Anna and erases John and Mary 's memories of the incident . Azazel later uses his pact with Mary to enter their home in the pilot episode , and ultimately kills her . The second season episode `` All Hell Breaks Loose , Part One '' reveals that she had witnessed the demon secretly feeding his blood to Sam . John investigated the incident and learned of the existence of the supernatural . His desire to find and kill Azazel led him to become a hunter of supernatural creatures . He took his sons with him during his travels , but often left them alone in motels for long periods of time during his hunts , leaving Dean with instructions to `` shoot first and ask questions later '' while watching over Sam . As revealed in the fourth season episode `` Jump the Shark , '' John slept with a woman he met while away on a hunt . Learning over a decade later that he had fathered her son Adam , John made occasional visits over the years to partake in father - son activities with him . He hid the truth from Adam to protect him , and never revealed to him the existence of Sam and Dean , nor vice versa . Meanwhile , John trained Sam and Dean to become hunters . However , Sam later left this life to start anew in college , leading to a fallout between John and his son . Twenty - two years after Mary 's death , John disappears while on a hunt , forcing Sam and Dean to reunite in an unsuccessful attempt to find him . Sam returns to the life of a hunter after Azazel kills his girlfriend . John reluctantly chooses to avoid his sons throughout most of the season while he investigates something , eventually reuniting with them in the episode `` Shadow . '' However , the demonic Meg Masters attacks them and reveals that Azazel is after John . After escaping from Meg , the brothers split up from their father to keep him from the demons . When vampires murder his old mentor and steal the Colt -- a mystical gun capable of killing anything -- John teams up with Sam and Dean in `` Dead Man 's Blood '' to retrieve it . Because demons can not be killed by conventional means , they hope that the Colt will be effective against Azazel . In response , Meg begins killing the Winchesters ' friends in `` Salvation , '' and threatens to kill more unless they deliver the Colt . John is captured after trying to give her a fake gun , and reveals himself to be possessed by Azazel when the brothers come to his rescue in the first season finale `` Devil 's Trap . '' However , he manages to resist the demon 's control . Despite John 's pleas for Sam to shoot him with the Colt , Sam can not bring himself to do so and allows Azazel to escape . As the Winchesters flee in Dean 's Impala , a demonically - possessed trucker crashes into them . In the second season premiere , `` In My Time of Dying , '' Sam and John awake in the hospital with only minor injuries , but a dying Dean is comatose . John secretly summons Azazel , and seems to know what the demon 's plans are . He then makes a deal to save Dean , giving up his life , soul , and the Colt . Before dying , John instructs Dean to kill Sam should he become evil . The fourth season episode `` On the Head of a Pin '' reveals that the demon Alastair tortured John in Hell for over a century , with John refusing the demon 's offer to stop if he himself would torture someone else . His soul escapes from Hell in the second season finale `` All Hell Breaks Loose , Part 2 '' when a gateway to Hell is opened . He saves Dean from Azazel , and distracts the demon by temporarily forcing him out of his host , long enough for Dean to kill Azazel with the Colt when he returns to his usual body . John then gives Sam and Dean a loving smile before becoming engulfed in a white light . However , the fifth season episode `` Dark Side of the Moon '' suggests that he might not be in Heaven . Characterization ( edit ) Actor Jeffrey Dean Morgan deemed John a `` tormented soul , '' motivated by an `` equal combination of revenge and protecting his sons . '' Following the death of their mother , Sam and Dean became secondary to John 's quest of killing the demon responsible , although Morgan believed that this aspect changed once John began spending more time with them again . Though he thought that John was not the world 's best dad and `` definitely made a lot of mistakes , '' the actor noted that `` he did things , even when they were wrong , for the good of his sons . '' John Kubicek of BuddyTV felt that this reasoning extended to John 's decision to hide the truth from Adam to protect him . Kubicek also suggested that John became involved in Adam 's life to achieve `` some level of normalcy '' as a father , an opportunity he had previously lost following the death of Sam and Dean 's mother . Overall , Morgan felt that John `` loved those kids more than he loved his own life , '' with the character 's demonic pact with Azazel serving as `` his way of finding redemption . '' Regarding his portrayal of the character , Morgan commented , `` I played him with extra angst . I think what was on the page , what I foresaw -- not knowing where it was going , because no one would ever tell me anything -- there was always a lot more going on in his head than he was going to show anybody , including his sons . Because , indeed , there was a lot more going on . '' Kripke later confirmed this , stating , `` It 's our view that John knew everything the producers of the show know . John knew stuff we 're not even ready to reveal , that wo n't come out for a couple of seasons . He was an awesome hunter , and by the time he showed up in ' Dead Man 's Blood ' , he knew it all . '' Development ( edit ) In writing the pilot episode , series creator Eric Kripke made several dramatic revisions to John 's storyline . The first draft of the script had Sam and Dean being raised by their aunt and uncle , though this was changed when Kripke realized that the backstory became much less complicated by having John raise them on the road . Another revision had John dying at the end of the episode instead of Sam 's girlfriend Jessica . Though he survives in the final version of the pilot , the writers decided halfway through production of the first season that John did have to die , as they believed his separation from his sons `` split the show '' by having him away `` doing more interesting things than the boys are doing . '' Kripke also felt that John kept Sam and Dean away from the `` front lines '' , his death being required to allow the brothers to `` explore , investigate and confront the yellow - eyed demon directly . '' The writers initially intended for John to die in the car accident in `` Devil 's Trap , '' but they ultimately postponed his death to prevent the finale from becoming too dark . Following the character 's eventual escape from Hell , executive producer Ben Edlund stated that even the writers are unsure of where John 's soul ended up . Evil Dead - actor Bruce Campbell was Kripke 's first choice to portray the character . However , Campbell was unavailable , and Jeffrey Dean Morgan eventually received the role . Due to the fact that Morgan 's scene in the pilot episode takes place 22 years before the series , Morgan expected to be replaced by an older actor for subsequent episodes . Being only 12 years older than Jensen Ackles , who portrays the eldest son Dean , Morgan was surprised when he was asked to reprise the role . Ackles and Jared Padalecki often teased him about the age difference during filming . Throughout the season , Morgan became frustrated at times due to his character 's avoidance of his sons , stating , `` It pissed off everybody , it pissed off us as actors , it pissed off the audience watching , because none of us really knew where we were gon na go . '' However , he reasoned that John 's motivation for his actions was due to having knowledge that nobody else had . During production of Supernatural 's first season , Morgan was also working on the shows Weeds and Grey 's Anatomy , so he was often traveling back and forth between Los Angeles and Vancouver , British Columbia . This interfered at times with Morgan 's acting , as he had trouble getting `` Winchester - y enough '' after portraying the nice character of Denny Duquette on Grey 's Anatomy . Morgan commented , `` I was stuck in Denny - land , where I was being too nice . Winchester 's harder to find . Denny 's more me . He 's an intense guy , John is . And Denny , for a guy who 's having trouble living , he 's just a charming dude . '' Morgan was at first reluctant to return for Supernatural 's second season due to his role on Grey 's Anatomy . Although he lent his voice for the third season episode `` Long - Distance Call , '' future appearances of Morgan as the character after the second season have been hindered due to the actor 's busy schedule . Nevertheless , both Kripke and writer Sera Gamble have stated that they `` would love to have him back . '' The scheduling conflict has continued into the sixth season of Supernatural , with executive producer Robert Singer revealing that the writers had considered bringing the character back in the alternate reality episode `` My Heart Will Go On '' instead of Ellen Harvelle , but due to concerns that they would not be able to secure Morgan 's return , they ultimately chose Ellen for the deceased character they would have ( temporarily ) return in the episode . During the production of the fifth season , Morgan had an interview with MovieWeb in which he stated that no one from the show had contacted him about making another appearance , and expressed the desire to return for at least one more episode in what was then - believed to be the show 's final season , as he had enjoying working with on - screen sons Jensen Ackles and Jared Padalecki and he felt that John 's storyline had ended too soon . Reception ( edit ) While critics praised Morgan for his performance in the role , their reaction to the character has generally been mixed . Don Williams of BuddyTV felt that John is a `` rather divisive character '' , with some fans not understanding John 's motivation for keeping his sons in the dark . However , Williams himself found the character to be `` completely fascinating '' . He chose `` In My Time of Dying '' as the second best episode of the series , mainly because of John 's contributions , stating , `` Even if you 're not a huge fan of Poppa Winchester , I think it 's impossible not to be moved by the final ten minutes of this episode ... John 's final speech to Dean , where he finally tells his son that he 's proud of him , is one hell of a tear - jerker , and both Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Jensen Ackles knock that scene out of the park . '' Williams praised Matt Cohen 's performance of a younger version of the character in the time - travel episode `` In the Beginning '' , believing that he `` did an excellent job at portraying a more innocent John Winchester than we 've ever seen before '' . Diana Steenbergen of IGN also criticized John for his lack of explanation , feeling that `` it is not exactly easy to watch John treat Dean and Sam so dismissively , especially after they have been nearly killing themselves all season to find him '' . However , Steenbergen praised Morgan for his acting , writing , `` Even though he is used sparingly throughout the series , Jeffrey Dean Morgan is always effective as John . '' She also felt that he brought `` emotional weight '' to the character , allowing the audience to `` feel John 's weariness , and his resignation that things will most likely not go well '' . While Brian Tallerico of UGO enjoyed Morgan 's performance , he was happy that the character was killed off because John 's presence made Sam and Dean into `` followers '' that were `` merely existing in the wake of their father '' . With their father gone , the brothers are no longer prevented from `` heading up the battle with the other side '' . References ( edit ) Bibliography ( edit ) Nicholas Knight ( 2007 ) . Supernatural : The Official Companion Season 1 . Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 535 - 4 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eric Kripke Answers Fan Questions at Comic - Con '' . The CW Source . August 19 , 2008 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sean Elliott ( January 25 , 2007 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Supernatural 's Eric Kripke & Robert Singer Return Dad to the Show & a Prequel Comic '' . IFMagazine . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Writer : Adam Glass , Director : Serge Ladouceur ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` As Time Goes By '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 12 . CW . Jump up ^ Caims , Bryan ( February 2008 ) . `` In the Name of the Father '' . Supernatural Magazine ( 2 ) . Titan Magazines . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Writer : Jeremy Carver , Director : Steve Boyum ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` In the Beginning '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 3 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sera Gamble & Nancy Weiner , Director : Steve Boyum ( February 4 , 2010 ) . `` The Song Remains the Same '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 13 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : David Nutter ( September 13 , 2005 ) . `` Pilot '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 1 . WB . Jump up ^ Writers : Sera Gamble , Director : Robert Singer ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` All Hell Breaks Loose , Part 2 '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 21 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Jeremy Carver , Director : J. Miller Tobin ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` A Very Supernatural Christmas '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 8 . CW . Jump up ^ Writers : Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin , Director : Adam Kane ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` After School Special '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 13 . CW . Jump up ^ Writers : Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` Jump the Shark '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 19 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Ken Girotti ( November 15 , 2005 ) . `` Home '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 9 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Shadow '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 16 . WB . Jump up ^ Writers : Cathryn Humphris & John Shiban , Director : Tony Wharmby ( April 20 , 2006 ) . `` Dead Man 's Blood '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 20 . WB . Jump up ^ Writers : Sera Gamble & Raelle Tucker , Director : Robert Singer ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` Salvation '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 21 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Devil 's Trap '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 22 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` In My Time of Dying '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 1 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Raelle Tucker , Director : Rachel Talalay ( January 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hunted '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 10 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Eric Kripke & Michael T. Moore , Director : Kim Manners ( May 17 , 2007 ) . `` All Hell Breaks Loose , Part 2 '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 22 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Ben Edlund , Director : Mike Rohl ( March 19 , 2009 ) . `` On the Head of a Pin '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 16 . CW . Jump up ^ Writers : Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin , Director : Jeff Woolnough ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Dark Side of the Moon '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 16 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Knight , p. 134 ^ Jump up to : Knight , p. 136 Jump up ^ John Kubicek ( April 24 , 2009 ) . `` Supernatural : Papa Winchester Was a Rolling Stone '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ # Nicholas Knight ( 2008 ) . Supernatural : The Official Companion Season 2 . Titan Books . p. 143 . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 657 - 1 . Jump up ^ Knight , p. 14 Jump up ^ Knight , pp. 9 - 10 Jump up ^ Knight , p. 123 Jump up ^ Neil Wilkes ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' writer John Shiban '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Knight , p. 124 Jump up ^ Jennifer Godwin ( July 26 , 2009 ) . `` Supernatural 's Deviled Execs Spill ( Many ) Season Five Secrets '' . E ! Online . Retrieved December 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Kate ( December 2007 ) . `` Lore & Order '' . Supernatural Magazine ( 1 ) . Titan Magazines . p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Kate O'Hare ( July 12 , 2008 ) . `` Actor Morgan Juggles ' Grey 's , ' ' Supernatural ' and ' Weeds ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caims , Bryan ( February 2008 ) . `` In the Name of the Father '' . Supernatural Magazine ( 2 ) . Titan Magazines . p. 26 Jump up ^ William Keck ( April 20 , 2006 ) . `` Jeffrey Dean Morgan awaits his fate '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Neil Wilkes ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' writer talks season four '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on ' Grey 's , ' ' House , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Bones , ' ' Gossip Girl , ' ' Supernatural , ' and more ! '' . EW.com . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Supernatural ' : How John Winchester almost returned in tonight 's episode '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Jeffrey Dean Morgan Wants to Return to Supernatural This Season ! '' . MovieWeb . September 14 , 2009 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Don Williams ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 ' Supernatural ' Episodes of All Time : # 2 `` In My Time of Dying '' `` . BuddyTV . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Don Williams ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Supernatural : Meet Mary Winchester , Demon Hunter '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Diana Steenbergen ( September 3 , 2008 ) . `` Supernatural Flashback : `` Dead Man 's Blood '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Diana Steenbergen ( March 20 , 2008 ) . `` Supernatural : `` Pilot '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Diana Steenbergen ( September 10 , 2008 ) . `` Supernatural Flashback : `` Salvation '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brian Tallerico . `` Supernatural Episode 2.1 : `` In My Time of Dying '' Review `` . UGO . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . ( hide ) Supernatural Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Devil 's Trap '' Season 2 `` What Is and What Should Never Be '' `` All Hell Breaks Loose '' Season 3 `` Fresh Blood '' `` A Very Supernatural Christmas '' `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' `` No Rest for the Wicked '' Season 4 `` Lazarus Rising '' Season 5 `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Good God , Y'All ! '' `` Swan Song '' Season 6 `` Exile on Main St . '' Season 7 `` Meet the New Boss '' `` Hello , Cruel World '' Season 8 `` Sacrifice '' Season 9 Season 10 `` Black '' `` Reichenbach '' `` Soul Survivor '' `` Brother 's Keeper '' Season 11 `` Out of the Darkness , Into the Fire '' `` Form and Void '' `` The Bad Seed '' `` Baby '' `` Thin Lizzie '' `` Our Little World '' `` O Brother Where Art Thou ? '' `` The Devil in the Details '' `` Beyond the Mat '' `` Safe House '' `` Hell 's Angel '' `` Do n't Call Me Shurley '' `` All in the Family '' `` We Happy Few '' `` Alpha and Omega '' Season 12 `` Keep Calm and Carry On '' `` Mamma Mia '' `` The Foundry '' `` American Nightmare '' `` The One You 've Been Waiting For '' `` Celebrating the Life of Asa Fox '' `` Rock Never Dies '' `` LOTUS '' `` First Blood '' `` Lily Sunder Has Some Regrets '' Season 13 Characters Main Sam Winchester Dean Winchester Ruby Bela Talbot Castiel Crowley Lucifer Supporting John Winchester Mary Winchester Bobby Singer Jo Harvelle Ellen Harvelle Anna Milton Jody Mills Antagonists Azazel Meg Masters Lilith Uriel Alastair Zachariah Rowena Other Awards and nominations Supernatural Wiki Supernatural : Bloodlines `` Carry On Wayward Son '' Wikipedia books : Supernatural Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Winchester_(Supernatural)&oldid=815000485 '' Categories : Supernatural ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional demon hunters Fictional characters who have made pacts with devils Fictional exorcists Fictional characters from Kansas Fictional United States Marine Corps personnel Fictional Vietnam War veterans Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional vigilantes Fictional con artists Fictional mechanics Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Português Slovenčina Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 04 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays dean and sam dad in supernatural
[ "John Eric Winchester[1] is a fictional character on The CW's series Supernatural, and the protagonist of the comic book spin-off series Supernatural: Origins.[2] Developed by series creator Eric Kripke, the character is mainly portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan. John is the father of Sam and Dean Winchester, the show's protagonists." ]
[ "Jeffrey Dean Morgan" ]
4407636617789179406
Kotri Junction railway station
Kotri Junction railway station - Wikipedia Kotri Junction railway station Jump to : navigation , search Kotri Junction Station کوٹری جوڑ اسٹیشن ‬ Location Kotri Station Road Kotri , Sindh 76000 Pakistan Coordinates 25 ° 22 ′ 00 '' N 68 ° 17 ′ 51 '' E  /  25.3668 ° N 68.2976 ° E  / 25.3668 ; 68.2976 Coordinates : 25 ° 22 ′ 00 '' N 68 ° 17 ′ 51 '' E  /  25.3668 ° N 68.2976 ° E  / 25.3668 ; 68.2976 Owned by Ministry of Railways Line ( s ) Karachi -- Peshawar Railway Line Kotri -- Attock Railway Line Other information Station code KOT Services Preceding station Kotri Junction railway station Following station Bholari Line Karachi - Peshawar Line Hyderabad Jn . Terminus Line Kotri - Attock Line Jamshoro Kotri Junction railway station ( Urdu : کوٹری جوڑ ریلوے اسٹیشن ‬ ‎ , Sindhi : کوٹری جنکشن ریلوے اسٹیشن ‎ ) is located in Kotri city , Jamshoro district of Sindh province , Pakistan . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Services 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Kotri Junction station is among the oldest railway stations in Pakistan . It served as the northern terminus point of the Scinde Railway , which was established in March 1855 . A railway line was to be constructed between Karachi and Kotri and work on the Karachi terminus commenced in April 1858 . By 13 May 1861 , the station opened to the public . This was the first railway line for public traffic between Karachi and Kotri , a distance of 108 miles ( 174 km ) . Services ( edit ) The following trains stop at Kotri Junction station : Preceding station Pakistan Railways Following station Drigh Road toward Karachi Cantonment Allama Iqbal Express Hyderabad Junction toward Sialkot Junction Braudabad toward Karachi City Bolan Mail Sind University toward Quetta Landhi Junction toward Karachi Cantonment Khyber Mail Hyderabad Junction toward Peshawar Cantonment See also ( edit ) List of railway stations in Pakistan Pakistan Railways References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official Web Site of Pakistan Railways Jump up ^ Grace 's Guide `` Scinde Railway '' Retrieved on 2 January 2016 Jump up ^ H.M. Government `` Statute Law Repeals : Nineteenth Report : Draft Statute Law ( Repeals ) Bill ; April 2012 '' ; pages 134 - 135 , paragraphs 3.78 - 3.83 Retrieved on 2 January 2016 Jump up ^ `` Money Market and City Intelligence '' , `` The Times '' , Wednesday , 15 June 1859 , # 23333 , 7a . External links ( edit ) Official Web Site of Pakistan Railways Karachi -- Peshawar Railway Line Kiamari Karachi City Karachi Cantonment Departure Yard Drigh Road Drigh Colony Malir Landhi Junction Jummah Goth Bin Qasim Dabheji Ran Pethani Jungshahi Braudabad Jhimpir Meting Bholari Kotri Junction Hyderabad Junction Detha Allahdino Sand Palijani Wahab Shah Oderolal Tando Adam Junction Jalal Marri Shahdadpur Lundo Sarhari Nawabshah Bucheri Daur Bandhi Kot Lalloo Pad Idan Junction Bhiria Road Lakha Road Mahrabpur Junction Setharja Ranipur Riyasat Gambat Pir Katpar Tando Mustikhan Khairpur Begmanji Rohri Junction Mando Dairo Sangi Pano Akil Mahesar Ghotki Sarhad Mirpur Mathelo Daharki Reti Walhar Machi Goth Sadiqabad Adamshaba Rahim Yar Khan Tarinda Kotsamaba Sahja Khanpur Junction Jhetha Bhutta Firoza Liaquatpur Dera Nawab Sahib Mubarakpur Kalanchwala Samasata Junction Bahawalpur Lodhran Junction Shah Nal Gilawala Zarif Shaheed Shujabad Chak Sher Shah Junction Muzaffarabad Multan Cantonment Multan City Piran Ghaib Tatipur Riazabad Kot Abbas Shaheed Khanewal Junction Dera Taj Rajput Nagar Waris Ali Shaheed Kacha Khuh Mohsinwal Mian Channun Kassowal Chichawatni Harappa Sahiwal Yusafwala Okara Cantonment Okara Kissan Renala Khurd Akhtarabad Habibabad Sehjowal Pattoki Wan Adhan Changa Manga Bhoe Asal Kot Radha Kishn Prem Nagar Raiwind Junction Jia Bagga Kana Kacha Kot Lakhpat Walton Lahore Cantonment Lahore Junction Badami Bagh Shahdara Bagh Junction Kala Shah Kaku Muridke Sadhoke Kamoke Eminabad Gujranwala City Gujranwala Gujranwala Cantonment Ghakkhar Mandi Dhaunkal Wazirabad Junction Haripur Band Gujrat Deona Juliani Lala Musa Junction Chak Pirana Kharian Cantonment Kharian Choa Kariala Sarai Alamgir Jhelum Kala Kaluwal Dina Ratial Bakrala Tarki Sohawa Missa Keswal Gujar Khan Ghungrila Mandra Junction Kaliamawan Sihala Chaklala Rawalpindi Nur Golra Sharif Junction Sangjani Taxila Cantonment Junction Wah Cantonment Budho Wah Hasan Abdal Burhan Faqirabad Sanjwal Attock City Junction Rumian Attock Khurd Khairabad Kund Jhangira Road Akora Khattak Hayat Sher Pao Shahid Nowshera Junction Khushhal Pir Piai Pabbi Taru Jabba Nasarpur Peshawar City Peshawar Cantonment Kotri -- Attock Railway Line Kotri Junction Jamshoro Sindh University Petaro Unarpur Budhapur Manjhand Sann Amri Laki Shah Saddar Channa Halt Sehwan Sharif Bubak Road Bhan Khudabad Dadu Piaro Goth Rehmani Nagar Balishah Shah Panjo Halt Radhan Sihar Badah Mohenjodaro Bakhsh Jatoi Bakrani Road Mashori Sharif Larkana Junction Brohi Shah Nawaz Bhutto Mahiota Ruk Habib Kot Junction Shikarpur Sultankot Abad Jacobabad Junction Dilmurad Haibat Shahid Kandkot Bakhshapur Kashmore Mithan Kot Rajanpur Badli Mazari Fazilpur Dhandi Muhammad Pur Diwan Azmatwala Jampur Paigah Dera Ghazi Khan Yaru Khosa Basti Laghar Shadan Lund Kot Adu Junction Dera Dinpanah Ashanpur Kot Sultan Jaman Shah Layyah Rajan Shah Karor Lal Ehsan Notak Sultan Karori Halt Bhakkar Kotla Jam Darya Khan Panj Girain Shah Alam Maibal Kallur Kot Piplan Alluwali Khanqah Sirajia Kundian Junction Mianwali Pai Khel Daud Khel Junction Massan Sohan Bridge Makhad Road Injra Khattakabad Chhab Jhamat Uchhri Jand Junction Langar Chura Sharif Halt Nammal Domel Basal Junction Sulaimanabad Jhalar Kanjur Attock City Junction Hyderabad -- Khokhrapar Branch Line Kotri Junction Hyderabad Junction Tando Jam Tajpur Nasarpur Road Rashidabad Halt Tando Allahyar Sultanabad Mirpur Khas Jamrao Junction Balochabad Abdullahabad Halt Shadipalli Saindad Pithoro Junction Faqir Turko Mangrio Dhoro Naro Sadhar Halt Hasisar Sumrasar Halt Chor New Chhor Khokhrapar Zero Point Hyderabad -- Badin Branch Line Kotri Junction Hyderabad Junction Zeal Pak Kathar Norai Sharif Tando Muhammad Matli Palh Talhar Badin Railway stations in Pakistan Railway stations by province Balochistan Aab - e-gum Ahmedwal Alam Reg Alozai Azad Badinzai Bakhtiarabad Domki Beleli Bostan Junction Chaman Churmian Dalbandin Damboli Dera Allah Yar Dera Murad Jamali Dingra Dozan Galangur Gat Gulistan Hirok Kan Mehtarzai Khanai Khan Muhammad Chah Kila Saifullah Kishingi Koh - e-Taftan Kolpur Kuchlak Mach Mangoli Mirjaveh Mushkaf Muslimbagh Nok Kundi Nushki Nuttall Padag Road Perak Pehro Kunri Panir Peshi Qilla Abdullah Quetta Sar - i - Ab Sheikh Mandah Sheikh Wasil Sibi Junction Spezand Junction Shela Bagh Tozghi Wali Khan Yakmach Yaru Zhob Tribal Areas Jamrud Bagiarari Medanak Chaghi Shahgai Kata Kushta Zintara Sultan Khel Landi Kotal Torra Tigga Landi Khana Capital Territory Islamabad Golra Sharif Junction Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Akora Khattak Baldher Burhan Charsadda Dargai Daud Khel Junction Faqirabad Gujar Garhi Hathiyan Hayat Sher Pao Shahid Haripur Hazara Havelian Isa Khel Jhangira Road Kalabagh Kalpani Kamar Mashani Khairabad Kund Khushhal Kot Najib Ullah Lakki Marwat Junction Mardan Junction Mari Indus Nasarpur Nowshera Junction Peshawar City Peshawar Cantonment Pir Piai Pabbi Rashkai Risalpur Cantonment Rumian Sakhakot Sanjwal Serai Saleh Takht - I - Bhai Taru Jabba Trag Punjab Attock City Junction Attock Khurd Bahawalpur Chiniot Dandot RS Faisalabad Gujar Khan Gujrat Jallo Jhang Sadar Jhelum Khanewal Junction Khanpur Khewra Lahore Junction Lahore Cantonment Liaquat Pur Moghalpura Junction Mudduki Multan Cantonment Pind Dadan Khan Rahim Yar Khan Rawalpindi Sargodha Junction Sialkot Junction Tariqabad Vehari Wagah Sindh Abad Allahdino Sand Arian Road Badin Bandhi Begmanji Bero Chandia Bhiria Road Bholari Bhurgari Bin Qasim Braudabad Bucheri Chor Dabheji Daharki Daur Departure Yard Detha Drigh Road Garhi Khairo Gambat Ghotki Gosarji Habib Kot Hyderabad Junction Jacobabad Junction Jalal Marri Jamrao Junction Jhimpir Jummah Goth Jungshahi Kambar Karachi Cantonment Karachi City Khairpur Khokhrapar Kiamari Kotri Junction Kot Lalloo Lakha Road Landhi Junction Larkana Junction Lundo Machi Goth Mando Dairo Mahesar Mahrabpur Junction Malir Cantonment Matli Meting Mirpur Mathelo Mirpur Khas Nawabshah Junction Norai Sharif Oderolal Pad Idan Junction Pano Akil Palijani Pir Muhammad Metlo Halt Pir Katpar Pithoro Junction Rashidabad Halt Ran Pethani Ranipur Riyasat Reti Rohri Junction Sarhad Sangi Sarhari Setharja Shahdadpur Shikarpur Silra Shahdadkot Sukkur Sultanabad Sultankot Talhar Tando Allahyar Tando Adam Junction Tando Jam Tando Muhammad Tando Mustikhan Usta Muhammad Wahab Shah Walhar Zero Point This article about a railroad station in Pakistan is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kotri_Junction_railway_station&oldid=824168678 '' Categories : Railway stations in Jamshoro District Railway stations on Hyderabad -- Badin Branch Line Railway stations on Kotri -- Attock Railway Line ( ML 2 ) Railway stations on Karachi -- Peshawar Line ( ML 1 ) Pakistani railway station stubs Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using Infobox station with markup inside name Pages with no open date in Infobox station Articles containing Urdu - language text Articles containing Sindhi - language text All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 18 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the first railway line between karachi and kotri was constructed in
[ "Kotri Junction station is among the oldest railway stations in Pakistan. It served as the northern terminus point of the Scinde Railway, which was established in March 1855. A railway line was to be constructed between Karachi and Kotri and work on the Karachi terminus commenced in April 1858. By 13 May 1861, the station opened to the public. This was the first railway line for public traffic between Karachi and Kotri, a distance of 108 miles (174 km).[2][3][4]" ]
[ "April 1858" ]
2022435358860764268
Prime Minister of Canada
Prime minister of Canada - Wikipedia Prime minister of Canada This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 10 August 2018 . This article is about the position of Prime Minister of Canada . For individual Canadian prime ministers , see List of Prime Ministers of Canada . Prime Minister of Canada Incumbent Justin Trudeau since November 4 , 2015 Executive Branch of the Government of Canada Office of the Prime Minister Style The Right Honourable ( formal ) Prime Minister ( informal ) His Excellency ( diplomatic ) Abbreviation PM Member of Queen 's Privy Council Cabinet Parliament Reports to Monarch Governor General Parliament Residence 24 Sussex Drive ( under renovation ) Harrington Lake ( seasonal ) Rideau Cottage ( temporary ) Seat 80 Wellington St , Ottawa , ON K1P 5K9 Appointer Governor General Term length At Her Majesty 's pleasure Constituting instrument None ( constitutional convention ) Inaugural holder Sir John A. Macdonald Formation July 1 , 1867 Deputy Deputy Prime Minister of Canada ( vacant ) Salary $347,400 CAD ( 2018 ) Website pm.gc.ca Canada This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Canada Government The Crown ( show ) Monarch ( Elizabeth II ) Governor General ( Julie Payette ) Monarchy in the provinces Lieutenant governors Executive ( Queen - in - Council ) ( show ) Queen 's Privy Council Prime minister ( Justin Trudeau ) Cabinet ( 29th ministry ) Ministries President of the Privy Council Clerk of the Privy Council Privy Council Office Civil Service Provincial and territorial executive councils Premiers Legislative ( Queen - in - Parliament ) ( show ) Federal parliament Senate Speaker of the Senate Government Leader in the Senate Opposition Leader in the Senate Senate divisions House of Commons Speaker of the house Government Leader in the house Opposition Leader in the house Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Leader of the Opposition Shadow cabinet Provincial and territorial parliaments Judicial ( Queen - on - the - Bench ) ( show ) Court system Supreme court Federal chief justice ( Richard Wagner ) Provincial and territorial courts Provincial chief justices Constitution British North America Acts Peace , order , and good government Charter of Rights and Freedoms Elections ( show ) Federal electoral districts Federal electoral system 42nd federal election ( 2015 ) Provincial electoral districts Politics of the provinces Local government ( show ) Municipal government Related topics ( show ) Federalism Structure of the federal government Constitutional law Royal prerogative Regions Political culture Foreign relations Office - holders Political movements Aboriginal self - government First Nations bands Other countries Atlas The Prime Minister of Canada ( French : Premier ministre du Canada ) is the primary minister of the Crown , chairman of the Cabinet , and thus Canada 's head of government , charged with advising the Canadian monarch or Governor General of Canada on the exercise of the executive powers vested in them by the constitution . Not outlined in any constitutional document , the office exists only as per long - established convention ( originating in Canada 's former colonial power , the United Kingdom ) that stipulates the monarch 's representative , the governor general , must select as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the elected House of Commons ; this individual is typically the leader of the political party that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber . Canadian prime ministers are styled as The Right Honourable ( French : Le Très Honorable ) , a privilege maintained for life . The current , and 23rd , Prime Minister of Canada is the Liberal Party 's Justin Trudeau , who was appointed on November 4 , 2015 , by Governor General David Johnston , following the general election that took place that year . Contents 1 Origin of the office 2 Qualifications and selection 3 Term of office 4 Role and authority 5 Privileges 6 Style of address 7 Prime Minister - designate of Canada 8 Activities post-commission 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Origin of the office ( edit ) The position of prime minister is not outlined in any Canadian constitutional document and is mentioned only in passing in the Constitution Act , 1982 , and the Letters Patent , 1947 issued by King George VI . The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conventions and modelled on the same office in the United Kingdom . Qualifications and selection ( edit ) The prime minister , along with the other ministers in cabinet , is appointed by the governor general on behalf of the monarch . However , by the conventions of responsible government , designed to maintain administrative stability , the governor general will call to form a government the individual most likely to receive the support , or confidence , of a majority of the directly elected members of the House of Commons ; as a practical matter , this is often the leader of a party whose members form a majority , or a very large plurality , of Members of Parliament ( MPs ) . While there is no legal requirement for the prime minister to be a member of parliament , for practical and political reasons the prime minister is expected to win a seat very promptly . However , in rare circumstances individuals who are not sitting members of the House of Commons have been appointed to the position of prime minister . Two former prime ministers -- Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell -- served in the 1890s while members of the Senate . Both , in their roles as Government Leader in the Senate , succeeded prime ministers who had died in office -- John A. Macdonald in 1891 and John Sparrow David Thompson in 1894 . That convention has since evolved toward the appointment of an interim leader from the commons in such a scenario . Prime ministers who are not Members of Parliament upon their appointment ( or who lose their seats while in office ) have since been expected to seek election to the commons as soon as possible . For example , William Lyon Mackenzie King , after losing his seat in the 1925 federal election ( that his party won ) , briefly `` governed from the hallway '' before winning a by - election a few weeks later . Similarly , John Turner replaced Pierre Trudeau as leader of the Liberal Party in 1984 and subsequently was appointed prime minister while not holding a seat in the House of Commons ; Turner won a riding in the next election but the Liberal Party was swept from power . Turner was the last serving prime minister to not hold a commons seat . Sir John A. Macdonald , the first Prime Minister of Canada ( 1867 -- 1873 , 1878 -- 1891 ) Should a serving prime minister today lose his or her seat in the legislature , or should a new prime minister be appointed without holding a seat , the typical process that follows is that a junior member in the governing political party will resign to allow the prime minister to run in the resulting by - election . A safe seat is usually chosen ; while the Liberal and Conservative parties traditionally observed a convention of not running a candidate against another party 's new leader in the by - election , the New Democrats and smaller political parties typically do not follow the same convention . However , if the governing party selects a new leader shortly before an election is due , and that new leader is not a member of the legislature , he or she will normally await the upcoming election before running for a seat in parliament . In a poll conducted by Ipsos - Reid following the first prorogation of the 40th parliament on December 4 , 2008 , it was found that 51 % of the sample group thought the prime minister was directly elected by Canadians . Term of office ( edit ) The Canadian prime minister serves at Her Majesty 's pleasure , meaning the post does not have a fixed term . Once appointed and sworn in by the governor general , the prime minister remains in office until he or she resigns , is dismissed , or dies . The lifespan of parliament was limited by the constitution to five years and , though the governor general may still , on the advice of the prime minister , dissolve parliament and issue the writs of election prior to the date mandated by the Canada Elections Act ; the King -- Byng Affair was the only time since Confederation that the governor general deemed it necessary to refuse his prime minister 's request for a general vote . As of 2007 , with an amendment to the Elections Act , Section 56.1 ( 2 ) was changed to limit the term of a majority government to four years , with election day being set as the third Monday in October of the fourth calendar year after the previous polling date . Following parliamentary dissolution , the prime minister must run in the resulting general election if he or she wishes to maintain a seat in the House of Commons . Should the prime minister 's party subsequently win a majority of seats in the House of Commons , it is unnecessary to re-appoint the prime minister or again swear him or her into office . If , however , an opposition party wins a majority of seats , the prime minister may resign or be dismissed by the governor general . Should the prime minister 's party achieve a minority while an opposition party wins a plurality ( i.e. , more seats than any other party but less than a majority ) , the prime minister can attempt to maintain the confidence of the House by forming a coalition with other minority parties . This option was last entertained in 1925 . Role and Authority ( edit ) Further information : Queen 's Privy Council for Canada Canada 's Prime Ministers during its first century . Because the prime minister is , in practice , the most politically powerful member of the Canadian government , he or she is sometimes erroneously referred to as Canada 's head of state , when , in fact , that post is held by the Canadian monarch , represented by the governor general . The prime minister is , instead , the head of government and is responsible for advising the Crown on how to exercise the Royal Prerogative and its executive powers , which are governed by the constitution and its conventions . However , the function of the prime minister has evolved with increasing power . Today , as per the doctrines of constitutional monarchy , the advice given by the prime minister is ordinarily binding , meaning the prime minister effectively carries out those duties ascribed to the sovereign or governor general , leaving the latter to act in predominantly ceremonial fashions . As such , the prime minister , supported by the Office of the Prime Minister ( PMO ) , controls the appointments of many key figures in Canada 's system of governance , including the governor general , the Cabinet , justices of the Supreme Court , senators , heads of crown corporations , ambassadors to foreign countries , the provincial lieutenant governors , and approximately 3,100 other positions . Further , the prime minister plays a prominent role in the legislative process -- with the majority of bills put before parliament originating in the Cabinet -- and the leadership of the Canadian Armed Forces . William Lyon Mackenzie King , the 10th Prime Minister of Canada ( 1921 -- 1926 ; 1926 -- 1930 ; 1935 -- 1948 ) Pierre Trudeau is credited with , throughout his tenure as prime minister between 1968 and 1984 , consolidating power in the PMO , which is itself filled by political and administrative staff selected at the prime minister 's discretion and unaccountable to parliament . At the end of the 20th century and into the 21st , analysts -- such as Jeffrey Simpson , Donald Savoie , Andrew Coyne , and John Gomery -- argued that both parliament and the Cabinet had become eclipsed by prime ministerial power ; Savoie wrote : `` The Canadian prime minister has little in the way of institutional check , at least inside government , to inhibit his ability to have his way . '' Indeed , the position has been described as undergoing a `` presidentialisation '' , to the point that its incumbents publicly outshine the actual head of state ( and prime minister 's spouses are sometimes called the `` First Lady of Canada '' ) . Former governor general Adrienne Clarkson alluded to what she saw as `` an unspoken rivalry '' that had developed between the prime minister and the Crown . It has been theorized that such is the case in Canada as its parliament is less influential on the executive than in other countries with Westminster parliamentary systems ; particularly , Canada has fewer MPs , a higher turnover rate of MPs after each election , and an Americanised system for selecting political party leaders , leaving them accountable to the party membership rather than caucus , as is the case in the United Kingdom . There do exist checks on the prime minister 's power : the commons may revoke its confidence in an incumbent prime minister and Cabinet or caucus revolts can quickly bring down a serving premier and even mere threats of such action can persuade or compel a prime minister to resign his post , as happened with Jean Chrétien . The Reform Act , 2014 , codifies the process by which a caucus may trigger a party leadership review and , if necessary , chose an interim leader , thereby making a prime minister more accountable to the MPs in his or her party . Caucuses may choose to follow these rules , though the decision would be made by recorded vote , thereby subjecting the party 's choice to public scrutiny . The Senate may delay or impede legislation put forward by the Cabinet , such as when Brian Mulroney 's bill creating the Goods and Services Tax ( GST ) came before the upper chamber and , given Canada 's federal nature , the jurisdiction of the federal government is limited to areas prescribed by the constitution . Further , as executive power is constitutionally vested in the monarch , meaning the Royal Prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of its ministers , the sovereign 's supremacy over the prime minister in the constitutional order is thus seen as a `` rebuff to the pretensions of the elected : As it has been said , when the Prime Minister bows before the Queen , he bows before us ( the Canadian people ) . '' Either the sovereign or his or her governor general may therefore oppose the prime minister 's will in extreme , crisis situations . Near the end of her time as governor general , Adrienne Clarkson stated : `` My constitutional role has lain in what are called ' reserve powers ' : making sure that there is a prime minister and a government in place , and exercising the right ' to encourage , to advise , and to warn ' ( ... ) Without really revealing any secrets , I can tell you that I have done all three . '' Privileges ( edit ) 24 Sussex Drive , the official residence of the Prime Minister of Canada Two official residences are provided to the prime minister -- 24 Sussex Drive in Ottawa and Harrington Lake , a country retreat in Gatineau Park -- as well an office in the Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council ( formerly known as Langevin Block ) , across from Parliament Hill . For transportation , the prime minister is granted an armoured car and shared use of two official aircraft -- a CC - 150 Polaris for international flights and a Challenger 601 for domestic trips . The Royal Canadian Mounted Police also furnish constant personal security for the prime minister and his or her family . All of the aforementioned is supplied by the Queen - in - Council through budgets approved by parliament , as is the prime minister 's total annual compensation of CAD $347,400 . The Prime Minister 's total compensation consists of the Member of the House of Commons Basic Sessional Indemnity of CAD $172,400 , the Prime Minister Salary of CAD $172,400 , and the Prime Minister Car Allowance of CAD $2000 . Should a serving or former prime minister die , he or she is accorded a state funeral , wherein their casket lies in state in the Centre Block of Parliament Hill . Only Bowell and the Viscount Bennett were given private funerals , Bennett also being the only former Prime Minister of Canada to die and be buried outside the country and Bowell the only whose funeral was not attended by politicians . John Thompson also died outside Canada , at Windsor Castle , where Queen Victoria permitted his lying - in - state before his body was returned to Canada for a state funeral in Halifax . The mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada , applied to the arms of prime ministers who pursue them In earlier years , it was traditional for the monarch to bestow a knighthood on newly appointed Canadian prime ministers . Accordingly , several carried the prefix Sir before their name ; of the first eight premiers of Canada , only Alexander Mackenzie refused the honour of a knighthood from Queen Victoria . Following the 1919 Nickle Resolution , however , it was against non-binding policy for the sovereign to grant such honorific titles to Canadians ; the last prime minister to be knighted was Sir Robert Borden , who was premier at the time the Nickle Resolution was debated in the House of Commons . Still , Bennett was in 1941 , six years after he stepped down as prime minister , elevated to the peerage by King George VI as Viscount Bennett , of Mickleham in the County of Surrey and of Calgary and Hopewell in the Dominion of Canada . The Canadian Heraldic Authority ( CHA ) has granted former prime ministers an augmentation of honour on the personal coat of arms of those who pursued them . The heraldic badge , referred to by the CHA as the mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada , consists of four red maple leaves joined at the stem on a white field ( `` Argent four maple leaves conjoined in cross at the stem Gules '' ) ; the augmentation has , so far , been granted either as a canton sinister or centred in the chief . To date , former prime ministers Joe Clark , Pierre Trudeau , John Turner , Brian Mulroney , and Kim Campbell were granted arms with the augmentation . Style of address ( edit ) Kim Campbell , the 19th Prime Minister of Canada ( 1993 ) and only female and British Columbia - born individual to hold the office Canada continues the Westminster tradition of using the title Prime Minister when one is speaking to the federal head of government directly ; this is in contrast to the United States protocol of addressing the federal head of government as mister ( as in , Mister President ) ; the Department of Canadian Heritage advises that it is incorrect to use the term Mr Prime Minister . The written form of address for the prime minister should use his or her full parliamentary title : The Right Honourable ( name ) , ( post-nominal letters ) , Prime Minister of Canada . However , while in the House of Commons during Question Period , other members of parliament may address the prime minister as The Right Honourable , Member for ( prime minister 's riding ) or simply The Right Honourable Prime Minister . Former prime ministers retain the prefix The Right Honourable for the remainder of their lives ; should they remain sitting MPs , they may be referred as The Right Honourable Member for ( member 's riding ) or by their portfolio title ( if appointed to one ) , as in The Right Honourable Minister of National Defence . In the decades following Confederation , it was common practice to refer to the prime minister as Premier of Canada , a custom that continued until the First World War , around the time of Robert Borden 's premiership . While contemporary sources will still speak of early prime ministers of Canada as premier , the modern practice is such that the federal head of government is known almost exclusively as the prime minister , while the provincial and territorial heads of government are termed premiers ( save for within Quebec and New Brunswick , where the premiers are addressed in French as Premier ministre du ( province ) , literally translated as Prime Minister of ( province ) ) . Prime minister - designate of Canada ( edit ) Further information : Prime minister - designate The Prime Minister -- designate of Canada refers to the person who has been designated as the future prime minister by the Governor General , after either winning a general election , forming a confidence and supply government , or forming an coalition government . The term does not apply to incumbent prime ministers . Activities post-commission ( edit ) After exiting office , former prime ministers of Canada have engaged in various pursuits . Some remained in politics : Bowell continued to serve as a senator , Stephen Harper returned to the House of Commons as a backbench Member of Parliament , and Bennett moved to the United Kingdom after being elevated to the House of Lords . A number led Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition in the Canadian parliament : John A. Macdonald , Arthur Meighen , Mackenzie King , and Pierre Trudeau , all before being re-appointed as prime minister ( Mackenzie King twice ) ; Alexander Mackenzie and John Diefenbaker , both prior to sitting as regular Members of Parliament until their deaths ; Wilfrid Laurier dying while still in the post ; and Charles Tupper , Louis St. Laurent , and John Turner , each before they returned to private business . Meighen was also appointed to the Senate following his second period as prime minister , but resigned his seat to seek re-election and moved to private enterprise after failing to win a riding . Following Meighen into civilian life were : Robert Borden , who served as Chancellor of Queen 's and McGill Universities , as well as working in the financial sector ; Lester B. Pearson , who acted as Chancellor of Carleton University ; Joe Clark and Kim Campbell , who became university professors , Clark also consultant and Campbell working in international diplomacy and as the director of private companies and chairperson of interest groups ; while Pierre Trudeau and Jean Chrétien returned to legal practice . Former prime ministers also commonly penned autobiographies -- Tupper , for example -- or published their memoirs -- such as Diefenbaker and Paul Martin . See also ( edit ) Book : Canada Book : Prime Ministers of Canada Canadian politics portal Canada portal List of Prime Ministers of Canada Historical rankings of Canadian prime ministers List of Prime Ministers of Canada by longevity List of Prime Ministers of Canada by time in office Prime Ministers of Canada in popular culture List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada List of Prime Ministers of Queen Victoria List of Prime Ministers of King Edward VII List of Prime Ministers of King George V List of Prime Ministers of King Edward VIII List of Prime Ministers of King George VI List of Prime Ministers of Queen Elizabeth II Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See majority and plurality . Jump up ^ A 2008 Ipsos - Reid poll found 42 % of respondents thought the prime minister was head of state . Jump up ^ See Note 2 at Cabinet of Canada . Jump up ^ See ' Responsibilities ' and Note 1 at Cabinet of Canada . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Indemnities , Salaries and Allowances '' . Library of Parliament . April 11 , 2018 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Stephen ( 2007 ) . Canadian Democracy : An Introduction ( 5 ed . ) . Don Mills : Oxford University Press . pp. 233 -- 234 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 543103 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks 2007 , p. 235 Jump up ^ Privy Council Office . `` Intergovernmental Affairs > About Canada > The Canadian Constitution '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( March 29 , 1867 ) , Constitution Act , 1982 , SchedB. 37.1 , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , retrieved June 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ George VI ( 1947 ) . Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of Canada . I. Ottawa : King 's Printer for Canada ( published October 1 , 1947 ) . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Media > Fact Sheets > The Swearing - In of a New Ministry '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pothen , Phil ( 2009 ) , Disinformation as a Back Door to ' Constitutional Revolution ' in Canada , Toronto : Ontario Bar Association , retrieved September 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ Forsey , Eugene ( 2005 ) , How Canadians Govern Themselves ( PDF ) ( 6 ed . ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , pp. 3 -- 4 , ISBN 0 - 662 - 39689 - 8 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 15 , 2011 , retrieved December 9 , 2009 Jump up ^ Forsey , Eugene ( March 2012 ) . `` How Canadians Govern Themselves > The Prime Minister '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Forsey 2005 , p. 38 ^ Jump up to : In the Wake of Constitutional Crisis : New Survey Demonstrates that Canadians Lack Basic Understanding of Our Country 's Parliamentary System ( PDF ) , Toronto : Ipsos Reid , December 15 , 2008 , p. 1 , retrieved May 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ Smith , David E ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` The Crown and the Constitution : Sustaining Democracy ? '' ( PDF ) . The Crown in Canada : Present Realities and Future Options . Queen 's University . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Forsey 2005 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Branch , Legislative Services . `` Consolidated federal laws of canada , Canada Elections Act '' . laws-lois.justice.gc.ca . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada . `` First Among Equals : The Prime Minister in Canadian Life and Politics > Alone at the Top > Head of State '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brooks 2007 , pp. 233 -- 235 ^ Jump up to : Geddes , John ( January 25 , 2009 ) . `` Will the prorogation of Parliament set off a populist revolt ? '' . Maclean 's . Toronto : Kenneth Whyte . ISSN 0024 - 9262 . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Jeffrey ( 2001 ) . The Friendly Dictatorship . Toronto : McClelland & Stewart . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 8079 - 1 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Andrew ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Liberals ' idea for gender quota in Cabinet leaves out the principle of merit '' . National Post . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks 2007 , p. 258 Jump up ^ Savoie , Donald ( 1999 ) . Governing from the Centre : The Concentration of Power in Canadian Politics . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 362 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8252 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Time to address democratic deficit '' , Toronto Star , January 27 , 2010 , retrieved January 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ Zamon , Rebecca ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` The Prime Minister 's Wife : What Is Her Title , Exactly ? '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alberici , Emma ( May 18 , 2016 ) , ' I need help ' : Why did Canada 's first lady spark such a backlash ? , Australian Broadcasting Corporation , retrieved June 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Jackson , Michael D. ( 2009 ) . `` The Senior Realms of the Queen '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Monarchist News . Autumn 2009 ( 30 ) . Toronto : Monarchist League of Canada . p. 10 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Blair , Louisa ( 2001 ) . Venne , Michel , ed . Vive Quebec ! : new thinking and new approaches to the Quebec nation . Toronto : James Lorimer & Company . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55028 - 734 - 9 . Jump up ^ Franks , C.E.S. ( April 9 , 2010 ) , `` Keep the Queen and choose another head of state '' , The Globe and Mail , retrieved January 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ Foot , Richard ( January 15 , 2010 ) , `` Only in Canada : Harper 's prorogation is a Canadian thing '' , National Post , archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 , retrieved January 16 , 2010 Jump up ^ Parliament of Canada ( June 23 , 2015 ) , Bill C - 586 , Queen 's Printer for Canada , retrieved June 2 , 2015 Jump up ^ Selley , Chris ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Thanks to the Senate , I 've finally come around to liking the Reform Act '' . National Post . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Kevin S. ( 2008 ) , A Crown of Maples ( PDF ) ( 1 ed . ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , p. 16 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 662 - 46012 - 1 , retrieved June 21 , 2009 Jump up ^ Cox , Noel ( September 2002 ) . `` Black v Chrétien : Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power , Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence '' . Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law . Perth : Murdoch University . 9 ( 3 ) : 12 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Neitsch , Alfred Thomas ( 2008 ) . `` A Tradition of Vigilance : The Role of Lieutenant Governor in Alberta '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Parliamentary Review . Vol. 30 no . 4 . Ottawa : Commonwealth Parliamentary Association . p. 23 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Andrew ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` Defending the royals '' . Maclean 's . Toronto : Rogers Communications . ISSN 0024 - 9262 . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Andrew ( April 10 , 2002 ) , `` A lightning rod for patriotic love '' , National Post , archived from the original on May 23 , 2006 , retrieved May 22 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` GG reflects on mandate during farewell address '' . CTV . September 14 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Privy Council Office . `` Did You Know > The Langevin Block from Yesterday to Today '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ State Funerals in Canada . `` Frequently Asked Questions on State Funerals in Canada '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2009 . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waite , P.B. ( 1990 ) . `` Thompson , Sir John Sparrow David '' . In Halpenny , Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XII ( 1891 -- 1900 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Library of Parliament . `` Federal Government > Prime Ministers of Canada > Biographical Informarion > BENNETT , The Right Hon . Richard Bedford , P.C. , K.C. , K.G. St. J. , LL. B . '' Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) The London Gazette , July 22 , 1941 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clark , Rt . Hon . Charles Joseph '' . Royal Heraldry Society of Canada . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trudeau , Rt . Hon . Pierre Elliot '' . Royal Heraldry Society of Canada . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Turner , Rt . Hon . John Napier '' . Royal Heraldry Society of Canada . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mulroney , Rt . Hon . Martin Brian '' . Royal Heraldry Society of Canada . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Campbell , Rt . Hon . Kim , PC '' . Royal Heraldry Society of Canada . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Styles of address '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > Styles of address -- Federal dignitaries '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Premier Talks ; Attitude of the Dominion on the Seal Question '' , The New York Times , p. 9 , March 12 , 1893 , retrieved January 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ Grand Lodge of Canada ( 1884 ) . Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Ancient , Free , & Accepted Masons of Canada . Hamilton : Spectator Printing Co. p. 15 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , J. Castell ( 1901 ) . `` The Proposed Union of Canada with Newfoundland '' . The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs . Vol. 1902 . Toronto : The Annual Review Publishing Company . pp. 449 -- 453 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Premier Pledges Canada to Fight Until War is Won '' , The New York Times , p. 1 , November 21 , 1916 , retrieved January 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Santa Fe magazine , Volume 9 '' . The Santa Fe . 9 . Santa Fe : Santa Fe Magazine . 1914 . p. 44 . ISSN 0036 - 4541 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Freshfield , A.C. Haddon ( May 1913 ) . `` The Distribution of Human and Animal Life in Western Arctic America '' . The Geographical Journal . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . 41 ( 5 ) : 459 -- 460 . doi : 10.2307 / 1778163 . ISSN 0016 - 7398 . JSTOR 1778163 . Jump up ^ `` Sir John Sparrow David Thompson '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada . `` Politics and Government > Sir John A. Macdonald > The Opponents '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland . `` John Alexander MacDonald '' . Queen 's Printer . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Waite , P.B. ( 2016 ) . `` Bennett , Richard Bedford , 1st Viscount Bennett '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Bélanger , Réal . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XVII ( 1941 -- 1950 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Neatby , H. Blair ( 2016 ) . `` King , William Lyon Mackenzie '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Bélanger , Réal . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XVII ( 1941 -- 1950 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dennis ( 2016 ) . `` Diefenbaker , John George '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Bélanger , Réal . Dictionary of Canadian Biography. ( 1971 -- 1980 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Bélanger , Réal ( 1998 ) . `` Laurier , Sir Wilfrid '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Hamelin , Jean . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XIV ( 1911 -- 1920 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . ^ Jump up to : Buckner , Phillip ( 1998 ) . `` Tupper , Sir Charles '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Hamelin , Jean . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XIV ( 1911 -- 1920 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Bothwell , Robert ( 2016 ) . `` St. Laurent , Louis '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Bélanger , Réal . Dictionary of Canadian Biography. ( 1971 -- 1980 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Glassford , Larry A. ( 2016 ) . `` Meighen , Arthur '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Bélanger , Réal . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XVIII ( 1951 -- 1960 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ English , John ( 2016 ) . `` Pearson , Lester Bowles '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Bélanger , Réal . Dictionary of Canadian Biography. ( 1971 -- 1980 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ English , John ( 2016 ) . `` Trudeau , Pierre Elliott '' . In Cook , Ramsay ; Bélanger , Réal . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . XXII ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime ministers of Canada . 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Avengers: Infinity War
Avengers : Infinity War - wikipedia Avengers : Infinity War Jump to : navigation , search `` Infinity War '' redirects here . For the 1992 comic book storyline , see The Infinity War . 2018 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios Avengers : Infinity War Theatrical release poster Directed by Anthony Russo Joe Russo Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Christopher Markus Stephen McFeely Based on The Avengers by Stan Lee Jack Kirby Starring Robert Downey Jr . Chris Hemsworth Mark Ruffalo Chris Evans Scarlett Johansson Benedict Cumberbatch Don Cheadle Tom Holland Chadwick Boseman Paul Bettany Elizabeth Olsen Anthony Mackie Sebastian Stan Danai Gurira Letitia Wright Dave Bautista Zoe Saldana Josh Brolin Chris Pratt Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Trent Opaloch Edited by Jeffrey Ford Matthew Schmidt Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 149 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $316 -- 400 million Box office $1.915 billion Avengers : Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2012 's The Avengers and 2015 's Avengers : Age of Ultron , and the nineteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo , written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely , and features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Hemsworth , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Evans , Scarlett Johansson , Benedict Cumberbatch , Don Cheadle , Tom Holland , Chadwick Boseman , Paul Bettany , Elizabeth Olsen , Anthony Mackie , Sebastian Stan , Danai Gurira , Letitia Wright , Dave Bautista , Zoe Saldana , Josh Brolin , and Chris Pratt . In Avengers : Infinity War , the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy attempt to stop Thanos from amassing the all - powerful Infinity Stones . The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 1 . The Russo brothers came on board to direct in April 2015 and by May , Markus and McFeely had signed on to write the script for the film , which drew inspiration from Jim Starlin 's 1991 The Infinity Gauntlet comic and Jonathan Hickman 's 2013 Infinity comic . In 2016 , Marvel shortened the title to Avengers : Infinity War . Filming began in January 2017 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , and lasted until July 2017 , shooting back - to - back with a direct sequel . Additional filming took place in Scotland , England , the Downtown Atlanta area , and New York City . With an estimated budget in the range of $316 -- 400 million , it is one of the most expensive films ever made . Avengers : Infinity War held its world premiere on April 23 , 2018 in Los Angeles and was released in the United States on April 27 , 2018 , in IMAX and 3D . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , who praised the cast , visual effects , emotional weight of the story , and action scenes . It has grossed over $1.9 billion worldwide , making it the fourth highest - grossing film of all time , as well as the highest - grossing film of 2018 , the highest - grossing superhero film , and the sixth highest - grossing film in the United States and Canada . In its opening weekend , it grossed $641 million worldwide and $258 million domestically , setting the records for the highest - grossing openings for both . It also became the fastest film in history to reach a worldwide gross of $1 billion , doing so in 11 days . The untitled sequel is set to be released on May 3 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 Pre-sale ticket records 6.1. 2 United States and Canada 6.1. 3 Other territories 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot Having acquired the Power Stone from the planet Xandar , Thanos and his lieutenants -- Ebony Maw , Cull Obsidian , Proxima Midnight , and Corvus Glaive -- intercept the spaceship carrying the survivors of Asgard 's destruction . As they extract the Space Stone from the Tesseract , Thanos subdues Thor , overpowers Hulk , and kills Loki . Heimdall sends Hulk to Earth using the Bifröst before being killed . Thanos departs with his lieutenants and obliterates the spaceship . Hulk crash - lands at the Sanctum Sanctorum in New York City , reverting to Bruce Banner . He warns Stephen Strange and Wong about Thanos ' plan to kill half of all life in the universe ; in response , Strange recruits Tony Stark . Maw and Obsidian arrive to retrieve the Time Stone from Strange , drawing the attention of Peter Parker . Maw captures Strange , but fails to take the Time Stone due to an enchantment . Stark and Parker pursue Maw 's spaceship , Banner contacts Steve Rogers , and Wong stays behind to guard the Sanctum . In Scotland , Midnight and Glaive ambush Wanda Maximoff and Vision in order to retrieve the Mind Stone in Vision 's forehead . Rogers , Natasha Romanoff , and Sam Wilson rescue them and take shelter with James Rhodes and Banner at the Avengers Compound . Vision offers to sacrifice himself by having Maximoff destroy the Mind Stone to keep Thanos from retrieving it . Rogers suggests they travel to Wakanda , which he believes has the resources to remove the stone without destroying Vision . The Guardians of the Galaxy respond to a distress call from the Asgardian ship and rescue Thor , who surmises Thanos seeks the Reality Stone , which is in the possession of the Collector on Knowhere . Rocket and Groot accompany Thor to Nidavellir , where they and Eitri create a battle - axe capable of killing Thanos . On Knowhere , Peter Quill , Gamora , Drax , and Mantis find Thanos with the Reality Stone already in his possession . Thanos kidnaps Gamora , his adoptive daughter , who reveals the location of the Soul Stone to save her captive adoptive sister Nebula from torture . Thanos and Gamora travel to Vormir , where Red Skull , keeper of the Soul Stone , informs him the stone can only be retrieved by sacrificing someone he loves . Thanos reluctantly kills Gamora , earning the stone . Nebula escapes captivity and asks the remaining Guardians to meet her on Thanos ' destroyed homeworld , Titan . Stark and Parker kill Maw and rescue Strange . Landing on Titan , they meet Quill , Drax , and Mantis . The group forms a plan to remove Thanos ' Infinity Gauntlet after Strange uses the Time Stone to view millions of possible futures , seeing only one in which Thanos loses . Thanos arrives , justifying his plans as necessary to ensure the survival of a universe threatened by overpopulation . The group subdues him until Nebula deduces that Thanos has killed Gamora . Enraged , Quill attacks him , allowing Thanos to break the group 's hold and overpower them . Stark is seriously wounded by Thanos , but is spared after Strange surrenders the Time Stone to Thanos . In Wakanda , Rogers reunites with Bucky Barnes before Thanos ' army invades . The Avengers , alongside T'Challa and the Wakandan forces , mount a defense while Shuri works to extract the Mind Stone from Vision . Banner , unable to transform into the Hulk , fights in Stark 's Hulkbuster armor . Thor , Rocket , and Groot arrive to reinforce the Avengers ; Midnight , Obsidian , and Glaive are killed and their army is routed . Thanos arrives and despite Maximoff 's attempt to destroy the Mind Stone , removes it from Vision , killing him . Thor severely wounds Thanos , but Thanos activates the completed Infinity Gauntlet and teleports away . Half of all life across the universe disintegrates , including Barnes , T'Challa , Groot , Maximoff , Wilson , Mantis , Drax , Quill , Strange , and Parker . Stark and Nebula remain on Titan while Banner , M'Baku , Okoye , Rhodes , Rocket , Rogers , Romanoff , and Thor are left on the Wakandan battlefield . Meanwhile , Thanos rests on another planet . In a post-credits scene , Nick Fury transmits a signal as he , Maria Hill , and others disintegrate . The transmitter displays a starburst insignia on a red - and - blue background . Cast Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man : The leader and benefactor of the Avengers , who is a self - described genius , billionaire , playboy , and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own making . Co-director Joe Russo explained that Stark `` senses this greater threat approaching , so he is doing everything in his power to keep the Earth safe . '' Downey added that Stark would have smaller goals than in previous films , with the idea of him as a tinkerer continued from Iron Man 3 , although this was not reflected in the final film . Chris Hemsworth as Thor : An Avenger and the king of Asgard , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Joe Russo stated that Thor 's storyline picks up after the events of Thor : Ragnarok , which finds him in a `` very profound ... very interesting place '' with `` real emotional motivation '' . At the recommendation of Hemsworth , writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely consulted Thor : Ragnarok director Taika Waititi and screenwriter Eric Pearson to help carry over the comedic and tragic elements of the re-toned Thor from that film . Thor now wields a mystical axe known as Stormbreaker , after the destruction of his hammer Mjolnir in Ragnarok . Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk : An Avenger and a genius scientist who , because of exposure to gamma radiation , transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated . Banner spends the film trying to reintegrate with the Avengers , and also tries to `` impress upon everybody how dangerous Thanos is . '' This continues a story arc for the character that was established in Thor : Ragnarok and concludes in the Infinity War sequel , with the difference between Hulk and Banner `` starting to blur a little bit '' . Ruffalo described Hulk in Infinity War as having the mental capacity of a five - year - old . Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America : A fugitive superhero and leader of a faction of Avengers . A World War II veteran , he was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world . Joe Russo said after the events of Captain America : Civil War , Rogers struggles with the conflict between his responsibility to himself and his responsibility to others . The character embodies the `` spirit '' of his comic alternate identity Nomad in the film , and receives new vibranium gauntlets from Shuri to replace his traditional shield . Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow : A highly trained spy , a member of Rogers ' faction of Avengers , and a former agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Johansson said that Romanoff 's situation in the aftermath of the events of Captain America : Civil War has been `` a dark time . I would n't say that my character has been particularly hopeful , but I think she 's hardened even more than she probably was before . '' Benedict Cumberbatch as Dr. Stephen Strange : A former neurosurgeon who , after a car accident that led to a journey of healing , discovered the hidden world of magic and alternate dimensions , and became a Master of the Mystic Arts . Markus and McFeely described Strange as `` ( ending ) up being the reasonable adult in the room '' with the `` widest perspective available '' due to the film 's stakes . Aaron Lazar served as Cumberbatch 's stand - in until the latter completed filming on The Current War . At that point , Cumberbatch re-shot scenes where his face needed to be seen . Julian `` JayFunk '' Daniels once again assisted Cumberbatch with his finger - tutting movements . Don Cheadle as James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes / War Machine : An officer in the U.S. Air Force who operates the War Machine armor and is an Avenger . Following his paralysis during the events of Civil War , Rhodes is given an apparatus by Stark to walk again , although he is reluctant to don his War Machine armor and rejoin the Avengers due to his injury . Cheadle believed that Rhodes is `` negotiating this reunion and his rejoining this team . '' He also explained that Rhodes ' relationship with Stark `` deepened '' from his accident , saying , `` I think Tony feels somewhat responsible and culpable in a way . But again , he 's always had my back in a way that only he could really have . '' Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man : A teenager and Stark 's protegé who received spider - like abilities after being bitten by a genetically - modified spider . Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther : The king of the African nation of Wakanda , who gained his enhanced strength by ingesting the Heart - Shaped Herb . Paul Bettany as Vision : An android and Avenger created using the artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. , Ultron , and the Mind Stone . Anthony Russo called Vision `` a living MacGuffin . Obviously , that raises the stakes because Vision 's life is in danger , and his life is in conflict with Thanos ' goals , so something 's got to give . '' Elizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch : A member of Rogers ' faction of Avengers , who can harness magic and engage in hypnosis and telekinesis . Anthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon : A member of Rogers ' faction of Avengers and former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat , using a specially designed wing pack . Mackie noted that Wilson has a grudge with other heroes like Iron Man and Black Panther after the events of Civil War . Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier : An enhanced assassin and Rogers ' ally and best friend , who reemerged brainwashed after being thought killed in action during World War II . Barnes , who formerly went by Winter Soldier , is given the name White Wolf by the people of Wakanda , who helped remove his Hydra programming . Tom Hiddleston as Loki : Thor 's adoptive brother , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Idris Elba as Heimdall : The all - seeing , all - hearing Asgardian former sentry of the Bifröst Bridge , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Peter Dinklage as Eitri : King of the Dwarves of Nidavellir , and weaponsmith , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Benedict Wong as Wong : One of the Masters of the Mystic Arts , tasked with protecting some of Kamar - Taj 's most valuable relics and books . Pom Klementieff as Mantis : A member of the Guardians of the Galaxy with empathic powers . Karen Gillan as Nebula : An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings . Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer : A member of the Guardians and warrior in search of vengeance against Thanos for killing his family . At the end of each day of filming , Bautista would have to sit in a sauna to remove his makeup . Zoe Saldana as Gamora : A member of the Guardians , who is an orphan from an alien world and raised by Thanos , seeking redemption for her past crimes . Ariana Greenblatt portrays a young Gamora . Vin Diesel as Groot : A member of the Guardians who is a tree - like humanoid . Executive producer James Gunn explained that Groot is still an adolescent in the film , in the same state of growth seen in one of the post-credit scenes in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Terry Notary provided motion capture for Groot , and said the character is `` coming of age , so you 'll see the teenager find a mentor to look up to and to model himself after . '' Bradley Cooper as Rocket : A member of the Guardians who is a genetically - engineered raccoon - based bounty hunter and mercenary , and is a master of weapons and battle tactics . Sean Gunn was again the stand - in for Rocket during filming , with his acting and expressions serving as motion reference for the character . Gwyneth Paltrow as Pepper Potts : Stark 's fiancée and the CEO of Stark Industries . Downey felt that `` Pepper remains the heart of the ( Iron Man ) story '' , which was not a focal point in some of the preceding films with Stark . Downey continued that `` we wanted to get back to that reality . Not just for them , but let 's really see how that can add to the something - worth - fighting - for of it all . '' Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector : One of the Elders of the Universe , who is an obsessive keeper of the largest collection of interstellar fauna , relics , and species of all manner in the galaxy . Josh Brolin as Thanos : An intergalactic despot from Titan who longs to collect all six of the Infinity Stones in order to impose his will on all of reality , wanting to `` re-balance the universe '' . Producer Kevin Feige added that Thanos believes the universe is becoming over-populated , which led to the destruction of his home moon Titan and is something he vowed not to let happen again , and also said `` you could almost go so far as to say he is the main character of '' the film . McFeely shared this sentiment , describing the film as his `` hero journey '' in addition to being the film 's protagonist , stating , `` Part of that is the things that ( mean ) the most to him . We wanted to show that . It was n't just power ; it was n't just an ideal ; it was people . '' Brolin likened Thanos to `` the Quasimodo of this time '' and the novel Perfume , since Thanos was born deformed and considered a `` freak '' on Titan , while Joe Russo would reference The Godfather for Brolin at times , which Brolin felt helped `` to emotionalize the whole thing . '' Brolin further added that he preferred playing Thanos over Cable in Deadpool 2 because of the amount of work that went into creating the character . Thanos does not wear armor for most of the film , which is symbolic of his growing power as he collects the Infinity Stones . In addition to voicing for the character , Brolin performed motion capture on set . Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord : The half - human , half - Celestial leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Earth as a child , and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers . Pratt described his role in the film as `` a cameo ... you get to be a little more vibrant ; a little more irreverent ; a little bit more colorful if you want it to be . '' Additionally , several other actors reprise their MCU roles : Danai Gurira as Okoye , the head of the Dora Milaje ; Letitia Wright as T'Challa's sister Shuri ; William Hurt as Thaddeus Ross , the U.S. Secretary of State ; Kerry Condon as the voice of Stark 's A.I. F.R.I.D.A.Y. ; Winston Duke as M'Baku , the leader of Wakanda 's mountain tribe the Jabari ; Florence Kasumba as Ayo , a member of the Dora Milaje ; Jacob Batalon as Parker 's friend Ned ; Isabella Amara as Parker 's classmate Sally ; Tiffany Espensen as Parker 's classmate Cindy ; and Ethan Dizon as Parker 's classmate Tiny . Samuel L. Jackson and Cobie Smulders make uncredited cameos as Nick Fury and Maria Hill , the former director and deputy director of S.H.I.E.L.D , respectively , in the film 's post-credits scene . Thanos ' henchmen , known collectively in the comics as the Black Order and in the film as the `` Children of Thanos '' , include Terry Notary as Cull Obsidian , Tom Vaughan - Lawlor as Ebony Maw , Carrie Coon as Proxima Midnight , and Michael James Shaw as Corvus Glaive . The foursome provided voices and motion - capture performances on set for their characters . As Coon was pregnant during filming , she mainly did facial capture for Proxima Midnight with some motion - capture , with stuntwoman Monique Ganderton standing - in and providing the rest on set . Ross Marquand portrays Johann Schmidt / Red Skull , the `` Stonekeeper '' and former Nazi commander of Hydra during World War II . Marquand replaces Hugo Weaving , who had expressed reluctance to reprise the character from Captain America : The First Avenger . Avengers co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance in the film as Parker 's school bus driver , while screenwriter Stephen McFeely cameos as Secretary Ross 's aide . David Cross was invited to make a cameo appearance as Tobias Fünke , his character from the sitcom Arrested Development , which the Russo brothers had previously worked on ; this was prevented by a scheduling conflict , but Fünke still appears in the film as a specimen in the Collector 's collection , played by an uncredited extra . Production Main article : Production of Avengers : Infinity War and the untitled Avengers sequel In October 2014 , Marvel announced a two - part sequel to Avengers : Age of Ultron , titled Avengers : Infinity War . Part 1 was scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 , with Part 2 scheduled for May 3 , 2019 . In April 2015 , Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct both parts of Avengers : Infinity War , with back - to - back filming expected to begin in 2016 . The same month , Kevin Feige said that the Infinity War films would be two distinct films `` because they ( have ) such shared elements , it felt appropriate ... to ( subtitle the films ) like that . But I would n't call it one story that 's cut in half . I would say it 's going to be two distinct movies . '' By May 2015 , Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely had signed on to write the screenplays for both parts of the film , which draws inspiration from Jim Starlin 's 1991 `` The Infinity Gauntlet '' comic and Jonathan Hickman 's 2013 `` Infinity '' comic . Anthony Russo added the film was inspired by 1990s heist films , with Thanos `` on a smash - and - grab ( to acquire the Infinity Stones ) , and everybody 's trying to catch up the whole movie . '' In May 2016 , the Russos revealed that they would retitle the two films , to further remove the misconception that they were one large film split in two , with Joe stating , `` The intention is we will change ( the titles ) , we just have n't come up with ( them ) yet . '' That July , Marvel revealed the film 's title would be shortened to simply Avengers : Infinity War . Principal photography began on January 23 , 2017 , under the working title Mary Lou , at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , with Trent Opaloch as director of photography . In early February , Marvel confirmed the involvement of Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man , Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord , and Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man in the film . Additional filming took place in Scotland beginning in February 2017 . The filming occurred in Edinburgh , Glasgow and the Scottish Highlands , with studio work taking place at Wardpark Studios in Cumbernauld . Filming also began at Durham Cathedral in Durham , England in early May 2017 . In late June 2017 , filming occurred in Downtown Atlanta , as well as Atlanta 's Central Park in early July , before moving to Queens , New York in the middle of the month . Filming concluded on July 14 , 2017 . For the film 's final scene , where Thanos emerges healed in a nipa hut , the filmmakers partnered with Indochina Productions , a studio based in Thailand , to acquire footage of the Banaue Rice Terraces at Ifugao , Philippines . Later in July 2017 , Joe Russo stated there were a couple of unfinished scenes for Infinity War that would be shot `` in the next few months '' . In early March 2018 , Disney moved the release of Infinity War in the United States to April 27 , 2018 , to have it be released the same weekend as some of its international markets . Visual effects for the film were created by Industrial Light & Magic , Framestore , Method Studios , Weta Digital , Double Negative , Cinesite , Digital Domain , Rise , Lola VFX , and Perception . With an estimated budget in the range of $316 -- 400 million , it is one of the most expensive films ever made . Music Main article : Avengers : Infinity War ( soundtrack ) In June 2016 , Alan Silvestri , who composed the score for The Avengers , was revealed to be returning to score both Infinity War and its sequel . Silvestri started to record his score in January 2018 , and concluded in late March . Silvestri felt working on the film `` was a really different experience than anything I 'd done before , especially in regard to the approach and balancing quick shifts in tone . '' Ludwig Göransson 's theme from Black Panther is also used in the film . Hollywood Records and Marvel Music released the soundtrack album digitally on April 27 , 2018 , with a release on physical formats following on May 18 . Two versions were released , a regular and deluxe edition , with the deluxe edition featuring some extended and additional tracks . Release Avengers : Infinity War held its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on April 23 , 2018 , screening also at the adjacent El Capitan Theatre and Grauman 's Chinese Theatre . It was released in most countries worldwide , including the United States , on April 27 , 2018 , with a few debuts beginning as early as April 25 , and was shown in IMAX and 3D on select screens . In the United States , the film opened in 4,474 theaters , 408 of which were IMAX ; this was the widest release for a Disney title ever and the second - widest ever after Despicable Me 3 's 4,529 theaters . Three of AMC Theatres ' locations screened the film for 24 hours straight , with 53 of their locations having showtimes at either 2 AM or 3 AM to accommodate demand . In India , the film had the biggest release ever for a Hollywood film , opening on nearly 2,000 screens in four languages . The film also screened in 515 4DX theaters in 59 countries . It was originally scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 in the United States . Select footage from the film was screened around various cities during the film 's press tour in early April , ahead of the film 's Los Angeles premiere . The Russos noted that only a limited amount of the film would be shown at these screenings to reduce the chance of spoilers being leaked . Adam Chitwood of Collider commented that this was `` highly unusual as most Marvel movies are screened in their entirety for press about a month before they hit theaters . '' Ahead of the United States release , AMC Theatres in New York City and Orlando , Florida aired an eleven - MCU film marathon beginning on April 25 , leading to a screening of Infinity War . The El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles also had a similar marathon ahead of the film 's release . Marketing From left to right : Kevin Feige , Chris Hemsworth , Tom Hiddleston , Chadwick Boseman and Mark Ruffalo at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con In May 2017 , Robert Downey Jr. and his philanthropic organization Random Act Funding partnered with Omaze to initiate a contest to benefit the organization . A randomly chosen winner from those that donated would receive an Infinity War set visit . A life - sized statue of Thanos , created by Legacy Effects , was on display at D23 Expo 2017 , alongside statues of the Black Order / `` Children of Thanos '' : Corvus Glaive , Proxima Midnight , Ebony Maw , and Cull Obsidian . Additionally , Feige , Joe Russo , Downey , Brolin , Bettany , Olsen , Klementieff , Gillan , Bautista , Cheadle , Mackie , Cumberbatch , Stan , Holland , Boseman , Ruffalo and Hemsworth appeared at D23 Expo to present a clip highlighting the 10 years of MCU films , along with footage from Infinity War . The footage , which was screened exclusively for the panel , received strong audience reaction , with fans `` literally on their feet and jumping as the footage played '' . Julia Alexander of Polygon commented , `` to say that there was quite a bit happening in the trailer would be one hell of an understatement , but that 's not what got me excited about the promises Infinity War may deliver upon . Seeing Spider - Man in the same movie as Iron Man , Thor , Star - Lord and the Scarlet Witch finally feels like Marvel has made the movie it always wanted to -- and the one we 've always wanted to see . For nearly ten years we dreamt of this reality and to see it play across a massive screen ... it was impossible to not feel emotional . '' CinemaBlend 's Eric Eisenberg said the footage left him `` literally shaking '' , with the film looking `` like it could be one of the most epic blockbusters ever created , '' concluding `` the hype ( for the film ) most definitely feels very , very real . '' Haleigh Foutch for Collider said , `` It looks dark and dramatic , and utterly epic . It 's clear Marvel is trying to do something different here ... to pay off a decade 's worth of narrative and world - building . While it 's impossible to tell from two minutes work of footage , it certainly looks like that gamble paid off . '' The D23 footage was also shown at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International . Due to the two convention presentations , Avengers : Infinity War generated over 90,000 new conversations on social media from July 17 to 23 , the third-most during that time period behind Thor : Ragnarok and Justice League , according to comScore and its PreAct service . Infinity War stayed in third the following week , with over 41,000 new social media conversations , behind Ragnarok and It . By the week of October 16 , Infinity War had generated over 679,000 total social media conversations . To promote the release of the film 's first trailer , Marvel released `` a retrospective video looking back at some of its best trailers '' since Iron Man , `` paired with fan reaction videos to those trailers . '' The first trailer for Avengers : Infinity War debuted on Good Morning America on November 29 , 2017 . Josh Spiegel of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` The trailer promises , in many ways , exactly what anyone with a passing familiarity with superhero movies would expect ... '' but `` the most important part of the trailer is how it carefully , deliberately introduces the notion that the Infinity War films are going to function as a passing of the torch , from one set of Avengers to a newer group . '' Scott Mendelson writing , for Forbes , noted that even though the trailer was not much different from the convention footage screened earlier in the year , it was `` damn impressive . Moreover , it uses Nick Fury 's big `` Avengers Initiative '' speech , along with Alan Silvestri 's Avengers theme , to excellent effect . '' Conversely to Mendelson , Alexander commented on the different marketing strategy for the film between the convention footage scenes and the trailer scenes , feeling the `` two could n't be more different '' . She noted how the convention footage ( `` meant to please a crowd running on little sleep and jittery with anticipation '' ) was released between Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor : Ragnarok , and `` ( i ) t made sense to use Thor and the Guardians to hype up ( Infinity War ) ... '' because `` Marvel relied on the anticipation of Thor : Ragnarok and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 's success to excite fans , and footage of older movies set to classic Marvel scores as a way to drive home how this movie is an event in itself . '' Conversely , the trailer ( `` designed to explain what 's about to happen , teasing it out with additional background '' ) heavily featured Black Panther and Wakanda , which Alexander said could not have been done earlier , without the additional marketing for Black Panther that happened after the conventions to provide additional context . Gael Cooper of CNET observed that the trailer was viewed nearly 500,000 times in its first 15 minutes after it was posted on YouTube , but questioned if the trailer broke the site after the view counter appeared to be stuck at 467,331 . The trailer was viewed 230 million times in its first 24 hours , becoming the most viewed trailer in that time period , surpassing the record of It . In January 2018 , Marvel Comics published a two - issue prequel comic titled Avengers : Infinity War Prelude , which serves as a bridge between Captain America : Civil War and Avengers : Infinity War . A commercial for Infinity War aired during Super Bowl LII . The ad generated the most social media buzz out of all the films advertised during the Super Bowl , according to comScore and United Talent Agency ; it was viewed 17.6 million times across YouTube and Facebook . On February 27 , 2018 , Disney and Marvel announced the Marvel : The Universe Unites charity campaign leading to the release of merchandise for the film on March 3 . The week - long event saw stars from the film create social media challenges to provide funds and raise awareness for charities that support children and families impacted by serious illness . If their collective posts reached 1 million likes , Marvel said they would make a $250,000 donation to Starlight Children 's Foundation . Additionally , Disney planned to donate 10 % of sales of all Marvel products purchased at Disney Stores in the United States and online on the weekend of March 3 to the Make - A-Wish Foundation , up to $50,000 . Hasbro donated $1 million worth of cash and products to Give Kids the World Village and Funko made a $1 million toy donation to Starlight . A second trailer was released on March 16 , 2018 , which earned over 1 million views on YouTube in less than three hours after it was released . Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post was not overly enthused about another superhero film having `` special - effects - heavy villains , or the sight of yet another mysterious object hanging over the Manhattan skyline , '' but felt the trailer made her realize `` that I 'm actually looking forward to seeing ( the characters of the MCU ) get to know each other . '' Josh Spiegel of The Hollywood Reporter agreed with Rosenberg about the potential for character interactions , noting the trailer `` suggests that some of these meetings are going to keep up the playful tone of recent MCU movies '' . He continued , `` It is arguably gimmicky to pile up all of the crossover - style introductions or combinations of heroes in a movie like this , like a superpowered version of two well liked TV shows crossing over primarily in the hopes of getting more viewers to pay attention . But the entire Marvel Cinematic Universe is built on a foundation of these heroes existing within the same space , so their eventual meetings have a level of anticipation that exceeds that of watching them face off against Thanos . '' The second trailer was viewed 179 million times in the first 24 hours , the third-most viewed trailer in that time period , behind the first trailer for the film and It , while also becoming the biggest release for a second trailer , surpassing Beauty and the Beast ( 128 million views ) . A week before the film 's release , the Burj Khalifa in Dubai was lit up each night for the film , counting down to its release . Marvel also featured tie - in events across seven of their mobile games to promote the film . In early May 2018 , Marvel and Epic Games announced the `` Infinity Gauntlet Limited Time Mashup '' mode for Fortnite Battle Royale , where players can find the Infinity Gauntlet hidden on the game map and become Thanos with added abilities . The Russo brothers were fans of Fortnite and approached Donald Mustard , the worldwide creative director of Epic Games , about the potential for a crossover between the properties . On November 20 , 2018 , Little , Brown and Company will publish Marvel 's Avengers : Infinity War : Thanos -- Titan Consumed , written by Barry Lyga . Despite not existing within Marvel Studios ' MCU canon , the novel explores the origins of Thanos before the events of the film . Lyga noted he spoke with Marvel Studios to get an `` outline of who Thanos is and what he means to the movies , '' and `` was given great latitude and a free hand ( in some areas of the story ) , while in others I had to tip - toe very carefully through the MCU . '' Additional marketing partners for the film included Coca - Cola , Quicken Loans and their Rocket Mortgage service , the Infiniti QX50 ( which is also featured in the film ) , Ziploc , Go - Gurt , Yoplait , Synchrony Bank , American Airlines , and Stand Up to Cancer . The partners created television commercials `` inspired by or featuring the film 's characters and themes '' , interactive digital initiatives , and robust in - store presences at numerous retailers . Duracell , Unilever , Quaker Oats Company , Chevron , and Samsung ran promotions in smaller markets . Coca - Cola , Ziploc , Go - Gurt , and Yoplait created special packaging in support of the film , with Synchrony implementing a `` Save Like a Hero '' campaign , and Stand Up to Cancer and American Airlines launching a national campaign with a PSA starring Johansson and Hemsworth . In the United Kingdom , OnePlus released an Infinity War edition for one of their smartphones . Deadline Hollywood estimated the media value was $150 million , the largest for any Marvel film , with Coca - Cola contributing an estimated $40 million . Home media Avengers : Infinity War is scheduled to be released on digital download and 4K UHD by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on July 31 , 2018 . Reception Box Office As of May 28 , 2018 , Avengers : Infinity War has grossed $627.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $1.287 billion in other territories , for a worldwide total of $1.915 billion . It is currently the fourth highest - grossing film of all time , as well as the highest - grossing film of 2018 , the highest - grossing MCU film , and the highest - grossing superhero film . Its worldwide opening weekend of $640.5 million is the biggest of all time , beating The Fate of the Furious ' $541.9 million . It crossed the $1 billion threshold at the worldwide box office in 11 days , becoming the fastest film to reach the milestone , eclipsing Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' record of 12 days . Also in its second weekend , Infinity War passed $13.5 million from 4DX screens , which was the all - time record for the format . With $140 million worldwide from IMAX , the film is the third - largest worldwide in the format , behind Avatar and The Force Awakens , and the largest gross for a Marvel film . In May 2018 , two weeks after its release , Deadline Hollywood deduced the film had already broken even , and estimated its net profit would be around $600 million , accounting for production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses and ancillary revenues from home media . Pre-sale ticket records In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Infinity War was the most anticipated film of 2018 . Fandango reported that Infinity War achieved the largest initial 24 - hour ticket pre-sales for a superhero film in just six hours , surpassing the record from Black Panther . Atom Tickets also reported that Infinity War sold more tickets in its first pre-sales day than Black Panther sold in its first month . Within 72 hours , the film generated the biggest amount of pre-sales for any superhero film at AMC Theatres . AMC noted that Infinity War 's advance ticket sales were 257.6 % ahead of Black Panther 's , 751.5 % ahead of Captain America : Civil War , and 1,106.5 % ahead of Avengers : Age of Ultron during the same time frame . Two weeks before its release , Fandango revealed that advance ticket sales for Infinity War were outpacing the last seven MCU films combined in the same timeframe , and had become the company 's top April release . It was also on pace to become the top superhero film , with Fandango 's Erik Davis noting , `` Infinity War has built up such unprecedented anticipation that it 's pacing to break records , the likes of which we have never seen before for a superhero movie . '' A week before the film released , The Wall Street Journal noted the film had sold more than $50 million worth of advance tickets , behind only Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) and Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) , with Fandango reporting that more than 2,500 showtimes had sold out . On Atom Tickets , Infinity War had the most pre-sale volume , selling 7 % higher than The Last Jedi and 250 % higher than Black Panther at the same point in their sales . Atom also reported that ticket sales for Infinity War were doubling daily the week of its release , the fastest rate of increase the service has seen for any MCU title . United States and Canada Avengers : Infinity War earned $106.7 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada ( including $39 million from Thursday night previews ) , for an opening weekend total of $258.2 million . The Thursday night preview earning was the best for an MCU film ( beating Avengers : Age of Ultron 's $27.6 million ) and the fourth - best of all time , behind The Force Awakens ( $57 million ) , The Last Jedi ( $45 million ) and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $43.5 million ) . Fandango reported that $14 million of the $39 million came from ticket pre-sales from the company . The opening day gross was the second - best ever , behind The Force Awakens ' $119.1 million , its Saturday gross of $83 million was the best - ever Saturday gross , beating Jurassic World 's $69.6 million , and its Sunday gross of $69.2 million was the best - ever , beating The Force Awakens ' $60.5 million . The total weekend gross became highest - grossing opening weekend of all time , beating The Force Awakens ' $248 million . IMAX contributed $22.5 million to the opening weekend gross , which was the best opening for a Marvel film in the format and the third - biggest opening , behind The Force Awakens ( $30 million ) and The Last Jedi ( $24.7 million ) . AMC reported that the film had the highest Friday and Saturday box office gross for a single title in the company 's history , while Fandango reported that approximately $84 million worth of tickets were sold through the service , approximately 30 % , which was the largest share of the weekend box office for any film in the company 's history . Avengers : Infinity War earned an additional $25 million the Monday after its opening weekend , which was the highest grossing Monday in April , beating Furious 7 ( $14 million ) , and the second - best Monday gross for an MCU film , after Black Panther ( $40.1 million ) . The next day , it earned $23.5 million , which was the highest grossing Tuesday for an MCU film , beating Black Panther ( $20.8 million ) , and the highest grossing Tuesday in May , beating The Avengers ( $17.6 million ) . It also tied The Force Awakens for the fastest to reach $300 million at five days . The film remained number one in its second weekend , earning $115.5 million , which was the second - best second weekend ever after The Force Awakens ( $149.2 million ) . Infinity War also surpassed $400 million in the weekend , doing so in nine days , becoming the second fastest film to reach that mark , again after The Force Awakens 's eight days . In its third weekend , Infinity War remained number one at the box office , and became the second - fastest film to surpass $500 million , doing so in 15 days ( behind The Force Awakens 's 10 days ) . The weekend also saw its total domestic IMAX gross become $48.1 million , which was the highest for any MCU film . The film 's fourth weekend saw it come in second , behind Deadpool 2 , and in its fifth it finished third behind Solo : A Star Wars Story and Deadpool 2 . By May 23 , Infinity War surpassed $600 million , becoming the second - fastest film to do so in 26 days , after The Force Awakens ( 12 days ) . It is currently the sixth highest - grossing film of all time and highest - grossing superhero film . The film is projected to gross $650 -- 675 million for its total final domestic gross . Other territories Outside the United States and Canada , the film earned $382.7 million from 52 markets , opening number one in all , and became the number two opening internationally , behind The Fate of the Furious ( $444.2 million ) . IMAX contributed $18.5 million , which was the best opening outside of the US , Canada , and China , surpassing The Force Awakens ( $17.5 million ) . All - time opening weekend records were set in South Korea ( $39.2 million ) , Mexico ( $25.4 million ) , Brazil ( $19.1 million ) , India ( for a Western release , $18.6 million ) , the Philippines ( $12.5 million ) , Thailand ( $10 million ) , Indonesia ( $9.6 million ) , Malaysia , Hong Kong , Vietnam , Central America , Peru , Chile , Ecuador , Venezuela , Bolivia , South Africa , Turkey , the United Arab Emirates , and West Africa , with many also setting opening day records . Australia opened with $6.7 million , which was the second biggest opening day of all time , behind The Force Awakens ; it went on to have the second - highest opening weekend ever , with $23.2 million . France 's opening day gross of $3.9 million was the highest ever for the month of April and the largest ever for an MCU film , while the same amount in Italy was the third - highest opening day and biggest superhero and Disney opening ever . France went on to earn $17.7 million , the biggest superhero opening in the market . Denmark , Finland , Norway , Portugal , and Sweden had the best opening for a superhero film . The United Kingdom earned $8.9 million , which was the biggest MCU opening day and third highest opening day for a Disney film ; it would go on to earn $41.4 million for the weekend , which was the third - highest of all time and the second - highest Disney opening . The United Kingdom also had the highest grossing Saturday ever . Argentina had the second highest opening day of all time , while Germany had the best superhero film opening day of all time , ultimately earning $14.7 million , which was the best superhero opening ever . Austria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Greece , Hungary , the Middle East , Poland , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Ukraine also broke superhero film records . Japan had the second - biggest opening for an MCU film with $9 million . Avengers : Infinity War remained number one in its 54 markets in its second weekend . The $4.9 million opening day in Russia was the biggest of all time . Infinity War was also the first film in Russia to sell more than 1 million tickets in a single day , and went on to gross $17.6 million in the market , a new opening weekend record . IMAX contributed $2.2 million in the market , which was also an opening weekend record . In its third weekend , the film remained number one in a majority of its markets . Infinity War opened in China to $200 million ( RMB 1.266 billion ) , which was the second highest opening weekend in local currency behind The Fate of the Furious ( $184 million and RMB 1.352 million ) . IMAX contributed $20.5 million , which was the third - largest opening in China . Infinity War also broke China 's pre-sale record of 400 million yuan ( $63 million ) . In India , Infinity War became the first Hollywood film to earn over ₹ 2 billion ( $29.7 million ) , and became the highest grossing MCU film in the United Kingdom . The film became the highest grossing release ever in Brazil , Indonesia , the Philippines , Central America , Bolivia , Venezuela , Latin America as a region , Mexico , Chile , Ecuador , Peru , Malaysia , Singapore , India ( for a Western release ) , Vietnam , Indonesia , Thailand ( for a Western release ) , and Mongolia , the second - highest in the Asia - Pacific region ( for a Western release ) , Hong Kong , and South Korea ( for a Western release ) and the third - highest in China ( for a Western release ) . It is also the highest - grossing superhero film in Belgium , Bosnia , Bulgaria , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Hungary , Macedonia , the Netherlands , Poland , Romania , Serbia , Slovakia , Switzerland , the United Arab Emirates , Ukraine , and the United Kingdom . As of May 28 , 2018 , the film 's top markets are China ( $336.8 million ) , South Korea ( $91.5 million ) , and the United Kingdom ( $90.3 million ) . The film is currently the third highest - grossing film of all time in territories outside the United States and Canada . Critical response Josh Brolin 's performance was praised by many critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83 % approval rating based on 332 reviews , and an average rating of 7.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Avengers : Infinity War ably juggles a dizzying array of MCU heroes in the fight against their gravest threat yet , and the result is a thrilling , emotionally resonant blockbuster that ( mostly ) realizes its gargantuan ambitions . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the film a score of 68 out of 100 , based on 53 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 87 % overall positive score and a 68 % `` definite recommend '' . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter praised the writers ' and directors ' ability to balance the large cast of characters , saying , `` ... writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely and directors Anthony and Joe Russo , under the supervision of Marvel Films maestro Kevin Feige , acknowledge the traffic jam of egos and play it for laughs . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety concurred , stating , Infinity War is a brashly entertaining jamboree , structured to show off each hero or heroine and give them just enough to do , and to update their mythologies without making it all feel like homework . '' Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers said the film is `` too much of a good thing '' and wrote , `` The Russo brothers have clearly never learned the concept that less is more . They 've used the premise of an Avengers reunion to put on a fireworks explosion of action and laughs that wo n't quit . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times called it Marvel 's `` biggest and most ambitious movie yet '' , but concluded `` it 's certainly not the best . However , there 's plenty of action , humor and heart -- and some genuinely effective dramatic moments . '' Roeper went on to praise the film 's cast and Josh Brolin in particular , whom he called `` the film 's most interesting performance '' . Gleiberman called Brolin 's motion capture performance `` supremely effective '' and said , `` Brolin infuses Thanos with his slit - eyed manipulative glower , so that the evil in this movie never feels less than personal . '' McCarthy wrote , `` Brolin 's calm , considered reading of the character bestows this conquering beast with an unexpectedly resonant emotional dimension , making him much more than a thick stick figure of a supervillain . '' McCarthy also praised the film 's action sequences , saying `` Infinity War brims with tensely spectacular combat sequences , even if the question of who 's going to win each one has that extravagantly arbitrary could - Mighty - Mouse - beat - up - Superman ? quality . '' Gleiberman called the scale of the action , `` astonishing '' , and Travers wrote , `` Avengers : Infinity War leaves viewers up in the air , feeling exhilarated and cheated at the same time , aching for a closure that never comes ... at least not yet . '' Josh Spiegel , also of The Hollywood Reporter , said the film takes `` a cue from the ending of The Empire Strikes Back in its super-sized finale ; this is the equivalent of Han Solo frozen in the carbonite , on steroids . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times criticized the film 's reliance on other films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , saying , `` Considered on its own , as a single , nearly 2 - hour - 40 - minute movie , Avengers : Infinity War makes very little sense , '' but conceded that it `` was never meant to be viewed or judged in isolation . '' Richard Brody of The New Yorker agreed , stating , `` The insubstantiality of the film is n't due to the infinite yet flimsy malleability of C.G.I. gimmickry but , instead , to the dispersion of its drama throughout the many cinematic installations set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time said , `` ( It ) is n't really a beginning , but more of a middle or an end with a new piece of yarn attached . You need to have seen and internalized every one of the previous 18 Marvel Cinematic Universe movies to fully get it . '' Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times called it a `` brisk , propulsive , occasionally rousing and borderline - gutsy continuation of a saga that finally and sensibly seems to be drawing to a close , '' but called its ultimate bid for catharsis `` unsuccessful '' , saying , `` Not even the threat of universal annihilation , it seems , will keep this assembly line from chugging ahead with its signature polished , mechanized efficiency . '' Scott also criticized the action sequences , calling them `` tedious and predictable '' and writing , `` The noisy , bloated spectacles of combat were surely the most expensive parts of the movie , but the money seems less like an imaginative tool than a substitute for genuine imagination . '' Likewise , Zacharek said , `` There 's no pacing in Avengers : Infinity War . It 's all sensation and no pulse . Everything is big , all of the time . '' Accolades Avengers : Infinity War was nominated for three MTV Movie & TV Awards , including Best Movie , Best Villain ( Josh Brolin ) , and Best Fight ( Scarlett Johansson , Danai Gurira , Elizabeth Olsen vs. Carrie Coon ) . Sequel Main article : Untitled Avengers film An untitled sequel is scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 , with the Russos returning to direct , and Markus and McFeely once again writing the screenplay . Notes Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2017 film Thor : Ragnarok . Jump up ^ Identified off - screen as the insignia of Captain Marvel . References Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War : ' The Russo Brothers on Action , Tone , and Movies That Influenced the MCU Sequel '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . 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So happy to be a part of # AvengersInfinityWar as @ SpiderManMovie 's friend , Tiny . Watch the new trailer today ! Thank you @ MarvelStudios for the incredible opportunity . # chess # SpiderManHomecoming # MarvelStudios '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War : That End Credits Scene , Explained '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Luke Y. ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War 's Children of Thanos ( Black Order ) Were Just Unveiled at D23 '' . Nerdist Industries . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shanley , Patrick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Skull Island ' : Kong Motion - Capture Actor on Sequel Plans and Seeking Andy Serkis ' Blessing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fullerton , Huwav ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Fargo 's Carrie Coon to play crucial Avengers : Infinity War villain '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Berry ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Vaughan - Lawlor confirms role in Avengers : Infinity War '' . DublinLive . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pante , Corey ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` This ' Infinity War ' Villain Is So Much More Than Thanos ' Henchman '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Esienberg , Eric ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` We Know Who Is Playing Corvus Glaive in Avengers : Infinity War '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2018 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . 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Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War is the second most expensive film ever made '' . The Daily Telegraph . April 20 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Avengers Composer Alan Silvestri To Return For Infinity War '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Alan Silvestri Receives Icon Honor at BMI Film , TV and Visual Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burton , Byron ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Composer Alan Silvestri on Its Touching Final Moments '' . The Hollywood Reporter . 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Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release Date Moves to December 2019 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' All - Time Opening Record Even Higher With $258 M+ Domestic , $640 M+ WW -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pillai , Sreedhar ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War expected to release in 2000 screens in India , unprecedented for any Hollywood film '' . Firstpost . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Is Second - Fastest Pic To $400 M With Second - Best 2nd Weekend Ever , Now Back At $115 M+ -- Monday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . 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The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Explosive First Trailer Arrives '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Josh ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Begins a Sad Goodbye for Marvel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Trailer Teases An Epic MCU Finale '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War trailer is different from earlier SDCC footage -- and much better '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael Fashingbauer ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' trailer explodes with action '' . CNET . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Captain America 's ' Infinity War ' Beard Was Most Popular Part of Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Prelude Comic Reveals Updated Logo '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Movie Ads : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Big Winner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Markus , Tucker Chet ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel Universe Unites For Children 's Charities '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pallotta , Frank ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' trailer assembles Marvel 's mightiest heroes '' . CNN . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Avengers : Infinity War ' trailer reminds me why I like Marvel movies '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Josh ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` The Most Exciting Promise of ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Trailer Nabs Third - Biggest Debut Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dubai 's Burj Khalifa starts countdown for ' Avengers : Infinity War ' release '' . Khaleej Times . April 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` This Week in Marvel Games : Thanos Descends Upon Marvel Games With ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Event '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Thanos is coming to Fortnite for epic Avengers : Infinity War crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Thanos Is Getting a Book ( Corrected ) '' . io9 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Will Be Marvel 's Biggest Promo Campaign Yet '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dolloff , Matt ( May 19 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Sets July Digital Release Date '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Fox Record With $176 M Overseas Bow ; ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $1.81 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Is Now Second - Fastest To Half Billion ; ' Life of the Party ' No Pizzazz With $18 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Crosses $1 B in Record Time '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Stalls With $68 M Overseas Bow ; What Clipped The Falcon 's Wings ? -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Crushes $200 M China Bow To Cross $1 B Overseas ; # 5 WW Release Ever On $1.6 B+ -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Breaks a Pre-Sales Record in Just Six Hours '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Infinity War Shatters Black Panther 's Advance Ticket Sales Record '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Beating ' Black Panther ' to Set New Presales Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' on Track for Heroic Opening '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Posts April Monday Record With $25 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Ties ' Force Awakens ' As Fastest Title To $300 M , Will Make Another $100 M+ This Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Swinging in As Second - Best Opening For R - Rated Pic With $125 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Why Is ' Solo ' Flying So Low At The B.O. ? Memorial Day Opening Now At $103 M -- Monday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Nabs 2nd - Best Tuesday For R - Rated Pic ; ' Infinity War ' 2nd - Fastest To $600 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War 's Record Global Bow Rockets To $641 M ; Overseas Open Lifts To $383 M -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Crushes $179 M In 3 Days Overseas ; Record Global Bow In Sight '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Weekend Actuals : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Snaps Domestic ( $257.7 M ) & Global ( $640.4 M ) Opening Records In Historic Debut '' . BoxOffice . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Surges To $1.164 B Global & # 5 Superhero Movie Ever WW ; $713 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Lights Up $900 M+ At Global Box Office On Way To $1 B Speed Record '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ZX , ZX ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' pockets 800 mln yuan on 2nd day in China '' . Xinhua News Agency . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2018 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhowal , Tiasa ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Box Office Collection Day 12 -- First Hollywood Film To Make Over 200 Crore In India '' . NDTV . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Rockets To China 's 3rd Biggest Opening Day ; Swings Past ' Jungle Book ' As India 's Top Hollywood Pic '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War Reviews : It 's Both Amazing and Exhausting '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Review : All - Star Marvel Team - Up Is Superhero Pile - Up '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' unites Stark and Star - Lord in a massive Marvel mashup '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Josh ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` Why ' Avengers : Infinity War ' May Feel Unsatisfying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2018 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : It 's Marvel 's Universe . We Just Live in It '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War , ' Reviewed : The Latest Marvel Movie Is a Two - and - a-Half - Hour Ad for All the Previous Marvel Movies '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zacharek , Stephanie ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Checks All the Boxes . That 's Exactly What 's Wrong With It '' . Time . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : a rousing Marvel mash - up , or a truly epic tease ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Avengers : Infinity War Wikimedia Commons has media related to Avengers : Infinity War . 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what are the characters in avengers infinity war
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Jacob Black
Jacob Black - wikipedia Jacob Black Jacob Black Twilight character Jacob Black as portrayed by Taylor Lautner in New Moon . First appearance Twilight Last appearance Breaking Dawn Created by Stephenie Meyer Portrayed by Taylor Lautner Information Nickname ( s ) Jake Species Shape Shifter Gender Male Occupation Protector of La Push Title Beta / Alpha 's Second ( New Moon and Eclipse ) , Alpha / Leader ( Breaking Dawn ) Family Billy Black ( father ) , Sarah Black ( mother , deceased ) , Rachael and Rebecca ( older twin sisters ) , Ephraim Black ( great - grandfather , deceased ) , Quil Ateara V ( second cousin ) Significant other ( s ) Renesmee Cullen ( imprinted ) Nationality American Jacob `` Jake '' Black is a character in the Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer . He is described as an attractive Native American of the Quileute tribe in La Push , near Forks , Washington . In the second book of the series ( New Moon ) , he discovers that he can shapeshift into a wolf . For the majority of the series , Jacob competes with Edward Cullen for Bella Swan 's love . In the films Twilight , New Moon , Eclipse , Breaking Dawn : Part 1 , and Breaking Dawn : Part 2 , Jacob is played by Taylor Lautner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and creation 2 Role in the books 2.1 Twilight Saga 2.2 New Moon 2.3 Eclipse 2.4 Breaking Dawn 3 Characterization 3.1 Physical appearance 3.2 Personality and abilities 4 Film portrayal 5 Team Jacob 6 References 7 External links Concept and creation ( edit ) According to Stephenie Meyer , Jacob was originally meant to be a device through which Bella could learn Edward 's secret in Twilight . Meyer , her agent , and her editor all liked the character so much that they decided to give him a larger role in the following book , New Moon , with Meyer referring to the character as , `` my favorite gift that New Moon gave to me . '' `` Jacob was my first experience with a character taking over -- a minor character developing such roundness and life that I could n't keep him locked inside a tiny role ... From the very beginning , even when Jacob only appeared in chapter six of Twilight , he was so alive . I liked him . More than I should for such a small part . '' Meyer has said that after Jacob started emerging as a prominent character in New Moon . Role in the books ( edit ) Twilight saga ( edit ) Jacob is given a small role in the first book of the series . He is introduced as the son of Billy Black , an old Swan family friend . When Bella uses him to get information on Edward Cullen and his family , Jacob tells her Quileute legends and introduces her to the idea that Edward is a vampire . Bella comes to like Jacob , and he develops a crush on her . New Moon ( edit ) In New Moon , Jacob 's character is used as a device to help Bella emerge from her months - long depression , brought on by her distress over Edward 's departure . The friendship between the two characters grows strong , but Jacob also develops romantic feelings for Bella that she does not reciprocate . It is revealed that , as a member of the Quileute tribe , Jacob is descended from an ancient line of `` shapeshifters '' that assume wolf form . In their backstory , the Quileutes and vampires are mortal enemies . When Jacob undergoes his first transformation into a wolf in front of Bella , it is in response to Paul , one of the pack members who becomes enraged when he was slapped by Bella , causing him to phase and attempt to attack her . Jacob rushes outside to defend Bella , and he jumps high over her and phases in midair . Jacob rushes at Paul first and bites and pushes him . Jacob is shown in this scene to be very talented even when this was his first transformation at attacking and countering Paul as he is able to hit him before he has a chance to attack . A scene shows him tackling Paul causing him to crash into a boat rack . He and Paul later arrive at Emily Young 's house and Paul apologizes to Bella . Soon , he becomes busy patrolling the forest with his pack , searching for vampires in the area . When Bella is caught by the vampire Laurent alone in a clearing , she is saved by Jacob and the wolf pack , who chase and kill Laurent . Sam first emerges from the woods , Laurent noticing more emerge runs away . Sam closes in on him but is struck back by Laurent just before he was about to tackle him . He later claims that Laurent was nothing but a simple kill . During the chase , Laurent is cornered by part of the pack while Jacob goes for the kill . Jacob and his friends are able to cover a range of 1.67 miles in just 1 minute meaning they are able to run at nearly or close to 100 mph at full run . Jacob serves as a rescue for Bella and a foil to Edward on multiple occasions in the narrative . When Bella , who has taken increasingly dangerous risks to feel closer to Edward , impulsively jumps off a cliff and almost drowns , Jacob rescues her . After Edward mistakenly believes she has died and plans to kill himself , Bella and Alice Cullen , rush to Italy to prevent his suicide , leaving Jacob heartbroken . Jacob is disgusted by Edward 's return and by Bella 's willingness to take Edward back after he left her . Jacob reminds Edward of his tribe 's treaty with the Cullen family , which states that the Cullens are not allowed to bite humans . Bella interrupts and points out to Jacob that she wants to become a vampire , and it 's her own decision . This angers Jacob , and he attempts to start a fight with Edward . Edward decides to leave with Bella , but Jacob grabs him and says : `` You do n't speak for her . '' causing Edward to uppercut punch him into the air , causing him to transform . Edward and Jacob are stopped immediately by Bella as she says : `` You ca n't harm each other without harming me . '' Jacob , now feeling full of guilt and knowing that he would not harm her due to him still having a tremendous crush on her and her being his best and closest friend , decides to accept her wish , but he is feeling hurt by her decision which causes him to run away . Eclipse ( edit ) In Eclipse , Jacob , enraged that Bella plans to become a vampire , attempts to distance himself by not returning her phone calls and refusing to see her . Later , during the scene when Jacob visits Bella and Edward to discuss the vampire Victoria 's return , he tells Bella that he misses her and wishes that they could remain friends . With Edward 's approval , Bella begins to visit Jacob on a regular basis . On one of these visits , Jacob tells Bella that he is in love with her and that he wants her to choose him over Edward . Bella is caught off guard by his confession and tells him she only thinks of him as a friend . He forcibly kisses her , and she reacts by punching him in the face . This breaks her hand , though it does not affect Jacob because he is a werewolf and does n't get hurt easily . This act later enrages Edward , and the two get into a heated argument in front of Bella 's house . They come extremely close to a physical fight , until Bella pushes Edward always and pleads for them to stop . Edward , still fuming with rage , tells Jacob that if Bella gives him the word , he will harm him . Bella 's father comes outside at that moment , and demands to know what 's going on . Jacob admits that he kissed Bella , and she broke her hand punching him . Jacob apologizes and leaves . Later on , Jacob 's shapeshifter wolf pack and the Cullen family join forces to defeat Victoria and the army of newborn vampires she has created . The wolf pack have agreed to meet at their house . They are in their wolf form as they do n't trust the Cullen 's enough to be in their human form as they possibly believe this to be a plot to destroy the pack . Carlisle greets them and tells how they should accurately and successfully attack a newborn . Sam telepathically asks what a newborn is and what the difference is between them and the newborn . He tells them that the newborns are a fresh breed of vampires that were humans forcibly turned with a combination of both human and vampire strength with most of their human element relying on intelligence . Carlisle tells them that they should never let a single one get their arms around them as they are strong enough to crush their bodies . He also says that they should never go for the `` obvious '' kill as they can get outnumbered easily and lose most of the pack . As the Cullen 's demonstrate their tactics to the wolves on how they deal with newborns , Jacob also in his wolf form comes up to Bella . He nudges close to her as he still has a crush on her . She tells Jacob that if they join this attack many of them could get hurt or even killed . In response Jacob places his head in front of her and she pets him . Suddenly Edwards sees this and Jacob looks at him with a disgusted and annoyed look and walks off . The night before the battle , Edward and Jacob are alone with Bella on the top of a mountain . They are there , in a secluded spot , to protect her from Victoria and her blood - hungry army . It is night , and a blizzard beats at their tent . Bella is freezing to death , huddled in a blanket hold and shivering violently . Edward watches on with despair , as he can do nothing to help because his vampire skin is ice - cold . Jacob , being a werewolf , is never cold and has very a warm body . Because of his enhanced senses he can hear Bella 's teeth chattering as he claims that he `` ca n't sleep with all that teeth chattering going on . '' He moves forward to lay down with Bella , knowing his body heat would keep her warm . Edward shoves him away , outraged , and says he will not go near her . Jacob demands that Edward lets him go . Bella , hardly conscious , pleads for them not to fight . Jacob insists that Bella needs his warmth , and reluctantly Edward lets him crawl into the blankets with her . She cuddles into his warmth , still hardly conscious . Bella stops shaking and chattering . She falls asleep in his arms . While she is sleeping , Edward and Jacob begin to talk quietly . As the night wears on , their private conversation softens and the two become closer . Right before the battle the next morning , Jacob overhears Edward and Bella discussing their engagement . He did not know about this , because Bella was trying to keep it a secret until the battle was over , for she knew he 'd be reckless with his anger . Jacob is outraged , and refuses to believe that Bella truly loves Edward more than him . He threatens suicide by hoping he 'd be killed in the battle . He is about to run off to join the soon - to - be-battle . Bella , in an attempt to stop him from getting killed , demands to be kissed by him . Jacob does n't hesitate , and he kisses her passionately . Then , he leaves for the battle and Bella feels relieved to know that he no longer wants to be killed while fighting . After he is gone , she comes to the realization that she does love Jacob . In the battle , Jacob fights ferociously and savagely . He is in his wolf form as is the rest of the pack . He kills many vampires and together , with the Cullens , they defeat Victoria 's newborn army . The battle is over , but one newborn vampire who had remained hidden the whole time , emerges from hiding . Leah , one of the wolves , immediately attacks . The enemy vampire wraps his arms around her neck and tries to strangle her , but Jacob lunges forward and knocks him off . They engage in a brief but vicious fight . Jacob falls and the vampire crushes his body with violent force . At once the vampire is pulled off by the other wolves and killed . Jacob is now back in human form . He is writhing on the ground naked and in extreme agony . Carlisle , the doctor vampire , announces that the bones in the right half of his body are crushed . The other wolves , now back in their human form too , stare in horror as Carlisle continues to inspect him . He tells the others that Jacob is healing from but at an extremely low rate and says that he needs to re-align Jacobs bones in order to speed up his healing . Leah is full of guilt and shame , and insists that she `` had him '' ( the vampire ) . Sam tells her to shut up . Sam suggested that they bring Jacob back to Billy 's house so he start helping Jacob . Then , they haul Jacob off the ground and carry him off . At Jacob 's house , Bella overhears Jacob screaming in pain as Carlisle re-aligns him . One of the pack tells Bella that Carlisle is doing this to speed up Jacobs healing . He is in bed with a high fever . Bella is worried and apologizes to him , wishing he 'll get better soon . She also admits that it was a mistake to kiss him , and tries to tell him that even if she does love him , he has to accept that it is Edward who truly lies in her heart . Then she leaves , and Jacob his angered and deeply hurt . The epilogue is written from Jacob 's point of view ; angry and heartbroken at Bella 's decision to become a vampire . He runs away in his wolf form to escape his pain . Breaking Dawn ( edit ) Jacob returns after an absence of several weeks to attend Bella and Edward 's wedding in Breaking Dawn . Though described as being still visibly pained by her decision , he tells Bella that he wants her to be happy . Bella tells him that she and Edward plan to have a normal honeymoon before she becomes a vampire . Jacob becomes enraged , because he knows that Edward 's vampire strength could kill her . Sam and the rest of the pack stop him before he phases into wolf form and gets into a fight with Edward . When Bella and Edward return from their honeymoon , Jacob becomes the narrator of the story for several chapters , during which he learns that she is pregnant with Edward 's half - human , half - vampire baby and is extremely ill . When Jacob informs the pack of Bella 's pregnancy , their leader Sam Uley plans an attack on the Cullens in order to kill Bella and her unborn child because of the threat he believes the child presents . Jacob , who feels that the Cullens are innocent , fights back against Sam and leaves the pack . Fulfilling his birthright as Alpha wolf , he is joined in a new pack by Seth and Leah Clearwater , who aid Jacob in protecting the Cullens . After the birth of Renesmee Carlie Cullen , Edward and Bella 's daughter , Jacob `` imprints '' - an involuntary response in which a wolf finds his soulmate - on her . Afterward , Jacob is completely over Bella , and they remain close friends . The relationship between Jacob and the Cullens is also dispelled , and he and Edward come to view each other as friends after Jacob emotionally bonds with Renesmee . Characterization ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Physical appearance ( edit ) Wolf form : Jacob 's wolf form is that of a large russet brown wolf . He has equivalent abilities to his brothers . He is shown to be very intelligent in both reasoning and coordinating others . He is the largest and strongest wolf in the pack . Human form : In the first film , Jacob has a very skinny physique that undergoes major physical changes by the second film . Being a werewolf , Jacob develops a massive physique . He is able to lift heavy objects that no human is capable of picking up . For example , a dirt bike he easily picked up from his father 's truck . After becoming a wolf , he cuts off his long hair and gets the Quileute tattoo on his upper right arm . Personality and abilities ( edit ) Bella describes Jacob as a `` happy person '' who extends his happiness to the people around him . As Jacob 's character emerges in New Moon , he is shown to be cheery , passionate , and adventurous , but hot - headed . Jacob is also able to shape - shift at will into a giant wolf , and sometimes when angered he will involuntarily phase . His body temperature is warmer than a human 's body should be , reaching about 108.9 ° F ( 42.7 ° C ) , which allows him to withstand very cold weather . In human form , his body heals within seconds , he possesses superhuman strength and speed , has a high durability rate , sharp senses and free running abilities . In wolf form he can communicate with his wolf pack telepathically , has enhanced superhuman strength and speed and a substantial size increase . While in wolf form , his teeth can cut through the granite - hard bodies of a vampire with ease . Members of Quileute wolf - pack do age if they do not phase for a long time , which was pointed out when they were talking about the tribe 's history , as long as they phase from every now and again they do n't age with Jacob 's body physically grown to the equivalent of a 25 - year - old in Breaking Dawn but stopping after that . Jacob is the largest and strongest of the pack . Once they begin phasing , a Quileute shape - shifter may `` imprint '' - a method of finding one 's soulmate - on someone , and will act as whatever the imprintee wants or needs , whether it be an older brother , friend , protector , or lover . Jacob imprints on Edward and Bella 's newborn daughter , Renesmee in Breaking Dawn . While treating Jacob in Eclipse , Carlisle takes a blood sample and runs some tests on it . He discovers that he has 24 pairs of chromosomes , one more than a human . A distinction is made in Breaking Dawn between the old world Children of the Moon ( `` true werewolves '' ) and this shape - shifting Quileute tribe . The former are held to be a more ferocious and territorial type , with a transformative venomous bite and who involuntarily phase as do traditional werewolves on the full moon . The latter are implied as being blessed with the supernatural ability to shapeshift into other giant animals or `` spirits of nature '' . Film portrayal ( edit ) Taylor Lautner Taylor Lautner played the part of Jacob Black in the film adaptation of Twilight . Due to major physical changes in the character of Jacob between Twilight and New Moon , director Chris Weitz considered replacing Lautner in the sequel with an actor who could more accurately portray `` the new , larger Jacob Black . '' In an attempt to keep the role , Lautner stated , `` I have been working out . I 've been working out since the day we finished filming Twilight . I just weighed myself today ; I 've put on 19 pounds ... ( and ) I 'm guaranteeing Weitz 11 more ( pounds ) by filming . '' Lautner would continue to play the role of Jacob in New Moon , and all the subsequent films . He also did his own stunts . Team Jacob ( edit ) Many fans of the Twilight franchise , particularly teenagers , have debated whether Edward or Jacob is the better match for Bella . Both sides of the debate have coalesced around informal `` teams '' of followers , whether `` Team Jacob '' or `` Team Edward '' . In a poll done by Novel Novice Twilight and appearing on NNT News in 2008 , Team Jacob got 2,641 votes and Team Edward got 5,130 votes . A poll done by Top 7 with over 43,000 votes had Jacob trailing Edward by around 3,000 votes . Lautner portrayed a diehard Edward supporter in a December 12 , 2009 sketch lampooning Twilight fans on Saturday Night Live . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Moon Story '' . www.StephenieMeyer.com . Stepheniemeyer.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2005 ) . Twilight . Twilight series . Park Avenue , New York City : Little , Brown . p. 498 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 01584 - 4 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2006 ) . New Moon . Twilight series . Park Avenue , New York : Little , Brown . p. 563 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 16019 - 3 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2007 ) . Eclipse . Twilight series . Park Avenue , New York : Little , Brown . p. 629 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 16020 - 9 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2008 ) . Breaking Dawn . Twilight series . Park Avenue , New York : Little , Brown . p. 756 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 06792 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` ' Twilight ' to film one or two days in LaPush '' . www.peninsuladailynews.com. 2008 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) . `` ' New Moon ' Casting News : Michael Copon , Ben Barnes Push For Roles In ' Twilight ' Sequel '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 12 - 18 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Exclusive : Taylor Lautner Talks About His Campaign To Stay On ' New Moon ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Lautner to Reprise His Role as Jacob in New Moon '' ( Press release ) . Summit Entertainment . 2009 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Top Twilight Characters '' Archived 2011 - 07 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Top7 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Taylor Lautner On ' SNL ' Recap : Defending Taylor Swift , Joining Team Edward And More '' . Hollywood Crush , MTV . External links ( edit ) Twilight portal Fictional characters portal Stephenie Meyer Official Website Facebook.com : Jacob Black hide The Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer Books Twilight New Moon Eclipse Breaking Dawn Film series Twilight The Twilight Saga : New Moon The Twilight Saga : Eclipse The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 Part 2 Cast members Characters Bella Swan Edward Cullen Jacob Black Music Twilight `` Decode '' `` Spotlight '' New Moon `` Meet Me on the Equinox '' `` Possibility '' Eclipse `` Neutron Star Collision ( Love Is Forever ) '' `` Heavy in Your Arms '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 `` It Will Rain '' `` A Thousand Years '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 `` The Forgotten '' Spin - offs The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Midnight Sun ( unpublished ) Life and Death : Twilight Reimagined Comics Twilight : The Graphic Novel New Moon : The Graphic Novel Other The Twilight Saga : The Official Illustrated Guide Twilight fandom TwiCon Scene It ? Twilight Related articles Vampires Suck Breaking Wind Fifty Shades of Grey Gabriel 's Inferno Beautiful Bastard Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Black&oldid=848651077 '' Categories : Twilight series characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional characters from Washington ( state ) Fictional characters with accelerated healing Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional characters who can move at superhuman speeds Fictional Native American people Fictional mechanics Fictional lycanthropes Fictional vampire hunters Werewolves in written fiction Male characters in film Male characters in literature Teenage characters in film Teenage characters in literature Romance film characters Fictional werewolves Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 10 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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when does jacob find out he's a werewolf
[ "Jacob \"Jake\" Black is a character in the Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer. He is described as an attractive Native American of the Quileute tribe in La Push, near Forks, Washington. In the second book of the series (New Moon), he discovers that he can shapeshift into a wolf. For the majority of the series, Jacob competes with Edward Cullen for Bella Swan's love. In the films Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse, Breaking Dawn: Part 1, and Breaking Dawn: Part 2, Jacob is played by Taylor Lautner.\n" ]
[ "In the second book of the series (New Moon)" ]
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You Need Me, I Don't Need You
You Need Me , I Do n't Need You - wikipedia You Need Me , I Do n't Need You Jump to : navigation , search `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' Single by Ed Sheeran from the album + Released 26 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 26 ) Format 7 '' CD digital download Recorded 2010 ; Sticky Studios ; ( Surrey , England ) Dean Street Studios ; ( London , England ) Length 3 : 40 Label Warner Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Ed Sheeran Producer ( s ) Jake Gosling Charlie Hugall Ed Sheeran singles chronology `` Young Guns '' ( 2011 ) `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( 2011 ) `` Lego House '' ( 2011 ) `` Young Guns '' ( 2011 ) `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( 2011 ) `` Lego House '' ( 2011 ) Music video `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' on YouTube `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( or simply `` You Need Me '' ) is a song by English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran . It was released as the second single from his first studio album , + ( Pronounced `` Plus '' ) , and was released on 26 August 2011 in the United Kingdom . The track `` You Need Me '' was originally released on the You Need Me extended play in 2009 . The new version of `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' was re-recorded with a heavier beat , and peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart . It was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry for shipments exceeding 400,000 copies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Live performances 5 Music video 6 Track listing 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 Release history 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) During his headline set in the BBC Introducing tent at the Glastonbury Festival 2011 , Sheeran revealed that `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' would be his second single . The single was premiered on BBC Radio 1 as Zane Lowe 's `` Hottest Record In The World '' on 6 July 2011 . He performed the song live for the SBTV YouTube channel , in which he made an entire song , backing track included , in just 5 minutes using a guitar and loop pedal . This version included lyrics from Sheeran 's cousin -- rapper Alonestar ( Jethro Sheeran ) -- and reggae group LaidBlak , but the official single release in 2011 included just lyrics written by Ed Sheeran himself . On 27 July 2011 , Zane Lowe also made the Loadstar remix his `` Hottest Record In The World '' . Rizzle Kicks uploaded their remix of the song to YouTube on 14 August 2011 . The original verses were replaced with their own lyrics , while Sheeran sings the chorus . Composition ( edit ) According to the sheet music published by EMI Music Publishing , `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' is written in the key of E minor ; Sheeran 's vocals range from the note of D to G. Instrumentation is provided by guitar , piano and vocals . The song incorporates R&B sonority . Critical reception ( edit ) Writing for the Star - Ledger , Tris McCall described `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You as `` a frenetically strummed , wordy kiss - off , and the climax of + . '' Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave a 4 / 5 rating of song , stating : ' I sing , I write my own tune / And I write my own verse , hell / Do n't need another wordsmith to make the tune sell , ' he sing - speaks over an acoustic hip - hop beat complete with head - nodding guitar riff - marking a swift departure from the saccharine singer - songwriter sound of his heart - tugging debut . ' They say I 'm up and coming like I 'm f * * king in an elevator , ' he quips with steely conviction , prompting the response , ' We know you 're a real artiste now , but there 's no need to be cocky ! ' Live performances ( edit ) On 24 June 2011 , Sheeran performed the song at Glastonbury Festival 2011 on the BBC Introducing Stage as well as live at the iTunes Festival on 8 July 2011 and at the 2011 Reading and Leeds Festivals . Sheeran also performed the track at the BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards on 9 October 2011 at Wembley Arena . At Sheeran 's Brixton concert , on 21 January 2012 , his performance of the song concluded the gig and included appearances from Rizzle Kicks , Wretch 32 and Devlin , with the performance lasting over 15 minutes . However he has also played the song at various local concerts before making it as a mainstream artist , the very first performance is believed to be at a gig where Sheeran was supported by a band named We Ca n't Dance . On 21 April 2012 , Ed played the song live for the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago while touring with Snow Patrol for the Fallen Empires tour . On Sunday 25 June , he closed his set and the Glastonbury Festival 2017 with the song . Music video ( edit ) A music video to accompany the release of `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' was first released on YouTube on 19 July 2011 . The music video was directed by Shane Ramirez . It features signing actor Matthew Morgan . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download / CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' 3 : 40 2 . `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( Live Ustream Version ) 6 : 51 3 . `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( featuring Wretch 32 & Devlin ) 3 : 03 4 . `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( Loadstar Remix ) 5 : 01 5 . `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( Gemini Remix ) 4 : 30 Alternate CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' 3 : 40 2 . `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( featuring Wretch 32 & Devlin ) 3 : 03 3 . `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( Live Ustream Version ) 6 : 51 4 . `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( Loadstar Remix ) 5 : 01 5 . `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( Culprate Remix ) 4 : 02 7 '' vinyl No . Title Length 1 . `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' 3 : 40 2 . `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( Acoustic Version ) 4 : 18 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Vocals , lyrics , acoustic guitar , electric guitar , piano , bass guitar , percussion , beat - box -- Ed Sheeran Producer , programming -- Jake Gosling Producer , additional drums and percussion -- Charlie Hugall Bass guitar , acoustic guitar , electric guitar -- Chris Leonard Piano -- Tom Greenwood Drums -- Ben Scott Hollingsworth ( Ben Scott ) Mastering -- Christian Wright Label -- Warner Music Group Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 -- 12 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 74 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 8 Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 19 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 UK Indie ( Official Charts Company ) 19 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 106 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom 26 August 2011 7 '' CD digital download Warner United States 23 July 2013 Contemporary hit radio Atlantic Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The single `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' peaked at number nineteen on the independent releases chart for the week ending 4 June 2011 following downloading from the You Need Me extended play . Upon release through Warner Music Group in August 2011 , the single became ineligible for the respective chart . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` British single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Enter You Need Me , I Do n't Need You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ BBC Glastonbury Festival - 2011 - Ed Sheeran Jump up ^ BBC - Zane Lowe 's Hottest Records blog : Hottest Record - Ed Sheeran - You Need Me bbc.co.uk/ Jump up ^ `` SB.TV - Ed Sheeran - `` You Need Me , I Dont Need You '' - A64 `` . YouTube . 28 February 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Evolution of You Need Me I Do n't Need You - 28 / 7 / 11 '' . YouTube . 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Zane Lowe . `` Zane Lowe 's Hottest Records blog : Hottest Record - Ed Sheeran - You Need Me ( Loadstar Remix ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Rizzle Kicks . `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You - Rizzle Kicks remix '' . YouTube . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- You Need Me , I Do n't Need You Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes.com ( EMI Music Publishing ) . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McCall , Tris ( 28 July 2013 ) . `` Song of the Week : ' You Need Me , I Do n't Need You , ' Ed Sheeran '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Music -- Singles Review -- Ed Sheeran : ' You Need Me , I Do n't Need You ' . Digital Spy Jump up ^ `` BBC Glastonbury Festival - 2011 - Ed Sheeran '' . Bbc.co.uk. 26 June 2011 . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ed Sheeran - You Need Me , I Do n't Need You ( Official Video ) on YouTube . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report - Issue # 1147 '' ARIA Top 100 Singles . National Library of Australia . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Ed Sheeran . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 35 , 2011 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year 2011 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ You Need Me , I Do n't Need You ( Remixes ) - EP by Ed Sheeran iTunes Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : You Need Me I Dont Need You ( 2011 ) : 7 ' '' . hmv.com . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : You Need Me I Dont Need You ( 2011 ) : CDS '' . hmv.com . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 May 2014 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( Music Video ) on YouTube `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( Culprate Remix ) on YouTube `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( Loadstar Remix ) on YouTube `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( Gemini Remix ) on YouTube `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' ( Remix ft . Wretch 32 & Devlin ) on YouTube `` You Need Me '' ( True Tiger Remix ft . Dot Rotten & Scrufizzer ) ( Music Video ) on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Ed Sheeran songs Discography + `` The A Team '' `` Drunk '' `` Small Bump '' `` Lego House '' `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' `` Give Me Love '' `` The Parting Glass '' x `` One '' `` I 'm a Mess '' `` Sing '' `` Do n't '' `` Photograph '' `` Bloodstream '' `` Tenerife Sea '' `` The Man '' `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` Afire Love '' ÷ `` Eraser '' `` Castle on the Hill '' `` Dive '' `` Shape of You '' `` Perfect '' `` Galway Girl '' `` Happier '' `` New Man '' `` What Do I Know ? '' `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' `` Supermarket Flowers '' `` Nancy Mulligan '' Featured songs `` All About It '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` Dreamers '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Hush Little Baby '' `` If I Could '' `` Lay It All on Me '' `` Old School Love '' `` Reuf '' `` Teardrop '' `` Watchtower '' `` Young Guns '' Other songs `` All of the Stars '' `` Candle in the Wind '' `` I See Fire '' `` Make It Rain '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Need_Me,_I_Don%27t_Need_You&oldid=790017483 '' Categories : 2011 singles Ed Sheeran songs Songs written by Ed Sheeran UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles 2011 songs Warner Music Group singles Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Singlechart usages for Australiapandora Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UKindie Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2017 , at 02 : 14 . 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Saint Basil's Cathedral
Saint Basil 's cathedral - Wikipedia Saint Basil 's cathedral Jump to : navigation , search Cathedral of the Protection of Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat Собор Покрова Пресвятой Богородицы , что на Рву ( Russian ) Saint Basil 's Cathedral as viewed from Red Square Basic information Location Red Square , Moscow , Russia Geographic coordinates 55 ° 45 ′ 9 '' N 37 ° 37 ′ 23 '' E  /  55.75250 ° N 37.62306 ° E  / 55.75250 ; 37.62306 Coordinates : 55 ° 45 ′ 9 '' N 37 ° 37 ′ 23 '' E  /  55.75250 ° N 37.62306 ° E  / 55.75250 ; 37.62306 Affiliation Russian Orthodox Year consecrated 12 July 1561 ( 1561 - 07 - 12 ) Ecclesiastical or organizational status State Historical Museum with occasional church services since 1991 Status Active Heritage designation 1990 Website Cathedral of Vasily the Blessed State Historical Museum Architectural description Architect ( s ) Barma and Postnik Yakovlev Architectural type Church Groundbreaking 1555 ( 1555 ) Specifications Height ( max ) 47.5 metres ( 156 ft ) Dome ( s ) 10 Dome height ( inner ) ff Spire ( s ) UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name : Kremlin and Red Square , Moscow Type Cultural Criteria i , ii , iv , vi Designated 1990 Reference no . 545 State Party Russia Region Europe and North America Session 14th The Cathedral of Vasily the Blessed ( Russian : Собор Василия Блаженного , Sobor Vasiliya Blazhennogo ) , commonly known as Saint Basil 's Cathedral , is a church in Red Square in Moscow , Russia . The building , now a museum , is officially known as the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat ( Russian : Собор Покрова Пресвятой Богородицы , что на Рву , Sobor Pokrova Presvyatoy Bogoroditsy , chto na Rvu ) or Pokrovsky Cathedral ( Russian : Покровский собор ) . It was built from 1555 -- 1561 on orders from Ivan the Terrible and commemorates the capture of Kazan and Astrakhan . It was the city 's tallest building until the completion of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in 1600 . The original building , known as Trinity Church and later Trinity Cathedral , contained eight churches arranged around the ninth , central church of Intercession ; the tenth church was erected in 1588 over the grave of venerated local saint Vasily ( Basil ) . In the 16th and 17th centuries , the church , perceived as the earthly symbol of the Heavenly City , as happens to all churches in Byzantine Christianity , was popularly known as the `` Jerusalem '' and served as an allegory of the Jerusalem Temple in the annual Palm Sunday parade attended by the Patriarch of Moscow and the tsar . The building is shaped as a flame of a bonfire rising into the sky , a design that has no parallel in Russian architecture . Dmitry Shvidkovsky , in his book Russian Architecture and the West , states that `` it is like no other Russian building . Nothing similar can be found in the entire millennium of Byzantine tradition from the fifth to the fifteenth century ... a strangeness that astonishes by its unexpectedness , complexity and dazzling interleaving of the manifold details of its design . '' The cathedral foreshadowed the climax of Russian national architecture in the 17th century . As part of the program of state atheism , the church was confiscated from the Russian Orthodox community as part of the Soviet Union 's anti-theist campaigns and has operated as a division of the State Historical Museum since 1928 . It was completely secularized in 1929 and remains a federal property of the Russian Federation . The church has been part of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990 . It is not actually within the Kremlin , but often served as a visual metonym for Russia in western media throughout the Cold War . Contents ( hide ) 1 Construction under Ivan IV 2 Architectural style 3 Layout 4 Structure 5 Color 6 Development 6.1 1583 -- 1596 6.2 1680 -- 1683 6.3 1737 -- 1784 6.4 1800 -- 1848 6.5 1890 -- 1914 6.6 1918 -- 1941 6.7 1947 to present 7 Naming 8 Sacral and social role 8.1 Miraculous find 8.2 Allegory of Jerusalem 8.3 Urban hub 9 Replicas 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Construction under Ivan IV ( edit ) Red Square , early 17th - century . Fragment from Blaeu Atlas . The structure with three roof tents in foreground left is the originally detached belfry of the Trinity Church , not drawn to scale . Trinity Church stands behind it , slightly closer to the road starting at St. Frol 's ( later Saviour 's ) Gate of the Kremlin . The horseshoe - shaped object near the road in the foreground is Lobnoye Mesto . The site of the church had been , historically , a busy marketplace between the St. Frol 's ( later Saviour 's ) Gate of the Moscow Kremlin and the outlying posad . The centre of the marketplace was marked by the Trinity Church , built of the same white stone as the Kremlin of Dmitry Donskoy ( 1366 -- 68 ) and its cathedrals . Tsar Ivan IV marked every victory of the Russo - Kazan War by erecting a wooden memorial church next to the walls of Trinity Church ; by the end of his Astrakhan campaign , it was shrouded within a cluster of seven wooden churches . According to the report in Nikon 's Chronicle , in the autumn of 1554 Ivan ordered construction of the wooden Church of Intercession on the same site , `` on the moat '' . One year later , Ivan ordered construction of a new stone cathedral on the site of Trinity Church that would commemorate his campaigns . Dedication of a church to a military victory was `` a major innovation '' for Muscovy . The placement of the church outside of the Kremlin walls was a political statement in favor of posad commoners and against hereditary boyars . Contemporary commentators clearly identified the new building as Trinity Church , after its easternmost sanctuary ; the status of `` katholikon '' ( `` sobor '' , large assembly church ) has not been bestowed on it yet : On the Trinity on the Moat in Moscow . In the same year , through the will of czar and lord and grand prince Ivan began making the pledged church , as he promised for the capture of Kazan : Trinity and Intercession and seven sanctuaries , also called `` on the moat '' . And the builder was Barma with company . -- Piskaryov Chronicle , 1560 ( 7068 per Byzantine calendar ) The identity of the architect is unknown . Tradition held that the church was built by two architects , Barma and Postnik : the official Russian cultural heritage register lists `` Barma and Postnik Yakovlev '' . Researchers proposed that both names refer to the same person , Postnik Yakovlev or , alternatively , Ivan Yakovlevich Barma ( Varfolomey ) . Legend held that Ivan blinded the architect so that he could not re-create the masterpiece elsewhere , although the real Postnik Yakovlev remained active at least throughout the 1560s . There is evidence that construction involved stonemasons from Pskov and German lands . Architectural style ( edit ) A church in Kolomenskoye , a probable influence on the cathedral Because the church has no analogues , in preceding , contemporary , or later architecture of Muscovy and Byzantine cultural tradition in general ; the sources that inspired Barma and Postnik are disputed . Eugène Viollet - le - Duc rejected European roots for the cathedral ; according to him , its corbel arches were Byzantine , and ultimately Asian . A modern `` Asian '' hypothesis considers the cathedral a recreation of Qolşärif Mosque , which was destroyed by Russian troops after the siege of Kazan . Nineteenth - century Russian writers , starting with Ivan Zabelin , emphasized the influence of the vernacular wooden churches of the Russian North ; their motifs made their ways into masonry , particularly the votive churches that did not need to house substantial congregations . David Watkin also wrote of a blend of Russian and Byzantine roots , calling the cathedral `` the climax '' of Russian vernacular wooden architecture . The church combines the staggered layered design of the earliest ( 1505 -- 08 ) part of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower , the central tent of the Church of Ascension in Kolomenskoye ( 1530s ) , and the cylindric shape of the Church of Beheading of John the Baptist in Dyakovo ( 1547 ) , but the origin of these unique buildings is equally debated . The Church in Kolomenskoye , according to Sergei Podyapolsky , was built by Italian Petrok Maly , although mainstream history has not yet accepted his opinion . Andrey Batalov revised the year of completion of Dyakovo church from 1547 to the 1560s -- 70s , and noted that Trinity Church could have had no tangible predecessors at all . Front elevation drawing of the cathedral 's façade and overhead view of floor plan Dmitry Shvidkovsky suggested that the `` improbable '' shapes of the Intercession Church and the Church of Ascension in Kolomenskoye manifested an emerging national renaissance , blending earlier Muscovite elements with the influence of Italian Renaissance . A large group of Italian architects and craftsmen continuously worked in Moscow in 1474 -- 1539 , as well as Greek refugees that arrived in the city after the fall of Constantinople . These two groups , according to Shvidkovsky , helped Moscow rulers in forging the doctrine of Third Rome , which in turn promoted assimilation of contemporary Greek and Italian culture . Shvidkovsky noted the resemblance of the cathedral 's floorplan to Italian concepts by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger and Donato Bramante , but most likely Filarete 's Trattato di architettura . Other Russian researchers noted a resemblance to sketches by Leonardo da Vinci , although he could not have been known in Ivan 's Moscow . Nikolay Brunov recognized the influence of these prototypes but not their significance ; he suggested that in the mid-16th century Moscow already had local architects trained in Italian tradition , architectural drawing and perspective , and that this culture was lost during the Time of Troubles . Andrey Batalov wrote that judging by the number of novel elements introduced with Trinity Church , it was most likely built by German craftsmen . Batalov and Shvidkovsky noted that during Ivan 's reign , Germans and Englishmen replaced Italians , although German influence peaked later , during the reign of Mikhail Romanov . German influence is indirectly supported by the rusticated pilasters of the central church , a feature more common in contemporary Northern Europe than in Italy . The 1983 academic edition of Monuments of Architecture in Moscow takes the middle ground : the church is , most likely , a product of the complex interaction of distinct Russian traditions of wooden and stone architecture , with some elements borrowed from the works of Italians in Moscow . Specifically , the style of brickwork in the vaults is Italian . Layout ( edit ) Instead of following the original ad hoc layout ( seven churches around the central core ) , Ivan 's architects opted for a more symmetrical floor plan with eight side churches around the core , producing `` a thoroughly coherent , logical plan '' despite the erroneous latter `` notion of a structure devoid of restraint or reason '' influenced by the memory of Ivan 's irrational atrocities . The central core and the four larger churches placed on the four major compass points are octagonal ; the four diagonally placed smaller churches are cuboid , although their shape is barely visible through later additions . The larger churches stand on massive foundations , while the smaller ones were each placed on a raised platform , as if hovering above ground . Although the side churches are arranged in perfect symmetry , the cathedral as a whole is not . The larger central church was deliberately offset to the west from the geometric center of the side churches , to accommodate its larger apse on the eastern side . As a result of this subtle calculated asymmetry , viewing from the north and the south presents a complex multi-axial shape , while the western facade , facing the Kremlin , appears properly symmetrical and monolithic . The latter perception is reinforced by the fortress - style machicolation and corbeled cornice of the western Church of Entry into Jerusalem , mirroring the real fortifications of the Kremlin . Inside the composite church is a labyrinth of narrow vaulted corridors and vertical cylinders of the churches . The largest , central one , the Church of the Intercession , is 46 metres ( 151 ft ) tall internally but has a floor area of only 64 square metres ( 690 sq ft ) . Nevertheless , it is wider and airier than the church in Kolomenskoye with its exceptionally thick walls . The corridors functioned as internal parvises ; the western corridor , adorned with a unique flat caissoned ceiling , doubled as the narthex . The detached belfry of the original Trinity Church stood southwest or south of the main structure . Late 16th and early 17th century plans depict a simple structure with three roof tents , most likely covered with sheet metal . No buildings of this type survived to date , although it was then common and used in all of the pass - through towers of Skorodom . August von Meyerberg 's panorama ( 1661 ) presents a different building , with a cluster of small onion domes . Structure ( edit ) The small dome on the left marks the sanctuary of Basil the Blessed ( 1588 ) . The foundations , as was traditional in medieval Moscow , were built of white stone , while the churches themselves were built of red brick ( 28 by 14 by 8 cm ( 11.0 by 5.5 by 3.1 in ) ) , then a relatively new material ( the first attested brick building in Moscow , the new Kremlin Wall , was started in 1485 ) . Surveys of the structure show that the basement level is perfectly aligned , indicating use of professional drawing and measurement , but each subsequent level becomes less and less regular . Restorers who replaced parts of the brickwork in 1954 -- 55 discovered that the massive brick walls conceal an internal wooden frame running the entire height of the church . This frame , made of elaborately tied thin studs , was erected as a life - size spatial model of the future cathedral and was then gradually enclosed in solid masonry . The builders , fascinated by the flexibility of the new technology , used brick as a decorative medium both inside and outside , leaving as much brickwork open as possible ; when location required the use of stone walls , it was decorated with a brickwork pattern painted over stucco . A major novelty introduced by the church was the use of strictly `` architectural '' means of exterior decoration . Sculpture and sacred symbols employed by earlier Russian architecture are completely missing ; floral ornaments are a later addition . Instead , the church boasts a diversity of three - dimensional architectural elements executed in brick . Color ( edit ) The church acquired its present - day vivid colors in several stages from the 1680s to 1848 . Russian attitude towards color in the 17th century changed in favor of bright colors ; icon and mural art experienced an explosive growth in the number of available paints , dyes and their combinations . The original color scheme , missing these innovations , was far less challenging . It followed the depiction of the Heavenly City in the Book of Revelation : And he that sat was to look upon like a jasper and a sardine stone : and there was a rainbow round about the throne , in sight like unto an emerald . And round about the throne were four and twenty seats : and upon the seats , I saw four and twenty elders sitting , clothed in white raiment ; and they had on their heads crowns of gold . -- Revelation , 4 : 3 -- 4 : 4 ( KJV ) Color scheme of the cathedral seen by night . The 25 seats from the biblical reference are alluded to in the building 's structure , with the addition of eight small onion domes around the central tent , four around the western side church and four elsewhere . This arrangement survived through most of the 17th century . The walls of the church mixed bare red brickwork or painted imitation of bricks with white ornaments , in roughly equal proportion . The domes , covered with tin , were uniformly gilded , creating an overall bright but fairly traditional combination of white , red and golden colors . Moderate use of green and blue ceramic inserts provided a touch of rainbow as prescribed by the Bible . While historians agree on the color of the 16th - century domes , their shape is disputed . Boris Eding wrote that they most likely were of the same onion shape as the present - day domes . However , both Kolomenskoye and Dyakovo churches have flattened hemispherical domes , and the same type could have been used by Barma and Postnik . Development ( edit ) 1583 -- 1596 ( edit ) The original Trinity Church burnt down in 1583 and was refit by 1593 . The ninth sanctuary , dedicated to Basil Fool for Christ ( the 1460s -- 1552 ) , was added in 1588 next to the north - eastern sanctuary of the Three Patriarchs . Another local fool , Ivan the Blessed , was buried on the church grounds in 1589 ; a sanctuary in his memory was established in 1672 inside the south - eastern arcade . The vault of the Saint Basil Sanctuary serves as a reference point in evaluating the quality of Muscovite stonemasonry and engineering . As one of the first vaults of its type , it represents the average of engineering craft that peaked a decade later in the church of Trinity in Khoroshovo ( completed 1596 ) . The craft was lost in the Time of Troubles ; buildings of the first half of the 17th century lack the refinement of the late 16th century , compensating for poor construction skill with thicker walls and heavier vaults . 1680 -- 1683 ( edit ) Murals in the galleries The second , and most significant , round of refit and expansion took place in 1680 -- 83 . The nine churches themselves retained their appearance , but additions to the ground - floor arcade and the first - floor platform were so profound that Nikolay Brunov considered the rebuilt composite church a `` new '' building and an independent work that incorporated the `` old '' Trinity Church . What once was a group of nine independent churches on a common platform became a monolithic temple . The formerly opened ground - floor arcades were filled with brick walls ; the new space housed altars from thirteen former wooden churches erected on the site of Ivan 's executions in Red Square . Wooden shelters above the first - floor platform and stairs ( the cause of frequent fires ) were rebuilt in brick , creating the present - day wraparound galleries with tented roofs above the porches and vestibules . The old detached belfry was demolished ; its square basement was reused for a new belltower . The tall single tented roof of this belltower , built in the vernacular style of the reign of Alexis I , significantly changed the appearance of the cathedral , adding a strong asymmetrical counterweight to the church itself . The effect is most pronounced on the southern and eastern facades ( as viewed from Zaryadye ) , although the belltower is large enough to be seen from the west . The first ornamental murals in the cathedral appeared in the same period , starting with floral ornaments inside the new galleries ; the towers retained their original brickwork pattern . Finally , in 1683 the church was adorned with a tiled cornice , in yellow and blue colours , featuring a written history of the church in Old Slavic typeface . 1737 -- 1784 ( edit ) In 1737 the church was damaged by a massive fire and later restored by Ivan Michurin . The inscriptions made in 1683 were removed during the repairs of 1761 -- 84 . The church received its first figurative murals inside the churches ; all exterior and interior walls of the first two floors were covered with floral ornament . The belltower was connected with the church through a ground - floor annex ; the last remaining open arches of the former ground - floor arcade were filled during the same period , erasing the last hint of what was once an open platform carrying the nine churches of Ivan 's Jerusalem . 1800 -- 1848 ( edit ) Red Square before the great fire of 1812 ( Fedor Alekseev , 1802 ) Paintings of Red Square by Fedor Alekseev , made in 1800 -- 02 , show that by this time the church was enclosed in an apparently chaotic cluster of commercial buildings ; rows of shops `` transformed Red Square into an oblong and closed y , ard . '' In 1800 the space between the Kremlin wall and the church was still occupied by a moat that predated the church itself. , The moat was filled in preparation for the coronation of Alexander I in 1801 . , The French troops who occupied , Moscow in 1812 used the church for stables and looted anything worth taking . The church was spared by the Fire of Moscow ( 1812 ) that razed Kitai - gorod , and by the troops ' failure to blow it up according to Napoleon 's order . The interiors were repaired in 1813 and the exterior in 1816 . Instead of replacing missing ceramic tiles of the main tent , the Church preferred to simply cover it with a tin roof . The fate of the immediate environment of the church has been a subject of dispute between city planners since 1813 . Scotsman William Hastie proposed clearing the space around all sides of the church and all the way down to the Moskva River : the official commission led by Fyodor Rostopchin and Mikhail Tsitsianov agreed to clear only the space between the church and Lobnoye Mesto . Hastie 's plan could have radically transformed the city , but he lost to the opposition , whose plans were finally endorsed by Alexander I in December 1817 ( specific decision on clearing , the rubble around the church was issued in 1816 ) . Nevertheless , actual redevelopment by Joseph Bove resulted in clearing the rubble and creating Vasilyevskaya ( St. Basil 's ) Square between the church and Kremlin wall by shaving off the crest of the Kremlin Hill between the church and the Moskva River . Red Square was opened to the river , `` St. Basil thus crowned , the decapitated hillock . '' Bove built the stone terrace wall separating the church from the pavement of Moskvoretskaya Street ; the southern side of the terrace was completed in 1834 . Minor repairs continued until 1848 , when the domes acquired their present - day colours . 1890 -- 1914 ( edit ) Postcard , early 20th century Preservationist societies monitored the state of the church and called for a proper restoration throughout the 1880s and 1890s , but it was regularly delayed for lack of funds . The church did not have a congregation of its own and could only rely on donations raised through public campaigning ; national authorities in Saint Petersburg and local in Moscow denied financing from state and municipal budgets . In 1899 Nicholas II reluctantly admitted that this expense was necessary , but again all involved state and municipal offices , including the Holy Synod , denied financing . Restoration , headed by Andrey Pavlinov ( died in 1898 ) and Sergey Solovyov , dragged on from 1896 to 1909 ; in total , preservationists managed to raise around 100,000 roubles . Restoration began with replacing the roofing of the domes . Solovyov removed tin roofing of the main tent installed in the 1810s and found many original tiles missing and others discoloured ; after a protracted debate the whole set of tiles on the tented roof was replaced with new ones . Another dubious decision allowed use of standard bricks that were smaller than the original 16th - century ones . Restorators agreed that the paintwork of the 19th century must be replaced with a `` truthful recreation '' of historic patterns , but these had to be reconstructed and deduced based on medieval miniatures . In the end , Solovyov and his advisers set upon a combination of deep red with deep green that is retained to date . In 1908 the church received its first warm air heating system , which did not work well because of heat losses in long air ducts , and heated only the eastern and northern sanctuaries . In 1913 it was complemented with a pumped water heating system serving the rest of the church . 1918 -- 1941 ( edit ) During World War I , the church was headed by protoiereus Ioann Vostorgov , a nationalist preacher and one of the leaders of the Union of the Russian People . Vostorgov was arrested by Bolsheviks in 1918 on a pretext of `` embezzling '' nationalized church properties and was executed in 1919 . The church briefly enjoyed Vladimir Lenin 's `` personal interest '' ; in 1923 it became a public museum , though religious services continued until 1929 . Bolshevik planners entertained ideas of demolishing the church after Lenin 's funeral ( January 1924 ) . In the first half of the 1930s , the church became an obstacle for Joseph Stalin 's urbanist plans , carried out by Moscow party boss Lazar Kaganovich , `` the moving spirit behind the reconstruction of the capital '' . The conflict between preservationists , notably Pyotr Baranovsky , and the administration continued at least until 1936 and spawned urban legends of the `` Lazar , put it back '' ilk . Stalin 's master planner , architect Vladimir Semyonov , reputedly dared to `` grab Stalin 's elbow when the leader picked up a model of the church to see how Red Square would look without it '' and was replaced by pure functionary Sergey Chernyshov . In the autumn of 1933 , the church was struck from the heritage register . Baranovsky was summoned to perform a last - minute survey of the church slated for demolition , and was then arrested for his objections . While he served his term in the Gulag , attitudes changed and by 1937 even hard - line Bolshevik planners admitted that the church must be spared . In the spring of 1939 , the church was locked , probably because demolition was again on the agenda ; however , the 1941 publication of Dmitry Sukhov 's detailed book on the survey of the church in 1939 -- 40 speaks against this assumption . 1947 to present ( edit ) In the first years after World War II renovators restored the historical ground - floor arcades and pillars that supported the first - floor platform , cleared up vaulted and caissoned ceilings in the galleries , and removed `` unhistoric '' 19th - century oil paint murals inside the churches . Another round of repairs , led by Nikolay Sobolev in 1954 -- 55 , restored original paint imitating brickwork , and allowed restorators to actually dig inside old masonry , revealing the wooden frame inside it . In the 1960s , the tin roofing of the domes was replaced with copper . The last round of renovation was completed in September 2008 with the opening of the restored sanctuary of St. Alexander Svirsky . The building is still partly in use today as a museum but since 1991 is occasionally used for periodic services by the Russian Orthodox Church . Naming ( edit ) The building , originally known as `` Trinity Church '' , was consecrated on 12 July 1561 , and was subsequently elevated to the status of a sobor ( similar to an ecclesiastical basilica in the Catholic Church , but usually and incorrectly translated as `` cathedral '' ) . `` Trinity '' , according to tradition , refers to the easternmost sanctuary of Holy Trinity , while the central sanctuary of the church is dedicated to Intercession of Mary . Together with the westernmost sanctuary of Entry into Jerusalem , these sanctuaries form the main west - east axis ( Christ , Mary , Holy Trinity ) , while other sanctuaries are dedicated to individual saints . Sanctuaries of the cathedral Compass point Type Dedicated to Commemorates Central core Tented church Intercession of Most Holy Theotokos Beginning of the final assault of Kazan , 1 October 1552 West Column Entry of Christ into Jerusalem Triumph of the Muscovite troops North - west Groin vault Saint Gregory the Illuminator of Armenia Capture of Ars Tower of Kazan Kremlin , 30 September 1552 North Column Saint Martyrs Cyprian and Justinia ( since 1786 Saint Adrian and Natalia of Nicomedia ) Complete capture of Kazan Kremlin , 2 October 1552 North - east Groin vault Three Patriarchs of Alexandria ( since 1680 Saint John the Merciful ) Defeat of Yepancha 's cavalry on 30 August 1552 East Column Life - giving Holy Trinity Historical Trinity Church on the same site South - east Groin vault Saint Alexander Svirsky Defeat of Yepancha 's cavalry on 30 August 1552 South Column The icon of Saint Nicholas from the Velikaya River ( Nikola Velikoretsky ) Miraculous finding of itself South - west Groin vault Saint Barlaam of Khutyn Indecisive , probably commemorates Vasili III of Russia North - eastern annex ( 1588 ) Groin vault Basil the Blessed Grave of venerated local saint South - eastern annex ( 1672 ) Groin vault Laying the Veil ( since 1680 : Nativity of Theotokos , since 1916 : Saint John the Blessed of Moscow ) Grave of venerated local saint The name `` Intercession Church '' came into use later , coexisting with Trinity Church . From the end of the 16th century to the end of the 17th century the cathedral was also popularly called Jerusalem ( noun ) , in reference to its church of Entry into Jerusalem as well as to its sacral role in religious rituals . Finally , the name of Vasily ( Basil ) the Blessed , who died during construction and was buried on - site , was attached to the church in the beginning of the 17th century . Current Russian tradition accepts two coexisting names of the church : the `` Church of Intercession on the Moat '' ( full name : `` Church of Intercession of Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat '' ) , which is official , and the `` Temple of Basil the Blessed '' . When these names are listed together , ( as in ) , the latter name , being informal , is always mentioned second . The common Western translations `` Cathedral of Basil the Blessed '' and `` Saint Basil 's Cathedral '' incorrectly bestow the status of cathedral on the church of Basil , but are nevertheless widely used even in academic literature . Sacral and social role ( edit ) Trinity Cathedral under construction ( Apollinary Vasnetsov , 1902 ) Miraculous find ( edit ) On the day of consecration the church itself became part of Orthodox thaumaturgy . According to the legend , its `` missing '' ninth church ( precisely , sanctuary ) was `` miraculously found '' during a ceremony attended by Tsar Ivan IV , Metropolitan Makarius and divine intervention of Saint Tikhon . Piskaryov 's Chronist wrote in the second quarter of the 17th century : And the czar came to dedication of said church with tsaritsa Nastasia and with father Metropolitan Makarius and brought the icon of miraclemaker Nicholas that came from Vyatka . And they began to offer a prayer service and to make sanctified water . And the tsar touched the base with his own hands . And the builders saw that another sanctuary appeared , and told the tsar . And the tsar , and metropolitan , and all the clergy were surprised by the finding of another sanctuary . And the tsar ordered to dedicate it to Nicholas ... -- Piskaryov Chronicle , 1560 ( 7068 per Byzantine calendar ) Allegory of Jerusalem ( edit ) Palm Sunday procession ( Dutch print , 17th century ) . Construction of wraparound ground - floor arcades in the 1680s visually united the nine churches of the original cathedral into a single building . Earlier , the clergy and the public perceived it as nine distinct churches on a common base , a generalized allegory of the Orthodox Heavenly City similar to fantastic cities of medieval miniatures . At a distance , separate churches towering over their base resembled towers and churches of a distant citadel rising above the defensive wall . The abstract allegory was reinforced by real - life religious rituals where the church played the role of biblical Temple in Jerusalem : The capital city , Moscow , is split into three parts ; the first of them , called Kitai - gorod , is encircled with a solid thick wall . It contains an extraordinary beautiful church , all clad in shiny bright gems , called Jerusalem . It is the destination of an annual Palm Sunday walk , when the Grand Prince must lead a donkey carrying the Patriarch , from the Church of Virgin Mary to the church of Jerusalem which stands next to the citadel walls . Here is where the most illustrious princely , noble and merchant families live . Here is , also , the main muscovite marketplace : the trading square is built as a brick rectangle , with twenty lanes on each side where the merchants have their shops and cellars ... -- Peter Petreius , History of the Great Duchy of Moscow , 1620 Templum S. Trinitatis , etiam Hierusalem dicitur ; ad quo Palmarum fest Patriarcha asino insidens a Caesare introducitur . Temple of Holy Trinity , also called Jerusalem , to where the tsar leads the Patriarch , sitting on a donkey , on the Palm Holiday . -- Legend of Peter 's map of Moscow , 1597 , as reproduced in the Bleau Atlas The last donkey walk ( Russian : хождение на осляти ) took place in 1693 . Mikhail Kudryavtsev noted that all cross processions of the period began , as described by Petreius , from the Dormition Church , passed through St. Frol 's ( Saviour 's ) Gate and ended at Trinity Cathedral . For these processions the Kremlin itself became an open - air temple , properly oriented from its `` narthex '' ( Cathedral Square ) in the west , through the `` royal doors '' ( Saviour 's Gate ) , to the `` sanctuary '' ( Trinity Cathedral ) in the east . Urban hub ( edit ) Intercession Cathedral looms over the streets of Zaryadye ( Fedor Alekseev , 1802 ) . Tradition calls the Kremlin the center of Moscow , but the geometric center of the Garden Ring , first established as the Skorodom defensive wall in the 1590s , lies outside the Kremlin wall , coincident with the cathedral . Pyotr Goldenberg ( 1902 -- 71 ) , who popularized this notion in 1947 , still regarded the Kremlin as the starting seed of Moscow 's radial - concentric system , despite Alexander Chayanov 's earlier suggestion that the system was not strictly concentric at all . In the 1960s Gennady Mokeev ( born 1932 ) formulated a different concept of the historical growth of Moscow . According to Mokeev , medieval Moscow , constrained by the natural boundaries of the Moskva and Neglinnaya Rivers , grew primarily in a north - easterly direction into the posad of Kitai - gorod and beyond . The main road connecting the Kremlin to Kitai - gorod passed through St. Frol 's ( Saviour 's ) Gate and immediately afterward it fanned out into at least two radial streets ( present - day Ilyinka and Varvarka ) , forming the central market square . In the 14th century the city was largely contained within two balancing halves , Kremlin and Kitai - gorod , separated by a marketplace , but by the end of the century it extended further along the north - eastern axis . Two secondary hubs in the west and south spawned their own street networks , but their development lagged behind until the Time of Troubles . Tsar Ivan 's decision to build the church next to St. Frol 's Gate established the dominance of the eastern hub with a major vertical accent , and inserted a pivot point between the nearly equal Kremlin and Kitai - gorod , into the once amorphous marketplace . The cathedral was the main church of the posad , and at the same time it was perceived as a part of Kremlin thrust into posad , a personal messenger of the Tsar reaching the masses without mediation by the boyars and clergy . It was complemented by the nearby Lobnoye mesto , a rostrum for the Tsar 's public announcements first mentioned in chronicles in 1547 and rebuilt in stone in 1597 -- 98 . Conrad Bussow , describing the triumph of False Dmitriy I , wrote that on 3 June 1606 `` a few thousand men hastily assembled and followed the boyarin with ( the impostor 's ) letter through the whole Moscow to the main church they call Jerusalem that stands right next to Kremlin gates , raised him on Lobnoye Mesto , called out for the muscovites , read the letter and listened to the boyarin 's oral explanation . '' Replicas ( edit ) A scale model of Saint Basil 's Cathedral has been built in Jalainur of Inner Mongolia , near China 's border with Russia . The building houses a science museum . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Popova , Natalia ( 12 July 2011 ) . `` St. Basil 's : No Need to Invent Mysteries '' . Moscow , Russia : Ria Novosti . Archived from the original on 12 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of federally protected landmarks '' . Ministry of Culture . 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cathedral of the Protecting Veil of the Mother of God '' . www.SaintBasil.ru . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kremlin and Red Square , Moscow '' . Whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cathedral of the Protection of Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat '' . Moscow Patriarchy. 12 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Brunov , p. 39 ^ Jump up to : Komech , Pluzhnikov p. 402 Jump up ^ A concise English history of the evolution of the church 's names is provided in Shvidkovsky 2007 p. 126 Jump up ^ Brunov , p. 100 ^ Jump up to : Shvidkovsky 2007 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Shvidkovsky 2007 , p. 140 ^ Jump up to : `` Pokrovsky Cathedral ( in Russian ) '' ( in Russian ) . State Historical Museum , official site . Archived from the original on 16 February 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kremlin and Red Square , Moscow ( WHS card ) '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` St. Basil 's Cathedral '' . about.com guide . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kudryavtsev , p. 72 Jump up ^ Brunov , p. 41 Jump up ^ Russian : О Троице на Рву в Москве . Того же году повелением царя и государя и великого князя Ивана зачата делати церковь обетная , еже обещался во взятие Казанскоe : Троицу и Покров и семь приделов , еже именуются на Рву . А мастер был Барма со товарищи . -- Full annotated text in `` Piskaryov Chronicle , part 3 '' ( in Russian ) . Full Collection of Russian Chronicles. 1978 . , also cited by Kudryavtsev , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Shvidkovsky 2007 , p. 139 ^ Jump up to : Komech , Pluzhnikov p. 399 Jump up ^ Perrie , pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Watkin , p. 103 Jump up ^ James Stuart Bell ; Jeanette Gardner Littleton . A Cup Of Comfort For Devotional for Mothers . Adam 's media . p. 253 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Brad . Sacred Places Europe : 108 Destinations . CCC publishing . p. 155 . Jump up ^ List of federally protected buildings , cited above , names Postnik Yakovlev and Ivan Shiryay the builders of the new Kazan Kremlin , 1555 -- 1568 . Jump up ^ Brumfield , p. 94 ^ Jump up to : Buseva - Davydova , p. 89 ^ Jump up to : Komech , Pluzhnikov p. 400 Jump up ^ Cracraft , Rowland p. 95 Jump up ^ `` Sobor Vasilia Blazhennogo -- zaschifrovanny obraz pogibshey mecheti ( Собор Василия Блаженного -- зашифрованный образ погибшей мечети ) '' ( in Russian ) . RIA Novosti. 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Moffett et al. p. 162 Jump up ^ Watkin , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Brunov , pp. 71 , 73 , 75 Jump up ^ Batalov , p. 16 Jump up ^ Shvidkovsky 2007 , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : Shvidkovsky 2007 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Shvidkovsky 2007 , pp. 128 -- 129 Jump up ^ Brunov , p. 62 Jump up ^ Brunov , p. 44 Jump up ^ Brunov , p. 125 ^ Jump up to : Komech , Pluzhnikov p. 401 ^ Jump up to : Brumfield , p. 95 Jump up ^ Shvidkovsky 2007 , p. 128 : `` regular , not to say `` rationalist '' plan . '' Jump up ^ Brumfield , p. 96 Jump up ^ Brunov , p. 109 ^ Jump up to : Brumfield , p. 100 ^ Jump up to : Brunon , pp. 53 , 55 Jump up ^ Brunov , p. 114 Jump up ^ Brunov , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Komech , Pluzhnikov p. 389 ^ Jump up to : Kudryavtsev , p. 104 Jump up ^ Komech , Pluzhnikov p. 267 Jump up ^ Brunov , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Brunov , p. 47 ^ Jump up to : Komech , Pluzhnikov p. 49 ^ Jump up to : Shvidkovsky 2007 , p. 129 Jump up ^ Buseva - Davydova , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : Kudryavtsev , p. 74 Jump up ^ Kudryavtsev , pp. 72 , 74 Jump up ^ Brunov , pp. 65 , 67 Jump up ^ Brunov , p. 67 ^ Jump up to : Buseva - Davudova , p. 29 ^ Jump up to : Brunov , supplementary volume , p. 121 ^ Jump up to : Komech , Pluzhnikov p. 403 ^ Jump up to : Brunov , supplementary volume , p. 123 ^ Jump up to : Schenkov et al. , p. 70 Jump up ^ Schmidt , p. 146 Jump up ^ The moat , fed with waters of the Neglinnaya River , was built in 1508 -- 16 -- Komech , Pluzhnikov p. 268 Jump up ^ Schenkov et al. , p. 57 Jump up ^ Schenkov et al. , p. 72 ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , p. 130 ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , p. 1 , 32 Jump up ^ Schmidt , p. 129 ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , p. 149 Jump up ^ Schenkov et al. , pp. 181 -- 183 ^ Jump up to : Schenkov et al. , p. 396 ^ Jump up to : Schenkov et al. , p. 359 ^ Jump up to : Schenkov et al. , p. 361 Jump up ^ Schenkov et al. , p. 318 Jump up ^ Schenkov et al. , pp. 396 -- 397 ^ Jump up to : Schenkov et al. , p. 397 ^ Jump up to : Schenkov et al. , p. 473 Jump up ^ Colton , p. 111 Jump up ^ Colton , p. 220 Jump up ^ Akinsha et al. , p. 121 Jump up ^ Colton , p. 277 Jump up ^ Colton , p. 269 Jump up ^ `` St. Basil 's was returned to state list in the mid-1930s '' -- Colton , p. 269 Jump up ^ See , for instance , Arkady Mordvinov 's entry for the second phase of Narkomtiazhprom contest ( 1936 ) , with the church in place . Jump up ^ Colton , p. 837 Jump up ^ Pokrovsky sobor ( Покровский собор ) . Soviet Academy of Architecture. 1941 . Jump up ^ `` Pridel Hrama Vasilia Blazhennogo otkryvaetsa posle restavratsii ( Придел Храма Василия Блаженного открывается после реставрации ) '' ( in Russian ) . RIA Novosti. 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ A `` sobor '' in Orthodox tradition is any significant church that is prepared to and allowed by the Patriarch to host Divine Liturgy delivered by a bishop or a higher - level cleric . It is not necessarily the seat of a bishop ; seat of the bishop , strictly correlating to Catholic cathedral , is `` kafedralny sobor '' . Jump up ^ Brunov , p. 113 ^ Jump up to : Names ( patron saints ) of the sanctuaries start with the earliest known consecration , as in : Brunov , supplemental tables , pp. 6 -- 10 Jump up ^ Shortly before his death Grand Prince Vasily , father of Ivan , accepted tonsure of a monk under the name of Varlaam . Connection between this event and the Church of St. Varlaam has not been confirmed by hard evidence . Jump up ^ Komech , Pluzhnikov p. 398 Jump up ^ Russian : И прииде царь на оклад той церкви с царицею Настасиею и с отцем богомольцем Макарием митропалитом . И принесоша образы чюдотворныя многия Николу чюдотворца , кой прииде с Вятки . И стали молебны совершати и воду святити . И первое основание сам царь касается своима руками . И разсмотриша мастеры , что лишней престол обретеся , и сказаша царю . И царь и митропалит , и весь сунклит царьской во удивление прииде о том , что обретеся лишней престол . И поволи царь ту быти престолу Николину ... -- `` Piskaryov Chronicle , part 3 '' ( in Russian ) . Full Collection of Russian Chronicles. 1978 . Jump up ^ Shvidkovsky 2007 , p. 128 , provides a summary of studies of the ideology of the cathedral Jump up ^ The style of Grand Prince of Moscow , used by Petreius , has been in disuse for nearly seventy years , replaced by the style of Tsar . Jump up ^ Russian : Эта столица Москва разделяется на три части , первая из них называется Китай - город и обнесена толстой и крепкой стеной . В этой части города находится чрезвычайно красивой постройки церковь , крытая светлыми блестящими камнями и называемая Иерусалимом . К этой церкви ежегодно , в Вербное Воскресенье , великий князь должен водить осла , на котором из крепости едет патриарх , от церкви Девы Марии до церкви Иерусалима , стоящей перед крепостью . Тут же живут самые знатные княжеские , дворянские и купеческие семейства ... -- Petreius , pp. 159 -- 160 . Petreius visited Moscow in 1601 -- 1605 and described the city as it existed before the Time of Troubles . Jump up ^ Komech , Pluzhnikov , graphic supplement . Jump up ^ Bushkovitch , p. 181 ^ Jump up to : Kudryavtsev , p. 85 ^ Jump up to : Kudryavtsev , p. 11 Jump up ^ For a graphic introduction of L.M. Tverskoy 's concept of concentric Moscow ( 1950s ) , see Schmidt , p. 11 and related annotations . Jump up ^ A popular explanation of Mokeev 's theory , in Russian : Mokeev , G. Ya . ( September 1969 ) . `` Moskva -- pamyatnik drevnerusskogo gradostroitelstva ( Москва -- памятник древнерусского градостроительства ) '' . Nauka i Zhizn . Jump up ^ Kudryavtsev , p. 14 Jump up ^ Brunov , p. 31 ^ Jump up to : Kudryavtsev , p. 15 Jump up ^ Brunov , p. 37 Jump up ^ Brunov , p. 49 Jump up ^ Russian : ... спешно собралось несколько тысяч человек , проводили боярина с письмом через всю Москву до главной церкви , называемой Иерусалимом , что у самых кремлевских ворот , возвели его там на Лобное место , созвали жителей Москвы , огласили письмо Димитрия и выслушали устное обращение боярина -- Conrad Bussow ( 1961 ) . `` Chronicon Moscovitum ab a . 1584 AD ann. 1612 '' ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Hessler , Peter ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) , `` Invisible Bridges : Life Along the Chinese - Russian Border '' , The New Yorker References ( edit ) Batalov , Andrey ( 1998 ) . `` O datirovke tserkvi useknovenia glavy Ioanna Predtechi v Dyakovo ( О датировке церкви усекновения главы Иоанна Предтечи в Дьякове ) '' ( PDF ) . Materialy i issledovania . Muzei Moskovskogo Kremlya ( Материалы и исследования . Музеи Московского Кремля ) ( in Russian ) . XI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 July 2011 . Brumfield , William Craft ( 1997 ) . Landmarks of Russian Architecture : A Photographic Survey . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5699 - 537 - 9 . Brunov , N.I. ( 1988 ) . Hram Vasilia Blazhennogo v Moskve ( Храм Василия Блаженного в Москве . Покровский собор ) ( in Russian ) . Iskusstvo . Buseva - Davydova , I.L. ( 2008 ) . Kultura i iskusstvo v epohy peremen ( Культура и искусство в эпоху перемен ) ( in Russian ) . Indrik . ISBN 978 - 5 - 85759 - 439 - 1 . Bushkovitch , Paul ( 2001 ) . Peter the Great : the struggle for power , 1671 -- 1725 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80585 - 8 . Colton , Timothy J. ( 1998 ) . Moscow : Governing the Socialist Metropolis . Harvard University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 58749 - 6 . Cracraft , James ; Rowland , , Daniel Bruce ( 2003 ) . Architectures of Russian Identity : 1500 to the Present . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8828 - 3 . Komech , Alexei I. ; Pluzhnikov , V.I. , eds. ( 1982 ) . Pamyatniku arhitektury Moskvy . Kremlin , Kitai Gorod , tsentralnye ploschadi ( Памятники архитектуры Москвы . Кремль , Китай - город , центральные площади ) ( in Russian ) . Iskusstvo . Kudryavtsev , Mikhail ( 2008 ) . Moskva -- trety Rim ( Москва -- третий Рим ) ( in Russian ) . Troitsa . OCLC 291098358 . ( second edition ; first edition : 1991 ) Moffett , Marian ; Fazio , Michael ; Wodehouse , Lawrence ( 2003 ) . A world history of architecture . Boston : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 141751 - 8 . Perrie , Maureen ( 2002 ) . The Image of Ivan the Terrible in Russian Folklore . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89100 - 4 . Petreius , Peter ( 1997 ) . History of the Great Duchy of Moscow ( История о великом княжестве Московском ) ( in Russian ) . Rita Print , Moscow . ISBN 5 - 89486 - 001 - 6 . ( Original book written in 1615 and printed in Leipzig , in German language , in 1620 ; translated to Russian in 1847 by Mikhail Shemyakin ) . Shchenkov , Alexei S. ; Andrej Leonidovic , Batalov , eds. ( 2002 ) . Pamyatniki arhitektury v dorevolutsionnoy Rossii ( Памятники архитектуры в дореволюционной России ) ( in Russian ) . Moscow : Terra . ISBN 5 - 275 - 00664 - 0 . Schmidt , Albert J. ( 1989 ) . The architecture and planning of classical Moscow : a cultural history . DIANE Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87169 - 181 - 1 . Shvidkovsky , D.S. ( 2007 ) . Russian architecture and the West . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10912 - 2 . Watkin , David ( 2005 ) . History of Western architecture . Laurence King Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85669 - 459 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Eastern Christianity portal Moscow portal Russia portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Basil 's Cathedral . 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Star vs. the Forces of Evil
Star vs. the Forces of Evil - Wikipedia Star vs. the Forces of Evil Star vs. the Forces of Evil Genre Comedy Adventure Fantasy Created by Daron Nefcy Developed by Jordana Arkin Dave Wasson Creative director ( s ) Dominic Bisignano Voices of Eden Sher Adam McArthur Alan Tudyk Theme music composer Brad Breeck ( opening ) Daron Nefcy & Ego Plum ( ending ; seasons 1 & 2 ) Daron Nefcy & Brian H. Kim ( ending ; season 3 ) Opening theme `` I 'm from Another Dimension '' performed by Brad Breeck Ending theme `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil End Theme '' performed by Eden Sher ( uncredited - seasons 1 - 2 ) `` Shining Star '' performed by Agnes Shin ( season 3 - present ) Composer ( s ) Brian H. Kim Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 56 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Daron Nefcy Dave Wasson ( co-executive , season 1 ) Jordana Arkin ( co-executive , season 1 ) Producer ( s ) Aaron Hammersley ( supervising ) Dominic Bisignano ( supervising ) Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Disney Television Animation Release Original network Disney XD ( 2015 -- 2018 ) Disney Channel ( 2018 -- present ) Original release January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Star vs. the Forces of Evil is an American animated television series created by Daron Nefcy and developed by Jordana Arkin and Dave Wasson , which airs on Disney XD . The first Disney XD series created by a woman , and the third overall for Disney Television Animation ( following Pepper Ann and Doc McStuffins ) , it follows the adventures of Star Butterfly ( voiced by Eden Sher ) , the turbulent young heir to the royal throne in the dimension of Mewni , who is sent to Earth so she can complete her education and learn to be a worthy princess , and Marco Diaz ( Adam McArthur ) , a human teenager who becomes her roommate and best friend , as they live their daily lives , and go on adventures in other dimensions . Star vs. the Forces of Evil typically follows a format of two 11 - minutes long independent `` segments '' per episode , with individual writing and directing credits for each , although it occasionally opts for a single , 22 - minutes long story instead . The first episode aired on January 18 , 2015 on Disney Channel as a special preview , becoming the most - watched animated series debut in Disney XD 's history ; the first season subsequently officially premiered on Disney XD on March 30 , 2015 . The third season started on July 15 , 2017 and concluded on April 7 , 2018 . On February 28 , 2017 , the series was officially renewed for a fourth season . Nearly a year after the renewal , it was announced that the show would be moving to Disney Channel for its fourth season . Contents 1 Plot 2 Background and production 3 Promotion and release 3.1 International 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 Other media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil characters Star Butterfly is a magical princess from the dimension of Mewni , and the heir to the royal throne of the Butterfly Kingdom . As per tradition , she is given the family heirloom wand on her 14th birthday . After she accidentally sets fire to the family castle , her parents King and Queen Butterfly decide that a safer option is to send her to Earth as a foreign exchange student , so she can continue her magic training there . She befriends Marco Diaz and lives with his family while attending Echo Creek Academy . Going in a series of misadventures using `` dimensional scissors '' that can open portals , Star and Marco must deal with everyday school life while protecting Star 's wand from falling into the hands of Ludo , a villain from Mewni who commands a group of monsters . Besides also dealing with her ex-boyfriend Tom , in Season 3 , Star goes up against more serious villains like Toffee and Miss Heinous while uncovering the mystery behind her relative Eclipsa Butterfly . Background and production ( edit ) Nefcy said she originally created Star as a girl who wanted to be a magical girl like Sailor Moon , and Marco as a boy who was obsessed with Dragon Ball Z and karate ; they would be enemies instead of friends . In this earlier version , Star did not have any actual magical powers ; she instead would approach and solve problems primarily through the force of her determination alone . Nefcy began pitching the show when she was in her third year of college , when Cartoon Network was actively soliciting the creation of pilots for prospective new shows . Nefcy originally placed Star in the fourth grade , reflecting on a time in her own childhood when she held a self - described obsession with the animated series Sailor Moon . However , Nefcy later adjusted the character 's age to fourteen during the time she made her series proposition to Disney . An executive at that time made the suggestion for Star to have actual magical powers . Nefcy worked this concept into the show 's current iteration , along with the idea of different dimensions as show locations , the framing device of Star being a foreign exchange student , and the plot aspects relating to Star being a princess and the subsequent consequences of her royal birthright . Nefcy said that the overall concept has evolved over about six years . In addition to Sailor Moon and Dragon Ball Z , Nefcy has said that she had heavy influence in her youth from the animated Japanese shows Magic Knight Rayearth , Revolutionary Girl Utena and Unico , the last of which featured a pink unicorn . She also cited shows unrelated to Japanese animation such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer , and was influenced by independent comic series such as Scott Pilgrim and The Dungeon . With regards to the development of more strong female characters , Nefcy said that she `` looked at TV over the years and I have had to go to Japan when I was younger to find the cartoons that had the characters that I wanted to see . It was always a question of ' Well , why is n't that on TV in the U.S. ? ' '' One of the concepts she likes about the show is that it does n't make high school the most important experience for teenagers . She also likes that Star does her own thing instead of being concerned about fitting in . Nefcy did not want the gimmick about keeping the magic powers a secret from others as typical of magical girl shows , so she had the students already know about it and Marco 's parents as well . She also portrays Star as not really a superhero as she does not specifically go after super-villains except when they attack her , and that she does n't really save people . Nefcy said that the episodes balance comedy and drama : `` we really want our characters to feel like teenagers and have them going through the normal emotions that teenagers go through , but in this magical setting . '' Storyboarding and design are done in Los Angeles . In describing the process , Nefcy said that the show is storyboard - driven , with each episode mapped out by the storyboard artists . The storyboarders also do the writing , taking a two - page outline and turning it into a full script . A storyboard for 11 minutes would require about 2000 drawings to be done in a six - week period . After pre-production in the US , the first season animation was done at Mercury Filmworks in Ottawa , Canada . Mercury had also done Wander Over Yonder and the Mickey Mouse series . For the rest of first season , the animation was done in the Philippines . The second season was animated by Sugarcube and Rough Draft Studios , both located in South Korea . The theme song was done by Brad Breeck , who also did Gravity Falls ' opening theme ; Nefcy said : `` when we were listening to it we did n't know , because we just listened blind '' . Brian Kim was chosen among a group of about ten people as the show 's composer . Kim describes the music for each dimension as having a different sound and relating it to indie rock in Los Angeles . The show was initially scheduled to premiere on Disney Channel after being greenlighted in March 2013 , for a premiere in the Fall of 2014 , before being switched over to Disney XD . However , on February 23 , 2018 , it was announced that the show would be moving to Disney Channel for its fourth season . Promotion and release ( edit ) The show 's title sequence was promoted at Comic - Con 2014 six months prior to its scheduled broadcast premiere . As a result , the footage was uploaded by fans to YouTube who then started generating fan art and fan fiction . The first episode premiered on Disney Channel in January 2015 . The positive reaction on social media prompted Disney XD to order a second season of the series in February 2015 , six weeks ahead of its launch of the series on Disney XD in March . Disney sitcom actors Olivia Holt and Kelli Berglund participated in promoting the series the weeks before its Disney XD premiere , with Holt dressing up as Star . The second season premiered on July 11 , 2016 , The show 's third season was ordered ahead in March 2016 . It premiered on July 15 , 2017 with a two - hour long television movie entitled `` The Battle for Mewni '' and consisted of the first four episodes . A live chat featuring Star and Marco was aired on Disney XD on July 17 . The remaining third - season episodes starting airing on November 6 , 2017 . A fourth season was also ordered ahead of the third season premiere . International ( edit ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil premiered in Canada on the DHX - owned Disney XD on April 6 , 2015 , and was later moved to the Corus - owned Disney XD on December 1 . The series premiered on Disney XD channels in the United Kingdom and Ireland on April 16 , 2015 , in Australia on August 3 , and in the Middle East and Africa on October 5 . It also premiered on November 8 on Disney Channel in Southeast Asia . The series premiered on March 6 , 2016 , as Star Butterfly in French on Disney La Chaîne in Canada . The show premiered on November 2 on Disney XD in Italy , and on Disney Channel on November 2 , 2016 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes Season Segments Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 24 13 January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 41 22 July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 38 21 July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) April 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) Reception ( edit ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil has received positive reviews by critics . Kevin Johnson of The A.V. Club gave the pilot episode a B+ , saying that the show was something children could have a lot of fun with , noting how the show follows current trends in western animation `` towards large - eyed characters and quirky visual trends '' . Johnson stated that Star vs. the Forces of Evil `` excels on wild , silly , and clever set - pieces to bring the laughs and action '' , but expected that adult viewers wo n't get much out of it . Furthermore , the premiere of Star vs. the Forces of Evil became the most - watched animated series debut in Disney XD 's history . Following the end of the second season , Disney XD announced it had ordered a fourth season of the show , and that in 2016 , Star and another animated show Milo Murphy 's Law had reached over 100 million consumer views combined across its media platforms . In reviewing episodes from the first season , Marcy Cook of The Mary Sue described the show as a blend of others such as Invader Zim and a sanitized Ren & Stimpy , with great appeal to tween and teen girls as well some laugh out loud moments for adults . She said , `` ( I ) t 's really cool to see a girl who is into cuteness and rainbows also kick - ass and enjoy it '' . Cook was bothered by the short episodes that made the plot seem rushed or underdeveloped . Cook was bugged by Marco 's retconned personality from the pilot episode where he was a safety conscious kid to the series where he was a martial arts fight seeker . Caitlin Donovan of entertainment website Epicstream listed it among her top 10 animated series of 2015 . She found the first few episodes to be `` a little rough for me , like the show was trying too hard to be funny and weird '' , but that the show got better with character development and relationship building , with `` a really dramatic , high - tension finale to the first season '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The episode `` Party with a Pony '' was showcased in the Annecy International Animated Film Festival in June 2015 . Year Award Nominee Result Ref 2015 Annecy International Animated Film Festival TV Series For `` Party with a Pony '' Nominated 2016 Annie Awards Best Animated TV / Broadcast Production for Children 's Audience For `` Blood Moon Ball '' Nominated Other media ( edit ) A comic book series titled Deep Trouble was written by storyboarder Zach Marcus and illustrated by character designer Devin Taylor , both of whom are part of the Star crew . They have been released monthly by Joe Books starting in September 2016 . A Cinestory comic was also developed and released . The book Star and Marco 's Guide to Mastering Every Dimension , authored by Amber Benson and supervising producer Dominic Bisignano , was released on March 7 , 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Disney XD ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star vs. The Forces of Evil ' Renewed for Second Season by Disney XD Ahead of Series Premiere '' ( Press release ) . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 -- via TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Disney Tries Something New With ' Star Vs . The Forces of Evil ' : A Woman Creator '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Koontz , Robert ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Women In Animation Host ' Star vs. The Forces of Evil ' Panel '' . Disney Post . Disney . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Disney XD Sets Animated Ratings High with Premiere of ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' '' . Variety.com . Jump up ^ `` Calendar Disney XD Press '' . www.disneyabcpress.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Nordyke , Kimberly ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Disney XD Renews Al Yankovic 's ' Milo Murphy 's Law , ' Eden Sher 's ' Star vs. The Forces of Evil ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Channel Launching Toon Series ' Amphibia ' & ' The Owl House ' , Renews ' Star Vs . The Forces of Evil ' For Season 4 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Creator Daron Nefcy Guides Us Through Tonight 's Star - Studded Episode of Star Vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney Insider Blog . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , Kristen ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Interview : Daron Nefcy of Disney 's Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Nerdist . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Get a Little Weird and Wild with Daron Nefcy 's Star Vs . The Forces Of Evil on Disney XD '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Comic - Con Helped Create Fans for Disney XD 's Star vs. The Forces of Evil Six Months Before Its First Episode Airs - Jim Hill '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Jacquelyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Disney animator shares best and worst parts of her job '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daron Nefcy ( @ daronnefcy ) ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` @ chuck_kopsho nope , now it 's Sugarcube and RDK '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` - Recently I got the wonderful opportunity to visit ... '' daronnefcy.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brian H. Kim '' . brianhkim.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` We wanted the different dimensions to have a different `` sound . '' Echo Creek is very laid - back LA indie rock . # StarVsTheForcesOfEvil '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Channel Greenlights Animated Series About Magical Princess From Young Creator '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Disney XD Orders Season 2 Of ' Star Vs . The Forces of Evil ' Ahead Of Its Launch - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes with Olivia Holt - Star vs. the Forces of Evil - Disney Video '' . Disney Video . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Puppies - Star vs. the Forces of Evil - Disney Video '' . Disney Video . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClendon , Lamarco ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Stars to Guest on Disney XD 's ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryn Elise Sandberg ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney XD Orders Pair of Original Animated Series ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Star Vs . The Forces Of Evil TV Movie Coming This Summer '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daron Nefcy ( @ daronnefcy ) ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` I just want to be clear that the movie is the 1st 4 episodes of S3 played together . It will play like a movie but it is the premiere of S3 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vo0hnxp4RdI Jump up ^ This Season in Mewni ... Disney - ABC Television Group . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Star vs. the Forces of Evil TV Movie Coming This Summer '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Vs . The Forces Of Evil ' Debuts on April 6 '' . Animation World Network ( Press release ) . Toronto . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney XD '' . disneychannel.ca Buzz Blog . Corus Entertainment . November 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VGX / TV Holidays ( April 8 , 2015 ) . Disney XD UK Easter Continuity 2015 . YouTube . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ P , Chuck ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` New on Foxtel in August : 200 + shows including Texas Rising , Rogue and 7 Days In Hell '' . The Green Room . Foxtel . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Germishuys , Andrew ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Disney XD Programming Highlights For October 2015 '' . South African Movie Database . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Vs The Forces Of Evil Premiere '' . Disney Philippines . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Vs The Forces Of Evil Premiere '' . Disney Singapore . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Butterfly '' . La chaîne Disney . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marco e Star - Dal 7 Novembre '' ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Vs . The Forces Of Evil : `` Star Comes To Earth / Party With APony '' ( sic ) `` . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ `` You Should Give Star Vs The Forces of Evil a Try '' . themarysue.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Epicstream '' . epicstream.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ellen Wolff . `` Annecy Animation Festival hosts toon legends - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : CITIA . `` Annecy > Programme > Index '' . annecy.org . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Annie Award Winners - Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newsdesk , Laughing Place Disney ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` '' Star vs. The Forces of Evil '' Season 2 to Kick Off July 11 on Disney XD - LaughingPlace.com `` . laughingplace.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` - This is the 1st cover of the new Star original ... '' daronnefcy . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Disney ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Star vs. The Forces of Evil Cinestory Comic '' . Joe Books Inc . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ Benson , Amber ; Bisignano , Dominic ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil Star and Marco 's Guide to Mastering Every Dimension '' . Disney Press . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Disney XD Renews Al Yankovic 's ' Milo Murphy 's Law , ' Eden Sher 's ' Star vs. The Forces of Evil ' ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Star vs. the Forces of Evil Disney Press website Star vs. the Forces of Evil on IMDb Star Vs . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the creator of star vs the forces of evil
[ "Star vs. the Forces of Evil is an American animated television series created by Daron Nefcy and developed by Jordana Arkin and Dave Wasson, which airs on Disney XD.[1] The first Disney XD series created by a woman, and the third overall for Disney Television Animation (following Pepper Ann and Doc McStuffins), it follows the adventures of Star Butterfly (voiced by Eden Sher), the turbulent young heir to the royal throne in the dimension of Mewni, who is sent to Earth so she can complete her education and learn to be a worthy princess, and Marco Diaz (Adam McArthur), a human teenager who becomes her roommate and best friend, as they live their daily lives, and go on adventures in other dimensions.[2][3]\n" ]
[ "Daron Nefcy" ]
-3379744864835302640
Cry (Mandy Moore song)
Cry ( Mandy Moore song ) - wikipedia Cry ( Mandy Moore song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Cry '' Single by Mandy Moore from the album Mandy Moore and A Walk to Remember : Music From the Motion Picture B - side `` Someday We 'll Know '' ( with Jon Foreman ) Released November 4 , 2001 Format CD single Recorded 2000 Genre Pop Length 3 : 43 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) James Renald Producer ( s ) James Renald Peter Mokran Mandy Moore singles chronology `` Crush '' ( 2001 ) `` Cry '' ( 2001 ) `` Only Hope '' ( 2002 ) `` Crush '' ( 2001 ) `` Cry '' ( 2001 ) `` Only Hope '' ( 2002 ) `` Cry '' is a song by American recording artist Mandy Moore , released on November 4 , 2001 by Epic Records . It was written and produced by James Renald . Peter Mokran also helped produce the song . The song was released as the third single from her self - titled third album . The song achieved minor success in the United States but was a big hit in Asia , especially in the Philippines . `` Cry '' received positive reviews from music critics , and was one of the songs most adored by MTV at the time of its release . The lyrics of `` Cry '' focuses on a girl who thinks that love is insensitive . The musical structure of the song is created based on the melody of a guitar as a ballad . It was used as a soundtrack of the 2002 romantic drama A Walk to Remember , in which she starred alongside Shane West . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 2 Music video 3 Chart Performance 4 Format 5 References 6 External links Song information ( edit ) The song tells the story of a girl who thought her lover to be insensitive , until the day she first saw him cry . `` You were all by yourself , staring up at the dark gray sky , I was changed ... '' It was not a major hit in the U.S. until the release of Moore 's film A Walk to Remember but was an MTV favorite and did well overseas . Because the song was set to be released around the same time as the film and the two were remarkably similar in story line , Moore felt that `` Cry '' would be perfect to be included in the film 's soundtrack . The song is one of Moore 's favorites on the album . Moore stated in a Billboard interview that she carried around a copy of the song for over a year before she recorded it . `` It felt like my ace in the hole . It 's such a beautiful song on every level . I could n't wait to get into the studio and sing it . '' She added that James Renald , the writer and producer of the song , had to `` peel her out of the booth because she wanted to sing it over and over again . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Chris Applebaum and released in 2002 . The main premise of the video was centered around the conclusion of the movie A Walk to Remember . The home video was the summer that Moore and West 's characters spent together before she died . It showed Moore in Heaven and Shane West looking through a telescope at her . The movie featured the couple stargazing and Moore 's character Jamie Sullivan believed that when she would look through a telescope at the stars she can see into Heaven . Landon Carter ( West 's character ) looks through the telescope and can see a now passed Jamie in Heaven . As the video comes to a climax , there is an explosion and stars shoot from behind Moore . The video also shows West looking at random video clips of him and Moore . The video was not a huge success on MTV like her prior video `` Crush '' . The music video is included on A Walk to Remember DVD as an extra content . It was also included as a multi-media track on the 2003 special expanded edition of the film 's soundtrack . However , the song is not yet included in her Vevo channel . Chart performance ( edit ) Despite the success of the film and soundtrack , the single never entered the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States . However , the single was successful in Canada and Asia . The single also performed well in Germany , where a limited 6 - track maxi - CD was released . To date , `` Cry '' has sold 15,000 physical copies and 203,000 paid digital downloads according to Nielsen Soundscan . In Asia , the song was a major success in countries like Thailand and the Philippines , and was among the five biggest songs in Taiwan at the time . Format ( edit ) German / Austrian / Swiss CD single `` Cry '' ( Album Version ) - 3 : 43 `` Someday We 'll Know '' ( with Jon Foreman ) - 3 : 42 German maxi single ( limited edition ) - scarce release `` Cry '' ( Album Version ) - 3 : 43 `` Only Hope '' - 5 : 53 `` It 's Gonna Be Love '' - 3 : 53 `` Someday We 'll Know '' - 3 : 42 Promo CD single `` Cry '' ( Album Version ) - 3 : 43 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard.com - Ask Billboard '' . Billboard. 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com/Mandy-Moore-Cry/release/2541019 Jump up ^ http://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/pid/5419335/a/cry.htm Jump up ^ http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=208651 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Mandy Moore Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums So Real I Wanna Be with You Mandy Moore Coverage Wild Hope Amanda Leigh Compilation albums The Best of Mandy Moore Candy Singles `` So Real '' `` Candy '' `` Walk Me Home '' `` I Wanna Be with You '' `` Everything My Heart Desires '' `` In My Pocket '' `` Cry '' `` Crush '' `` Senses Working Overtime '' `` The Whole of the Moon '' `` Can We Still Be Friends '' `` I Feel the Earth Move '' `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters '' `` Drop the Pilot '' `` Moonshadow '' `` One Way or Another '' `` Anticipation '' `` Help Me '' `` Have a Little Faith in Me '' `` Only Hope '' `` Secret Love '' `` Extraordinary '' `` Nothing That You Are '' `` I Could Break Your Heart Any Day of the Week '' Other songs `` I See the Light '' `` Someday We 'll Know '' `` Stupid Cupid '' `` When Will My Life Begin ? '' `` I 've Got a Dream '' `` Singing to the Song of Life '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cry_(Mandy_Moore_song)&oldid=834322974 '' Categories : 2002 singles Mandy Moore songs Pop ballads Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum 2001 songs Songs written by James Renald Epic Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 02 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
meaning of the song cry by mandy moore
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The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)
The Twelve Days of Christmas ( song ) - wikipedia The Twelve Days of Christmas ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' Song Published c. 1780 Genre Christmas carol Composer ( s ) Traditional with additions by Frederic Austin `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' ( Roud 68 ) is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas ( the twelve days that make up the Christmas season , starting with Christmas Day ) . The song , published in England in 1780 without music as a chant or rhyme , is thought to be French in origin . `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 68 . The tunes of collected versions vary . The standard tune now associated with it is derived from a 1909 arrangement of a traditional folk melody by English composer Frederic Austin , who first introduced the now familiar prolongation of the verse `` five gold rings '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 1.1 Variations of the lyrics 1.1. 1 Scotland 1.1. 2 Faroe Islands 1.1. 3 France 2 Origins and meaning 2.1 Meanings of the gifts 3 Music 3.1 Standard melody 3.2 Earlier versions 4 Parodies and other versions 5 Christmas Price Index 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links Lyrics ( edit ) Anonymous broadside , Angus , Newcastle , 1774 -- 1825 `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' is a cumulative song , meaning that each verse is built on top of the previous verses . There are twelve verses , each describing a gift given by `` my true love '' on one of the twelve days of Christmas . There are many variations in the lyrics . The lyrics given here are from Frederic Austin 's 1909 publication that first established the current form of the carol . The first three verses run , in full , as follows : On the First day of Christmas my true love sent to me a Partridge in a Pear Tree . On the Second day of Christmas my true love sent to me Two Turtle Doves and a Partridge in a Pear Tree . On the Third day of Christmas my true love sent to me Three French Hens , Two Turtle Doves and a Partridge in a Pear Tree . Subsequent verses follow the same pattern , each adding one new gift and repeating all the earlier gifts so that each verse is one line longer than its predecessor : 4 Calling Birds 5 Gold Rings 6 Geese a-Laying 7 Swans a-Swimming 8 Maids a-Milking 9 Ladies Dancing 10 Lords a-Leaping 11 Pipers Piping 12 Drummers Drumming Variations of the lyrics ( edit ) Mirth without Mischief ( 1780 ) . London : Printed by J. Davenport , George 's Court The earliest known version of the lyrics was published in London under the title `` The Twelve Days of Christmas sung at King Pepin 's Ball '' , as part of a 1780 children 's book , Mirth without Mischief . Subsequent versions have shown considerable variation : In the earliest versions , the word on is not present at the beginning of each verse -- for example , the first verse begins simply `` The first day of Christmas '' . On was added in Austin 's 1909 version , and became very popular thereafter . In the early versions `` my true love sent '' me the gifts . However , a 20th - century variant has `` my true love gave to me '' ; this wording has become particularly common in North America . In one nineteenth century variant , the gifts come from `` my mother '' rather than `` my true love '' . Some variants have `` juniper tree '' or `` June apple tree '' rather than `` pear tree '' , presumably a mishearing of `` partridge in a pear tree . The 1780 version has `` four colly birds '' -- colly being a regional English expression for `` black '' ( the name of the collie dog breed may come from this word ) . This wording must have been opaque to many even in the 19th century : `` canary birds '' , `` colour 'd birds '' , `` curley birds '' , and `` corley birds '' are found in its place . Frederic Austin 's 1909 version , which introduced the now - standard melody , also altered the fourth day 's gift to four `` calling '' birds , and this variant has become the most popular , although `` colly '' is still found . The `` five gold rings '' may become `` five golden rings '' , especially in North America . In the standard melody , this change enables singers to fit one syllable per musical note . The gifts associated with the final four days are often reordered . For example , the pipers may be on the ninth day rather than the eleventh . For ease of comparison with Austin 's 1909 version given above : ( a ) differences in wording , ignoring capitalisation and punctuation , are indicated in italics ; ( b ) items that do not appear at all in Austin 's version are indicated in bold italics . Source Giver 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Mirth without Mischief , 1780 My true love sent to me Partridge in a pear - tree Turtle doves French hens Colly birds Gold rings Geese a laying Swans a swimming Maids a milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a leaping Angus , 1774 -- 1825 My true love sent to me Partridge in a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colly birds Gold rings Geese a laying Swans a swimming Maids a milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a leaping Halliwell , 1842 My mother sent to me Partridge in a pear - tree Turtle doves French hens Canary birds Gold rings Geese a laying Swans a swimming Ladies dancing Lords a leaping Ships a sailing Ladies spinning Bells ringing Rimbault , c. 1846 My mother sent to me Parteridge in a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Canary birds Gold rings Geese a laying Swans a swimming Ladies dancing Lords a leaping Ships a sailing Ladies spinning Bells ringing Halliwell , 1853 My true love sent to me Partridge in a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colly birds Gold rings Geese a laying Swans a swimming Maids a milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a leaping Salmon , 1855 My true love sent to me Partridge upon a pear - tree Turtle - doves French hens Collie birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a-leaping Husk , 1864 My true love sent to me Partridge in a pear - tree Turtle doves French hens Colley birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a-leaping Hughes , 1864 My true love sent to me Partridge and a pear tree Turtle - doves Fat hens Ducks quacking Hares running `` and so on '' -- -- -- -- -- -- Cliftonian , 1867 My true - love sent to me Partridge in a pear - tree Turtle - doves French hens Colley birds Gold rings Ducks a-laying Swans swimming Hares a-running Ladies dancing Lords a-leaping Badgers baiting Bells a-ringing Clark , 1875 My true love sent to me Partridge in a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colour 'd birds Gold rings Geese laying Swans swimming Maids milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords leaping Kittredge , 1877 ( 1917 ) My true love sent to me Some part of a juniper tree , And some part of a juniper tree French hens Turtle doves Colly birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming ( forgotten by the singer ) Lambs a-bleating Ladies dancing Lords a-leading Bells a-ringing Henderson , 1879 My true love sent to me Partridge upon a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Curley birds Gold rings Geese laying Swans swimming Maids milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping -- -- Barnes , 1882 My true love sent to me The sprig of a juniper tree Turtle doves French hens Coloured birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Hares a-running Bulls a-roaring Men a-mowing Dancers a-dancing Fiddlers a-fiddling Stokoe , 1888 My true love sent to me Partridge on a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colly birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a leaping Kidson , 1891 My true love sent to me Merry partridge on a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colley birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a leaping Scott , 1892 My true love brought to me Very pretty peacock upon a pear tree Turtle - doves French hens Corley birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Pipers playing Drummers drumming Lads a-louping Ladies dancing Cole , 1900 My true love sent to me Parteridge upon a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colly birds Gold rings Geese a laying Squabs a swimming Hounds a running Bears a beating Cocks a crowing Lords a leaping Ladies a dancing Sharp , 1905 My true Love sent to me Goldie ring , and the part of a June apple tree Turtle doves , and the part of a mistletoe bough French hens Colley birds Goldie rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Boys a-singing Ladies dancing Asses racing Bulls a-beating Bells a-ringing Austin , 1909 My true love sent to me Partridge in a Pear Tree Turtle Doves French Hens Calling Birds Gold Rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Ladies dancing Lords a-leaping Pipers piping Drummers drumming Swortzell , 1966 My true love gave to me Partridge in a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Collie birds Golden rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Pipers piping Drummers drumming Lords a-leaping Ladies dancing Scotland ( edit ) A similar cumulative verse from Scotland , `` The Yule Days '' , has been likened to `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' in the scholarly literature . It has thirteen days rather than twelve , and the number of gifts does not increase in the manner of `` The Twelve Days '' . Its final verse , as published in Chambers , Popular Rhymes , Fireside Stories , and Amusements of Scotland ( 1842 ) , runs as follows : The king sent his lady on the thirteenth Yule day , Three stalks o ' merry corn , Three maids a-merry dancing , Three hinds a-merry hunting , An Arabian baboon , Three swans a-merry swimming , Three ducks a-merry laying , A bull that was brown , Three goldspinks , Three starlings , A goose that was grey , Three plovers , Three partridges , A pippin go aye ; Wha learns my carol and carries it away ? `` Pippin go aye '' ( also spelled `` papingo - aye '' in later editions ) is a Scots word for peacock or parrot . Faroe Islands ( edit ) One of the two `` Twelve Days of Christmas '' Faroe stamps In the Faroe Islands , there is a comparable counting Christmas song . The gifts include : one feather , two geese , three sides of meat , four sheep , five cows , six oxen , seven dishes , eight ponies , nine banners , ten barrels , eleven goats , twelve men , thirteen hides , fourteen rounds of cheese and fifteen deer . These were illustrated in 1994 by local cartoonist Óli Petersen ( born 1936 ) on a series of two stamps issued by the Faroese Philatelic Office . France ( edit ) `` Les Douze Mois '' ( `` The Twelve Months '' ) ( also known as `` La Perdriole '' -- `` The Partridge '' ) is another similar cumulative verse from France that has been likened to The Twelve Days of Christmas . Its final verse , as published in de Coussemaker , Chants Populaires des Flamands de France ( 1856 ) , runs as follows : Le douzièm ' jour d'l'année , ( the twelfth day of the year ) Que me donn'rez vous ma mie ? ( what will you give me , my love ? ) Douze coqs chantants , ( twelve singing cockerels ) Onze plats d'argent , ( eleven silver dishes ) Dix pigeons blancs , ( ten white pigeons ) Neuf bœufs cornus , ( nine horned oxen ) Huit vaches mordants , ( eight biting cows ) Sept moulins à vent , ( seven windmills ) Six chiens courants , ( six running dogs ) Cinq lapins courant par terre , ( five rabbits running along the ground ) Quat ' canards volant en l'air , ( four ducks flying in the air ) Trois rameaux de bois , ( three wooden branches ) Deux tourterelles , ( two turtle doves ) Un ' perdrix sole , ( one lone partridge ) Qui va , qui vient , qui vole , ( who goes , who comes , who flies ) Qui vole dans les bois . ( who flies in the woods ) According to de Coussemaker , the song was recorded `` in the part of ( French ) Flanders that borders on the Pas de Calais '' . Origins and meaning ( edit ) The exact origins and the meaning of the song are unknown , but it is highly probable that it originated from a children 's memory and forfeit game . The twelve days in the song are the twelve days starting with Christmas Day , or in some traditions , the day after Christmas ( 26 December ) ( Boxing Day or St. Stephen 's Day , as being the feast day of St. Stephen Protomartyr ) , to the day before Epiphany , or the Feast of the Epiphany ( 6 January , or the Twelfth Day ) . Twelfth Night is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as `` the evening of the fifth of January , preceding Twelfth Day , the eve of the Epiphany , formerly the last day of the Christmas festivities and observed as a time of merrymaking . '' The best known English version was first printed in English in 1780 in a little book intended for children , Mirth without Mischief , as a Twelfth Night `` memories - and - forfeits '' game , in which a leader recited a verse , each of the players repeated the verse , the leader added another verse , and so on until one of the players made a mistake , with the player who erred having to pay a penalty , such as offering up a kiss or a sweet . Halliwell , writing in 1842 , stated that `` ( e ) ach child in succession repeats the gifts of the day , and forfeits for each mistake . '' Salmon , writing from Newcastle , claimed in 1855 that the song `` ( had ) been , up to within twenty years , extremely popular as a schoolboy 's Christmas chant '' . Husk , writing in 1864 , stated : This piece is found on broadsides printed at Newcastle at various periods during the last hundred and fifty years . On one of these sheets , nearly a century old , it is entitled `` An Old English Carol , '' but it can scarcely be said to fall within that description of composition , being rather fitted for use in playing the game of `` Forfeits , '' to which purpose it was commonly applied in the metropolis upwards of forty years since . The practice was for one person in the company to recite the first three lines ; a second , the four following ; and so on ; the person who failed in repeating her portion correctly being subjected to some trifling forfeit . Thomas Hughes , in a short story published in 1864 , described a fictional game of Forfeits involving the song : ( A ) cry for forfeits arose . So the party sat down round Mabel on benches brought out from under the table , and Mabel began , -- The first day of Christmas my true love sent to me a partridge and a pear - tree ; The second day of Christmas my true love sent to me two turtle - doves , a partridge , and a pear - tree ; The third day of Christmas my true love sent to me three fat hens , two turtle - doves , a partridge , and a pear - tree ; The fourth day of Christmas my true love sent to me four ducks quacking , three fat hens , two turtle - doves , a partridge , and a pear - tree ; The fifth day of Christmas my true love sent to me five hares running , four ducks quacking , three fat hens , two turtle - doves , a partridge , and a pear - tree . And so on . Each day was taken up and repeated all round ; and for every breakdown ( except by little Maggie , who struggled with desperately earnest round eyes to follow the rest correctly , but with very comical results ) , the player who made the slip was duly noted down by Mabel for a forfeit . Lady Gomme wrote in 1898 : `` The Twelve Days '' was a Christmas game . It was a customary thing in a friend 's house to play `` The Twelve Days , '' or `` My Lady 's Lap Dog , '' every Twelfth Day night . The party was usually a mixed gathering of juveniles and adults , mostly relatives , and before supper -- that is , before eating mince pies and twelfth cake -- this game and the cushion dance were played , and the forfeits consequent upon them always cried . The company were all seated round the room . The leader of the game commenced by saying the first line . ( ... ) The lines for the `` first day '' of Christmas was said by each of the company in turn ; then the first `` day '' was repeated , with the addition of the `` second '' by the leader , and then this was said all round the circle in turn . This was continued until the lines for the `` twelve days '' were said by every player . For every mistake a forfeit -- a small article belonging to the person -- had to be given up . These forfeits were afterwards `` cried '' in the usual way , and were not returned to the owner until they had been redeemed by the penalty inflicted being performed . `` Twelve days of Christmas '' was adapted from similar New Years ' or spring French carols , of which at least three are known , all featuring a partridge , perdriz or perdriole , as the first gift . The pear tree appears in only the English version , but this could also indicate a French origin . According to Iona and Peter Opie , the red - legged ( or French ) partridge perches in trees more frequently than the native common ( or grey ) partridge and was not successfully introduced into England until about 1770 . Cecil Sharp observed that `` from the constancy in English , French , and Languedoc versions of the ' merry little partridge , ' I suspect that ' pear - tree ' is really perdrix ( Old French pertriz ) carried into England '' ; and `` juniper tree '' in some English versions may have been `` joli perdrix , '' ( pretty partridge ) . Sharp also suggests the adjective `` French '' in `` three French hens '' , probably simply means `` foreign '' . In the northern counties of England , the song was often called the `` Ten Days of Christmas '' , as there were only ten gifts . It was also known in Somerset , Dorsetshire , and elsewhere in England . The kinds of gifts vary in a number of the versions , some of them becoming alliterative tongue - twisters . `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' was also widely popular in the United States and Canada . It is mentioned in the section on `` Chain Songs '' in Stith Thompson 's Motif - Index of Folk - Literature ( Indiana University Studies , Vol. 5 , 1935 ) , p. 416 . There is evidence pointing to the North of England , specifically the area around Newcastle upon Tyne , as the origin of the carol . Husk , in the 1864 excerpt quoted above , stated that the carol was `` found on broadsides printed at Newcastle at various periods during the last hundred and fifty years '' , i.e. from approximately 1714 . In addition , many of the nineteenth century citations come from the Newcastle area . Meanings of the gifts ( edit ) Illustration of `` five gold rings '' , from the first known publication of `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' ( 1780 ) According to The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes , `` Suggestions have been made that the gifts have significance , as representing the food or sport for each month of the year . Importance ( certainly has ) long been attached to the Twelve Days , when , for instance , the weather on each day was carefully observed to see what it would be in the corresponding month of the coming year . Nevertheless , whatever the ultimate origin of the chant , it seems probable ( that ) the lines that survive today both in England and France are merely an irreligious travesty . '' In 1979 , a Canadian hymnologist , Hugh D. McKellar , published an article , `` How to Decode the Twelve Days of Christmas '' in which he suggested that `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' lyrics were intended as a catechism song to help young Catholics learn their faith , at a time when practising Catholicism was criminalised in England ( 1558 until 1829 ) . Three years later in 1982 , Fr . Hal Stockert wrote an article ( subsequently posted on - line in 1995 ) in which he suggested a similar possible use of the twelve gifts as part of a catechism . The possibility that the twelve gifts were used as a catechism during English and Irish Catholic penal times was also hypothesized in this same time period ( 1987 and 1992 ) by Fr . James Gilhooley , chaplain of Mount Saint Mary College of Newburgh , New York . Snopes.com , a website reviewing urban legends , Internet rumours , e-mail forwards , and other stories of unknown or questionable origin , also concludes that the hypothesis of the twelve gifts of Christmas being a surreptitious catechism is incorrect . William S. Baring - Gould suggests that the presents sent on the first seven days were all birds -- the `` five gold rings '' were not actually gold rings , but refer to the five golden rings of the ringed pheasant . Others suggest the gold rings refer to `` five goldspinks '' -- a goldspink being an old name for a goldfinch ; or even canaries . However , the 1780 publication includes an illustration that clearly depicts the `` five gold rings '' as being jewellery . Music ( edit ) Standard melody ( edit ) Melody of `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' , from Austin 's 1909 arrangement The now - standard melody for the carol was published in 1909 by Novello & Co ... English composer Frederic Austin fitted the words to a traditional melody , to which he added his own two - bar motif for `` Five gold rings '' . Many of the decisions Austin made with regard to the lyrics subsequently became widespread : The initial `` on '' at the beginning of each verse . The use of `` calling birds '' , rather than `` colly birds '' , on the fourth day . The ordering of the final four verses . The time signature of this song is not constant , unlike most popular music . This irregular meter perhaps reflects the song 's folk origin . The introductory lines , such as `` On the twelfth day of Christmas , my true love gave to me '' , are made up of two 4 / 4 bars , while most of the lines naming gifts receive one 3 / 4 bar per gift with the exception of `` Five gold ( en ) rings , '' which receives two 4 / 4 bars , `` Two turtle doves '' getting a 4 / 4 bar with `` And a '' on its fourth beat and `` Partridge in a pear tree '' getting two 4 / 4 bars of music . In most versions , a 4 / 4 bar of music immediately follows `` Partridge in a pear tree . '' `` On the '' is found in that bar on the 4th ( pickup ) beat for the next verse . The successive bars of three for the gifts surrounded by bars of four give the song its hallmark `` hurried '' quality . Flourish on the words `` Five Gold Rings '' in the final verse of Austin 's 1909 arrangement of `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' The second to fourth verses ' melody is different from that of the fifth to twelfth verses . Before the fifth verse ( when `` five gold ( en ) rings '' is first sung ) , the melody , using solfege , is `` sol re mi fa re '' for the fourth to second items , and this same melody is thereafter sung for the twelfth to sixth items . However , the melody for `` four colly birds , three French hens , two turtle doves '' changes from this point , differing from the way these lines were sung in the opening four verses . In the final verse , Austin inserted a flourish on the words `` Five Gold Rings '' . This has not been copied by later versions , which simply repeat the melody from the earlier verses . Earlier versions ( edit ) In the 19th century , most sources for the lyrics do not include music , and those that do often include music different from what has become the standard melody . Cecil Sharp 's Folk Songs from Somerset ( 1905 ) contains two different melodies for the song , both distinct from the now - standard melody . Older Musical settings of `` Twelve Days of Christmas '' Musical setting from Edward Rimbault 's Nursery Rhymes , with the Tunes to which They Are Still Sung in the Nurseries of England ( c. 1846 ) . According to its preface , this book was `` the first attempt to preserve by notation the ancient melodies to which these ditties are commonly chanted '' . This melody for `` The Twelve Days '' was published in 1888 . It was `` collected by the late Mr. John Bell , of Gateshead , about eighty years ago '' ( i.e. around 1808 ) Play ( help info ) This melody was current in `` country villages in Wiltshire '' , according to an 1891 newspaper article . Parodies and other versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Members of the Navy Sea Chanters sing their comedy version of `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' on 4 December 2009 , at the Wallace Theater , Ft . Belvoir , Va . Bing Crosby and The Andrews Sisters recorded the traditional version of this song on 10 May 1949 for Decca Records . Burl Ives , backed by Percy Faith and his Orchestra and Chorus , recorded a traditional version of `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' in 1951 . The Ray Conniff Singers also recorded a traditional version in 1962 , appearing on the album We Wish You a Merry Christmas . Jasper Carrott performed `` Twelve Drinks of Christmas '' where he appears to be more inebriated with each successive verse . Perry Como recorded a traditional version of `` Twelve Days of Christmas '' in 1953 but varied the lyrics with `` 11 Lords a Leaping '' , `` 10 Ladies Dancing '' , and `` 9 Pipers Piping '' . It was musically supervised by Mitchell Ayres . Allan Sherman released two different versions of `` The Twelve Gifts of Christmas '' . Sherman wrote and performed his version of the classic Christmas carol on a 1963 TV special that was taped well in advance of the holiday . Warner Bros. Records rushed out a 45 RPM version in early December . Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1963 album Christmas with The Chipmunks , Vol. 2 . The illustrator Hilary Knight included A Firefly in a Fir Tree ( later rereleased independently with the subtitle A Carol for Mice ) in his 1963 Christmas Nutshell Library , a boxed set of four miniature holiday - themed books . In this rendition , the narrator is a mouse , with the various gifts reduced to mouse scale , such as `` nine nuts for nibbling '' and `` four holly berries . '' Frank Sinatra and his children , Frank Sinatra Jr. , Nancy Sinatra , and Tina Sinatra , included their own version of `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' on their 1968 album , The Sinatra Family Wish You a Merry Christmas . Fay McKay , an American musical comedian , is best known for `` The Twelve Daze of Christmas '' , a parody in which the gifts were replaced with various alcoholic drinks , resulting in her performance becoming increasingly inebriated over the course of the song . A radio play written by Brian Sibley , `` And Yet Another Partridge in a Pear Tree '' was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on Christmas Day 1977 . Starring Penelope Keith , it imagines the increasingly exasperated response of the recipient of the `` twelve days '' gifts . It was rebroadcast in 2011 . The Muppets and singer - songwriter John Denver performed `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' on the 1979 television special John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together . It was featured on the album of the same name . The song has been recorded by the Muppets five different times , featuring different Muppets in different roles each time . In 1975 , the Sesame Street characters recorded a version of this song , using different lyrics . The 12 things are : one delicious cookie ( Cookie Monster ) , two baby frogs ( Hardhead Henry Harris , Elmo in the 1995 version ) , three footballs ( Prairie Dawn ) , four wooly bears ( Grover ) , five argyle socks ( Bert ) , six rubber duckies ( Ernie ) , seven rusty trashcans ( Oscar the Grouch ) , eight counts a ' counting ( Count von Count ) , nine pounds of birdseed ( Big Bird ) , ten wind - up rabbits ( Smart Tina , later replaced by ten triangles Telly Monster ) , eleven broken buildings ( Herry Monster ) and `` Twelve ... I ca n't remember ! '' ( Mr. Snuffleupagus ) . A Māori / New Zealand version , titled `` A Pukeko in a Ponga Tree , '' written by Kingi Matutaera Ihaka , appeared as a picture book and cassette recording in 1981 . On the late - night sketch - comedy program Second City TV in 1982 , the Canadian - rustic characters Bob & Doug McKenzie ( Rick Moranis and Dave Thomas ) released a version on the SCTV spin - off album Great White North . Roger Whittaker recorded the traditional version with Angus ' format in 1984 . The Twelve Days of Christmas ( TV 1993 ) , an animated tale which aired on NBC , features the voices of Marcia Savella , Larry Kenney , Carter Cathcart , Donna Vivino and Phil Hartman . Walt Kelly did a number of takes on the carol in Pogo . In one of them , the various characters , in fantastic hats , bring the gifts to Miz Beaver . By the 11th day , she , having run out of room - and patience - , calls a halt to the proceedings and speaks to Mr. Miggle , the general store proprieter , about taking them all off her hands . Christian rock band Relient K released a recording of the song on their 2007 album Let It Snow , Baby ... Let It Reindeer . This version known for its slightly satirical refrain : `` What 's a partridge ? What 's a pear tree ? I do n't know , so please do n't ask me . But I can bet those are terrible gifts to get . '' A program hosted by Tom Arnold , The 12 Days of Redneck Christmas , which takes a look at Christmas traditions , premiered on CMT in 2008 . The theme music is `` The Twelve Days of Christmas . '' Polkadot Cadaver did a satiric version of the song on their album From Bethlehem to Oblivion . Shannon Chan - Kent , as her character of Pinkie Pie from My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic , sings her own version of the song on the album My Little Pony : It 's a Pony Kind of Christmas . Irish actor Frank Kelly recorded `` Christmas Countdown '' in 1982 in which a man named Gobnait O'Lunacy receives 12 different Christmas gifts from a lady named Nuala . As each gift is received , the man gets increasingly upset with the person who sent them . This version charted in both Ireland ( where it reached number 8 in 1982 ) and the UK ( entering the UK chart in December 1983 and reaching number 26 ) A special Creature Comforts orchestral arrangement of `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' was made by British animator Nick Park and Aardman Animations . Featuring different animals discussing or trying to remember the lyrics of the song , it was released on Christmas Day 2005 . New Orleans band Benny Grunch and the Bunch perform a `` locals - humor take '' on the song , titled `` The Twelve Yats of Christmas . '' The carol is the main plot device in Ellery Queen 's , The Finishing Stroke . The video game Starcraft : Broodwar released a new map named `` Twelve Days of Starcraft '' with the song which was adopted a new lyric by Blizzard on 23 December 1999 . In 2013 , CarbotAnimations created a new web animation , `` StarCrafts Christmas Special 2013 the Twelve Days of StarCrafts '' , with the song which was played in the map `` Twelve Days of Starcraft '' . Jimmy Buffet released a Parrothead version . Canadian impressionist Steve Ivings released a version in 1979 , done in his voice impersonations of celebrities such as Dean Martin , Peter Falk , Marlon Brando , Walter Cronkite , Richard Burton , Liberace and Paul Lynde . Christmas Price Index ( edit ) Main article : Christmas Price Index Since 1984 , the cumulative costs of the items mentioned in the song have been used as a tongue - in - cheek economic indicator . Assuming the gifts are repeated in full in each round of the song , then a total of 364 items are delivered by the twelfth day . This custom began with and is maintained by PNC Bank . Two pricing charts are created , referred to as the Christmas Price Index and The True Cost of Christmas . The former is an index of the current costs of one set of each of the gifts given by the True Love to the singer of the song `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' . The latter is the cumulative cost of all the gifts with the repetitions listed in the song . The people mentioned in the song are hired , not purchased . The total costs of all goods and services for the 2015 Christmas Price Index is US $34,130.99 , or $155,407.18 for all 364 items . The original 1984 cost was $12,623.10 . The index has been criticised for not accurately reflecting the true cost of the gifts featured in the Christmas carol . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Truscott , Jeffrey A. ( 2011 ) . Worship . Armour Publishing . p. 103 . ISBN 9789814305419 . As with the Easter cycle , churches today celebrate the Christmas cycle in different ways . Practically all Protestants observe Christmas itself , with services on 25 December or the evening before . Anglicans , Lutherans and other churches that use the ecumenical Revised Common Lectionary will likely observe the four Sundays of Advent , maintaining the ancient emphasis on the eschatological ( First Sunday ) , ascetic ( Second and Third Sundays ) , and scriptural / historical ( Fourth Sunday ) . Besides Christmas Eve / Day , they will observe a 12 - day season of Christmas from 25 December to 5 January . Jump up ^ Scott , Brian ( 2015 ) . But Do You Recall ? 25 Days of Christmas Carols and the Stories Behind Them . p. 114 . Called Christmastide or Twelvetide , this twelve - day version began on December 25 , Christmas Day , and lasted until the evening of January 5 . During Twelvetide , other feast days are celebrated . ^ Jump up to : P. Opie and I. Opie ( eds ) , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes , ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1951 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 869111 - 4 , pp. 122 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Austin ( 1909 ) Jump up ^ `` h2g2 -- Three French Hens -- A212248 '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Anonymous ( 1780 ) . Mirth without Mischief . London : Printed by J. Davenport , George 's Court , for C. Sheppard , no . 8 , Aylesbury Street , Clerkenwell . pp. 5 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : For example , Swortzell , Lowell ( 1966 ) . A Partridge in a Pear Tree : A Comedy in One Act . New York : Samuel French . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 573 - 66311 - 4 . Jump up ^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/colly , http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/collie ^ Jump up to : `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' . Active Bible Church of God , Chicago ( Hyde Park ) , Illinois . Archived from the original on 17 August 2012 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Annotations reprinted from 4000 Years of Christmas by Earl W. Count ( New York : Henry Schuman , 1948 ) Jump up ^ `` Gold keeps the ' Twelve Days of Christmas ' cost a-leaping '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( n.d. ) . The Twelve Days of Christmas . Newcastle : Angus . ^ Jump up to : Halliwell , James Orchard ( 1842 ) . The Nursery Rhymes of England . London : Richards . pp. 127 -- 128 . ^ Jump up to : Rimbault , Edward F. ( c. 1846 ) . Nursery Rhymes , with the Tunes to Which They Are Still Sung in the Nurseries of England . London : Cramer , Beale & Co. pp. 52 -- 53 ... For the date of 1846 , see this catalogue from the Bodleian Library ( p. 112 ) Jump up ^ Halliwell , James Orchard ( 1853 ) . The Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Tales of England ( Fifth ed . ) . London : Frederick Warne and Co. pp. 73 -- 74 . ^ Jump up to : Salmon , Robert S. ( 29 December 1855 ) . `` Christmas Jingle '' . Notes and Queries . London : George Bell . xii : 506 -- 507 . Jump up ^ Husk ( 1864 ) , pp. 181 -- 185 ^ Jump up to : Thomas Hughes , `` The Ashen Fagot '' , in Household Friends for Every Season . Boston , MA : Ticknor and Fields. 1864 . p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` An Antiquarian '' ( 1867 ) . The Cliftonian ( December 1867 ) . Clifton , Bristol : J. Baker . pp. 145 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Clark , Georgiana C. ( c. 1875 ) . Jolly Games for Happy Homes . London : Dean & Son . pp. 238 -- 242 . Jump up ^ `` Taken down by G.L. Kittredge , Dec. 30 , 1877 , from the singing of Mrs Sarah G. Lewis of Barnstaple , Mass . ( born in Boston , 1799 ) . Mrs. Lewis learned the song when a young girl from her grandmother , Mrs. Sarah Gorham '' . Reported in Kittredge ( 1917 ) ^ Jump up to : Henderson , William ( 1879 ) . Notes on the Folk - lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders . London : Satchell , Peyton and Co. p. 71 . Jump up ^ Barnes , W. ( 9 February 1882 ) . `` Dorset Folk - lore and Antiquities '' . Dorset County Chronicle and Somersetshire Gazette : 15 . ^ Jump up to : Stokoe , John ( January 1888 ) . `` The North - Country Garland of Song '' . The Monthly Chronicle of North - country Lore and Legend . Newcastle - upon - Tyne : Walter Scott : 41 -- 42 . ^ Jump up to : Kidson , Frank ( 10 January 1891 ) . `` Old Songs and Airs : Melodies Once Popular in Yorkshire '' . Leeds Mercury Weekly Supplement : 5 . ^ Jump up to : Minto , W. , ed. ( 1892 ) . Autobiographical Notes on the Life of William Bell Scott , vol . i . London : James R. Osgood , McIlvaine & Co. pp. 186 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Cole , Pamela McArthur ( January -- March 1900 ) . `` The Twelve Days of Christmas ; A Nursery Song '' . Journal of American Folk - Lore . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . xiii ( xlviii ) : 229 -- 230 . ; `` obtained from Miss Nichols ( Salem , Mass. , about 1800 ) '' ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Cecil J. ; Marson , Charles L. ( 1905 ) . Folk Songs from Somerset ( Second Series ) . Taunton : Simpkin . pp. 52 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : Kittredge ( 1917 ) Jump up ^ ( Robert Chambers ) ( 1842 ) . Popular Rhymes , Fireside Stories , and Amusements , of Scotland . Edinburgh : William and Robert Chambers . pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Robert ( 1847 ) . Popular Rhymes of Scotland ( third ed . ) . Edinburgh : W. and R. Chambers . pp. 198 -- 199 . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary of the Scots Languages '' . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Another Counting Song '' . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Postverk Føroya -- Philatelic Office Jump up ^ Ruth Rubin , Voices of a People : The Story of Yiddish Folksong , ISBN 0 - 252 - 06918 - 8 , p. 465 ^ Jump up to : de Coussemaker , E ( dmond ) ( 1856 ) . Chants Populaires des Flamands de France . Gand : Gyselynck . pp. 133 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Mark Lawson - Jones , Why was the Partridge in the Pear Tree ? : The History of Christmas Carols , 2011 , ISBN 0 - 7524 - 7750 - 1 Jump up ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary , 1993 edition . ^ Jump up to : `` The song `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' was created as a coded reference `` . Snopes.com. 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Husk ( 1864 ) , p. 181 Jump up ^ Gomme ( 1898 ) , p. 319 Jump up ^ Cecil J. Sharp , A.G. Gilchrist and Lucy E. Broadwood , `` Forfeit Songs ; Cumulative Songs ; Songs of Marvels and of Magical Animals , '' Journal of the Folk - Song Society , Vol. 5 , No. 20 ( November 1916 ) , pp. 280 . Jump up ^ Another suggestion is that an old English drinking song may have furnished the idea for the first gift . William B. Sandys refers to it as a `` convivial glee introduced a few years since , ' A Pie ( i.e. , a magpie ) sat on a Pear Tree , ' where one drinks while the others sing , '' William Sandys , Festive Songs ' -- - 16th and I7th Centuries ( Percy Society Publications , Vol. 23 , 1847 ) , p. 74 . The image of the bird in the pear tree also appears in lines from a children 's counting rhyme an old Mother Goose . A pye sate on a pear tree , Heigh O ! Once so merrily hopp 'd she ; Heigh O ! Twice so merrily , etc . Thrice so , etc . See Leah Rachel Clara Yoffie , `` Songs of the ' Twelve Numbers ' and the Hebrew Chant of ' Echod mi Yodea ' '' , The Journal of American Folklore , Vol. 62 , No. 246 ( October -- December 1949 ) , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Yoffee , `` Songs of the Twelve Numbers '' , 1949 , p. 400 . Jump up ^ McKellar , High D. ( October 1994 ) . `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' . The Hymn. 45 , 4 . In any case , really evocative symbols do not allow of ( sic ) definitive explication , exhausting all possibilities . I can at most report what this song 's symbols have suggested to me in the course of four decades , hoping thereby to start you on your own quest . Jump up ^ Emery , David ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' . About.com . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Richert , Scott ( 13 July 2013 ) . `` What Are the Twelve Days of Christmas ? Myths and Reality '' . About.com . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Despite Father Stockert 's own acknowledgment of his mistake , years later Catholics in the United States ( in particular ) continue to spread this urban legend every Christmas season . Jump up ^ Gilhooley , ( Rev . ) James ( 28 December 1987 ) . `` Letter to the Editor : True Love Revealed '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Fr . James Gilhooley , `` Those Wily Jesuits : If you think ' The Twelve Days of Christmas'is just a song , think again , '' Our Sunday Visitor , v. 81 , no . 34 ( 20 December 1992 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ W.S. Baring - Gould and C. Baring - Gould , The Annotated Mother Goose ( Bramhall House , ( 1958 ) 1962 ) , ISBN 0 - 517 - 02959 - 6 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Aled Jones , Songs of Praise , BBC , 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ There is a version of `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' that is still sung in Sussex in which the four calling birds are replaced by canaries . See Pape , Gordon , and Deborah Kerbel . Quizmas Carols : Family Trivia Fun with Classic Christmas Songs . New York : A Plume Book , October 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28875 - 1 Jump up ^ The New Oxford Book of Carols Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Carol Treasury '' . The Hymns and Carols Of Christmas . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Library Of Australia '' . Catalogue.nla.gov.au . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Rimbault , op . cit . p. xv Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ DVD An Audience with ... Jasper Carrott Jump up ^ Liner notes from Allan Sherman : My Son , The Box ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Allan Sherman Discography '' . Povonline.com. 30 November 1924 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2011 . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 9780060231651 : Christmas Nutshell Library - AbeBooks - Hilary Knight : 0060231653 '' . AbeBooks . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A firefly in a fir tree : ( a carol for mice ) : Knight , Hilary : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sinatra Family Twelve Days of Christmas '' . Caroling Corner . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Obituary : `` R.I.P. FAY MCKAY '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal , 5 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ... and yet Another Partridge in a Pear Tree '' . Radio Times ( 2824 ) : 31 . 22 December 1977 . Jump up ^ Sibley , Brian . `` And Another Partridge in a Pear Tree '' . Brian Sibley : The Works . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` And Yet Another Partridge in a Pear TRee '' . BBC Radio 4 Extra . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) . Retrieved 24 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Pukeko in a Ponga Tree '' . Folksong.org.nz. 1 December 2000 . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Pukeko in a Ponga Tree '' . Maori - in - Oz . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ The Mad Music Archive . Retrieved 25 December 2008 . Jump up ^ dalty_smilth ( 3 December 1993 ) . `` The Twelve Days of Christmas ( TV Movie 1993 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Let It Snow , Baby ... Let It Reindeer '' . iTunes . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ CMT.com : Shows : The 12 Days of Redneck Christmas . Retrieved 25 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Pony Kind of Christmas '' . iTunes . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ UK Official Chart site Jump up ^ Irish chart site . Archived 3 June 2009 at WebCite Type Frank Kelly in the search box to retrieve the data Jump up ^ ' Creature Comforts ' : A Very Human Animal Kingdom - The Washington Post ; October 20 , 2006 Jump up ^ Catching Up With Benny Grunch , New Orleans Magazine , December 2013 Jump up ^ 12 Yats of Christmas , YouTube , Uploaded on 24 December 2007 Jump up ^ SCC : Map Archives , 23 December 1999 Jump up ^ StarCrafts Christmas Special 2013 the Twelve Days of StarCrafts , YouTube , Uploaded on 14 December 2013 Jump up ^ http://www.metrolyrics.com/the-twelve-days-of-christmas-parrothead-version-lyrics-jimmy-buffett.html Jump up ^ The 12 Days of Christmas Eddie 's Math and Calculator . Accessed December 2013 Jump up ^ Spinner , Jackie ( 20 December 2007 ) . `` Two Turtledoves , My Love '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Olson , Elizabeth ( 25 December 2003 ) . `` The ' 12 Days ' Index Shows a Record Increase '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 PNC Christmas Price Index '' . PNC Financial Services . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 PNC Christmas Price Index '' . PNC Financial Services . 5 December 2015 . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Kathy ; Sugar , Marcy ( 25 December 2014 ) . `` The 12 Days of Christmas Adjusted for Inflation '' . Creators Syndicate . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 12 Days of Christmas -- a lesson in how a complex appraisal can go astray '' . Fulcrum.com . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Austin , Frederic , ( arr . ) The Twelve Days of Christmas ( Traditional Song ) , London : Novello , 1909 . Gomme , Alice Bertha ( 1898 ) . The Traditional Games of England , Scotland , and Ireland . ii . London : David Nutt . pp. 315 -- 321 . Eckenstein , Lina . Comparative Studies in Nursery Rhymes . Chapter XII , `` Chants of Numbers '' ( London : Duckworth , 1906 ) , pp. 61 -- 65 . Husk , William Henry ( ed . ) Songs of the Nativity , London : John Camden Hotten , 1864 . Kittredge , G.L. ( July -- September 1917 ) . `` Ballads and Songs '' . The Journal of American Folk - Lore . Lancaster , PA : American Folk - Lore Society . xxx ( cxvii ) : 365 -- 367 . Sharp , Cecil J. , A.G. Gilchrist and Lucy E. Broadwood . `` Forfeit Songs ; Cumulative Songs ; Songs of Marvels and of Magical Animals '' . Journal of the Folk - Song Society , Vol. 5 , No. 20 ( November 1916 ) , pp. 277 -- 296 . Yoffie , Leah Rachel Clara . `` ' Songs of the ' Twelve Numbers ' and the Hebrew Chant of ' Echod mi Yodea ' '' . The Journal of American Folklore , Vol. 62 , No. 246 ( October -- December 1949 ) . `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' . Pp. 399 -- 401 . Opie , Peter and Iona , eds . The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1951 , pp. 122 -- 230 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 869111 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Media related to The Twelve Days of Christmas ( song ) at Wikimedia Commons Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Twelve Days of Christmas Free scores of The Twelve Days of Christmas in the Choral Public Domain Library ( ChoralWiki ) Free online simple melody score for all verses ( as jpegs or pdf ) in English and Esperanto : `` The Twelve Days of Christmas / La Dek Du Tagoj de Kristnasko '' . 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Kapoor & Sons
Kapoor & Sons - Wikipedia Kapoor & Sons Jump to : navigation , search Kapoor & Sons Theatrical release poster Directed by Shakun Batra Produced by Hiroo Yash Johar Karan Johar Apoorva Mehta Written by Shakun Batra Ayesha Devitre Dhillon Starring Rishi Kapoor Ratna Pathak Shah Rajat Kapoor Fawad Khan Sidharth Malhotra Alia Bhatt Music by Songs : Amaal Mallik Badshah Arko Tanishk Bagchi Benny Dayal Nucleya Background Score : Sameer Uddin Cinematography Jeffery F. Bierman Edited by Shivkumar V. Panicker Production company Dharma Productions Distributed by Fox Star Studios Release date 18 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) Running time 140 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 35 crore Box office est . ₹ 212.45 crore Kapoor & Sons , also known as Kapoor & Sons ( Since 1921 ) , is an Indian Hindi - language romantic drama film directed by Shakun Batra and produced by Karan Johar , Hiroo Yash Johar , and Apoorva Mehta under the banners of Dharma Productions and Fox Star Studios . The film stars an ensemble cast featuring Rishi Kapoor , Ratna Pathak Shah , Rajat Kapoor , Fawad Khan , Sidharth Malhotra and Alia Bhatt . Kapoor & Sons tells the story of two estranged brothers who return to their dysfunctional family after their grandfather suffers a cardiac arrest . The film was released worldwide on 18 March 2016 and received positive reviews mainly for its direction and performances , especially of Rishi Kapoor , Ratna Pathak Shah and Fawad Khan . Made on a budget of ₹ 35 crore ( US $5.2 million ) , the film earned over ₹ 152 crore ( US $23 million ) worldwide . At the 62nd Filmfare Awards , Kapoor & Sons won five awards , including Best Supporting Actor for Rishi Kapoor , Best Story and Best Screenplay . It also was nominated for Best Film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.2. 1 India 5.2. 2 Overseas 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Estranged brothers Arjun ( Sidharth Malhotra ) and Rahul Kapoor ( Fawad Khan ) are compelled to return to their childhood home in Coonoor when their 90 - year - old grandfather Amarjeet ( Rishi Kapoor ) suffers a heart attack . Rahul is a successful writer who appears to be the most mature in the family . Meanwhile , Arjun struggles to get his books published , resorting to working part - time as a bartender to make ends meet , while writing in his spare time . Their parents , Harsh ( Rajat Kapoor ) and Sunita Kapoor ( Ratna Pathak Shah ) favour Rahul for being successful , which upsets Arjun . While the brothers struggle to get along , their parents grapple with their troubled marriage . Harsh is discouraging of Sunita 's wish to open a catering business and Harsh 's past extra-marital affair is a sore spot in their relationship . Amarjeet reveals that his last wish is to take a family photo titled `` Kapoor & Sons , since 1921 '' . At a party , Arjun meets Tia Malik ( Alia Bhatt ) , and the two hit it off . Rahul and Tia also meet , and the two go out for dinner . However , Rahul is shocked when she spontaneously kisses him . Tia reveals to Arjun that she lost her parents at the age of thirteen and lives alone . Arjun too reveals that Rahul 's bestselling novel 's idea was similar to his but he never confronted his brother so as to not break the family apart . Tia tells her friend that she loves Arjun but regrets involving herself with Rahul . The Kapoor family throws a party to celebrate Amarjeet 's birthday . Arjun discovers that Tia and Rahul know each other and fears that Rahul and Tia have something between them , but Rahul clarifies that he is already in a committed relationship in London . Problems arise when the family finds out that Harsh invited Anu , the woman he had an affair with . A family argument ensues , ending the party . Harsh and Sunita later reminisce on how happy they were . Harsh apologises for losing all their money . The Kapoor family tries to fulfill Amarjeet 's wish to take a family photo but are unsuccessful when secrets are revealed . Rahul finds out that his father was lying about having ended the affair , while Sunita discovers that the relationship Rahul has in London is actually with another man . Tia tells Arjun what happened between her and Rahul , calling it a mistake . Arjun finds out Rahul has been reading his script , and confronts him about stealing his first story . A shaken Sunita then reveals to Arjun that she was the one who gave Rahul his story , thinking Arjun had no interest in writing . Amidst all this , Harsh dies in a car accident . Rahul comes out as gay to Arjun and the two leave for London and New Jersey , respectively . After four months , the duo receive a video message from Amarjeet , in which he requests them to come back , as he is feeling alone . Sunita comes to terms with Rahul 's homosexuality , the misunderstanding between Arjun and Tia is cleared and they get back together . The family finally takes the family photo Amarjeet wanted , where they place a cutout of Harsh in his memory . Cast ( edit ) Rishi Kapoor as Amarjeet Kapoor Ratna Pathak Shah as Sunita Kapoor Rajat Kapoor as Harsh Kapoor Fawad Khan as Rahul Kapoor Sidharth Malhotra as Arjun Kapoor Alia Bhatt as Tia Malik Anahita Uberoi as Neetu Chachi Vikram Kapadia as Shashi Chacha Anuradha Chandan as Anu Aunty Shanaia Kapoor as Alia Pradeep Pradhan as Kishore ( Tia 's cook ) Fahim Shaikh as Boobly Aalekh Kapoor as Sahil Sukant Goyal as Wasim Aakriti Dobhal as Bunkoo Muskan Khanna Sharan as Preet Elena Fernandes as Rahul Kapoor 's Manager Arbaaz Kadwani as Sharic Arya Sharma as Zoey Burjor Patel as Chowksy kaka Chandrajit Ranavde as Makhija , broker Ram Singh as muchchhad paanwaala Rupa Kamath as Timmy maasi Edward Sonnenblick as Dan Raju as Geishu Production ( edit ) In early 2015 , Karan Johar announced his next film , titled Kapoor & Sons , which will feature Fawad Khan with Sidharth Malhotra and Alia Bhatt as the lead roles . Johar said in an interview `` We have a very stylish star cast . '' The movie revolves around two brothers played by Fawad Khan and Sidharth Malhotra . Rishi Kapoor will be playing grandfather of the male leads . Karan Johar said in an interview , `` Kapoor & Sons ( Since 1921 ) was a tough film to cast . There was a point when we almost did n't make it . We kept it on the backburner for over a year . No one was willing to do Fawad Khan 's role . We went to six actors and after six rejections , I told Shakun Batra ( director ) that we should drop the idea and he started developing another screenplay . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Kapoor & Sons Soundtrack album by Amaal Mallik , Arko , Tanishk Bagchi , Badshah , Benny Dayal and Nucleya Released 4 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 18 : 14 Language Hindi Label Sony Music India The music for the film is composed by Amaal Mallik , Badshah , Arko Pravo Mukherjee , Tanishk Bagchi , Benny Dayal and Nucleya . The background score is given by Sameer Uddin . The lyrics are penned by Badshah , Kumaar , Manoj Muntashir , Dr. Devendra Kafir , and Abhiruchi Chand . Sony Music India have acquired the music rights of the film . Sameer Uddin won the Filmfare Award for Best Background Score at the 62nd Filmfare Awards. The film 's first song `` Kar Gayi Chull '' , a party song , was released on 17 February 2016 . The second song `` Bolna '' was released on 24 February 2016 . The full music album was released on 4 March 2016 by Sony Music India which consists of 5 songs . Track listing No . Title Lyrics Music Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Kar Gayi Chull '' Badshah , Kumaar Badshah ( Recreated by Amaal Mallik ) Badshah , Fazilpuria , Sukriti Kakar , Neha Kakkar 3 : 07 2 . `` Bolna '' Dr. Devender Kafir Tanishk Bagchi Arijit Singh , Asees Kaur 3 : 33 3 . `` Buddhu Sa Mann '' Abhiruchi Chand Amaal Mallik Armaan Malik 3 : 26 4 . `` Saathi Rey '' Manoj Muntashir Arko Arko 4 : 32 5 . `` Let 's Nacho Mashups K&S CHETAS '' Kumaar , Christopher Pradeep Nucleya , Benny Dayal Badshah , Benny Dayal , Nucleya 3 : 35 Total length : 18 : 14 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received universal critical acclaim . Srijana Mitra Das from The Times of India gave it 4.0 stars & said , Kapoor & Sons 's star is its story . An entirely real family full of uncomfortable secrets , awkward jealousies , & sharp pain where brothers steal , parents cheat , siblings suspect , & ' perfect bacchaas ' do n't have perfect love - lives . Bollywood Hungama gave the film 4 stars and wrote that the film `` makes for an excellent movie that you must watch with your entire family . This film is Beautiful kar gayi chul ! '' . Saibal Chatterjee from NDTV rated movie 3.5 / 5 & wrote , Kapoor And Sons is intense and incisive in its observation of human inadequacies but is always entertaining . Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express , gave 2 stars out of 5 stating , Sidharth brings to the table a loose - limbed pleasing vulnerability which he reveals slowly . Fawad plays his straight but awesome role . Namrata Joshi from The Hindu called it `` the ultimate family film '' and commented , `` It is yet another film that has been brilliantly crafted and mapped out in terms of the writing , how the scenes slowly get built up towards a crescendo . It 's an onion peel narrative in which the relationships , revelations , secrets and lies , unfinished confidences , unresolved issues , betrayals and conflicts are unspooled layer by layer . '' Talking about the characters , she described Khan 's role `` charming and delightful '' , Malhotras ' as `` solid and vulnerable '' , Bhatt as `` hyper and ditzy '' while calling Kapoor 's role as `` disappinting and out of sync '' . Ananya Bhattacharya of India Today gave the film 3.5 stars and summarised the film as `` madhouse drama '' while stating , `` Shakun Batra 's Kapoor And Sons wins in being able to portray the quick fixes that every family has to employ sometime or the other . This is what shines through . Batra crafts a refreshing tale of family problems and the art of sweeping them under the carpet . She also praised Khan 's role , while praising the Rajat Kapoor and Pathak 's characters as `` incomparable '' . She also applauded the film 's cinematography and music . Surabhi Redkar form Koimoi gave the film 3.5 stars and mentioned , `` Kapoor And Sons is a modern - age family drama . It does not shy away from being emotionally soppy yet convincingly lovable . You could laugh , cry and smile through this one ! '' . Redkar praised the characters ' realistic nature . Anna M.M. Vetticad of Firstpost summed up the film as `` the best film of 2016 so far '' . She stated , `` Kapoor & Sons is hilarious , heartwarming and heartbreaking rolled in one . It does not wear its social conscience on its sleeve , but make no mistake about this : it has one . This is a disarmingly entertaining , thoughtful film that evokes a fuzzy feeling of warmth . It left me with wet cheeks , a smile on my face and a chuckle welling up in my throat at the memory of Daadu '' . Nirmalya Dutta of Daily News and Analysis described Khan 's role as a gay male as `` a big leap forward for India 's LGBT movement , '' noting that in India , where it is illegal to be gay , `` Khan had the guts and gumption to play this seminal role . '' Box office ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : We typically focus on gross box revenue in this section , not nett or other figures . Mixing up gross and net is confusing and makes it difficult to get a clear idea of the film 's financial performance as well as to company to other films . Arbitrary records , like that the film was the `` fourteenth highest first weekend Bollywood film of 2016 '' , should be removed . That is a highly specific `` record '' that only serves to promote the film . Anything can become a record if the criteria is specific enough . Please help improve this section if you can . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) India ( edit ) On opening day the film collected ₹ 6.85 crores . On second day , the film shown a bit growth in collection and collected ₹ 7.75 crores before its third day where it took benefit of Sunday and collected ₹ 11.75 crores taking its domestic weekend 's net collection to ₹ 26.35 crores . With that the film stood at fourteenth number in the list of highest first weekend collecting Bollywood films of 2016 . In next four days , the total net collection of film was ₹ 15.50 crores taking its first domestic week to ₹ 41.85 crores and became fifteenth highest first week net collecting Bollywood film of 2016 . The film collected ₹ 73.29 crores in India and its grossing in India was 104.70 crores . Overseas ( edit ) The film collected ₹ 17.91 crore ( US $2.7 million ) from North America , ₹ 11.66 crore ( US $1.8 million ) from UAE , ₹ 6.39 crore ( US $980,000 ) from Pakistan , ₹ 5.28 crore ( US $810,000 ) from UK , ₹ 1.73 crore ( US $260,000 ) from Australia , ₹ 63 lakh ( US $96,000 ) from New Zealand , ₹ 14 lakh ( US $21,000 ) from Malaysia and ₹ 19 lakh ( US $29,000 ) from Germany . The total overseas collection of film was ₹ 47.75 crore ( US $7.3 million ) and became fourth highest grossing Bollywood film in overseas of 2016 after Sultan , Ae Dil Hai Mushkil and Fan . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Date of Ceremony Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 4 December 2016 Star Screen Awards Best Supporting Actor Rishi Kapoor Won 19 December 2016 Stardust Awards Best Supporting Role ( Male ) Rishi Kapoor ( also for Sanam Re ) Won Best Supporting Role ( Female ) Ratna Pathak Shah Nominated Best Director Shakun Batra Nominated Best Film Kapoor & Sons ( Since 1921 ) Nominated Best Story Ayesha Devitre , Shakun Batra Nominated Best Choreography Adil Shaikh ( for the song `` Kar Gayi Chull '' ) Nominated Best Costume Design Archana Walavalkar , Nikita Raheja Mohanty , Natascha Charak Nominated Best Music Album Sony Music India Nominated 14 January 2017 Filmfare Awards Best Supporting Actor Rishi Kapoor Won Rajat Kapoor Nominated Fawad Khan Nominated Best Director Shakun Batra Nominated Best Story Ayesha Devitre , Shakun Batra Won Best Background Score Sameer Uddin Won Best Choreography Adil Shaikh ( for the song `` Kar Gayi Chull '' ) Won Best Supporting Actress Ratna Pathak Shah Nominated Best Film Kapoor & Sons ( Since 1921 ) Nominated Best Music Album Amaal Mallik , Badshah , Arko , Tanishk Bagchi , Benny Dayal , Nucleya Nominated 18 February 2017 Mirchi Music Awards Album of the Year Amaal Mallik , Arko Pravo Mukherjee , Nucleya , Tanishk Bagchi Nominated Male Vocalist of the Year Arijit Singh -- `` Bolna '' Nominated Upcoming Female Vocalist of the Year Asees Kaur -- `` Bolna '' Won Upcoming Music Composer of The Year Tanishk Bagchi -- `` Bolna '' Won Upcoming Lyricist of The Year Abhiruchi Chand -- `` Buddhu Sa Mann '' Won 19 August 2017 BIG Zee Entertainment Awards Most Entertaining Romantic Film Kapoor & Sons ( Since 1921 ) Nominated Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film -- Male Sidharth Malhorta Nominated Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film -- Female Alia Bhatt Nominated Most Entertaining Singer ( Male ) Arijit Singh ( for the song `` Bolna '' ) Nominated Most Entertaining Singer ( Female ) Asees Kaur ( for the song `` Bolna '' ) Nominated Most Entertaining Song `` Kar Gayi Chull '' Nominated Most Entertaining Music Amaal Mallik , Badshah , Arko , Tanishk Bagchi , Benny Dayal , Nucleya Nominated 11 March 2017 Zee Cine Awards Best Supporting Actor Rajat Kapoor Nominated Rishi Kapoor Won Best Actor in a Comic Role Won Best Film Kapoor & Sons ( Since 1921 ) Nominated Best Supporting Actress Ratna Pathak Shah Nominated Best Director Shakun Batra Nominated Best Story Ayesha Devitre , Shakun Batra Nominated Song of the Year `` Kar Gayi Chull '' Nominated 14 July 2017 International Indian Film Academy Awards Best Story Ayesha Devitre , Shakun Batra Won Best Supporting Actress Ratna Pathak Shah Nominated Best Supporting Actor Rajat Kapoor Nominated Rishi Kapoor Nominated Best Actor in a Comic Role Nominated Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Best Film Kapoor & Sons ( Since 1921 ) Nominated Best Director Shakun Batra Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` KAPOOR AND SONS ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Malvania , Urvi ( 19 March 2016 ) . `` Kapoor and Sons off to a decent start at box office '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections of Kapoor & Sons '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Hungama . `` Kapoor & Sons '' . bollywoodhungama.com . Jump up ^ Bollywood Hungama . `` Alia Bhatt -- Sidharth Malhotra to play siblings long with Fawad Khan in Kapoor & Sons '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' KAPOOR and SONS ' shoot begins '' . The Times of India . 10 May 2015 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kapoor & Sons trailer : It has all the ingredients of a blockbuster '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 62nd Filmfare Awards 2017 : Winners ' list '' . The Times of India . 15 January 2017 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elena Fernandes '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-elena-fernandes-5354714-PHO.html Jump up ^ `` Alia Bhatt to Romance Sidharth , Fawad Khan in Kapoor and Sons '' . NDTV . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here is the cast of upcoming Dharma Productions ' Kapoor & Sons ' ! '' . DNA India . 25 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fawad 's role in Kapoor And Sons was rejected by 6 actors , confirm KJo -- The Express Tribune '' . 8 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kapoor & Son : Alia Bhatt & Siddharth Malhotra 's dance moves in kar gyi chull will get you grooving '' . m.ibnlive.com. 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bolna ' from ' Kapoor And Sons ' : This might just be the love song of the season ! '' . DNA India . 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kapoor & Sons ( Since 1921 ) ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) -- EP by Various Artists on iTunes '' . iTunes Store . 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ The Times of India ( 18 March 2016 ) . `` Kapoor & Sons review '' . m.timesofindia.com . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kapoor & Sons Review '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ NDTV ( 18 March 2016 ) . `` Kapoor And Sons Movie Review '' . m.ndtv.com . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Joshi , Namrata . `` Kapoor & Sons : The ultimate family film '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , Ananya . `` Kapoor and Sons movie review : Fawad , Alia , Sidharth in a madhouse drama '' . India Today . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Redkar , Surabhi . `` Kapoor And Sons Review '' . Koimoi . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Vetticad , Anna M.M. `` Kapoor & Sons review : Move over ' Neerja ' , this Alia , Fawad , Sidharth - starrer is the best film of 2016 '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kapoor and Sons : Why Fawad Khan 's role is a big leap forward for India 's LGBT movement -- Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . 26 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP FIRST WEEKEND GROSSERS INDIA 2016 '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP FIRST WEEK GROSSERS INDIA 2016 '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP GROSSERS OVERSEAS 2016 '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Screen Awards 2016 winners : Amitabh Bachchan - starrer Pink bags four awards , Alia Bhatt receives best actress '' . 5 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Iyengar , Aarti . `` Stardust Awards 2016 FULL winners list : Shah Rukh Khan , Priyanka Chopra , Aishwarya Rai Bachchan win BIG '' . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Nominations for Stardust Awards 2016 -- Bollywood Hungama '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Filmfare Awards 2017 Nominations 62nd Filmfare Awards 2017 '' . filmfare.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` MMA Mirchi Music Awards '' . MMAMirchiMusicAwards . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MMA Mirchi Music Awards '' . MMAMirchiMusicAwards . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Big ZEE Entertainment Awards : Nominations list '' . BizAsia Media , Entertainment , Showbiz , Events and Music . 2017 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Cine Awards 2017 complete winners list : Alia Bhatt , Amitabh Bachchan bag top honours '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` IIFA Awards 2017 winners list : Shahid Kapoor , Alia Bhatt named Best Actor , Actress ; Neerja is Best Film '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 18th IIFA Awards 2017 : List Of Nominations '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Film Festival Melbourne '' . 2016 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Kapoor & Sons on IMDb Karan Johar Films directed Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Bombay Talkies ( 2013 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Films produced Duplicate ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) Kaal ( 2005 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) Dostana ( 2008 ) Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) Kurbaan ( 2009 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) I Hate Luv Storys ( 2010 ) We Are Family ( 2010 ) Agneepath ( 2012 ) Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu ( 2012 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Gippi ( 2013 ) Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) Gori Tere Pyaar Mein ( 2013 ) Hasee Toh Phasee ( 2014 ) 2 States ( 2014 ) Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) Ungli ( 2014 ) Brothers ( 2015 ) Shaandaar ( 2015 ) Kapoor & Sons ( 2016 ) Baar Baar Dekho ( 2016 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) Ok Jaanu ( 2017 ) Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) Ittefaq ( 2017 ) Drive ( 2018 ) Raazi ( 2018 ) See also List of Dharma Productions films Dharma Productions Key individuals Yash Johar Hiroo Yash Johar Karan Johar Karan Johar Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Shakun Batra Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu ( 2012 ) Kapoor & Sons ( 2016 ) Mahesh Bhatt Gumrah ( 1993 ) Duplicate ( 1998 ) Rensil D'Silva Kurbaan ( 2009 ) Ungli ( 2013 ) Shashank Khaitan Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) Dhadak ( 2018 ) Karan Malhotra Agneepath ( 2012 ) Brothers ( 2015 ) Punit Malhotra I Hate Luv Storys ( 2010 ) Gori Tere Pyaar Mein ( 2013 ) Student of the Year 2 ( 2018 ) Tarun Mansukhani Dostana ( 2008 ) Drive ( 2018 ) Ayan Mukerji Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) Brahmastra ( 2019 ) Abhishek Varman 2 States ( 2014 ) Kalank ( 2019 ) Other directors Dostana ( 1980 ) Duniya ( 1984 ) Muqaddar Ka Faisla ( 1987 ) Agneepath ( 1990 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) Kaal ( 2005 ) We Are Family ( 2010 ) Shaandaar ( 2015 ) Baar Baar Dekho ( 2016 ) Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) Ok Jaanu ( 2017 ) Ittefaq ( 2017 ) Raazi ( 2018 ) Kesari ( 2019 ) Films presented Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) The Ghazi Attack ( 2017 ) Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ( 2017 ) Bucket List ( 2018 ) List of Dharma Productions films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kapoor_%26_Sons&oldid=842724666 '' Categories : 2016 films Hindi - language films Indian films 2010s Hindi - language films 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s romantic comedy films Films about dysfunctional families Films shot in Mumbai Films shot in Tamil Nadu Gay - related films Indian buddy films Indian comedy - drama films Indian romantic comedy films Indian romantic drama films Indian LGBT - related films Fox Star Studios films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2015 Use Indian English from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Articles needing cleanup from December 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from December 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मैथिली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ کوردی தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 08 : 04 . 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History of South India
History of South India - Wikipedia History of South India Jump to : navigation , search Outline of South Asian history Palaeolithic ( 2,500,000 -- 250,000 BC ) ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian Culture Neolithic ( 10,800 -- 3300 BC ) ( show ) Bhirrana Culture ( 7570 -- 6200 BC ) Mehrgarh Culture ( 7000 -- 3300 BC ) Edakkal Culture ( 5000 -- 3000 BC ) Chalcolithic ( 3500 -- 1500 BC ) ( show ) Ahar - Banas Culture ( 3000 -- 1500 BC ) Pandu Culture ( 1600 -- 1500 BC ) Malwa Culture ( 1600 -- 1300 BC ) Jorwe Culture ( 1400 -- 700 BC ) Bronze Age ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) ( show ) Indus Valley Civilisation ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) -- Early Harappan Culture ( 3300 -- 2600 BC ) -- Mature Harappan Culture ( 2600 -- 1900 BC ) -- Late Harappan Culture ( 1900 -- 1300 BC ) Vedic Civilisation ( 2000 -- 500 BC ) -- Ochre Coloured Pottery culture ( 2000 -- 1600 BC ) -- Swat culture ( 1600 -- 500 BC ) Iron Age ( 1500 -- 200 BC ) ( show ) Vedic Civilisation ( 1500 -- 500 BC ) -- Janapadas ( 1500 -- 600 BC ) -- Black and Red ware culture ( 1300 -- 1000 BC ) -- Painted Grey Ware culture ( 1200 -- 600 BC ) -- Northern Black Polished Ware ( 700 -- 200 BC ) Pradyota Dynasty ( 799 -- 684 BC ) Haryanka Dynasty ( 684 -- 424 BC ) Three Crowned Kingdoms ( c. 600 BC -- AD 1600 ) Maha Janapadas ( c. 600 -- 300 BC ) Achaemenid Empire ( 550 -- 330 BC ) Ror Dynasty ( 450 BC -- AD 489 ) Shishunaga Dynasty ( 424 -- 345 BC ) Nanda Empire ( 380 -- 321 BC ) Macedonian Empire ( 330 -- 323 BC ) Maurya Empire ( 321 -- 184 BC ) Seleucid India ( 312 -- 303 BC ) Pandya Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1345 ) Chera Kingdom ( c. 300 BC - AD 1102 ) Chola Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1279 ) Pallava Empire ( c. 250 BC -- AD 800 ) Maha - Megha - Vahana Empire ( c. 250 BC -- c . AD 500 ) Parthian Empire ( 247 BC -- AD 224 ) Middle Kingdoms ( 230 BC -- AD 1206 ) ( show ) Satavahana Empire ( 230 BC -- AD 220 ) Kuninda Kingdom ( 200 BC -- AD 300 ) Mitra Dynasty ( c. 150 -- c. 50 BC ) Shunga Empire ( 185 -- 73 BC ) Indo - Greek Kingdom ( 180 BC -- AD 10 ) Kanva Empire ( 75 -- 26 BC ) Indo - Scythian Kingdom ( 50 BC -- AD 400 ) Indo - Parthian Kingdom ( AD 21 -- c. 130 ) Western Satrap Empire ( AD 35 -- 405 ) Kushan Empire ( AD 60 -- 240 ) Bharshiva Dynasty ( 170 -- 350 ) Nagas of Padmavati ( 210 -- 340 ) Sasanian Empire ( 224 -- 651 ) Indo - Sassanid Kingdom ( 230 -- 360 ) Vakataka Empire ( c. 250 -- c. 500 ) Kalabhras Empire ( c. 250 -- c. 600 ) Gupta Empire ( 280 -- 550 ) Kadamba Empire ( 345 -- 525 ) Western Ganga Kingdom ( 350 -- 1000 ) Kamarupa Kingdom ( 350 -- 1100 ) Vishnukundina Empire ( 420 -- 624 ) Maitraka Empire ( 475 -- 767 ) Huna Kingdom ( 475 -- 576 ) Rai Kingdom ( 489 -- 632 ) Kabul Shahi Empire ( c. 500 -- 1026 ) Chalukya Empire ( 543 -- 753 ) Maukhari Empire ( c. 550 -- c. 700 ) Harsha Empire ( 606 -- 647 ) Tibetan Empire ( 618 -- 841 ) Eastern Chalukya Kingdom ( 624 -- 1075 ) Rashidun Caliphate ( 632 -- 661 ) Gurjara - Pratihara Empire ( 650 -- 1036 ) Umayyad Caliphate ( 661 -- 750 ) Pala Empire ( 750 -- 1174 ) Rashtrakuta Empire ( 753 -- 982 ) Paramara Kingdom ( 800 -- 1327 ) Yadava Empire ( 850 -- 1334 ) Chaulukya Kingdom ( 942 -- 1244 ) Western Chalukya Empire ( 973 -- 1189 ) Lohara Kingdom ( 1003 -- 1320 ) Hoysala Empire ( 1040 -- 1346 ) Sena Empire ( 1070 -- 1230 ) Eastern Ganga Empire ( 1078 -- 1434 ) Kakatiya Kingdom ( 1083 -- 1323 ) Zamorin Kingdom ( 1102 -- 1766 ) Kalachuris of Tripuri ( 675 - 1210 ) Kalachuris of Kalyani ( 1156 -- 1184 ) Chutiya Kingdom ( 1187 -- 1673 ) Deva Kingdom ( c. 1200 -- c. 1300 ) Late Medieval Period ( 1206 -- 1526 ) ( show ) Delhi Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1526 ) -- Mamluk Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1290 ) -- Khalji Sultanate ( 1290 -- 1320 ) -- Tughlaq Sultanate ( 1320 -- 1414 ) -- Sayyid Sultanate ( 1414 -- 1451 ) -- Lodi Sultanate ( 1451 -- 1526 ) Ahom Kingdom ( 1228 -- 1826 ) Chitradurga Kingdom ( 1300 -- 1779 ) Reddy Kingdom ( 1325 -- 1448 ) Vijayanagara Empire ( 1336 -- 1646 ) Bengal Sultanate ( 1352 -- 1576 ) Garhwal Kingdom ( 1358 -- 1803 ) Mysore Kingdom ( 1399 -- 1947 ) Gajapati Kingdom ( 1434 -- 1541 ) Deccan Sultanates ( 1490 -- 1596 ) -- Ahmadnagar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1636 ) -- Berar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1574 ) -- Bidar Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1619 ) -- Bijapur Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1686 ) -- Golkonda Sultanate ( 1518 -- 1687 ) Keladi Kingdom ( 1499 -- 1763 ) Koch Kingdom ( 1515 -- 1947 ) Early Modern Period ( 1526 -- 1858 ) ( show ) Mughal Empire ( 1526 -- 1858 ) Sur Empire ( 1540 -- 1556 ) Madurai Kingdom ( 1559 -- 1736 ) Thanjavur Kingdom ( 1572 -- 1918 ) Bengal Subah ( 1576 -- 1757 ) Marava Kingdom ( 1600 -- 1750 ) Thondaiman Kingdom ( 1650 -- 1948 ) Maratha Empire ( 1674 -- 1818 ) Sikh Confederacy ( 1707 -- 1799 ) Travancore Kingdom ( 1729 -- 1947 ) Sikh Empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ) Colonial States ( 1510 -- 1961 ) ( show ) Portuguese India ( 1510 -- 1961 ) Dutch India ( 1605 -- 1825 ) Danish India ( 1620 -- 1869 ) French India ( 1759 -- 1954 ) Company Raj ( 1757 -- 1858 ) British Raj ( 1858 -- 1947 ) Periods of Sri Lanka ( show ) Prehistory ( Until 543 BC ) Early kingdoms period ( 543 BC -- 377 BC ) Anuradhapura period ( 377 BC -- AD 1017 ) Polonnaruwa period ( 1056 -- 1232 ) Transitional period ( 1232 -- 1505 ) Crisis of the Sixteenth Century ( 1505 -- 1594 ) Kandyan period ( 1594 -- 1815 ) British Ceylon ( 1815 -- 1948 ) Contemporary Sri Lanka ( 1948 -- present ) National histories ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Regional histories ( show ) Assam Balochistan Bengal Bihar Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Kabul Kashmir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Rajasthan Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Punjab Odisha Sindh South India Tamil Nadu Tibet Specialised histories ( show ) Agriculture Architecture Coinage Demographics Dynasties Economy Education Indology Influence on Southeast Asia Language Literature Maritime Metallurgy Military Partition of India Pakistan studies Philosophy Religion Science & Technology Timeline The history of the southern part of India covers a span of over four thousand years during which the region saw the rise and fall of a number of dynasties and empires . The period of known history of the region begins with the Iron age ( 1200 BCE to 24 BCE ) period until the 14th century CE . Dynasties of Satavahana , Chola , Chera , Chalukya , Pallava , Rashtrakuta , Kakatiya and Hoysala were at their peak during various periods of history . These Dynasties constantly fought amongst each other and against external forces when Muslim armies invaded south India . Vijayanagara empire rose in response to the Muslim intervention and covered the most of south India and acted as a bulwark against Mughal expansion into the south . When the European powers arrived during the 16th century CE , the southern kingdoms resisted the new threats , and many parts eventually succumbed to British occupation . The British created the Madras Presidency which covered most of south India directly administered by the British Raj , and divided the rest into a number of dependent princely states . After Indian independence South India was linguistically divided into the states of Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu . Pre-historic sites of Mid Krishna - Tungabhadra Valley in South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory 2 Iron Age 3 Ancient history 3.1 Pandyan Dynasty 3.2 Chola Dynasty 3.3 Chera Dynasty 3.4 Satavahana Dynasty 3.5 Pallava Dynasty 3.6 Kadambas of Banavasi 3.7 Gangas of Talkad 3.8 Chalukya Dynasty 3.9 Rashtrakuta Empire 3.10 Western Chalukya Empire 3.11 Hoysala Dynasty 3.12 Kakatiyas 3.13 Musunuri 3.14 Reddy Dynasty 4 Medieval history of South India 4.1 Rise of Islam 4.2 Vijayanagara Empire 4.3 Nayak kingdoms 4.4 Maratha Empire 5 Modern history 5.1 Colonial period 5.2 British South India 5.3 After independence 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Prehistory ( edit ) See also : Prehistoric India , Prehistoric Tamil Nadu § Pre-historic period , History of Karnataka § Pre-history , History of Andhra Pradesh § Introduction , and Pre-history of Kerala South India remained in the Mesolithic until 2500 BCE . Microlith production is attested for the period 6000 to 3000 BCE . The Neolithic period lasted from 2500 BCE to 1000 BCE , followed by the Iron Age , characterized by megalithic burials . Comparative excavations carried out in Adichanallur in Thirunelveli district and in Northern India have provided evidence of a southward migration of the Megalithic culture . The Krishna Tungabhadra Valley was also a place for Megalithic culture in South India . Iron age ( edit ) The earliest Iron Age sites in South India are Hallur , Karnataka and Adichanallur , Tamil Nadu at around 1200 BCE . Early epigraphic evidence begins to appear from about the 5th century BCE , in the form of Tamil - Brahmi inscriptions , reflecting the southward spread of Buddhism . Ancient history ( edit ) Main article : Ancient history of South India Further information : Tamil Sangams and Sangam literature South India in BC 300 , showing the Chera , Pandya and Chola tribes Evidence in the forms of documents and inscriptions do not appear often in the history of ancient South India . Although there are signs that the history dates back to several centuries BCE , we only have any authentic archeological evidence from the early centuries of the common era . During the reign of Ashoka ( 304 -- 232 BCE ) the three Tamil dynasties of Chola , Chera and Pandya were ruling the south . These areas ( known as Tamilakam - `` Land of Tamils '' ) , while not part of Ashoka 's empire , were in friendly terms with the Maurya Empire . Pandyan dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Pandyan Empire stone sculpture , Srivaikuntanathan Temple , Srivaikuntam , Tuticorin , Tamil Nadu The Pandyas were one of the three ancient Tamil dynasties ( Chola and Chera being the other two ) who ruled the Tamil country from pre-historic times until the end of the 15th century . They ruled initially from Korkai , a sea port on the southernmost tip of the Indian peninsula , and in later times moved to Madurai . Pandyas are mentioned in Sangam Literature ( c. 400 BCE -- 300 CE ) as well as by Greek and Roman sources during this period . Grey pottery with engravings , Arikamedu The early pandya dynasty of the Sangam literature went into obscurity during the invasion of the Kalabhras . The dynasty revived under Kadungon in the early 6th century CE , pushed the Kalabhras out of the Tamil country and ruled from Madurai . They again went into decline with the rise of the Cholas in the 9th century CE and were in constant conflict with them . Pandyas allied themselves with the Sinhalese and the Cheras in harassing the Chola empire until they found an opportunity for reviving their fortunes during the late 13th century . Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan ( c. 1251 ) expanded their empire into the Telugu country and invaded Sri Lanka to conquer the northern half of the island . They also had extensive trade links with the Southeast Asian maritime empires of Srivijaya and their successors . During their history Pandyas were repeatedly in conflict with the Pallavas , Cholas , Hoysalas and finally the Muslim invaders from the Delhi Sultanate . The Pandyan Kingdom finally became extinct after the establishment of the Madurai Sultanate in the 14th century CE . The Pandyas excelled in both trade and literature . They controlled the pearl fisheries along the south Indian coast , between Sri Lanka and India , which produced one of the finest pearls known in the ancient world . Chola dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Chola Empire See also : Early Cholas , Medieval Cholas , and Later Cholas The Chola Empire at its greatest extent , during the reign of Rajendra Chola I in 1030 CE The Brihadeeswarar temple at Thanjavur , Tamil Nadu is one of the largest monolithic temple complexes in the world - a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The Cholas were one of the three main dynasties to rule south India from ancient times . Karikala Chola ( late 1st century CE ) was the most famous king during the early years of the dynasty and managed to gain ascendency over the Pandyas and Cheras . The Chola dynasty however went into a period of decline from c. 4th century CE . This period coincided with the ascendency of the Kalabhras who moved down from the northern Tamil country displacing the established kingdoms and ruled over most of south India for almost 300 years . Chola Fresco of Dancing girls . Brihadisvara Temple c. 1100 C.E. , Thanjavur , Tamil nadu . Vijayalaya Chola revived the Chola dynasty in 850 CE by conquering Thanjavur by defeating Ilango Mutharaiyar and making it his capital . His son Aditya I defeated the Pallava king Aparajita and extended the Chola territories to Tondaimandalam . The centers of the Chola Kingdom were at Kanchi ( Kanchipuram ) and Thanjavur . One of the most powerful rulers of the Chola kingdom was Raja Raja Chola , who ruled from 985 to 1014 CE . His army conquered the Navy of the Cheras at Thiruvananthapuram , and annexed Anuradhapura and the northern province of Ceylon . Rajendra Chola I completed the conquest of Sri Lanka , invaded Bengal , and undertook a great naval campaign that occupied parts of Malaya , Burma , and Sumatra . The Chola dynasty began declining by the 13th century and ended in 1279 . Cholas were great builders and have left some of the most beautiful examples of early Dravidian temple architecture . Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur is a fine example and has been listed as one of the United Nations sites . Detail of the statue of Rajaraja Chola at Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur , Tamil Nadu . Chera dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Chera Empire The Chera kingdom was one of the Tamil dynasties who ruled the southern India from ancient times until around the 12th century CE . The Early Cheras ruled over the Malabar Coast , Coimbatore , Erode , Namakkal , Karur and Salem Districts in South India , which now forms part of the modern day Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu . Throughout the reign of the Early Cheras , trade continued to bring prosperity to their territories , with spices , ivory , timber , pearls and gems being exported to the Middle East and to southern Europe . Evidence of extensive foreign trade from ancient times can be seen throughout the Malabar coast ( Muziris ) , Karur and Coimbatore districts . Satavahana dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Satavahana Dynasty The Śātavāhana Empire was a royal Indian dynasty based from Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar ( Pune ) and Prathisthan ( Paithan ) in Maharashtra . The territory of the empire covered much of India from 300 BCE onward . Although there is some controversy about when the dynasty came to an end , the most liberal estimates suggest that it lasted about 450 years , until around 220 CE . The Satavahanas are credited for establishing peace in the country , resisting the onslaught of foreigners after the decline of Mauryan Empire . Sātavāhanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty , but declared independence with its decline . They are known for their patronage of Hinduism . The Sātavāhanas were one of the first Indian states to issue coins struck with their rulers embossed . They formed a cultural bridge and played a vital role in trade as well as the transfer of ideas and culture to and from the Indo - Gangetic Plain to the southern tip of India . They had to compete with the Shungas and then the Kanvas of Magadha to establish their rule . Later , they played a crucial role to protect a huge part of India against foreign invaders like the Sakas , Yavanas and Pahlavas . In particular their struggles with the Western Kshatrapas went on for a long time . The great rulers of the Satavahana Dynasty Gautamiputra Satakarni and Sri Yajna Sātakarni were able to defeat the foreign invaders like the Western Kshatrapas and stop their expansion . In the 3rd century CE the empire was split into smaller states . Pallava dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Pallava Empire The Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram , Tamil Nadu , India . built by the Pallavas - a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The Pallavas were a great south Indian dynasty who ruled between the 3rd century CE until their final decline in the 9th century CE . Their capital was Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu . Their origins are not clearly known . However , it is surmised that they were yadavas and they probably were feudatories of Satavahanas . Pallavas started their rule from Krishna river valley , known today as Palnadu , and subsequently spread to southern Andhra Pradesh and north Tamil Nadu . Mahendravarman I was a prominent Pallava king who began work on the rock - cut temples of Mahabalipuram . His son Narasimhavarman I came to throne in 630 CE . He defeated the Chalukya king Pulakeshin II in 632 CE and burned the Chalukyan capital Vatapi . Pallavas and Pandyas dominated the southern regions of South India between the 6th and the 9th centuries CE . Kadambas of Banavasi ( edit ) Main article : Kadambas Panchakuta Basadi , 9th century , Jain , Kambadahalli , Mandya District , Karnataka Kadambas were one of the greatest kingdoms which ruled south india. Kadambas ruled during 345 -- 525 CE . Their kingdom spanned the present day Karnataka state . Banavasi was their capital . They expanded their territories to cover Goa , Hanagal . The dynasty was founded by Mayura Sharma c. 345 CE . They built fine temples in Banavasi , Belgavi , Halsi and Goa . Kadambas were the first rulers to use Kannada as an administrative language as proven by the Halmidi inscription ( 450 CE ) and Banavasi copper coin . With the rise of the Chalukya dynasty of Badami , the Kadambas ruled as their feudatory from 525 CE for another five hundred years . Gangas of talkad ( edit ) Main article : Western Gangas The Western Ganga Dynasty ruled southern Karnataka region during 350 -- 550 CE . They continued to rule until the 10th century as feudatories of Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas . They rose from the region after the fall of the Satavahana empire and created a kingdom for themselves in Gangavadi ( south Karnataka ) while the Kadambas , their contemporaries , did the same in north Karnataka . The area they controlled was called Gangavadi which included the present day districts of Mysore , Chamrajanagar , Tumkur , Kolar , Mandya and Bangalore . They continued to rule until the 10th century as feudatories of Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas . Gangas initially had their capital at Kolar , before moving it to Talakad near Mysore . They made a significant contribution to Kannada literature with such noted writers as King Durvinita , King Shivamara II and Chavundaraya . The famous Jain monuments at Shravanabelagola were built by them . Chalukya dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Chalukya Empire Badami Chalukya Architecture , Virupaksha Temple , Badami , Karnataka . One of the first kings of the Chalukyan dynasty was Pulakeshin I. He ruled from Badami , the present day Bagalkot , Karnataka , in Karnataka . His son Pulakeshin II became the king of the Chalukyan empire in 610 CE and ruled until 642 CE . Pulakeshin II is most remembered for the battle he fought and won against Emperor Harshavardhana in 637 CE . He also defeated the Pallava king Mahendravarman I . The Chalukya empire existed from 543 -- 757 CE and an area stretching from Kaveri to Narmada rivers . The Chalukyas created the Chalukyan style of architecture . Great monuments were built in Pattadakal , Aihole and Badami . These temples exhibit evolution of the Vesara style of architecture . The Chalukyas of Vengi , also known as the Eastern Chalukyas , who were related to the Badami Chalukyas ruled along the east coast of South India around the present - day Vijayawada . The Eastern Chalukya dynasty was created by Kubja Vishnuvardhana , a brother of Pulakeshin II . The Eastern Chalukyas continued to rule for over five hundred years and were in close alliance with the Cholas . Rashtrakuta empire ( edit ) Main article : Rashtrakuta Empire Rashtrakuta architecture , Kailasanatha Temple , in Ellora Caves , Maharashtra . The Rashtrakuta Empire ruled from Manyaketha in Gulbarga from 735 CE until 982 CE and reached its peak under Amoghavarsha I ( 814 -- 878 CE ) , considered Ashoka of South India . The Rashtrakutas came to power at the decline of the Badami Chalukyas and were involved in a three - way power struggle for control of the Gangetic plains with the Prathihara of Gujarat and Palas of Bengal . The Rashtrakutas were responsible for building some of the beautiful rock - cut temples of Ellora including the Kailasa temple . Kannada language literature flourished during this period of Adikavi Pampa , Sri Ponna and Shivakotiacharya . King Amoghavarsha I wrote the earliest extant Kannada classic Kavirajamarga . Western Chalukya empire ( edit ) Main article : Western Chalukya Empire Mahadeva Temple at Itagi in the Koppal district , 1112 CE , an example of dravida articulation with a nagara superstructure The Western Chalukya Empire was created by the descendants of the Badami Chalukya clan and ruled from 973 -- 1195 CE . Their capital was Kalyani , present day Basava Kalyana in Karnataka . They came to power at the decline of the Rashtrakutas . They ruled from the Kaveri in the South to Gujarath in the north . The empire reached its peak under Vikramaditya VI . The Kalyani Chalukyas promoted the Gadag style of architecture , excellent examples of which are present in Gadag , Dharwad , Koppal and Haveri districts of Karnataka . They patronised great Kannada poets such as Ranna and Nagavarma II and is considered as a golden age of Kannada literature . The Vachana Sahitya style of native Kannada poetry flourished during these times . Hoysala dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Hoysala Empire Keshava temple , Somanathapura , Karnataka . Hoysalas began their rule as subordinates of the Chalukyas of Kalyani and gradually established their own empire . Nripa Kama Hoysala who ruled in the western region of Gangavadi , founded the Hoysala dynasty . His later successor Ballala I reigned from his capital at Belur . Vishnuvardhana Hoysala ( 1106 -- 1152 CE ) conquered the Nolamba region earning the title Nolambavadi Gonda . Some of the most magnificent specimens of South Indian temples are those attributed to the Hoysala dynasty of Karnataka . Vesara style reached its peak in their period . Hoysalas period is remembered today as one of the brightest periods in the history of Karnataka . They ruled Karnataka for over three centuries from c. 1000 to 1342 CE . The most famous kings among the Hoysalas were Vishnuvardhana , Veera Ballala II and Veera Ballala III . Jainism flourished during the Hoysala period . Ramanuja the founder of Shri Vaishnavism , came to Hoysala kingdom to spread his religion . Hoysalas encouraged both Kannada and Sanskrit literature and earned a great name as builders of temples at Belur , Halebidu , Somanathapura , Belavadi and Amrithapura . Such famous poets as Rudrabhatta , Janna , Raghavanka and Harihara wrote many classics in Kannada during this time . Kakatiyas ( edit ) Main article : Kakatiyas Ramappa temple in Warangal The Kakatiya dynasty rose to prominence in the 11th century with the decline of the Chalukyas . By the early 12th century , the Kakatiya Durjaya clan declared independence and began expanding their kingdom . By the end of the century , their kingdom had reached the Bay of Bengal and it stretched between the Godavari and the Krishna rivers . The empire reached its zenith under Ganapatideva who was its greatest ruler . At its largest , the empire included most of modern - day Andhra Pradesh , Telangana and parts of Odisha , Tamil Nadu , Chhattisgarh and Karnataka . Ganapatideva was succeeded by his daughter Rudramamba . The Kakatiya dynasty lasted for three centuries . Warangal was their capital . By the early 14th century , the Kakatiya dynasty attracted the attention of the Delhi Sultanate under Allauddin Khalji . It paid tribute to Delhi for a few years , but was eventually conquered by the forces of Muhammad bin Tughluq in 1323 . Musunuri ( edit ) Main article : Musunuri Nayaks After the downfall of Kakatiya empire , two cousins known as Musunuri Nayaks rebelled against Delhi Sultanate and recaptured Warangal and brought the whole of Telugu - speaking areas under their control . Although short lived ( 50 years ) , the Nayak rule is considered a watershed in the history of South India . Their rule inspired the establishment of Vijayanagar empire to defend Hindu dharma for the next five centuries . Reddy dynasty ( edit ) The Reddy Dynasty was established by Prolaya Vema Reddy ( reddi ). The region that was ruled by the Reddy dynasty is now in Andhra Pradesh except some areas of Chitoor , Anantapur and Kurnool districts . Prolaya Vema Reddy was part of the confederation that started a movement against the invading Turkic Muslim armies of the Delhi Sultanate in 1323 CE and succeeded in repulsing them from Warangal . Reddys ruled coastal and central Andhra for over a hundred years from 1325 to 1448 CE . At its maximum extent , the Reddy kingdom stretched from Cuttak , Odisha to the north , Kanchi to the south and Srisailam to the west . The initial capital of the kingdom was Addanki . Later , it was moved to Kondavidu and subsequently to Rajahmundry . The Reddis were known for their fortifications . Two major hill forts , one at Kondapalli , 20 km north west of Vijayawada and another at Kondaveedu about 30 km west of Guntur stand testimony to the fort building skill of the Reddi kings . The forts of Bellamkonda , Vinukonda and Nagarjunakonda in the Palnadu region were also part of the Reddi kingdom . The dynasty remained in power till the middle of the 15th century and was supplanted by the Gajapatis of Odisha , who gained control of coastal Andhra . The Gajapatis eventually lost control of coastal Andhra after Gajapati Prataprudra Deva was defeated by Krishna Deva Raya of Vijaynagar . The territories of the Reddi kingdom eventually came under the control of the Vijayanagara Empire . Later they played a significant role in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in the British and Nawab rule . Till date their caste play a crucial role in the states politics and business . Medieval history of South India ( edit ) Rise of Islam ( edit ) Vijayanagara architecture , Stone chariot in Vittala temple , Hampi , Karnataka The early medieval period saw the rise of Islam in South India . The defeat of the Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal by the forces of the Delhi Sultanate in 1323 CE. and the defeat of the Hoysalas in 1333 CE . heralded a new chapter in South Indian history . The grand struggle of the period was between the Bahmani Sultanate based in Gulbarga and the Vijayanagara Empire with its capital in Vijayanagara in Karnataka . By the early 16th century , the Bahmani empire fragmented into five different kingdoms based in Ahmednagar , Berar , Bidar , Bijapur and Golconda , together called the Deccan Sultanates . On the southwestern Coast of South India , a new local economical and political power arose into the vacuum created by the disintegration of Chera power . The Zamorins of Calicut , with the help of the Muslim - Arab merchants , dominated the maritime trade on Malabar Coast for the next few centuries . Vijayanagara empire ( edit ) Main articles : Vijayanagara Empire , Origin of Vijayanagara Empire , Ancient City of Vijayanagara , Battle of Raichur , and Battle of Talikota Map of South India in the 15th century Chalukya influence in pillar design , and Dravida Vimana , at Krishna temple in Hampi Kalyanamantapa in Cheluva Narayanaswamy temple in Melkote Differing theories have been proposed regarding the Vijayanagara empire 's origins . Many historians propose Harihara I and Bukka Raya I , the founders of the empire , were Kannadigas and commanders in the army of the Hoysala Empire stationed in the Tungabhadra region to ward off Muslim invasions from the Northern India . Others claim that they were Telugu people first associated with the Kakatiya kingdom who took control of the northern parts of the Hoysala Empire during its decline . Irrespective of their origin , historians agree the founders were supported and inspired by Vidyaranya , a saint at the Sringeri monastery to fight the Muslim invasion of South India . Writings by foreign travelers during the late medieval era combined with recent excavations in the Vijayanagara principality have uncovered much - needed information about the empire 's history , fortifications , scientific developments and architectural innovations . Before the early 14th - century rise of the Vijayanagara Empire , the Hindu states of the Deccan , the Yadava Empire of Devagiri , the Kakatiya Kingdom of Warangal , the Pandyan Empire of Madurai , and the tiny kingdom of Kampili had been repeatedly invaded by Muslims from the north , and by 1336 they had all been defeated by Alla - ud - din Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughluq , the Sultans of Delhi . The Hoysala Empire was the sole remaining Hindu state in the path of the Muslim invasion . After the death of Hoysala king Veera Ballala III during a battle against the Sultan of Madurai in 1343 , the Hoysala Empire merged with the growing Vijayanagara empire . Virupaksha temple , Hampi In the first two decades after the founding of the empire , Harihara I gained control over most of the area south of the Tungabhadra river and earned the title of Purvapaschima Samudradhishavara ( `` master of the eastern and western seas '' ) . By 1374 Bukka Raya I , successor to Harihara I , had defeated the chiefdom of Arcot , the Reddys of Kondavidu , the Sultan of Madurai and gained control over Goa in the west and the Tungabhadra - Krishna River doab in the north . The original capital was in the principality of Anegondi on the northern banks of the Tungabhadra River in today 's Karnataka . It was later moved to nearby Vijayanagara on the river 's southern banks during the reign of Bukka Raya I . With the Vijayanagara Kingdom now imperial in stature , Harihara II , the second son of Bukka Raya I , further consolidated the kingdom beyond the Krishna River and brought the whole of South India under the Vijayanagara umbrella . The next ruler , Deva Raya I , emerged successful against the Gajapatis of Odisha and undertook important works of fortification and irrigation . Deva Raya II ( called Gajabetekara ) succeeded to the throne in 1424 and was possibly the most capable of the Sangama dynasty rulers . He quelled rebelling feudal lords as well as the Zamorin of Calicut and Quilon in the south . He invaded the island of Lanka and became overlord of the kings of Burma at Pegu and Tanasserim . The empire declined in the late 15th century until the serious attempts by commander Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya in 1485 and by general Tuluva Narasa Nayaka in 1491 to reconsolidate the empire . Krishna Deva Raya After nearly two decades of conflict with rebellious chieftains , the empire eventually came under the rule of Krishna Deva Raya , the son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka . In the following decades the Vijayanagara empire dominated all of Southern India and fought off invasions from the five established Deccan Sultanates . The empire reached its peak during the rule of Krishna Deva Raya when Vijayanagara armies were consistently victorious . The empire annexed areas formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan and the territories in the eastern Deccan , including Kalinga , while simultaneously maintaining control over all its subordinates in the south . Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of Krishna Deva Raya . Krishna Deva Raya was followed by his younger brother Achyuta Deva Raya in 1529 and in 1542 by Sadashiva Raya while the real power lay with Aliya Rama Raya , the son - in - law of Krishna Deva Raya , whose relationship with the Deccan Sultans who allied against him has been debated . The sudden capture and killing of Aliya Rama Raya in 1565 at the Battle of Talikota , against an alliance of the Deccan sultanates , after a seemingly easy victory for the Vijayanagara armies , created havoc and confusion in the Vijayanagara ranks , which were then completely routed . The Sultanates ' army later plundered Hampi and reduced it to the ruinous state in which it remains ; it was never re-occupied . Tirumala Deva Raya , Rama Raya 's younger brother who was the sole surviving commander , left Vijayanagara for Penukonda with vast amounts of treasure on the back of 1500 elephants . The empire went into a slow decline regionally , although trade with the Portuguese continued , and the British were given a land grant for the establishment of Madras . Tirumala Deva Raya was succeeded by his son Sriranga I later followed by Venkata II who was the last great king of Vijayanagara empire , made his capital Chandragiri and Vellore , repulsed the invasion of the Deccan Sultanates and saved Penukonda from being captured . His successor Rama Deva Raya took power and ruled until 1632 , after whose death Venkata III became king and ruled for about ten years . The empire was finally conquered by the Sultanates of Bijapur and Golkonda . The largest feudatories of the Vijayanagar empire -- the Nayaks of Gandikota , the Mysore Kingdom , Keladi Nayaka , Nayaks of Madurai , Nayaks of Tanjore , Nayakas of Chitradurga and Nayak Kingdom of Gingee palegars of gummanayakanapalya -- declared independence and went on to have a significant impact on the history of South India in the coming centuries . These Nayaka kingdoms lasted into the 18th century while the Mysore Kingdom remained a princely state until Indian Independence in 1947 although they came under the British Raj in 1799 after the death of Tipu Sultan . Nayak kingdoms ( edit ) Main articles : Nayaks of Madurai , Nayaks of Tanjore , Nayakas of Chitradurga , and Keladi Nayaka Aghoreshwara temple , mantapa in Keladi Nayaka art Shimoga District , Karnataka . Vijayangara empire had established military and administrative governors called Nayakas to rule in the various territories of the empire . After the demise of the Vijayanagara empire , the local governors declared their independence and started their rule . The Nayak of Madurai , Nayaks of Tanjore , Keladi Nayakas of Shimoga , Nayakas of Chitradurga and Kingdom of Mysore were the most prominent of them . Raghunatha Nayak ( 1600 -- 1645 ) was the greatest of the Tanjavur Nayaks . Raghunatha Nayak encouraged trade and permitted a Danish settlement in 1620 at Danesborg at Tarangambadi . This laid the foundation of future European involvement in the affairs of the country . The success of the Dutch inspired the English to seek trade with Thanjavur , which was to lead to far - reaching repercussions . Vijaya Raghava ( 1631 -- 1675 CE ) was the last of the Thanjavur Nayaks . Nayaks reconstructed some of the oldest temples in the country and their contributions can be seen even today . Nayaks expanded the existing temples with large pillared halls , and tall gateway towers was a striking feature in the religious architecture of this period . Kantheerava Narasaraja Wodeyar and Tipu Sultan from the Kingdom of Mysore , Madhakari Nayaka of Chitradurga Nayaka clan and Venkatappa Nayaka of Keladi dynasty are the most famous among the post Vijayanagar rulers from Kannada country . In Madurai , Thirumalai Nayak was the most famous Nayak ruler . He patronised art and architecture creating new structures and expanding the existing landmarks in and around Madurai . His landmark buildings are the Meenakshi Temple Gopurams and Thirumalai Nayak Palace in Madurai . On Thirumalai Nayak 's death in 1659 CE , other notable ruler was Rani Mangammal . Shivaji Bhonsle , the great Maratha Ruler , invaded the south , as did Chikka Deva Raya of Mysore and other Muslim Rulers , resulting in chaos and instability and the Madurai Nayak Kingdom collapsed in 1736 following internal strife . The Tanjavur Nayaks ruled till late 17th century until their dynasty was put to an end by Madurai Rulers , and the Marathas grabbing the opportunity to install their ruler . The Tanjavur Nayak kings were notable for their contribution to Arts and Telugu literature . Maratha empire ( edit ) Main article : Maratha Empire Mysore Palace in Mysore , Karnataka . The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was an Indian imperial power that existed from 1674 to 1818 . At its peak , the empire covered much of the subcontinent , encompassing a territory of over 2.8 million km2 . The Marathas are credited with ending the Mughal rule in India . The Marathas were a yeoman Hindu warrior group from the western Deccan ( present day Maharashtra ) that rose to prominence by establishing ' Hindawi Swarajya ' . According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , `` The Maratha group of castes is a largely rural class of peasant cultivators , landowners , and soldiers . The Marathas became prominent in the 17th century under the leadership of Shivaji who revolted against the Bijapur Sultanate and the Mughal Empire , and carved out a rebel territory with Raigad as his stronghold . Known for their mobility , the Marathas were able to consolidate their territory during the Deccan Wars against the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and , later in time , controlled a large part of India . Shahu , a grandson of Shivaji , was released by the Mughals after the death of Aurangzeb . Following a brief struggle with his aunt Tarabai , Shahu became ruler . During this period , he appointed Balaji Vishwanath Bhat and later his descendants as the Peshwas or the prime ministers of the Maratha Empire . After the death of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb , the empire expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas . The empire at its peak stretched from Tamil Nadu in the south , to Peshawar ( modern - day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ) in the north , and Bengal and Andaman Islands in east . The rise of Maratha military power under Shivaji and his heirs in the immediate north of what is today considered South India had a profound influence on the political situation of South India , with Maratha control quickly extending as far east as Ganjam and as far south as Thanjavur . Following the death of Aurangzeb , Mughal power withered , and South Indian rulers gained autonomy from Delhi . The Wodeyar kingdom of Mysore , which was originally in tribute to Vijayanagara and gained in strength over the next few decades , subsequently emerging as the dominant power in the southern part of South India . The Asaf Jahis of Hyderabad controlled the territory north and east of Mysore , while the Marathas controlled portions of what is today Karnataka . By the close of the `` medieval '' period , most of South India was either ruled directly from , or under tribute to Nayak dynasty or Wodeyars . Modern history ( edit ) Colonial period ( edit ) South India in 1800 In the middle of the 18th century , the French and the British East India company initiated a protracted struggle for military control of South India . The period was marked by shifting alliances between the two East India companies and the local powers , mercenary armies employed by all sides , and general anarchy in South India . Cities and forts changed hands many times , and soldiers were primarily remunerated through loot . The four Anglo - Mysore Wars and the three Anglo - Maratha Wars saw Mysore , the Marathas and Hyderabad aligning themselves in turns with either the British or the French . Eventually , British power in alliance with Hyderabad prevailed and Mysore was absorbed as a princely state within British India . The Nizam of Hyderabad sought to retain his autonomy through diplomacy rather than open war with the British . The Maratha Empire that stretched across large swathes of central and northern India was broken up , with most of it annexed by the British . British South India ( edit ) South India during the British colonial rule was divided into the Madras Presidency and Hyderabad , Mysore , Thiruvithamcoore ( also known as Travancore ) , Cochin , Vizianagaram and a number of other minor princely states . The Madras Presidency was ruled directly by the British , while the rulers of the princely states enjoyed considerable internal autonomy . British Residents were stationed in the capitals of the important states to supervise and report on the activities of the rulers . British troops were stationed in cantonments near the capitals to curb the potential of rebellion . The rulers of these states accepted the principle of paramountcy of the British Crown . The larger princely states issued their own currency and built their own railroads -- with non-standard gauges which would be incompatible with their neighbors . The cultivation of coffee and tea was introduced to the mountainous regions of South India during the British period , and both remain important cash crops . After independence ( edit ) On August 15 , 1947 , the former British India achieved independence as the new dominions of India and Pakistan . The rulers of India 's princely states acceded to the government of India between 1947 and 1950 , and South India was organized into a number of new states . Most of South India was included in Madras state , which included the territory of the former Madras Presidency together with the princely states of Banganapalle , Pudukkottai , and Sandur . The other states in South India were Coorg ( the erstwhile Coorg province of British India ) , Mysore State ( the former princely state of Mysore ) and Travancore - Cochin , formed from the merger of the princely states of Travancore and Cochin . The former princely state of Hyderabad became Hyderabad State , and erstwhile Bombay Presidency became Bombay State . In 1953 , the Jawaharlal Nehru government yielded to intense pressure from the northern Telugu - speaking districts of Madras State , and allowed them to vote to create India 's first linguistic state . Andhra State was created on November 1 , 1953 from the northern districts of Madras State , with its capital in Kurnool . Increasing demands for reorganisation of the patchwork of India 's states resulted in the formation of a national States Reorganisation Commission . Based on the commission 's recommendations , the Parliament of India enacted the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 , which reorganized the boundaries of India 's states along linguistic lines . Andhra State was renamed Andhra Pradesh , and enlarged by the addition of Telugu - speaking region of Telangana , formerly part of Hyderabad State . Mysore State was enlarged by the addition of Coorg and the Kannada - speaking districts of southwestern Hyderabad State and southern Bombay State . The new Malayalam - speaking state of Kerala was created by the merger of Travancore - Cochin with Malabar and Kasargod districts of Madras State . Madras State , which after 1956 included the Tamil - majority regions of South India , changed its name to Tamil Nadu in 1968 , and Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1972 . Portuguese India , which included Goa , was annexed by India in 1961 , and Goa became a state in 1987 . The enclaves of French India were ceded to India in the 1950s , and the southern four were organised into the union territory of Puducherry . See also ( edit ) Ancient India History of Tamil Nadu Ancient Tamil country History of Karnataka Political history of medieval Karnataka History of Andhra Pradesh History of Kerala References ( edit ) Jump up ^ One such site was found at Krishnagiri in Tamil Nadu -- `` Steps to preserve megalithic burial site '' . The Hindu , Oct 6 , 2006 . Chennai , India : The Hindu Group . 6 October 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ K.A.N. Sastri , A History of South India , pp. 49 -- 51 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=yK8D8c5-HXAC&pg=PA126&lpg=PA126&dq=Garikapadu+stupa&source=bl&ots=RSa1g5lrqQ&sig=Z9Y7jPecYg02v8bWKeih5e2Kcqk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IPF5UbfnOKjmiAeyjICgDA&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Veerapuram&f=false Jump up ^ Front Page : Some pottery parallels . The Hindu ( 2007 - 05 - 25 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Woolner , Alfred C. ( 1928 ) . Introduction to Prakrit . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publ. , . pp. 235 pages ( see page : 15 ) . ISBN 9788120801899 . Jump up ^ The History of Andhras , Durga Prasad Archived 2007 - 03 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Historians such as P.B. Desai ( History of Vijayanagar Empire , 1936 ) , Henry Heras ( The Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara , 1927 ) , B.A. Saletore ( Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire , 1930 ) , G.S. Gai ( Archaeological Survey of India ) , William Coelho ( The Hoysala Vamsa , 1955 ) and Kamath ( Kamath 2001 , pp157 -- 160 ) Jump up ^ Karmarkar ( 1947 ) , p30 Jump up ^ Kulke and Rothermund ( 2004 ) , p188 Jump up ^ Rice ( 1897 ) , p345 Jump up ^ Robert Sewell ( A Forgotten Empire Vijayanagar : A Contribution to the History of India , 1901 ) , Nilakanta Sastri ( 1955 ) , N. Ventakaramanayya ( The Early Muslim expansion in South India , 1942 ) and B. Surya Narayana Rao ( History of Vijayanagar , 1993 ) in Kamath ( 2001 ) pp157 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastry ( 1955 ) , p216 Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p160 Jump up ^ Portuguese travelers Barbosa , Barradas and Italian Varthema and Caesar Fredericci in 1567 , Persian Abdur Razzak in 1440 , Barani , Isamy , Tabataba , Nizamuddin Bakshi , Ferishta and Shirazi and vernacular works from the 14th to 16th centuries . ( Kamath 2001 , pp157 -- 158 ) Jump up ^ Fritz & Michell ( 2001 ) pp1 -- 11 Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri ( 1955 ) , p216 Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p162 Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri ( 1955 ) , p317 Jump up ^ The success was probably also due to the peaceful nature of Muhammad II Bahmani , according to Nilakanta Sastri ( 1955 ) , p242 Jump up ^ From the notes of Portuguese Nuniz . Robert Sewell notes that a big dam across was built the Tungabhadra and an aqueduct 15 miles ( 24 km ) long was cut out of rock ( Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p243 ) . Jump up ^ Also deciphered as Gajaventekara , a metaphor for `` great hunter of his enemies '' , or `` hunter of elephants '' ( Kamath 2001 , p163 ) . Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri ( 1955 ) , p244 Jump up ^ From the notes of Persian Abdur Razzak . Writings of Nuniz confirms that the kings of Burma paid tributes to Vijayanagara empire ( Nilakanta Sastri 1955 , p245 ) Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p164 Jump up ^ From the notes of Abdur Razzak about Vijayanagara : a city like this had not been seen by the pupil of the eye nor had an ear heard of anything equal to it in the world ( Hampi , A Travel Guide 2003 , p11 ) Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri ( 1955 ) , p250 Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri ( 1955 ) , p239 Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p159 Jump up ^ From the notes of Portuguese traveler Domingo Paes about Krishna Deva Raya : A king who was perfect in all things ( Hampi , A Travel Guide 2003 , p31 ) Jump up ^ The notes of Portuguese Barbosa during the time of Krishna Deva Raya confirms a very rich and well provided Vijayanagara city ( Kamath 2001 , p186 ) Jump up ^ Most monuments including the royal platform ( Mahanavami Dibba ) were actually built over a period spanning several decades ( Dallapiccola 2001 , p66 ) Jump up ^ Dr. P.B. Desai asserts that Rama Raya 's involvement often was at the insistence of one Sultan or the other ( Kamath 2001 , p172 ) . Jump up ^ Some scholars say the war was actually fought between Rakkasagi and Tangadigi in modern Bijapur district , close to Talikota , and the battle is also called `` Battle of Rakkasa - Tangadi '' . Shervani claimed that the actual venue of the battle was Bannihatti ( Kamath 2001 , p170 ) Jump up ^ The Telugu work Vasucharitamu refers to Aravidu King Tirumala Deva Raya ( 1570 ) as the reviver of the Karnata Empire. ( Ramesh 2006 ) Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri ( 1955 ) , p268 ^ Jump up to : Kamath ( 2001 ) , p174 Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p220 , p226 , p234 Jump up ^ `` The Marathas '' . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Jump up ^ Vartak , Malavika ( 8 -- 14 May 1999 ) . `` Shivaji Maharaj : Growth of a Symbol '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 34 ( 19 ) : 1126 -- 1134 . JSTOR 4407933 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Maratha ( people ) -- Encyclopædia Britannica . Global.britannica.com . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Mehta , J.L. Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707 -- 1813 Jump up ^ Mackenna , P.J. et al. Ancient and modern India Jump up ^ Andaman & Nicobar Origin Andaman & Nicobar Island History . Andamanonline.in . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Welcome to Alibag / Alibaug . Sarkhel Kanhoji Angre . Marathiecards.com . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Rao , Velcheru Narayana , David Shulman , and Sanjay Subrahmanyam . Textures of Time : Writing History in South India 1600 - 1800 ( 2003 ) Nilakanta Sastri , K.A. ( 2000 ) . A History of South India . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . Nilakanta Sastri , K.A. ; Srinivasachari ( 2000 ) . Advanced History of India . New Delhi : Allied Publishers Ltd . Chandra , Bipin ( 1999 ) . The India after Independence . New Delhi : Penguin . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_India&oldid=825713836 '' Categories : South India History of India by region Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from April 2017 Use Indian English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা ಕನ್ನಡ Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 23 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - Wikipedia It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Jump to : navigation , search It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Genre Sitcom Created by Rob McElhenney Developed by Rob McElhenney Glenn Howerton Starring Charlie Day Glenn Howerton Rob McElhenney Kaitlin Olson Danny DeVito Opening theme `` Temptation Sensation '' by Heinz Kiessling Composer ( s ) Cormac Bluestone Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 134 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Charlie Day Glenn Howerton Rob McElhenney Michael Rotenberg Nick Frenkel Scott Marder Rob Rosell David Hornsby Dan Attias John Fortenberry Matt Shakman Producer ( s ) Tom Lofaro Fred Savage Matt Shakman Randall Einhorn Dave Chernin John Chernin Hunter Covington Todd Biermann Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Cinematography Peter Smokler John Tanzer Editor ( s ) Josh Drisko Tim Roche Robert Bromwell Camera setup Single - camera Running time 18 -- 25 minutes Production company ( s ) 3 Arts Entertainment RCG Productions FX Productions ( 2007 -- 16 ) FXP ( 2017 -- present ) Distributor FX Networks 20th Television Release Original network FX ( 2005 -- 12 ) FXX ( 2013 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( 2005 -- 08 ) 480i ( 16 : 9 SDTV ) ( 2009 ) 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( 2010 -- present ) Original release August 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 04 ) -- present External links Website www.fxnetworks.com/shows/its-always-sunny-in-philadelphia It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American television sitcom that premiered on FX on August 4 , 2005 . It moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season and has remained there since . It was created by Rob McElhenney who developed it with Glenn Howerton . It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney , Howerton , and Charlie Day , all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito . The series follows the exploits of `` The Gang '' , a group of debauched , self - centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy 's Pub in South Philadelphia . The series was renewed for a twelfth season that premiered on January 4 , 2017 . On April 1 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season , which will tie it with The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet as the longest running ( number of seasons ) live - action sitcom in American TV history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Broadcast and syndication 6 Music 6.1 Soundtrack track listing 7 Reception 8 Other media 8.1 The Nightman Cometh live 8.2 Russian adaptation 8.3 Book 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows `` The Gang '' , a group of five depraved underachievers : twins Dennis Reynolds ( Glenn Howerton ) and Deandra `` Sweet Dee '' Reynolds ( Kaitlin Olson ) , their friends Charlie Kelly ( Charlie Day ) and Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald ( Rob McElhenney ) , and ( from season 2 onward ) Frank Reynolds ( Danny DeVito ) , Dennis ' and Dee 's legal father . The Gang runs the dilapidated Paddy 's Pub , an Irish bar in South Philadelphia . Each member of the gang shows varying degrees of dishonesty , egotism , selfishness , greed , pettiness , ignorance , laziness , and unethical behavior ; they are often engaged in controversial activities . Episodes usually find them hatching elaborate schemes and often conspiring against one another and others for personal gain , vengeance , or simply the entertainment of watching another 's downfall . They habitually inflict mental , emotional , and physical pain on each other and anyone who crosses their path . They also regularly use blackmail to manipulate one another and others outside of the group . The Gang 's unity is never solid , and any of them would quickly dump any of the others for quick profit or personal gain , regardless of the consequences . Everything they do results in contention among themselves , and much of the show 's dialogue involves the characters arguing or yelling at one another . Despite their lack of success or achievements , they maintain high opinions of themselves and display an obsessive interest in their own reputations and public images . The Gang has no sense of shame when attempting to get what they want and often engage in activities that others would find humiliating , disgusting , or shocking . Some of these situations include smoking crack cocaine and pretending to be mentally challenged in order to qualify for welfare , attempted cannibalism , kidnapping , blackface , hiding naked inside a couch in order to eavesdrop on people , tricking a man into giving his daughter a lap dance , forcing each other to eat inedible items , huffing paint , foraging in the sewers for valuables , sleeping with each other 's romantic interests , seducing a priest , secretly feeding someone their dead pet , plugging their open wounds with trash , setting a room full of people on fire and locking the door to avoid an uncomfortable Thanksgiving meal , fantasizing about killing each other , pretending to have AIDS in order to get priority access to amusement park rides , taking out life insurance on a suicidal person , orally siphoning gasoline , and stalking their crushes . During the Season 7 episode `` The Gang Gets Trapped '' , in which The Gang breaks into a family 's home and has to hide from them when they return , an angry monologue by Dennis captures the essence of The Gang 's modus operandi : `` We immediately escalate everything to a ten ... somebody comes in with some preposterous plan or idea , then all of a sudden everyone 's on the gas , nobody 's on the brakes , nobody 's thinking , everyone 's just talking over each other with one idiotic idea after another ! Until , finally , we find ourselves in a situation where we 've broken into somebody 's house -- and the homeowner is home ! '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia characters McElhenney , Howerton , Day , Olson , and DeVito at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con . Charlie Day as Charlie Kelly -- Charlie was a co-owner at Paddy 's Pub , but traded his capital investment for `` goods and services '' , half a sandwich , and other undisclosed compensation . He is a childhood friend of Mac , and high school friend of Dennis and Dee . He is also the roommate of Frank , who may be his biological father . Charlie does most of the actual work and maintenance ( referred to as `` Charlie Work '' ) at the pub . He is unable to properly read or write , and is an alcoholic substance abuser who is often seen huffing glue or paint . He lives in squalor with Frank in a run - down , vermin - infested apartment and suffers from deep - seated psychological problems , believing his dreams to be haunted by a figure known as `` The Nightman '' , who breaks into his home and rapes him . Charlie has unresolved anger issues , often screaming as a means of getting his point across . He also has an unhealthy obsession with `` The Waitress '' , a recurring character who finds Charlie repulsive and shows no interest in him . Despite his character flaws , he is typically the most compassionate and moral member of the gang . Glenn Howerton as Dennis Reynolds -- Dennis is a co-owner of Paddy 's Pub and is Dee 's twin brother . Easily the most sociopathic of the characters , Dennis is abrasive , narcissistic , selfish , histrionic , and vain . Dennis graduated from the University of Pennsylvania . It is at times hinted that Dennis may be a psychopathic serial killer , but this remains ambiguous . After the season 12 finale it is unclear whether or not Dennis will be returning for the show 's 13th and 14th seasons . Rob McElhenney as Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald -- Mac is a co-owner of Paddy 's Pub . He is Charlie Kelly 's childhood friend and Dennis 's high school friend and later roommate . The son of a convicted felon who has been in prison for much of Mac 's life , he frequently attempts to demonstrate his toughness and refers to himself as the `` sheriff of Paddy 's '' . He also often brags about his hand - to - hand combat skills , although he typically flees from physical confrontation . Mac is a Roman Catholic , though he often espouses strong Christian fundamentalist opinions , despite his often amoral behavior , such as engaging in casual sex with numerous women , including Dennis ' mother . Though it is frequently insinuated Mac harbors homosexual feelings , he maintained an adamant denial of any such proclivity , much to the annoyance of the gang , until the season 12 episode `` Hero or Hate Crime ? '' , when he finally comes out . Kaitlin Olson as Deandra `` Sweet Dee '' Reynolds -- Dee is Dennis 's twin sister and is the bartender at Paddy 's Pub . Dee dreams of becoming an actress , although she lacks any apparent talent and suffers from debilitating stage fright . She wore a back brace in high school , leaving her with the nickname of `` The Aluminum Monster '' , and she is constantly referred to by the gang as a bird , due to their perception of her as a giant , awkward , avian - like creature . She majored in psychology at the University of Pennsylvania , but did not graduate . Dee lives alone in an apartment . Her comments and ideas are usually disregarded by the others , though they will often repeat what she has said word - for - word and pretend it was their idea , at which point it will be hailed as a great idea . She is often left to deal with the negative consequences of the gang 's activities . Though often the butt of the gang 's jokes , she is frequently involved in their schemes . She is portrayed as the angriest and most physically violent of the group and has a history of assault , including setting her roommate on fire in college . Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds -- Frank is the legal father of twins Dennis and Dee , and may be the biological father of his roommate Charlie . He used to be a successful businessman with a long history of illegal operations and dealings with sordid characters , but chose to abandon that life and redeem himself after leaving his `` whore wife '' . He has since embraced his `` feral '' nature and describes himself as `` fringe class '' . Despite having substantial financial resources , he chooses to share a decrepit studio apartment with Charlie , where they live in squalor and sleep together on a pullout couch . The two also share similar interests , such as playing the inexplicable game of ' Night Crawlers ' and foraging naked in sewers for valuables . He is also a severe compulsive gambler , seen betting on everything from grade school basketball to Russian roulette , usually with his chain smoking , and high - stakes betting ring of Vietnamese friends . He styles himself a master manipulator and frequently takes the lead in the group 's schemes . He is frequently armed with a handgun and often snorts cocaine as part of his daily routine . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 7 August 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 04 ) September 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 15 ) FX 10 June 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 29 ) August 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 17 ) 15 September 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 13 ) November 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 15 ) 13 September 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) November 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) 5 12 September 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 17 ) December 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) 6 14 September 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) December 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 16 ) 7 13 September 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) December 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 15 ) 8 10 October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) December 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) 9 10 September 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) November 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 06 ) FXX 10 10 January 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 14 ) March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) 11 10 January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) March 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) 12 10 January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) Production ( edit ) The show began as a short film idea written by Rob McElhenney and Glenn Howerton about a man telling his friend he might have cancer , while the friend is only intent on trying to borrow a cup of sugar for the `` shitload of coffee '' he has made . This was then developed into a pilot called It 's Always Sunny on TV and was shot on a digital camcorder by Charlie Day , Glenn Howerton , and Rob McElhenney . It was believed the pilot was shot with a budget of just $200 , but Day would later comment , `` We shot it for nothing ... I do n't know where this $200 came from ... We were a bunch of kids with cameras running around shooting each other and ( the ) next thing you know , we 're eleven years in and we 're still doing the show . '' This pilot was shopped by the actors around various studios , their pitch being simply showing the DVD of the pilot to executives . After viewing the pilot , FX Network ordered the first season . Although it is often stated publicly that It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was one of the first shows to be shot in 24p standard - definition video , using Panasonic 's DVX100 MiniDV prosumer video camera , from the sixth season forward , the show was shot in 24p using high - definition video cameras . Danny DeVito joined the cast in the first episode of the second season , playing the father of Dennis ( played by Glenn Howerton ) and Dee ( played by Kaitlin Olson ) . In March 2017 , after the conclusion of the twelfth season , Glenn Howerton revealed he might not return to the series , due to working on other projects . In an August 2017 interview , Charlie Day said that he believes Howerton will be back , and that he would not feel right continuing without him . Broadcast and syndication ( edit ) The first season ran for seven episodes with the finale airing September 13 , 2005 . According to McElhenney , word of mouth on the show was good enough for FX to renew it for a second season , which ran from June 29 to August 17 , 2006 . Reruns of edited first - season episodes began airing on FX 's parent network , Fox , in June 2006 , for a planned three - episode run -- `` The Gang Finds a Dead Guy '' , `` Gun Fever '' ( which was renamed as `` Gun Control '' ) and `` Charlie Gets Molested '' were shown . The show would not be shown on broadcast television again until 2011 , when FX began offering the show for syndication . The third season ran from September 13 , 2007 to November 15 , 2007 . On March 5 , 2008 , FX renewed It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia for a fourth season . On July 15 , 2008 , it was reported that FX had ordered 39 additional episodes of the series , consisting of the fifth and sixth seasons . All five main cast members were secured for the entire scheduled run . The fifth season ran from September 17 , 2009 to December 10 , 2009 . On May 31 , 2010 , Comedy Central began airing reruns of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . WGN America also began broadcasting the show as part of its fall 2011 schedule . The sixth season ran from September 16 , 2010 until December 9 , 2010 , running twelve episodes , plus the Christmas special . The seventh season ran from September 15 , 2011 until December 15 , 2011 , running 13 episodes . On August 6 , 2011 , FX announced it had picked up the show for an additional two seasons ( the show 's eighth and ninth ) running through 2013 . On March 28 , 2013 , FX renewed the show for a tenth season , along with the announcement that the series would move to its new sister network , FXX . In April 2017 , it was announced by Kaitlin Olson that It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia would go on an extended hiatus . In an interview with TV Guide Olson stated , `` We ended up pushing our next season a year because we were all busy with separate projects this year . So at the end of this coming shooting season of The Mick I 'll step right into Sunny after that . '' The show is currently under contract for two more seasons and is expected to return in 2019 . On October 2 , 2017 , the show premiered on Viceland . Music ( edit ) The theme song is a piece of production music called `` Temptation Sensation '' by German composer Heinz Kiessling . Additionally , Kiessling 's work ( `` On Your Bike '' and `` Blue Blood '' ) can also be heard during various scene transitions throughout the show , along with other composers and pieces such as Werner Tautz ( `` Off Broadway '' ) , Joe Brook ( `` Moonbeam Kiss '' ) and Karl Grell ( `` Honey Bunch '' ) . Many of the tracks heard in the series have been taken from Cafe Romantique , an album of easy listening production music collected by Extreme Music , the production music library unit of Sony / ATV Music Publishing . Independent record label Fervor Records has also contributed music to the show . Songs from The Jack Gray Orchestra 's album , Easy Listening Symph - O - Nette ( `` Take A Letter Miss Jones '' , `` Golly Gee Whiz '' , and `` Not a Care in the World '' ) and the John Costello III release Giants of Jazz ( `` Birdcage '' , `` Cotton Club '' and `` Quintessential '' ) are heard in several episodes . The soundtrack , featuring most of the music heard on the show , was released in 2010 . Soundtrack track listing ( edit ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( Music from the Original TV Series ) No . Title Music Artist Length 1 . `` Temptation Sensation ( Main Title Theme ) '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 53 2 . `` Derby Day '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 39 3 . `` Blue Blood '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 54 4 . `` On Your Bike '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 15 5 . `` Take the Plunge '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 3 : 10 6 . `` Hotsy - Totsy '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 18 7 . `` Off Broadway '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 31 8 . `` Coconut Shy '' Heinz Kiessling The Diamontinos 2 : 25 9 . `` Honey Bunch '' Karl Grell The Ralph Manning Orchestra 2 : 44 10 . `` Glitterati Party '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 51 11 . `` Singles Soiree '' Richard Faecks The Rüdiger Piesker Orchestra 2 : 09 12 . `` Pink Deville '' Paul Rothman The Ole Olafsen Band 2 : 34 13 . `` Captain 's Table '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 44 14 . `` Starlet Express '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 31 15 . `` Final Fling '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 29 16 . `` Sweetheart Serenade '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 54 17 . `` Tea at Tiffani 's '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 28 18 . `` Moonbeam Kiss '' Joe Brook The Rüdiger Piesker Orchestra 2 : 21 19 . `` Grand Central '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 3 : 15 Total length : 50 : 05 Reception ( edit ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia has received critical acclaim . Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker praised the show , calling it `` not merely the best sitcom on television but one of the most arresting and ambitious current TV series , period '' . Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly reviewed the first season negatively , commenting `` it is smug enough to think it 's breaking ground , but not smart enough to know it is n't '' . Brian Lowry of Variety gave the first season a positive review , saying it was `` invariably clever and occasionally a laugh - out - loud riot , all while lampooning taboo topics '' . Later seasons of the show have received favorable ratings on review aggregator Metacritic , receiving 70 / 100 , 78 / 100 and 85 / 100 for seasons 4 , 5 and 6 respectively . The show has become a cult hit with viewers and is often compared in style to Seinfeld -- particularly due to the self - centered nature of its main characters . The Philadelphia Inquirer reviewer Jonathan Storm wrote `` It 's like Seinfeld on crack , '' a quote that became widely used to describe the series , to the point that FX attached the tagline , `` It 's Seinfeld on crack . '' In 2014 , Entertainment Weekly listed the show at # 7 in the `` 26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever '' , with the comment that `` it 's a great underdog story ... If it sounds too dark for you , consider that there 's an episode about making mittens for kittens , and it 's adorable . '' In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Sunny was `` more popular in college towns ( and most popular in Philadelphia ) '' . In 2015 , Rolling Stone rated the top 20 greatest and funniest It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes , stating `` for 10 seasons , the series had mined comic gold from the execrable behavior of the owners of Paddy 's Pub . '' They claimed the two - part season 4 episode , `` Mac and Charlie Die '' is the sitcom 's greatest episode yet . Year Award Category Winner / nominee Result 2008 Satellite Award Best Actor in a Series , Comedy or Musical Danny DeVito Nominated Best Television Series , Comedy or Musical It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Nominated 2011 Best Actor in a Series , Comedy or Musical Charlie Day Nominated Best Television Series , Comedy or Musical It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Won 2012 People 's Choice Award Favorite Cable TV Comedy Nominated 2013 Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or a Variety Program Marc Scizak Nominated 2014 Nominated 2015 Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Award Favorite Cable TV Comedy It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Won Other Media ( edit ) The Nightman Cometh live ( edit ) In September 2009 , the cast took their show live . The `` Gang '' performed the musical The Nightman Cometh in New York City , Boston , Seattle , San Francisco , Los Angeles , and Philadelphia . Mary Elizabeth Ellis and Artemis Pebdani also appeared in the performance as The Waitress and Artemis . Actress Rhea Perlman ( wife of Danny DeVito ) assumed the role of Gladys . Creator Rob McElhenney said that Live Nation originally approached the cast about doing the show at 30 cities , but in the end the cast settled on 6 . Co-developer Glenn Howerton described the show as `` essentially an expanded version of the actual episode of `` The Nightman Cometh '' , which was the final episode for season four . There are some added moments , added scenes , added songs , and extended versions of songs that already existed . '' Two new songs were included in the performance and a longer running time allowed for greater improvisation by the actors . The performance was also preceded by a preview screening of a season five episode . The Los Angeles performance , filmed at The Troubadour , was included as a bonus feature on the season four DVD box set . Russian adaptation ( edit ) A Russian adaptation of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia premiered in Russia on the television channel TNT on May 12 , 2014 . This version is titled В Москве всегда солнечно ( V Moskve vsegda solnechno , It 's Always Sunny in Moscow ) and like the original , centers around four friends , who own a bar called `` Philadelphia '' in Moscow . Book ( edit ) A book based upon It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was released on January 6 , 2015 , titled The Gang Writes a Self - Help Book : The 7 Secrets of Awakening the Highly Effective Four - Hour Giant , Today . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Dan ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` FX renews ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia , ' extends deal with stars '' . HitFix . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny ' & ' Man Seeking Woman ' Get Return Dates On FXX '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Renewed for Seasons 13 and 14 at FXX '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Is Glen Howerton Leaving ' It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia ' ? '' . UPROXX. 2017 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Kyle ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Charlie Day Claims ' It 's Always Sunny ' Pilot was Shot for Nothing , Report of $200 is False '' . MStarsNews . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Was This Glenn Howerton 's ' Always Sunny ' Farewell ? ' It 's A Little Complicated , ' He Says '' . Uproxx . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Charlie Day Would n't Want To Do ' It 's Always Sunny ' Without Dennis '' . HuffPost . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Premiere '' . IGN . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ( SP - 0635 ) `` The Gang Finds a Dead Guy '' ( Repeat ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( SP - 0636 ) `` Gun Control '' ( Repeat ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( SP - 0637 ) `` Charlie Gets Molested '' ( Repeat ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' Gets Another Season '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 5 , 2008 . Retrieved March 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 15 , 2008 ) . `` FX Shows Love for It 's Always Sunny '' . IGN . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Season 5 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' Debuts On Comedy Central May 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Guide 2011 '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 6 , 2011 ) . `` FX Renews Louie and Wilfred , Orders Two More Seasons of It 's Always Sunny '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Etkin , Jaimie ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia ' Renewed For Season 10 And ' The League ' For Season 6 On FX '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Season 13 Will Be a Year Late '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia on VICELAND - Begins Oct 2 '' . Viceland . September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( August 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' soundtrack to be released September 1 : Ta - da , ta - da , ta - da - daah - daah - daah ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Bar None : `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' and `` The Mindy Project '' `` . New Yorker . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flynn , Gillian ( August 2 , 2005 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 31 , 2005 ) . `` Review : ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Storm , Jonathan ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Slackers ' revenge -- The jokers of ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' take on a ( fictional ) Inquirer critic , while those on Testees take the juvenile quotient even higher '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p . E01 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Why you need to watch It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` 20 Best ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' Episodes '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matheson , Whitney ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` The ' Nightman Cometh ' to a city near you '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia : Live ! '' . IGN . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Alyssa ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` Rob McElhenney & Glenn Howerton Interview '' . Flash Flood Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Howerton Talks `` It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia '' And More ! `` . Icon vs. Icon . September 16 , 2009 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ В Москве всегда солнечно ( in Russian ) . THT - Online . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia by The Gang '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Official website It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia on IMDb It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia at TV.com It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Characters Charlie Kelly Dennis Reynolds Mac Deandra Reynolds Frank Reynolds The Waitress Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Category FX original programming Former 1990s debuts Backchat ( 1995 -- 2007 ) Baseball , Minnesota ( 1996 ) Bobcat 's Big Ass Show ( 1998 ) Penn & Teller 's Sin City Spectacular ( 1998 ) The Dick & Paula Celebrity Special ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The X Show ( 1999 -- 01 ) 2000s debuts 30 Days ( 2005 -- 08 ) Archer ( 2009 -- 16 ) Black . White . 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( 2014 -- 15 ) Wilfred ( 2014 ) Axe Cop ( 2015 ) Stone Quackers ( 2014 -- 15 ) Man Seeking Woman ( 2015 -- 17 ) See also : Animation Domination High - Def Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Larry Sanders Show ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Ellen ( 1998 ) Action ( 1999 ) Sex and the City ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) Arrested Development ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2004 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty ( 2006 ) Pushing Daisies ( 2007 ) Tracey Ullman 's State of the Union ( 2008 ) Glee ( 2009 ) The Big C ( 2010 ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( 2011 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2012 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 ) Transparent ( 2014 ) Silicon Valley ( 2015 ) Silicon Valley ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia&oldid=819398484 '' Categories : 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American comedy television series 2010s American comedy television series Alcohol abuse in television American black comedy television programs American satirical television programs American television sitcoms Culture of Philadelphia English - language television programs FX network shows FXX original programs Gay - related television programs Irish - American culture in Philadelphia It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Narcissism in fiction Single - camera television sitcoms Television shows set in Philadelphia Television series about dysfunctional families Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Hidden categories : CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Track listings with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 04 : 09 . 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where does it always sunny in philadelphia take place
[ "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American television sitcom that premiered on FX on August 4, 2005. It moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season and has remained there since. It was created by Rob McElhenney who developed it with Glenn Howerton. It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney, Howerton, and Charlie Day, all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito. The series follows the exploits of \"The Gang\", a group of debauched, self-centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy's Pub in South Philadelphia." ]
[ "Philadelphia" ]
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List of WWE United States Champions
List of WWE United States champions - wikipedia List of WWE United States champions Jump to : navigation , search Current champion Baron Corbin The WWE United States Championship is a professional wrestling championship contested in the American promotion WWE on the SmackDown brand . It was originally known as the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship and began as a regional championship created by and defended in Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling , run by Jim Crockett , Jr . Harley Race became the inaugural champion on the title 's introduction on January 1 , 1975 . Turner Broadcasting bought the company in November 1988 and renamed it World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) after its primary television program . In March 2001 , the then - WWF bought selected assets of WCW . This resulted in the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship becoming a championship for the WWF , who referred to it as the WCW United States Championship . At Survivor Series in November 2001 , the WCW United States and WWF Intercontinental Championships were unified , resulting in the United States Championship being deactivated . In July 2003 , the title was reactivated as the WWE United States Championship . Since the 2017 WWE Superstar Shake - up , it is exclusively contested on the SmackDown brand . The championship is contested in professional wrestling matches , in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition . Some reigns were held by champions using a ring name , while others used their real name . As of November 6 , 2017 , the current champion is Baron Corbin , who is in his first reign . Overall , there have been 87 different champions . Ric Flair holds the record for having the most reigns at six , while John Cena holds the record for most reigns under the WWE banner at five . Lex Luger holds the record for longest reign , with his third reign lasting a total of 523 days , while Dean Ambrose holds the longest reign under the WWE banner , at 351 days ( overall the third longest in the title 's history ) . Only two men , Lex Luger and Rick Rude , have held the championship for a continuous reign of one year ( 365 days ) or more . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title history 1.1 Names 1.2 Reigns 2 Combined reigns 2.1 Notes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Title history ( edit ) Names ( edit ) Name Years NWA United States Heavyweight Championship ( Mid-Atlantic version ) January 1 , 1975 -- January 27 , 1981 NWA United States Heavyweight Championship ( Undisputed version ) January 27 , 1981 -- 1991 WCW United States ( Heavyweight ) Championship 1991 -- 2001 WWE United States Championship 2003 -- present Reigns ( edit ) As of November 6 , 2017 . Reign The reign number for the specific champion listed Location The city in which the title was won Event The event promoted by the respective promotion in which the title was won † Indicates the title changes not recognized by the WWE + Indicates the current reign is changing daily No . Wrestler Reign Date Days held Location Event Notes Ref . Harley Race 000000001975 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1975 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 Tallahassee , FL House show Defeated Johnny Weaver in a tournament final to become the inaugural NWA United States Heavyweight Champion for Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling . WWE recognizes Race 's reign as lasting 184 days . Johnny Valentine 000000001975 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1975 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 Greensboro , NC House show -- Vacated -- 000000001975 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1975 -- -- -- Vacated when Johnny Valentine suffered a career - ending injury in a plane crash . Terry Funk 000000001975 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1975 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Greensboro , NC House show Defeated Paul Jones in a tournament final for the vacant title . WWE recognizes Funk 's reign as lasting 19 days . Paul Jones 000000001975 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 1975 7002107000000000000 ♠ 107 Greensboro , NC House show 5 Blackjack Mulligan 000000001976 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1976 7002217000000000000 ♠ 217 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Mulligan 's reign as lasting 218 days . 6 Paul Jones 000000001976 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1976 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Jones ' reign as ending on November 28 , 1976 . -- Blackjack Mulligan 000000001976 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1976 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Charlotte , NC House show -- Paul Jones 000000001976 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1976 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Winston - Salem , NC House show 7 Blackjack Mulligan 000000001976 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1976 7002204000000000000 ♠ 204 Raleigh , NC House show 8 Bobo Brazil 000000001977 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1977 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Norfolk , VA House show 9 Ric Flair 000000001977 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1977 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Richmond , VA House show 10 Ricky Steamboat 000000001977 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 1977 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 Charleston , SC House show WWE recognizes Steamboat 's reign as lasting 73 days . 11 Blackjack Mulligan 000000001978 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1978 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Mulligan 's reign as lasting 78 days . 12 Mr. Wrestling 000000001978 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1978 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Mr. Wrestling 's reign as lasting 22 days . 13 Ric Flair 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 Charlotte , NC House show WWE recognizes Flair 's reign as lasting 252 days , ending on December 17 , 1978 14 Ricky Steamboat 000000001978 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1978 7002104000000000000 ♠ 104 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Steamboat 's reign as lasting 105 days . 15 Ric Flair 000000001979 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1979 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Flair 's reign as lasting 134 days . -- Vacated -- 000000001979 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1979 -- -- -- Vacated when Ric Flair won the NWA World Tag Team Championship four days prior . 16 Jimmy Snuka 000000001979 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1979 7002231000000000000 ♠ 231 Charlotte , NC House show Defeated Ricky Steamboat in a tournament final for the vacant title . WWE recognizes Snuka 's reign as lasting 233 days , ending on April 20 , 1980 , although in reality , the end date was April 19 , 1980 . 17 Ric Flair 000000001980 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 1980 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Flair 's reign as beginning on April 20 , 1980 and ending on July 26 , 1980 , although in reality , he won the title on April 19 , 1980 . -- Greg Valentine 000000001980 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1980 7002121000000000000 ♠ 121 Charlotte , NC House show -- Ric Flair 5 000000001980 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 1980 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 Greenville , SC House show Although this reign is not recognized , a WWE.com article recognized Flair as a six - time champion . 18 Roddy Piper 000000001981 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1981 7002193000000000000 ♠ 193 Raleigh , NC House show The title became the undisputed NWA United States Heavyweight Championship in January 1981 after the NWA San Francisco office , the last other promotion to recognize its own United States Heavyweight Champion , closed . WWE recognizes Piper 's reign as lasting 194 days . 19 Wahoo McDaniel 000000001981 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 1981 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes McDaniel 's reign as lasting 32 days . -- Vacated -- 000000001981 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 1981 -- -- -- Vacated when Wahoo McDaniel was injured by Abdullah the Butcher . 20 Sgt . Slaughter 000000001981 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1981 7002229000000000000 ♠ 229 Charlotte , NC House show Defeated Ricky Steamboat in a tournament final for the vacant title . 21 Wahoo McDaniel 000000001982 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1982 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Richmond , VA House show WWE recognizes McDaniel 's reign as lasting 18 days . 22 Sgt . Slaughter 000000001982 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1982 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 Greenville , SC House show Awarded the title due to Wahoo McDaniel being injured by Don Muraco and Roddy Piper before the match . 23 Wahoo McDaniel 000000001982 - 08 - 22 - 0000 August 22 , 1982 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 Charlotte , NC House show WWE recognizes McDaniel 's reign as lasting 75 days . 24 Greg Valentine 000000001982 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1982 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 Norfolk , VA House show 25 Roddy Piper 000000001983 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1983 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Piper 's reign as lasting 15 days . 26 Greg Valentine 000000001983 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1983 7002228000000000000 ♠ 228 Greensboro , NC House show Valentine won when Roddy Piper suffered a large cut over his left ear and the referee stopped the match . WWE recognizes Valentine 's reign as lasting 229 days . 27 Dick Slater 000000001983 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1983 7002129000000000000 ♠ 129 Shelby , NC House show 28 Ricky Steamboat 000000001984 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1984 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 Greensboro , NC House show 29 Wahoo McDaniel 000000001984 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1984 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Greensboro , NC House show -- Vacated -- 000000001984 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1984 -- -- -- Wahoo McDaniel was stripped of the title due to Tully Blanchard interfering in McDaniel 's title defense . 30 Wahoo McDaniel 5 000000001984 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1984 7002167000000000000 ♠ 167 Charlotte , NC House show Defeated Manny Fernandez in a tournament final for the vacant title . WWE recognizes McDaniel 's reign as lasting 168 days . 31 Magnum T.A. 000000001985 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1985 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 Charlotte , NC House show 32 Tully Blanchard 000000001985 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1985 7002130000000000000 ♠ 130 Charlotte , NC House show 33 Magnum T.A. 000000001985 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1985 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 Greensboro , NC Starrcade This was an `` I Quit '' steel cage match . WWE recognizes Magnum T.A. 's reign as lasting 154 days , with Magnum T.A. being stripped of the title on May 1 , 1986 . -- Vacated -- 000000001986 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1986 -- -- -- Magnum T.A. was stripped of the title for attacking NWA president Bob Geigel . 34 Nikita Koloff 000000001986 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1986 7002328000000000000 ♠ 328 Charlotte , NC House show Defeated Magnum T.A. in a best of seven series for the vacant title , though WWE officially says it was a tournament final . Koloff defeated Wahoo McDaniel on September 28 , 1986 to unify the NWA National Heavyweight Championship into the U.S. title . 35 Lex Luger 000000001987 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 1987 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 Greensboro , NC House show This was a steel cage match . 36 Dusty Rhodes 000000001987 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1987 7002141000000000000 ♠ 141 Chicago , IL Starrcade This was a steel cage match . -- Vacated -- 000000001988 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1988 -- -- -- Dusty Rhodes was stripped of the title for attacking NWA President Jim Crockett . 37 Barry Windham 000000001988 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 1988 7002283000000000000 ♠ 283 Houston , TX House show Defeated Nikita Koloff in a tournament final for the vacant title . 38 Lex Luger 000000001989 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 1989 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 Chicago , IL Chi - Town Rumble 39 Michael Hayes 000000001989 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1989 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Nashville , TN WrestleWar 40 Lex Luger 000000001989 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 1989 7002523000000000000 ♠ 523 Bluefield , WV House show 41 Stan Hansen 000000001990 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 1990 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Chicago , IL Halloween Havoc 42 Lex Luger 000000001990 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1990 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 St. Louis , MO Starrcade This was a Texas Bullrope match . During Luger 's reign in 1991 , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) split from the NWA and the title was renamed as the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship . -- Vacated -- 000000001991 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1991 -- Baltimore , MD The Great American Bash Vacated when Lex Luger won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship . 43 Sting 000000001991 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 1991 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 Atlanta , GA House show Defeated Steve Austin in a tournament final for the vacant title . 44 Rick Rude 000000001991 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1991 7002378000000000000 ♠ 378 Savannah , GA Clash of the Champions XVII -- Vacated -- 000000001992 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1992 -- -- -- Vacated due to Rick Rude suffering an injury . 45 Dustin Rhodes 000000001993 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1993 7002110000000000000 ♠ 110 Atlanta , GA Saturday Night Defeated Ricky Steamboat in a match that was originally made to determine the No. 1 contender , but upon Rick Rude 's vacation of the title , it was instead made to decide the new champion . Aired on tape delay on January 16 , 1993 . -- Vacated -- 000000001993 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1993 -- -- WorldWide Vacated following a title defense against Rick Rude that ended in a double pinfall . Aired on tape delay on May 15 , 1993 . 46 Dustin Rhodes 000000001993 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1993 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 Atlanta , GA Saturday Night Defeated Rick Rude in a rematch for the vacant title . Aired on tape delay on September 11 , 1993 . 47 Steve Austin 000000001993 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1993 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 Charlotte , NC Starrcade ' 93 : 10th Anniversary This was a two out of three falls match . 48 Ricky Steamboat 000000001994 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 1994 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Cedar Rapids , IA Clash of the Champions XXVIII 49 Steve Austin 000000001994 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1994 < 1 Roanoke , VA Fall Brawl 1994 : War Games Awarded the title due to Ricky Steamboat being injured . 50 Jim Duggan 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 51 Vader 000000001994 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1994 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 Nashville , TN Starrcade -- Vacated -- 000000001995 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1995 -- Atlanta , GA Saturday Night Vader was stripped of the title by WCW commissioner Nick Bockwinkel for hospitalizing Dave Sullivan one week prior . 52 Sting 000000001995 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 1995 7002148000000000000 ♠ 148 Dayton , OH The Great American Bash Defeated Meng in a tournament final for the vacant title . 53 Kensuke Sasaki 000000001995 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 1995 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Tokyo , Japan WCW World in Japan Won the title at a New Japan Pro-Wrestling event . 54 One Man Gang 000000001995 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1995 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Nashville , TN Starrcade : World Cup of Wrestling Won in a post-PPV dark match . Although the match was restarted and Kensuke Sasaki subsequently retained the title , it was never acknowledged by WCW , nor is it acknowledged by WWE . 55 Konnan 000000001996 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1996 7002160000000000000 ♠ 160 Canton , OH Main Event 56 Ric Flair 5 000000001996 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1996 7002141000000000000 ♠ 141 Daytona Beach , FL Bash at the Beach -- Vacated -- 000000001996 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1996 -- -- -- Vacated due to Ric Flair suffering a shoulder injury . 57 Eddie Guerrero 000000001996 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1996 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Nashville , TN Starrcade Defeated Diamond Dallas Page in a tournament final for the vacant title . 58 Dean Malenko 000000001997 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 1997 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 North Charleston , SC Uncensored 59 Jeff Jarrett 000000001997 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1997 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 Boston , MA Monday Nitro 60 Steve McMichael 000000001997 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 1997 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Nashville , TN Clash of the Champions XXXV 61 Curt Hennig 000000001997 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1997 7002104000000000000 ♠ 104 Charlotte , NC Monday Nitro 62 Diamond Dallas Page 000000001997 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 1997 7002112000000000000 ♠ 112 Washington , D.C. Starrcade 63 Raven 000000001998 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 1998 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Denver , CO Spring Stampede This was a `` Raven 's Rules '' match . 64 Goldberg 000000001998 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1998 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Colorado Springs , CO Monday Nitro This was a `` Raven 's Rules '' match . WWE.com mistakenly lists Goldberg 's reign as lasting 91 days , ending on July 20 , 1998 . -- Vacated -- 000000001998 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 1998 -- Atlanta , GA Monday Nitro Vacated when Goldberg won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship . 65 Bret Hart 000000001998 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1998 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Salt Lake City , UT Monday Nitro Defeated Diamond Dallas Page for the vacant title . 66 Lex Luger 5 000000001998 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1998 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Rapid City , SD Monday Nitro WWE recognizes Luger 's reign as lasting 3 days , ending on August 13 , 1998 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 67 Bret Hart 000000001998 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1998 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 Fargo , ND Thunder WWE recognizes Hart 's reign as lasting 74 days , beginning on August 13 , 1998 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 68 Diamond Dallas Page 000000001998 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 1998 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Phoenix , AZ Monday Nitro 69 Bret Hart 000000001998 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 1998 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Chattanooga , TN Monday Nitro This was a no disqualification match . 70 Roddy Piper 000000001999 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1999 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Buffalo , NY Monday Nitro 71 Scott Hall 000000001999 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 1999 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Oakland , CA SuperBrawl IX -- Vacated -- 000000001999 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1999 -- Lexington , KY Thunder Scott Hall was stripped of the title by WCW President Ric Flair . 72 Scott Steiner 000000001999 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1999 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 Tacoma , WA Spring Stampede Defeated Booker T in a tournament final for the vacant title . -- Vacated -- 000000001999 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1999 -- Atlanta , GA Monday Nitro Scott Steiner was stripped of the title by WCW President Ric Flair . 73 David Flair 000000001999 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1999 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Atlanta , GA Monday Nitro Awarded the title by his father and WCW President Ric Flair . 74 Chris Benoit 000000001999 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1999 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Boise , ID Monday Nitro 75 Sid Vicious 000000001999 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 1999 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Winston - Salem , NC Fall Brawl 76 Goldberg 000000001999 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 1999 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Paradise , NV Halloween Havoc Won the title when Sid Vicious suffered excessive bleeding and the referee stopped the match . 77 Bret Hart 000000001999 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 1999 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Phoenix , AZ Monday Nitro 78 Scott Hall 000000001999 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1999 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Indianapolis , IN Monday Nitro This was a four - way ladder match , also involving Sid Vicious and Goldberg . 79 Chris Benoit 000000001999 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1999 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Washington , D.C. Starrcade Awarded the title when Scott Hall suffered a knee injury during the match . 80 Jeff Jarrett 000000001999 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1999 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Baltimore , MD Monday Nitro This was a ladder match . -- Vacated -- 000000002000 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2000 -- Cincinnati , OH Souled Out Vacated due to Jeff Jarrett suffering an injury . 81 Jeff Jarrett 000000002000 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 2000 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Columbus , OH Monday Nitro Awarded by WCW Commissioner Kevin Nash . -- Vacated -- 000000002000 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2000 -- Denver , CO Monday Nitro All WCW titles were declared vacant by Vince Russo and Eric Bischoff after WCW was rebooted . 82 Scott Steiner 000000002000 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2000 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Chicago , IL Spring Stampede Defeated Sting in a tournament final for the vacant title . -- Vacated -- 000000002000 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2000 -- Daytona Beach , FL Bash at the Beach Scott Steiner was stripped of the title when he used the banned Steiner Recliner submission hold on Mike Awesome . 83 Lance Storm 000000002000 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2000 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 Auburn Hills , MI Monday Nitro Defeated Mike Awesome in a tournament final for the vacant title . Storm unofficially renamed the title the WCW Canadian Heavyweight Championship . 84 Terry Funk 000000002000 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2000 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Amarillo , TX House show Title change was not recognized by WCW , but is recognized by WWE . 85 Lance Storm 000000002000 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2000 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Lubbock , TX House show Title change was not recognized by WCW , but is recognized by WWE . 86 Gen. Rection 000000002000 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2000 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Paradise , NV Halloween Havoc Defeated Lance Storm and Jim Duggan in a handicap match . 87 Lance Storm 000000002000 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2000 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 London , England Monday Nitro 88 Gen. Rection 000000002000 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2000 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Milwaukee , WI Mayhem 89 Shane Douglas 000000002001 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2001 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Indianapolis , IN Sin This was a First Blood Chain match . 90 Rick Steiner 000000002001 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2001 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Tupelo , MS Monday Nitro 91 Booker T 000000002001 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2001 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 Jacksonville , FL Greed Title and other selected assets of WCW were purchased by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . Title was subsequently referred to as the WCW United States Championship and was defended on WWF programming . 92 Chris Kanyon 000000002001 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 2001 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Pittsburgh , PA SmackDown ! Given the title by Booker T as he was also the WCW Champion . WWE recognizes Kanyon 's reign as lasting 46 days , beginning on July 26 , 2001 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 93 Tajiri 000000002001 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 2001 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 San Antonio , TX Raw Is War 94 Rhyno 000000002001 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2001 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Pittsburgh , PA Unforgiven 95 Kurt Angle 000000002001 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2001 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Kansas City , MO Raw 96 Edge 000000002001 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2001 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Boston , MA Raw -- Unified -- 000000002001 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2001 -- Greensboro , NC Survivor Series Edge defeated WWF Intercontinental Champion Test to unify the two titles . Edge became the Intercontinental Champion while the United States title was deactivated . In May 2002 , the WWF became the WWE . 97 Eddie Guerrero 000000002003 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2003 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Denver , CO Vengeance Title was reactivated as the WWE United States Championship as an exclusive title of the SmackDown brand . Guerrero defeated Chris Benoit in a tournament final for the revived title . 98 Big Show 000000002003 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2003 7002147000000000000 ♠ 147 Baltimore , MD No Mercy 99 John Cena 000000002004 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2004 7002114000000000000 ♠ 114 New York , NY WrestleMania XX WWE mistakenly lists Cena 's reign as lasting 137 days , ending on July 29 , 2004 . The match description for Booker T 's title win states that Cena was stripped of the title `` a few weeks prior '' to the July 29 , 2004 tape delay episode of SmackDown ! -- Vacated -- 000000002004 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 2004 -- Winnipeg , MB SmackDown ! John Cena was stripped of the title after attacking SmackDown ! General Manager Kurt Angle . Aired on tape delay on July 8 , 2004 . 100 Booker T 000000002004 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2004 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 Cincinnati , OH SmackDown ! This was an eight - way elimination match , also involving John Cena , René Duprée , Kenzo Suzuki , Rob Van Dam , Billy Gunn , Charlie Haas , and Luther Reigns . WWE recognizes Booker T 's reign as lasting 66 days , beginning on July 29 , 2004 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 101 John Cena 000000002004 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2004 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 East Rutherford , NJ No Mercy This was the fifth match of a Best of Five series . WWE recognizes Cena 's reign as lasting 4 days , ending on October 7 , 2004 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 102 Carlito Caribbean Cool 000000002004 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2004 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Boston , MA SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Carlito 's reign as beginning on October 7 , 2004 and ending on November 18 , 2004 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 103 John Cena 000000002004 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2004 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 Dayton , OH SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Cena 's reign as beginning on November 18 , 2004 and ending on March 3 , 2005 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 104 Orlando Jordan 000000002005 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2005 7002173000000000000 ♠ 173 Albany , NY SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Jordan 's reign as lasting 171 days , beginning on March 3 , 2005 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 105 Chris Benoit 000000002005 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2005 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Washington , D.C. SummerSlam WWE recognizes Benoit 's reign as lasting 61 days , ending on October 21 , 2005 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 106 Booker T 000000002005 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2005 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Reno , NV SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Booker T 's reign as beginning on October 21 , 2005 and ending on November 25 , 2005 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . -- Vacated -- 000000002005 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2005 -- Sheffield , England SmackDown ! Vacated when Booker T 's title defense against Chris Benoit ended in a double pinfall . Aired on tape delay on November 25 , 2005 . 107 Booker T 000000002006 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2006 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Philadelphia , PA SmackDown ! Booker T faced Chris Benoit in a Best of Seven series , winning the first three matches ; Randy Orton substituted for Booker T after that due to injury , losing the next three matches , but winning the final for the vacant title . WWE recognizes Booker T 's reign as lasting 37 days , beginning on January 13 , 2006 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 108 Chris Benoit 000000002006 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2006 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Baltimore , MD No Way Out 109 John Bradshaw Layfield 000000002006 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2006 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Rosemont , IL WrestleMania 22 WWE recognizes JBL 's reign as lasting 54 days , ending on May 26 , 2006 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 110 Bobby Lashley 000000002006 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2006 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Bakersfield , CA SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Lashley 's reign as beginning on May 26 , 2006 and ending on July 14 , 2006 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 111 Finlay 000000002006 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2006 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Minneapolis , MN SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Finlay 's reign as beginning on July 14 , 2006 and ending on September 1 , 2006 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 112 Mr. Kennedy 000000002006 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2006 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Reading , PA SmackDown ! This was a triple threat match , also involving Bobby Lashley . WWE recognizes Kennedy 's reign as beginning on September 1 , 2006 and ending on October 13 , 2006 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 113 Chris Benoit 5 000000002006 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2006 7002222000000000000 ♠ 222 Jacksonville , FL SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Benoit 's reign as lasting 219 days , beginning on October 13 , 2006 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 114 Montel Vontavious Porter 000000002007 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2007 7002343000000000000 ♠ 343 St. Louis , MO Judgment Day This was a two out of three falls match . 115 Matt Hardy 000000002008 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2008 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Baltimore , MD Backlash The title became exclusive to the ECW brand following the 2008 WWE draft . 116 Shelton Benjamin 000000002008 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 2008 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 Uniondale , NY The Great American Bash The title was returned to SmackDown due to Benjamin 's status as a SmackDown wrestler . WWE recognizes Benjamin 's reign as lasting 243 days , ending on March 20 , 2009 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 117 Montel Vontavious Porter 000000002009 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2009 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 Corpus Christi , TX SmackDown The title became exclusive to the Raw brand following the 2009 WWE draft . WWE recognizes Porter 's reign as lasting 73 days , beginning on March 20 , 2009 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 118 Kofi Kingston 000000002009 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 2009 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 Birmingham , AL Raw 119 The Miz 000000002009 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2009 7002224000000000000 ♠ 224 Wilkes - Barre , PA Raw 120 Bret Hart 5 000000002010 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2010 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Toronto , ON Raw This was a no disqualification , no countout match . -- Vacated -- 000000002010 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2010 -- Toledo , OH Raw Vacated when Bret Hart became the Raw General Manager . 121 R - Truth 000000002010 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2010 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Toledo , OH Raw Defeated The Miz to win the vacant title . 122 The Miz 000000002010 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2010 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 Charlotte , NC Raw This was a fatal four - way match , also involving John Morrison and Zack Ryder . 123 Daniel Bryan 000000002010 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 2010 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 Rosemont , IL Night of Champions WWE recognizes Bryan 's reign as lasting 177 days . 124 Sheamus 000000002011 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2011 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 St. Louis , MO Raw If Sheamus lost , he would have quit the WWE . Title became exclusive to the SmackDown brand following the 2011 WWE draft . 125 Kofi Kingston 000000002011 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 2011 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Tampa , FL Extreme Rules This was a tables match . The title became exclusive to Raw due to Kingston 's status as a Raw wrestler . 126 Dolph Ziggler 000000002011 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 2011 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 Washington , D.C. Capitol Punishment On August 29 , 2011 , the brand extension ended , allowing the United States Champion to appear on both Raw and SmackDown . 127 Zack Ryder 000000002011 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2011 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Baltimore , MD TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs 128 Jack Swagger 000000002012 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2012 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Anaheim , CA Raw WWE recognizes Swagger 's reign as lasting 50 days . 129 Santino Marella 000000002012 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2012 7002167000000000000 ♠ 167 Boston , MA Raw 130 Antonio Cesaro 000000002012 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2012 7002239000000000000 ♠ 239 Los Angeles , CA SummerSlam Match aired live on YouTube and WWE.com as part of the SummerSlam pre-show . WWE recognizes Cesaro 's reign as lasting 240 days . 131 Kofi Kingston 000000002013 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2013 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Greenville , SC Raw 132 Dean Ambrose 000000002013 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2013 7002351000000000000 ♠ 351 St. Louis , MO Extreme Rules 133 Sheamus 000000002014 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2014 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 Albany , NY Raw This was a 20 - man battle royal . Sheamus lastly eliminated Dean Ambrose to win the match and the title . WWE recognizes Sheamus ' reign as lasting 183 days . 134 Rusev 000000002014 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2014 7002146000000000000 ♠ 146 Buffalo , NY Raw Backstage Pass 135 John Cena 000000002015 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2015 7002147000000000000 ♠ 147 Santa Clara , CA WrestleMania 31 136 Seth Rollins 000000002015 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2015 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Brooklyn , NY SummerSlam This was a title for title match , in which Rollins also defended the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . WWE recognizes Rollins ' reign as lasting 29 days . 137 John Cena 5 000000002015 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2015 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Houston , TX Night of Champions 138 Alberto Del Rio 000000002015 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2015 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 Los Angeles , CA Hell in a Cell This was an open challenge . WWE recognizes Del Rio 's reign as lasting 79 days . 139 Kalisto 000000002016 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 2016 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 New Orleans , LA Raw WWE recognizes Kalisto 's reign as lasting 3 days , ending on January 14 , 2016 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 140 Alberto Del Rio 000000002016 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2016 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Lafayette , LA SmackDown WWE recognizes Del Rio 's reign as lasting 10 days , beginning on January 14 , 2016 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 141 Kalisto 000000002016 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2016 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 Orlando , FL Royal Rumble 142 Rusev 000000002016 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2016 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 Newark , NJ Extreme Rules The brand extension returned and the title became exclusive to the Raw brand following the 2016 WWE draft . WWE recognizes Rusev 's reign as lasting 127 days . 143 Roman Reigns 000000002016 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2016 7002106000000000000 ♠ 106 Indianapolis , IN Clash of Champions WWE recognizes Reigns ' reign as lasting 107 days . 144 Chris Jericho 000000002017 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2017 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 New Orleans , LA Raw This was a 2 - on - 1 handicap match , also involving Kevin Owens , who teamed with Jericho . Jericho pinned Roman Reigns to win the title . 145 Kevin Owens 000000002017 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2017 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Orlando , FL WrestleMania 33 The title became exclusive to the SmackDown brand following the 2017 WWE Superstar Shake - up . WWE recognizes Owens ' reign as lasting 29 days . 146 Chris Jericho 000000002017 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2017 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 San Jose , CA Payback Since Jericho won , he was transferred to the SmackDown brand . WWE recognizes Jericho 's reign as lasting 3 days . 147 Kevin Owens 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 Fresno , CA SmackDown Live 148 AJ Styles 000000002017 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2017 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 New York , NY House show WWE recognizes Styles ' reign as lasting 17 days . 149 Kevin Owens 000000002017 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 2017 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Philadelphia , PA Battleground WWE recognizes Owens ' reign as lasting 3 days . 150 AJ Styles 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 Richmond , VA SmackDown Live This was a triple threat match also involving Chris Jericho . 151 Baron Corbin 000000002017 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2017 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 + Detroit , MI Hell in a Cell This was a triple threat match also involving Tye Dillinger . Combined Reigns ( edit ) Inaugural champion and WWE Hall of Famer Harley Race Record six - time champion Ric Flair Lex Luger is the longest reigning champion in history , with a record of 523 days Dean Ambrose is the longest reigning champion under the WWE banner , with a record of 351 days As of November 6 , 2017 . † Indicates the current champion Rank Wrestler No. of reigns Combined days Combined days recognized by WWE Luger , Lex Lex Luger 5 948 950 Flair , Ric Ric Flair 6 773 709 Valentine , Greg Greg Valentine 512 392 Mulligan , Blackjack Blackjack Mulligan 509 500 5 Porter , Montel Vontavious Montel Vontavious Porter 419 416 6 Cena , John John Cena 5 403 405 7 Rude , Rick Rick Rude 378 8 Benoit , Chris Chris Benoit 5 357 9 Ambrose , Dean Dean Ambrose 351 10 Koloff , Nikita Nikita Koloff 328 11 Miz ! The Miz 321 12 Sgt . Slaughter ! Sgt . Slaughter 305 13 Magnum T.A. ! Magnum T.A. 302 274 14 McDaniel , Wahoo Wahoo McDaniel 5 296 300 15 Windham , Barry Barry Windham 283 16 Rusev ! Rusev 272 273 17 Booker T ! Booker T 271 266 18 Steamboat , Ricky Ricky Steamboat 265 267 19 Austin , Steve Steve Austin 240 Benjamin , Shelton Shelton Benjamin 240 243 21 Cesaro , Antonio Antonio Cesaro 239 240 22 Sting ! Sting 234 23 Snuka , Jimmy Jimmy Snuka 231 233 24 Sheamus ! Sheamus 230 231 25 Rhodes , Dustin Dustin Rhodes 229 26 Piper , Roddy Roddy Piper 220 222 27 Kingston , Kofi Kofi Kingston 209 28 Hart , Bret Bret Hart 5 188 186 29 Jarrett , Jeff Jeff Jarrett 184 30 Race , Harley Harley Race 183 184 31 Ziggler , Dolph Dolph Ziggler 182 32 Bryan , Daniel Daniel Bryan 176 177 33 Jordan , Orlando Orlando Jordan 173 171 34 Steiner , Scott Scott Steiner 169 35 Marella , Santino Santino Marella 167 36 Guerrero , Eddie Eddie Guerrero 161 37 Konnan ! Konnan 160 38 Jones , Paul Paul Jones 156 150 39 Page , Diamond Dallas Diamond Dallas Page 147 Big Show ! Big Show 147 41 Rhodes , Dusty Dusty Rhodes 141 42 Blanchard , Tully Tully Blanchard 130 43 Slater , Dick Dick Slater 129 44 Kalisto ! Kalisto 120 122 45 Storm , Lance Lance Storm 115 46 Reigns , Roman Roman Reigns 106 107 47 Hennig , Curt Curt Hennig 104 48 Duggan , Jim Jim Duggan 100 49 Owens , Kevin Kevin Owens 96 98 50 Valentine , Johnny Johnny Valentine 93 51 AJ Styles ! AJ Styles 91 92 52 Del Rio , Alberto Alberto Del Rio 90 89 53 Vader , Big Van Big Van Vader 88 54 Jericho , Chris Chris Jericho 85 86 Malenko , Dean Dean Malenko 85 56 Hardy , Matt Matt Hardy 84 57 Goldberg ! Goldberg 78 92 58 Hall , Scott Scott Hall 66 59 Rection ! Gen. Rection 64 60 Layfield , John Bradshaw John Bradshaw Layfield 51 54 61 Hansen , Stan Stan Hansen 50 62 Lashley , Bobby Bobby Lashley 49 Finlay ! Finlay 49 Swagger , Jack Jack Swagger 49 50 65 Kanyon ! Chris Kanyon 48 46 66 Sasaki , Kensuke Kensuke Sasaki 44 67 Carlito ! Carlito Caribbean Cool 42 Kennedy , Mr.Mr . Kennedy 42 Sid Vicious ! Sid Vicious 42 70 Steiner , Rick Rick Steiner 41 71 Flair , David David Flair 35 72 One Man Gang ! One Man Gang 33 73 Corbin , Baron Baron Corbin † 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 + 74 Rhyno ! Rhyno 29 Ryder , Zack Zack Ryder 29 76 Rollins , Seth Seth Rollins 28 29 77 McMichael , Steve Steve McMichael 25 78 Bobo Brazil ! Bobo Brazil 22 Douglas , Shane Shane Douglas 22 80 Angle , Kurt Kurt Angle 21 Wrestling , Mr.Mr . Wrestling 21 22 R - Truth ! R - Truth 21 83 Funk , Terry Terry Funk 19 20 84 Hayes , Michael Michael Hayes 15 85 Tajiri ! Tajiri 13 86 Edge ! Edge 6 87 Raven ! Raven Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ric Flair 's fifth reign is not recognized by WWE , but a WWE.com article recognized him as a 6 - time champion Jump up ^ WWE recognizes Greg Valentine as a 2 - time champion . His first reign is not recognized by WWE . Jump up ^ WWE recognizes Blackjack Mulligan as a 3 - time champion . His second reign is not recognized by WWE . Jump up ^ WWE recognizes Paul Jones as a 2 - time champion . His third reign is not recognized by WWE . See also ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal WWE United States Championship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WWE Entertainment , Inc . Acquires WCW from Turner Broadcasting '' . WWE. 2001 - 03 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Father / Son Champions '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ambrose 's record U.S. Title reign '' . WWE . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` NWA / WCW United States Heavyweight Championship history '' . Wrestling-Titles.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE United States Championship history '' . Wrestling-Titles.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE United States Championship official history '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Sempervive , Mike ( 2003 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Bring The Pain : Detailed history of U.S. Heavyweight Title '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` The plane crash that changed wrestling '' . Slam ! Wrestling . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoops , Brian ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` On this day in pro wrestling history ( July 29 ) : Ric Flair vs. Bobo Brazil , Nick Bockwinkel vs. Mil Mascaras '' . Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WCW / WWE U.S. Heavyweight Title '' . Pro Wrestling Illustrated . 29 ( 5 ) : 93 -- 94 . 2008 . ISSN 1043 - 7576 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Ric Flair and David Flair -- United States Championship '' . WWE . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . The Dirtiest Player in the Game also had six stints with the United States Title , which is enough to build a legacy on in and of itself ^ Jump up to : `` Sgt . Slaughter 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Sgt . Slaughter 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ PWI 2002 Wrestling Almanac and Book of Facts . Ambler , PA : London Publishing . 2002 . p. 120 . ISSN 1043 - 7576 . Greg Valentine was awarded the title when the match was halted due to a bloody gash over Roddy Piper 's left ear that rendered him unable to continue . Jump up ^ `` Magnum T.A. 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tully Blanchard 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magnum T.A. 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Starrcade 1985 results '' . Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Magnum TA beat Tully Blanchard ( 16 : 00 ) in a `` steel cage I quit '' match to win the NWA U.S. Title . Jump up ^ 2002 Wrestling Almanac and Book of Facts . Ambler , PA : London Publishing . 2002 . p. 120 . ISSN 1043 - 7576 . This match was the final bout in a best - of - seven series to fill the vacancy created in May 1986 when Magnum T.A. was stripped of the title for attacking NWA president Bob Geigel . ^ Jump up to : `` Nikita Koloff 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` NWA National Heavyweight Championship history '' . Wrestling-Titles.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Great American Bash 87 results '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 29 . Lex Luger ( w / JJ Dillon ) defeated NWA U.S. Champion Nikita Koloff in a steel cage match via knockout with the Torture Rack after hitting him in the back with a steel chair thrown in the ring by Dillon while referee Earl Hebner was knocked out . Jump up ^ `` Lex Luger 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Starrcade 1987 results '' . Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Dusty Rhodes pinned Lex Luger ( 16 : 23 ) in a `` steel cage '' match to win the NWA US Title . Jump up ^ `` Dusty Rhodes ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Windham 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hoops , Brian ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` On this day in pro wrestling history ( May 13 ) : Rick Martel wins AWA gold , Kurt Angle wins TNA title , Nash & Hall beat one man to win tag titles '' . Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lex Luger 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Hayes ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ F4W Staff ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` On this day in pro wrestling history ( May 7 ) : Jeff Jarrett ends David Arquette 's WCW title reign , Nick Bockwinkel Vs. Ray Stevens '' . Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Hansen 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lex Luger 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Sting 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rick Rude 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dustin Rhodes ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Rhodes ' second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Starrcade 1993 results '' . Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Steve Austin beat Dustin Rhodes ( 15 : 00 ) in two straight falls to win the WCW US Title . Jump up ^ `` Steve Austin 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Steamboat 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Austin 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Duggan 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Vader 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Sting 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` NJPW : WCW World in Japan results '' . Strong Style Spirit . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . New Japan vs. WCW -- WCW U.S. Heavyweight Title : Kensuke Sasaki beat Sting ( c ) ( 12 : 47 ) with a Northern Light bomb to become the 57th champion . Jump up ^ `` One Man Gang 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Konnan 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ric Flair 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Guerrero 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dean Malenko 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Steve McMichael 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Curt Hennig 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Dallas Page 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Raven 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hoops , Brian ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` On this day in pro wrestling history : Brisco beats Race for NWA title , Gagne beats Crusher for AWA title , Robinson vs. Gagen '' . Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lex Luger 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Dallas Page 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Roddy Piper 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Hall 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Steiner 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Flair 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sid Vicious ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Hall 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeff Jarrett 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Jarrett 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Steiner 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2000 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Stampede : Spring back in WCW 's step '' . Slam ! Wrestling . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2000 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Booker new champ at the Bash '' . Slam ! Wrestling . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Storm 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Funk 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Storm 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Gen. Rection 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Storm 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Gen. Rection 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Douglas ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Steiner 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Kanyon 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tajiri 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rhyno 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edge 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Guerrero 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Big Show 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Booker T 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Carlito 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Oxqf6gmQqw Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Jordan 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` WWE SummerSlam 2005 results '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Booker T 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` WWE No Way Out 2006 results '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` JBL 's first reign '' . WWE.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Lashley 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Finlay 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Kennedy 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Smackdown Results -- 9 / 1 / 06 -- Reading , PA -- ( NEW U.S. Champion ... ) '' . Wrestle View . 2006 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Friday Night SmackDown ! results , 2006 '' . Wrestling Information Archive . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Andy . `` Smackdown : Batista is # 1 '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MVP 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( 2007 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Caldwell 's Judgment Day Report 5 / 20 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV `` . PW Torch . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Hardy 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( 2008 - 04 - 27 ) . `` Keller 's WWE Backlash PPV Report 4 / 27 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV event `` . PW Torch . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Shelton Benjamin 's first reign '' . WWE. 2008 - 07 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( 2008 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Keller 's WWE Great American Bash PPV Report 7 / 20 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV `` . PW Torch . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MVP 's second reign '' . WWE. 2009 - 03 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike ( 2009 - 03 - 21 ) . `` Smackdown Results -- 3 / 20 / 09 '' . Wrestle View . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Kofi Kingston 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Golden , Hunter ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Raw Results -- 6 / 1 / 09 '' . Wrestle View . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Miz 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Golden , Hunter ( 2009 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Raw Results -- 10 / 5 / 09 '' . Wrestle View . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bret Hart 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Raw Results -- 5 / 17 / 10 '' . WrestleView.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Adam ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Raw Results -- 5 / 24 / 10 '' . WrestleView.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` R - Truth 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Miz 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2010 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Raw Results -- 6 / 14 / 10 '' . WrestleView.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Noble 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Sheamus ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Kofi Kingston 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Dolph Ziggler 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Zack Ryder 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Raw SuperShow results : Laurinaitis snaps ! '' . WWE . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Santino Marella ` s first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Antonio Cesaro 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Alberto Del Rio 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dean Ambrose 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sheamus ' second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Rusev 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Rollins ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 26 August 2015 . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alberto Del Rio 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kalisto 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alberto Del Rio 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kalisto 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` 5 / 22 WWE Extreme Rules PPV Results -- CALDWELL 'S Complete Live Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` 9 / 25 WWE C. of Champions Results -- CALDWELL 'S Complete Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE MONDAY NIGHT RAW REPORT 1 / 9 : Reigns vs. Owens & Jericho , Shawn Michaels , Foley 's Performance Review , Undertaker `` rumored '' to appear `` . pwtorch.com . TDH Communications Inc . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WrestleMania 33 live review : Undertaker vs. Roman Reigns , Goldberg vs. Brock Lesnar for the WWE Universal Championship , AJ Styles vs. Shane McMahon , Seth Rollins vs. Triple H in an unsanctioned match '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` 4 / 30 Powell 's WWE Payback Live Review : Roman Reigns vs. Braun Strowman , Kevin Owens vs. Chris Jericho for the U.S. Championship , Samoa Joe vs. Seth Rollins , Randy Orton vs. Bray Wyatt in a House of Horrors match '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Jake . `` 5 / 2 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : Chris Jericho vs. Kevin Owens for the U.S. Championship , Charlotte and Naomi vs. Natalya and Carmella '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melok , Bobby . `` AJ Styles wins United States Championship from Kevin Owens at Madison Square Garden Live Event '' . WWE . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` 7 / 23 Powell 's WWE Battleground Live Review : Jinder Mahal vs. Randy Orton in a Punjabi Prison match for the WWE Championship , AJ Styles vs. Kevin Owens for the U.S. Championship , John Cena vs. Rusev in a flag match '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 7 / 25 : Surprise return , Owens gloats and Styles wants rematch , Nakamura vs. Corbin '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Hell in a Cell 2017 live review : Kevin Owens vs. Shane McMahon in a Falls Count Anywhere HIAC match , New Day vs. The Usos in an HIAC match for the Smackdown Tag Titles , Jinder Mahal vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official WWE United States Championship Title History NWA / WCW United States Heavyweight Championship Title History at Wrestling-Titles.com ( 1975 -- 2001 ) WWE United States Championship Title History at Wrestling-Titles.com ( 2001 -- present ) Current championships in WWE Championships Raw Universal ( reigns ) Intercontinental ( reigns ) Women 's ( reigns ) Cruiserweight ( reigns ) Tag Team ( reigns ) SmackDown WWE ( reigns ) United States ( reigns ) Women 's ( reigns ) Tag Team ( reigns ) NXT NXT ( reigns ) United Kingdom ( reigns ) Women 's ( reigns ) Tag Team ( reigns ) Accomplishments André the Giant Memorial Trophy Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Triple Crown Grand Slam King of the Ring Money in the Bank Royal Rumble Slammy Award WWE tournaments Former championships World Championship Wrestling championships World World Heavyweight ( reigns ) ( 1991 -- 2001 ) International World Heavyweight ( reigns ) ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Secondary United States ( reigns ) ( 1991 -- 2001 ) World Television ( reigns ) ( 1991 -- 2000 ) Tag Team World Tag Team ( reigns ) ( 1991 -- 2001 ) World Six - Man Tag Team ( reigns ) ( 1991 ) United States Tag Team ( reigns ) ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Cruiserweight Tag Team ( reigns ) ( 2001 ) Divisional Light Heavyweight ( reigns ) ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Cruiserweight ( reigns ) ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Hardcore ( reigns ) ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Women 's ( reigns ) ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Women 's Cruiserweight ( reigns ) ( 1997 ) Other Triple Crown WWE United States Champions MACW / JCP / WCW ( 1975 -- 2001 ) Harley Race Johnny Valentine Terry Funk Paul Jones Blackjack Mulligan Bobo Brazil Ric Flair Ricky Steamboat Mr. Wrestling Jimmy Snuka Roddy Piper Wahoo McDaniel Sgt . Slaughter Greg Valentine Dick Slater Magnum T.A. Tully Blanchard Nikita Koloff Lex Luger Dusty Rhodes Barry Windham Michael Hayes Stan Hansen Sting Rick Rude Dustin Rhodes Steve Austin Jim Duggan Big Van Vader Kensuke Sasaki One Man Gang Konnan Eddy Guerrero Dean Malenko Jeff Jarrett Steve McMichael Curt Hennig Diamond Dallas Page Raven Goldberg Bret Hart Scott Hall Scott Steiner David Flair Chris Benoit Sid Vicious Lance Storm Gen. Rection Shane Douglas Rick Steiner Booker T WWF / E ( 2001 , 2003 -- present ) Booker T Kanyon Tajiri Rhyno Kurt Angle Edge Eddie Guerrero Big Show John Cena Carlito Caribbean Cool Orlando Jordan Chris Benoit John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield Bobby Lashley Finlay Mr. Kennedy Montel Vontavious Porter Matt Hardy Shelton Benjamin Kofi Kingston The Miz Bret Hart R - Truth Daniel Bryan Sheamus Dolph Ziggler Zack Ryder Jack Swagger Santino Marella Antonio Cesaro Dean Ambrose Rusev Seth Rollins Alberto Del Rio Kalisto Roman Reigns Chris Jericho Kevin Owens AJ Styles Baron Corbin ( current ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_WWE_United_States_Champions&oldid=808918246 '' Categories : National Wrestling Alliance championships Jim Crockett Promotions championships World Championship Wrestling championships WWE championships Professional wrestling champion lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Polski Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 00 : 55 . 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who is the longest reigning wwe united states champion
[ "Overall, there have been 87 different champions. Ric Flair holds the record for having the most reigns at six,[2] while John Cena holds the record for most reigns under the WWE banner at five. Lex Luger holds the record for longest reign, with his third reign lasting a total of 523 days, while Dean Ambrose holds the longest reign under the WWE banner, at 351 days (overall the third longest in the title's history).[3] Only two men, Lex Luger and Rick Rude, have held the championship for a continuous reign of one year (365 days) or more." ]
[ "Lex Luger" ]
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Pledge of Allegiance (United States)
Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) - wikipedia Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. oath of allegiance . For the general topic of oaths of allegiance , see Oath of allegiance . For other uses , see Pledge of Allegiance ( disambiguation ) . Pledge of Allegiance ( Bellamy versions ) ( changes are bolded and underlined ) 1892 ( first version ) `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1892 to 1923 `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1923 to 1954 `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1954 ( current version ) 4 U.S.C. § 4 `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' The Pledge of Allegiance is an oath of allegiance to the United States , addressed to both the flag and the Republic . It was composed by Rear Admiral George Balch in 1887 , and revised by Francis Bellamy in 1892 . In 1942 it was formally adopted by Congress . Congress gave it the name The Pledge of Allegiance in 1945 . In 1954 the words `` under God '' were added . Though many countries have oaths of allegiances for specific purposes , the US remains one of the few to use such an oath in childhood education . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recital 2 Origins 2.1 Balch and Bellamy pledges 2.2 Bellamy 's account 3 Changes 3.1 Addition of `` under God '' 4 Salute 5 Music 6 Controversy 6.1 Legal challenges 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Recital Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge , as do many government meetings at local levels , and meetings held by many private organizations . All states except Hawaii , Iowa , Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly - scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools , although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students can not be compelled to recite the Pledge , nor can they be punished for not doing so . A number of states state flag pledges of allegiance to be recited after this . The United States Flag Code says : The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag -- `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' -- should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart . When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart . Persons in uniform should remain silent , face the flag , and render the military salute . Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform . Origins Balch and Bellamy pledges The Pledge of Allegiance , as it exists in its current form , was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy ( 1855 -- 1931 ) , who was a Baptist minister , a Christian socialist , and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy ( 1850 -- 1898 ) . There did exist a previous version created by Rear Admiral George Balch , a veteran of the Civil War , who later become auditor of the New York Board of Education . Balch 's pledge , which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference , read : We give our heads and hearts to God and our country ; one country , one language , one flag ! Balch was a proponent of teaching children , especially those of immigrants , loyalty to the United States , even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school . Balch 's pledge , which predates Bellamy 's by 5 years and was embraced by many schools , by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s , and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference , is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge . Bellamy , however , did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it , referring to the text as `` too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' The Bellamy `` Pledge of Allegiance '' was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children 's magazine The Youth 's Companion as part of the National Public - School Celebration of Columbus Day , a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the Americas . The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham , a marketer for the magazine , as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to sell flags to public schools . According to author Margarette S. Miller , this campaign was in line both with Upham 's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest . According to Miller , Upham `` would often say to his wife : ' Mary , if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded , and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution , I shall not have lived in vain . ' '' Bellamy 's original Pledge read : I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . Students reciting a pledge on Flag Day in 1899 The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point . Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds . As a socialist , he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity but decided against it , knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans . Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth 's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag . By June 29 , 1892 , Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations . This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335 . Subsequently , the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12 , 1892 , during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World 's Columbian Exposition ( the Chicago World 's Fair ) , Illinois . Bellamy 's account In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge Francis Bellamy said , `` At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was ( sic ) at a low ebb . The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools . '' James Upham `` felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse , '' so his publication `` fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost , which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year ( 1892 - 93 ) . As the World 's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas , Upham sought to link the publication 's flag drive to the event , `` so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising , under the most impressive conditions . '' Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying `` not only the superintendents of education in all the States , but ( he ) also worked with governors , Congressmen , and even the President of the United States . '' The publication 's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12 , 1892 , to be Columbus Day for which The Youth 's Companion made `` an official program for universal use in all the schools . '' Bellamy recalled that the event `` had to be more than a list of exercises . The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity . '' Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event , and `` There was also an oration suitable for declamation . '' Bellamy held that `` Of course , the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag , with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison . '' He found `` There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute . The Balch salute , which ran , `` I give my heart and my hand to my country , one country , one language , one flag , '' seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' After working on the idea with Upham , Bellamy concluded , `` It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea . I especially stressed the word ' allegiance ' ... Beginning with the new word allegiance , I first decided that ' pledge ' was a better school word than ' vow ' or ' swear ' ; and that the first person singular should be used , and that ' my ' flag was preferable to ' the . ' '' Bellamy considered the words `` country , nation , or Republic , '' choosing the last as `` it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution . The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands . '' Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures , and concluded `` all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words , one Nation indivisible . '' Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution , Liberté , égalité , fraternité ( `` liberty , equality , fraternity '' ) , but held that `` fraternity was too remote of realization , and ... ( that ) equality was a dubious word . '' Concluding `` Liberty and justice were surely basic , were undebatable , and were all that any one Nation could handle . If they were exercised for all . they involved the spirit of equality and fraternity . '' After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth 's Companion , the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program . Bellamy noted that , `` In later years the words ' to my flag ' were changed to ' to the flag of the United States of America ' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools . '' Bellamy disliked the change , as `` it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition . '' Changes A plaque in Lansing , MI , dated 1918 , listing the Balch Pledge , which was used parallel to the Bellamy Pledge until the National Flag Conference in 1923 . In 1906 , The Daughters of the American Revolution 's magazine , The American Monthly , listed the `` formula of allegiance '' as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance , which reads : I pledge allegiance to my flag , and the republic for which it stands . I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country . One country , one language and one flag . -- Balch Pledge of Allegiance In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution , such as in 1915 's `` Proceedings of the Twenty - Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution '' and 1916 's annual `` National Report , '' the Balch Pledge , listed as official in 1906 , is now categorized as `` Old Pledge '' with Bellamy 's version under the heading `` New Pledge . '' However , the `` Old Pledge '' continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923 . In 1923 , the National Flag Conference called for the words `` my Flag '' to be changed to `` the Flag of the United States , '' so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US . The words `` of America '' were added a year later . Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time , in the following form , on June 22 , 1942 : I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . -- 1942 Pledge of Allegiance Addition of `` under God '' `` Under God '' redirects here . For the book , see Under God ( book ) . Louis Albert Bowman , an attorney from Illinois , was the first to suggest the addition of `` under God '' to the pledge . The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea . He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . At a meeting on February 12 , 1948 , he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words `` under God '' added . He said that the words came from Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address . Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words `` under God '' , all the reporters ' transcripts of the speech as delivered do , as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said `` that the nation shall , under God , have a new birth of freedom . '' Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings . In 1951 , the Knights of Columbus , the world 's largest Catholic fraternal service organization , also began including the words `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance . In New York City , on April 30 , 1951 , the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words `` under God '' after the words `` one nation . '' Over the next two years , the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide . On August 21 , 1952 , the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal , and copies of this resolution were sent to the President , the Vice President ( as Presiding Officer of the Senate ) , and the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24 , 1952 , adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president , Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart . Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter . This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation . These attempts were eventually a success . In 1952 , Holger Christian Langmack suggested in a letter to President Truman adding `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance . Langmack was a Danish philosopher and educator who came to the US in 1911 . He was one of the originators of the National Prayer Breakfast and a religious leader in Washington , D.C. Truman met with Langmack and with several others to discuss the addition . At the suggestion of a correspondent , Representative Louis C. Rabaut ( D - Mich . ) , of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words `` under God '' to the Pledge in 1953 . Rev. Dr. George MacPherson Docherty ( left ) and President Eisenhower ( second from left ) on the morning of February 7 , 1954 , at the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church . Before February 1954 , no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded . The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty . Some American presidents honored Lincoln 's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended , New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln 's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12 . On February 7 , 1954 , with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln 's pew , the church 's pastor , George MacPherson Docherty , delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled `` A New Birth of Freedom . '' He argued that the nation 's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose . He noted that the Pledge 's sentiments could be those of any nation : `` There was something missing in the pledge , and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life . '' He cited Lincoln 's words `` under God '' as defining words that set the US apart from other nations . President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently , just a year before . He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service . Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8 , 1954 , Rep. Charles Oakman ( R - Mich . ) , introduced a bill to that effect . Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day , June 14 , 1954 . Eisenhower said : From this day forward , the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town , every village and rural school house , the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty ... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America 's heritage and future ; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country 's most powerful resource , in peace or in war . -- Dwight D. Eisenhower The phrase `` under God '' was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14 , 1954 , by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942 . On October 6 , 1954 , the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution , first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954 , which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance . Even though the movement behind inserting `` under God '' into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge , author Kevin Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed . Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push - back against atheistic communism during the Cold War , but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role . Salute Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute . An early version of the salute , adopted in 1887 , known as the Balch Salute , which accompanied the Balch pledge , instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag , the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead , followed by being placed flat over the heart , and finally falling to the side . In 1892 , Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute . It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag , palm down , and ended with the palm up . Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute , which was adopted in Germany later , the US Congress stipulated that the hand - over-the - heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute . Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22 , 1942 , when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22 , 1942 . Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 ( Section 301 ( b ) ( 1 ) of title 36 , United States Code ) , language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag , when the colors are presented , and during the National Anthem . Music Musical setting by Irving Caesar A musical setting for `` The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' was created by Irving Caesar , at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase `` under God '' was signed into law on Flag Day , June 14 , 1954 . The composer , Irving Caesar , wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime . Dedicated to social issues , he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government , so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties . It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day , June 14 , 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the `` Singing Sergeants '' . A July 29 , 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge . Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted , including by Beck ( 2003 ) , Lovrekovich ( 2002 and 2001 ) , Roton ( 1991 ) , Fijol ( 1986 ) , and Girardet ( 1983 ) . Controversy Main article : Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance In 1940 , the Supreme Court , in Minersville School District v. Gobitis , ruled that students in public schools , including the respondents in that case -- Jehovah 's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry -- could be compelled to swear the Pledge . In 1943 , in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , the Supreme Court reversed its decision . Justice Robert H. Jackson , writing for the 6 to 3 majority , went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds , and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country , concluding with : If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation , it is that no official , high or petty , can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics , nationalism , religion , or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein . If there are any circumstances which permit an exception , they do not now occur to us . -- Robert H. Jackson , West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette In a later case , the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge . First graders of Japanese ancestry pledging allegiance to the American flag ( 1942 , photo by Dorothea Lange ) . Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds . One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it , and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing , which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance . Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day , small children in schools , can not really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making . Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting this phrase violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment . In 2004 , linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , but to Lincoln and his contemporaries , `` under God '' meant `` God willing '' , so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd . Legal challenges Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah 's Witnesses , a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God , and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag . They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment . The first case was in 1935 , when two children , Lillian and William Gobitas , ages ten and twelve , were expelled from the Minersville , Pennsylvania , public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance . In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow , whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase `` under God '' an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school . In 2004 , the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , an appeal of the ruling , and rejected Newdow 's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent , and therefore lacked standing , thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school - sponsored recitation . On January 3 , 2005 , a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families . On September 14 , 2005 , District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor . Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals , Judge Karlton issued an Order stating that , upon proper motion , he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to `` one Nation under God . '' A 2005 Bill , H.R. 2389 , to prohibit the Supreme Court 's and most federal courts from considering any legal challenges to the government 's requiring or promoting of the Pledge of Allegiance , died in the Senate after having passed in the House . This action is viewed in general as court stripping by Congress of the constitutional power of the Judiciary . Even if a similar bill is enacted , its practical effect may not be clear : proponents of the bill have said that it is a valid exercise of Congress 's power to regulate the jurisdiction of the federal courts under Article III , Section 2 of the Constitution , but opponents say Congress does not have the authority to prevent the Supreme Court from hearing claims based on the Bill of Rights , since amendments postdate the original text of the Constitution and may thus implicitly limit the scope of Article III , Section 2 . Judges and legal analysts have said that if Congress can remove from the judicial branch the ability to determine if legislation is constitutional , the US separation of powers would be disturbed , or rendered non-functional . Mark J. Pelavin , former Associate Director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism , said of court stripping in regard to the Pledge of Allegiance that : Today 's House adoption of the so - called `` Pledge Protection Act '' is a shameful effort to strip our federal courts of their ability to uphold the rights of all Americans . By removing the jurisdiction of federal courts , including the Supreme Court , from cases involving the Pledge , this legislation sets a dangerous precedent : threatening religious liberty , compromising the vital system of checks and balances upon which our government was founded , and granting Congress the authority to strip the courts ' jurisdiction on any issue it wishes . Today , the issue was the Pledge of Allegiance , but tomorrow it could be reproductive rights , civil rights , or any other fundamental concern . -- Mark J. Pelavin , Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism In 2006 , in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre , a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution . As a result of that decision , a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called `` unpatriotic '' by a teacher . In 2009 , a Montgomery County , Maryland , teacher berated and had school police remove a 13 - year - old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom . The student 's mother , assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland , sought and received an apology from the teacher , as state law and the school 's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge . On March 11 , 2010 , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District . In a 2 -- 1 decision , the appellate court ruled that the words were of a `` ceremonial and patriotic nature '' and did not constitute an establishment of religion . Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented , writing that `` the state - directed , teacher - led daily recitation in public schools of the amended ' under God ' version of the Pledge of Allegiance ... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution . '' On November 12 , 2010 , in a unanimous decision , the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge 's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students ' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary . A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13 , 2011 . In September 2013 , a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court , arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts . In May 2014 , Massachusetts ' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists , saying that the words `` under God '' represent a patriotic , not a religious , exercise . In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit , ruling that `` ... the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who do n't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message . '' The case against the Matawan - Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase `` under God '' in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion , making non-believers `` second - class citizens . '' In a twenty - one page decision , Bauman wrote , `` Under ( the association members ' ) reasoning , the very constitution under which ( the members ) seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional , an absurd proposition which ( association members ) do not and can not advance here . '' Bauman said the student could skip the pledge , but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have `` conscientious scruples '' that do not allow it . He noted , `` As a matter of historical tradition , the words ' under God ' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words ' In God We Trust ' from every coin in the land , than the words ' so help me God ' from every presidential oath since 1789 , or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787 . '' See also Australian citizenship affirmation , a similar concept Ceremonial deism Flag Salute Loyalty oaths in the United States Youth 's Companion Building , where the Pledge of Allegiance was written and published References ^ Jump up to : `` The Pledge of Allegiance '' . Historic Documents . Independence Hall Association : ushistory.org . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Title 4 , Chapter 1 , Section 4 , US Code '' . 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Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 83 - 396 , Chap. 297 , 68 Stat. 249 , H.J. Res. 243 , enacted June 14 , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` God In America : God in the White House '' . PBS . Jump up ^ `` How ' One Nation ' Did n't Become ' Under God ' Until The ' 50s Religious Revival '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Leepson , Marc ( 2006 ) . Flag : An American Biography . Macmillan . p. 171 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32309 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Rendering Hand Salute of U.S. Flag '' . Military.com . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 1957 - 04 - 20 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 1960 - 09 - 19 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Irving Caesar Welcome '' . www.irvingcaesar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` '' Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' H. Con . Res. 161 Statute 69 Pages B24 - B25 Concurrent Resolutions - July 26 , 1955 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Copyright Office , Copyright search for `` The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' `` . Jump up ^ West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 , 642 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1943 ) . ^ Jump up to : Holloman ex rel . Holloman v. Harland , 370 F. 3d 1252 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Lane v. Owens ; 03 - B - 1544 , United States District Court , District of Colorado Jump up ^ Olander , Herbert T. ( December 1941 ) . `` Children 's Knowledge of the Flag Salute '' . The Journal of Educational Research . 35 ( 4 ) : 300 -- 305 . JSTOR 27528245 . Jump up ^ `` Court upholds ' under God ' in Pledge of Allegiance '' . Associated Press . 2010 - 03 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) . `` I Might Have Guessed Parson Weems Would Figure In There Somewhere '' . Language Log . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) . `` '' ( Next ) Under God , '' Phrasal Idiom `` . Language Log . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jehovah 's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom , Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York , 1993 , pp. 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Salute Cases '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Minersville School District v. Gobitis , 310 U.S. 586 , 60 S. Ct. 1010 , 84 L. Ed . 1375 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ Kravets , David ( September 16 , 2005 ) , `` Federal judge rules Pledge of Allegiance is unconstitutional '' , The Chicago Defender , archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 11 , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 Jump up ^ `` Retired Federal Judges Urge Congress Not to Pass `` Court - Stripping '' Measure that Would Deny Rights in `` . Brennancenter.org. 2005 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are : Mark J. Pelavin , Senior Advisor to the President '' . Union for Reform Judaism . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Court - stripping and Legislating Against the First Amendment ( 12 July 2006 ) '' . Jewsonfirst.org . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Frazier v. Alexandre , 434 F. Supp. 2d 1350 ( S.D. Fla . May 31 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Frazier v. Alexandre , No. 05 - 81142 ( S.D. Fla . May 31 , 2006 ) '' . National School Boards Association . March 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jenna ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` Pledge of Allegiance dispute results in Md. teacher having to apologize '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Chea , Terence ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` Fed . appeals court upholds ' under God ' in pledge '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Newdow vs. Rio Linda Union School District ( 9th Cir . March 12 , 2010 ) . Text Jump up ^ `` Pledge of Allegiance 's God reference now upheld by court '' . LA Times . March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Freedom from Religion Foundation v. Hanover School District ( 1st Cir . Nov 12 , 2010 ) . Text Jump up ^ Lavoie , Denise ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Court OKs NH law allowing ' God ' pledge in schools '' . The Boston Globe . Boston , MA : Christopher M. Mayer . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 16 . The constitutionality of a New Hampshire law ... Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` High court spurns atheist 's ' under God ' challenge '' . San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco , CA : Hearst Corporation . A Sacramento atheist 's challenge to the addition of `` under God '' to the Pledge of Allegiance ... Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the United States ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Freedom From Religion Foundation , Petitioner v. United States , et al '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Under God ' part of Pledge of Allegiance under review in Massachusetts '' . CNN.com. 2013 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts court rules ' under God ' in pledge does not discriminate against atheists '' . The Washington Post . 2014 - 05 - 09 . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Under God ' is not discriminatory and will stay in pledge , judge says '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Salvador Rizzo . `` Hearing ' Under God ' in Pledge of Allegiance does not violate rights of atheist students , NJ judge rules '' . NorthJersey.com . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Refuses To Kick God Out Of Public Schools '' . Forbes . 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Further reading Martin , Leisa A. ( May -- June 2008 ) . `` Examining the Pledge of Allegiance '' . Social Studies . 99 ( 3 ) : 127 -- 131 . doi : 10.3200 / tsss. 99.3. 127 - 131 . John W. Baer ( 2007 ) . The Pledge of Allegiance : A Revised History and Analysis , 1892 -- 2007 ( Free State Press , Inc . ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9650620 - 2 - 2 Excerpt , Chapter Eight : `` Under God '' and Other Questions About the Pledge . Richard J. Ellis ( 2005 ) . To the Flag : The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance ( Lawrence : University of Kansas Press ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1372 - 2 Marc Leepson ( 2005 ) . Flag : An American Biography ( Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Press ) ISBN 0 - 312 - 32308 - 5 Kevin M. Kruse ( 2015 ) . One Nation Under God : How Corporate America Invented Christian America , Basic Books , ISBN 0465049494 . External links Find more aboutPledge of Allegiance ( United States ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource 4 U.S.C. § 4 Docherty 's Sermon Manuscript , Feb. 7 , 1954 Minister Reprises `` Under God '' Sermon ( hide ) National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)&oldid=808742612 '' Categories : 1892 documents American culture American nationalism Oaths of allegiance Flags of the United States Pledge of Allegiance Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from October 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Iñupiak Italiano Latina Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 21 : 38 . 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when did we start the pledge of allegiance
[ "The Pledge of Allegiance is an oath of allegiance to the United States, addressed to both the flag and the Republic. It was composed by Rear Admiral George Balch in 1887, and revised by Francis Bellamy in 1892. In 1942 it was formally adopted by Congress.[3][4][5][6] Congress gave it the name The Pledge of Allegiance in 1945. In 1954 the words \"under God\" were added.[7]" ]
[ "1942" ]
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List of Goosebumps episodes
List of Goosebumps episodes - wikipedia List of Goosebumps episodes This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of episodes from the children 's television series Goosebumps that originally aired on the Fox Broadcasting Company from 1995 -- 1998 , and briefly re-ran on Cartoon Network in October from 2007 to 2009 and The Hub Network from 2010 to 2014 . Altogether , 43 of the original 62 books were adapted , along with nine stories from the Tales to Give You Goosebumps series , and two books from Goosebumps Series 2000 . The Chillogy three - parter was a completely original story , while the episode More Monster Blood was an original story based on existing characters . Brad MacDonald composed the underscore to 42 Goosebumps episodes . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 1995 -- 96 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 1996 -- 97 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 1997 -- 98 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 1998 ) 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 19 October 27 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 27 ) May 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 17 ) 25 August 10 , 1996 ( 1996 - 08 - 10 ) July 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 07 - 20 ) 22 September 6 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 06 ) May 16 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 16 ) 8 September 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 14 ) November 16 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 16 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1995 -- 96 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Villain ( s ) Based on Original air date U.S. viewers ( in millions ) `` The Haunted Mask '' Timothy Bond The Haunted Mask The Haunted Mask ( Goosebumps # 11 ) October 27 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 27 ) 14.1 Carly - Beth Caldwell steals a Halloween mask from a new store , against the storekeeper 's warnings . However the mask begins to change her personality and meld with her body when she wears it . Upon realizing this , Carly - Beth tracks down the mask store salesman for a way to break the spell and remove the Haunted Mask . `` The Cuckoo Clock of Doom '' John Bell The Cuckoo Clock and Tara The Cuckoo Clock of Doom ( Goosebumps # 28 ) November 3 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 03 ) N / A Michael Webster vandalizes his father 's new cuckoo clock by twisting the bird 's head backwards so his annoying , bratty , trouble - making younger sister Tara will get blamed for it . However , the plan falls apart when Michael finds himself reliving his disastrous birthday party -- and going backwards in time . The only way to stop it is to fix the bird 's head . Though Michael succeeds as a toddler and returns back to his normal self , he inadvertently knocks off the year 1988 which was part of the clock and removes / erases Tara from existence . `` The Girl Who Cried Monster '' John Bell Mr. Mortman The Girl Who Cried Monster ( Goosebumps # 8 ) November 10 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 10 ) N / A Lucy Dark discovers the monstrous dark side of the town librarian during closing time , but no one else believes her . And what 's scarier is that this librarian 's been invited to dinner ! 5 6 5 6 `` Welcome to Camp Nightmare '' Ron Oliver The Counselors ( thought to be ) Welcome to Camp Nightmare ( Goosebumps # 9 ) November 17 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 17 ) November 24 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 24 ) N / A Part 1 : Billy 's summer camp turns scary when Camp Nightmoon becomes Camp Nightmare ! Why are all the counselors so weird ? What is hidden in the forbidden bunk ? What lurks around the camp late at night ? The counselors are not answering any of Billy 's questions . The campers are disappearing one by one , and the counselors do not even care . Billy wants to know the secrets about Camp Nightmoon , but can he find the answers before he disappears ? Part 2 : Billy finds out the secret about Camp Nightmoon when the counselors announce a manhunt for a female camper who escaped from the girls ' side of the camp where the same scary things are happening . 7 7 `` Phantom of the Auditorium '' John Bell Brian Colson Phantom of the Auditorium ( Goosebumps # 24 ) December 1 , 1995 ( 1995 - 12 - 01 ) NA When Zeke gets to play as the Phantom in the school 's titular play The Phantom , strange things start happening . A piece of scenery comes crashing down with a message saying ' Last warning . Stay away Esmerelda or else ! ' Could Zeke be trying to ruin the play ? Or could there really be a phantom living under the stage ? 8 8 `` Piano Lessons Can Be Murder '' William Fruet Mr. Toggle Piano Lessons Can Be Murder ( Goosebumps # 13 ) December 8 , 1995 ( 1995 - 12 - 08 ) N / A Jerry Hawkins moves to a new house and discovers a piano in the attic . He starts taking piano lessons to impress a neighbor , but he realizes something is very odd about his teacher , Dr. Shreek . He is always talking about how Jerry has perfect hands . And the janitor Mr. Toggle is weird too . But Jerry is about to find out that Dr. Shreek loves to steal the hands of his students ... 9 9 `` Return of the Mummy '' John Bell Nila and The Mummy of Prince Khor - Ru Return of the Mummy ( Goosebumps # 23 ) December 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 12 - 22 ) N / A Gabe and his cousin , Sari are trapped in a pyramid belonging to an Egyptian princess disguised as a modern - day journalist who is controlling a four thousand year old mummy . 10 10 `` Night of the Living Dummy II '' Ron Oliver Slappy Night of the Living Dummy II ( Goosebumps # 31 ) January 12 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 12 ) N / A Amy Kramer receives a replacement ventriloquist dummy named Slappy , who she accidentally brings to life . Slappy wants Amy to be his slave to the point of framing her for things she did not do . It is up to Amy to stop Slappy and save her family . In the end , Slappy is killed by another dummy . 11 11 `` My Hairiest Adventure '' David Warry - Smith Dr. Murkin ( thought to be ) My Hairiest Adventure ( Goosebumps # 26 ) January 19 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 19 ) N / A Larry Boyd and his friends try on an old bottle of Instant Tan , but they vanish - and Larry gets hairy ! Larry freaks out as he finds out that there are more dogs in the neighborhood than usual . 12 13 12 13 `` Stay Out of the Basement '' William Fruet Dr. Brewer 's Clone Stay Out of the Basement ( Goosebumps # 2 ) January 26 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 26 ) N / A Part 1 : Margaret and Casey Brewer are worried about their father . He 's been acting strange . And he spends all his time in the basement . What is he doing in the basement ? Margaret and Casey are about to find out . Dr. Brewer is doing experiments with plants . But Margaret and Casey become even more worried when they `` meet '' some of his experiments in the basement . Part 2 : Margaret and Casey discover that the man they thought was their father is really a plant copy of him who trapped their real father in a closet in the basement . 14 14 `` It Came from Beneath the Sink '' David Winning Grool It Came from Beneath the Sink ! ( Goosebumps # 30 ) February 2 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 02 ) N / A Kat finds a sponge under the sink of her new house that 's actually a monster that causes and feeds on bad luck . When Kat and Daniel and Daniel 's friend Carlos give away the sponge , they find out from Carlos that the sponge is called a Grool and that anyone who has it and gets rid of it , will die ... 15 15 `` Say Cheese and Die '' Ron Oliver The Evil Camera and Spidey Say Cheese and Die ! ( Goosebumps # 4 ) February 9 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 09 ) N / A Friends , Greg Banks , Doug `` Bird '' , Michael and Shari Walker , find a camera that predicts and causes misfortune on the subject it photographs . Guest Star : Ryan Gosling as Greg Banks 16 17 16 17 `` A Night in Terror Tower '' William Fruet The Lord High Executioner A Night in Terror Tower ( Goosebumps # 27 ) February 25 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 25 ) 8.8 Sue and Eddie take a trip to England to visit a castle . When they wander away from their group in the torture chamber , they get chased throughout the castle by an executioner . When they manage to escape , they soon begin to lose their memories of their family and themselves . Sue and Eddie are then sent back in time to the Middle Ages where a man named Morgred reveals that the siblings are really a missing prince and princess whom their uncle , the executioner , wanted dead . 18 19 18 19 `` The Werewolf of Fever Swamp '' William Fruet Will The Werewolf of Fever Swamp ( Goosebumps # 14 ) May 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 17 ) 9.0 Grady Tucker adopts a dog suspected to be terrorizing the livestock by his family . Grady tries to prove that Vandal ( the dog ) is not responsible , but is shocked to find out a werewolf may be on the loose . Season 2 ( 1996 -- 97 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Antagonist ( s ) Based on Original air date U.S. viewers ( in millions ) 20 `` Be Careful What You Wish For '' René Bonnière Clarissa Be Careful What You Wish For ... ( Goosebumps # 12 ) August 10 , 1996 ( 1996 - 08 - 10 ) N / A When clumsy Samantha Byrd helps a strange woman named Clarissa find her way home , the woman gives Samantha an amulet that grants wishes -- but the wishes end up causing misfortune for everyone around her . In the end , she decides to wish everything back to normal . Samantha decides her friends and family are important and discards the amulet , which is found by her bully , Judith . When she makes a vain wish to be beautiful and looked at forever , it literally makes Judith , a park statue . 21 22 `` Attack of the Mutant '' William Fruet The Masked Mutant Attack of the Mutant ( Goosebumps # 25 ) September 7 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 07 ) N / A Part 1 : Skipper Matthews finds out his favorite comic book villain , the Masked Mutant , is real after discovering his lair . Part 2 : Skipper Matthews fears he is losing his grip on reality after a visit through the Masked Mutant 's lair and discovers that his new best friend is not who she seems . Guest Star : Adam West as The Galloping Gazelle 23 `` Bad Hare Day '' John Bell El Sydney Bad Hare Day ( Goosebumps # 41 ) September 14 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 14 ) N / A Tim Swanson steals the bag of tricks from his favorite magician Amaz - O and finds himself unable to control the magic . 24 5 `` The Headless Ghost '' Brian R.R. Hebb Captain Otto , Andrew and Seth The Headless Ghost ( Goosebumps # 37 ) September 21 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 21 ) N / A Pranksters Duane Comack and Stephanie Alpert find themselves trapped in a seaside house haunted by a headless ghost , along with a ghost of a boy who died falling through a dumbwaiter and the ghost of a sea captain who takes the form of a friendly , but firm tour guide named Otto . After confronting Seth for his misbehavior , Otto spares Duane and convinces him to return home so he can talk to Stephanie alone . As Duane is leaving Hill House , he hears screaming coming from Stephanie and runs back upstairs to the attic . He comes in time to see the ghostly Otto ( revealed as the sea captain ) berating Stephanie for her constant disrespect of Hill House and painting a portrait of her in 1900s garb . He plans to force her to be part of their group as intentions to teach her a lesson in respect . Andrew and Seth confront Stephanie for her terrible behavior ( while explaining to Duane ) that the two were once normal boys from the modern world . They mentioned that their constant bad behaviors and disrespect of Hill House lead to Otto painting their portraits in order to teach them a lesson in respect . Andrew and Seth tell Duane that Otto spared him over Stephanie because he can redeem himself and has shown Hill House more respect than his friend did . Duane grabs a bucket of water and dumps it on the portrait , causing it to fade away and saves Stephanie 's life . Andrew and Seth seemingly disappear as if thanking Duane for saving them . After escaping from Hill House , Duane and Stephanie never talked about this experience . Hill House is put up for sale and bought by a couple as a perfect fixer upper unaware of the horror they will experience . 25 6 `` Go Eat Worms '' Steve DiMarco The Worms and Mother Worm Go Eat Worms ! ( Goosebumps # 21 ) September 28 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 28 ) N / A Todd Barstow uses his test worms to pull pranks on his little sister , Regina . Then , his test worms show up in his lunch container and in his bed . Thinking it was Regina , he goes to the woods on a raining night to search for more worms in order to pull a prank on Regina , but uncovers a cave that is inhabited by a giant worm bent on killing Todd for mistreating her offspring . 26 7 `` You Ca n't Scare Me '' René Bonnière The Mud Monster , Courtney You Ca n't Scare Me ! ( Goosebumps # 15 ) October 5 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 05 ) N / A Two pranksters ' quest to scare fearless Courtney ends with their running scared when they encounter a mud monster at a local swamp . 27 8 `` Revenge of the Lawn Gnomes '' William Fruet The Lawn Gnomes and Major McCall Revenge of the Lawn Gnomes ( Goosebumps # 34 ) October 12 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 12 ) N / A Joe Burton 's dad buys a pair of garden gnomes for a lawn contest , but Joe and his sister Mindy discover that the lawn gnomes are alive and cause destruction to their militant neighbor 's garden at night with Joe being framed for it . 28 9 `` Ghost Beach '' Randy Bradshaw Sam and Louisa Ghost Beach ( Goosebumps # 22 ) October 19 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 19 ) N / A Two siblings , Jerry and Terri Sadler visit relatives who live in a house beside a beach where they hear rumors of a ghost haunting a nearby cave . 29 10 `` Attack of the Jack - O ' - Lanterns '' William Fruet The Pumpkinheads / Shane and Shana Attack of the Jack - O ' - Lanterns ( Goosebumps # 48 ) October 26 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 26 ) N / A When Drew Brockman , Walker , Shane , and Shana trick - or - treat with their rivals , Tabby and Lee , they come upon two pumpkin - headed creatures who force them to trick - or - treat forever . 30 31 11 12 `` Haunted Mask II '' William Fruet The Haunted Mask and Second Mask The Haunted Mask II ( Goosebumps # 36 ) October 29 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 29 ) 9.2 Steve Boswell takes an old man - like mask from the same store that Carly - Beth went to and begins to become an old man . Meanwhile , the original Haunted Mask returns and , through Steve , plans to exact its revenge on Carly - Beth . 32 13 `` Let 's Get Invisible '' Ron Oliver The Reflections Let 's Get Invisible ! ( Goosebumps # 6 ) November 2 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 02 ) N / A Max and Noah Thompson find a mirror in the attic that turns its users invisible , but on the other side is a world where evil mirror reflections want to switch with real people . 33 14 `` Scarecrow Walks at Midnight '' Randy Bradshaw The Scarecrows The Scarecrow Walks at Midnight ( Goosebumps # 20 ) November 9 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 09 ) N / A A couple is haunted by demonic scarecrows brought to life by a farmhand 's black magic . 34 15 `` Monster Blood '' Timothy Bond Sarabeth and Monster Blood Monster Blood ( Goosebumps # 3 ) November 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 16 ) N / A Evan Ross and his friend Andy discover a novelty slime called Monster Blood that devours everything in its path , but makes whatever eats it grow -- uncontrollably ! 35 16 `` More Monster Blood '' Timothy Bond Monster Blood Original , based upon characters from Monster Blood & Monster Blood II . November 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 16 ) N / A Evan travels back home , only to find that the Monster Blood he thought was destroyed is aboard the plane . 36 17 `` Vampire Breath '' Ron Oliver Count Nightwing Vampire Breath ( Goosebumps # 49 ) November 26 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 26 ) N / A Freddy and Cara find a bottle that releases an elderly vampire who lost his fangs . 37 18 `` How to Kill a Monster '' Ron Oliver The Swamp Monster How to Kill a Monster ( Goosebumps # 46 ) May 1 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 01 ) N / A Gretchen Hughes and Clark Boretski stay at their grandparents ' house in the middle of a swamp that has a seemingly invincible monster locked in a room . 38 19 `` Calling All Creeps '' Craig Pryce Wart , Brenda , Natasha McClain , and David Calling All Creeps ! ( Goosebumps # 50 ) June 15 , 1997 ( 1997 - 06 - 15 ) N / A Ricky Beamer plays a prank on his rival that calls the attention of school bullies named Jared , Wart , David and Brenda , all of which are actually reptilian aliens bent on world domination by enslaving humanity . 39 40 20 21 `` Welcome to Dead House '' William Fruet The Zombified Citizens of Dark Falls Welcome to Dead House ( Goosebumps # 1 ) June 29 , 1997 ( 1997 - 06 - 29 ) 5.6 The Benson family moves into a house in a neighborhood where its residents were killed in an accident from a chemical factory and want the family 's blood to survive . 41 22 `` Do n't Wake Mummy '' William Fruet The Mummy `` Do n't Wake Mummy '' ( Even More Tales to Give You Goosebumps ) July 12 , 1997 ( 1997 - 07 - 12 ) N / A A family inherits a sarcophagus that holds a cursed , living mummy . 42 23 `` The Blob That Ate Everyone '' Randy Bradshaw A Typewriter and the Blob The Blob That Ate Everyone ( Goosebumps # 55 ) July 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 07 - 19 ) N / A Zack Beauchamp and his best friend Alex wander into an abandoned antique shop and find a typewriter that Zack uses to type up a story about an oozing blob monster that terrorizes the video store at the mall . When Zack goes to the video store the next day , the blob appears in real life and frightens the customers . 43 44 24 25 `` Night of the Living Dummy III '' Timothy Bond Slappy and Rocky Night of the Living Dummy III ( Goosebumps # 40 ) July 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 07 - 20 ) 5.8 After being taken to the O'Dells family , who owns a collection of ventriloquist dummies , Slappy is brought back to life and plans to test out Zane , a cousin of Trina and Daniel . With the help of another dummy named Rocky , Slappy conspires to turn the three children into dummies . In the end , Slappy is killed by a lightning bolt . Season 3 ( 1997 -- 98 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Antagonist ( s ) Based On Original air date 45 `` Shocker on Shock Street '' Randy Bradshaw Mr. Wright ( thought to be ) ; Erin and Marty ( actual monsters ) A Shocker on Shock Street ( Goosebumps # 35 ) September 6 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 06 ) Erin Wright and her friend Marty are trapped in an amusement park based on a horror movie series . 46 `` My Best Friend Is Invisible '' William Fruet Brent ( thought to be ) ; Sammy Jacobs and his parents ( actual monsters ) My Best Friend Is Invisible ( Goosebumps # 57 ) September 8 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 08 ) Sammy Jacobs visits a house that 's supposedly haunted by the ghost of a lonely boy named Brent , who ends up following him home and becomes his `` invisible '' friend . 47 `` The House of No Return '' William Fruet The Married Couple Ghosts `` The House of No Return '' ( Tales to Give You Goosebumps ) September 13 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 13 ) Mischievous friends Lori , Nathan , and Robbie convince the new kid in town , Chris Wakely , to join their club , Danger , Inc . The catch is that Chris must spend one hour in an old house , allegedly haunted by the ghosts of a married couple , who died in the house . However soon the catch is on Lori and her friends , when they head inside to collect Chris . To their horror , he had made the deal with the ghost of the married couple in exchange for his freedom , Lori and her friends would have to spend eternity with the couple as a replacement for their own lost child . 48 `` Do n't Go to Sleep '' John Bell The Reality Police Do n't Go to Sleep ! ( Goosebumps # 54 ) September 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 20 ) After being told that he ca n't have the attic as his room , Matt Amsterdam goes to sleep in there and finds himself in a chain of alternate worlds and on the run from a police force bent on nabbing anyone who messes with reality . 49 5 `` Click '' John Bell The Remote ; Seth ( taken over by the remote ) `` Click '' ( Tales to Give You Goosebumps ) September 27 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 27 ) Seth Gold mail - orders a remote control that controls his TV , his VCR , his stereo and eventually his mind . 50 6 `` An Old Story '' Randy Bradshaw Aunt Dahlia `` An Old Story '' ( Still More Tales to Give You Goosebumps ) October 4 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 04 ) While being babysat by their Aunt Dahlia , Tom and John are forced to eat prune cookies , which turn them into old men as part of a plot to get sold out to two of Aunt Dahlia 's widow friends who want husbands . 51 7 `` The Barking Ghost '' William Fruet Grimm and Scratch The Barking Ghost ( Goosebumps # 32 ) October 11 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 11 ) Cooper Holmes and his new friend Fergie are tricked into switching bodies with ghostly canines . 52 53 8 9 `` One Day at Horrorland '' Part 1 `` One Day at Horrorland '' Part 2 William Fruet The Horrorland Horrors One Day at HorrorLand ( Goosebumps # 16 ) October 25 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 25 ) November 1 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 01 ) Part 1 : The Morris family get trapped in a theme park called `` Horrorland '' run by monsters called Horrors . Part 2 : The Morris family compete on a game show run by the Horrors of Horrorland . 54 10 `` The Haunted House Game '' William Fruet The Old Men `` The Haunted House Game '' ( Even More Tales to Give You Goosebumps ) November 8 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 08 ) Two friends play a haunted house - themed board game that comes to life and may cost them theirs . 55 56 11 12 `` Perfect School '' Part 1 `` Perfect School '' Part 2 Ron Oliver The School Staff `` Perfect School '' ( Even More Tales to Give You Goosebumps ) November 15 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 15 ) Part 1 : Having caused trouble once too often , Brian O'Connor gets sent to an all - boys boarding school where the students are cloned and programmed into being well behaved so they can be sent home to their parents while the real students are locked away in a basement prison . Part 2 : Brian discovers the secret of the Perfect School and also that his best friend is an agent for the faculty and tries to fight back against his clone . 57 58 13 14 `` Werewolf Skin '' Part 1 `` Werewolf Skin '' Part 2 Ron Oliver The Werewolf Skins Werewolf Skin ( Goosebumps # 60 ) November 22 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 22 ) Part 1 : Visiting his aunt and uncle in rural Wolf Creek , budding photographer , Alex Blackwell discovers a secret about the werewolves that live in the woods . Part 2 : Alex confronts his aunt and uncle about the werewolf skin they use to turn themselves into actual werewolves . 59 15 `` Awesome Ants '' Don McCutcheon The Giant Ants `` Awesome Ants '' ( Still More Tales to Give You Goosebumps ) February 7 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 07 ) Dave buys an ant farm but feeds the ants incorrectly , turning them into blood - thirsty giants . 60 16 `` Bride of the Living Dummy '' Randy Bradshaw Slappy and Mary - Ellen Bride of the Living Dummy ( Goosebumps Series 2000 # 2 ) February 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 14 ) Slappy is brought back to life and now plans to marry a little girl 's doll who proves to be just as evil as Slappy . In the end , Slappy and Mary - Ellen were killed by a razor blade and their souls emerge from the dummies . As a result , Slappy possessed Harrison . 61 17 `` Strained Peas '' Don McCutcheon Grace `` Strained Peas '' ( Tales to Give You Goosebumps ) February 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 21 ) Nicholas Morgan discovers his new baby sister Grace is a monster who will do whatever it takes to be an only child . 62 18 `` Say Cheese and Die ... Again '' Ron Oliver The Evil Camera Say Cheese and Die -- Again ! ( Goosebumps # 44 ) February 28 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 28 ) Greg Banks tries to prove to his English teacher that the evil camera he found does exist so he does n't have to flunk his class . When Greg unearths it , he accidentally takes a picture of Shari which comes out as a negative , foretelling that she 'll be so thin , she 'll waste away . To get back at him for taking her picture , she takes a picture of her own that predicts that he 'll become so fat , he 'll explode . 63 19 `` Chillogy '' Pt. 1 `` Squeal of Fortune '' William Fruet Karl Knave Original April 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 25 ) Jessica , a greedy girl , gets sucked into a toy town called Karlsville where she cheats the people during a lemonade sale and as punishment she turns into a pig - like humanoid as the town chases her down . 64 20 `` Chillogy '' Pt. 2 `` Strike Three ... You 're Doomed '' William Fruet Karl Knave Original May 2 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 02 ) Matthew gets sucked into Karlsville and gets caught in a twisted baseball game that may cost him his life . 65 21 `` Chillogy '' Pt. 3 `` Escape from Karlsville '' William Fruet Karl Knave Original May 9 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 09 ) Matthew and Jessica enter the toy town to prevent Matthew 's younger brother Todd from being turned into a plastic figurine as part of a contest prize . 66 22 `` Teacher 's Pet '' Stefan Scaini Mr. Blankenship `` Teacher 's Pet '' ( Tales to Give You Goosebumps ) May 16 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 16 ) Becca Thompson and Benjy Connor , on a field trip in the woods , find out why their new science teacher loves snakes so much . Note : This episode was dedicated to Becca 's actress , Michelle Risi , who died following its production . Season 4 ( 1998 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Antagonist ( s ) Based on Original air date 67 68 `` How I Got My Shrunken Head '' Part 1 `` How I Got My Shrunken Head '' Part 2 Ron Oliver The Hawlings How I Got My Shrunken Head ( Goosebumps # 39 ) September 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 14 ) Part 1 : Mark Rowe is given a shrunken head from his explorer aunt , only to discover that it has dark powers . Mark then must travel to the Pacific jungle island of Baladora in order to find her . Part 2 : Mark learns of the jungle magic hidden in his shrunken head while searching for his aunt , and learns that her assistants want the shrunken head too . 69 70 `` The Ghost Next Door '' `` The Ghost Next Door '' Part 2 Don McCutcheon The Shadow Figure The Ghost Next Door ( Goosebumps # 10 ) September 28 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 28 ) Part 1 : Hannah Fairchild mistakes a boy named Danny Anderson for a ghost of a kid that died in a house fire until she learns from a dark figure , who resembles a shadow , that she 's the ghost . Part 2 : After learning of her past and the dark figure 's plan to kill Danny , Hannah must save him from a fiery fate so her soul can rest in peace and Danny can be safe . 71 72 5 6 `` Cry of the Cat '' `` Cry of the Cat '' Part 2 Ron Oliver Rip the Cat Cry of the Cat ( Goosebumps Series 2000 # 1 ) October 31 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 31 ) Part 1 : Allison Rogers , a teen actress for the upcoming movie Cry of the Cat , gets scratched by a strange cat named Rip who she accidentally ran over with her bike and starts acting like a cat . Part 2 : After an accident on the set of Cry of the Cat , Allison is put in a hospital where she learns why the cat who turned her into a monster , Rip , wo n't stay dead and how it affected her friend 's mother . 73 74 7 8 `` Deep Trouble '' `` Deep Trouble '' Part 2 William Fruet Jacob Ritter Deep Trouble II ( Goosebumps # 58 ) November 16 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 16 ) Part 1 : Billy and Sheena Deep are visiting their uncle Dr. Deep in the Caribbean , where they stumble upon a plan to turn normal fish into mutants . Part 2 : In this series finale , Billy , Sheena and Dr. Deep try to escape from an island that Jacob Ritter - Dr Deep 's assistant - marooned them on but encounter some of Ritter 's test subjects along the way . Primetime Specials were aired out of order of their production dates See also ( edit ) Television portal Horror fiction portal List of Goosebumps books References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . February 28 , 1996 . p . D3 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . May 22 , 1996 . p . D3 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . November 6 , 1996 . p . D3 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website at Scholastic Press Goosebumps ( TV series ) on IMDb Goosebumps ( TV series ) at TV.com R.L. Stine Goosebumps Book series Original series Give Yourself Goosebumps Series 2000 HorrorLand Most Wanted Individual books The Haunted Mask TV episode The Werewolf of Fever Swamp A Night in Terror Tower One Day at HorrorLand Creepy Creatures Film series Goosebumps Goosebumps 2 : Haunted Halloween Other Tim Jacobus TV series episodes Audiobooks Video games Slappy the Dummy List of Goosebumps Characters Scholastic The Haunting Hour The Haunting Hour : Chills in the Dead of Night Nightmare Hour The Haunting Hour : Do n't Think About It The Haunting Hour : The Series episodes Mostly Ghostly Who Let the Ghosts Out ? Have You Met My Ghoulfriend ? One Night in Doom House Further bibliography Point Horror The Babysitter Fear Street book series The New Girl Superstitious Nightmare Hour Dangerous Girls Rotten School Fear Red Rain Twilight Zone : 19 Original Stories on the 50th Anniversary ( `` The Wrong Room '' story ) Further filmography Eureeka 's Castle When Good Ghouls Go Bad The Nightmare Room Haunted Lighthouse Eye Candy Monsterville : Cabinet of Souls Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Goosebumps_episodes&oldid=866145669 '' Categories : Goosebumps Lists of children 's television series episodes Lists of science fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français हिन्दी 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 15 : 40 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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Escherichia coli O157:H7
Escherichia coli O157 : H7 - wikipedia Escherichia coli O157 : H7 Jump to : navigation , search Escherichia coli O157 : H7 Topographical images of colonies of E. coli O157 : H7 strains ( A ) 43895OW ( curli non-producing ) and ( B ) 43895OR ( curli producing ) grown on agar for 48 h at 28 ° C . Classification and external resources Specialty infectious disease ICD - 10 A04. 3 ICD - 9 - CM 008.04 ( edit on Wikidata ) Escherichia coli O157 : H7 is a serotype of the bacterial species Escherichia coli and is one of the Shiga toxin -- producing types of E. coli . It is a cause of disease , typically foodborne illness of the `` colonic escherichiosis '' type , through consumption of contaminated and raw food , including raw milk . Infection with this type of pathogenic bacteria may lead to hemorrhagic diarrhea , and to kidney failure ; these have been reported to cause the deaths of children younger than five years of age , of elderly patients , and of patients whose immune systems are otherwise compromised . Transmission is via the fecal -- oral route , and most illness has been through distribution of contaminated raw leaf green vegetables , undercooked meat and raw milk . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Bacteriology 3 Natural habitat 4 Transmission 5 Diagnosis 6 Surveillance 7 Treatment 8 Costs 9 Prevention 10 United States 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) E. coli O157 : H7 infection often causes severe , acute hemorrhagic diarrhea ( although nonhemorrhagic diarrhea is also possible ) and abdominal cramps . Usually little or no fever is present , and the illness resolves in five to 10 days . It can also be asymptomatic . In some people , particularly children under five years of age , persons whose immunologies are otherwise compromised , and the elderly , the infection can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome ( HUS ) , in which the red blood cells are destroyed and the kidneys fail . About 2 -- 7 % of infections lead to this complication . In the United States , HUS is the principal cause of acute kidney failure in children , and most cases of HUS are caused by E. coli O157 : H7 . Bacteriology ( edit ) E. coli O157 : H7 Strains of E. coli that express Shiga and Shiga - like toxins gained this ability due to infection with a prophage containing the structural coding for the toxin , and nonproducing strains may become infected and produce shiga - like toxins after incubation with shiga toxin positive strains . The prophage responsible seems to have infected the strain 's ancestors fairly recently , as viral particles have been observed to replicate in the host if it is stressed in some way ( e.g. antibiotics ) . All clinical isolates of E. coli O157 : H7 possess the plasmid pO157 . The periplasmic catalase is encoded on pO157 and may enhance the virulence of the bacterium by providing additional oxidative protection when infecting the host . E. coli O157 : H7 non-hemorrhagic strains are converted to hemorrhagic strains by lysogenic conversion after a bacteriophage infection to non-hemorrhagic cells . Natural habitat ( edit ) While it is relatively uncommon , the E. coli serotype O157 : H7 can naturally be found in the intestinal contents of some cattle , goats , and even sheep . The digestive tract of cattle lack the Shiga toxin receptor globotriaosylceramide , and thus , these can be asymptomatic carriers of the bacterium . The prevalence of E. coli O157 : H7 in North American feedlot cattle herds ranges from 0 to 60 % . Some cattle may also be so - called `` super-shedders '' of the bacterium . Super-shedders may be defined as cattle exhibiting rectoanal junction colonization and excreting > 10 CFU g feces . Super-shedders have been found to constitute a small proportion of the cattle in a feedlot ( < 10 % ) but they may account for > 90 % of all E. coli O157 : H7 excreted . Transmission ( edit ) Infection with E. coli O157 : H7 follows ingestion of contaminated food or water , or oral contact with contaminated surfaces . It is highly virulent , with a low infectious dose : an inoculation of fewer than 10 to 100 CFU of E. coli O157 : H7 is sufficient to cause infection , compared to over one - million CFU for other pathogenic E. coli strains . Diagnosis ( edit ) A stool culture can detect the bacterium , although it is not a routine test and so must be specifically requested . The sample is cultured on sorbitol - MacConkey ( SMAC ) agar , or the variant cefixime potassium tellurite sorbitol - MacConkey agar ( CT - SMAC ) . On SMAC agar O157 colonies appear clear due to their inability to ferment sorbitol , while the colonies of the usual sorbitol - fermenting serotypes of E. coli appear red . Sorbitol nonfermenting colonies are tested for the somatic O157 antigen before being confirmed as E. coli O157 . Like all cultures , diagnosis is time - consuming with this method ; swifter diagnosis is possible using quick E. coli DNA extraction method plus PCR techniques . Newer technologies using fluorescent and antibody detection are also under development . Surveillance ( edit ) E. coli O157 : H7 infection is nationally reportable in the USA and Great Britain , and is reportable in most US states . It is also reportable in most states of Australia including Queensland . Treatment ( edit ) While fluid replacement and blood pressure support may be necessary to prevent death from dehydration , most victims recover without treatment in five to 10 days . There is no evidence that antibiotics improve the course of disease , and treatment with antibiotics may precipitate hemolytic uremic syndrome . Antidiarrheal agents , such as loperamide ( imodium ) , should also be avoided as they may prolong the duration of the infection . Certain novel treatment strategies , such as the use of anti-induction strategies to prevent toxin production and the use of anti-Shiga toxin antibodies , have also been proposed . Costs ( edit ) The pathogen results in an estimated 2,100 hospitalizations annually in the United States . The illness is often misdiagnosed ; therefore , expensive and invasive diagnostic procedures may be performed . Patients who develop HUS often require prolonged hospitalization , dialysis , and long - term followup . Prevention ( edit ) Proper hand washing after using the lavatory or changing a diaper , especially among children or those with diarrhea , reduces the risk of transmission . Anyone with a diarrheal illness should avoid swimming in public pools or lakes , sharing baths with others , and preparing food for others and even avoiding raw milk . United states ( edit ) The U.S.D.A. banned the sale of ground beef contaminated with the O157 : H7 strain in 1994 . See also ( edit ) 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak 2011 Germany E. coli O104 : H4 outbreak Escherichia coli O104 : H4 Escherichia coli O121 Food - induced purpura List of foodborne illness outbreaks Walkerton E. coli outbreak References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gally , DL , Stevens , MP ( 2017 ) . `` Microbe Profile : Escherichia coli O157 : H7 - notorious relative of the microbiologist 's workhorse '' . Microbiology. 163 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 3 . doi : 10.1099 / mic. 0.000387 . PMID 28218576 . Jump up ^ Karch H , Tarr P , Bielaszewska M ( 2005 ) . `` Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in human medicine '' . Int J Med Microbiol. 295 ( 6 -- 7 ) : 405 -- 18 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijmm. 2005.06. 009 . PMID 16238016 . Jump up ^ `` Reports of Selected E. coli Outbreak Investigations '' . CDC.gov . Jump up ^ O'Brien AD , Newland JW , Miller SF , Holmes RK , Smith HW , Formal SB ( November 1984 ) . `` Shiga - like toxin - converting phages from Escherichia coli strains that cause hemorrhagic colitis or infantile diarrhea '' . Science . 226 ( 4675 ) : 694 -- 6 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 6387911 . PMID 6387911 . Jump up ^ Strockbine NA , Marques LR , Newland JW , Smith HW , Holmes RK , O'Brien AD ( July 1986 ) . `` Two toxin - converting phages from Escherichia coli O157 : H7 strain 933 encode antigenically distinct toxins with similar biologic activities '' . Infection and Immunity. 53 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 40 . PMC 260087 . PMID 3522426 . Jump up ^ Lim JY , Yoon J , Hovde CJ ( 2010 ) . `` A brief overview of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and its plasmid O157 '' . Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology . 20 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 14 . PMC 3645889 . PMID 20134227 . Jump up ^ Brunder W , Schmidt H , Karch H ( November 1996 ) . `` KatP , a novel catalase - peroxidase encoded by the large plasmid of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 : H7 '' . Microbiology. 142 ( 11 ) : 3305 -- 15 . doi : 10.1099 / 13500872 - 142 - 11 - 3305 . PMID 8969527 . Jump up ^ `` Escherichia coli '' . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pruimboom - Brees IM , Morgan TW , Ackermann MR , Nystrom ED , Samuel JE , Cornick NA , Moon HW ( September 2000 ) . `` Cattle lack vascular receptors for Escherichia coli O157 : H7 Shiga toxins '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 97 ( 19 ) : 10325 -- 9 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 190329997 . PMC 27023 . PMID 10973498 . Jump up ^ Jeon SJ , Elzo M , Dilorenzo N , Lamb GC , Jeong KC ( 2013 ) . `` Evaluation of Animal Genetic and Physiological Factors That Affect the Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in Cattle '' . PLOS ONE . 8 ( 2 ) : e55728 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0055728 . PMC 3566006 . PMID 23405204 . Jump up ^ Chase - Topping , M ; Gally D ; Low C ; Matthews L ; Woolhouse M ( 2008 ) . `` Super-shedding and the link between human infection and livestock carriage of Escherichia coli O157 '' . Nat Rev Microbiol. 6 ( 12 ) : 904 -- 12 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro2029 . PMID 19008890 . Jump up ^ J.D. Greig , E.C.D. Todd , C. Bartleson , and B. Michaels . March 25 , 2010 . `` Infective Doses and Pathen Carriage '' , pp. 19 -- 20 , USDA 2010 Food Safety Education Conference . Jump up ^ MACCONKEY SORBITOL AGAR ( CT - SMAC ) Jump up ^ Quick E. coli DNA extraction filter paper card Jump up ^ Walterspiel JN , Ashkenazi S , Morrow AL , Cleary TG ( 1992 ) . `` Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on extracellular Shiga - like toxin I '' . Infection . 20 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01704889 . PMID 1563808 . Jump up ^ Keen , E.C. ( December 2012 ) . `` Paradigms of pathogenesis : Targeting the mobile genetic elements of disease '' . Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2 : 161 . doi : 10.3389 / fcimb. 2012.00161 . PMC 3522046 . PMID 23248780 . Jump up ^ Saul Tzipori ; Abhineet Sheoran ; Donna Akiyoshi ; Arthur Donohue - Rolfe & Howard Trachtman ( 2004 ) . `` Antibody Therapy in the Management of Shiga Toxin - Induced Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome '' ( PDF ) . Clinical Microbiology Reviews . 17 ( 4 ) : 926 -- 941 . doi : 10.1128 / CMR. 17.4. 926 - 941.2004 . PMC 523565 . PMID 15489355 . Jump up ^ `` Ban on E. Coli in Ground Beef Is to Extend to 6 More Strains '' . New York Times . September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . After the U.S.D.A. banned the O157 form of E. coli from ground beef in 1994 , the meat industry sued to block the move , but the agency prevailed in court . External links ( edit ) Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome Help ( HUSH ) - a UK Based Charity for Information and Support E. coli : Protecting yourself and your family from a sometimes deadly bacterium Escherichia coli O157 : H7 genomes and related information at PATRIC , a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID For more information about reducing your risk of foodborne illness , visit the US Department of Agriculture 's Food Safety and Inspection Service website or the Partnership for Food Safety Education Cooking Ground Beef Safely briandeer.com , report from The Sunday Times on a UK outbreak , May 17 , 1998 CBS5 report on September 2006 outbreak Escherichia coli Outbreaks 1993 Jack in the Box 1996 Odwalla 2000 Walkerton 2005 South Wales ( O157 ) 2006 North American ( spinach ; O157 : H7 ) 2006 North American ( multiple ; O157 : H7 ) 2009 United Kingdom 2011 Germany ( O104 : H4 ) 2015 United States Genes CPS operon DnaG Fis FNR regulon OmpT RecBCD RpoE RpoF RpoN RpoS Strains Enterohemorrhagic Enteroinvasive Enterotoxigenic O104 : H21 O104 : H4 O121 O157 : H7 Verotoxin - producing Related Aerobactin Coliform index Long - term evolution experiment EcoCyc Enteroaggregative Molecular biology Hok / sok system LacUV5 Min System Pathogenic EnvZ / OmpR Rho factor T4 rII system Theodor Escherich Infectious diseases Bacterial disease : Proteobacterial G − primarily A00 -- A79 , 001 -- 041 , 080 -- 109 α Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae / ( Rickettsioses ) Typhus Rickettsia typhi Murine typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus , Brill -- Zinsser disease , Flying squirrel typhus Spotted fever Tick - borne Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia conorii Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia japonica Japanese spotted fever Rickettsia sibirica North Asian tick typhus Rickettsia australis Queensland tick typhus Rickettsia honei Flinders Island spotted fever Rickettsia africae African tick bite fever Rickettsia parkeri American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Mite - borne Rickettsia akari Rickettsialpox Orientia tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus Flea - borne Rickettsia felis Flea - borne spotted fever Anaplasmataceae Ehrlichiosis : Anaplasma phagocytophilum Human granulocytic anaplasmosis , Anaplasmosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia ewingii Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection Rhizobiales Brucellaceae Brucella abortus Brucellosis Bartonellaceae Bartonellosis : Bartonella henselae Cat - scratch disease Bartonella quintana Trench fever Either B. henselae or B. quintana Bacillary angiomatosis Bartonella bacilliformis Carrion 's disease , Verruga peruana β Neisseriales M+ Neisseria meningitidis / meningococcus Meningococcal disease , Waterhouse -- Friderichsen syndrome , Meningococcal septicaemia M − Neisseria gonorrhoeae / gonococcus Gonorrhea ungrouped : Eikenella corrodens / Kingella kingae HACEK Chromobacterium violaceum Chromobacteriosis infection Burkholderiales Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Burkholderia mallei Glanders Burkholderia cepacia complex Bordetella pertussis / Bordetella parapertussis Pertussis γ Enterobacteriales ( OX − ) Lac+ Klebsiella pneumoniae Rhinoscleroma , Klebsiella pneumonia Klebsiella granulomatis Granuloma inguinale Klebsiella oxytoca Escherichia coli : Enterotoxigenic Enteroinvasive Enterohemorrhagic O157 : H7 O104 : H4 Hemolytic - uremic syndrome Enterobacter aerogenes / Enterobacter cloacae Slow / weak Serratia marcescens Serratia infection Citrobacter koseri / Citrobacter freundii Lac − H2S+ Salmonella enterica Typhoid fever , Paratyphoid fever , Salmonellosis H2S − Shigella dysenteriae / sonnei / flexneri / boydii Shigellosis , Bacillary dysentery Proteus mirabilis / Proteus vulgaris Yersinia pestis Plague / Bubonic plague Yersinia enterocolitica Yersiniosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Far East scarlet - like fever Pasteurellales Haemophilus : H. influenzae Haemophilus meningitis Brazilian purpuric fever H. ducreyi Chancroid H. parainfluenzae HACEK Pasteurella multocida Pasteurellosis Actinobacillus Actinobacillosis Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans HACEK Legionellales Legionella pneumophila / Legionella longbeachae Legionnaires ' disease Coxiella burnetii Q fever Thiotrichales Francisella tularensis Tularemia Vibrionaceae Vibrio cholerae Cholera Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio alginolyticus Plesiomonas shigelloides Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas infection Moraxella catarrhalis Acinetobacter baumannii Xanthomonadaceae Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Cardiobacteriaceae Cardiobacterium hominis HACEK Aeromonadales Aeromonas hydrophila / Aeromonas veronii Aeromonas infection ε Campylobacterales Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacteriosis , Guillain -- Barré syndrome Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer , MALT lymphoma , Gastric cancer Helicobacter cinaedi Helicobacter cellulitis Food safety Adulterants , food contaminants 3 - MCPD Aldicarb Cyanide Formaldehyde Lead poisoning Melamine Mercury in fish Sudan I Flavorings Monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) Salt Sugar High - fructose corn syrup Microorganisms Botulism Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium perfringens Escherichia coli O104 : H4 Escherichia coli O157 : H7 Hepatitis A Hepatitis E Listeria Norovirus Rotavirus Salmonella Parasitic infections through food Amoebiasis Anisakiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Diphyllobothriasis Enterobiasis Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolosis Giardiasis Gnathostomiasis Paragonimiasis Toxoplasmosis Trichinosis Trichuriasis Pesticides Chlorpyrifos DDT Lindane Malathion Methamidophos Preservatives Benzoic acid Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ) Sodium benzoate Sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Aspartame Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sorbitol Sucralose Toxins , poisons , environment pollution Aflatoxin Arsenic contamination of groundwater Benzene in soft drinks Bisphenol A Dieldrin Diethylstilbestrol Dioxin Mycotoxins Nonylphenol Shellfish poisoning Food contamination incidents Devon colic Swill milk scandal 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 1900 English beer poisoning Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident Minamata disease 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster Toxic oil syndrome 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak 2006 North American E. coli outbreaks ICA meat repackaging controversy 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 2008 Chinese milk scandal 2008 Irish pork crisis 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 2011 Germany E. coli outbreak 2011 Taiwan food scandal 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak 2013 Bihar school meal poisoning 2013 horse meat scandal 2013 Taiwan food scandal 2014 Taiwan food scandal 2017 Brazil weak meat scandal 2017 -- 18 South African listeriosis outbreak Food safety incidents in China Foodborne illness outbreaks death toll United States Regulation , standards , watchdogs Acceptable daily intake E number Food labeling regulations Food libel laws International Food Safety Network ISO 22000 Quality Assurance International Institutions Centre for Food Safety European Food Safety Authority Institute for Food Safety and Health International Food Safety Network Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escherichia_coli_O157:H7&oldid=827262113 '' Categories : Escherichia coli Bovine diseases Zoonoses Foodborne illnesses Hidden categories : Infobox medical condition All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 18 : 21 . 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what does the o in e. coli o157h7 refer to
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Katie Leung
Katie Leung - wikipedia Katie Leung Jump to : navigation , search Katie Leung Katie Leung at the Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Tokyo premiere , 2005 Katie Liu Leung ( 1987 - 08 - 08 ) 8 August 1987 ( age 30 ) Motherwell , Scotland Residence Motherwell , Scotland Nationality Scottish Occupation Actress Years active 2004 -- present Katie Leung Traditional Chinese 梁佩詩 Simplified Chinese 梁佩诗 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Liáng Pèishī Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Lèuhng Pui - sī Jyutping loeng4 pui3 si1 Katie Liu Leung ( born 8 August 1987 ) is a Scottish film , television , and stage actress . She played Cho Chang , the first love interest for lead character Harry Potter in the Harry Potter film series . In 2012 , Leung made her stage debut in the play Wild Swans . Leung has an interest in painting and photography and studied art and design at the University of the Arts , London . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2005 -- 2007 : Harry Potter 2.2 2007 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Stage 6 Awards 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Leung was born in Motherwell , North Lanarkshire . She attended secondary school at Hamilton College , South Lanarkshire . She is of Hong Kong descent ; her father , Peter Leung , was a Hong Kong businessman , who opened a company in Glasgow , and her mother , Kar Wai Li , was a Hong Kong Banker . Leung 's parents divorced when she was three . Career ( edit ) 2005 -- 2007 : Harry Potter ( edit ) Leung 's father saw an advertisement for a Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire casting call , and suggested she should try out . She waited four hours in line for a five - minute audition , despite feeling she had little likelihood of obtaining the role , Two weeks later , she was called back for a workshop and was cast as Cho Chang , beating out over 3,000 other girls for the part . In retrospect , she stated in an interview with the Daily Record that her Scottish accent probably gave her an advantage in the casting , as the casting director asked the girls who attended the audition , `` Is there anyone here from Scotland ? '' , to which only Leung raised her hand . In a 2011 interview , Leung said her fondest memory of the Harry Potter experience was the first audition , because both her parents , who were separated at the time , went with her . `` It was a really nice moment because my parents had n't seen each other for a long , long time , '' Leung said . In an effort to heavily promote Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Warner Bros. sent Leung to China in the film 's second week of release , which was unusual for a market not used to frequent celebrity visits . She appeared in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix in which she and Daniel Radcliffe ( Harry ) shared an on - screen kiss that received much media coverage . Her role was significant in the series at this point as Harry Potter 's first romance . While Leung was greeted warmly by most fans of the series , some Potter fans , jealous of Leung 's relationship with Harry in the film , created a `` I Hate Katie '' website and racist messages posted on fan websites were upsetting to Leung at the time . Leung 's voice was used in the video games Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . 2007 -- present ( edit ) In July 2007 , Leung was cast by Gold Label Records , a subsidiary of EMI in Hong Kong , to be the female lead in the music video Love Coming Home ( 愛 回 家 ) by Leo Ku . Leung filmed the video in London while promoting the new Harry Potter film . Ku described Leung 's acting as `` professional '' and `` mature . '' Leung played Hsui Tai in the episode `` Cat Among the Pigeons '' of ITV1 's Agatha Christie 's Poirot , which premiered on ITV on 21 September 2008 . Leung has been named as Scotland 's most stylish female and as the hottest Scotswoman in 2007 by The Scotsman . She has also been featured in Teen Vogue and in Evening Standard . Following the end of the Harry Potter films , Leung said she was uncertain if she wanted to continue a career in acting . However , after attending a drama course at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland , she was inspired . In December 2011 , she was awarded the role of Jung Chang as her debut stage role in Jung Chang 's autobiographical play Wild Swans . In comparing film to live performances , Leung said , `` The obvious challenge is of course getting it right the first time , which is weirdly exciting for me . '' The play made its world premiere in Cambridge , Massachusetts in February 2012 , before returning to Motherwell . In June 2012 , it was confirmed that Leung would be starring in Channel 4 four - part drama series called Run as leading character called Nu - Ying . Leung 's character Nu - Ying is an illegal Chinese immigrant who sells pirate DVDs and stolen phones on the streets of Brixton in hope of making a life for herself in the UK . But first she must pay her debts to the Snakehead gang who smuggled her into Britain . She starred in The World of Extreme Happiness ( The Shed at the National Theatre , 2013 ) , in which she played Sunny , along with Vera Chok as Xiao Li , a female migrant worker , in a production about the world of migrant workers in rapidly emerging modern China . Leung has also appeared in the BBC 's production Father Brown crime drama series . In April 2014 , it was announced that Leung is to play the role of Mei , a first - born Chinese girl adopted by an American mother and British father , in the TV miniseries One Child . In the story , her character is asked to return to her birthplace , Guangzhou , when her birth mother desperately seeks her assistance in saving her son . The series is produced by BBC Drama production for BBC Two and is co-produced with Sundance TV . It was scheduled to begin production in May 2014 in London and Hong Kong and aired in February 2016 . Leung received praise by Catherine Gee of The Daily Telegraph , who called her performance `` beautifully understated '' . In late 2016 , Leung appeared in the Tony Kushner play The Intelligent Homosexual 's Guide to Capitalism and Socialism with a Key to the Scriptures ( iHo ) at the Hampstead Theatre , London . In 2017 , Leung co-starred with Jackie Chan and Pierce Brosnan in The Foreigner , playing Fan , Chan 's character 's daughter . Personal life ( edit ) Leung delayed plans to go to art college and university to film Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . During this period , Leung had said she was undecided about pursuing an acting career after Harry Potter and wished to attend university to study art and design . In 2007 , she helped The Prince 's Trust charity of Scotland raise £ 100,000 by launching a children 's art competition and also donated one of her own paintings which was auctioned for £ 960 . In 2008 , she attended University of the Arts London . Leung has expressed a passion for photography . In 2009 , she was one of two celebrities who donated a photo to Sightsavers International 's I : Click 2009 competition . Sightsavers International is a charitable organisation to combat blindness in poor countries . While appearing in Wild Swans , Leung worked to complete her photography degree . On the completion of the play Leung has said she will attend the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland in Glasgow , where as of 2012 , she was studying on the BA Acting course . She speaks fluent Cantonese and some Mandarin . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Cho Chang Film 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Cho Chang Film & Video Game 2008 Agatha Christie 's Poirot Hsui Tai Season 11 Episode 2 `` Cat among the pigeons '' . 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Cho Chang Film & Video Game 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 Cho Chang Film 2013 Run Nu - Ying TV mini-series ( 4 Episodes ) 2014 Father Brown Jia - Li Gerard TV production ( Series 2 , Episode 8 : `` The Prize of Colonel Gerard '' ) 2014 One Child Mei Ashley TV mini-series ( 3 Episodes ) 2017 T2 Trainspotting Nurse Film 2017 The Foreigner Fan Film Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 Wild Swans Jung Chang 2013 The World of Extreme Happiness Sunny National Theatre , London . 2013 The Merchant of Venice Portia 2015 You For Me For You Junhee Royal Court Theatre : Jerwood Theatre Upstairs 2016 The Intelligent Homosexual 's Guide to Capitalism and Socialism with a Key to the Scriptures ( iHo ) Sooze Hampstead Theatre , London Awards ( edit ) 2006 Outstanding Newcomer Award , Asian Excellence Awards ( Top 4 ) Young Scots Award ( nominee ) 2007 Scotland 's Most Stylish Female No. 80 on the Cosmogirl 's Hot 100 List 2008 Best Kiss Nominee 2008 MTV Movie Awards US ( alongside Daniel Radcliffe ) 2014 BAFTA Breakthrough Brits 2014 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Katie Leung '' . AskMen . Archived from the original on 21 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Synnot , Siobhan ( 21 June 2007 ) . `` KISS ME KATIE '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Amy ( 19 September 2008 ) . `` Small - screen gems : The young British actresses to watch '' . MailOnline . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ LAU KIT WAI . Katie casts a spell . South China Morning Post . YOUNGPOST ; Pg. 1 . 11 December 2005 . Jump up ^ Dougan , Andy ( 4 November 2005 ) . `` ' Motherwell girl Katie steals Harry Potter ' s heart ; MOVIE SPECIAL Katie Leung on her dream role ... and the big secret she had to keep for two months '' . Evening Times ( Glasgow ) . NEWS . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Sturgis , India ( 15 February 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter actress Katie Leung : I regularly experience racism '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Katie Leung 5 / 2007 Interview BBC.com '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : My Broad Accent Scot Me A Job As Harry Girl '' . The Daily Record . 14 November 2005 . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . Jump up ^ The Scotsman ( 26 June 2007 ) . `` What Katie did next '' . Netflix . Archived from the original on 19 August 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Herald Scotland . `` Lights , camera ... magic '' . Herald and Times Group . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Pride , William M. ; Hughes , Robert J. ; Kapoor , Jack R. ( 2008 ) . Business . Houghton Miffin . p. 540 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 75314 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe : Harry Potter 's First Kiss Took Several Takes to Get Right '' . Fox News AP . 29 June 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` KATIE : I CRIED FOR HARRY 'S ILL FANS '' . Scotland : Daily Record . 16 November 2005 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ United Press International ( 11 April 2005 ) . `` Racists slam ' Harry Potter ' actress '' . UPI . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ 基 仔 張 秋 親熱 大 汗 疊 細 汗 ( in Chinese ) . Sina.com. 31 July 2007 . Retrieved 1 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Hendry , Steve ( 2 December 2007 ) . `` What Katie Leung Did Again '' . Sunday Mail . Archived from the original on 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Watson , Jeremy ( 18 November 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter actress flies from Hogwarts to top of eligibles list '' . The Scotsman . Archived from the original on 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Vogue '' . All Stars Online . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Katie Leung Evening Standard photoshoot , June 2007 '' . SnitchSeeker.com . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LEUNG NEARLY QUIT ACTING AFTER POTTER '' . Scotland : The Express . 6 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter actress Katie Leung lands debut stage role '' . BBC News . 7 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Amy Adler ( 8 February 2012 ) . `` Katie Leung Goes Wild '' . TheaterMania.com , Inc . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Wei - Huan Chen . `` ' Wild Swans ' tries to fit China on stage '' . Dedham , Massachusetts : Dedham Transcript . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Channel 4 Run Cast Announcement Jump up ^ `` The World of Extreme Happiness : A Story of China 's Urban Migrants '' . The Culture Trip - China . 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Tatlow , Didi Kirsten ( 30 November 2014 ) . `` Opaque Justice in China : Katie Leung Stars in ' One Child ' by Guy Hibbert '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gee , Catherine ( 17 February 2016 ) . `` Gripping drama One Child exposes how fragile China is - review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Tamsin Greig stars in The Intelligent Homosexual 's Guide to Capitalism and Socialism with a Key to the Scriptures '' . London Theatre 1 . 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Antrobus , Corrina . `` Katie Leung interview '' . Virgin Media . Retrieved 13 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Edinburgh Evening News ( 4 December 2007 ) . `` Potter star Katie helps raise £ 100,000 '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Cheesman , Chris ( 26 November 2009 ) . `` HARRY POTTER STAR REVEALS PHOTOGRAPHY ' PASSION ' '' . Amateur Photographer . Archived from the original on 30 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` i : click '' . Sightsavers International . Archived from the original on 2 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Carswell , Andy ( 3 December 2009 ) . `` Amersham teen 's photo to appear alongside work of Harry Potter actress '' . Bucks Free Press & Times Group . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Louise Jury ( 20 April 2012 ) . `` Harry Potter star Katie Leung makes stage debut ... before a spell at drama school '' . London Evening Standard . UK . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Katie Leung : I almost quit acting after Harry Potter '' . UK : Metro . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards ceremony celebrates Glasgow 's style '' . Glasgow City Marketing Bureau . Archived from the original on 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 5 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Katie Leung in Cosmo Girl magazine '' . snitch seeker.com. 22 May 2007 . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Movie Awards Winners '' . MTV Networks . Retrieved 5 November 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Katie Leung , BAFTA Breakthrough Brits 2014 Archived 1 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Katie Leung on IMDb `` Katie Leung - CV '' . Curtis Brown Agency . LCCN : no2014094349 VIAF : 310521067 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katie_Leung&oldid=835286885 '' Categories : 1987 births Living people People educated at Hamilton College , South Lanarkshire People from Motherwell Scottish film actresses Scottish people of Chinese descent Scottish people of Hong Kong descent Scottish stage actresses Scottish television actresses Hidden categories : CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2011 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Use British English from November 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2018 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 19 : 03 . 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Constitution of India
Constitution of India - Wikipedia Constitution of India Constitution of India The original text of the Preamble Ratified 26 November 1949 Date effective January 26 , 1950 ; 68 years ago ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) Author ( s ) B.R. Ambedkar and Drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly of India Signatories 284 members of the Constituent Assembly Purpose To replace the Indian Independence Act Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India . It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles , establishes the structure , procedures , powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights , directive principles and the duties of citizens . It is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world . B.R. Ambedkar , the chairman of the Drafting Committee , is widely considered to be its chief architect . It imparts constitutional supremacy and not parliamentary supremacy , as it is not created by the Parliament but , by a constituent assembly , and adopted by its people , with a declaration in its preamble . Parliament can not override the constitution . It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 , and came into effect on 26 January 1950 . With its adoption , the Dominion of India became the modern and contemporary Republic of India replacing the Government of India Act , 1935 as the country 's fundamental governing document . To ensure constitutional autochthony , the framers of the constitution repealed the prior Acts of the British Parliament via Article 395 of the constitution . India celebrates its coming into force on 26 January each year , as Republic Day . It declares India a sovereign , socialist , secular , democratic republic , assuring its citizens of justice , equality , and liberty , and endeavours to promote fraternity among them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Previous legislation used as sources 2 Constituent assembly 2.1 Drafting 2.2 Influence of other constitutions 3 Structure 3.1 Parts 3.2 Schedules 3.3 Appendices 4 The constitution and the government 5 The constitution and the legislature 5.1 Amendment 5.2 Limitations 6 The constitution and the judiciary 6.1 Judicial review 7 The constitution -- a living document 8 See also 9 Notes 9.1 Notes on Article 21 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar , chairman of the Drafting Committee , presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949 The major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947 . When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950 , it repealed the Indian Independence Act . India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic . The date of 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930 . Articles 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 60 , 324 , 366 , 367 , 379 , 380 , 388 , 391 , 392 , 393 and 394 of the Constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 and the remaining articles on 26 January 1950 . Previous legislation used as sources It is drawn from many sources . Keeping in mind the needs and conditions of India its framers borrowed different features freely from previous legislation viz . Government of India Act 1858 , Indian Councils Act 1861 , Indian Councils Act 1892 , Indian Councils Act 1909 , Government of India Act 1919 , Government of India Act 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947 . The last legislation which led to the creation of the two independent nations of India and Pakistan provided for the division of the erstwhile Constituent Assembly into two , with each new assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it , to enable each to draft and enact a new constitution , for the separate states . Constituent Assembly A meeting of the Constituent Assembly of India , 1950 CE Main article : Constituent Assembly of India It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly , which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies . The 389 member Constituent Assembly took almost three years ( two years , eleven months and eighteen days to be precise ) to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for independent India , during which , it held eleven sessions over 165 days . Of these , 114 days were spent on the consideration of the draft Constitution . On 29 August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a draft Constitution for India . While deliberating upon the draft Constitution , the assembly moved , discussed and disposed of as many as 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 tabled . Dr B.R. Ambedkar , Sanjay Phakey , Jawaharlal Nehru , C. Rajagopalachari , Rajendra Prasad , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Kanaiyalal Munshi , Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar , Sandipkumar Patel , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Shyama Prasad Mukherjee , Nalini Ranjan Ghosh , and Balwantrai Mehta were some important figures in the assembly . There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes . Frank Anthony represented the Anglo - Indian community , and the Parsis were represented by H.P. Modi . The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo - Indians . Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha Community . Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer , Benegal Narsing Rau and K.M. Munshi , Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly . Sarojini Naidu , Hansa Mehta , Durgabai Deshmukh , Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Vijayalakshmi Pandit were important women members . The first temporary 2 - day president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachchidananda Sinha . Later , Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly . The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946 . Drafting B.N. Rau was appointed as the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly in formulating the Indian Constitution in 1946 . He was responsible for the general structure of its democratic framework of the Constitution and prepared its initial draft in February 1948 . This draft was debated , revised and finally adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 . On 14 August 1947 meeting of the Assembly , a proposal for forming various committees was presented . Such committees included a Committee on Fundamental Rights , the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution Committee . On 29 August 1947 , the Drafting Committee was appointed , with Dr B.R. Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members assisted by a constitutional advisor . These members were Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant , Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi ( KM Munshi , Ex - Home Minister , Bombay ) , Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer ( Ex - Advocate General , Madras State ) , N Gopalaswami Ayengar ( Ex-Prime Minister , J&K and later member of Nehru Cabinet ) , BL Mitter ( Ex-Advocate General , India ) , Md . Saadullah ( Ex - Chief Minister of Assam , Muslim League member ) and DP Khaitan ( Scion of Khaitan Business family and a renowned lawyer ) . The constitutional advisor was Sir Benegal Narsing Rau ( who became First Indian Judge in International Court of Justice , 1950 -- 54 ) . Later BL Mitter resigned and was replaced by Madhav Rao ( Legal Advisor of Maharaja of Vadodara ) . On DP Khaitan 's death , TT Krishnamachari was included in the drafting committee . A draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947 , which was debated and over 2000 amendments were moved over a period of two years . Finally on 26 November 1949 , the process was completed and the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution . 284 members signed the document and the process of constitution making was complete . This day is celebrated as National Law Day or Constitution Day . Jawaharlal Nehru signing the Constitution The assembly met in sessions open to the public , for 166 days , spread over a period of 2 years , 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution , the 308 members of the assembly signed two copies of the document ( one each in Hindi and English ) on 24 January 1950 . The original Constitution of India is hand - written with beautiful calligraphy , each page beautified and decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose . The illustrations on the cover and pages represent styles from the different civilisations of the subcontinent , ranging from the prehistoric Mohenjodaro civilisation , in the Indus Valley , to the present . The calligraphy in the book was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizda . It was published in Dehra Dun , and photolithographed at the offices of Survey of India . The entire exercise to produce the original took nearly five years . Two days later , on 26 January 1950 , the Constitution of India became the law of all the States and territories of India . Rs. 1 , 00 , 00,000 was official estimate of expenditure on constituent assembly . It has undergone many amendments since its enactment . The original 1950 Constitution of India is preserved in helium cases in the Parliament house , New Delhi . There are two original versions of this -- one in Hindi and the other in English . The original constitution can be viewed here . Influence of other constitutions British Constitution Parliamentary form of government The idea of single citizenship The idea of the Rule of law Institution of Speaker and his role Lawmaking procedure Procedure established by Law United States Constitution United States Bill of Rights Federal structure of government Electoral College Independence of the judiciary and separation of powers among the three branches of the government Judicial review President as supreme commander of armed forces Equal Protection under law Irish Constitution Directive principles of state policy Australian Constitution Freedom of trade and commerce within the country and between the states Power of the national legislature to make laws for implementing treaties , even on matters outside normal Federal jurisdiction Concurrent List Terminology for the Preamble French Constitution Ideals of Liberty , Equality and Fraternity Canadian Constitution A quasi-federal form of government -- a federal system with a strong central government Distribution of powers between the central government and state governments Residual powers retained by the central government Constitution of the Soviet Union Fundamental Duties u / a 51 - A A Constitutionally mandated Planning Commission to oversee the development of the economy Other Constitutions Emergency Provision u / a 356 , Weimar Constitution ( Germany ) Amendment of Constitution , South Africa Due Procedure of Law , Japan Structure The Indian constitution is the world 's longest . At its commencement , it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules . It is made up of approximately 145,000 words , making it the second largest active constitution in the world . In its current form ( September 2012 ) , it has a preamble , 25 parts with 448 articles , 12 schedules , 5 appendices and 101 amendments , the latest of which came into force on 8 September 2016 . Parts The individual articles of the constitution are grouped together into the following parts : Preamble with the words `` socialist '' and `` secular '' added to it in 1976 by the 42nd constitutional amendment . Part I -- Union and its Territory Part II -- Citizenship . Part III -- Fundamental Rights Part IV -- Directive Principles of State Policy Part IVA -- Fundamental Duties Part V -- The Union Part VI -- The States Part VII -- States in the B part of the First schedule ( repealed ) Part VIII -- The Union Territories Part IX -- The Panchayats Part IXA -- The Municipalities Part IXB -- The Co-operative Societies . Part X -- The scheduled and Tribal Areas Part XI -- Relations between the Union and the States Part XII -- Finance , Property , Contracts and Suits Part XIII -- Trade and Commerce within the territory of India Part XIV -- Services Under the Union , the States Part XIVA -- Tribunals Part XV -- Elections Part XVI -- Special Provisions Relating to certain Classes Part XVII -- Languages Part XVIII -- Emergency Provisions Part XIX -- Miscellaneous Part XX -- Amendment of the Constitution Part XXI -- Temporary , Transitional and Special Provisions Part XXII -- Short title , date of commencement , Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals . Schedules Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government . First Schedule ( Articles 1 and 4 ) -- This lists the states and territories of India , lists any changes to their borders and the laws used to make that change . Second Schedule ( Articles 59 ( 3 ) , 65 ( 3 ) , 75 ( 6 ) , 97 , 125 , 148 ( 3 ) , 158 ( 3 ) , 164 ( 5 ) , 186 and 221 ) -- This lists the salaries of officials holding public office , judges , and Comptroller and Auditor General of India . Third Schedule ( Articles 75 ( 4 ) , 99 , 124 ( 6 ) , 148 ( 2 ) , 164 ( 3 ) , 188 and 219 ) -- Forms of Oaths -- This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials and judges . Fourth Schedule ( Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) ) -- This details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of Parliament ) per State or Union Territory . Fifth Schedule ( Article 244 ( 1 ) ) -- This provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes ( areas and tribes needing special protection due to disadvantageous conditions ) . Sixth Schedule ( Articles 244 ( 2 ) and 275 ( 1 ) ) -- Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura , and Mizoram . Seventh Schedule ( Article 246 ) -- The union ( central government ) , state , and concurrent lists of responsibilities . Eighth Schedule ( Articles 344 ( 1 ) and 351 ) -- The official languages . Ninth Schedule ( Article 31 - B ) -- Validation of certain Acts and Regulations . Tenth Schedule ( Articles 102 ( 2 ) and 191 ( 2 ) ) -- `` Anti-defection '' provisions for Members of Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures . Eleventh Schedule ( Article 243 - G ) -- Panchayat Raj ( rural local government ) , Twelfth Schedule ( Article 243 - W ) -- Municipalities ( urban local government ) . Appendices Appendix I -- The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 . Appendix II -- Re-statement , with reference to the present text of the Constitution , of the exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir . Appendix III -- Extracts from the Constitution ( Forty - fourth Amendment ) Act , 1978 . Appendix IV -- The Constitution ( Eighty - sixth Amendment ) Act , 2002 . Appendix V -- The Constitution ( Eighty - eighth Amendment ) Act , 2003 . The Constitution and the government Institutions of governance -- the Parliament , the President , the Judiciary , the Executive , etc. get their power from the Constitution and are bound by it . With the aid of the Constitution , India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature . It states that there shall be a President of India who shall be the head of the executive , under Articles 52 and 53 . The President 's duty is to preserve , protect and defend the constitution and the law under Article 60 of the Indian constitution . Article 74 provides that there shall be a Prime Minister as the head of union cabinet which would aid and advise the President in performing his constitutional duty . Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the House of the People per Article 75 ( 3 ) . The Constitution of India is federal in nature but unitary in spirit . The common features of a federation such as written Constitution , supremacy of Constitution , rigidity of Constitution , two government , division of powers , bicameralism and independent judiciary as well as unitary features like single Constitution , single citizenship , integrated judiciary , flexible Constitution , a strong Centre , appointment of state governor by the Centre , All - India Services , Emergency Provisions etc. can be seen in Indian Constitution . This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form . Each state and each Union territory of India has its own government . Analogous to President and Prime Minister , each has a Governor ( in case of states ) or Lieutenant Governor ( in the case of Union territories ) and a Chief Minister . Article 356 permits the President to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority when a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State can not be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution . This power , known as President 's rule , was abused earlier as state governments came to be dismissed on the flimsiest of grounds , and more due to the political discomfiture of the party in power at the centre . Post -- Bommai judgment , such a course of action has been rendered rather difficult , as the courts have asserted their right to review it . Consequently , very few state governments have been disbanded since . The 73rd and 74th Amendment Act also introduced the system of Panchayati Raj in rural areas and Municipality in urban areas . Also , Article 370 of the Constitution gives special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir . The Constitution and the legislature Main article : Amendment of the Constitution of India See also : List of amendments of the Constitution of India Amendment The process of addition , variation or repeal of any part of the constitution by the parliament under its constituent powers , is called amendment of the constitution . The procedure is laid out in Article 368 . An amendment bill must be passed by each House of the Parliament by a majority of the total membership of that House when at least two - thirds members are present and voted . In addition to this , certain amendments which pertain to the federal nature of the Constitution must be ratified by a majority of state legislatures . Unlike the ordinary bills under legislative powers of Parliament as per Article 245 ( with exception to money bills ) , there is no provision for joint sitting of the two houses ( Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha ) of the parliament to pass a constitutional amendment bill . During recess of Parliament , President can not promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers per Article 123 , Chapter III which needs constitutional amendment . Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under legislative powers of Parliament , are no more valid after the addition of Article 368 ( 1 ) by Twenty - fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India . As of September 2015 , there have been 120 amendment bills presented in the parliament , out of which 100 have been passed to become Amendment Acts . Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass , the Constitution of India is the most frequently amended national governing document in the world . The Constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many of these amendments address issues dealt with by ordinary statute in other democracies . As a result , the document is amended roughly twice a year , and three times every two years . In 2000 , the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution ( NCRWC ) was set up to look into updating the constitution . Government of India , establishes term based law commissions to recommend law reforms for maximising justice in society and for promoting good governance under the rule of law . Limitations Main article : Basic structure doctrine The Supreme Court has ruled in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case that an amendment can not destroy what it seeks to modify , which means , while amending anything in the Constitution , it can not tinker with the `` basic structure '' or its framework , which is immutable . Such an amendment will be declared invalid even though no part of the constitution is explicitly prevented from being amended , nor does the basic structure doctrine protect any single provision of the Constitution . Yet , this `` doctrine of basic features '' lays down that , the Constitution when `` read as a whole '' , that what comes to be understood as its basic features can not be abridged , deleted or abrogated . What these `` basic features '' are , have not been defined exhaustively anywhere , and whether a particular provision of the Constitution of India is a `` basic feature '' is decided as and when an issue is raised before a court in an instant case . The judgment in the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case laid down the following as the basic structure of the constitution of India : The Supremacy of the Constitution Republican and Democratic form of the Government Secular Character of the Constitution Maintenance of Separation of powers The Federal Character of the Constitution This implies that the Parliament , while amending the Constitution , can only amend it to the extent so as to not destroy any of the aforesaid characters . The Supreme Court / High Court ( s ) may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated , by performing Judicial review . This is typical of Parliamentary governments , where the Judiciary has to exercise an effective check on the exercise of the powers of the Parliament , which in many respects is supreme . In the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case of 1967 , the Supreme Court ruled that the State of Punjab could not restrict any of the Fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine . Extent of land ownership and practice of profession , in this case , were held to be a fundamental right . The ruling of the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case was eventually overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971 . The Constitution and the Judiciary The Judiciary interprets the Constitution as its final arbiter . It is its duty as mandated by the Constitution , to be its watchdog , by calling for scrutiny any act of the legislature or the executive , who otherwise , are free to enact or implement these , from overstepping bounds set for them by the Constitution . It acts like a guardian in protecting the fundamental rights of the people , as enshrined in the Constitution , from infringement by any organ of the state . It also balances the conflicting exercise of power between the centre and a state or among states , as assigned to them by the Constitution . While pronouncing decisions under its constitutional mandate , it is expected to remain unaffected by pulls and pressures exerted by other branches of the state , citizens or interest groups . And crucially , independence of the judiciary has been held to be a basic feature of the Constitution , and which being inalienable , has come to mean -- that which can not be taken away from it by any act or amendment by the legislature or the executive . Judicial review Judicial review is adopted in the Constitution of India from judicial review in the United States . In the Indian constitution , Judicial review is dealt with under Article 13 . Judicial Review refers that the Constitution is the supreme power of the nation and all laws are under its supremacy . Article 13 states that : All pre-constitutional laws , if in part or completely in conflict with the Constitution , shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the Constitution ends the conflict . In such situation the provision of that law will again come into force , if it is compatible with the constitution as amended . This is called the Doctrine of Eclipse . In a similar manner , laws made after adoption of the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly must be compatible with the constitution , otherwise the laws and amendments will be deemed to be void ab initio . In such situations , the Supreme Court or High Court interprets the laws to decide if they are in conformity with the Constitution . If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency , and where a separation is possible , the provision that is inconsistent with constitution is considered to be void . In addition to article 13 , articles 32 , 226 and 227 provide a constitutional basis to judicial review in India . Due to the adoption of the thirty - eighth amendment , the Indian Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency that infringes upon fundamental rights under article 32 i.e. Right to Constitutional Remedies . Later with the Forty - second Amendment of the Constitution of India , article 31 C was widened and article 368 ( 4 ) and 368 ( 5 ) were added , which stated that any law passed by the parliament ca n't be challenged in the court on any ground . The Supreme court in the Minerva Mills v. Union of India case said that Judicial Review is one of the basic character of the constitution and therefore ca n't be taken away quashing Article 368 ( 4 ) & ( 5 ) as well as 31 C . The Constitution -- a living document `` The Indian Constitution is first and foremost a social document , and is aided by its Parts III & IV ( Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy , respectively ) acting together , as its chief instruments and its conscience , in realising the goals set by it for all the people . '' The Constitution 's provisions have consciously been worded in generalities , though not in vague terms , instead of making them rigid and static with a fixed meaning or content as in an ordinary statute , so that they may be interpreted by coming generations of citizens with the onward march of time , to apply to new and ever - changing and demanding situations , making the Constitution a living and an organic document . Justice Marshall asserts : `` It is the nature of ( a ) Constitution that only its great outlines be marked '' . It is a document intended `` to endure for ages '' and therefore , it has to be interpreted not merely on the basis of the intention and understanding of the its framers but on the experience of its working effectively , in the existing social and political context . For instance , `` right to life '' as guaranteed under Article 21 , has by interpretation been expanded to progressively mean a whole lot of human rights In the conclusion of his Making of India 's Constitution , Justice Khanna writes : `` If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers , no less are we , the people of India , the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions ! A constitution is not a parchment of paper , it is a way of life and has to be lived up to . Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis , its only keepers are the people . '' See also India portal Politics portal Constitution Day ( India ) Constitutional economics Constitutionalism History of democracy List of national constitutions Magna Carta Rule according to higher law Uniform civil code of India Notes ^ Jump up to : The Constitution of Yugoslavia briefly held this position from 1974 till the nation split up in 1990 . Jump up ^ The Constitution was in 22 Parts originally . Part VII & IX ( older ) was repealed in 1956 , whereas newly added Part IVA , IXA , IXB & XIVA by Amendments to the Constitution in different times ( lastly added IXB by the 97th Amendment ) . Jump up ^ Although the last article of the Constitution is Article 395 , the total number , as of March 2013 is 465 . New articles added through amendments have been inserted in the relevant location in the original constitution . In order not to disturb the original numbering , the new articles are inserted with alpha numeric enumerations . For example , Article 21A pertaining to Right to Education was inserted by the 86th Amendment Act . Jump up ^ By 73rd & 74th Amendment , the lists of administrative subjects of Panchayat raj & Municipality included in the Constitution as Schedule 11 & 12 respectively in the year 1993 . Jump up ^ Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state , administered federally , usually populated by a predominant Scheduled Tribe . Jump up ^ Scheduled Tribes are groups of indigenous people , identified in the Constitution , struggling socioeconomically Jump up ^ These lines by Granville Austin from his book The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation at p. 50 , have been authoritatively quoted many times Notes on Article 21 Jump up ^ Art . 21 -- `` No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law '' Jump up ^ Right to speedy trial Right to water Right to livelihood Right to health Right to education References Jump up ^ `` Preface , The constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pylee , M.V. ( 1997 ) . India 's Constitution . S. Chand & Co. p. 3 . ISBN 81 - 219 - 0403 - X . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional supremacy vs parliamentary supremacy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Constitution of India '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 29 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Swaminathan , Shivprasad ( 26 January 2013 ) . `` India 's benign constitutional revolution '' . The Hindu : opinion . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Das , Hari ( 2002 ) . Political System of India . Anmol Publications . p. 120 . ISBN 81 - 7488 - 690 - 7 . Jump up ^ WP ( Civil ) No. 98 / 2002 ( 12 September 2002 ) . `` Aruna Roy & Ors . v. Union of India & Ors . '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . p. 18 / 30 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Preamble of the Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law & Justice . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commencement '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December , 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) '' . The Parliament of India Archive . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating Constitution Day '' . 26 November 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Some Facts of Constituent Assembly '' . Parliament of India . National Informatics Centre . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . On 29 August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India Jump up ^ On National Law Day , saluting two remarkable judges , Firstpost , 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ PM Modi greets people on Constitution Day , DNA India , 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original unamended constitution of India , January , 1950 '' . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION ( AMENDMENT ) ACTS '' . India Code Information System . Ministry of Law , Government of India . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India '' . www.wdl.org . World Digital Library . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sridhar , Madabhushi . `` Evolution and Philosophy behind the Indian Constitution ( page 22 ) '' ( PDF ) . Dr. Marri Channa Reddy Human Resource Development Institute ( Institute of Administration ) , Hyderabad . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Borrowed features of Constitution '' . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Miglani , Dr. Deepak . `` Constitution of India : A ' Bag of Borrowings ' '' . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's Constitution is Not the Longest '' . scocablog.com . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of india '' . Ministry of Law and Justice , Govt. of India . Jump up ^ `` Constitution ( Ninety - ninth Amendment ) Act , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . 1 , Law Street . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Baruah , Aparijita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight and Comparison with Other Constitutions . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 177 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 996 - 0 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chishti , Seema ; Anand , Utkarsh ( 30 January 2015 ) . `` Legal experts say debating Preamble of Constitution pointless , needless '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forty - Second Amendment to the Constitution '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 28 August 1976 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Part I Jump up ^ Part II Jump up ^ Part IV Jump up ^ Part V Jump up ^ Part VI Jump up ^ Part VII Jump up ^ Part VIII Jump up ^ Part IX Jump up ^ Part IXA Jump up ^ http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf Jump up ^ Originally Articles mentioned here were immune from judicial review on the ground that they violated fundamental rights . but in a landmark judgement in 2007 , the Supreme Court of India held in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others that laws included in the 9th schedule can be subject to judicial review if they violated the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 14 , 15 , 19 , 21 or the basic structure of the Constitution ( ( ambiguous ) ) -- I.R. Coelho ( dead ) by L.Rs . v. State of Tamil Nadu and others ( 2007 ) 2 S.C.C. 1 ^ Jump up to : Menon , N.R. Madhava ( 26 September 2004 ) . `` Parliament and the Judiciary '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ M Laxmikanth. `` 3 '' . Indian Polity ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill Education . p. 3.2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 25 - 906412 - 8 . Jump up ^ Krishnakumar , R. `` ' Article 356 should be abolished ' '' . Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rajendra Prasad , R.J. `` ' Bommai verdict has checked misuse of Article 356 ' '' . Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Swami , Praveen . `` Protecting secularism and federal fair play '' . Frontline ( Vol. 14 : : No. 22 : : 1 -- 14 Nov. 1997 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement : A.K. Roy , Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December , 1981 '' . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ name = `` amendments '' Jump up ^ Krishnamurthi , Vivek ( 2009 ) . `` Colonial Cousins : Explaining India and Canada 's Unwritten Constitutional Principles '' ( PDF ) . Yale Journal of International Law . 34 ( 1 ) : 219 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kuri 's blog : National Commission to review the working of the Constitution ( NCRWC ) . Kurishravan.blogspot.in ( 23 February 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dhamija , Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ) . Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features . Wadhwa and Company . p. 568 . ISBN 9788180382536 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : aDvantage . `` Doctrine of Basic Structure -- Constitutional Law '' . www.legalserviceindia.com . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacobsohn , Gary J. ( 2010 ) . Constitutional Identity . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 9780674047662 . ^ Jump up to : Dalal , Milan ( 2008 ) . `` India 's New Constitutionalism : Two Cases That Have Reshaped Indian Law '' . Boston College International Comparative Law Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 258 -- 260 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Pratap Bhanu ( 2002 ) . Hasan , Zoya ; Sridharan , E. ; Sudarshan , R. , eds . Article -- The Inner Conflict of Constitutionalism : Judicial Review and the ' Basic Structure ' ( Book -- India 's Kiving Constitution : Ideas , Practices , Controversies ) ( ( 2006 ) Second Impression ( 2002 ) First ed . ) . Delhi : Permanent Black . p. 187 . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 087 - 4 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya , Bishwajit . `` Supreme Court Shows Govt Its LoC '' . the day after ( 1 -- 15 Nov 2015 ) . Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ National Comionmission to Review the Working of the Constitution . `` A Consultation Paper on the Financial Autonomy of the Indian Judiciary '' . Chapter 1 . New Delhi ( 26 September 2001 ) . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chakrabarty , Bidyut ( 2008 ) . Indian Politics and Society Since Independence : Events , Processes and Ideology ( First ed . ) . Oxon ( UK ) , New York ( USA ) : Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 40867 - 7 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sorabjee , Soli J. ( 1 November 2015 ) . `` A step in the Wrong Direction '' . The Week . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ V. Venkatesan -- A fresh look at the relevance of three early doctrines that have defined the Indian Constitution over the years . Front - line ( Vol. 29 -- Issue 05 : : 10 -- 23 Mar. 2012 ) Jump up ^ Jain , M.P. ( 2010 ) . Indian Constitutional Law . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . p. 921 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 621 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lectures By Professor Parmanad Singh , Jindal Global Law School . Jump up ^ Jacobsohn , Gary ( 2010 ) . Constitutional Identity . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 9780674047662 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , Vikram ( 2010 ) . `` The biographer of the Indian constitution '' . Seminar . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dharmadhikari , Justice D.M. `` Principle of Constitutional Interpretation : Some Reflections '' . ( 2004 ) 4 SCC ( Jour ) 1 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaur , K.D. ( 2002 ) . Article -- Law and the Poor : Some Recent Developments in India ( Book -- Criminal Law and Criminology ) . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 564 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 410 - 1 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Narain , Vrinda . `` Water as a Fundamental Right : A Perspective from India '' ( PDF ) . Vermont Law Review . 34 : 917 : 920 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Khosla , Madhav ( 2011 ) . `` Making social rights conditional : Lessons from India '' ( PDF ) . I con ( 2010 ) . 8 ( 4 ) : 761 . doi : 10.1093 / icon / mor005 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ H.R. Khanna . Making of India 's Constitution . Eastern Book Co , Lucknow , 1981 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . Bibliography Khanna , Justice H.R ( 2015 ) . Making of India 's Constitution ( 2nd Edition 2008 , ( Reprinted 2015 ) ed . ) . Eastern Book Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 188 - 6 . Austin , Granville ( 1999 ) . The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 9564 - 959 - 8 . Austin , Granville ( 2003 ) . Working a Democratic Constitution : A History of the Indian Experience ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 9565 - 610 - 7 . Baruah , Aparajita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight & Comparison . Eastern Book Co . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7629 - 996 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1965 ) . Commentary on the constitution of India : ( being a comparative treatise on the universal principles of justice and constitutional government with special reference to the organic instrument of India ) . 1 -- 2 . S.C. Sarkar & Sons ( Private ) Ltd . Basu , Durga Das ( 1984 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . South Asia Books . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1981 ) . Shorter Constitution of India . Prentice - Hall of India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87692 - 200 - 2 . Das , Hari Hara ( 2002 ) . Political System of India . Anmol Publications . ISBN 81 - 7488 - 690 - 7 . Dash , Shreeram Chandra ( 1968 ) . The Constitution of India ; a Comparative Study . Chaitanya Pub . House . Dhamija , Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ) . Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features . Wadhwa and Company . ISBN 9788180382536 . Ghosh , Pratap Kumar ( 1966 ) . The Constitution of India : How it Has Been Framed . World Press . Jayapalan , N. ( 1998 ) . Constitutional History of India . Atlantic Publishers & Distributors . ISBN 81 - 7156 - 761 - 4 . Khanna , Hans Raj ( 1981 ) . Making of India 's Constitution . Eastern Book Co . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . Rahulrai , Durga Das ( 1984 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . South Asia Books . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1 . Pylee , M.V. ( 1997 ) . India 's Constitution . S. Chand & Co . ISBN 81 - 219 - 0403 - X . Pylee , M.V. ( 2004 ) . Constitutional Government in India . S. Chand & Co . ISBN 81 - 219 - 2203 - 8 . Sen , Sarbani ( 2007 ) . The Constitution of India : Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Transformations . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568649 - 4 . Sharma , Dinesh ; Singh , Jaya ; Maganathan , R. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . Indian Constitution at Work . Political Science , Class XI . NCERT . `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December , 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) '' . The Parliament of India Archive . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . External links Find more aboutConstitution of Indiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Original as published in the Gazette of India Original Unamended version of the Constitution of India Ministry of Law and Justice of India -- The Constitution of India Page Constitution of India as of 29 July 2008 Constitutional predilections `` Constitution of India '' . 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Ambedkar Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2017 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikisource Languages অসমীয়া বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ತುಳು Українська 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 18 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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total number of articles in indian constitution at present
[ "The Indian constitution is the world's longest.[Note 1] At its commencement, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. It is made up of approximately 145,000 words, making it the second largest active constitution in the world. \n[23]\nIn its current form (September 2012), it has a preamble, 25[Note 2] parts with 448\n[Note 3] articles, 12[Note 4] schedules, 5 appendices[24] and 101 amendments, the latest of which came into force on 8 September 2016.[25]\n" ]
[ "448" ]
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Sweet Home Alabama
Sweet Home Alabama - wikipedia Sweet Home Alabama For the film , see Sweet Home Alabama ( film ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Sweet Home Alabama '' Single by Lynyrd Skynyrd from the album Second Helping B - side `` Take Your Time '' Released June 24 , 1974 Format 7 - inch Recorded June 1973 Genre Country rock southern rock Length 4 : 45 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Ed King Gary Rossington Ronnie Van Zant Producer ( s ) Al Kooper Lynyrd Skynyrd singles chronology `` Do n't Ask Me No Questions '' ( 1974 ) `` Sweet Home Alabama '' ( 1974 ) `` Free Bird '' ( 1974 ) Alternative cover Audio sample file help Music video `` Sweet Home Alabama '' ( 2 July 1977 at Oakland Coliseum Stadium ) on YouTube `` Sweet Home Alabama '' is a song by Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd that first appeared in 1974 on their second album , Second Helping . It reached number 8 on the US chart in 1974 and was the band 's second hit single . The song was written in reply to `` Southern Man '' and `` Alabama '' by Neil Young ; Young is name - checked in the song 's lyrics . Contents 1 Creation and recording 2 Controversy 3 Muscle Shoals 4 Personnel 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end chart 6 Sales and certifications 7 `` All Summer Long '' 8 Other uses 9 Recognition and awards 10 References 11 External links Creation and recording ( edit ) None of the three writers of the song were from Alabama ; Ronnie Van Zant and Gary Rossington were both born in Jacksonville , Florida , whilst Ed King was from Glendale , California . In an interview with Garden & Gun , Rossington explained the writing process . `` I had this little riff , '' he said . `` It 's the little picking part and I kept playing it over and over when we were waiting on everyone to arrive for rehearsal . Ronnie and I were sitting there , and he kept saying , ' play that again ' . Then Ronnie wrote the lyrics and Ed and I wrote the music . '' `` Sweet Home Alabama '' was a major chart hit for a band whose previous singles had `` lazily sauntered out into release with no particular intent '' . The hit led to two TV rock show offers , which the band turned down . In addition to the original appearance on Second Helping , the song has appeared on numerous Lynyrd Skynyrd collections and live albums . Controversy ( edit ) `` Sweet Home Alabama '' was written as an answer to two songs , `` Southern Man '' and `` Alabama '' by Neil Young , which dealt with themes of racism and slavery in the American South . `` We thought Neil was shooting all the ducks in order to kill one or two , '' said Ronnie Van Zant at the time . The following excerpt shows the Neil Young mention in the song : Well , I heard Mister Young sing about her Well , I heard ol ' Neil put her down Well , I hope Neil Young will remember A Southern man do n't need him around anyhow In his 2012 autobiography Waging Heavy Peace , Young commented on his role in the song 's creation , writing `` My own song ' Alabama ' richly deserved the shot Lynyrd Skynyrd gave me with their great record . I do n't like my words when I listen to it . They are accusatory and condescending , not fully thought out , and too easy to misconstrue '' . Van Zant 's other response was also controversial , with references to the Governor of Alabama , George Wallace ( a noted supporter of segregation ) and the Watergate scandal : In Birmingham , they love the governor ( boo boo boo ) Now we all did what we could do Now Watergate does not bother me Does your conscience bother you ? Tell the truth ... Sweet home Alabama , oh , sweet home baby Where the skies are so blue and the governor 's true Music historians point out that the choice of Birmingham in connection with the governor ( rather than the capital Montgomery ) is significant for the controversy as `` In 1963 , the city was the site of massive civil rights activism , as thousands of demonstrators led by Martin Luther King , Jr. sought to desegregate downtown businesses ... ( and ) was the scene of some of the most violent moments of the Civil Rights Movement . Segregationist police chief Bull Connor unleashed attack dogs and high - pressure water cannons against peaceful marchers , including women and children ; just weeks later , Ku Klux Klansmen bombed a black church , killing four little girls . '' In 1975 , Van Zant said : `` The lyrics about the governor of Alabama were misunderstood . The general public did n't notice the words ' Boo ! Boo ! Boo ! ' after that particular line , and the media picked up only on the reference to the people loving the governor . '' `` The line ' We all did what we could do ' is sort of ambiguous , '' Al Kooper notes . `` ' We tried to get Wallace out of there ' is how I always thought of it . '' Towards the end of the song , Van Zant adds `` where the governor 's true '' to the chorus 's `` where the skies are so blue , '' a line rendered ironic by the previous booing of the governor . Journalist Al Swenson argues that the song is more complex than it is sometimes given credit for , suggesting that it only looks like an endorsement of Wallace . `` Wallace and I have very little in common , '' Van Zant himself said , `` I do n't like what he says about colored people . '' Music historians examining the juxtaposition of invoking Richard Nixon and Watergate after Wallace and Birmingham note that one reading of the lyrics is an `` attack against the liberals who were so outraged at Nixon 's conduct '' while others interpret it regionally : `` the band was speaking for the entire South , saying to northerners , we 're not judging you as ordinary citizens for the failures of your leaders in Watergate ; do n't judge all of us as individuals for the racial problems of southern society '' . Muscle Shoals ( edit ) One verse of the song includes the line , `` Now Muscle Shoals has got the Swampers / And they 've been known to pick a song or two . '' This refers to the town of Muscle Shoals , Alabama , a popular location for recording popular music because of the `` sound '' crafted by local recording studios and back - up musicians . `` The Swampers '' referred to in the lyrics are the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section . These musicians , who crafted the `` Muscle Shoals Sound '' , were inducted into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame in 1995 for a `` Lifework Award for Non-Performing Achievement '' and into the Musician 's Hall Of Fame in 2008 ( the performers inducted into the latter were the four founding Swampers -- Barry Beckett , Roger Hawkins , David Hood , Jimmy Johnson -- plus Pete Carr , Clayton Ivey , Randy McCormack , Will McFarlane , and Spooner Oldham ) . The nickname `` The Swampers '' was given to the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section by producer Denny Cordell during a recording session by singer / songwriter Leon Russell , in reference to their ' swampy ' sound . Part of the reference comes from the 1971 -- 1972 demo reels that Lynyrd Skynyrd had recorded in Muscle Shoals with Johnson as a producer / recording engineer . Johnson helped refine many of the songs first heard publicly on the Pronounced album , and it was Van Zant 's `` tip of the hat '' to Johnson for helping out the band in the early years and essentially giving the band its first break . Lynyrd Skynyrd remains connected to Muscle Shoals , having since recorded a number of works in the city and making it a regular stop on their concert tours . The PBS show Independent Lens aired a documentary on Muscle Shoals and its place in music history in mid-April 2014 . Personnel ( edit ) Lynyrd Skynyrd Ronnie Van Zant -- lead vocals Ed King -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( first `` woo '' at the end of the last chorus ) Leon Wilkeson -- bass guitar , backing vocals ( second `` woo '' at the end of the last chorus ) Bob Burns -- drums Billy Powell -- piano Allen Collins -- rhythm guitar ( left channel ) Gary Rossington -- rhythm guitar ( right channel ) , acoustic guitar ( left channel ) Additional personnel Al Kooper -- backing vocals ( left channel ) Clydie King -- background vocals Merry Clayton -- background vocals Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 - 76 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 56 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 87 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 51 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 31 US Billboard Hot 100 9 Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 44 Year - end chart ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position US Cashbox Top 100 58 Canadian RPM Top Singles 81 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 3,680,000 ( digital ) sales + streaming figures based on certification alone `` All Summer Long '' ( edit ) Kid Rock 's 2008 song `` All Summer Long '' samples `` Sweet Home Alabama '' on the chorus and uses the guitar solo and piano outro , as well as the `` turn it up '' shout before the guitar solo ; Billy Powell is featured on the track . `` All Summer Long '' also samples Warren Zevon 's `` Werewolves of London '' , which has similar chord progression to `` Sweet Home Alabama '' . Since Kid Rock 's release , the original song has also charted at number 44 on the UK Singles Chart . The song is credited to Matthew Shafer , Waddy Wachtel , R.J. Ritchie , Leroy Marinell , Warren Zevon , Edward King , Gary Rossington and Ronnie Van Zant . Zevon apparently hated `` Sweet Home Alabama '' and referred to it as `` that dead band 's song '' . He surmised that those who listen to it only do so because their own lives are miserable , and his views on the song are articulated in `` Play It All Night Long '' , which appears on his 1980 album Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School . Other uses ( edit ) In September 2007 , Alabama Governor Bob Riley announced the phrase `` Sweet Home Alabama '' would be used to promote Alabama state tourism in a multimillion - dollar ad campaign . Before every race at the Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega , where two Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races are annually held , the song plays before the green flag is waved . This tradition dates back to at least the late 1990s . As of 2009 , the State of Alabama has begun using the phrase `` Sweet Home Alabama '' as an official slogan on license plates for motor vehicles , with Governor Bob Riley noting that Lynyrd Skynyrd 's anthem is the third most - played song referring to a specific destination . ( This is also the second Alabama license plate in a row to make reference to a popular song , with the state 's previous plate having featured `` Stars Fell on Alabama '' . ) In the 1980s and 1990s , the song played during warmups of the University of Alabama in Huntsville Charger Hockey team during home games . This song can also be heard before , during , and after many University of Alabama sporting events . Majority of the Alabama fan base have mixed the words `` Roll Tide Roll '' in the middle of the chorus to relate Alabama sports to the Great State of Alabama . It appears in a 2017 TV commercial for Chili 's restaurants . In 1990 , southern gangster rap group The Geto Boys sampled Lynyrd Skynyrd 's `` Sweet Home Alabama '' on `` Gangsta of Love '' . Contained on later versions of their self - titled LP , the mix uses a sample from `` Sweet Home '' instead of the Steve Miller Band 's `` The Joker '' due to copyright issues . The version included on the original pressing of its 1989 album Grip It ! On That Other Level had contained the Miller Band sample . Used in the remake of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( 2003 ) , even though the story in the film takes place in 1973 . Used in the 2010 film Despicable Me and featured on its soundtrack album . Recognition and awards ( edit ) In May 2006 , National Review ranked the song number 4 on its list of `` 50 greatest conservative rock songs '' . In July 2006 , CMT ranked it number 1 on the `` 20 Greatest Southern Rock songs '' . In 2004 , the song was ranked number 398 on Rolling Stone 's list of `` the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . In 2007 , the song was used on the Top Gear Greatest Driving Songs album . In 1997 , the song was used in movie Con Air . While the song plays in background , Garland Greene ( by Steve Buscemi ) says to Poe and Baby - O : `` Define irony . Bunch of idiots dancing on a plane to a song made famous by a band that died in a plane crash '' , a reference to the band 's 1977 plane crash . The song is also used briefly in the end credits beginning with Buscemi 's character gambling until the end of the main cast credits . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sweet Home Alabama song information . Songfacts.com Jump up ^ Lotz , CJ ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` The Story Behind `` Sweet Home Alabama '' `` . Garden & Gun . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dupree , T. ( 1974 ) , Lynyrd Skynyrd in Sweet Home Atlanta ( Electronic version ) . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Young , Neil ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter Fifty - seven '' . Waging Heavy Peace : A Hippie Dream . New York , New York : Penguin Group . p. 417 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 218031 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Shmoop Staff ( 2010 ) . Sweet Home Alabama : Shmoop Music Guide . Shmoop University . ^ Jump up to : Ballinger , Lee . ( 2002 © 1999 ) . Lynyrd Skynyrd : An Oral History . Los Angeles , California : XT377 Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9720446 - 3 - 9 Jump up ^ `` The Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section '' . Alabama Music Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Which Band Will Reunite Next ? Placing Odds on 14 Groups , from Led Zeppelin to N'Sync Pictures '' . Rolling Stone . October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ SweetHome Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Lynyrd Skynyrd -- Sweet Home Alabama '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Lynyrd Skynyrd Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Lynyrd Skynyrd -- Sweet Home Alabama '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Lynyrd Skynyrd -- Sweet Home Alabama '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Lynyrd Skynyrd -- Sweet Home Alabama '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Sweet Home Alabama in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Lynyrd Skynyrd -- Sweet Home Alabama '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Soundscan Chart '' . Nielsen . July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Graham ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Warren Zevon : Play that dead man 's songs '' . GrahamRhodes.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2007 ) . Lynyrd Skynyrd Song Turns Alabama Tourist Theme ( Electronic version ) . USA Today . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Chili 's Smokehouse combo meat lovers '' . iSpot.tv . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , John J. ( May 26 , 2006 ) Rockin ' the Right , National Review External links ( edit ) Alabama portal Lynyrd Skynyrd and Neil Young : Friends or Foes ? -- An analysis of `` Sweet Home Alabama '' and `` Southern Man '' `` Sweet Home Alabama '' lyrics on lynyrdskynyrdhistory.com `` Sweet Home Alabama '' song guide , lyrical analysis , historical context and allusions , teaching guide Lynyrd Skynyrd Gary Rossington Rickey Medlocke Johnny Van Zant Michael Cartellone Mark Matejka Peter Keys Keith Christopher Ronnie Van Zant Allen Collins Bob Burns Larry Junstrom Greg T. Walker Leon Wilkeson Billy Powell Ed King Artimus Pyle Steve Gaines Owen Hale Hughie Thomasson Kenny Aronoff Ean Evans Robert Kearns Johnny Colt Studio albums ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) Second Helping Nuthin ' Fancy Gimme Back My Bullets Street Survivors Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 The Last Rebel Endangered Species Twenty Edge of Forever Christmas Time Again Vicious Cycle God & Guns Last of a Dyin ' Breed Live albums One More from the Road Southern by the Grace of God Lyve from Steel Town Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve : The Vicious Cycle Tour Live from Freedom Hall Compilations Skynyrd 's First and ... Last Gold & Platinum Best of the Rest Legend Skynyrd 's Innyrds Lynyrd Skynyrd ( Box Set ) A Retrospective What 's Your Name Old Time Greats The Essential Lynyrd Skynyrd Skynyrd 's First : The Complete Muscle Shoals Album 20th Century Masters : The Best of Lynyrd Skynyrd Solo Flytes All Time Greatest Hits Collectybles Then and Now Thyrty Then and Now Volume Two Greatest Hits Icon Video Freebird ... The Movie Lyve From Steel Town Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve : The Vicious Cycle Tour Live from Freedom Hall Singles `` Need All My Friends '' `` Gimme Three Steps '' / `` Mr. Banker '' `` Do n't Ask Me No Questions '' / `` Take Your Time '' `` Sweet Home Alabama '' `` Free Bird '' `` Saturday Night Special '' / `` Made in the Shade '' `` Double Trouble '' `` Gimme Back My Bullets '' / `` All I Can Do Is Write About It '' `` Gimme Three Steps ( Live ) '' `` What 's Your Name '' / `` I Know A Little '' `` You Got That Right '' `` Truck Drivin ' Man '' `` Swamp Music '' `` Smokestack Lightning '' `` Preacher Man '' `` Red White & Blue ( Love it or Leave ) '' `` Still Unbroken '' Other songs `` Tuesday 's Gone '' `` Simple Man '' `` Things Goin ' On '' `` Saturday Night Special '' `` That Smell '' Tours Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd Tour Second Helping Tour Nuthin ' Fancy Tour Gimme Back My Bullets Tour One More From The Road Tour Street Survivors Tour Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 Tour The Last Rebel Tour Lynyrd Skynyrd Twenty Tour Edge of Forever Tour Vicious Cycle Tour Rebels and Bandoleros Tour Spin - off bands Rossington Collins Band The Rossington Band Allen Collins Band Artimus Pyle Band Van Zant Related articles Discography Band Members Skynyrd Frynds 1977 Mississippi CV - 240 crash Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park Leonard Skinner `` All Summer Long '' Alabama 1990 -- 2011 singles Pass It On Down `` Pass It On Down '' `` Jukebox in My Mind '' `` Forever 's as Far as I 'll Go '' `` Down Home '' `` Here We Are '' Greatest Hits Vol. II `` Then Again '' `` Born Country '' American Pride `` Take a Little Trip '' `` I 'm in a Hurry ( And Do n't Know Why ) '' `` Once Upon a Lifetime '' `` Hometown Honeymoon '' Cheap Seats `` Reckless '' `` T.L.C.A.S.A.P. '' `` The Cheap Seats '' Greatest Hits Vol . III `` We Ca n't Love Like This Anymore '' `` Give Me One More Shot '' In Pictures `` She Ai n't Your Ordinary Girl '' `` In Pictures '' `` It Works '' `` Say I '' `` The Maker Said Take Her '' Dancin ' on the Boulevard `` Sad Lookin ' Moon '' `` Dancin ' , Shaggin ' on the Boulevard '' `` Of Course I 'm Alright '' `` She 's Got That Look in Her Eyes '' For the Record `` How Do You Fall in Love '' `` Keepin ' Up '' Twentieth Century `` God Must Have Spent a Little More Time on You '' `` Small Stuff '' When It All Goes South `` When It All Goes South '' Other singles `` Sweet Home Alabama '' `` Angels Among Us '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Old Alabama '' GND : 7863258 - 4 VIAF : 238837176 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Home_Alabama&oldid=853855958 '' Categories : 1974 singles Music of Alabama Lynyrd Skynyrd songs Songs about Alabama Answer songs Song recordings produced by Al Kooper Songs written by Ed King Songs written by Gary Rossington Songs written by Ronnie Van Zant Alabama ( American band ) songs 1974 songs MCA Records singles Neil Young Songs against racism and xenophobia George Wallace Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2018 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 11 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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i hope i don't die in alabama song
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Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee - wikipedia Robert E. Lee Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Confederate general . For other uses , see Robert E. Lee ( disambiguation ) . Confederate States Army General Robert E. Lee Julian Vannerson 's photograph of Robert E. Lee in March 1864 Birth name Robert Edward Lee Nickname ( s ) Bobby Lee , Uncle Robert , Marse Robert , Granny Lee , the King of Spades , the Old Man , the Marble Man ( 1807 - 01 - 19 ) January 19 , 1807 Stratford Hall , Virginia , U.S. October 12 , 1870 ( 1870 - 10 - 12 ) ( aged 63 ) Lexington , Virginia , U.S. Buried Lee Chapel Washington and Lee University Lexington , Virginia Allegiance United States of America Confederate States of America Commonwealth of Virginia Service / branch United States Army Confederate States Army Years of service 1829 -- 1861 ( USA ) 1861 -- 1865 ( CSA ) Rank Colonel ( U.S. Army ) General ( C.S. Army ) Commands held U.S. Military Academy Army of Northern Virginia General - in - Chief , CSA Battles / wars Mexican -- American War Harpers Ferry Raid American Civil War Spouse ( s ) Mary Anna Randolph Custis Relations Parents Henry `` Light Horse Harry '' Lee III Anne Hill Carter Lee Children George Washington Custis Lee William Henry Fitzhugh Lee Robert E. Lee Jr . Other work President of Washington and Lee University Signature Robert Edward Lee ( January 19 , 1807 -- October 12 , 1870 ) was an American and Confederate soldier , best known as a commander of the Confederate States Army . He commanded the Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until his surrender in 1865 . A son of Revolutionary War officer Henry `` Light Horse Harry '' Lee III , Lee was a top graduate of the United States Military Academy and an exceptional officer and military engineer in the United States Army for 32 years . During this time , he served throughout the United States , distinguished himself during the Mexican -- American War , and served as Superintendent of the United States Military Academy . When Virginia declared its secession from the Union in April 1861 , Lee chose to follow his home state , despite his desire for the country to remain intact and an offer of a senior Union command . During the first year of the Civil War , Lee served as a senior military adviser to Confederate President Jefferson Davis . Once he took command of the main field army in 1862 he soon emerged as a shrewd tactician and battlefield commander , winning most of his battles , all against far superior Union armies . Lee 's strategic foresight was more questionable , and both of his major offensives into Union territory ended in defeat . Lee 's aggressive tactics , which resulted in high casualties at a time when the Confederacy had a shortage of manpower , have come under criticism in recent years . Lee surrendered his entire army to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9 , 1865 . By this time , Lee had assumed supreme command of the remaining Southern armies ; other Confederate forces swiftly capitulated after his surrender . Lee rejected the proposal of a sustained insurgency against the Union and called for reconciliation between the two sides . In 1865 , after the war , Lee was paroled and signed an oath of allegiance , asking to have his citizenship of the United States restored . Lee 's application was misplaced ; as a result , he did not receive a pardon and his citizenship was not restored . In 1865 , Lee became president of Washington College ( later Washington and Lee University ) in Lexington , Virginia ; in that position , he supported reconciliation between North and South . Lee accepted `` the extinction of slavery '' provided for by the Thirteenth Amendment , but publicly opposed racial equality and granting African Americans the right to vote and other political rights . Lee died in 1870 . In 1975 , the U.S. Congress posthumously restored Lee 's citizenship effective June 13 , 1865 . Lee opposed the construction of public memorials to Confederate rebellion on the grounds that they would prevent the healing of wounds inflicted during the war . Nevertheless , after his death , Lee became an icon used by promoters of `` Lost Cause '' mythology , who sought to romanticize the Confederate cause and strengthen white supremacy in the South . Historian Eric Foner writes that at the end of his life , `` Lee had become the embodiment of the Southern cause . A generation later , he was a national hero . The 1890s and early 20th century witnessed the consolidation of white supremacy in the post-Reconstruction South and widespread acceptance in the North of Southern racial attitudes . '' Later in the 20th century , particularly following the civil rights movement , historians reassessed Lee ; his reputation fell based on his failure to support rights for freedmen after the war , and even his strategic choices as a military leader fell under scrutiny . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Military engineer career 3 Marriage and family 4 Mexican -- American War 5 Early 1850s : West Point and Texas 6 Late 1850s : Arlington plantation and the Custis slaves 6.1 The Norris case 7 Lee 's views on race and slavery 8 Harpers Ferry and Texas , 1859 -- 61 8.1 Harpers Ferry 8.2 Texas 9 Civil War 9.1 Resignation from United States Army 9.2 Early role 9.3 Commander , Army of Northern Virginia ( June 1862 - June 1863 ) 9.4 Battle of Gettysburg 9.5 Ulysses S. Grant and the Union offensive 9.6 General - in - chief 10 Summaries of Lee 's Civil War battles 11 Postbellum life 11.1 President Johnson 's amnesty pardons 11.2 Postwar politics 12 Illness and death 13 Legacy 13.1 Monuments , memorials and commemorations 14 Dates of rank 15 In popular culture 16 See also 17 References 18 Bibliography 18.1 Historiography 19 Further reading 20 External links 20.1 Primary sources 20.2 Monuments and memorials Early life and career Coat of Arms of Robert E. Lee Lee was born at Stratford Hall Plantation in Westmoreland County , Virginia , to Major General Henry Lee III ( Light Horse Harry ) ( 1756 -- 1818 ) , Governor of Virginia , and his second wife , Anne Hill Carter ( 1773 -- 1829 ) . His birth date has traditionally been recorded as January 19 , 1807 , but according to the historian Elizabeth Brown Pryor , `` Lee 's writings indicate he may have been born the previous year . '' Stratford Hall , Westmoreland County the family seat , Lee 's birthplace Oronoco Street , Alexandria , Virginia `` Lee Corner '' properties One of Lee 's great grandparents , Henry Lee I , was a prominent Virginian colonist of English descent . Lee 's family is one of Virginia 's first families , descended from Richard Lee I , Esq. , `` the Immigrant '' ( 1618 -- 64 ) , from the county of Shropshire in England . Lee 's mother grew up at Shirley Plantation , one of the most elegant homes in Virginia . Lee 's father , a tobacco planter , suffered severe financial reverses from failed investments . Little is known of Lee as a child ; he rarely spoke of his boyhood as an adult . Nothing is known of his relationship with his father who , after leaving his family , mentioned Robert only once in a letter . When given the opportunity to visit his father 's Georgia grave , he remained there only briefly ; yet , during his time as president of Washington College , he defended his father in a biographical sketch while editing Light Horse Harry 's memoirs . In 1809 , Harry Lee was put in debtors prison ; soon after his release the following year , Harry and Anne Lee and their five children moved to a small house on Cameron Street in Alexandria , Virginia , both because there were then high quality local schools there , and because several members of her extended family lived nearby . In 1811 , the family , including the newly born sixth child , Mildred , moved to a house on Oronoco Street , still close to the center of town and with the houses of a number of Lee relatives close by . In 1812 , Harry Lee was badly injured in a political riot in Baltimore and traveled to the West Indies . He would never return , dying when his son Robert was eleven years old . Left to raise six children alone in straitened circumstances , Anne Lee and her family often paid extended visits to relatives and family friends . Robert Lee attended school at Eastern View , a school for young gentlemen , in Fauquier County , and then at the Alexandria Academy , free for local boys , where he showed an aptitude for mathematics . Although brought up to be a practicing Christian , he was not confirmed in the Episcopal Church until age 46 . Anne Lee 's family was often supported by a relative , William Henry Fitzhugh , who owned the Oronoco Street house and allowed the Lees to stay at his home in Fairfax County , Ravensworth . When Robert was 17 in 1824 , Fitzhugh wrote to the Secretary of War , John C. Calhoun , urging that Robert be given an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point . Fitzhugh wrote little of Robert 's academic prowess , dwelling much on the prominence of his family , and erroneously stated the boy was 18 . Instead of mailing the letter , Fitzhugh had young Robert deliver it . In March 1824 , Robert Lee received his appointment to West Point , but due to the large number of cadets admitted , Lee would have to wait a year to begin his studies there . Lee entered West Point in the summer of 1825 . At the time , the focus of the curriculum was engineering ; the head of the Army Corps of Engineers supervised the school and the superintendent was an engineering officer . Cadets were not permitted leave until they had finished two years of study , and were rarely allowed off the Academy grounds . Lee graduated second in his class , behind only Charles Mason , ( who resigned from the Army a year after graduation ) . Lee did not incur any demerits during his four - year course of study , a distinction shared by five of his 45 classmates . In June 1829 , Lee was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers . After graduation , while awaiting assignment , he returned to Virginia to find his mother on her deathbed ; she died at Ravensworth on July 26 , 1829 . `` The template below ( Ahnentafel top ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' ( show ) Ancestors of Robert E. Lee `` The template below ( Ahnentafel - compact5 ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' 16 . Richard Lee II 8 . Henry Lee I 17 . Laetitia Corbin 4 . Henry Lee II 18 . Richard Bland 9 . Mary Bland 19 . Elizabeth Randolph 2 . Henry Lee III 20 . John Grymes 10 . Charles Grymes 21 . Alice Towneley 5 . Lucy Grymes 22 . Edmund Jennings 11 . Frances Jennings 24 . Frances Corbin 1 . Robert E. Lee 24 . Robert `` King '' Carter 12 . John Carter 25 . Judith Armistead 6 . Charles Carter 26 . Edward Hill III 13 . Elizabeth Hill 27 . Elizabeth Williams 3 . Anne Hill Carter 28 . Augustine Moore Sr . 14 . Bernard Moore 29 . Elizabeth Todd 7 . Anne Butler Moore 30 . Alexander Spotswood 15 . Anne Catherine Spotswood 31 . Anne Butler Brayne Military engineer career Lee at age 31 in 1838 , as a Lieutenant of Engineers in the U.S. Army On August 11 , 1829 , Brigadier General Charles Gratiot ordered Lee to Cockspur Island , Georgia . The plan was to build a fort on the marshy island which would command the outlet of the Savannah River . Lee was involved in the early stages of construction as the island was being drained and built up . In 1831 , it became apparent that the existing plan to build what became known as Fort Pulaski would have to be revamped , and Lee was transferred to Fort Monroe at the tip of the Virginia Peninsula ( today in Hampton , Virginia ) . While home in the summer of 1829 , Lee had apparently courted Mary Custis whom he had known as a child . Lee obtained permission to write to her before leaving for Georgia , though Mary Custis warned Lee to be `` discreet '' in his writing , as her mother read her letters , especially from men . Custis refused Lee the first time he asked to marry her ; her father did not believe the son of the disgraced Light Horse Harry Lee was a suitable man for his daughter . She accepted him with her father 's consent in September 1830 , while he was on summer leave , and the two were wed on June 30 , 1831 . Lee 's duties at Fort Monroe were varied , typical for a junior officer , and ranged from budgeting to designing buildings . Although Mary Lee accompanied her husband to Hampton Roads , she spent about a third of her time at Arlington , though the couple 's first son , Custis Lee was born at Fort Monroe . Although the two were by all accounts devoted to each other , they were different in character : Robert Lee was tidy and punctual , qualities his wife lacked . Mary Lee also had trouble transitioning from being a rich man 's daughter to having to manage a household with only one or two slaves . Beginning in 1832 , Robert Lee had a close but platonic relationship with Harriett Talcott , wife of his fellow officer Andrew Talcott . Fort Monroe , Hampton Lee 's early duty station Fort Des Moines , Montrose Lee 's hand - drawn sketch Life at Fort Monroe was marked by conflicts between artillery and engineering officers . Eventually the War Department transferred all engineering officers away from Fort Monroe , except Lee , who was ordered to take up residence on the artificial island of Rip Raps across the river from Fort Monroe , where Fort Wool would eventually rise , and continue work to improve the island . Lee duly moved there , then discharged all workers and informed the War Department he could not maintain laborers without the facilities of the fort . In 1834 , Lee was transferred to Washington as General Gratiot 's assistant . Lee had hoped to rent a house in Washington for his family , but was not able to find one ; the family lived at Arlington , though Lieutenant Lee rented a room at a Washington boarding house for when the roads were impassable . In mid-1835 , Lee was assigned to assist Andrew Talcott in surveying the southern border of Michigan . While on that expedition , he responded to a letter from an ill Mary Lee , which had requested he come to Arlington , `` But why do you urge my immediate return , & tempt one in the strongest manner ( ? ) ... I rather require to be strengthened & encouraged to the full performance of what I am called on to execute . '' Lee completed the assignment and returned to his post in Washington , finding his wife ill at Ravensworth . Mary Lee , who had recently given birth to their second child , remained bedridden for several months . In October 1836 , Lee was promoted to first lieutenant . Lee served as an assistant in the chief engineer 's office in Washington , D.C. from 1834 to 1837 , but spent the summer of 1835 helping to lay out the state line between Ohio and Michigan . As a first lieutenant of engineers in 1837 , he supervised the engineering work for St. Louis harbor and for the upper Mississippi and Missouri rivers . Among his projects was the mapping of the Des Moines Rapids on the Mississippi above Keokuk , Iowa , where the Mississippi 's mean depth of 2.4 feet ( 0.7 m ) was the upper limit of steamboat traffic on the river . His work there earned him a promotion to captain . Around 1842 , Captain Robert E. Lee arrived as Fort Hamilton 's post engineer . Marriage and family Robert E. Lee , around age 38 , and his son William Henry Fitzhugh Lee , around age 8 , c. 1845 While Lee was stationed at Fort Monroe , he married Mary Anna Randolph Custis ( 1808 -- 73 ) , great - granddaughter of Martha Washington by her first husband Daniel Parke Custis , and step - great - granddaughter of George Washington , the first president of the United States . Mary was the only surviving child of George Washington Parke Custis , George Washington 's stepgrandson , and Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis , daughter of William Fitzhugh and Ann Bolling Randolph . Robert and Mary married on June 30 , 1831 , at Arlington House , her parents ' house just across from Washington , D.C. The 3rd U.S. Artillery served as honor guard at the marriage . They eventually had seven children , three boys and four girls : George Washington Custis Lee ( Custis , `` Boo '' ) ; 1832 -- 1913 ; served as Major General in the Confederate Army and aide - de-camp to President Jefferson Davis , captured during the Battle of Sailor 's Creek ; unmarried Mary Custis Lee ( Mary , `` Daughter '' ) ; 1835 -- 1918 ; unmarried William Henry Fitzhugh Lee ( `` Rooney '' ) ; 1837 -- 91 ; served as Major General in the Confederate Army ( cavalry ) ; married twice ; surviving children by second marriage Anne Carter Lee ( Annie ) ; June 18 , 1839 -- October 20 , 1862 ; died of typhoid fever , unmarried Eleanor Agnes Lee ( Agnes ) ; 1841 -- October 15 , 1873 ; died of tuberculosis , unmarried Robert Edward Lee , Jr . ( Rob ) ; 1843 -- 1914 ; served as Captain in the Confederate Army ( Rockbridge Artillery ) ; married twice ; surviving children by second marriage Mildred Childe Lee ( Milly , `` Precious Life '' ) ; 1846 -- 1905 ; unmarried All the children survived him except for Annie , who died in 1862 . They are all buried with their parents in the crypt of the Lee Chapel at Washington and Lee University in Lexington , Virginia . Lee was a great - great - great grandson of William Randolph and a great - great grandson of Richard Bland . He was also related to Helen Keller through Helen 's mother , Kate , and was a distant relative of Admiral Willis Augustus Lee . On May 1 , 1864 , General Lee was at the baptism of General A.P. Hill 's daughter , Lucy Lee Hill , to serve as her godfather . This is referenced in the painting Tender is the Heart by Mort Künstler . Mexican -- American War Robert E. Lee around age 43 when he was a Brevet Lieutenant - Colonel of Engineers , c. 1850 Lee distinguished himself in the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) . He was one of Winfield Scott 's chief aides in the march from Veracruz to Mexico City . He was instrumental in several American victories through his personal reconnaissance as a staff officer ; he found routes of attack that the Mexicans had not defended because they thought the terrain was impassable . He was promoted to brevet major after the Battle of Cerro Gordo on April 18 , 1847 . He also fought at Contreras , Churubusco , and Chapultepec and was wounded at the last . By the end of the war , he had received additional brevet promotions to Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel , but his permanent rank was still Captain of Engineers and he would remain a Captain until his transfer to the cavalry in 1855 . For the first time , Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant met and worked with each other during the Mexican -- American War . Close observations of their commanders constituted a learning process for both Lee and Grant . The Mexican -- American War concluded on February 2 , 1848 . After the Mexican War , Lee spent three years at Fort Carroll in Baltimore harbor . During this time , his service was interrupted by other duties , among them surveying and updating maps in Florida . Cuban revolutionary Narciso López intended to forcibly liberate Cuba from Spanish rule . In 1849 , searching for a leader for his filibuster expedition , he approached Jefferson Davis , then a United States senator . Davis declined and suggested Lee , who also declined . Both decided it was inconsistent with their duties . Early 1850s : West Point and Texas The 1850s were a difficult time for Lee , with his long absences from home , the increasing disability of his wife , troubles in taking over the management of a large slave plantation , and his often morbid concern with his personal failures . In 1852 , Lee was appointed Superintendent of the Military Academy at West Point . He was reluctant to enter what he called a `` snake pit '' , but the War Department insisted and he obeyed . His wife occasionally came to visit . During his three years at West Point , Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee improved the buildings and courses and spent much time with the cadets. Lee 's oldest son , George Washington Custis Lee , attended West Point during his tenure . Custis Lee graduated in 1854 , first in his class . Lee was enormously relieved to receive a long - awaited promotion as second - in - command of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment in Texas in 1855 . It meant leaving the Engineering Corps and its sequence of staff jobs for the combat command he truly wanted . He served under Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston at Camp Cooper , Texas ; their mission was to protect settlers from attacks by the Apache and the Comanche . Late 1850s : Arlington plantation and the Custis slaves Arlington House , Arlington Mary Custis ' inheritance in 1857 Christ Church , Alexandria , where the Lees worshiped In 1857 , his father - in - law George Washington Parke Custis died , creating a serious crisis when Lee took on the burden of executing the will . Custis 's will encompassed vast landholdings and hundreds of slaves balanced against massive debts , and required Custis 's former slaves `` to be emancipated by my executors in such manner as to my executors may seem most expedient and proper , the said emancipation to be accomplished in not exceeding five years from the time of my decease . '' The estate was in disarray , and the plantations had been poorly managed and were losing money . Lee tried to hire an overseer to handle the plantation in his absence , writing to his cousin , `` I wish to get an energetic honest farmer , who while he will be considerate & kind to the negroes , will be firm & make them do their duty . '' But Lee failed to find a man for the job , and had to take a two - year leave of absence from the army in order to run the plantation himself . He found the experience frustrating , since many of the slaves had been given to understand that they were to be made free as soon as Custis died , and protested angrily at the delay . In May 1858 , Lee wrote to his son Rooney , `` I have had some trouble with some of the people . Reuben , Parks & Edward , in the beginning of the previous week , rebelled against my authority -- refused to obey my orders , & said they were as free as I was , etc. , etc. -- I succeeded in capturing them & lodging them in jail . They resisted till overpowered & called upon the other people to rescue them . '' Less than two months after they were sent to the Alexandria jail , Lee decided to remove these three men and three female house slaves from Arlington , and sent them under lock and key to the slave - trader William Overton Winston in Richmond , who was instructed to keep them in jail until he could find `` good & responsible '' slaveholders to work them until the end of the five - year period . The Norris case In 1859 , three of the Arlington slaves -- Wesley Norris , his sister Mary , and a cousin of theirs -- fled for the North , but were captured a few miles from the Pennsylvania border and forced to return to Arlington . On June 24 , 1859 , the anti-slavery newspaper New York Daily Tribune published two anonymous letters ( dated June 19 , 1859 and June 21 , 1859 ) , each claiming to have heard that Lee had the Norrises whipped , and each going so far as to claim that the overseer refused to whip the woman but that Lee took the whip and flogged her personally . Lee privately wrote to his son Custis that `` The N.Y. Tribune has attacked me for my treatment of your grandfather 's slaves , but I shall not reply . He has left me an unpleasant legacy . '' Wesley Norris himself spoke out about the incident after the war , in an 1866 interview printed in an abolitionist newspaper , the National Anti-Slavery Standard . Norris stated that after they had been captured , and forced to return to Arlington , Lee told them that `` he would teach us a lesson we would not soon forget . '' According to Norris , Lee then had the three of them firmly tied to posts by the overseer , and ordered them whipped with fifty lashes for the men and twenty for Mary Norris . Norris claimed that Lee encouraged the whipping , and that when the overseer refused to do it , called in the county constable to do it instead . Unlike the anonymous letter writers , he does not state that Lee himself whipped any of the slaves . According to Norris , Lee `` frequently enjoined ( Constable ) Williams to ' lay it on well , ' an injunction which he did not fail to heed ; not satisfied with simply lacerating our naked flesh , Gen. Lee then ordered the overseer to thoroughly wash our backs with brine , which was done . '' The Norris men were then sent by Lee 's agent to work on the railroads in Virginia and Alabama . According to the interview , Norris was sent to Richmond in January 1863 `` from which place I finally made my escape through the rebel lines to freedom . '' But Federal authorities reported that Norris came within their lines on September 5 , 1863 , and that he `` left Richmond ... with a pass from General Custis Lee . '' Lee freed the Custis slaves , including Wesley Norris , after the end of the five - year period in the winter of 1862 , filing the deed of manumission on December 29 , 1862 . Biographers of Lee have differed over the credibility of the account of the punishment as described in the letters in the Tribune and in Norris 's personal account . They broadly agree that Lee had a group of escaped slaves recaptured , and that after recapturing them he hired them out off of the Arlington plantation as a punishment ; but they disagree over the likelihood that Lee flogged them , and over the charge that he personally whipped Mary Norris . In 1934 , Douglas S. Freeman described them as `` Lee 's first experience with the extravagance of irresponsible antislavery agitators '' and asserted that `` There is no evidence , direct or indirect , that Lee ever had them or any other Negroes flogged . The usage at Arlington and elsewhere in Virginia among people of Lee 's station forbade such a thing . '' In 2000 , Michael Fellman , in The Making of Robert E. Lee , found the claims that Lee had personally whipped Mary Norris `` extremely unlikely , '' but found it not at all unlikely that Lee had ordered the runaways whipped : `` corporal punishment ( for which Lee substituted the euphemism ' firmness ' ) was ( believed to be ) an intrinsic and necessary part of slave discipline . Although it was supposed to be applied only in a calm and rational manner , overtly physical domination of slaves , unchecked by law , was always brutal and potentially savage . '' In 2003 , Bernice - Marie Yates 's The Perfect Gentleman , cited Freeman 's denial and followed his account in holding that , because of Lee 's family connections to George Washington , he `` was a prime target for abolitionists who lacked all the facts of the situation . '' Lee biographer Elizabeth Brown Pryor concluded in 2008 that `` the facts are verifiable , '' based on `` the consistency of the five extant descriptions of the episode ( the only element that is not repeatedly corroborated is the allegation that Lee gave the beatings himself ) , as well as the existence of an account book that indicates the constable received compensation from Lee on the date that this event occurred . '' In 2014 , Michael Korda wrote that `` Although these letters are dismissed by most of Lee 's biographers as exaggerated , or simply as unfounded abolitionist propaganda , it is hard to ignore them . ( ... ) It seems incongruously out of character for Lee to have whipped a slave woman himself , particularly one stripped to the waist , and that charge may have been a flourish added by the two correspondents ; interestingly enough , it was not repeated by Wesley Norris when his account of the incident was published in 1866 . ( ... ) ( A ) lthough it seems unlikely that he would have done any of the whipping himself , he may not have flinched from observing it to make sure his orders were carried out exactly . '' Lee 's views on race and slavery Historian Elizabeth Brown Pryor wrote that Lee 's private views on race and slavery `` which today seem startling , were entirely unremarkable in Lee 's world . No visionary , Lee nearly always tried to conform to accepted opinions . His assessment of black inferiority , of the necessity of racial stratification , the primacy of slave law , and even a divine sanction for it all , was in keeping with the prevailing views of other moderate slaveholders and a good many prominent Northerners . '' Columbia University historian Eric Foner notes that Lee `` was not a pro-slavery ideologue . But I think equally important is that , unlike some white southerners , he never spoke out against slavery . '' By the time of Lee 's career in the U.S. Army , officers of West Point stood aloof from party and sectional strife on such issues as slavery as a matter of principle and Lee adhered to the principle. He considered it his patriotic duty to be apolitical while in active Army service. , and Lee did not speak out publicly on the subject of slavery prior to the Civil War . Before the outbreak of the War , in 1860 , Lee voted for John C. Breckinridge who was the extreme pro-slavery candidate in the 1860 presidential election , not John Bell , the more moderate Southerner who won Virginia . Lee himself owned a small number of slaves in his lifetime and considered himself a paternalistic master . There are various historical and newspaper hearsay accounts of Lee personally whipping a slave , but they are not direct eyewitness accounts . He was definitely involved in administering the day - to - day operations of a plantation and was involved in the recapture of runaway slaves . One historian noted that Lee separated slave families , something that prominent slave - holding families in Virginia such as Washington and Custis did not do . In 1862 , Lee freed the slaves that his wife inherited , but that was in accordance with his father - in - law 's will . Lee claimed that he found slavery bothersome and time - consuming as an everyday institution to run . In an 1856 letter to his wife he maintained that slavery was a great evil , but primarily due to adverse impact that it had on white people : In this enlightened age , there are few I believe , but what will acknowledge , that slavery as an institution , is a moral & political evil in any Country . It is useless to expatiate on its disadvantages . I think it however a greater evil to the white man than to the black race , & while my feelings are strongly enlisted in behalf of the latter , my sympathies are more strong for the former . The blacks are immeasurably better off here than in Africa , morally , socially & physically . The painful discipline they are undergoing , is necessary for their instruction as a race , & I hope will prepare & lead them to better things . How long their subjugation may be necessary is known & ordered by a wise Merciful Providence . Foner writes that `` Lee 's code of gentlemanly conduct did not seem to apply to blacks '' during the War , as he did not stop his soldiers from kidnapping free black farmers and selling them into slavery . Princeton University historian James M. McPherson noted that Lee rejected a prisoner exchange between the Confederacy and the Union when the Union demanded that black Union soldiers be included . Lee did not accept the swap until a few months before the Confederacy 's surrender . In December 1864 Lee was shown a letter by Louisiana Senator Edward Sparrow , written by General St. John R. Liddell , which noted Lee would be hard - pressed in the interior of Virginia by spring , and the need to consider Patrick Cleburne 's plan to emancipate the slaves and put all men in the army who were willing to join . Lee was said to have agreed on all points and desired to get black soldiers , saying `` he could make soldiers out of any human being that had arms and legs . '' After the War , Lee told a congressional committee that blacks were `` not disposed to work '' , and did not possess the intellectual capacity to vote and participate in politics . Lee also said to the committee that he hoped that Virginia could `` get rid of them , '' referring to blacks . While not politically active , Lee defended Lincoln 's successor Andrew Johnson 's approach to Reconstruction , which according to Foner , `` abandoned the former slaves to the mercy of governments controlled by their former owners . '' According to Foner , `` A word from Lee might have encouraged white Southerners to accord blacks equal rights and inhibited the violence against the freed people that swept the region during Reconstruction , but he chose to remain silent . '' Lee was also urged to condemn the white supremacy terrorist organization Ku Klux Klan , but opted to remain silent . After the end of the Civil War , it was often claimed that Lee was in some sense opposed to slavery . In the generation following the war , Lee , though he died just a few years later , became a central figure in the Lost Cause interpretation of the war . The argument that Lee had always somehow opposed slavery helped maintain his stature as a symbol of Southern honor and national reconciliation . Douglas Southall Freeman 's Pulitzer prize - winning four - volume R.E. Lee : A Biography ( 1936 ) , which was for a long period considered the definite work on Lee , downplayed his involvement in slavery and emphasized Lee as a virtuous person . Eric Foner , who describes Freeman 's volume as a `` hagiography '' , notes that on the whole , Freeman `` displayed little interest in Lee 's relationship to slavery . The index to his four volumes contained 22 entries for ' devotion to duty ' , 19 for ' kindness ' , 53 for Lee 's celebrated horse , Traveller . But ' slavery ' , ' slave emancipation ' and ' slave insurrection ' together received five . Freeman observed , without offering details , that slavery in Virginia represented the system ' at its best ' . He ignored the postwar testimony of Lee 's former slave Wesley Norris about the brutal treatment to which he had been subjected . '' Harpers Ferry and Texas , 1859 -- 61 Both Harpers Ferry and the secession of Texas were monumental events leading up to the Civil War . Robert E. Lee was at both events . Lee initially remained loyal to the Union after Texas seceded . Harpers Ferry John Brown led a band of 21 abolitionists who seized the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry , Virginia , in October 1859 , hoping to incite a slave rebellion . President James Buchanan gave Lee command of detachments of militia , soldiers , and United States Marines , to suppress the uprising and arrest its leaders . By the time Lee arrived that night , the militia on the site had surrounded Brown and his hostages . At dawn , Brown refused the demand for surrender . Lee attacked , and Brown and his followers were captured after three minutes of fighting . Lee 's summary report of the episode shows Lee believed it `` was the attempt of a fanatic or madman '' . Lee said Brown achieved `` temporary success '' by creating panic and confusion and by `` magnifying '' the number of participants involved in the raid . Texas In 1860 , Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee relieved Major Heintzelman at Fort Brown , and the Mexican authorities offered to restrain `` their citizens from making predatory descents upon the territory and people of Texas ... this was the last active operation of the Cortina War '' . Rip Ford , a Texas Ranger at the time , described Lee as , `` dignified without hauteur , grand without pride ... he evinced an imperturbable self - possession , and a complete control of his passions ... possessing the capacity to accomplish great ends and the gift of controlling and leading men . '' When Texas seceded from the Union in February 1861 , General David E. Twiggs surrendered all the American forces ( about 4,000 men , including Lee , and commander of the Department of Texas ) to the Texans . Twiggs immediately resigned from the U.S. Army and was made a Confederate general . Lee went back to Washington and was appointed Colonel of the First Regiment of Cavalry in March 1861 . Lee 's colonelcy was signed by the new President , Abraham Lincoln . Three weeks after his promotion , Colonel Lee was offered a senior command ( with the rank of Major General ) in the expanding Army to fight the Southern States that had left the Union . Fort Mason , Texas was Lee 's last command with the United States Army . Civil War Lee in uniform , 1863 Main article : American Civil War Resignation from United States Army Unlike many Southerners who expected a glorious war , Lee correctly predicted it as protracted and devastating . He privately opposed the new Confederate States of America in letters in early 1861 , denouncing secession as `` nothing but revolution '' and an unconstitutional betrayal of the efforts of the Founding Fathers . Writing to George Washington Custis in January , Lee stated : The South , in my opinion , has been aggrieved by the acts of the North , as you say . I feel the aggression , and am willing to take every proper step for redress . It is the principle I contend for , not individual or private benefit . As an American citizen , I take great pride in my country , her prosperity and institutions , and would defend any State if her rights were invaded . But I can anticipate no greater calamity for the country than a dissolution of the Union . It would be an accumulation of all the evils we complain of , and I am willing to sacrifice everything but honor for its preservation . I hope , therefore , that all constitutional means will be exhausted before there is a resort to force . Secession is nothing but revolution . The framers of our Constitution never exhausted so much labor , wisdom , and forbearance in its formation , and surrounded it with so many guards and securities , if it was intended to be broken by every member of the Confederacy at will . It was intended for `` perpetual union , '' so expressed in the preamble , and for the establishment of a government , not a compact , which can only be dissolved by revolution , or the consent of all the people in convention assembled . Despite opposing secession , Lee said in January that `` we can with a clear conscience separate '' if all peaceful means failed . He agreed with secessionists in most areas , such as dislike of Northern anti-slavery criticisms and prevention of expanding slavery to new territories , and fear of its larger population . Lee supported the Crittenden Compromise , which would have constitutionally protected slavery . Lee 's objection to secession was ultimately outweighed by a sense of personal honor , reservations about the legitimacy of a strife - ridden `` Union that can only be maintained by swords and bayonets '' , and duty to defend his native Virginia if attacked . He was asked while leaving Texas by a lieutenant if he intended to fight for the Confederacy or the Union , to which Lee replied , `` I shall never bear arms against the Union , but it may be necessary for me to carry a musket in the defense of my native state , Virginia , in which case I shall not prove recreant to my duty '' . Although Virginia had the most slaves of any state , it was more similar to Maryland , which stayed in the Union , than the Deep South ; a convention voted against secession in early 1861 . Scott , commanding general of the Union Army and Lee 's mentor , told Lincoln he wanted him for a top command , telling Secretary of War Simon Cameron that he had `` entire confidence '' in Lee . He accepted a promotion to colonel of the 1st Cavalry Regiment on March 28 , again swearing an oath to the United States . Meanwhile , Lee ignored an offer of command from the Confederacy . After Lincoln 's call for troops to put down the rebellion , a second Virginia convention in Richmond voted to secede on April 17 , and a May 23 referendum would likely ratify the decision . That night Lee dined with brother Smith and cousin Phillips , naval officers . Because of Lee 's indecision , Phillips went to the War Department the next morning to warn that the Union might lose his cousin if the government did not act quickly . In Washington that day , Lee was offered by presidential advisor Francis P. Blair a role as major general to command the defense of the national capital . He replied : Mr. Blair , I look upon secession as anarchy . If I owned the four millions of slaves in the South I would sacrifice them all to the Union ; but how can I draw my sword upon Virginia , my native state ? Lee immediately went to Scott , who tried to persuade him that Union forces would be large enough to prevent the South from fighting , so he would not have to oppose his state ; Lee disagreed . When Lee asked if he could go home and not fight , the fellow Virginian said that the army did not need unequivocal soldiers and that if he wanted to resign , he should do so before receiving official orders . Scott told him that he had made `` the greatest mistake of your life '' . Lee agreed that to avoid dishonor he had to resign before receiving unwanted orders . While historians have usually called his decision inevitable ( `` the answer he was born to make '' , wrote Douglas Southall Freeman ; another called it a `` no - brainer '' ) given the ties to family and state , an 1871 letter from his eldest daughter , Mary Custis Lee , to a biographer described Lee as `` worn and harassed '' yet calm as he deliberated alone in his office . People on the street noticed Lee 's grim face as he tried to decide over the next two days , and he later said that he kept the resignation letter for a day before sending it on April 20 . Two days later the Richmond convention invited Lee to the city . It elected him as commander of Virginia state forces before his arrival on April 23 , and almost immediately gave him George Washington 's sword as symbol of his appointment ; whether he was told of a decision he did not want without time to decide , or did want the excitement and opportunity of command , is unclear . A cousin on Scott 's staff told the family that Lee 's decision so upset Scott that he collapsed on a sofa and mourned as if he had lost a son , and asked to not hear Lee 's name . When Lee told family his decision he said `` I suppose you will all think I have done very wrong '' , as the others were mostly pro-Union ; only Mary Custis was a secessionist , and her mother especially wanted to choose the Union but told her husband that she would support whatever he decided . Many younger men like nephew Fitzhugh wanted to support the Confederacy , but Lee 's three sons joined the Confederate military only after their father 's decision . Most family members like brother Smith reluctantly also chose the South , but Smith 's wife and Anne , Lee 's sister , still supported the Union ; Anne 's son joined the Union Army , and no one in his family ever spoke to Lee again . Many cousins fought for the Confederacy , but Phillips and John Fitzgerald told Lee in person that they would uphold their oaths ; John H. Upshur stayed with the Union military despite much family pressure ; Roger Jones stayed in the Union army after Lee refused to advise him on what to do ; and two of Philip Fendall 's sons fought for the Union . Forty percent of Virginian officers stayed with the North . Early role At the outbreak of war , Lee was appointed to command all of Virginia 's forces , but upon the formation of the Confederate States Army , he was named one of its first five full generals . Lee did not wear the insignia of a Confederate general , but only the three stars of a Confederate colonel , equivalent to his last U.S. Army rank . He did not intend to wear a general 's insignia until the Civil War had been won and he could be promoted , in peacetime , to general in the Confederate Army . Lee 's first field assignment was commanding Confederate forces in western Virginia , where he was defeated at the Battle of Cheat Mountain and was widely blamed for Confederate setbacks . He was then sent to organize the coastal defenses along the Carolina and Georgia seaboard , appointed commander , `` Department of South Carolina , Georgia and Florida '' on November 5 , 1861 . Between then and the fall of Fort Pulaski , April 11 , 1862 , he put in place a defense of Savannah that proved successful in blocking Federal advance on Savannah . Confederate fort and naval gunnery dictated night time movement and construction by the besiegers . Federal preparations required four months . In those four months , Lee developed a defense in depth . Behind Fort Pulaski on the Savannah River , Fort Jackson was improved , and two additional batteries covered river approaches . In the face of the Union superiority in naval , artillery and infantry deployment , Lee was able to block any Federal advance on Savannah , and at the same time , well - trained Georgia troops were released in time to meet McClellan 's Peninsula Campaign . The City of Savannah would not fall until Sherman 's approach from the interior at the end of 1864 . At first , the press spoke to the disappointment of losing Fort Pulaski . Surprised by the effectiveness of large caliber Parrott Rifles in their first deployment , it was widely speculated that only betrayal could have brought overnight surrender to a Third System Fort . Lee was said to have failed to get effective support in the Savannah River from the three sidewheeler gunboats of the Georgia Navy . Although again blamed by the press for Confederate reverses , he was appointed military adviser to Confederate President Jefferson Davis , the former U.S. Secretary of War . While in Richmond , Lee was ridiculed as the ' King of Spades ' for his excessive digging of trenches around the capitol . These trenches would later play a pivotal role in battles near the end of the war . Commander , Army of Northern Virginia ( June 1862 - June 1863 ) Lee mounted on Traveller ( September 1866 ) In the spring of 1862 , in the Peninsula Campaign , the Union Army of the Potomac under General George B. McClellan advanced on Richmond from Fort Monroe to the east . McClellan forced Gen. Joseph E. Johnston and the Army of Virginia to retreat to just north and east of the Confederate capital . Then Johnston was wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines , on June 1 , 1862 . Lee now got his first opportunity to lead an army in the field -- the force he renamed the Army of Northern Virginia , signalling his confidence that the Union army would be driven away from Richmond . Early in the war , Lee had been called `` Granny Lee '' for his allegedly timid style of command . Confederate newspaper editorials objected to him replacing Johnston , opining that Lee would be passive , waiting for Union attack . And for the first three weeks of June , he did not attack , instead strengthening Richmond 's defenses . But then he launched a series of bold attacks against McClellan 's forces , the Seven Days Battles . Despite superior Union numbers , and some clumsy tactical performances by his subordinates , Lee 's attacks derailed McClellan 's plans and drove back part of his forces . Confederate casualties were heavy , but McClellan was unnerved , retreated 25 miles ( 40 km ) to the lower James River , and abandoned the Peninsula Campaign . This success completely changed Confederate morale , and the public 's regard for Lee . After the Seven Days Battles , and until the end of the war , his men called him simply `` Marse Robert '' , a term of respect and affection . The setback , and the resulting drop in Union morale , impelled Lincoln to adopt a new policy of relentless , committed warfare . After the Seven Days , Lincoln decided he would move to emancipate most Confederate slaves by executive order , as a military act , using his authority as commander - in - chief . But he needed a Union victory first . Meanwhile , Lee defeated another Union army under Gen. John Pope at the Second Battle of Bull Run . In less than 90 days after taking command , Lee had run McClellan off the Peninsula , defeated Pope , and moved the battle lines from 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) outside Richmond , to 20 miles ( 32 km ) outside Washington . Lee now invaded Maryland and Pennsylvania , hoping to collect supplies in Union territory , and possibly win a victory that would sway the upcoming Union elections in favor of ending the war . But McClellan 's men found a lost Confederate dispatch , Special Order 191 , that revealed Lee 's plans and movements . McClellan always exaggerated Lee 's numerical strength , but now he knew the Confederate army was divided and could be destroyed in detail . However , McClellan moved slowly , not realizing a spy had informed Lee that McClellan had the plans . Lee quickly concentrated his forces west of Antietam Creek , near Sharpsburg , Maryland , where McClellan attacked on September 17 . On the bloodiest single day of the war , with both sides suffering enormous losses , Lee 's army barely withstood the Union assaults , then retreated to Virginia the next day . This narrow Confederate defeat gave President Abraham Lincoln the opportunity to issue his Emancipation Proclamation , which put the Confederacy on the diplomatic and moral defensive . Disappointed by McClellan 's failure to destroy Lee 's army , Lincoln named Ambrose Burnside as commander of the Army of the Potomac . Burnside ordered an attack across the Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg , Virginia . Delays in bridging the river allowed Lee 's army ample time to organize strong defenses , and the Union frontal assault on December 13 , 1862 was a disaster . There were 12,600 Union casualties to 5,000 Confederate ; one of the most one - sided battles in the Civil War . After this victory , Lee reportedly said `` It is well that war is so terrible , else we should grow too fond of it . '' At Fredericksburg , according to historian Michael Fellman , Lee had completely entered into the `` spirit of war , where destructiveness took on its own beauty . '' After the bitter Union defeat at Fredericksburg , President Lincoln named Joseph Hooker commander of the Army of the Potomac . In May 1863 , Hooker maneuvered to attack Lee 's army via Chancellorsville , Virginia . But Hooker was defeated by Lee 's daring maneuver : dividing his army and sending Stonewall Jackson 's corps to attack Hooker 's flank. Lee won a decisive victory over a larger force , but with heavy casualties , including Jackson , his finest corps commander , who was accidentally killed by his own troops . Battle of Gettysburg The critical decisions came in May -- June 1863 , after Lee 's smashing victory at the Battle of Chancellorsville . The western front was crumbling , as multiple uncoordinated Confederate armies were unable to handle General Ulysses S. Grant 's campaign against Vicksburg . The top military advisers wanted to save Vicksburg , but Lee persuaded Davis to overrule them and authorize yet another invasion of the North . The immediate goal was to acquire urgently needed supplies from the rich farming districts of Pennsylvania ; a long - term goal was to stimulate peace activity in the North by demonstrating the power of the South to invade . Lee 's decision proved a significant strategic blunder and cost the Confederacy control of its western regions , and nearly cost Lee his own army as Union forces cut him off from the South . Battle of Gettysburg , by Thure de Thulstrup In the summer of 1863 , Lee invaded the North again , marching through western Maryland and into south central Pennsylvania . He encountered Union forces under George G. Meade at the three - day Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania in July ; the battle would produce the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War . With some of his subordinates being new and inexperienced in their commands , J.E.B. Stuart 's cavalry being out of the area , and Lee being slightly ill , he was less than comfortable with how events were unfolding . While the first day of battle was controlled by the Confederates , key terrain that should have been taken by General Ewell was not . The second day ended with the Confederates unable to break the Union position , and the Union being more solidified. Lee 's decision on the third day , against the judgment of his best corps commander General Longstreet , to launch a massive frontal assault on the center of the Union line turned out to be disastrous . The assault known as Pickett 's Charge was repulsed and resulted in heavy Confederate losses . The general rode out to meet his retreating army and proclaimed , `` All this has been my fault . '' Lee was compelled to retreat . Despite flooded rivers that blocked his retreat , he escaped Meade 's ineffective pursuit . Following his defeat at Gettysburg , Lee sent a letter of resignation to President Davis on August 8 , 1863 , but Davis refused Lee 's request . That fall , Lee and Meade met again in two minor campaigns that did little to change the strategic standoff . The Confederate Army never fully recovered from the substantial losses incurred during the 3 - day battle in southern Pennsylvania . The historian Shelby Foote stated , `` Gettysburg was the price the South paid for having Robert E. Lee as commander . '' Ulysses S. Grant and the Union offensive In 1864 the new Union general - in - chief , Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant , sought to use his large advantages in manpower and material resources to destroy Lee 's army by attrition , pinning Lee against his capital of Richmond . Lee successfully stopped each attack , but Grant with his superior numbers kept pushing each time a bit farther to the southeast . These battles in the Overland Campaign included the Wilderness , Spotsylvania Court House and Cold Harbor . Grant eventually was able to stealthily move his army across the James River . After stopping a Union attempt to capture Petersburg , Virginia , a vital railroad link supplying Richmond , Lee 's men built elaborate trenches and were besieged in Petersburg , a development which presaged the trench warfare of World War I. Lee attempted to break the stalemate by sending Jubal A. Early on a raid through the Shenandoah Valley to Washington , D.C. , but Early was defeated early on by the superior forces of Philip Sheridan . The Siege of Petersburg lasted from June 1864 until March 1865 , with Lee 's outnumbered and poorly supplied army shrinking daily because of desertions by disheartened Confederates . General - in - chief Lee with son Custis ( left ) and aide Walter H. Taylor ( right ) by Brady , April 16 , 1865 On January 31 , 1865 , Lee was promoted to general - in - chief of Confederate forces . As the South ran out of manpower the issue of arming the slaves became paramount . Lee explained , `` We should employ them without delay ... ( along with ) gradual and general emancipation . '' The first units were in training as the war ended . As the Confederate army was devastated by casualties , disease and desertion , the Union attack on Petersburg succeeded on April 2 , 1865 . Lee abandoned Richmond and retreated west . Lee then made an attempt to escape to the southwest and join up with Joseph E. Johnston 's Army of Tennessee in North Carolina . However , his forces were soon surrounded and he surrendered them to Grant on April 9 , 1865 , at the Battle of Appomattox Court House . Other Confederate armies followed suit and the war ended . The day after his surrender , Lee issued his Farewell Address to his army . Lee resisted calls by some officers to reject surrender and allow small units to melt away into the mountains , setting up a lengthy guerrilla war . He insisted the war was over and energetically campaigned for inter-sectional reconciliation . `` So far from engaging in a war to perpetuate slavery , I am rejoiced that slavery is abolished . I believe it will be greatly for the interests of the South . '' Summaries of Lee 's Civil War battles The following are summaries of Civil War campaigns and major battles where Robert E. Lee was the commanding officer : Battle Date Result Opponent Confederate troop strength Union troop strength Confederate casualties Union casualties Notes Cheat Mountain September 11 -- 13 , 1861 Defeat Reynolds 5,000 3,000 ~ 90 88 Lee 's first battle of the Civil War . Severely criticized , Lee was nicknamed `` Granny Lee '' . Lee was sent to SC and GA to supervise fortifications . Seven Days June 25 -- July 1 , 1862 Victory Oak Grove : Draw ( Union withdrawal ) Beaver Dam Creek : Union victory Gaine 's Mill : Confederate victory Savage 's Station : Draw Glendale : Draw ( Union withdrawal ) Malvern Hill : Union victory McClellan 95,000 91,000 20,614 15,849 Lee acquitted himself well , and remained in field command for the duration of the war under the direction of Jefferson Davis . Union troops remained on the Lower Peninsula and at Fortress Monroe , which became a terminus on the Underground Railroad , and the site terming escaped slaves as `` contribands '' , no longer returned to their rebel owners . Second Manassas August 28 -- 30 , 1862 Victory Pope 49,000 76,000 9,197 16,054 Union forces continued to occupy northern Virginia South Mountain September 14 , 1862 Defeat McClellan 18,000 28,000 2,685 1,813 Confederates lost control of westernmost Virginian congressional districts which would later be the core counties of West Virginia . Antietam September 16 -- 18 , 1862 Draw McClellan 52,000 75,000 13,724 12,410 Tactical draw but strategic Union victory . The Confederates lost an opportunity to gain foreign recognition , Lincoln moved forward on his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation . Fredericksburg December 11 , 1862 Victory Burnside 72,000 114,000 5,309 12,653 With Lee 's troops and supplies depleted , Confederates remained in place south of the Rappahannock . Union forces did not withdraw from northern Virginia . Chancellorsville May 1 , 1863 Victory Hooker 57,000 105,000 12,764 16,792 Union forces withdrew to ring of defenses around Washington , DC . Gettysburg July 1 , 1863 Defeat Meade 75,000 83,000 23,231 -- 28,063 23,049 The Confederate army was physically and spiritually exhausted . Meade was criticized for not immediately pursuing Lee 's army . This battle become known as the High Water Mark of the Confederacy . Lee would never personally invade the North again after this battle . Rather he was determined to defend Richmond and eventually Petersburg at all costs . Wilderness May 5 , 1864 Inconclusive Grant 61,000 102,000 11,400 18,400 Lee 's tactical victory , yet Grant continued his offensive , circling east and south advancing on Richmond and Petersburg Spotsylvania May 12 , 1864 Inconclusive Grant 52,000 100,000 12,000 18,000 Although beaten and unable to take Lee 's defenses , Grant continued the Union offensive , circling east and south advancing on Richmond and Petersburg North Anna May 23 -- 26 , 1864 Inconclusive Grant 50 - 53,000 67 - 100,000 1,552 3,986 Totopotomoy Creek May 28 -- 30 , 1864 Inconclusive Grant 1,593 731 Cold Harbor June 1 , 1864 Victory Grant 62,000 108,000 5,287 12,000 Although Grant was able to continue his offensive , Grant referred to the Cold Harbor assault as his `` greatest regret '' of the war in his memoirs . Fussell 's Mill August 14 , 1864 Victory Hancock 20,000 28,000 1,700 2,901 Union attempt to break Confederate siege lines at Richmond , the Confederate capital Appomattox Campaign March 29 , 1865 Defeat Grant 50,000 113,000 no record available 10,780 General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant . After the surrender Grant gave Lee 's army much - needed food rations ; they were paroled to return to their homes , never again to take up arms against the Union . Postbellum life Lee in 1869 ( photo by Levin C. Handy ) External video Booknotes interview with Emory Thomas on Robert E. Lee : A Biography , September 10 , 1995 , C - SPAN After the war , Lee was not arrested or punished , but he did lose the right to vote as well as some property . Lee 's prewar family home , the Custis - Lee Mansion , was seized by Union forces during the war and turned into Arlington National Cemetery , and his family was not compensated until more than a decade after his death . Lee somewhat supported President Johnson 's plan of Reconstruction . In 1866 Lee counseled southerners not to resume fighting , of which Grant said Lee was `` setting an example of forced acquiescence so grudging and pernicious in its effects as to be hardly realized '' . Lee joined with Democrats in opposing the Radical Republicans who demanded punitive measures against the South , distrusted its commitment to the abolition of slavery and , indeed , distrusted the region 's loyalty to the United States . Lee supported a system of free public schools for blacks , but forthrightly opposed allowing blacks to vote . `` My own opinion is that , at this time , they ( black Southerners ) can not vote intelligently , and that giving them the ( vote ) would lead to a great deal of demagogism , and lead to embarrassments in various ways , '' Lee stated . Emory Thomas says Lee had become a suffering Christ - like icon for ex-Confederates . President Grant invited him to the White House in 1869 , and he went . Nationally he became an icon of reconciliation between the North and South , and the reintegration of former Confederates into the national fabric . Lee hoped to retire to a farm of his own , but he was too much a regional symbol to live in obscurity . From April to June 1865 , he and his family resided in Richmond at the Stewart - Lee House . He accepted an offer to serve as the president of Washington College ( now Washington and Lee University ) in Lexington , Virginia , and served from October 1865 until his death . The Trustees used his famous name in large - scale fund - raising appeals and Lee transformed Washington College into a leading Southern college expanding its offerings significantly and added programs in commerce , journalism , and integrated the Lexington Law School . Lee was well liked by the students , which enabled him to announce an `` honor system '' like West Point 's , explaining `` We have but one rule here , and it is that every student be a gentleman . '' To speed up national reconciliation Lee recruited students from the North and made certain they were well treated on campus and in town . General Lee and his Confederate officers in their first meeting since Appomattox , August 1869 . This is the only from life photograph of Lee with his Generals in existence , during the war or after . Several glowing appraisals of Lee 's tenure as college president have survived , depicting the dignity and respect he commanded among all . Previously , most students had been obliged to occupy the campus dormitories , while only the most mature were allowed to live off - campus . Lee quickly reversed this rule , requiring most students to board off - campus , and allowing only the most mature to live in the dorms as a mark of privilege ; the results of this policy were considered a success . A typical account by a professor there states that `` the students fairly worshipped him , and deeply dreaded his displeasure ; yet so kind , affable , and gentle was he toward them that all loved to approach him ... No student would have dared to violate General Lee 's expressed wish or appeal ; if he had done so , the students themselves would have driven him from the college . '' While at Washington College , Lee told a colleague that the greatest mistake of his life was taking a military education . President Johnson 's amnesty pardons On May 29 , 1865 , President Andrew Johnson issued a Proclamation of Amnesty and Pardon to persons who had participated in the rebellion against the United States . There were fourteen excepted classes , though , and members of those classes had to make special application to the President . Lee sent an application to Grant and wrote to President Johnson on June 13 , 1865 : Being excluded from the provisions of amnesty & pardon contained in the proclamation of the 29th Ulto ; I hereby apply for the benefits , & full restoration of all rights & privileges extended to those included in its terms . I graduated at the Mil . Academy at West Point in June 1829 . Resigned from the U.S. Army April ' 61 . Was a General in the Confederate Army , & included in the surrender of the Army of N. Virginia 9 April ' 65 . Oath of amnesty submitted by Robert E. Lee in 1865 On October 2 , 1865 , the same day that Lee was inaugurated as president of Washington College in Lexington , Virginia , he signed his Amnesty Oath , thereby complying fully with the provision of Johnson 's proclamation. Lee was not pardoned , nor was his citizenship restored . Three years later , on December 25 , 1868 , Johnson proclaimed a second amnesty which removed previous exceptions , such as the one that affected Lee . Postwar politics Robert E. Lee , oil on canvas , Edward Calledon Bruce , 1865 . Virginia Historical Society . Lee , who had opposed secession and remained mostly indifferent to politics before the Civil War , supported President Johnson 's plan of Presidential Reconstruction that took effect in 1865 -- 66 . However , he opposed the Congressional Republican program that took effect in 1867 . In February 1866 , he was called to testify before the Joint Congressional Committee on Reconstruction in Washington , where he expressed support for President Andrew Johnson 's plans for quick restoration of the former Confederate states , and argued that restoration should return , as far as possible , the status quo ante in the Southern states ' governments ( with the exception of slavery ) . Lee told the Committee , `` ... every one with whom I associate expresses kind feelings towards the freedmen . They wish to see them get on in the world , and particularly to take up some occupation for a living , and to turn their hands to some work . '' Lee also expressed his `` willingness that blacks should be educated , and ... that it would be better for the blacks and for the whites . '' Lee forthrightly opposed allowing blacks to vote : `` My own opinion is that , at this time , they ( black Southerners ) can not vote intelligently , and that giving them the ( vote ) would lead to a great deal of demagogism , and lead to embarrassments in various ways . '' Lee also recommended the deportation of African Americans from Virginia and even mentioned that Virginians would give aid in the deportation . `` I think it would be better for Virginia if she could get rid of them ( African Americans ) ... I think that everyone there would be willing to aid it . '' In an interview in May 1866 , Lee said , `` The Radical party are likely to do a great deal of harm , for we wish now for good feeling to grow up between North and South , and the President , Mr. Johnson , has been doing much to strengthen the feeling in favor of the Union among us . The relations between the Negroes and the whites were friendly formerly , and would remain so if legislation be not passed in favor of the blacks , in a way that will only do them harm . '' In 1868 , Lee 's ally Alexander H.H. Stuart drafted a public letter of endorsement for the Democratic Party 's presidential campaign , in which Horatio Seymour ran against Lee 's old foe Republican Ulysses S. Grant . Lee signed it along with thirty - one other ex-Confederates . The Democratic campaign , eager to publicize the endorsement , published the statement widely in newspapers . Their letter claimed paternalistic concern for the welfare of freed Southern blacks , stating that `` The idea that the Southern people are hostile to the negroes and would oppress them , if it were in their power to do so , is entirely unfounded . They have grown up in our midst , and we have been accustomed from childhood to look upon them with kindness . '' However , it also called for the restoration of white political rule , arguing that `` It is true that the people of the South , in common with a large majority of the people of the North and West , are , for obvious reasons , inflexibly opposed to any system of laws that would place the political power of the country in the hands of the negro race . But this opposition springs from no feeling of enmity , but from a deep - seated conviction that , at present , the negroes have neither the intelligence nor the other qualifications which are necessary to make them safe depositories of political power . '' In his public statements and private correspondence , Lee argued that a tone of reconciliation and patience would further the interests of white Southerners better than hotheaded antagonism to federal authority or the use of violence . Lee repeatedly expelled white students from Washington College for violent attacks on local black men , and publicly urged obedience to the authorities and respect for law and order . In 1869 -- 70 he was a leader in successful efforts to establish state - funded schools for blacks . He privately chastised fellow ex-Confederates such as Jefferson Davis and Jubal Early for their frequent , angry responses to perceived Northern insults , writing in private to them as he had written to a magazine editor in 1865 , that `` It should be the object of all to avoid controversy , to allay passion , give full scope to reason and to every kindly feeling . By doing this and encouraging our citizens to engage in the duties of life with all their heart and mind , with a determination not to be turned aside by thoughts of the past and fears of the future , our country will not only be restored in material prosperity , but will be advanced in science , in virtue and in religion . '' Illness and death Lee 's death mask `` Recumbent Statue '' of Robert E. Lee asleep on the battlefield , Lee Chapel , Lexington , Virginia . On September 28 , 1870 , Lee suffered a stroke . He died two weeks later , shortly after 9 a.m. on October 12 , 1870 , in Lexington , Virginia , from the effects of pneumonia . According to one account , his last words on the day of his death , were `` Tell Hill he must come up . Strike the tent '' , but this is debatable because of conflicting accounts and because Lee 's stroke had resulted in aphasia , possibly rendering him unable to speak . At first no suitable coffin for the body could be located . The muddy roads were too flooded for anyone to get in or out of the town of Lexington . An undertaker had ordered three from Richmond that had reached Lexington , but due to unprecedented flooding from long - continued heavy rains , the caskets were washed down the Maury River . Two neighborhood boys , C.G. Chittum and Robert E. Hillis , found one of the coffins that had been swept ashore . Undamaged , it was used for the General 's body , though it was a bit short for him . As a result , Lee was buried without shoes . He was buried underneath Lee Chapel at Washington and Lee University , where his body remains . Legacy Among the supporters of the Confederacy , Lee came to be even more revered after his surrender than he had been during the war , when Stonewall Jackson had been the great Confederate hero . In an address before the Southern Historical Society in Atlanta , Georgia in 1874 , Benjamin Harvey Hill described Lee in this way : Robert E. Lee , Stonewall Jackson and Stratford Hall , Army Issue of 1936 Robert E. Lee , Liberty Issue of 1955 He was a foe without hate ; a friend without treachery ; a soldier without cruelty ; a victor without oppression , and a victim without murmuring . He was a public officer without vices ; a private citizen without wrong ; a neighbour without reproach ; a Christian without hypocrisy , and a man without guile . He was a Caesar , without his ambition ; Frederick , without his tyranny ; Napoleon , without his selfishness , and Washington , without his reward . Washington and Lee University Issue of 1948 R.E. Lee , Jefferson Davis , Stonewall Jackson . Stone Mountain Issue of 1970 His reputation continued to grow . By the end of the 19th century , his popularity had spread to the North . Lee 's admirers have pointed to his character and devotion to duty , and his brilliant tactical successes in battle after battle against a stronger foe . According to my notion of military history there is as much instruction both in strategy and in tactics to be gleaned from General Lee 's operations of 1862 as there is to be found in Napoleon 's campaigns of 1796 . -- Field Marshal Garnet Wolseley Military historians continue to pay attention to his battlefield tactics and maneuvering , though many think he should have designed better strategic plans for the Confederacy . However , it should be noted that he was not given full direction of the Southern war effort until late in the conflict . Robert E. Lee has been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps at least five times , the first one being a commemorative stamp that also honored Stonewall Jackson , issued in 1936 . A second `` regular - issue '' stamp was issued in 1955 . He was commemorated with a 32 - cent stamp issued in the American Civil War Issue of June 29 , 1995 . His horse Traveller is pictured in the background . An image of the stamp is available at Arago online at the link in the footnote . Washington and Lee University in Lexington , Virginia was commemorated on its 200th anniversary on November 23 , 1948 , with a 3 - cent postage stamp . The central design is a view of the university , flanked by portraits of generals George Washington and Robert E. Lee . Lee was again commemorated on a commemorative stamp in 1970 , along with Jefferson Davis and Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson , depicted on horseback on the 6 - cent Stone Mountain Memorial commemorative issue , modeled after the actual Stone Mountain Memorial carving in Georgia . The stamp was issued on September 19 , 1970 in conjunction with the dedication of the Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial in Georgia on May 9 , 1970 . The design of the stamp replicates the memorial , the largest high relief sculpture in the world . It is carved on the side of Stone Mountain 400 feet above the ground . Stone Mountain also led to Lee 's appearance on a commemorative coin , the 1925 Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar . During the 1920s and ' 30s dozens of specially designed half dollars were struck to raise money for various events and causes . This issue had a particularly wide distribution , with 1,314,709 minted . Unlike some of the other issues it remains a very common coin . On September 29 , 2007 , General Lee 's three Civil War - era letters were sold for $61,000 at auction by Thomas Willcox , much less than the record of $630,000 for a Lee item in 2002 . The auction included more than 400 documents of Lee 's from the estate of the parents of Willcox that had been in the family for generations . South Carolina sued to stop the sale on the grounds that the letters were official documents and therefore property of the state , but the court ruled in favor of Willcox . On January 30 , 1975 , Senate Joint Resolution 23 , A joint resolution to restore posthumously full rights of citizenship to General R.E. Lee was introduced into the Senate by Senator Harry F. Byrd , Jr . ( I - VA ) , the result of a five - year campaign to accomplish this . The resolution , which enacted Public Law 94 - 67 , was passed , and the bill was signed by President Gerald Ford on September 5 . Monuments , memorials and commemorations Arlington House See also : List of memorials to Robert E. Lee Jefferson Davis , Lee , and Stonewall Jackson at Stone Mountain From its installation in 1884 until its removal in 2017 , the most prominent monument in New Orleans was a 60 - foot ( 18 m ) - tall monument to General Lee . A 16.5 - foot ( 5.0 m ) statue of Lee stood tall upon a towering column of white marble in the middle of Lee Circle . The statue of Lee , which weighs more than 7,000 pounds ( 3,200 kg ) faced the north . Lee Circle is situated along New Orleans ' famous St. Charles Avenue . The New Orleans streetcars roll past Lee Circle and New Orleans ' best Mardi Gras parades go around Lee Circle ( the spot is so popular that bleachers are set up annually around the perimeter for Mardi Gras ) . Around the corner from Lee Circle is New Orleans ' Confederate museum , which contains the second - largest collection of Confederate memorabilia in the world . The statue of General Lee was removed on May 19 , 2017 , the last of four Confederate monuments in New Orleans to be taken down . In a tribute to Lee Circle ( which had formerly been known as Tivoli Circle ) , former Confederate soldier George Washington Cable wrote : In Tivoli Circle , New Orleans , from the centre and apex of its green flowery mound , an immense column of pure white marble rises in the ... majesty of Grecian proportions high up above the city 's house - tops into the dazzling sunshine ... On its dizzy top stands the bronze figure of one of the world 's greatest captains . He is alone . Not one of his mighty lieutenants stand behind , beside or below him . His arms are folded on that breast that never knew fear , and his calm , dauntless gaze meets the morning sun as it rises , like the new prosperity of the land he loved and served so masterly , above the far distant battle fields where so many thousands of his gray veterans lie in the sleep of fallen heroes . ( Silent South , 1885 , The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine ) Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial , also known as the Custis -- Lee Mansion , is a Greek revival mansion in Arlington , Virginia , that was once Lee 's home . It overlooks the Potomac River and the National Mall in Washington , D.C. During the Civil War , the grounds of the mansion were selected as the site of Arlington National Cemetery , in part to ensure that Lee would never again be able to return to his home . The United States designated the mansion as a National Memorial to Lee in 1955 , a mark of widespread respect for him in both the North and South . Unveiling of the Equestrian Statue of Robert E. Lee , May 29 , 1890 , Richmond , Virginia In Richmond , Virginia , a large equestrian statue of Lee by French sculptor Jean Antonin Mercié is the centerpiece of the city 's famous Monument Avenue , which boasts four other statues to famous Confederates . This monument to Lee was unveiled on May 29 , 1890 ; over 100,000 people attended this dedication . Lee is also shown mounted on Traveller in Gettysburg National Military Park on top of the Virginia Monument ; he is facing roughly in the direction of Pickett 's Charge. Lee 's portrayal on a mural on Richmond 's Flood Wall on the James River , considered offensive by some , was removed in the late 1990s , but currently is back on the flood wall . Also in Virginia , the Robert Edward Lee Sculpture at Charlottesville was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 . In Baltimore 's Wyman Park , a large double equestrian statue of Lee and Jackson is located directly across from the Baltimore Museum of Art . Designed by Laura Gardin Fraser and dedicated in 1948 , Lee is depicted astride his horse Traveller next to Stonewall Jackson who is mounted on `` Little Sorrel . '' Architect John Russell Pope created the base , which was dedicated on the anniversary of the eve of the Battle of Chancellorsville . The Baltimore area of Maryland is also home to a large nature park called Robert E. Lee Memorial Park . Stained glass of Lee 's life in the National Cathedral , depicting his time at West Point , service in the Corps of Engineers , the Battle of Chancellorsville , and his death In 1953 , two stained - glass windows - one honoring Lee , the other Stonewall Jackson - were installed in the Washington National Cathedral . The stained glass of Lee shows him on horseback at Chancellorsville ; it was sponsored by the United Daughters of the Confederacy . In 2017 , these windows were removed by a vote of the Cathedral 's governing board . The cathedral plans to keep the windows and eventually display them in historical context . An equestrian statue of Lee was installed in Robert E. Lee Park , in Dallas , until 2017 ; and in Austin , a statue of Lee is on display at the main mall of the University of Texas at Austin . A statue of Robert E. Lee is one of two statues ( the other is Washington ) representing Virginia in Statuary Hall in the Capitol in Washington , D.C. Lee is one of the figures depicted in bas - relief carved into Stone Mountain near Atlanta . Accompanying him on horseback in the relief are Stonewall Jackson and Jefferson Davis . The birthday of Robert E. Lee is celebrated or commemorated in several states . In Virginia , Lee -- Jackson Day is celebrated on the Friday preceding Martin Luther King , Jr . Day which is the third Monday in January . In Texas , he is celebrated as part of Confederate Heroes Day on January 19 , Lee 's birthday . In Alabama , Arkansas , and Mississippi , his birthday is celebrated on the same day as Martin Luther King , Jr . Day , while in Georgia , this occurred on the day after Thanksgiving before 2016 , when the state stopped officially recognizing the holiday . Lee Chapel on the campus of Washington and Lee University One United States college and one junior college are named for Lee : Washington and Lee University in Lexington , Virginia ; and Lee College in Baytown , Texas , respectively . Lee Chapel at Washington and Lee University marks Lee 's final resting place . Throughout the South , many primary and secondary schools were also named for him as well as private schools such as Robert E. Lee Academy in Bishopville , South Carolina . In 1900 , Lee was one of the first 29 individuals selected for the Hall of Fame for Great Americans ( the first Hall of Fame in the United States ) , designed by Stanford White , on the Bronx , New York , campus of New York University , now a part of Bronx Community College . However , his bust was removed in August 2017 by order of New York Governor Andrew Cuomo . Robert Edward Lee Sculpture , Charlottesville , Virginia , Leo Lentelli , sculptor , 1924 Robert E Lee , Virginia Monument , Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , Frederick William Sievers , sculptor , 1917 Lee by Mercié , Monument Avenue , Richmond , Virginia , 1890 Statue of Lee on the grounds of the University of Texas at Austin Statue of Lee in Dallas , Texas CSS Robert E. Lee In 1862 , the newly formed Confederate Navy purchased a 642 - ton iron - hulled side - wheel gunboat , built in at Glasgow , Scotland , and gave her the name of CSS Robert E. Lee in honor of this Confederate General . During the next year , she became one of the South 's most famous Confederate blockade runners , successfully making more than twenty runs through the Union blockade . The Mississippi River steamboat Robert E. Lee was named for Lee after the Civil War . It was the participant in an 1870 St. Louis -- New Orleans race with the Natchez VI , which was featured in a Currier and Ives lithograph . The Robert E. Lee won the race . The steamboat inspired the 1912 song Waiting for the Robert E. Lee by Lewis F. Muir and L. Wolfe Gilbert . In more modern times , the USS Robert E. Lee , a George Washington - class ballistic missile submarine built in 1958 , was named for Lee , as was the M3 Lee tank , produced in 1941 and 1942 . The Commonwealth of Virginia issues an optional license plate honoring Lee , making reference to him as ' The Virginia Gentleman ' . In February 2014 , a road on Fort Bliss previously named for Lee was renamed to honor Buffalo Soldiers . A recent biographer , Jonathan Horn , outlines the unsuccessful efforts in Washington to memorialize Lee in the naming of the Arlington Memorial Bridge after both Grant and Lee . Dates of rank Rank Date Unit Component Second Lieutenant July 1 , 1829 Corps of Engineers United States Army First Lieutenant September 21 , 1836 Corps of Engineers United States Army Captain August 7 , 1838 Corps of Engineers United States Army Brevet Major § April 18 , 1847 Corps of Engineers United States Army Brevet Lieutenant Colonel † August 20 , 1847 Corps of Engineers United States Army Brevet Colonel ‡ September 13 , 1847 Corps of Engineers United States Army Lieutenant Colonel March 3 , 1855 2nd Cavalry Regiment United States Army Colonel March 16 , 1861 1st Cavalry Regiment United States Army Major General April 22 , 1861 Virginia Militia Brigadier General May 14 , 1861 Confederate States Army General June 14 , 1861 Confederate States Army General - in - Chief January 23 , 1865 Confederate States Army § Breveted for conduct in the Battle of Cerro Gordo † Breveted for conduct in Battles of Contreras and Churubusco ‡ Breveted for conduct in Battle of Chapultepec In popular Culture Lee is a main character in the Shaara Family novels The Killer Angels ( 1974 , Gettysburg ) , Gods and Generals ( 1988 ) , and The Last Full Measure ( 2000 ) , as well as the film adaptations of Gettysburg ( 1993 ) and Gods and Generals ( 2003 ) . He is played by Martin Sheen in the former and by Lee 's descendant Robert Duvall in the latter . Lee is portrayed as a hero in the historical children 's novel Lee and Grant at Appomattox ( 1950 ) by MacKinlay Kantor . His part in the Civil War is told from the perspective of his horse in Richard Adams ' book Traveller ( 1988 ) . Lee is an obvious subject for American Civil War alternate histories . Ward Moore 's Bring the Jubilee ( 1953 ) , Kantor 's If the South Had Won the Civil War ( 1960 ) , and Harry Turtledove 's The Guns of the South ( 1992 ) , all have Lee ending up as President of a victorious Confederacy and freeing the slaves ( or laying the groundwork for the slaves to be freed in a later decade ) . Although Bring and If relegate him to a set of passing references , Lee is more of a main character in the Guns . He is also the prime character of Turtledove 's `` Lee at the Alamo , '' which can be read on - line , and sees the opening of the Civil War drastically altered so as to affect Lee 's personal priorities considerably . Turtledove 's `` War Between the Provinces '' series is an allegory of the Civil War told in the language of fairy tales , with Lee appearing as a knight named `` Duke Edward of Arlington . '' Lee is also a knight in `` The Charge of Lee 's Brigade '' in Alternate Generals volume 1 , written by Turtledove 's friend S.M. Stirling and featuring Lee , whose Virginia is still a loyal British colony , fighting for the Crown against the Russians in Crimea . In Lee Allred 's `` East of Appomattox '' in Alternate Generals volume 3 , Lee is the Confederate Minister to London circa 1868 , desperately seeking help for a CSA which has turned out poorly suited to independence . Robert Skimin 's Grey Victory features Lee as a supporting character preparing to run for the presidency in 1867 . The Dodge Charger featured in the CBS television series The Dukes of Hazzard ( 1979 -- 1985 ) was named The General Lee . In the 2005 film based on this series , the car is driven past a statue of the General , while the car 's occupants salute him . See also American Civil War portal United States Army portal Biography portal List of American Civil War generals ( Confederate ) General - in - Chief of the Confederate States Army References ^ Jump up to : Pryor , Elizabeth Brown ( 2008 ) . `` Robert E. Lee 's ' Severest Struggle ' '' . American Heritage . Jump up ^ Bunting , Josiah ( 2004 ) . Ulysses S. Grant . New York : Time Books . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6949 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jay Luvaas , `` Lee and the Operational Art : The Right Place , the Right Time , '' Parameters : US Army War College , September 1992 , Vol. 22 # 3 pp. 2 - 18 Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : the Civil War Era . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 538 , 650 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516895 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stephen W. Sears , `` ' We Should Assume the Aggressive ' : Origins of the Gettysburg Campaign , '' North and South : The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society , March 2002 , Vol. 5 # 4 pp. 58 -- 66 Jump up ^ Eicher , David J. ( 2001 ) . The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 462 . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , Edward ( 2014 ) . Grant and Lee . Washington , D.C. : Regnery Publishing . p. xiv . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62157 - 302 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : General Robert E. Lee 's Parole and Citizenship , Prologue , Spring 2005 , Vol. 37 , No. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Simon Romero , ' The Lees Are Complex ' : Descendants Grapple With a Rebel General 's Legacy , New York Times ( August 22 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ John McKee Barr , Loathing Lincoln : An American Tradition from the Civil War to the Present ( LSU Press , 2014 ) , 59 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Foner , The Making and the Breaking of the Legend of Robert E. Lee , New York Times ( August 28 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Emory M. Thomas , Robert E. Lee : A Biography ( W.W. Norton : 1995 ) , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Rosenwald , Michael S. ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Analysis The truth about Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee : He was n't very good at his job '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Pryor , Elizabeth Brown ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Robert E. Lee ( ca . 1806 -- 1870 ) '' . Encyclopedia Virginia . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ William Thorndale , `` The Parents of Colonel Richard Lee of Virginia , '' National Genealogical Society Quarterly 76 ( December 1988 ) : 253 - 68 Jump up ^ Freeman 1934 Jump up ^ His maternal great - great grandfather , Robert `` King '' Carter of Corotoman , was the wealthiest man in the colonies when he died in 1732 . Jump up ^ Davis , William C. ; Pohanka , Brian C. ; Troiani , Don ( 1997 ) . Civil War Journal , The Leaders . Rutledge Hill Press . p. 135 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 22193 - 4 . Jump up ^ Fellman 2000 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Fellman 2000 , pp. 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , pp. 32 -- 34 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , pp. 34 -- 35 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , pp. 38 -- 45 Jump up ^ Fellman 2000 , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Freeman 1991 , pp. 12 -- 13 ^ Jump up to : Davis 1999 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , pp. 48 -- 54 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , pp. 57 -- 58 ^ Jump up to : Freeman 1997 , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Fellman 2000 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , pp. 62 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , pp. 64 -- 65 Jump up ^ Freeman 1997 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Fellman 2000 , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , p. 72 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , pp. 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ Freeman 1997 , pp. 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , pp. 83 -- 84 Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Fort Hamilton '' . United States Army Corps of Engineers . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` William Fitzhugh '' . Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park , National Park Service . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dillon , John Forrest , ed. ( 1903 ) . `` Introduction '' . John Marshall ; life , character and judicial services as portrayed in the centenary and memorial addresses and proceedings throughout the United States on Marshall day , 1901 , and in the classic orations of Binney , Story , Phelps , Waite and Rawle . Chicago : Callaghan & Company . pp. liv -- lv . Jump up ^ `` Tender is the Heart '' . Mort Künstler . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Freeman 1934 , p. 248 Jump up ^ `` Lee and Grant Before the War '' . Virginia Historical Society . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , p. 148 Jump up ^ Thomson , Janice E. ( 1996 ) . Mercenaries , Pirates and Sovereigns . Princeton University Press . p. 121 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Thomas Lawrence ( 1977 ) . The Marble Man : Robert E. Lee and His Image in American society . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 176 -- 82 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 47179 - 2 . Jump up ^ Davis 1999 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , pp. 152 -- 62 Jump up ^ `` Will of George Washington Parke Custis '' . ChickenBones : A Journal for Literary & Artistic African - American Themes . Jump up ^ Micki McElya ( 15 August 2016 ) . The Politics of Mourning . Harvard University Press . pp. 24 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 97406 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Fellman 2000 , p. 65 ^ Jump up to : Wesley Norris , interview in National Anti-Slavery Standard ( April 14 , 1866 ) 4 , reprinted in Blassingame 1977 , pp. 467 -- 468 Jump up ^ Letter from `` A Citizen , '' New York Tribune , June 24 , 1859 . Freeman 1934 , p. 393 Jump up ^ `` Some Facts That Should Come To Light , '' New York Tribune , June 24 , 1859 . Freeman 1934 , pp. 390 -- 393 Jump up ^ Freeman 1934 , pp. 390 -- 392 Jump up ^ Wesley Norris , `` Testimony of Wesley Norris '' , National Anti-Slavery Standard , April 14 , 1866 . Jump up ^ War of the Rebellion : Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies , Series 1 , Volume 29 , part 2 , pp. 158 - 159 ( Meade to Halleck , September 6 , 1863 -- 4 p.m. ) . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Monte Akers , Year of Desperate Struggle : Jeb Stuart and His Cavalry , from Gettysburg to Yellow Tavern , 1863 -- 1864 , p. 102 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Freeman 1934 , p. 476 Jump up ^ List of Slaves Emancipated in the Will of George W.P. Custis , December 29 , 1862 ( `` Sally Norris ( and ) Len Norris and their three children : Mary , Sally and Wesley '' ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Freeman 1934 , p. 390 Jump up ^ Fellman 2000 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Bernice - Marie Yates ( 2003 ) . The Perfect Gentleman . Xulon Press . pp. 181 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Brown Pryor , Reading the Man : A Portrait of Robert E. Lee Through His Private Letters ( New York : Penguin , 2008 ) , chapter 16 . Jump up ^ Ariel Burriss , `` The Fugitive Slaves of Robert E. Lee : From Arlington to Westminster '' . Jump up ^ Korda , Michael ( 2014 ) . Clouds of Glory : The Life and Legend of Robert E. Lee . New York : HarperCollins . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 211629 - 1 . Jump up ^ Pryor , Elizabeth Brown . Reading the Man : A Portrait of Robert E. Lee through his private letters ( 2008 ) , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : Fortin , Jacey ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) . `` What Robert E. Lee Wrote to The Times About Slavery in 1858 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Skelton , William B. , An American Profession of Arms : the Army Officer Corps , 1784 - 1861 , 1992 , p. 285 . `` Officers developed a conception of the army as an apolitical instrument of public policy . As servants of the nation , they should stand aloof from party and sectional strife '' and avoid taking public positions on controversial issues such as slavery . Jump up ^ Davis , William . Crucible of Command : Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee 2015 , p. 46 . `` From early manhood Lee held a low opinion of politicians , and believed military men should stay out of politics . '' Jump up ^ Fellman , Michel . The Making of Robert E. Lee , 2000 , p. 137 . In 1863 , even before Chancellorsville , Lee began to advance , `` for the first time , a political understanding of the war , quite unlike his previous apolitical belief in duty . '' Jump up ^ Taylor , John . Duty Faithfully Performed : Robert E. Lee and His Critics , 1999 , p. 223 . `` He epitomized the nonpolitical tradition in the U.S. military , and his lifelong attempt to remain aloof from the political turmoil about him would be emulated by twentieth - century soldiers ... '' Jump up ^ Pryor , Elizabeth Brown . Reading the Man : A Portrait of Roberty E. Lee , 2008 , p. 284 . Pryor notes in describing Lee 's public silence on controversial sectional issues such as slavery , that the regular army `` was an apolitical institution , which discouraged displays of partisan sentiment and muted any parochialism in its officers . At the military academy a cadet was ' taught that he belongs no longer to section or party but , in his life and all his faculties , to his country ' . '' Jump up ^ Foner , Eric quoted in Fortin , Jacey . `` What Robert E. Lee Wrote to the Times About Slavery in 1858 '' , NYT Aug 18 , `` unlike some white southerners , ( Lee ) never spoke out against slavery . '' Jump up ^ Fellman , 2000 , p. 76 , 137 . `` Lee believed in God 's time , not man 's , and God 's disposition , not human politics . So when it came to grappling with the issue of slavery , he could not comprehend why men could not leave well enough alone ... on major public conflicts , Lee had no active position . '' ^ Jump up to : Foner , Eric ( 2017 - 08 - 28 ) . `` The Making and the Breaking of the Legend of Robert E. Lee '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Robert E. Lee was not the George Washington of his time . But a lot ties them together '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Serwer , Adam . `` The Myth of the Kindly General Lee '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Foner , Eric ; Foner , Eric ( 2014 - 05 - 30 ) . `` Book review : ' Clouds of Glory : the Life and Legend of Robert E. Lee ' by Michael Korda '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Robert E. Lee was not the George Washington of his time . But a lot ties them together '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Emory M. Thomas ( 17 June 1997 ) . Robert E. Lee : A Biography . W.W. Norton . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 34732 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hughes & Liddell 1997 , pp. 192 -- 193 Jump up ^ Fortin , Jacey ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) . `` What Robert E. Lee Wrote to The Times About Slavery in 1858 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Freeman 1934 , pp. 394 -- 395 Jump up ^ `` Col. Robert E. Lee 's Report Concerning the Attack at Harper 's Ferry '' . University of Missouri -- Kansas City School of Law . October 18 , 1959 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ford , John Salmon ( 1963 ) . Rip Ford 's Texas . Austin : University of Texas Press . pp. 305 -- 306 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Forts Trails '' . Texas Monthly . June 1991 . p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Pryor , Elizabeth Brown ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` The General in His Study '' . Disunion . The New York Times . Retrieved April 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : J. William Jones ( 1906 ) . `` Robert E. Lee to George Washington Custis Lee '' ( PDF ) . The Civil War : The First Year Told By Those Who Lived It . The Library of America , 2011 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Freeman 1934 , p. 425 Jump up ^ Freeman 1934 , pp. 431 -- 447 ^ Jump up to : Goodwin , Doris Kearns ( 2005 ) . Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln . New York : Simon and Schuster . p. 350 . Jump up ^ Davis 1999 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Fellman 2000 , § 6 Jump up ^ Fort Pulaski 's masonry was impervious to round shot , but it was penetrated in 30 hours by Parrott rifle guns , much to the surprise of senior commanders of both sides . In the future , Confederate breast works defending coastal areas were successfully protected against rifle - fired explosive projectiles with banks of dirt and sand such as at Fort McAllister . Later , holding the City of Savannah would allow two additional attempts at breaking the Union blockade with ironclads CSS Atlanta ( 1862 ) and CSS Savannah ( 1863 ) . Jump up ^ Foot Soldier : The Rebels . Prod . A&E Television Network . Karn , Richard . The History Channel . 1998 . DVD . A&E Television Networks , 2008 . Jump up ^ Freeman 1934 , p. 602 Jump up ^ McPherson 2008 , p. 99 Jump up ^ McPherson 2008 , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ McPherson 2008 , p. 108 Jump up ^ McPherson 2008 , p. 129 Jump up ^ McPherson 2008 , pp. 104 -- 105 ^ Jump up to : Fellman 2000 , pp. 124 -- 125 Jump up ^ Zongker , Brett . `` Surgeon : Stonewall Jackson death likely pneumonia '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephen W. Sears , `` ' We Should Assume the Aggressive ' : Origins of the Gettysburg Campaign , '' North and South : The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society , March 2002 , Vol. 5 # 4 pp. 58 -- 66 ; Donald Stoker , The Grand Design : Strategy and the U.S. Civil War ( 2010 ) p. 295 says that `` attacking Grant would have been the wiser choice '' for Lee . Jump up ^ Fremantle , Arthur James Lyon . `` Three Months in the Southern States '' . University of North Carolina . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nolan 1991 , pp. 21 -- 22 Jump up ^ Davis 1999 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Davis 1999 , p. 233 Jump up ^ Nolan 1991 , p. 24 Jump up ^ `` Civil War Casualties Battle Statistics and Commanders '' . Americancivilwar.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Cheat Mountain '' . Civilwar.bluegrass.net . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gettysburg Battle American Civil War July 1863 '' . Americancivilwar.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McFeely , William S. ( 1981 ) . Grant : A Biography . New York : Norton . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 01372 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Appomattox Courthouse Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant '' . Americancivilwar.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ In December 1882 , the U.S. Supreme Court returned the property to Lee 's son because it had been confiscated without due process of law . In 1883 , the government paid the Lee family $150,000 . `` Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Retrieved May 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Serwer , Adam ( June 2017 ) . `` The Myth of the Kindly General Lee '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fellman 2000 , pp. 265 -- 94 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , pp. 380 -- 92 Jump up ^ Fellman 2000 , p. 268 Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , pp. 391 -- 92 , 416 Jump up ^ Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Staff ( October 1971 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory / Nomination : Stewart - Lee House '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Department of Historic Resources . Jump up ^ Thomas 1995 , pp. 374 -- 402 Jump up ^ Riley , Franklin Lafayette ( 1922 ) . General Robert E. Lee After Appomattox . Macmillan . pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` Robert E. Lee on American Experience complete transcript '' . Corporation for Public Broadcasting . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` General Robert E. Lee 's Parole and Citizenship '' . United States National Archives . August 5 , 1975 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 179 -- Granting Full Pardon and Amnesty for the Offense of Treason Against the United States During the Late Civil War '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fellman 2000 , p. 265 Jump up ^ Fellman 2000 , pp. 267 -- 268 Jump up ^ Robert E. Lee , Joint Committee on Reconstruction in Washington , D.C. , February 17 , 1866 Jump up ^ `` Richmond IMC : The Real Robert E. Lee '' . Richmond.indymedia.org . January 13 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Freeman 1934 , p. 301 Jump up ^ Freeman 1934 , pp. 375 -- 377 Jump up ^ Freeman 1934 , pp. 375 -- 376 Jump up ^ Freeman 1934 , p. 376 Jump up ^ Fellman 2000 , pp. 258 -- 263 Jump up ^ Pearson , Charles Chilton ( 1917 ) . `` The Readjuster Movement in Virginia '' . American Political Science Review . Yale University Press : 60 . Jump up ^ Fellman 2000 , pp. 275 -- 277 Jump up ^ Jones , J. William ( 1875 ) . Personal Reminiscences , Anecdotes , and Letters of Gen. Robert E. Lee . New York : D. Appleton and Company . p. 451 . Jump up ^ Freeman 1934 , p. 526 Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Harvey Hill quotation '' . bartleby.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weigley , Russell F. ( February 2000 ) . `` Lee , Robert E '' . American National Biography . Retrieved May 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Some sources add `` but little studied '' before the word `` operations '' . Jump up ^ `` 32c Robert E. Lee single '' , Arago : people , postage & the post , National Postal Museum online , viewed May 7 , 2014 . An image of the stamp is available at Arago , Robert E. Lee stamp . Jump up ^ Rod , Steven J. , `` Landing of the Pilgrims Issue '' , Arago : people , postage & the post , National Postal Museum . Viewed March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stone Mountain Memorial Issue '' , Arago : people , postage & the post , National Postal Museum online , viewed March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` General Lee letters sold at auction '' . USA Today . September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` President Gerald R. Ford 's Remarks Upon Signing a Bill Restoring Rights of Citizenship to General Robert E. Lee '' . Gerald R. Ford Library & Museum . August 5 , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Citizenship For R.E. Lee '' . The Gettysburg Times . August 7 , 1975 . Ten objecting Congressmen argued the resolution should include amnesty for Vietham war draft dodgers , subsequently granted in 1977 . Jump up ^ `` S.J. Res. 23 -- A joint resolution to restore posthumously full rights of citizenship to General R.E. Lee '' . United States Library of Congress . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of Confederate Memorial Hall '' . Confederate Memorial Hall . Retrieved May 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans removes its final Confederate - era statue '' . The Guardian . Associated Press . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Michael Robert ( 2004 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Arlington House ( The Custis - Lee Mansion ) '' . Arlington National Cemetery website . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : May 13 : Arlington National Cemetery '' . lcweb2.loc.gov . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Arlington House '' . Encyclopedia Virginia . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Kelly , Cindy ( 2011 ) . Outdoor Sculpture in Baltimore : A Historical Guide to Public Art in the Monumental City . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 198 -- 199 . ^ Jump up to : Michelle Boorstein , Washington National Cathedral to remove stained glass windows honoring Robert E. Lee , Stonewall Jackson , Washington Post ( September 6 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Bill Chappell , National Cathedral Is Removing Stained - Glass Windows Honoring Confederate Leaders , NPR ( September 6 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` Stone Mountain History '' ( PDF ) . Stone Mountain Memorial Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia creates holiday honoring Dr. Martin Luther King Jr '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER 662 . HOLIDAYS AND RECOGNITION DAYS , WEEKS , AND MONTHS '' . Texas Legislature . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Code -- Section 1 - 3 - 8 '' . FindLaw . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Days '' . The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` State Holidays '' . Mississippi Secretary of State . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Observing State Holidays '' . GeorgiaGov . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gore , Leada ( 2015 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Georgia does away with Confederate Memorial Day , Robert E. Lee Birthday '' . AL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Joan R. Olshansky and Elizabeth Spencer - Ralph ( n.d. ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Registration : Hall of Fame Complex '' . New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame for Great Americans '' . Bronx Community College . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jaeger , Max . `` Cuomo orders Confederate busts removed from CUNY Hall of Fame '' . NY Post . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Konstam , Angus ; Bryan , Tony ( 2004 ) . Confederate Blockade Runner 1861 -- 65 . Wisconsin : Osprey Publishing . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Benton Rain ( 2009 ) . The Great American Steamboat Race : The Natchez and the Robert E. Lee and the Climax of an Era . Jefferson , NC : McFarland and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4292 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Waiting for the Robert E. Lee '' . allmusic . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` USS Robert E. Lee Historical Overview '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Robert E. Lee Commemorative License Plates '' . Sons of Confederate Veterans , Virginia Division . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burge , David ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Fort Bliss to rename Robert E. Lee Road to honor Buffalo Soldiers '' . El Paso Times . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Polk , Andrew J. ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` Ft . Bliss renames street Buffalo Soldier Road '' . Jump up ^ Horn , Jonathan . ( 2015 ) . The Man who would not be Washington : Robert E. Lee 's Civil War and his decision that changed American History . New York : Scribner . p. 249 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 4856 - 6 Jump up ^ Cullum , George ( 1891 ) . Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point , N.Y. From Its Establishment In 1802 to 1890 with the Early History of the United States Military Academy . New York : Houghton , Mifflin and Company . p. 420 . ^ Jump up to : Cullum 1891 , p. 420 ^ Jump up to : Cullum 1891 , p. 421 Jump up ^ Trudeau , Noah ( 2009 ) . Robert E. Lee : Lessons in Leadership . New York : Palgrave MacMillan . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10344 - 3 . Jump up ^ Eicher , John & David ( 2001 ) . Civil War High Commands . New York : Stanford University Press . p. 810 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 3 . Jump up ^ Eicher 2001 , p. 807 Jump up ^ Eicher 2001 , p. 69 Jump up ^ `` Lee at the Alamo '' . September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dukes of Hazzard 's '' General Lee Tops Edmunds ' InsideLine. com 's List of 100 Greatest Movie and TV Cars of All Time `` . edmunds.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Dukes of Hazzard : Happy Birthday , General Lee '' . allmovie . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Bibliography Blassingame , John W. ( July 1977 ) . Slave Testimony : Two Centuries of Letters , Speeches , Interviews , and Autobiographies . Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0273 - 3 . Davis , William C. ( 1999 ) . The Commanders of the Civil War . London : Salamander Books Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84065 - 105 - 9 . Fellman , Michael ( 2000 ) . The Making of Robert E. Lee . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45650 - 3 . Freeman , Douglas S. ( 1934 ) . R.E. Lee , A Biography . Charles Scribner 's Sons . Hughes , Nathaniel C. , Jr. ; Liddell , St. John R. ( 1997 ) . Liddell 's Record . Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2218 - 1 . Korda , Michael ( 2013 ) . Clouds of Glory : The Life and Legend of Robert E. Lee . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 211629 - 1 . Lee , Edmund Jennings ( 1983 ) . Lee of Virginia 1642 -- 1892 . Genealogical Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8063 - 0604 - 1 . Nolan , Alan T. ( 1991 ) . Lee Considered : General Robert E. Lee and Civil War History . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4587 - 6 . McPherson , James M. ( 2008 ) . Tried by War : Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief . Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4406 - 5245 - 5 . Thomas , Emory M. ( 1995 ) . Robert E. Lee . W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31631 - 5 . Historiography Foner , Eric . `` The Making and the Breaking of the Legend of Robert E. Lee , '' New York Times Aug 28 , 2017 Further Reading Lee , Robert E. ( 1897 ) . A.L. Long , ed . Memoirs of Robert E. Lee : his military and personal history . New York , Philadelphia , J.M. Stoddart , & company . McGuire , Judith W. ( 1873 ) . General Robert E. Lee , the Christian soldier . Philadelphia , Claxton , Remsen & Haffelfinger ; Richmond , Woodhouse & Parham . Adam , , Graeme Mercer ( 1905 ) . The life of General Robert E. Lee . New York , A.L. Burt . McCabe , James Dabney ( 1870 ) . Life and campaigns of General Robert E. Lee . Atlanta , Ga. , Philadelphia , Pa. , National publishing company . Riley , Franklin L. ( 1922 ) . General Robert E. Lee after Appomattox . New York , The Macmillan Co . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Robert E. Lee Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert E. Lee . Wikisource has original works written by or about : Robert E. Lee Lee , Robert Edward ( 2000 ) . Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee . Project Gutenberg . Biographical article in Appleton 's Encyclopedia Obituary of Robert E. Lee , from a Northern point of view . The New York Times ; October 13 , 1870 Robert E. Lee -- An American Experience documentary Letter from Dwight Eisenhower about Lee Primary sources Original Historical Letters : Lincoln Refuses Lee 's Armistice Shapell Manuscript Foundation Interactive Animation of the Battle of Gettysburg -- A chronicle of the 3 - day battle , it also touches on Lee 's tactical strategies during the American Civil War . Correspondences of Robert E. 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Magic in Harry Potter
Magic in Harry Potter - wikipedia Magic in Harry Potter In J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series , magic is depicted as a supernatural force that can be used to override the usual laws of nature . Many fictional magical creatures exist in the series , while ordinary creatures sometimes exhibit new magical properties in the novel 's world . Objects , too , can be enhanced or imbued with magical property . The small percentage of humans who are able to perform magic are referred to as witches and wizards , in contrast to the non-magical muggles ( British English ) or No - Majs ( American English ) . In humans , magic or the lack thereof is an inborn attribute . It is inherited , carried on `` dominant resilient genes '' . Magic is the norm for the children of magical couples and less common in those of muggles . Exceptions exist : those unable to do magic who are born to magical parents are known as squibs , whereas a witch or wizard born to muggle parents is known as a muggle - born , or by the derogatory term `` mudblood '' . While muggle - borns are quite common , squibs are extremely rare . Rowling based many magical elements of the Harry Potter universe on real - world mythology and magic . She has described this as `` a way of giving texture to the world '' . The books present the idea that the Muggle interpretation of these stories is a distorted version of what goes on in the wizarding world . The magic of Harry Potter became the subject of a 2017 British Library exhibition and accompanying documentary . The exhibition , entitled Harry Potter : A History of Magic , is the first at the British Library to feature a living author as its subject . Contents 1 Using magic 1.1 Spellcasting 2 The limits of magic 2.1 Death 2.2 Principal Exceptions to Gamp 's Law of Elemental Transfiguration 2.3 Emotion 3 Magical abilities 3.1 Animagi 3.2 Metamorphmagi 3.3 Parseltongue 3.4 Seers 3.5 Legilimency and Occlumency 3.6 Apparition and Disapparition 3.7 Other teleportation 3.8 Veela charm 3.9 Magical resistance 4 Subjects at Hogwarts 4.1 Transfiguration 4.2 Defence Against the Dark Arts 4.3 Charms 4.4 Potions 4.5 Astronomy 4.6 History of Magic 4.7 Herbology 4.8 Arithmancy 4.9 Study of Ancient Runes 4.10 Divination 4.11 Care of Magical Creatures 4.12 Muggle Studies 4.13 Alchemy 4.14 Flying 4.15 Apparition 5 Spell - like effects 5.1 Unbreakable Vow 5.2 Priori Incantatem 6 Dark Arts 6.1 Unforgivable Curses 6.2 Dark Mark 6.3 Inferius 6.4 Horcrux 7 Portraits 7.1 Portraits in the Headmaster 's office 7.2 The Fat Lady 7.3 Photographs 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Using magic ( edit ) Witches and wizards need training to learn how to control their magic . With young and untrained children , magic will manifest itself subconsciously in moments of strong apprehension , fear , anger and sadness . For example , Harry Potter once made his hair grow back after a bad haircut , set a boa constrictor on his cousin Dudley at the London Zoo , and made Aunt Marge inflate to an enormous size . While this reaction is usually uncontrollable , as an untrained child , Lord Voldemort was able to make things move without touching them , make animals do what he wanted without training them , make `` bad things happen to people '' who annoyed him , or make them hurt if he wanted to . In addition , Lily Potter was able to guide and control the blooming of a flower by wanting to . Almost all magic is done with the use of a wand . On the subject of wandless magic , Rowling says : `` You can do unfocused and uncontrolled magic without a wand ( for instance when Harry blows up Aunt Marge ) but to do really good spells , yes , you need a wand . '' A wizard or witch is only at their best when using their own wand . When using another 's wand , one 's spells are not as strong as they normally would be . Within the books , technical details of magic are obscure . Of Harry 's lessons , only those involving magical creatures , potions or divination are given in any detail . Severus Snape once told Harry Potter that `` Time and space matter in magic '' during Harry 's first Occlumency lesson in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Albus Dumbledore told Harry after finding the magically concealed boat to reach the locket Horcrux that `` Magic always leaves traces , sometimes very distinctive traces . '' Spellcasting ( edit ) Spells are the every - purpose tools of a wizard or witch ; short bursts of magic used to accomplish single specialised tasks such as opening locks or creating fire . Typically casting requires an incantation , most often in a modified form of Latin ( see Dog Latin ) , and gesturing with a wand . However , Rowling has revealed that particularly talented wizards can cast spells without the aid of wand , although magic produced with one is generally more precise and powerful . Spells can also be cast non-verbally , but with a magical wand . This special technique is taught in the sixth year of study at Hogwarts and requires the caster to concentrate on the incantation . Some spells ( e.g. Levicorpus ) are apparently designed to be used non-verbally . While most magic shown in the books requires the caster to use their voice , some do not ( and this may depend on the witch or wizard ) . Dumbledore has been known to do impressive feats of magic without speaking , such as conjuring enough squashy purple sleeping bags to accommodate the entire student population or during his duel with Voldemort towards the end of Order of the Phoenix . It is possible to use a wand without holding it . In Order of the Phoenix , Harry himself performs Lumos to light his wand when it is lying on the ground somewhere near him . Additionally , Animagi and Metamorphmagi do not need wands to undergo their transformations . Spells are divided into rough categories , such as `` charms '' , `` curses '' , `` hexes '' , or `` jinxes '' . Although offensive and potentially dangerous curses exist in number , three are considered usable only for great evil , which earns them the special classification of `` Unforgivable Curses '' . The limits of magic ( edit ) Before publishing the first Harry Potter novel , Rowling spent five years establishing the limitations of magic -- determining what it could and could not do . `` The most important thing to decide when you 're creating a fantasy world , '' she said in 2000 , `` is what the characters ca n't do . '' For instance , while it is possible to conjure things out of thin air , it is far more tricky to create something that fits an exact specification rather than a general one ; moreover , any objects so conjured tend not to last . Death ( edit ) Rowling has described death as the most important theme in the books . Consequently , as Dumbledore states in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , there is no spell that can truly bring the dead back to life . While corpses can be transformed into obedient Inferi on a living wizard 's command , they are little more than zombies with no soul or will of their own . However , there are some methods of communicating with the dead , though with limited results . For example , all Hogwarts headmasters appear in a portrait when they die , allowing consultation by future generations . It is also possible through the rare Priori Incantatem effect to converse with ghost - like `` shadows '' of magically murdered people . The Resurrection Stone also allows one to talk to the dead , but those brought back by the Stone are not corporeal , nor do they wish to be disturbed from their peaceful rest . Throughout the series , this limit is continually mentioned , and wizards try to transcend it at their own peril . Likewise , it is not possible to make oneself immortal unless one makes use of an object of great power to sustain life , such as the Philosopher 's Stone or horcruxes . If one were to possess the three Deathly Hallows , it is fabled that they would possess the tools to become the `` master of death '' . However , it is hinted that to be a true `` master of death '' is to be willing to accept that death is inevitable . Other methods of extending life include drinking unicorn blood , which will keep a person alive even if death is imminent , but at the terrible price of being cursed forever . Being magical can contribute to one 's longevity , as there are several characters in the series who are unusually long - lived ( such as Griselda Marchbanks , who was an invigilator during Albus Dumbledore 's O.W.L examinations ) . It is revealed by Nearly Headless Nick in the fifth book that all witches and wizards have the choice of becoming ghosts upon dying ; however , it is described as `` a pale imitation of life '' . Snape states that a ghost is merely `` the imprint of a departed soul left upon the earth '' . Death is studied at the Department of Mysteries in a chamber containing an enigmatic veil , which Rowling has described as `` the divide between life and death '' . With regard to what is on the other side , she elaborated : `` Do I believe you go on ? Yes , I do believe you go on . I do believe in an afterlife , although I 'm absolutely doubt - ridden and always have been but there you are . '' Sirius falls through this veil in Order of the Phoenix after he is hit with a curse from Bellatrix . Principal Exceptions to Gamp 's law of Elemental Transfiguration ( edit ) The Principal Exceptions to Gamp 's Law of Elemental Transfiguration is a magical theory mentioned by Hermione and later repeated by Ron in the final book . She explains that food is one of these : witches or wizards can cook and prepare food using magic , and even multiply it , but not create it out of nothing . There are numerous examples in the series of food appearing to have been conjured from nothing , such as the sudden materialisation of ingredients in the pots of Molly Weasley 's kitchen and when Professor McGonagall creates a self - refilling plate of sandwiches for Harry and Ron in Chamber of Secrets . In all cases , these events can be reasonably explained as food either being multiplied or transported from elsewhere . One example of the latter is banqueting at Hogwarts -- the food is prepared by elves in the kitchens and laid onto four replica tables , directly below the actual house tables in the Great Hall . The food is then magically transported to the tables . This is the only exception mentioned explicitly in the series . However , Rowling herself has stated once in an interview that money is something wizards can not simply materialise out of thin air , or the economic system of the wizarding world would then be gravely flawed and disrupted . While the Philosopher 's Stone does permit alchemy , this is portrayed as an extremely rare , even unique , object , whose owner does not exploit its powers . Emotion ( edit ) As explained earlier , young untrained wizards can trigger uncontrolled magic when they are in the state of heightened emotions . But emotions also affect trained witches and wizards and their magical abilities . For instance , in Half - Blood Prince , a heartbroken Nymphadora Tonks temporarily loses her power as a Metamorphmagus when Remus Lupin starts distancing himself from her . The form of her Patronus changes to reflect her depression . Another example is Merope Gaunt , who only demonstrated any magical ability when removed from her father 's oppression , but then lost it again when her husband abandoned her . Several magical spells require the use of certain emotions when casting them . The Patronus charm , for example , requires the caster to concentrate on a happy memory . ( Force of will , under extenuating circumstances , helps a lot . An example of this is when Harry is able to conjure a corporeal Patronus when Sirius is in danger of being administered the Dementor 's Kiss . ) Another example is the Cruciatus Curse , which causes immense pain ; as Harry discovers during a duel with Bellatrix Lestrange , effective use of this forbidden dark magic requires sadistic desires . Love ( in its broadest meaning ) is depicted as a particularly powerful form of magic . According to Dumbledore , love is a `` force that is at once more wonderful and more terrible than death , than human intelligence , than forces of nature . '' Lily 's voluntary sacrifice on Harry 's behalf saves him from Voldemort as a baby , and Harry makes a similar sacrifice to save his friends at the end of Deathly Hallows . A certain key prophecy in the series describes Harry as having `` power the Dark Lord knows not '' , referencing his capacity for love . True love is impossible to create magically ; Amortentia , a love potion , can only create a powerful sense of infatuation and obsession . Magical abilities ( edit ) The following is a list of special abilities that a wizard or witch in the Harry Potter universe may have . Animagi ( edit ) An Animagus ( portmanteau of animal and magus ) is a witch or wizard who can turn into a particular animal or magical creature at will . This ability is not innate : it must be acquired by magical means . All Animagi must register at a central authority by law , though a number of characters are revealed over the course of the series to have remained unregistered illegally : James Potter , Sirius Black , Peter Pettigrew and Rita Skeeter . Animagi transformation can be performed wandlessly . Sirius and Peter are left wandless for over 10 years , but both retain the ability with no apparent ill effects . When Animagi transform , they take on the appearance of a normal animal . However , in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , it is noted that Ron 's pet rat Scabbers ( later revealed as Peter Pettigrew 's Animagus form ) has lived over twelve years when only expected to live three . Also , an Animagus in animal form retains the ability to think like a human , which is the principal difference between being an animagus and being transfigured into an animal . Otherwise , they would forget that they were a wizard and be trapped , unknowingly , in this form unless transformed back by another wizard . Characteristics of an Animagus ' human form can manifest themselves in the animal transformation ; for example , the markings around McGonagall 's eyes as a cat resemble her glasses . When an Animagus registers , they must record all the defining physical traits of their animal form so that the Ministry can identify them . Each Animagus has a specific animal form , and can not transform into any other animal . The animal can not be chosen : it is uniquely suited to that individual 's personality , and in most cases the Animagus will change into the same animal used in the person 's Patronus Charm . Explicit emphasis is placed in the books on the differences between Animagi and werewolves . Animagi have full control over their transformations and retain their minds , whereas werewolves ' transformations are involuntary and include severe changes in personality . After the person has transformed into a werewolf , he no longer remembers who he is ; he would kill his best friend if he got anywhere near him . A werewolf only responds to the call of his own kind . The only way that a werewolf can retain his sanity , intelligence and memory while transformed is using the Wolfsbane Potion . Metamorphmagi ( edit ) A Metamorphmagus ( a portmanteau of metamorph and magus ) is a witch or wizard born with the innate ability to change some or all of their appearance at will . The talent can not be acquired ; a witch or wizard who has it must be born with it . Nymphadora Tonks and her son , Teddy Lupin are currently the only known Metamorphmagi in the series ; it is a very rare ability , possibly hereditary . Tonks is known to change her hair colour and style according to her mood . She even appears as an old woman on occasion . She can also change her nose appearance , as she does when eating with the Weasley family to entertain Ginny and Hermione . Her son , Teddy Lupin , also inherited this trait , as his hair is mentioned repeatedly changing colour . The extent of these appearance - altering abilities and the limits thereof are not entirely clear . According to Rowling , a Metamorphmagus can alter his or her appearance completely , for instance , from black to white , young to old , handsome to plain and so on . In one example , Tonks changes her facial appearance by reshaping her nose into `` a beaklike protuberance like Snape 's '' , to `` something resembling a button mushroom '' , and `` one like a pig snout '' which reminded Harry of his cousin Dudley . The emotional state of a Metamorphmagus can affect their abilities . Parseltongue ( edit ) Parseltongue is the language of snakes . It is often associated with Dark Magic , although Dumbledore stated that it is not necessarily an evil quality . Those possessing the ability to speak it ( `` Parselmouths '' ) occur very rarely . People apparently acquire the skill through learning or via a method of xenoglossia , such as through genetic inheritance ( or by use of Dark or dangerous Magic ) . Harry was a Parselmouth until the age of 17 . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets explains this was because of Voldemort 's passing on some of his abilities to Harry the night he tried to kill him . Deathly Hallows reveals that a part of Voldemort 's soul within Harry grants him this ability , which is later destroyed leaving Harry stripped of the ability . Other known Parselmouths include Salazar Slytherin and his descendants , including the Gaunts and Voldemort . Dumbledore can also understand Parseltongue ; however , he learned it and did not naturally possess the ability . In Half - Blood Prince he repeats Morfin Gaunt 's words `` the big house over the way '' , which were spoken in Parseltongue . Ron uses Parseltongue in the final book to reopen the Chamber of Secrets , but he is only imitating the sound of a phrase Harry used earlier in the book . Rowling borrowed the term from `` an old word for someone who has a problem with the mouth , like a hare lip '' . Professor Francis Nolan , Professor of Phonetics at University of Cambridge , designed the version of Parseltongue used in the films as an ergative - absolutive language featuring geminate consonants and VSO word order . It has a high frequency of fricative and pharyngeal consonants to acoustically approximate the physiology of a snake . Seers ( edit ) A Seer is a witch or wizard with the clairvoyant ability to predict future events . The predictions given through this ability can sometimes be self - fulfilling prophecies , and Dumbledore states in Order of the Phoenix that not all of them come true , depending on the choices made by those mentioned . This would seem to indicate that a Seer predicts possible or likely events , at least in some cases . In the Hall of Prophecy at the Department of Mysteries , thousands upon thousands of glass spheres are imbued with records of prophecies made by Seers . Only a person mentioned in a prophecy can safely retrieve it ; anyone else who tries to do so will be driven insane . According to McGonagall , true Seers are extremely rare . Sybill Trelawney is the only Seer portrayed in the books , although it is mentioned that Sybill 's great - great - grandmother , Cassandra Trelawney , was a renowned Seer in her day . Trelawney is considered an `` old fraud '' by her students , and is sacked by Dolores Umbridge in the fifth book for it . However , she has twice made true prophecies . Sybill Trelawney is noted to never remember that she has made a prophecy when it is a true one . She speaks in a hoarse voice , and only if a wizard is present will anyone know about it . Legilimency and Occlumency ( edit ) Legilimency is the magical skill of extracting feelings and memories from another person 's mind -- a form of magical `` telepathy '' ( although Snape , an able practitioner of the art , dismisses the colloquial term `` mind - reading '' , as a drastic oversimplification ) . It also allows one to convey visions or memories to another person , whether real or imaginary . A witch or wizard possessing this skill is called a Legilimens , and can , for example , detect lies and deceit in another person , witness memories in another person 's past , or `` plant '' false visions in another 's mind . The counter-skill to Legilimency is Occlumency ( and its user , known as an Occlumens ) , by which one can compartmentalize one 's emotions , or prevent a Legilimens from discovering thoughts or memories which contradict one 's spoken words or actions . An advanced form of Occlumency is planting false temporary memories inside an Occlumens ' own head while blocking all other true memories , so if a Legilimens , even a highly skilled one , were to attempt to read the mind , he or she would find false memories only and believe everything was right . The skills are first elaborated in Order of the Phoenix . Legilimency and Occlumency are not part of the normal curriculum at Hogwarts , and most students would graduate without learning them . Voldemort , Snape , and Dumbledore are all known to be skilled in Legilimency and Occlumency . Voldemort is said to be the master of Legilimency by Snape , as he , in almost all cases , immediately knows if someone lied to him . In addition , in Deathly Hallows , Voldemort repeatedly uses Legilimency to interrogate his victims . Voldemort practices Occlumency throughout the period of Half - Blood Prince to deny Harry access to his thoughts and emotions . However , in Deathly Hallows , Voldemort repeatedly loses grip , resulting in occasional but very powerful burst of thoughts , visions and emotions to be sent to Harry . Throughout the books , Snape is repeatedly said to be highly skilled in Occlumency . This is how Snape was able to lie to Voldemort for years . Even before Order of the Phoenix , Harry repeatedly gets the impression that Snape can read minds . Bellatrix Lestrange and Draco also have skill in Occlumency , since Bellatrix was clearly said to have taught Draco to shield his thoughts from Snape . During the Order of Phoenix Snape is instructed by Dumbledore to give Harry lessons in Occlumency . Whether as a result of Snape 's poor instruction , or poor aptitude on Harry 's part , Harry did not make any progress . ( Only once did Harry manage to overcome Snape with the use of Occlumency . ) In Deathly Hallows , Harry finally masters Occlumency -- shutting his mind to Voldemort -- when Dobby dies . He realises that his grief -- or as Dumbledore calls it , love -- is what can block out the Dark Lord . Queenie Goldstein , in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , is shown to be a proficient Legilimens , as she is able to read the minds of Jacob Kowalski and others in the film , as well as sense and hear them through their thoughts . Apparition and Disapparition ( edit ) Apparition is a magical form of teleportation , through which a witch or wizard can disappear ( `` Disapparate '' ) from one location and reappear ( `` Apparate '' ) in another . It is sometimes accompanied by a distinctive cracking or popping sound , though the most skilled wizards can Apparate `` so suddenly and silently '' that they seem to have `` popped out of the ground '' ( Dumbledore ) . The act is also accompanied by a very unpleasant squeezing sensation , as though being sent through a tight rubber tube , according to Harry . The Ministry of Magic licenses Apparition . A witch or wizard must be 17 years old or older and have a licence to Apparate as a means of transportation in much the same way real - world governments require individuals to have a licence to drive a motor vehicle . Students at Hogwarts may attend Ministry - administered Apparition lessons during their sixth year , and take their examination once they turn seventeen . It is shown that although it is possible to Apparate without a licence , it is not usually done ( unless in lessons ) and is illegal . In Deathly Hallows , Harry does not possess a licence , but since his Trace has been lifted , the Ministry is likely unaware that he does it . Learning to Apparate is difficult , and students run the risk of splinching -- being physically split between the origin and destination -- which requires the assistance of the Ministry 's Accidental Magic Reversal Squad to undo properly , although essence of dittany can also mend certain wounds . Splinching is quite common during lessons , and can be uncomfortable ( and at times rather gruesome ) depending on the body parts splinched , but is ultimately harmless if properly reversed . It is implied that though Ron can Apparate , he is n't terribly skilled at it , seeing as he splinches himself at least three times ( once losing half an eyebrow , two fingernails and part of his arm . ) ; Harry and Hermione both pick up the skill quickly in comparison . As explained in the Half - Blood Prince , there is no word spell to Apparate or Disapparate , but the caster has to concentrate on the location on which he has to apparate , needs to be fully focused on the spell , and also has to `` feel '' it through the whole body . It has been indicated that it is considered rude to Apparate directly into a private area , such as a home . Dumbledore states in Half - Blood Prince that it would be `` quite as rude as kicking down the front door '' . For this reason , and for reasons of security , many homes have Anti-Apparition spells protecting them from uninvited intrusions . The accepted way to travel to a home is to Apparate to a nearby location and continue to the final destination on foot . Apparition is considered unreliable over long distances , and even experienced users of the technique sometimes prefer other means of transport , such as broomsticks . Rowling has stated that Apparating over long distances depends on the skill of the wizard , and `` Cross-continental Apparition would almost certainly result in severe injury or death . '' Indeed , even the prodigiously skilled Lord Voldemort elects to fly back to England after visiting the far - flung Nurmengard . For reasons of security , the grounds and buildings of Hogwarts are protected by ancient Anti-Apparition and Anti-Disapparition spells , which prevent humans from Apparating on the school grounds . There is also a spell that prevents individuals from Disapparating , which Dumbledore places on the Death Eaters captured at the Ministry in Order of the Phoenix ; a sister spell , which allows one to Apparate into a location but prevents them from Disapparating out of it , is cast by the Death Eaters in Hogsmeade in concordance with the Caterwauling Charm . Dumbledore is the only person who can both Apparate and Disapparate from the school grounds , since he is the headmaster . A witch or wizard can use Side - Along Apparition to take others with them during Apparition . Dumbledore successfully transports Harry this way several times in Half - Blood Prince , and notably , Harry 's first non-lesson attempt at the skill is the Side - Along Apparition with the weakened Dumbledore when they return from the seaside cave . In the Order of the Phoenix film , Death Eaters and Order members Apparate and Disapparate in clouds of smoke . Death Eaters appear and disappear in black smoke , Order members in white . In the film , both sides also appear to be able to `` half - apparate '' in which their bodies were made out of smoke , giving them the ability to fly . Both times Fred and George apparated and disapparated , they did it with a pop as in the books . In the books , the words `` Apparate '' and `` Disapparate '' , like many other neologisms used by Rowling , are capitalised , whereas established English words such as `` jinx '' and `` hex '' are not . The words themselves are most likely derived from the French apparaître and disparaître , meaning ' to appear ' and ' to disappear ' . Another possible derivation is from the English word `` apparition '' , meaning `` a supernatural appearance of a person or thing ; anything that appears , especially something remarkable or startling ; an act of appearing '' , which comes from the Latin `` apparitio '' , meaning attendance . `` Disapparate '' probably comes from the same word but with the prefix : `` dis - '' expressing negation or reversal . Other teleportation ( edit ) Some magical creatures have their own forms of instantaneous travel , such as a house elf 's ability to teleport or a phoenix 's ability to appear and disappear in a burst of flame . Unlike wizards , these creatures are not restricted by anti-Apparition magic . Dobby , Kreacher and the rest of the house - elf population can Apparate within the Hogwarts grounds , as they demonstrate on multiple occasions , most notably when Dobby visits Harry in the hospital wing , and when Harry summons Dobby and Kreacher and assigns them to tail Draco Malfoy . Fawkes disapparates from the headmaster 's office at Hogwarts along with Dumbledore when the latter evades arrest at the hands of Ministry officials in Order of the Phoenix . Some magical devices like the Floo Network , Portkeys and Vanishing Cabinets also provide forms of magical teleportation . Veela charm ( edit ) An ability attributed to Veela and those of Veela heritage , such as Fleur Delacour . It is used to charm males , much like the Sirens in The Odyssey . Men who are exposed to it over time become more resistant to it , although the Veela charm takes full effect if the Veela surprises the man , as noted by Ron in Half - Blood Prince . As shown in Goblet of Fire , Veela hair can be used as cores to create magical wands . According to famed wandmaker Mr. Ollivander , these wands are a little `` temperamental '' . Magical resistance ( edit ) This refers to a certain degree of immunity against hexes and spells found in powerful creatures such as trolls , dragons , and giants . Hagrid is resistant to certain spells , like the Stunning Spell , due to his giant blood . This type of resistance is not insurmountable ; if enough Stunning Spells , for example , are fired at a creature with magical resistance at once , the creature may still be rendered unconscious . Also , wizards and witches can resist certain spells with the power of their own sheer will , such as Harry did in Goblet of Fire , when Barty Crouch Jr. disguised as Alastor Moody tried to control Harry with the Imperius curse and Harry resisted . Subjects at Hogwarts ( edit ) At Hogwarts , students must study a core group of subjects for the first two years , after which they must choose between several electives . During their final two years , students are permitted to take more specialized subjects such as Alchemy . Transfiguration , Defence Against the Dark Arts , Charms , Potions , Astronomy , History of Magic , and Herbology are compulsory subjects for the first five years , as well as flying lessons . At the end of their second year , students are required to add at least two optional subjects to their syllabus for the start of the third year . The five choices are Arithmancy , Muggle Studies , Divination , Study of Ancient Runes and Care of Magical Creatures . Very specialised subjects such as Alchemy are sometimes offered in the final two years , if there is sufficient demand . There is a total of twelve named Professors at Hogwarts , each specializing in one of these subjects . Transfiguration ( edit ) Transfiguration is essentially the art of changing the properties of an object . Transfiguration is a theory - based subject , including topics such as `` Switching Spells '' ( altering only a part of some object , such as when Hagrid gave Dudley a pig tail ) ; Vanishing Spells ( causing an object to completely disappear ) ; and Conjuring Spells ( creating objects out of thin air ) . It is possible to change inanimate objects into animate ones and vice versa -- Minerva McGonagall , the class 's teacher , transfigures her desk into a pig and back in Philosopher 's Stone . Defence Against the Dark Arts ( edit ) Defence Against the Dark Arts , commonly shortened to D.A.D.A. , is the class that teaches students defensive techniques to defend against the Dark Arts , and to be protected from Dark creatures . In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , with Death - Eaters in charge of the school , the subject is renamed the Dark Arts , and involves pupils practicing the Cruciatus Curse on those who have earned detentions . The subject has an extraordinarily high turnover of staff members -- throughout the series no Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher has retained the post for more than one school year . Harry is exceptionally skilled in this subject . During the period the story takes place , the class is taught by Quirinus Quirrell ( book one ) , Gilderoy Lockhart ( book two ) , Remus Lupin ( book three ) , Bartemius Crouch Jr impersonating Alastor `` Mad - eye '' Moody ( book four ) , Dolores Umbridge ( book five ) , Severus Snape ( book six ) , and Amycus Carrow ( book seven ) . Hagrid suggests in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets that `` They 're startin ' ter think the job 's jinxed . No one 's lasted long for a while now . '' In Half - Blood Prince , Dumbledore suggests that Voldemort cursed the position because his application for it was rejected . The existence of the jinx was eventually confirmed by Rowling . The position had also been coveted by Snape , but he was denied the position as well . Snape was finally appointed D.A.D.A. professor in Half - Blood Prince . Rowling announced in an interview that once Voldemort had died , the jinx he placed on the office was lifted and a permanent professor had been teaching the subject between the end of Deathly Hallows and the epilogue , set nineteen years afterwards . Furthermore , she imagines that Harry Potter occasionally comes to the class to give lectures on the subject . Charms ( edit ) Charms is the class that teaches how to develop incantations for the uses of bewitchment . Rowling has described Charms as a type of magic spell concerned with giving an object new and unexpected properties . Charms classes are described as notoriously noisy and chaotic , as the lessons are largely practical . Many of the exposition sequences in the books are set in Charms classes , which are on the second floor of Hogwarts . The class is taught by Filius Flitwick . Potions ( edit ) Further information : Potions in Harry Potter Potions is described as the art of creating mixtures with magical effects . It requires the correct mixing and stirring of ingredients at the right times and temperatures . As to the question of whether a muggle could brew a potion , given the correct magical ingredients , Rowling has said , `` Potions seems , on the face of it , to be the most muggle - friendly subject . But there does come a point in which you need to do more than stir . '' Rowling later confirmed on Pottermore that `` There is always some element of wandwork necessary to make a potion . '' Snape 's lessons are depicted as unhappy , oppressing times set in a gloomy dungeon in the basement of the castle , whilst Slughorn 's , who replaces Snape as Potions Master , are shown as more cheerful and even fun at times . Astronomy ( edit ) Astronomy classes take place in the Astronomy Tower , the tallest tower in Hogwarts , and are taught by Professor Aurora Sinistra . Lessons involve observations of the night skies with telescopes . No astronomy lessons are shown in the books , but they are frequently referenced . Rowling describes one of Harry 's Astronomy exams in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Also , bits of the Astronomy Tower are seen throughout the film series , such as HP2 and HP3 , and featured in Half - Blood Prince , as the place where Dumbledore died , and seen in Deathly Hallows . Known student homework activities include learning the names of stars , constellations and planets , and their location , movements , and environments . History of magic ( edit ) History of Magic is the study of magical history . Cuthbert Binns ' lessons are depicted as some of the most boring at Hogwarts . They are only lectures , given without pause , about significant events in wizarding history . Topics have included goblin rebellions , giant wars , and the origins of wizarding secrecy . This is the only class at Hogwarts that is taught by a ghost , as the professor never noticed he had died and simply continued teaching as if nothing had changed . Herbology ( edit ) Herbology is the study of magical plants and how to take care of , utilise and combat them . There are at least three greenhouses described in the books , holding a variety of magical plants . Herbology is also the only subject Neville excels in . The epilogue to Deathly Hallows explains that he later replaces Professor Sprout as the Herbology teacher . Arithmancy ( edit ) Arithmancy is a branch of magic concerned with the magical properties of numbers . As Harry Potter does not take this subject , the class is never described in the books . It is , however , a favourite subject of Hermione . Arithmancy is reportedly difficult , as it requires memorising or working with many charts . In Order of the Phoenix , it is mentioned that the study of Arithmancy is required to become a Curse - Breaker for Gringotts . The subject is taught by Professor Septima Vector . Study of ancient Runes ( edit ) Study of Ancient Runes , more commonly known as Ancient Runes , is a generally theoretical subject that studies the ancient runic scripts . Because only Hermione studies it , little else is known about this subject , taught by Professor Bathsheba Babbling . In Deathly Hallows Dumbledore bequeaths his copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , which is written in ancient runes , to Hermione . Divination ( edit ) Divination is the art of predicting the future . Various methods are described , including tea leaves , fire omens , crystal balls , palmistry , cartomancy ( including the reading of conventional playing cards and the tarot ) , astrology , and dream interpretations . Divination is described by Professor McGonagall as `` one of the most imprecise branches of magic '' . Supporters of the subject claim that it is an inexact science that requires innate gifts such as the `` Inner Eye '' . Those opposed claim that the subject is irrelevant and fraudulent . Harry is first taught Divination by Professor Trelawney , and then later by Firenze after Trelawney is sacked by Dolores Umbridge in Harry 's fifth year . In the sixth ( and presumably seventh ) year , Firenze and Professor Trelawney share Divination classes , divided by year . Care of magical creatures ( edit ) Care of Magical Creatures is the class which instructs students on how to care for magical beasts . Classes are held outside the castle . In Harry 's first two years , the class is taken by Professor Silvanus Kettleburn who then retires `` in order to enjoy more time with his remaining limbs '' . Dumbledore then recruits the gamekeeper Rubeus Hagrid to accept a teaching position along with his gamekeeping duties . Although Hagrid is obviously very experienced and knowledgeable , he does n't `` have a normal person 's view of what 's dangerous '' , an example being that the Care of Magical Creatures students were required to get a literally ferocious textbook called the `` Monster Book of Monsters '' , and so consistently misjudges the risk that the animals he uses in his lessons pose to his students , which sometimes results in chaos . When Hagrid is absent , his lessons are taken over by Wilhelmina Grubbly - Plank , a witch and an acquaintance of Dumbledore 's . Muggle Studies ( edit ) Muggle Studies is a class which involves the study of the muggle ( non-magical ) culture `` from a wizarding point of view . '' The only need for witches and wizards to learn about muggle ways and means is to ensure they can blend in with muggles while needing to do so ( for example , at the 1994 Quidditch World Cup ) . As the class is only mentioned as being taken by Hermione , and for just one year , little is known about its curriculum . In the opening chapter of the final book , Voldemort murders Professor Charity Burbage because she portrays muggles in a positive light and is opposed to limiting wizardry to only people of pure - blood origins . For the rest of the academic year covered by Deathly Hallows , the Death Eater Alecto Carrow teaches Muggle Studies . However , her lessons ( which are made compulsory ) mainly describe muggles and muggle - borns as subhuman and worthy of persecution . Alchemy ( edit ) Alchemy classes are not mentioned in the Harry Potter series ; however , Rowling has used Alchemy as an example of a ' specialized ' subject offered when there is sufficient demand . Alchemy is a philosophical tradition searching for the philosopher 's stone , which is said to have the power to turn base metals into gold and to contain the elixir of life , which makes or keeps the drinker young and immortal . As mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , Nicholas Flamel created a Philosopher 's Stone , but it was destroyed at the end of Harry 's first year . Flying ( edit ) Flying is the class that teaches the use of broomsticks made for the use of flying and is taught only to Hogwarts first years by Rolanda Hooch . The subject is the only one that requires physicality . The only flying lesson depicted in the Harry Potter series is in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . Apparition ( edit ) Apparition is an optional class for those in the sixth and seventh years at Hogwarts , in preparation for obtaining their licence . In Harry 's sixth year , Wilkie Twycross , a Ministry of Magic Apparition instructor , teaches the lessons . Magical enchantments on Hogwarts castle and grounds prevent Apparition and Disapparition inside the castle ; however Half - Blood Prince explains that these protections are temporarily relaxed within the Great Hall for short periods to permit students to practice . Students are warned , though , that they will not be able to Apparate outside of the Great Hall and that it would be unwise to try . Spell - like effects ( edit ) Unbreakable Vow ( edit ) The Unbreakable Vow is a voluntary agreement made between two witches or wizards . It must be performed with a witness ( `` Bonder '' ) on hand , holding their wand on the agreeing persons ' linked hands to bind them with magic as a tongue of flame . The Vow is not literally `` unbreakable '' as the person taking it is still able to go back on his or her word , but doing so will cause instant death . The Unbreakable Vow was first introduced in Half - Blood Prince , in which Snape made a promise to Narcissa Malfoy to protect Draco , with Bellatrix as the `` Bonder '' , as her son attempted to fulfil the Dark Lord 's task , and for Snape to fulfil the task if something should prevent Draco from doing it . Another example in Half - Blood Prince occurs when Ron tells Harry how Fred and George tried to make him undertake an Unbreakable Vow , but because of their father 's intervention , they did not succeed . Priori Incantatem ( edit ) Priori Incantatem ( from Latin : priorem incantatum - a previous spell ) , or the Reverse Spell Effect , is used to detect the spells cast by a wand . The spells cast by the wand will emerge in smoky or ghost - like replicas in reverse order , with the latest spell emerging first . It is first encountered in Goblet of Fire when the house elf Winky is found holding Harry 's wand . This spell is used to reveal that it was indeed Harry 's wand that cast the Dark Mark . In Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince , it is revealed that the teenage Voldemort murdered his father and grandparents using his uncle Morfin 's wand , knowing that , when examined , the wand would incriminate Morfin as the murderer . In Deathly Hallows , Harry fears that a Priori Incantatem spell will be used on Hermione 's wand after the Death Eaters get hold of it . This would reveal that she had accidentally broken his holly - and - phoenix - feather wand when a curse misfired and they both narrowly escaped Voldemort earlier . As a result , the protection of the shared cores was lost and , worse still , this would now be made known to Voldemort . During the final duel between Harry and Voldemort , the latter mentions that he knows that the holly and phoenix wand is destroyed , implying that the Priori Incantatem has indeed been performed on Hermione 's wand , as they had feared . Forcing two wands that share the source of their cores to do battle can also cause a more potent form of Priori Incantatem . The tips of the two wands will connect , forming a thick golden `` thread '' of energy , and the two wands ' masters fight a battle of wills . The loser 's wand will regurgitate shadows of spells that it has cast in reverse order . This phenomenon occurs during the duel between Harry and Voldemort at the end of Goblet of Fire . Their simultaneous spells ( Harry and Voldemort cast `` Expelliarmus '' and `` Avada Kedavra '' respectively ) trigger the threads , and as Voldemort loses the battle of wills , his wand regurgitates , in reverse order , echoes of the people his wand had last murdered : Cedric Diggory ; Frank Bryce ; Bertha Jorkins ; as well as Harry 's parents . Harry was previously informed by Mr. Ollivander that the holly wand that `` chose '' Harry was the `` brother '' of the yew wand that gave him the lightning - shaped scar on his forehead , although the significance of this was not discussed then . Dumbledore later reveals to Harry that his and Voldemort 's wands both contain a tail feather given by Dumbledore 's pet phoenix , Fawkes . Dark Arts ( edit ) The Dark Arts are magical spells and practices that are usually used for malicious purposes . Practitioners of Dark Arts are referred to as Dark witches or wizards . The most prominent of these is Voldemort , known to them as the Dark Lord . His followers , known as Death Eaters , practice the Dark Arts while doing his bidding . The type of spells characteristic of Dark Arts are known as curses , which usually cause harm to the target . All , to a certain degree , are in some circumstances justifiable . The motivation of the caster affects a curse 's result . This is most notable in the case of Cruciatus : when cast by Harry , angered by the death of his godfather at Bellatrix 's hands and desiring to punish her , it causes a short moment of pain . As Bellatrix herself comments , righteous anger does not allow the spell to work for long . When cast by figures such as Voldemort , who desire to inflict pain for its own sake , it causes intense agony that can last as long as the Dark witch or wizard desires . Use of Dark Magic can corrupt the soul and body ; Voldemort has used such magic in his quest to prolong his life and obtain great power . The Dark Arts also cause Voldemort to look deformed and inhuman , a side effect of splitting his soul into Horcruxes . According to Snape , the Dark Arts `` are many , varied , ever - changing and eternal ... unfixed , mutating , indestructible '' . In magical dueling , there are any number of spells that may be used to attack , immobilise , or disarm an opponent without causing pain or lasting harm ; however , spells such as the Cruciatus Curse or Sectumsempra , judged to be Dark by reliable authorities , wound or seriously distress a victim in some way . Dark spells can be classified into three groups : jinxes , hexes & curses . In the wizarding world , use of the Dark Arts is strongly stigmatised and even illegal ; however , these spells are prevalent enough that even before the rise of Voldemort , many schools , ( including Hogwarts ) , taught Defence Against the Dark Arts as a standard subject . Techniques include anti-curses and simple spells to disable or disarm attackers or fight off certain creatures . Some schools , such as Durmstrang , teach Dark Magic . A Dark Arts class is also taught at Hogwarts while it is under Death Eater control . Unforgivable curses ( edit ) The Unforgivable Curses are some of the most powerful known Dark Arts spells . They were first classified as unforgivable in 1717 . Used by the books ' villains , such as Voldemort and the Death Eaters and in some cases the Ministry of Magic , their use inspires horror and great fear amongst others . The curses are so named because their use is forbidden and unforgivable in the wizarding world and is punishable by a life sentence in Azkaban . The only exception is if a person is proved to have done them under the influence of mind control . These curses are thus very rarely used openly . The Unforgivable Curses include : Avada Kedavra , the Killing Curse . The curse is used for murder . This is one of the most powerful curses . Normally , it can not be stopped or deflected , but it can be dodged or obstructed with a physical object . The spell causes immediate , painless death , and can not be reversed . Casting it requires immense magical power , so much so that the combined power of an entire class of 4th year students is not sufficient for it . The curse , when summoned , is shown as a bright green light ( a bolt or beam of green light in the films ) . Harry Potter is the only person known to have survived ( twice ) , nullified ( once ) and deflected ( once ) this curse . Crucio , the Cruciatus Curse . The curse is used for torturing a person by causing them physical pain and agony . The strength of the curse is determined by the person who cast it . The curse is so powerful that it can even torture a person to the point that they are exhausted to death , or in a more sadistic case , it causes permanent amnesia and insanity ( the case of Neville 's parents , who were tortured by Bellatrix Lestrange ) . Effective casting requires the caster to have sadistic desires . Harry finds out in Order of the Phoenix while attempting to use the Cruciatus Curse on Bellatrix that the caster must truly want their victim to suffer for the spell to work , and that his righteous anger is not enough . The curse , when summoned , is shown in a bright - faded blue light ( though it is usually invisible or even a red bolt of light in the films ) . When Hogwarts was under Death Eater control , the Dark Arts teacher forced the students in his class to use the Cruciatus Curse on students who had been assigned detention . Imperio , the Imperius Curse . The curse is used for mind control or hypnosis and can force the victim to do things he / she would be unwilling to do or even incapable of under normal circumstances . The strength ( and also the duration ) of the curse is determined by the determination of the person who cast it , as well as by the level of resistance of the victim . The curse , when summoned , is shown in a bright haze ( while it was either invisible or green , mist - like haze in the films ) . Harry Potter resisted an Imperius Curse cast by Voldemort . The use of the Unforgivable Curses was authorised against Voldemort and his followers by Bartemius Crouch Sr , during the First Wizarding War . ( Shortly after his resurrection , Voldemort names two Death Eaters `` killed by Aurors '' . ) In addition , in Deathly Hallows , the Unforgivable Curses are used liberally by good characters , ranging from Professor McGonagall with the Imperius Curse , to Harry effectively using the Cruciatus Curse . He also uses the Imperius Curse on a goblin and a suspicious Death Eater during their disguised attack upon Gringotts Bank . Dark Mark ( edit ) The Dark Mark is the symbol of Voldemort and the Death Eaters and takes the form of a skull with a snake coming out of the mouth in place of a tongue . The mark is cast into the sky by Death Eaters whenever they have murdered someone . The spell used by Death Eaters to conjure the Mark is Morsmordre . It first appears in Goblet of Fire and is described as a `` colossal skull , composed of what looked like emerald stars , with a serpent protruding from its mouth like a tongue '' . Once in the sky it was `` blazing in a haze of greenish smoke '' . Dark Marks are also branded on the left forearm of the closest followers of Voldemort . The mark serves as a connection between Voldemort and each who bears it ; he can summon them by touching his mark , causing it and those of his followers to burn and change colour . Death Eaters can summon Voldemort in the same fashion . Following Voldemort 's ultimate defeat , the Dark Marks on his Death Eaters fade into a scar `` similar '' to Harry 's . In the books , the Dark Mark is described as green ; however , in the films , it was only green at the Quidditch World Cup . In all other film appearances it has been grey . Inferius ( edit ) Distinguish from Infernus . An Inferius ( plural : Inferi ) is a corpse controlled through a Dark wizard 's spells . An Inferius is not alive , but a dead body that has been bewitched into acting like a puppet for the witch or wizard ; this manifests itself as a white mist in the controlled corpse 's eyes . They can not think for themselves : they are created to perform a specific duty assigned by the Dark wizard who commands them , and as seen in the Inferi guarding Voldemort 's Horcrux in a seaside cave , remain idle until their task can be performed . This task is then thoughtlessly carried out , whether or not it will produce any result . Inferi are difficult to harm by magic ; however , they can be repelled by fire or any other forms of heat or light , as the Inferi in Voldemort 's cave had never been exposed to either of these elements . When defeated , they return to their idle state . Inferi are considered dangerous and frightening enough by the magical world that impersonating an Inferius ( as Mundungus Fletcher does in Half - Blood Prince ) is an offence worthy of imprisonment in Azkaban . The Ministry of Magic fears that Voldemort is killing enough people to make an army of Inferi : as they are dead , they are very difficult to stop . When Voldemort was hiding one of his Horcruxes in the past , he filled a lake in a cave with many Inferi , which were to attack and drown anyone but Voldemort who came into the cavern and took the locket . When Harry and Dumbledore took the locket , the Inferi attacked Harry ; Dumbledore repelled them with a rope of fire . It is also revealed that the Inferi almost killed Kreacher after he drank from the basin to help Voldemort hide his Horcruxes , but having been ordered to return to his master after his task with Voldemort was complete , he was able to apparate out of the cave . These Inferi later killed Regulus Black when he stole the Horcrux and ordered Kreacher to destroy it . In Latin , the word inferus ( plural : inferi ) means `` below '' , often referring in the plural to `` the gods below '' ( see di inferi ) or the spirits of the dead . Inferius is a neuter singular form of inferior , a comparative adjective meaning `` lower '' . Horcrux ( edit ) See also : Magical objects in Harry Potter § Horcruxes A horcrux is an object created using dark magic to attain effective immortality . The concept is first introduced in the sixth novel , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , although horcruxes are present in earlier novels without being described or expanded upon . To create a horcrux , a witch or wizard must first prepare the chosen object in a ritual which is referred to only as `` too horrible to go into detail about '' . Following the preparation of the object , the witch or wizard must then take a life , an act which splits the soul . Following that , further dark rituals are required in order to remove the soul shard from the maker and place it into the prepared object . Once this is done , the Horcrux becomes impervious to almost all forms of destruction , requiring extremely powerful magic or substances to do so . Ordinarily , when one 's body is killed , the soul departs for the next world . If , however , the body of a horcrux owner is killed , that portion of his soul which had remained in his body will not pass on to the next world , but will rather exist in a non-corporeal form capable of being resurrected by another wizard . If all of someone 's horcruxes are destroyed , then his soul 's only anchor in the material world would be his body , the destruction of which would then cause his final death . Portraits ( edit ) In the Harry Potter series the subjects of magical portraits ( even those of characters that are dead ) can move , interact with living observers , speak and demonstrate apparent emotion and personality . Some can even move to other portraits to visit each other , or relay messages , or ( if more than one painting of the subject exists ) move between separate locations by way of their portraits . An example of this is Phineas Nigellus Black , who has a painting in the Headmaster 's office and at Number 12 Grimmauld Place . Many such portraits are found on the walls of Hogwarts . Some portraits are used to conceal the entrance of a room or passageway . For example , the Fat Lady 's portrait covers the entrance to the Gryffindor common room , and she can swing the portrait open when given the correct password or close to prevent entry . In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , there is a portrait of Ariana Dumbledore in the Room of Requirement that conceals a secret passageway to the Hog 's Head . There is also a painting of a large fruit bowl in front of the Hogwarts kitchen , which will swing open if the pear is tickled to reveal a hidden door . Portraits are enchanted to move by the artist , but the degree to which they can interact with others depends on the power of the subject . Rowling has commented that a portrait is merely a faint imprint of the deceased subject , imitating their basic personality and thought patterns . They are therefore `` not as fully realised as ghosts '' . In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child the portrait of Albus Dumbledore describes himself as only `` paint and memory '' and Professor McGonagall ( his successor as headteacher of Hogwarts ) comments that , although she speaks to Dumbledore to help her in making decisions , she is careful to remember that `` portraits do n't represent even half of their subjects '' . Portraits in the Headmaster 's office ( edit ) The portraits in the Headmaster 's office depict all the former Heads of Hogwarts , with the exception of Dolores Umbridge . They advise the Headmaster and are `` honour - bound to give service to the present headmaster '' ( according to Armando Dippet ) . Rowling has explained that portraits of past headteachers tend to be more realistic than most , as the subject in question usually imparts knowledge and teaches them how to behave before their death . The portrait of Snape was installed in the Headmaster 's Office at Harry 's request . The Fat Lady ( edit ) The portrait of the Fat Lady covers the door to Gryffindor Tower . She will open it ( sometimes grudgingly ) when the correct password is uttered . She is often upset after being awoken , and is sometimes seen drunk with her best friend , Violet . The Fat Lady has no other known name -- even the unfailingly polite Albus Dumbledore refers to her only as `` the Fat Lady '' -- and it may be that she does not represent a real person but is instead an invention of her portrait 's artist . In Philosopher 's Stone , she leaves her portrait in the middle of the night , locking Harry , Ron , Hermione , and Neville out of Gryffindor Tower , forcing them to run across the school . Luckily for them , when they return , she has returned to her portrait , allowing them to escape into Gryffindor Tower . In Prisoner of Azkaban , Sirius Black slashes the Fat Lady 's portrait when she wo n't let him in without a password and it is some time before she dares to guard Gryffindor Tower again . After her portrait is restored , she requests protection in case someone tries to attack her portrait again . Thus , two security trolls are hired . In Half Blood Prince , she gets so annoyed with Harry 's late return that she pretends the password has changed and tries to call him back when he heads off to talk to Dumbledore . When Harry later confirms Dumbledore 's death , she lets out a sob and , for the only time in the series , she opens without the password for Harry in her grief . In the first film the Fat Lady is played by Elizabeth Spriggs , and by Dawn French in the third film . Photographs ( edit ) Wizarding photographs of people have similar properties to magical painted portraits : the figures within move about or even sometimes leave the frame . They appear in wizard newspapers and other print media , as well as on Chocolate Frog cards . Colin Creevey mentions in Chamber of Secrets that a boy in his dormitory said that if he develops the film from his Muggle camera ' in the right potion ' , the pictures will move . However , unlike portraits , figures in wizarding pictures can not speak and display little sentience . It appears that they do have some knowledge of current events , as in Order of the Phoenix , the family photograph on Arthur 's desk shows everyone except Percy `` who appeared to have walked out of it '' , mirroring the deterioration of Percy 's relationship with his family . It is also mentioned that in a photo taken by Colin Creevey of Gilderoy Lockhart and Harry , Harry 's picture had walked out and was resisting all of Lockhart 's efforts to pull him back in . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FAQ jkrowling.com '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter : A History of Magic. 28 October 2017 . BBC . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter 's 20th birthday to be marked with British Library show '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.K Rowling Official Site '' . Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ , chapter 13 Jump up ^ `` 2001 : Accio Quote ! , the largest archive of J.K Rowling interviews on the web '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of Magic in North America '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` JKR quotes about `` the rules '' of Harry Potter 's Wizarding World : `` . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and Me . Accio Quote. 28 December 2001 . BBC . Jump up ^ Anelli , Melissa . `` More About that Veil '' . Harry , A History . Archived from the original on 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. Pottermore Presents : Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies . Pottermore . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78110 - 628 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling 's Official Site , rumour section '' . Archived from the original on 2011 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. : `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix '' , page 85 . Scholastic , 2003 ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling Web Chat Transcript '' . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of JK Rowling web chat -- Harry Potter Beyond '' . Archived from the original on 21 February 2008 . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` J.K Rowling at the Royal Albert Hall 26 June 2003 '' . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Prince , Alan ( 2011 ) . The True Story of Severus Snape : An Essay About Harry Potter 's Most Disputed Character , p. 52 . Jump up ^ , chapter 26 Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. `` Welcome to my new website ! '' . jkrowling.com . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 1998 : Accio Quote ! , the Largest Archive of J.K. Rowling quotes on the web , quick-quote.quill.org Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` Silver and Opals '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jen ( 24 July 2007 ) . `` Stop your sobbing ! More Potter to come '' . TODAYshow.com . NBC . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ 2006 : Accio Quote ! , the largest archive of J.K. Rowling interviews on the web , quick-quote.quill.org Jump up ^ `` Potions '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Steve Vander Ark . `` HP-lexicon.org '' . HP-lexicon.org . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling 's Official Site Archived 24 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ , chapter 9 ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Charlton T. ; Short , Charles ( 1879 ) . `` q.v. , inferus , as positive noun I.B , as comparative adjective II. A '' . A Latin Dictionary . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Morphology of inferius by The Perseus Project Jump up ^ `` '' PotterCast Interviews J.K. Rowling , part one . '' ( 2007 ) , Accio Quote ! `` . www.accio-quote.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J.K. `` Hogwarts Portraits '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . J.K. Rowling Official Web Site. 15 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ , chapter 6 Jump up ^ , chapter 7 Further reading ( edit ) Highfield , Roger ( 2002 ) . The Science of Harry Potter : How magic really works . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03153 - 5 . Teare , Elizabeth ( 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter and the technology of magic '' . In Whited , Lana A . The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter : Perspectives on a literary phenomenon . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . pp. 29 -- 342 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 9 . Black , Sharon ( 2003 ) . `` The Magic of Harry Potter : Symbols and Heroes of Fantasy '' . Children 's Literature in Education . 34 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 247 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1025314919836 . External links ( edit ) Magic on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Ginny Weasley Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Warner Bros. Studio Tour London -- The Making of Harry Potter Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock The Methods of Rationality My Immortal Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Wizarding World Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_in_Harry_Potter&oldid=857107490 '' Categories : Harry Potter universe Magic in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Svenska ไทย Türkçe 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 16 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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who teaches defense against the dark arts after snape
[ "Defence Against the Dark Arts, commonly shortened to D.A.D.A.,[21] is the class that teaches students defensive techniques to defend against the Dark Arts, and to be protected from Dark creatures. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, with Death-Eaters in charge of the school, the subject is renamed the Dark Arts, and involves pupils practicing the Cruciatus Curse on those who have earned detentions.[DH Ch.29] The subject has an extraordinarily high turnover of staff members—throughout the series no Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher has retained the post for more than one school year. Harry is exceptionally skilled in this subject. During the period the story takes place, the class is taught by Quirinus Quirrell (book one), Gilderoy Lockhart (book two), Remus Lupin (book three), Bartemius Crouch Jr impersonating Alastor \"Mad-eye\" Moody (book four), Dolores Umbridge (book five), Severus Snape (book six), and Amycus Carrow (book seven). Hagrid suggests in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets that \"They're startin' ter think the job's jinxed. No one's lasted long for a while now.\" In Half-Blood Prince, Dumbledore suggests that Voldemort cursed the position because his application for it was rejected.[HBP Ch.20] The existence of the jinx was eventually confirmed by Rowling. The position had also been coveted by Snape, but he was denied the position as well. Snape was finally appointed D.A.D.A. professor in Half-Blood Prince. Rowling announced in an interview that once Voldemort had died, the jinx he placed on the office was lifted and a permanent professor had been teaching the subject between the end of Deathly Hallows and the epilogue, set nineteen years afterwards. Furthermore, she imagines that Harry Potter occasionally comes to the class to give lectures on the subject.[22]\n" ]
[ "Amycus Carrow" ]
3715876292021355176
Gilbert Gottfried
Gilbert Gottfried - wikipedia Gilbert Gottfried Jump to : navigation , search Gilbert Gottfried Gottfried at the Montclair Film Festival in April 2016 ( 1955 - 02 - 28 ) February 28 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Brooklyn , New York City , New York , United States Medium Stand - up , film , television Years active 1970 -- present Genres Satire , crude humor , blue comedy , improvisational comedy , black comedy , insult comedy Subject ( s ) Religion , race relations , racism , pop culture , sex Spouse Dara Kravitz ( m . 2007 ) Website www.gilbertgottfried.com Gilbert Gottfried ( born February 28 , 1955 ) is an American stand - up comedian , actor and voice actor . His numerous roles in film and television include voicing the parrot Iago in Disney 's Aladdin , Digit in the children 's cartoon / educational math - based show Cyberchase and Kraang Subprime in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . Gottfried was also the voice of the Aflac Duck until 2011 . Since 2014 , Gottfried has hosted a podcast titled Gilbert Gottfried 's Amazing Colossal Podcast , which airs new episodes each week featuring discussions of classic movies and celebrity interviews , most often with veteran actors , comedians and comedy writers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 1.1 Early career ( 1970 -- 1998 ) 1.2 Voice acting , television and films ( 1999 -- present ) 2 Personal life 3 Comedic style 4 Controversial jokes 4.1 1991 Emmy Awards 4.2 September 11 joke 4.3 Japanese tsunami jokes 5 Filmography 5.1 Movies 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 5.4 Commercials 6 References 7 External links Career ( edit ) Early career ( 1970 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) At age 15 , Gottfried began doing amateur stand - up in New York City and , after a few years , became known around New York as `` the comedian 's comedian . '' In 1980 , Saturday Night Live was being retooled with a new staff and new comedians ; the producers noticed Gottfried and hired him as a cast member for season 6 . Gottfried 's persona in SNL sketches was very different from his later characterization : he rarely ( if ever ) spoke in his trademark screeching , obnoxious voice and never squinted . During his 12 - episode stint , he was given very little airtime and seldom used in sketches . Gottfried recalls a low point was having to play a corpse in a sketch about a sports organist hired to play inappropriate music at a funeral . Despite this , he had one recurring character ( Leo Waxman , husband to Denny Dillon 's Pinky Waxman on the recurring talk show sketch , `` What 's It All About ? '' ) and two celebrity impersonations : David A. Stockman and controversial film director Roman Polanski . Gottfried at the 1991 Emmy Awards Gottfried also played accountant Sidney Bernstein in the 1987 film Beverly Hills Cop II . Although not a regular , he also appeared in The Amazing Live Sea Monkeys , as well as voicing the crazed dentist Dr. Bender and his son Wendell in The Fairly OddParents and the voice of Jerry the Belly Button Elf on Ren and Stimpy . Three of his most prominent roles came in 1990 , 1991 , and 1992 , when he was cast as the adoption agent Igor Peabody in Problem Child and Problem Child 2 and the parrot Iago in Aladdin . When asked how he prepared for the role , Gottfried said , `` I did the whole DeNiro thing . I moved to South America ! I lived in the trees ! '' Gottfried reprised the role in Aladdin : The Return of Jafar , Aladdin and the King of Thieves , the television series and various related media , such as Kingdom Hearts and House of Mouse . Gottfried also voiced Berkely Beetle in 1994 's Thumbelina . In 1996 , he starred as a talking smoke detector , in `` Be Cool about Fire Safety , '' a short fire safety video for younger audiences . Gottfried was the host of the Saturday edition of USA Up All Night for its entire run from 1989 to 1998 . Voice acting , television and films ( 1999 -- present ) ( edit ) On the most recent version of Hollywood Squares , Gottfried was a regular guest . On one particular episode , he was the last square on the board for a five - square win , but both contestants repeatedly got his answers wrong , prompting Gottfried to yell `` YOU FOOL ! '' with every incorrect response . It took seven tries before a contestant finally correctly agreed with him , specifically on a question of `` smog '' being a combination of smoke and fog . Gottfried has provided the voice of the duck in the Aflac commercials and Digit in Cyberchase , as well as Mr. Mxyzptlk in Superman : The Animated Series . He also voiced a nasty wisecracking criminal genius named Nick - Nack in two episodes of Superboy ( he also co-wrote an issue of Superboy : The Comic Book , which featured Nick - Nack 's origin ) . On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , Gottfried has made regular appearances . In 2004 , Comedy Central featured Gottfried 's stand - up material for Shorties Watchin ' Shorties . Gottfried was part of an online advertising campaign for Microsoft 's Office XP software , showing , in a series of Flash - animated cartoons , that the Clippy office assistant would be removed . In 2006 , Gottfried topped the Boston Phoenix 's tongue - in - cheek list of the world 's 100 Unsexiest Men . In April 2006 , Gottfried performed with the University of Pennsylvania 's Mask and Wig Club in their annual Intercollegiate Comedy Festival . Also in 2006 , he made an appearance on the Let 's Make a Deal portion of Gameshow Marathon ( as a baby in a large high chair , he says `` Hey Ricki , I think I need my diaper changed ! '' ) , and in the Dodge Viper in the big deal ( where he tells the contestants `` What were you thinking ? ! '' because neither one picked it ) . He also guest - starred in The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy as Santa Claus in the one - hour Christmas Special . He voiced Rick Platypus in an episode of My Gym Partner 's a Monkey entitled `` That Darn Platypus '' . Gottfried at the Writers Guild of America East Solidarity Rally in Washington Square on November 27 , 2007 He appeared as Peter 's horse in an episode of Family Guy entitled `` Boys Do Cry '' ( in which Peter Griffin is enthused to learn that Gottfried is providing the horse 's voice ) . He also guest - starred in Hannah Montana as Barny Bittmen . In January 2009 , Gottfried worked again with David Faustino for an episode of Faustino 's show Star - ving . In 2011 , Gottfried appeared in the episode `` Lost Traveler '' on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit as Leo Gerber , a sarcastic computer professional working for the NYPD 's Technical Assistance Response Unit , which producer Warren Leight said could become a recurring character . Gottfried read a section from the hit book Fifty Shades of Grey in a June 2012 YouTube video , which was created with the aim of using Gottfried 's trademark voice to make fun of the book 's graphic sexual content . In 2013 , Gottfried became a member of `` Team Rachael '' on the second season of Food Network 's Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off . In March 2013 he appeared on ABC 's Celebrity Wife Swap . He swapped wives with Alan Thicke . He is also a commentator on truTV Presents : World 's Dumbest ... On May 28 , 2014 , Sideshow Network premiered Gilbert Gottfried 's Amazing Colossal Podcast , an interview series where Gottfried and his co-host Frank Santopadre discuss classic movies and talk to `` Hollywood legends and behind - the - scenes talents '' who shaped Gottfried 's childhood and influenced his comedy . His first guest was Dick Cavett . Gottfried was the third contestant fired during the seventh season of the NBC reality show The Celebrity Apprentice . Gottfried 's most recent role came in 2016 when he played the ' Pig Man ' in a comedy / fantasy film Abnormal Attraction . Personal life ( edit ) In the late 1990s , Gottfried met Dara Kravitz at a Grammy Awards party . They were married in 2007 and have two children together , daughter Lily and son Max . They reside in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan . Gottfried was raised in a Jewish family , but he has commented on his podcast that he did not have a bar mitzvah . One of his sisters was Arlene Gottfried , a New York Street photographer , who died in 2017 . Comedic style ( edit ) Danny Gallagher of the Dallas Observer wrote that `` Gottfried has one of the most original formulas in the history of comedy '' , adding : `` You do n't just laugh at the punchline when Gilbert Gottfried tells a joke . You laugh at the setup . You laugh at his comments about the joke . You even laugh at the segues between his jokes . '' Gottfried is known for speaking in a loud and grating voice , which is not his natural speaking voice . Mark Binneli of Rolling Stone described Gottfried as a `` squinting , squawking mass of contradictions '' , noting his status as `` one of America 's filthiest stand - ups and one of the most successful voice - over artists in children 's entertainment . '' Gottfried is known for joking about recent tragedies . In a July 2012 op - ed for CNN , he wrote : `` I have always felt comedy and tragedy are roommates . If you look up comedy and tragedy , you will find a very old picture of two masks . One mask is tragedy . It looks like it 's crying . The other mask is comedy . It looks like it 's laughing . Nowadays , we would say , ' How tasteless and insensitive . A comedy mask is laughing at a tragedy mask . ' '' Controversial jokes ( edit ) 1991 Emmy Awards ( edit ) At the 43rd Primetime Emmy Awards , Gottfried made `` an endless series of masturbation jokes '' in reference to Paul Reubens ' arrest for masturbating in an adult movie theater . Viewers on the east coast saw the entire set live , but Fox censored the broadcast for the west coast delay . Fox issued an apology , stating that Gottfried 's jokes were `` irresponsible and insulting '' . Gottfried said that producers stated he would not be invited back , and Rolling Stone wrote that the monologue resulted in him being `` blacklisted '' . September 11 joke ( edit ) During his monologue at a Friars Club roast of Hugh Hefner three weeks after the September 11 attacks , Gottfried joked that he had intended to catch a plane , but could not get a direct flight because `` they said they have to stop at the Empire State Building first '' . This was one of the first public examples of 9 / 11 humor . Audience members responded with hisses and a cry of `` Too soon ! '' Gottfried then abandoned his prepared remarks and launched into the venerable Aristocrats joke , winning back the audience . Penn Jillette and Paul Provenza used Gottfried 's monologue as a segment in their 2005 film The Aristocrats . Japanese Tsunami jokes ( edit ) In March 2011 , Gottfried made a series of jokes on his Twitter account about the earthquake disaster in Japan . Aflac , which does 75 % of its business in Japan , responded by dismissing Gottfried from voicing its duck mascot on March 14 , 2011 , and announced a casting call for his replacement as the voice of the duck . He was replaced by Daniel McKeague ( who did an impression of Gottfried ) on April 26 , 2011 . Filmography ( edit ) Movies ( edit ) Year Title Role 1984 Gallavants Edil ( voice ; on his first film role ) 1984 The House of God Paramedic 1985 Bad Medicine Tony Sandoval Beverly Hills Cop II Sidney Bernstein Hot to Trot Dentist Never on Tuesday Lucky Larry Lupin 1990 The Adventures of Ford Fairlane Johnny Crunch 1990 Seriously ... Phil Collins Roger 1990 Problem Child Mr. Peabody 1991 Problem Child 2 Mr. Peabody 1991 Horror Hall of Fame 2 Boris 1992 Aladdin Iago the Parrot ( voice ) 1992 Highway to Hell Hitler 1994 Aladdin : The Return of Jafar Iago the Parrot ( voice ) 1994 Thumbelina Berkeley Beetle ( voice ) 1994 Saved By The Bell : Wedding In Las Vegas Burt Banner 1994 Double Dragon Walter 1995 The Magic Gift of the Snowman Charlatan ( voice ) 1995 Problem Child 3 Dr. Peabody Aladdin and the King of Thieves Iago the Parrot ( voice ) Escape from It 's a Wonderful Life Angry man on porch Be Cool About Fire Safety Seymour Smoke 1997 Def Jam 's How to Be a Player Tony the Doorman 1998 Dr. Dolittle Compulsive Dog ( voice ) 1999 Goosed Alan Levy 2001 Longshot Mr. Chadwick 2002 Back by Midnight Security Guard Funky Monkey Dr. Spleen The Amazing Floydini Magic Store owner Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Duck 2005 The Aristocrats Himself 2007 Farce of the Penguins `` I 'm Freezing My Nuts Off '' Penguin ( voice ) 2008 Gilbert Gottfried : Dirty Jokes Himself 2009 The Lindabury Story Himself Jack and the Beanstalk Grayson the Goose 2011 Miss December The Police Officer 2013 Beecher Baby Bouncer Himself 2014 A Million Ways to Die in the West Abraham Lincoln 2016 Sharknado : The 4th Awakens Ron McDonald 2016 The Comedian 's Guide to Survival Himself 2016 Abnormal Attraction Pig Man 2016 Director 's Cut Superintendent 2016 Unbelievable ! ! ! ! Major LeGrande Bushe 2016 Gender Bender Dr. Montalto 2016 Hospital Arrest Jerome Carter 2016 Life , Animated Himself 2017 The Comedian Himself 2017 Gilbert Himself 2017 80 's Creature House Grim Reaper 2017 Animal Crackers Mario Zucchini ( voice ) 2017 Sharknado 5 : Global Swarming Ron McDonald Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1980 -- 1981 Saturday Night Live Various characters Cast member ; 12 episodes 1983 -- 1984 Thicke of the Night Various characters The Cosby Show Mr. Babcock `` Say Hello to a Good Buy '' 1990 Superboy Nick - Nack ( voice ) 1991 Night Court Oscar Brown 1993 -- 1995 Bonkers Two - Bits ( voice ) Problem Child Mr. Peabody 1994 Living Single Larry Friedlander 1994 -- 1995 Aladdin ( TV series ) Iago the Parrot ( voice ) 1994 Beavis and Butthead Gus Baker ( voice ) The Ren & Stimpy Show Jerry the Bellybutton Elf / Porkchop Monster ( voice ) 1994 -- 1997 Duckman Art DeSalvo ( voice ) Recurring role 1994 -- 1995 Wings ( 1990 TV series ) Lewis ( guest role ) 1995 Married ... with Children Adventures in Wonderland Mike McNasty Bump in the Night Stink Bug ( voice ) Aladdin on Ice Iago the Parrot ( voice ) TV movie 1995 -- 1996 Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat Additional Characters Voice Are You Afraid of the Dark ? Roy In the House Mr. Comstock Adventures from the Book of Virtues Additional voices Escape From It 's a Wonderful Life Angry man on porch Big Bag Himself Troubles the Cat segment 1996 -- 2000 Superman : The Animated Series Mr Mxyzptlk ( voice ) 1997 Bear in the Big Blue House Large Possum ( voice ) 1998 Cosby Cellmate `` Fifteen Minutes of Fame '' Noddy Jack Frost `` Jack Frost is Coming to Town '' Hercules Cilon ( voice ) 1999 Dilbert TV Series Accounting Troll ( voice ) `` Hunger '' Dr. Katz , Professional Therapist ( TV series ) Himself Episodes 503 and 506 Timon & Pumbaa The Woodpecker ( voice ) 2000 Clerks : The Animated Series Jerry Seinfeld , Patrick Swayze ( voices ) 2001 -- 2005 The Fairly OddParents Dr. Bender / Wendel ( voices ) 2001 -- 2003 Disney 's House of Mouse Iago the Parrot ( voice ) 2002 Mickey 's House of Villains Iago the Parrot ( voice ) 2002 -- present Cyberchase Digit , Widget ( voices ) Daytime Emmy ( Nominee ) Outstanding New Approaches - Daytime Children 's Daytime Emmy Awards 2009 2002 Son of the Beach Noccus Johnstein `` Chip 's A Goy '' and Hamm Stroker 's Suck My Blood Celebrity Deathmatch Himself ( voice ) `` Gottfried in the Arena '' 2003 Becker Alan CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Comic `` Last Laugh '' Home Movies Tonko the Parrot ( voice ) The Tonight Show with Jay Leno Various sketches VH1 's Celebrity Paranormal Project and I Love Toys 2005 Billy and Mandy Save Christmas Santa Claus ( voice ) 2007 The Emperor 's New School Additional voices Season 2 , Episode 11 Family Guy Peter 's Horse ( voice ) My Gym Partner 's a Monkey Rick Platypus ( voice ) `` That Darn Platypus '' 2008 Hannah Montana Barney Bitman `` ( We 're So Sorry ) Uncle Earl '' VH1 's I Love the New Millennium 4 Episodes The Comedy Central Roast : Bob Saget Himself The Replacements Himself `` A Buzzwork Orange '' Back at the Barnyard Barn Buddy ( voice ) Big & Small Small ( voice ) Sesame Street Denny the Distractor `` Hurry Up , You 're Running Out of Time '' The View Horny the Dwarf Joy 's Month in ReView The Weird Al Show Himself Pyramid Himself Celebrity Guest Hollywood Squares Himself Regular 2009 Star - ving Himself `` Gilbert 's Kid '' The Comedy Central Roast : Joan Rivers Himself Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy Himself ' Til Death Tommy Guest starred The Comedy Central Roast : David Hasselhoff Himself Robotomy Tickle Me Psycho ( voice ) `` The Playdate '' 2011 The Comedy Central Roast : Donald Trump Himself Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Leo Gerber 2012 The Comedy Central Roast : Roseanne Barr Himself The Burn with Jeff Ross Himself 2013 -- 2014 TruTV Presents : World 's Dumbest ... Himself 2013 Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off Himself Celebrity Wife Swap Himself `` Gilbert Gottfried / Alan Thicke '' MAD Linkong , Father , Crash ( voices ) 2014 Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja Ranginald Bagel The Celebrity Apprentice 7 Himself Dinner with Friends with Brett Gelman and Friends Himself Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas Mr. Greenway ( voice ) Last Comic Standing ' Himself Big Brother 16 Otev ( voice ) Newbridge Tourism Board Presents : We 're Newbridge , We 're Comin ' To Get Ya ! Himself Anger Management Dudley Guest starred 2014 -- 2016 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Kraang Subprime ( voice ) 2016 Mighty Magiswords Prohyas ' stomach ( voice ) Guest starred 2017 Episodes Himself Season 5 , Episode 1 2017 Justice League Action Mr. Mxyztplk ( voice ) 2017 Last Week Tonight with John Oliver Jared Kushner ( voice ) Season 4 , Episodes 10 and 19 2018 Transformers : Cyberverse Thundercracker ( voice ) Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role 1999 Disney 's Arcade Frenzy Iago the Parrot 2001 Disney 's Aladdin in Nasira 's Revenge Iago the Parrot 2002 Kingdom Hearts Iago the Parrot 2006 Kingdom Hearts II Iago the Parrot APB : All Points Bulletin Joker Ammo 2014 Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham Mister Mxyzptlk Commercials ( edit ) MTV ( 1980s ) Pepsi ( 1991 ) Pop - Tarts : Voice of the Toaster ( 1995 ) Aflac : Voice of the Aflac duck ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Subway ( 2000 ) Office XP : Voice of Clippy ( 2001 ) Glad ( 2003 ) Shoedini ( 2010 ) Easterns Automotive Group commercials ( 2012 ) Eat24 ( 2015 Super Bowl commercial ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gilbert Gottfried . New York Times '' . Jump up ^ gilbertpodcast.com Jump up ^ `` About Gilbert '' . Gilbertgottfried.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Edgers , Geoff ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` The first time Prince could have saved Saturday Night Live '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wright , Megh ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` Saturday Night 's Children : Gilbert Gottfried ( 1980 -- 1981 ) '' . Splitsider . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cook , Ross , Corbett , Vega '' . Comedy Central . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bill Jensen & Ryan Stewart ( 2008 - 03 - 27 ) . `` The 100 unsexiest men in the world -- Ultimate Lists '' . ThePhoenix.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Keck 's Exclusives : Gilbert Gottfried to Annoy SVU Cast - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com. 2011 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Gilbert Gottfried reads Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Youtube.com. 2012 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Vulgarity 's Abrasive Master , but Not at Home '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sideshow Network '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Abnormal Attraction ( 2016 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Discussion of : What It 's Like Being Married to Gilbert Gottfried - ' NYT ' takes a look at Gottfried 's marriage ahead of ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' '' . Newser.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gallagher , Danny ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Gilbert Gottfried Talks About the Voice that Made Him a Comedy Icon '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melendez , Angel ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Gilbert Gottfried on Showbiz Stupidity and Hollywood Legends '' . Miami New Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mark , Binelli ( July 18 , 2005 ) . `` Gilbert Gottfried : The Annoying Guy '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gottfried , Gilbert ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` If you do n't want to hear an edgy joke , do n't listen '' . CNN . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Koseluk , Chris ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Emmy timeline '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuklenski , Valerie ( August 21 , 1991 ) . `` Blue Sunday at Emmy Awards '' . UPI . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halle , Howard ( December 15 , 2005 ) . `` What 's eating Gilbert Gottfried ? '' . Time Out . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DiGiacomo , Frank ( 2005 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Why Have a Night Like This in Times Like These ? '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2005 - 08 - 12 ) . `` The Aristocrats '' . Roger Ebert.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Worst Gilbert Gottfried Tsunami Jokes '' . BuzzFeed . ^ Jump up to : Cina , Mark ( 2011 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Gilbert Gottfried Fired as Aflac Duck After Japan Tweets '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Aflac Duck 's New Voice Comes From a Minnesota Sales Manager '' . Yahoo . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NODDY - Jack Frost Is Coming to Town '' . KET. 1999 - 06 - 06 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gilbert Gottfried bio '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Joe ( 31 May 1991 ) . `` Another Pop Culture Moment '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Macarthur , Kate ( January 1 , 2001 ) . `` Slim Subway spokesman has expanding influence '' . Advertising age . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stenger , Richard ( 12 April 2001 ) . `` Microsoft 's ' Clippy ' headed for the trash '' . CNN . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Gentilviso , Chris ( 2010 - 08 - 18 ) . `` 25 Worst ( We Mean Best ) Infomercials - Shoedini '' . Time . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( 2012 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Brian Orakpo , Gilbert Gottfried do Eastern Motors jingle - DC Sports Bog '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Paper , Baltimore City . `` Eastern Motors with Gilbert Gottfried '' . citypaper.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Brokenbough , Aaron ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Snoop Dogg and Gilbert Gottfried star in Eat24 's Super Bowl commercial '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Gilbert Gottfried on IMDb Gilbert Gottfried at the Internet Broadway Database VIAF : 225400369 LCCN : no2004093583 ISNI : 0000 0003 6211 2019 GND : 101903680X SUDOC : 179323113 BNF : cb14182618r ( data ) MusicBrainz : e271b6f4 - ca5b - 43ac - ab5d - ec9eea5ed066 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Gottfried&oldid=812240312 '' Categories : 1955 births Living people 20th - century American comedians 21st - century American comedians 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Jewish American comedians American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American podcasters American sketch comedians American stand - up comedians American television hosts Comedians from New York City Comedians from New York ( state ) Jewish male comedians Male actors from New York City Participants in American reality television series American male video game actors People from Brooklyn Hidden categories : Pages using Infobox comedian with unknown parameters Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Bikol Central Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hornjoserbsce Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kernowek Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lumbaart Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Papiamentu Picard Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon Winaray Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 20 : 42 . 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who does the voice for the aflac duck
[ "Gilbert Gottfried[1] (born February 28, 1955) is an American stand-up comedian, actor and voice actor. His numerous roles in film and television include voicing the parrot Iago in Disney's Aladdin, Digit in the children's cartoon/educational math-based show Cyberchase and Kraang Subprime in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Gottfried was also the voice of the Aflac Duck until 2011." ]
[ "Gilbert Gottfried" ]
-5841699026388864295
Boston Celtics
Boston Celtics - wikipedia Boston Celtics Jump to : navigation , search `` Celtics '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Celts , Gaels , Celtic F.C. , or Gaelic ( disambiguation ) . Boston Celtics 2017 -- 18 Boston Celtics season Conference Eastern Division Atlantic Founded 1946 History Boston Celtics 1946 -- present Arena TD Garden Location Boston , Massachusetts Team colors Green , black , gold President Rich Gotham General manager Danny Ainge Head coach Brad Stevens Ownership Boston Basketball Partners ( Wyc Grousbeck , CEO and governor ) Affiliation ( s ) Maine Red Claws Championships 17 ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 2008 ) Conference titles 21 ( 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 2008 , 2010 ) Division titles 22 ( 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2017 ) Retired numbers 21 ( 00 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 10 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 35 , LOSCY ) Website www.nba.com/celtics Uniforms Home Away Third The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . The Celtics compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division . Founded in 1946 as one of the original eight NBA teams to survive the league 's first decade , the team is owned by Boston Basketball Partners LLC . The Celtics play their home games at the TD Garden , which they share with the National Hockey League ( NHL ) 's Boston Bruins . The franchise are the most successful in NBA history , with 17 championships , which accounts for 24.3 percent of all NBA championships since the league 's founding . As a percentage of championships won , the Celtics are the most successful franchise to date in the major four traditional North American professional sports leagues . They have played the Los Angeles Lakers a record 12 times in the NBA finals , including their most recent appearances in 2008 and 2010 , where the Celtics have won nine meetings . Four Celtics players ( Bob Cousy , Bill Russell , Dave Cowens and Larry Bird ) have won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award for an NBA record total of 10 MVP awards . Both the nickname `` Celtics '' and their mascot `` Lucky the Leprechaun '' are a nod to Boston 's historically large Irish population . After winning sixteen championships throughout the 20th century , the Celtics rose again after struggling through the 1990s to win a championship in 2008 with the help of Kevin Garnett , Paul Pierce , and Ray Allen in what was known as the new `` Big Three '' era , following the original `` Big Three '' era that featured Larry Bird , Kevin McHale , and Robert Parish , which combined to win the 1981 , 1984 , and 1986 championships . Following the win in 2008 , general manager Danny Ainge began a rebuilding process with the help of head coach Brad Stevens , who led the Celtics to a return to the playoffs from 2015 . During the following season , the Celtics clinched the top seed in the Eastern Conference , and eventually reached the Conference Finals prior to losing to the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1946 -- 1950 : Early years 1.2 1950 -- 1957 : Arrival of Bob Cousy and Red Auerbach 1.3 1957 -- 1969 : The Bill Russell era 1.4 1970 -- 1978 : Heinsohn and Cowens duo 1.5 1979 -- 1992 : The Larry Bird era 1.6 1993 -- 1998 : Rebuilding 1.7 1998 -- 2013 : The Paul Pierce era 1.7. 1 2004 -- 2007 : The `` Doc '' is here 1.7. 2 2007 -- 2012 : The new ' Big Three ' : Pierce , Allen and Garnett 1.8 2013 -- present : Brad Stevens era 1.8. 1 2017 roster overhaul : Irving and Hayward 2 Rivalries 2.1 Atlanta Hawks 2.2 New York Knicks 2.3 Philadelphia 76ers 2.4 Detroit Pistons 2.5 Los Angeles Lakers 2.6 Brooklyn Nets 3 Season - by - season record 4 Records , retired numbers and awards 4.1 FIBA Hall of Fame 5 Home arenas 6 Players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retained draft rights 6.3 Captains 6.4 Franchise leaders 7 Coaches 7.1 Head coaches 7.2 Assistant coaches 8 Logos and uniforms 8.1 Logos 8.2 Uniforms 9 Television and radio 10 Management 10.1 Ownership history 10.2 Team presidents 10.3 General managers 10.4 Other 11 Medical staff 11.1 Team physicians 11.2 Team athletic trainers 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Boston Celtics 1946 -- 1950 : early years ( edit ) The Boston Celtics were formed on June 6 , 1946 , by Boston Garden - Arena Corporation President Walter A. Brown as a team in the Basketball Association of America , and became part of the National Basketball Association after the absorption of the National Basketball League by the BAA in the fall of 1949 . In 1950 , the Celtics signed Chuck Cooper , becoming the first NBA franchise to draft a black player . 1950 -- 1957 : arrival of Bob Cousy and Red Auerbach ( edit ) Bob Cousy played 13 years for the team , winning 6 NBA titles . The Celtics struggled during their early years , until the hiring of coach Red Auerbach . In the franchise 's early days , Auerbach had no assistants , ran all the practices , did all the scouting -- both of opposing teams and college draft prospects -- and scheduled all the road trips . One of the first great players to join the Celtics was Bob Cousy , whom Auerbach initially refused to draft out of nearby Holy Cross because he was `` too flashy '' . Cousy eventually became the property of the Chicago Stags , but when that franchise went bankrupt , Cousy went to the Celtics in a dispersal draft . After the 1955 -- 56 season , Auerbach made a stunning trade . He sent perennial All - Star Ed Macauley to the St. Louis Hawks along with the draft rights to Cliff Hagan in exchange for the second overall pick in the draft . After negotiating with the Rochester Royals -- a negotiation that included a promise that the Celtics owner would send the highly sought - after Ice Capades to Rochester if the Royals would let Russell slide to # 2 -- Auerbach used the pick to select University of San Francisco center Bill Russell . Auerbach also acquired Holy Cross standout , and 1957 NBA Rookie of the Year , Tommy Heinsohn . Russell and Heinsohn worked extraordinarily well with Cousy , and they were the players around whom Auerbach would build the champion Celtics for more than a decade . 1957 -- 1969 : the Bill Russell era ( edit ) Bill Russell played 13 years for the team , winning 11 NBA titles . With Bill Russell , the Celtics advanced to the 1957 NBA Finals and defeated the St. Louis Hawks in seven games , giving the Celtics the first of their record 17 championships . Russell went on to win 11 championships , making him the most decorated player in NBA history . In 1958 , the Celtics again advanced to the NBA Finals , this time losing to the Hawks in 6 games . However , with the acquisition of K.C. Jones that year , the Celtics began a dynasty that would last for more than a decade . In 1959 , the Celtics won the NBA Championship after sweeping the Minneapolis Lakers , the first of their record eight consecutive championships . During that time , the Celtics met the Lakers in the Finals five times , starting an intense and often bitter rivalry that has spanned generations . In 1964 , the Celtics became the first NBA team to have an all African - American starting lineup . On December 26 , 1964 , Willie Naulls replaced an injured Tommy Heinsohn , joining Tom ' Satch ' Sanders , K.C. Jones , Sam Jones , and Bill Russell in the starting lineup . The Celtics defeated St. Louis 97 -- 84 . Boston won its next 11 games with Naulls starting in place of Heinsohn . The Celtics of the late - 1950s -- 1960s are widely considered as one of the most dominant teams of all time . Auerbach retired as coach after the 1965 -- 66 season and Russell took over as player - coach , which was Auerbach 's ploy to keep Russell interested . With his appointment , Russell also became the first African - American coach in any U.S. pro sport . Auerbach would remain the general manager , a position he would hold well into the 1980s . However , that year the Celtics ' string of NBA titles was broken as they lost to the Philadelphia 76ers in the Eastern Conference Finals . The aging team managed two more championships in 1968 and 1969 , defeating the Los Angeles Lakers each time in the NBA Finals . Russell retired after the 1969 season , effectively ending a dominant Celtics dynasty that had garnered 11 NBA titles in 13 seasons . The streak of 8 consecutive championships is the longest streak of consecutive championships in U.S. professional sports history . 1970 -- 1978 : Heinsohn and Cowens duo ( edit ) Tom Heinsohn coached the Boston Celtics to the 1974 and 1976 NBA Championship . Dave Cowens had helped the Celtics win 2 titles during the mid-1970s . The 1970 season was a rebuilding year , as the Celtics had their first losing record since the 1949 -- 50 season . However , with the acquisition of Dave Cowens , Paul Silas , and Jo Jo White , the Celtics soon became dominant again . After losing in the Eastern Conference Finals in 1972 , the Celtics regrouped and came out determined in 1973 and posted an excellent 68 -- 14 regular season record . But the season ended in disappointment , as they were upset in 7 games by the New York Knicks in the Conference Finals . John Havlicek injured his right shoulder in game six and was forced to play game 7 shooting left handed . The Celtics returned to the playoffs the next year , defeating the Milwaukee Bucks in the NBA Finals in 1974 for their 12th NBA Championship . The teams split the first four games , and after the Celtics won Game 5 in Milwaukee they headed back to Boston leading 3 games to 2 , with a chance to claim the title on their home court . However , the Bucks won Game 6 when Kareem Abdul - Jabbar nestled in a hook shot with 3 seconds left in the game 's second overtime , and the series returned to Milwaukee . But Cowens was the hero in Game 7 , scoring 28 points , as the Celtics brought the title back to Boston for the first time in five years . In 1976 , the team won yet another championship , defeating the Phoenix Suns in 6 games . The Finals featured one of the greatest games in the NBA 's history . With the series tied at two games apiece , the Suns trailed early in the Boston Garden , but came back to force overtime . In double overtime , a Gar Heard turn - around jumper at the top of the key sent the game to a third overtime , at which point the Celtics prevailed . Tommy Heinsohn coached the team for those two championships . After the 1976 championship and a playoff appearance in 1977 , Boston went into another rebuilding phase . In the 1977 NBA draft , the Celtics drafted a young forward from UNC Charlotte named Cedric Maxwell . `` Cornbread '' Maxwell did not contribute much in his rookie season , but he showed promise . Auerbach 's job became even tougher following the 1977 -- 78 season in which they went 32 -- 50 as John Havlicek , the Celtics ' all - time leading scorer , retired after 16 seasons . 1979 -- 1992 : the Larry Bird era ( edit ) The Celtics owned two of the top eight picks in the 1978 NBA draft . Since the Celtics had two draft choices , Auerbach took a risk and selected junior Larry Bird of Indiana State with the 6th pick , knowing Bird would elect to remain in college for his senior year . The Celtics would retain his rights for one year -- a rule that was later changed -- and Auerbach believed Bird 's potential would make it worth the wait . Auerbach also felt that when the college season ended the Celtics would have a great chance to sign Bird . Auerbach was right and Bird signed soon after leading Indiana State to the NCAA Championship game , where they fell to a Michigan State University team . ( The other pick was Freeman Williams , who was traded before the 1978 -- 79 season began . ) In 1978 , ownership was changed as Irv Levin traded his stake in the Celtics with John Y. Brown , Jr. 's Buffalo Braves , so he could move the Braves to California , where they became known as the San Diego Clippers . As part of the deal , trades were made between the Braves / Clippers franchise and the Celtics franchise which resulted in many former Braves joining the team . One of the moves that irked Auerbach was a trade Brown made with the Braves that saw his franchise center Bob McAdoo join the Celtics for three first round draft picks Auerbach had planned on using for the future rebuilding project he was trying to undertake . The dispute nearly led to Auerbach resigning as general manager for a position with the New York Knicks . With public support strongly behind Auerbach , Brown sold the team to Harry Mangurian rather than run the risk of having Auerbach leave the team . The Celtics would struggle through the season , going 29 -- 53 without Bird . Newcomers Chris Ford , Rick Robey , Cedric Maxwell and Nate Archibald failed to reverse the team 's momentum . Bird debuted for the Celtics during the 1979 -- 80 season , a year after being drafted . With a new owner in place , Auerbach made a number of moves that would bring the team back to prominence . He almost immediately traded McAdoo , a former NBA scoring champion , to the Detroit Pistons for guard M.L. Carr , a defensive specialist , and two first - round picks in the 1980 NBA draft . He also picked up point guard Gerald Henderson from the CBA. Carr , Archibald , Henderson and Ford formed a highly competent backcourt , with their unique skills blending in perfectly with the talented frontcourt of Cowens , Maxwell and Bird , who would go on to win NBA Rookie of the Year honors . The Celtics improved by 32 games , which at the time was the best single - season turnaround in NBA history , going 61 -- 21 and losing to the Philadelphia 76ers in the Eastern Conference Finals . That record was later broken by the Celtics about 30 years later . After the season , Auerbach completed what may be the most lopsided trade in NBA history . Auerbach had always been a fan of stockpiling draft picks , so even after the success of the 1979 -- 80 season , the Celtics had both the 1st and 13th picks in the 1980 NBA draft left over from the M.L. Carr trade . Auerbach saw an opportunity to improve the team immediately , sending the two picks to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for center Robert Parish and the Warriors ' first round pick , the 3rd overall . With the draft pick , Auerbach picked University of Minnesota power forward Kevin McHale . With these three future Hall of Famers on the team , henceforth known as the first ' Big 3 ' , the Celtics had a core in place to again become a dominant team . The Celtics went 62 -- 20 under coach Bill Fitch in 1980 -- 81 , despite losing center Dave Cowens to retirement late in training camp . Once again the Celtics matched up with the 76ers in the Eastern Conference Finals . Boston fell behind 3 games to 1 before coming back to win a classic 7th game , 91 -- 90 . The Celtics went on to capture the 1981 NBA Championship over the Houston Rockets , just two years after Bird had been drafted . Maxwell was named NBA Finals MVP . The following year the Celtics again tried to come back from a 3 -- 1 deficit against the Sixers in the rematch but this time lost Game 7 at Boston Garden . In 1983 the Celtics were swept in the playoffs for the first time by the Milwaukee Bucks ; afterwards Fitch resigned and the team was sold to new owners led by Don Gaston . In 1983 -- 84 the Celtics , under new coach K.C. Jones , would go 62 -- 20 and finally get back to the NBA Finals after a three - year hiatus . In the finals , the Celtics came back from a 2 -- 1 deficit to defeat the Lakers , winning their 15th championship . Bird renewed his college rivalry with Lakers star Magic Johnson during this series . After the series Auerbach officially retired as general manager but maintained the position of team President . Auerbach was succeeded by Jan Volk as general manager . Volk had been with the Celtics since graduating from Columbia Law School in 1971 and had been the team 's General Counsel since 1976 and the team 's Assistant G.M. since 1980 . During the off - season , in Volk 's first major transaction since assuming the GM role , the Celtics traded Henderson to the Seattle SuperSonics for their first round pick in the 1986 NBA draft . In 1985 , the Lakers and Celtics met again , but this time the Lakers took the championship . This was the first time the Lakers had defeated the Celtics for a championship , as well as the only time the Celtics lost a championship at Boston Garden . During the following off - season , the Celtics acquired Bill Walton from the Los Angeles Clippers in exchange for Cedric Maxwell . Walton was a big star with the Portland Trail Blazers , but injuries had kept him from living up to expectations . He was willing to come off the bench , deferring to the three big men already with the team . Walton , considered the best passer of all NBA centers in history , stayed healthy and was a big part of the Celtics ' success in 1986 . Dennis Johnson was another key member of the Celtics , along with the `` Big 3 '' . In 1985 -- 86 the Celtics fielded one of the best teams in NBA history . The 1986 Celtics won 67 games , going 40 -- 1 at their home games . Bird won his third consecutive MVP award and Walton won the Sixth Man of the Year Award . They won the franchise 's 16th championship and last of the 20th century , defeating the Houston Rockets in the NBA Finals 4 games to 2 . Thanks to the 1984 trade of Gerald Henderson and the subsequent fall of the Seattle SuperSonics , at the end of the 1985 -- 86 the Celtics owned not only the best team in the NBA but also the second pick in the 1986 NBA draft . The Celtics drafted Len Bias with the pick and had high hopes for the young University of Maryland star . Fans believed Bias had superstar potential , and that he would be the perfect complement to the aging , but still strong , Celtics . The hope was his presence would ensure the franchise would remain a powerhouse after Bird , McHale and Parish retired . Unfortunately , Bias died 48 hours after he was drafted , after using cocaine at a party and overdosing . It would be the first in a long string of bad luck for the Celtics , one that would continue until the next manifestation of the ' Big Three ' in Boston . Despite the loss of Bias , the Celtics remained competitive in 1986 -- 87 , going 59 -- 23 and again winning the Eastern Conference Championship . However , injuries took their toll , and the Celtics ceded the NBA championship to the Lakers in six games . It would be 21 years before they would reach the NBA Finals again . The Celtics ' reign as the Eastern Conference champions ended in 1988 , after the team lost to the Detroit Pistons in six games . After the 1987 -- 88 season , head coach K.C. Jones retired . Jones was replaced as head coach by assistant Jimmy Rodgers . Rodgers faced immediate trouble in 1988 -- 89 when , only 6 games into the season , Larry Bird decided to have surgery to remove bone spurs in his feet . The injury sidelined Bird until well after the All - Star Break , although he hoped to return that year . However , despite his best attempts to return he was unable to make it back as the Celtics stumbled to a 42 -- 40 record and a first round playoff defeat to the Detroit Pistons . Bird returned in 1989 -- 90 and led the Celtics to a 52 -- 30 record . In the playoffs , after winning the first two games of a Best of 5 series against the New York Knicks , the Celtics collapsed , losing 3 straight , including the decisive 5th game at the Boston Garden . In the wake of the embarrassing defeat , Rodgers was fired and replaced by assistant coach and former Celtics ' player Chris Ford . Under Ford 's leadership the Celtics improved to 56 -- 26 in 1990 -- 91 , recapturing the Atlantic Division title even though Bird missed 22 games with a variety of injuries . The Celtics fell to the Detroit Pistons in the Eastern Conference Semifinals . In 1992 , a late season rally allowed the Celtics to catch the New York Knicks and repeat as Atlantic Division champions . The team finished 51 -- 31 and matched up with the Indiana Pacers in the First round , this time sweeping the series . In the Eastern Conference Semifinals the Celtics lost a grueling 7 game series to the Cleveland Cavaliers . Due to back problems , Larry Bird played in only 45 of the 82 regular season games , and only 4 of the 10 playoff games ; during games he was frequently lying on the floor when out of the lineup , instead of sitting on the bench . After 13 seasons with the club and winning a gold medal in the Barcelona Olympics with the Dream Team , Bird retired in 1992 , primarily due to his back injuries . Among his lasting contributions to the game was the `` Bird exception '' , which allows teams to exceed the salary cap to re-sign their own free agents , at an amount up to the maximum salary . 1993 -- 1998 : rebuilding ( edit ) At the time of Bird 's retirement , former Celtics guard Chris Ford was the coach of the Celtics. 26 - year - old Reggie Lewis ( out of Boston 's Northeastern University ) was seen as Bird 's successor as the franchise player for the Celtics . Lewis , a small forward , fainted during a 1993 first round playoff matchup with the Charlotte Hornets which the Celtics lost in four games . It was later revealed that Lewis had heart problems , yet he was able to get doctors to clear him for a comeback . He died of a heart attack while shooting baskets at Brandeis University during the offseason . The Celtics honored his memory during the following season by retiring his number 35 . The original Big 3 era came to an end in 1994 , after Robert Parish signed with the Hornets The year before , Kevin McHale retired after the Celtics ' playoff loss to the Hornets . The Celtics finished the year out of the playoffs with a 32 -- 50 mark . In 1994 , the Celtics hired former player and legendary towel - waving Celtic cheerleader M.L. Carr to be the team 's new V.P. of Basketball Operations , working alongside G.M. Jan Volk . In his first draft in charge of the Celtics , he drafted University of North Carolina star Eric Montross with his first round draft pick . Montross became the new heir apparent in the paint , but failed to develop and was eventually traded . 1994 -- 95 was the Celtics ' final season in the Boston Garden . The Celtics signed the aging Dominique Wilkins as a free agent , and he led the team in scoring with 17.8 PPG . Second - year player Dino Rađa , a power forward from Croatia , added an interior presence to the team that had been lacking in 1993 -- 94 . The Celtics made the playoffs , losing to the heavily favored Orlando Magic in 4 games . In 1995 , the Celtics moved from the Boston Garden to the Fleet Center ( later TD BankNorth , then TD Garden ) . Carr fired Chris Ford and took the coaching reins himself . After drafting Providence College star Eric Williams , the Celtics struggled to a 33 -- 49 record . Things got worse in 1996 -- 97 as the Celtics lost a franchise record 67 games , setting an unwanted NBA record winning only once against other Atlantic Division teams and just fifteen victories overall despite the emergence of 1st - round draft pick Antoine Walker . With Carr 's coaching stint deemed a failure , he stepped aside to another job in the organization when owner Paul Gaston convinced star college coach Rick Pitino to join the franchise as the team 's president , director of basketball operations , and head coach . Pitino 's appointment as team president was controversial as Auerbach , who had filled that role for more than 25 years , first heard about this change from local media people . Unfortunately for the franchise , Pitino was not the savior everyone expected him to be . Auerbach bore the insult of being elbowed out with dignity , even as the team failed to improve . The Celtics received the third and sixth draft picks in the 1997 NBA draft , and used the picks to select a brand new backcourt through Chauncey Billups and Ron Mercer . The young team that lost 67 games the year before was dismantled , with David Wesley , Dino Rađa and Rick Fox being let go , and Williams traded to the Denver Nuggets for a pair of second round draft picks ( Williams would return to the Celtics in 1999 and played for four years ) . Walter McCarty was also acquired in a trade with the Knicks . With a promising start , upsetting the defending champions Chicago Bulls at home on opening night , and hard play from the youngsters that led to leaderships in turnovers and steals , the team improved its victories from 15 to 36 despite many losing streaks . Billups was subsequently traded to the Raptors during his rookie year , and Mercer was traded to the Nuggets during his third season . 1998 -- 2013 : the Paul Pierce era ( edit ) Paul Pierce , 2008 NBA Finals MVP , was drafted 10th overall in the 1998 NBA draft . The following year in the 1998 NBA draft , the Celtics drafted Paul Pierce , a college star who had been expected to be drafted much earlier than the Celtics ' 10th overall pick . Pierce had an immediate impact during the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 NBA season , averaging 19.5 points and being named Rookie of The Month in February as he led the league in steals . However , the Celtics continued to struggle as Pitino failed to achieve meaningful success . After Boston lost to the Toronto Raptors on March 1 , 2000 , on a buzzer - beater by Vince Carter , Pitino delivered the memorable `` Larry Bird is not walking through that door , fans '' speech . He resigned in January 2001 . Following the resignation of Rick Pitino , the Celtics saw modest improvement under coach Jim O'Brien . Paul Pierce matured into an NBA star and was ably complemented by Antoine Walker and the other players acquired over the years . While the team was 12 -- 21 when Pitino left , O'Brien's record to finish the season was 24 -- 24 . Following the 2000 -- 01 season O'Brien was given the job of head coach on a permanent basis . As a result of numerous trades , the Celtics had three picks in the 2001 NBA draft . They selected Joe Johnson , Joe Forte , and Kedrick Brown . Only Johnson managed to succeed in the NBA , becoming a perennial All - Star after leaving the Celtics . The Celtics entered the 2001 -- 02 season with low expectations . The team 's success in the latter stages of 2000 -- 01 was largely forgotten , and critics were surprised when the team , along with the New Jersey Nets , surged to the top of the Atlantic Division ahead of the Philadelphia 76ers , who were fresh off a trip to the NBA Finals . The Celtics won a hard - fought 5 - game series with the 76ers in the first round , 3 -- 2 . Pierce scored 46 points in the series - clinching blowout at the Fleet Center . In the Conference Semifinals , the Celtics defeated the favored Detroit Pistons 4 -- 1 . In their first trip to the Eastern Conference Finals since 1988 , the Celtics jumped out to a 2 -- 1 series lead over the Nets , after rallying from 21 points down in the fourth quarter to win Game 3 , but would lose the next three games to fall 4 -- 2 . In 2003 , the Celtics were sold by owner Paul Gaston to Boston Basketball Partners L.L.C. , led by H. Irving Grousbeck , Wycliffe Grousbeck and Steve Pagliuca . The team made it back to the playoffs but were swept by the Nets in the second round , despite bringing Game 4 to double overtime . Before their elimination , the team hired former Celtics ' guard Danny Ainge as general manager , moving Chris Wallace to another position in the organization . Ainge believed the team had reached its peak and promptly sent Antoine Walker to the Dallas Mavericks ( along with Tony Delk ) . In return , the Celtics received the often - injured Raef LaFrentz , Chris Mills , Jiří Welsch , and a first - round pick in 2004 . The Celtics made the playoffs , only to be swept in the first round by the Indiana Pacers , losing all 4 games by blowout margins . Head coach Doc Rivers led the Celtics to an NBA title in 2008 . 2004 -- 2007 : the `` Doc '' is here ( edit ) The Celtics were a young team under new coach Doc Rivers during the 2004 -- 05 season , having drafted youngsters Al Jefferson , Delonte West and Tony Allen in the 2004 Draft . Yet they seemed to have a core of good young players , led by Pierce and rookie Al Jefferson , to go along with a group of able veterans . The Celtics went 45 -- 37 and won their first Atlantic Division title since 1991 -- 92 , receiving a boost from returning star Antoine Walker in mid-season . The Pacers defeated them in the first round yet again , with the series culminating in an embarrassing 27 - point loss in Game 7 at the Fleet Center . After the season Walker was traded again , this time to the Miami Heat . Despite Pierce 's career season , in which he averaged career - highs in points ( 26.8 ) , the Celtics missed the playoffs with a 33 -- 49 record , owing largely to a young roster and constant roster shuffling , which saw the likes of Marcus Banks , Ricky Davis and Mark Blount traded for underachieving former first - overall pick Michael Olowokandi and former all - star Wally Szczerbiak . The Celtics continued to rebuild in the 2006 NBA draft . The Celtics selected Kentucky point guard Rajon Rondo , who was to become a key piece in the team 's revival . In the second round the Celtics added Leon Powe . The 2006 -- 07 season was a gloomy one for the franchise , starting with the death of Red Auerbach at 89 . Auerbach was one of the few remaining people who had been a part of the NBA since its inception in 1946 . The Celtics went 2 -- 22 from late December 2006 through early February 2007 after losing Pierce to injury , the result of a stress reaction in his left foot . At first , the Celtics received a much needed boost from guard Tony Allen but he tore his ACL and MCL on a needless dunk attempt after the whistle . The Celtics compiled a record of 24 -- 58 , second - worst in the NBA , including a franchise record 18 - game losing streak . At the end of the season , the Celtics , with the second worst record in the NBA , were at least hopeful that they could secure a high draft pick and select either Greg Oden or Kevin Durant to help rebuild the franchise , but the Celtics fell to fifth in the Draft Lottery . 2007 -- 2012 : the New ' Big three ' : Pierce , Allen and Garnett ( edit ) The Boston Celtics celebrate after winning the 2008 NBA championship . The 17th championship banner was raised above the TD Garden rafters on October 28 , 2008 . In the summer of 2007 , GM Danny Ainge made a series of moves that returned the Celtics to prominence . On draft night , he traded the No. 5 pick Jeff Green , Wally Szczerbiak and Delonte West to Seattle for perennial all - star Ray Allen and Seattle 's second - round pick which the team used to select LSU 's Glen `` Big Baby '' Davis . Then the Celtics traded Ryan Gomes , Gerald Green , Al Jefferson , Theo Ratliff , and Sebastian Telfair to Minnesota , where Ainge 's former teammate Kevin McHale was the G.M. , and swapped 2009 first round draft picks , for MVP Kevin Garnett . These moves created the `` Boston Three Party '' ( the nickname given to describe the combining of Allen , Garnett , and Pierce by Scott Van Pelt in a `` This Is Sportscenter '' commercial ) , which would revitalize the team and lead them back to glory . The Celtics completed the largest single - season turnaround in NBA history . The new ' Big Three ' of Pierce , Allen and Garnett went 66 -- 16 in the regular season , a 42 - game improvement . However , the team struggled initially in the playoffs . The Atlanta Hawks took them to seven games in the first round , as did the Cleveland Cavaliers in the conference semifinals . The Celtics defeated the Detroit Pistons in six games of the Eastern Conference Finals , winning two road games . In the 2008 NBA Finals , the Celtics faced MVP Kobe Bryant and the Los Angeles Lakers for the 11th time , the first time since 1987 . The Celtics won Game 1 at home 98 -- 88 , fueled by strong play by Garnett and Pierce 's dramatic comeback from a second half knee injury . They would also go on to win Game 2 108 -- 102 , despite nearly blowing a 24 - point lead in the fourth quarter . As the series shifted to Los Angeles , the Lakers stifled Pierce and Garnett in Game 3 and won 87 -- 81 . However , the Celtics would overcome a 24 - point deficit in Game 4 to win 97 -- 91 , the largest comeback in NBA Finals history . After again blowing a large lead , the Lakers hung on to win Game 5 103 -- 98 , sending the series back to Boston . In Game 6 , the Celtics overpowered the Lakers , winning 131 -- 92 , clinching their 17th NBA title , and first since 1986 . It remains the most lopsided win in a championship - clinching game ; Paul Pierce was named Finals MVP . The win in Game 6 was a sense of relief , as it was a difficult path to this championship ; in that game , these Celtics set a record for most games a team had ever played in a postseason , with 26 , surpassing the 1994 New York Knicks , whom Coach Doc Rivers played for , and the 2005 Detroit Pistons , each of whom played 25 , but lost their respective finals in seven games ( Knicks in 1994 , Pistons in 2005 ) . The Celtics during the 2008 -- 09 season opener . L-R : Paul Pierce , Kevin Garnett , Eddie House , Kendrick Perkins and Ray Allen . The 2008 -- 09 Celtics started off the season at 27 -- 2 , the then - best starting record in NBA history . They also had a pair of 10 + game winning streaks including a franchise record 19 - game streak . After the All Star Break , Kevin Garnett was injured in a loss against the Utah Jazz , missing the last 25 games of the season . Garnett was eventually shelved for the playoffs . The 2009 Celtics still finished with 62 victories , but their playoff run would end against the Magic in the second round , losing in seven games after leading 3 -- 2 , the first such occurrence in team history . In the prior round they were pushed to a Game 7 against the Chicago Bulls , with four of those games went to overtime , yet the Celtics ' experience was too much for the young Bulls . The following year , with the return of Garnett from injury and the additions of Rasheed Wallace and Marquis Daniels , the Celtics started the season 23 -- 5 and at one point had the best record in the NBA . However , Doc Rivers decided to lessen his aging stars ' minutes to keep them fresh for the playoffs . As a result , the Celtics sputtered to an even 27 -- 27 record the rest of the way and finished the 2009 -- 10 regular season with a 50 -- 32 record , with a better road ( 26 -- 15 ) than home ( 24 -- 17 ) record . Despite previous predictions the Celtics would never go deeper into the playoffs , the Celtics still managed to make the NBA Finals despite their lowly fourth seeding . They defeated the Miami Heat in five games , upset the top - seeded Cavaliers in six games and toppled the defending Eastern champion Magic , avenging their loss from the previous season . Rajon Rondo emerged as a bonafide superstar during post-season play , continuing his rise to fame beginning with his first All - Star appearance . For the 12th time , the adversary were the Lakers . After taking a 3 -- 2 lead heading into Los Angeles for Game 6 , the Celtics appeared poised to pack in their 18th title . But Kendrick Perkins , the team 's starting center , suffered a severe knee injury early in Game 6 , and the Celtics would lose Game 6 , and go on to blow a 13 - point lead in Game 7 . After speculation coach Doc Rivers would resign to spend more time with his family , he affirmed on June 30 , 2010 , that he would return to the team for the 2010 -- 11 season . During the 2010 off season , with Perkins expected to be out until February 2011 , the Celtics signed two former All - Star centers , Shaquille O'Neal and Jermaine O'Neal , along with Turkish center Semih Erden , their 2008 second round pick , and the return of Delonte West . Shaquille O'Neal's presence wound up leading to Perkins departure : the Celtics were 33 -- 10 in games Perkins had missed during the year due to injury , with a 19 -- 3 record with O'Neal played over 20 minutes . Consequently , Perkins was traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder in February , when the Celtics were 41 -- 14 and held the Eastern Conference leaderboard despite another rash of injuries . Following the trade , however , they proceeded to win only 15 of their final 27 games to finish with a 56 -- 26 record , sliding to the third seed , due to the injuries -- O'Neal played only five minutes -- and difficult adjustment of new Celtics such as Jeff Green , Nenad Krstić and Carlos Arroyo . The 2010 -- 11 season still provided three landmarks : the Celtics became the second team to reach 3,000 victories , Paul Pierce became the third Celtic to score 20,000 points after Larry Bird and John Havlicek , and Ray Allen broke the NBA record for most three - pointers made in a career . The 2011 NBA Playoffs started with the Celtics sweeping the New York Knicks 4 -- 0 in the opening round , but in the second round they were ousted by eventual Eastern champions Miami Heat in five games . Shaquille O'Neal , limited to 12 minutes in two games of the second round , retired at the end of the season . At the 2011 NBA draft , the Celtics acquired two Purdue teammates , JaJuan Johnson and E'Twaun Moore . During the short preseason following the 2011 NBA lockout , the Celtics signed free agents Marquis Daniels , Chris Wilcox , Keyon Dooling and Greg Stiemsma , while acquiring Brandon Bass from the Magic for Glen Davis and Von Wafer . They also re-signed Jeff Green , only to have it voided after a physical revealed that Green was diagnosed with an aortic aneurysm , forcing him to miss the season . The Celtics started the season 0 -- 3 with Paul Pierce out with a heel injury and his replacement Mickaël Piétrus taking long to debut . The struggles let to the longest losing streak in the ' Big Three ' era with five games , and by the All Star break , the Celtics were below . 500 with a 15 -- 17 record . However , they were one of the hottest teams after the break , going 24 -- 10 the rest of the year and winning their 5th division title in a row . The Celtics would end up making the playoffs as the fourth seed in the Eastern Conference in the 2012 NBA Playoffs . In the playoffs , the Celtics faced the Atlanta Hawks in the first round , beating them in six games led by strong play from Pierce and Garnett . In the Conference Semifinals the Celtics faced the Philadelphia 76ers led by Doug Collins and a young group of promising players that would push the Celtics into a full - seven game series . Following a Game 7 85 -- 75 win the Celtics faced the Miami Heat in the Eastern Conference Finals , who had defeated them in the playoffs the previous year . After losing the first two games in Miami , Boston fought back and won the next three games . With the possibility of closing the series at home , the C suffered a blowout loss at the TD Garden of 98 -- 79 , taking the series back to Miami for Game 7 , where the Celtics built an early lead but eventually lost 101 -- 88 ; Miami would go on to defeat the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Finals . Rajon Rondo became the Celtics ' leader after the ' Big Three ' left . The 2012 offseason started with the Celtics having only six players under contract . While Kevin Garnett renewed , Ray Allen chose to sign with the Miami Heat for less money , bringing the five - year ' Big Three ' era to a somewhat acrimonious end . The Celtics also signed free agents Jason Terry , Jason Collins , Darko Miličić and Leandro Barbosa ; acquired Courtney Lee in a three - team sign and trade -- where Johnson , Moore , Sean Williams and a future second round pick were sent to the Houston Rockets and the Portland Trail Blazers got Sasha Pavlovic ; drafted three players , Jared Sullinger , Fab Melo and Kris Joseph ; and renewed with Brandon Bass along with Chris Wilcox and Jeff Green , who both were returning to play after sustaining season - ending heart ailments . Despite losing Rondo and Sullinger to injury , the Celtics compiled a seven - game winning streak , including victories over the Heat in double overtime and the Nuggets in triple overtime . The winning streak was snapped on February 12 when Leandro Barbosa suffered a season - ending torn ACL . To compensate , the Celtics signed swingman Terrence Williams , forwards D.J. White and Shavlik Randolph , and traded Barbosa and Collins to the Washington Wizards in exchange for guard Jordan Crawford . The Celtics finished the season with 41 wins , but played only 81 games after a home game against the Indiana Pacers on April 16 was cancelled following the Boston Marathon bombings ; the game was not made up with both teams already assured of their playoff positions . The 41 wins were the lowest totals the Celtics achieved as a playoff - bound team since 2004 . The Celtics trailed 3 -- 0 to the New York Knicks in the first round of the 2013 NBA Playoffs , before losing the series in six games . In Game 6 , the Celtics nearly completed a come back when they went on a 20 -- 0 run to cut the lead to 4 , but that was the closest they got as the New York Knicks would take over to win . During the offseason , head coach Doc Rivers was allowed out of his contract and left to coach the Los Angeles Clippers , giving the Celtics a 2015 unprotected first round pick as compensation . A few days later , Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett ( after waiving his no - trade clause ) , along with Jason Terry and D.J. White , were traded to the Brooklyn Nets for Keith Bogans , MarShon Brooks , Kris Humphries , Kris Joseph , Gerald Wallace , and three future first - round draft picks ( 2014 , 2016 , 2018 ) , with the right to swap 2017 first - round picks with Brooklyn . The deal was later approved by the league on July 12 , 2013 , effectively ending the ' Big 3 ' era and marking the start of a youth movement for the team . 2013 -- present : Brad Stevens era ( edit ) Brad Stevens is the Celtics ' current head coach . On July 3 , 2013 , the Celtics announced that Brad Stevens , the head coach of Butler University , would replace Doc Rivers as head coach . Halfway through the season , in January , Rajon Rondo made his return and was named the 15th Team Captain in team history , and the team furthered the youth movement by acquiring two draft picks in a three team trade that sent Jordan Crawford and MarShon Brooks to the Golden State Warriors while the Celtics received the Heat center Joel Anthony . The 2013 -- 14 season marked the Celtics ' first missed playoffs since the ' Big Three ' . The next off - season , the Celtics drafted Marcus Smart with the 6th overall pick and James Young with the 17th overall pick in the 2014 NBA draft , and signed Evan Turner . The 2014 -- 15 season had several roster moves , the most prominent being Rondo and rookie Dwight Powell traded to the Dallas Mavericks for center Brandan Wright , forward Jae Crowder , veteran point guard Jameer Nelson , and future picks . A total of 22 players spent time with the Celtics , leading scorer and rebounder Sullinger suffered a season - ending left metatarsal stress fracture , and the team was only tenth in the East with 28 games remaining . However , midseason acquisition Isaiah Thomas helped the team win 22 of their last 34 games , finishing the season with a 40 -- 42 record , enough for the seventh seed in the Eastern Conference Playoffs . The Celtics were swept by the second seeded Cleveland Cavaliers in the first round . In the 2015 NBA draft Boston selected Terry Rozier , R.J. Hunter , Jordan Mickey , and Marcus Thornton with the 16th , 28th , 33rd , and 45th selections respectively . During the off - season , the Celtics signed forward Amir Johnson and traded Gerald Wallace and Chris Babb in exchange for Warriors forward David Lee . The Celtics finished the 2015 -- 16 NBA season with a 48 -- 34 record , earning the fifth seed in the Eastern Conference . They played the fourth seed Atlanta Hawks in the first round of the playoffs . After leading by 3 points in the fourth quarter of Game 1 , guard Avery Bradley went down with a hamstring injury , making him sit out for the rest of the series . The Celtics lost the series 4 -- 2 to the Hawks , ending their season . On July 8 , 2016 , the Celtics signed 4 - time All - Star Al Horford . The Celtics finished the 2016 -- 17 season with a 53 -- 29 record and clinched the top seed in the Eastern Conference . After a hip injury ended Thomas ' impressive playoff run in game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals , the Celtics eventually lost to the Cavaliers in five games . 2017 roster overhaul : Irving and Hayward ( edit ) For the 2017 NBA draft , the Celtics won the draft lottery , earning them the first pick . They were projected to select freshman guard Markelle Fultz , but the pick was subsequently traded to the Philadelphia 76ers in exchange for the third pick in the 2017 draft and future picks . The 76ers would go on to draft Fultz , while the Celtics used the third pick to select freshman forward Jayson Tatum . Semi Ojeleye , Kadeem Allen , and Jabari Bird were selected with the 37th , 53rd , and 56th selections , respectively , in the second round . At the start of the off - season , the team signed Tatum and Ante Žižić , among others , with the biggest acquisition being the signing of Gordon Hayward . On August 22 , 2017 , the Celtics agreed to a deal that sent Isaiah Thomas , Jae Crowder , Žižić , and the Brooklyn Nets ' 2018 first - round draft pick to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Kyrie Irving . An additional draft pick ( Celtics ' 2020 second - round ) was later added to the package from the Celtics to the Cavaliers after doctors revealed that Thomas 's injury was more significant than initially anticipated . By the end of the off - season , only 4 Celtics ' players remained from the 2016 -- 17 squad , with Marcus Smart being the longest tenured Celtic from the 2014 NBA draft . Rivalries ( edit ) Atlanta Hawks ( edit ) The Celtics - Hawks rivalry is a rivalry in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association that has lasted for over five decades , although the two teams have played each other since the 1949 -- 50 season , when the then - Tri-Cities Blackhawks joined the NBA as part of the National Basketball League and the Basketball Association of America merger . However , the Blackhawks could not field a truly competitive team until they moved to St. Louis as the St. Louis Hawks after a four - year stopover at Milwaukee . The two teams have faced each other eleven times in the NBA Playoffs , four times in the NBA Finals , with the Celtics winning ten of twelve series against the Hawks , including three out of four NBA Finals . While the Hawks have only defeated the Celtics twice out of eleven series in the NBA Playoffs , they still often managed to make their series with the Celtics memorable . The rivalry intensified in 2016 with Hawks All - Star Center Al Horford spurning the team and joining the Celtics . New York Knicks ( edit ) Main article : Celtics -- Knicks rivalry The rivalry between the Celtics and the New York Knicks stems from the location of the teams , both of which are in the NBA 's Atlantic division . It is one of many rivalries between Boston and New York teams . Boston and New York are also the only two original NBA franchises that have remained in the same city for the duration of their existence . The teams have played 512 games against each other during the regular season , with the Celtics winning 276 times . The two teams have also faced each other 61 times during the playoffs , with the Celtics winning 34 times . Philadelphia 76ers ( edit ) Wilt Chamberlain of the Philadelphia 76ers being defended against by Bill Russell of the Boston Celtics . Main article : 76ers -- Celtics rivalry The Celtics and the Philadelphia 76ers are the two teams who have the most meetings in the NBA Playoffs , playing each other in 19 series , of which the Celtics have won 12 . The 76ers are considered as the Celtics ' biggest rival in the Eastern Conference . The rivalry reached its peak when players Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain of the 76ers played each other from 1965 to 1968 . Their play would result in the Celtics not winning every NBA Finals series in the 1960s when the Sixers won in 1967 . During the early 1980s , the teams constantly fought for conference championships with Larry Bird leading the Celtics and Julius Erving leading the 76ers . Detroit Pistons ( edit ) Main article : Celtics -- Pistons rivalry The rivalry between the Celtics and the Detroit Pistons peaked in the 1980s , featuring players such as Larry Bird , Kevin McHale , Robert Parish , Isiah Thomas , Bill Laimbeer , Dennis Rodman , and Joe Dumars . These teams met in the NBA Playoffs five times in 7 seasons from 1985 to 1991 , with the Celtics winning in 1985 and 1987 , and the Pistons coming out on top en route to back - to - back Finals appearances in 1988 and their championship seasons of 1989 and 1990 . Led by Paul Pierce , Kevin Garnett and Ray Allen in the 2008 Eastern Conference Finals the Celtics defeated the Pistons in 6 games to advance to the NBA Finals where they went on to beat the Lakers also in 6 games . Los Angeles Lakers ( edit ) Main article : Celtics -- Lakers rivalry The rivalry between the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers involves the two most storied franchises in NBA history . It has been called the NBA 's best rivalry . The two teams have met a record twelve times in the NBA Finals , starting with their first Finals meeting in 1959 . They would go on to dominate the league in the 1960s and the 1980s , facing each other six times in the 1960s , three times in the 1980s , in 2008 , and in 2010 . The rivalry had been less intense since the retirements of Magic Johnson and Larry Bird in the early 1990s , but in 2008 it was renewed as the Celtics and Lakers met in the Finals for the first time since 1987 , with the Celtics winning the series in six games . They faced off once again in the 2010 NBA Finals which the Lakers won in seven games . The two teams have won the two highest numbers of championships , the Celtics 17 , the Lakers 16 ; together , the 33 championships account for almost half of the 70 championships in NBA history . Brooklyn Nets ( edit ) The Boston Celtics were once rivals of the New Jersey Nets during the early 2000s due to their respective locations and their burgeoning stars . The Nets were led by Jason Kidd and Kenyon Martin , while the Celtics were experiencing newfound success behind Paul Pierce and Antoine Walker . The rivalry began to heat up in the 2002 Eastern Conference Finals , which was preceded by trash talking from the Celtics who claimed Martin was a `` fake '' tough guy . Things progressed as the series started , and on - court tensions seemed to spill into the stands . Celtics ' fans berated Kidd and his family with chants of `` Wife Beater ! '' in response to Kidd 's 2001 domestic abuse charge . When asked about the fan barbs being traded , Kenyon Martin stated , `` Our fans hate them , their fans hate us . '' Bill Walton said at the time that Nets - Celtics was the `` beginning of the next great NBA rivalry '' during the Eastern Conference Finals in 2002 with the Nets advancing to the NBA Finals , though New Jersey would go on to sweep Boston in the 2003 playoffs . In 2012 , the year the Nets returned to New York in the borough of Brooklyn , there were indications that the rivalry might be rekindled when an altercation occurred on the court on November 28 , resulting in the ejection of Rajon Rondo , Gerald Wallace , and Kris Humphries . Rondo was suspended for two games in the aftermath , while Wallace and Kevin Garnett were fined . The story was revisited on December 25 , when Wallace grabbed Garnett 's shorts and the two had to be broken up by referees and players alike . However , the rivalry between the Nets and the Celtics appeared significantly cooled off by the June 2013 blockbuster trade that dealt Celtics stars Garnett and Paul Pierce to the Nets in exchange for Wallace , Humphries , and others . This move was billed as a merger of the two Atlantic Division teams . Celtics announcer Sean Grande said `` It 's almost as if you found a great home for these guys . You could n't have found a better place . These guys will be in the New York market , they 'll be on a competitive team , they 'll stay on national TV . It 's funny , because the enemy of my enemy is my friend . So with Celtics fans feeling the way they do about the Heat , feeling the way they do about the Knicks , the Nets are going to become almost the second ( Boston ) team now . '' Season - by - season record ( edit ) List of the last five seasons completed by the Celtics . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Boston Celtics seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , % = Winning Percentage ; Season GP % Finish Playoffs 2012 -- 13 81 41 40 . 506 3rd , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Knicks ) 2013 -- 14 82 25 57 . 305 4th , Atlantic Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 82 40 42 . 488 2nd , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 0 -- 4 ( Cavaliers ) 2015 -- 16 82 48 34 . 585 2nd , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Hawks ) 2016 -- 17 82 53 29 . 646 1st , Atlantic Lost in Conference Finals , 1 -- 4 ( Cavaliers ) Records , retired numbers and awards ( edit ) Main article : List of Boston Celtics accomplishments and records The Celtics have a NBA record 17 Championships including 8 in a row , and 11 championships in 13 years . They also have 52 playoff appearances . The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame have 40 enshrined players who played for the Celtics , and the franchise is the one with the most retired numbers in all American sports , with 21 . FIBA Hall of Fame ( edit ) Boston Celtics FIBA Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 6 Bill Russell 1956 -- 1969 2007 Home arenas ( edit ) Boston Garden TD Garden Arena Location Duration Boston Arena Boston , Massachusetts 1946 -- 1955 Boston Garden Boston , Massachusetts 1946 -- 1995 Hartford Civic Center Hartford , Connecticut 1975 -- 1995 TD Garden Boston , Massachusetts 1995 -- present Players ( edit ) Main article : Boston Celtics all - time roster Current roster ( edit ) Boston Celtics roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Allen , Kadeem ( TW ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1993 -- 01 -- 15 Arizona 6.0 ! C 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Baynes , Aron 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1986 -- 12 -- 09 Washington State 1.5 ! G 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Bird , Jabari ( TW ) 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 198 lb ( 90 kg ) 1994 -- 07 -- 03 UC Berkeley 2.5 ! G / F 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Brown , Jaylen 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1996 -- 10 -- 24 UC Berkeley 4.0 ! F 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Hayward , Gordon 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 226 lb ( 103 kg ) 1990 -- 03 -- 23 Butler 5.5 ! F / C 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Horford , Al 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1986 -- 06 -- 03 Florida 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Irving , Kyrie 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 193 lb ( 88 kg ) 1992 -- 03 -- 23 Duke 1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Larkin , Shane 7000180340000000000 ♠ 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1992 -- 10 -- 02 Miami ( FL ) 4.0 ! F 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Morris , Marcus 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1989 -- 09 -- 02 Kansas 4.0 ! F 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Nader , Abdel 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1993 -- 09 -- 25 Iowa State 4.0 ! F 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Ojeleye , Semi 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1994 -- 12 -- 05 Southern Methodist 1.5 ! G 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Rozier , Terry 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1994 -- 03 -- 17 Louisville 1.5 ! G 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Smart , Marcus 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1994 -- 03 -- 06 Oklahoma State 4.0 ! F 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Tatum , Jayson 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1998 -- 03 -- 03 Duke 5.5 ! F / C 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Theis , Daniel 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 243 lb ( 110 kg ) 1992 -- 04 -- 04 Germany 4.0 ! F 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Yabusele , Guerschon 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1995 -- 12 -- 17 France Head coach Brad Stevens Assistant coach ( es ) Jerome Allen Jay Larrañaga Walter McCarty Scott Morrison Micah Shrewsberry Alvin Williams Jamie Young Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2017 -- 10 -- 17 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Celtics hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player is ostensibly either an international draftee or a college draftee who is n't signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref Captains ( edit ) Former Celtics captain Paul Pierce being defended by LeBron James . All - time Team captains Captain Tenure Bob Cousy 1950 -- 1963 Frank Ramsey & Bill Russell 1963 -- 1964 Bill Russell 1964 -- 1966 John Havlicek January 16 , 1967 -- 1978 Jo Jo White & Dave Cowens October 17 , 1978 -- November 14 , 1978 Jo Jo White November 14 , 1978 -- January 30 , 1979 Dave Cowens & Chris Ford January 31 , 1979 -- 1979 Dave Cowens 1979 -- October 1 , 1980 Larry Bird 1983 -- 1992 Reggie Lewis 1992 -- 1993 Robert Parish 1993 -- 1994 Dominique Wilkins & Dee Brown 1994 -- 1995 Dee Brown 1995 -- 1996 Rick Fox 1996 -- 1997 Dee Brown & Antoine Walker October 8 , 1997 -- December 2 , 1997 Dee Brown , Antoine Walker , & Pervis Ellison December 2 , 1997 - February 18 , 1998 Antoine Walker and Pervis Ellison February 18 , 1998 -- 1998 Antoine Walker 1998 -- 1999 Antoine Walker & Dana Barros 1999 -- 2000 Antoine Walker & Paul Pierce 2000 -- 2003 Paul Pierce 2003 -- 2013 Rajon Rondo January 17 , 2014 -- December 19 , 2014 none December 20 , 2014 -- present Franchise leaders ( edit ) Bold denotes still active with team . Italic denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2016 -- 17 season ) 1 . John Havlicek ( 26,395 ) 2 . Paul Pierce ( 24,021 ) 3 . Larry Bird ( 21,791 ) 4 . Robert Parish ( 18,245 ) 5 . Kevin McHale ( 17,335 ) 6 . Bob Cousy ( 16,955 ) 7 . Sam Jones ( 15,411 ) 8 . Bill Russell ( 14,522 ) 9 . Dave Cowens ( 13,192 ) 10 . Jo Jo White ( 13,188 ) 11 . Bill Sharman ( 12,287 ) 12 . Tom Heinsohn ( 12,194 ) 13 . Antoine Walker ( 11,386 ) 14 . Don Nelson ( 9,968 ) 15 . Satch Sanders ( 8,766 ) 16 . Frank Ramsey ( 8,378 ) 17 . Cedric Maxwell ( 8,311 ) 18 . Reggie Lewis ( 7,902 ) 19 . Ed Macauley ( 7,882 ) 20 . Dennis Johnson ( 6,805 ) 21 . Danny Ainge ( 6,257 ) 22 . Kevin Garnett ( 6,233 ) 23 . Ray Allen ( 5,987 ) 24 . Bailey Howell ( 5,812 ) 25 . Rajon Rondo ( 5,783 ) 26 . Don Chaney ( 5,689 ) 27 . Dee Brown ( 5,512 ) 28 . Larry Siegfried ( 5,420 ) 29 . K.C. Jones ( 5,011 ) 30 . Avery Bradley ( 5,000 ) 31 . Kevin Gamble ( 4,895 ) 32 . Rick Fox ( 4,759 ) 33 . Tiny Archibald ( 4,550 ) 34 . Isaiah Thomas ( 4,422 ) 35 . Eric Williams ( 4,248 ) 36 . Paul Silas ( 3,744 ) 37 . Dino Radja ( 3,733 ) 38 . Gerald Henderson ( 3,521 ) 39 . Jeff Green ( 3,252 ) 40 . Brandon Bass ( 3,216 ) 41 . Chris Ford ( 3,194 ) 42 . Jim Loscutoff ( 3,156 ) 43 . Dana Barros ( 3,109 ) 44 . Sherman Douglas ( 2,981 ) 45 . Ricky Davis ( 2,940 ) 46 . Steve Kuberski ( 2,929 ) 47 . Kendrick Perkins ( 2,917 ) 48 . Jared Sullinger ( 2,856 ) 49 . Rick Robey ( 2,829 ) 50 . Walter McCarty ( 2,806 ) Other statistics ( regular season ) ( as of April 18 , 2017 ) Most minutes played Player Minutes John Havlicek 46,471 Bill Russell 40,726 Paul Pierce 40,360 Robert Parish 34,977 Larry Bird 34,443 Bob Cousy 30,131 Kevin McHale 30,118 Dave Cowens 28,551 Jo Jo White 26,770 Sam Jones 24,285 Most rebounds Player Rebounds Bill Russell 21,620 Robert Parish 11,051 Dave Cowens 10,170 Larry Bird 8,974 John Havlicek 8,007 Kevin McHale 7,122 Paul Pierce 6,651 Satch Sanders 5,798 Tom Heinsohn 5,749 Antoine Walker 4,782 Most assists Player Assists Bob Cousy 6,945 John Havlicek 6,114 Larry Bird 5,695 Rajon Rondo 4,474 Paul Pierce 4,305 Bill Russell 4,100 Jo Jo White 3,686 Dennis Johnson 3,486 K.C. Jones 2,908 Dave Cowens 2,828 Most steals Player Steals Paul Pierce 1,583 Larry Bird 1,556 Rajon Rondo 990 Robert Parish 873 Antoine Walker 828 Dee Brown 675 Danny Ainge 671 Dennis Johnson 654 Dave Cowens 569 Reggie Lewis 561 Most blocks Player Blocks Robert Parish 1,703 Kevin McHale 1,690 Larry Bird 755 Paul Pierce 668 Kendrick Perkins 646 Dave Cowens 473 Reggie Lewis 417 Kevin Garnett 394 Cedric Maxwell 378 Tony Battie 369 Most three - pointers made Player 3 - pointers made Paul Pierce 1823 Antoine Walker 937 Ray Allen 798 Larry Bird 649 Avery Bradley 520 Isaiah Thomas 460 Walter McCarty 417 Dana Barros 416 Danny Ainge 348 Eddie House 332 Coaches ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Boston Celtics head coaches Red Auerbach coached the Boston Celtics to 9 NBA titles , with eight straight titles between 1959 and 1966 . There have been 17 head coaches in Celtics ' history . Red Auerbach is the most successful franchise 's head coach having won 9 NBA championships with the team . Celtics ' legend Bill Russell took coaching duties from Auerbach and led them to 2 NBA championships while playing and coaching at the same time . The other two coaches that won 2 NBA titles with the team are Tom Heinsohn and K.C. Jones . Both Bill Fitch and Doc Rivers led the Celtics to 1 NBA championship the latter being the most recent coach to do so . Brad Stevens is the current head coach for the team . Assistant coaches ( edit ) Danny Silva ( 1946 -- 1948 ) Henry McCarthy ( 1948 -- 1950 ) Art Spector ( 1949 -- 1950 ) John Killilea ( 1972 -- 1977 ) K.C. Jones ( 1977 -- 1983 , 1996 -- 1997 ) Satch Sanders ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Bob McKinnon ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Jim Rodgers ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Chris Ford ( 1983 -- 1990 ) Ed Badger ( 1984 -- 1988 ) Lanny Van Eman ( 1988 -- 1990 ) Don Casey ( 1990 -- 1996 ) Jon P. Jennings ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Dennis Johnson ( 1993 -- 1997 ) John Kuester ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Winston Bennett ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Jim O'Brien ( 1997 -- 2001 ) John Carroll ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Mark Starns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Kevin Willard ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Lester Conner ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Andy Enfield ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Dick Harter ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Frank Vogel ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Dana Barros ( February 2004 - end of 2003 -- 04 ) Jim Brewer ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Paul Cormier ( February 2004 -- 2005 ) Tony Brown ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Kevin Eastman ( 2004 -- 2013 ) Armond Hill ( 2004 -- 2013 ) Paul Pressey ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Dave Wohl ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Clifford Ray ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Mike Longabardi ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Tom Thibodeau ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Lawrence Frank ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Roy Rogers ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Tyronn Lue ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Jamie Young ( 2011 -- present ) Jay Larrañaga ( 2012 -- present ) Ron Adams ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Micah Shrewsberry ( 2013 -- present ) Walter McCarty ( 2013 -- present ) Jerome Allen ( 2015 -- present ) Scott Morrison ( 2017 -- present ) Alvin Williams ( 2017 -- present ) Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Logos ( edit ) The Celtics ' current wordmark , used since the 1969 -- 70 season . The Boston Celtics logo since the early 1960s features a leprechaun spinning a basketball , named Lucky . It was originally designed by Zang Auerbach , the brother of Celtics head coach Red Auerbach . For a long time , the logo 's only colors were black , white and green . Then for the 1996 -- 97 season , celebrating the club 's 50th anniversary , the logo got a full - color treatment . Lucky 's face and hands were both painted tan , while gold was included on the vest , bow tie and hat , as well as brown on the ball and shillelagh , and black on its pants and shoes . The Celtics also have various alternative logos , with the most popular being a white shamrock with the letters `` Celtics '' above it , wrapped in a green circle , which has been used since the 1998 -- 99 season . The alternate logo is based on logos used by the Celtics before they used the Zang Auerbach leprechaun . For much of its history , the shamrock was trimmed in gold , as seen in the old team warmup jackets . A new secondary logo , unveiled in 2014 , featured a variation of the leprechaun logo , albeit in silhouette form . Uniforms ( edit ) The Celtics jerseys have always been green on away games and white on home games since their inception in 1946 . Except for some minor modifications , most notably the road ' Boston ' script and the serifed version of the uniforms during the Bill Russell era , the jerseys remained unchanged through the years . Beginning in 2005 -- 06 , the Celtics began using alternate home / road jerseys which are green with black lettering and trim featuring the word `` Boston '' on the front side of the jersey . The alternate jersey made few appearances in its first 2 seasons , but since 2007 it has been used much more often , in more than half of the road games . The uniforms traditionally make their debut on the last Friday of November home games , and are used on the road for games after that , though they also wear it at home on a few occasions . Also , in 2005 -- 06 , the Celtics began a tradition of wearing green jerseys with gold trim as part of the St. Patrick 's Day celebrations the NBA puts into place every third week of March . Except for the word `` Boston '' in front and the gold trim , the St. Patrick 's Day jerseys resemble the regular road jerseys . For the first four years , the St. Paddy 's jerseys were used four times , a majority of which on the road ; however in the 2009 -- 10 NBA season , they were used just twice ( both home games ) . They wore them six times in the 2011 -- 12 season ; wearing them at its earliest on March 9 , their final home game before an eight - game road trip . The uniform was the only one in the current Celtics set that does not use the Adidas Revolution 30 design . During the 2006 -- 07 season , the Celtics wore a commemorative patch of a black shamrock with the nickname `` Red '' in green letters on the right top of the jersey in remembrance of Red Auerbach , who died shortly prior to the beginning of the season . During the NBA Europe Live Tour prior to the 2007 -- 08 season , the Celtics used the alternate road jerseys in their game against the Toronto Raptors in Rome , except that the words `` Boston '' on the front side of the jersey and the shamrock on the shorts and on the reverse side of the jersey contained the green , white and red tricolors of the Italian flag . In the second game in London , the regular road jerseys featured a patch containing the Union Jack . At the 2008 -- 09 season opener against the Cleveland Cavaliers , the Celtics wore a modified version of their home uniforms , accented with gold , to commemorate last season 's championship team . In the 2013 -- 14 season , the Celtics replaced their alternate St. Patrick 's uniform with a new , sleeved version . Unlike the previous uniform , the front featured the team name in front , gold side panels and a white shamrock at the back , while the shorts closely resemble the green / black third uniform save for the gold accents . For the 2015 -- 16 season , the Celtics decided to go with a green / gold variation of their alternate uniform for St. Patrick 's week . A home grey alternate sleeved uniform was unveiled on November 6 , 2014 . The uniform features a serifed vertical arch ' Celtics ' wordmark in white with green trim , with names in green and numbers in white with green trim . In addition , it features a pattern of the Celtics ' famed parquet floor on the sides , a silhouette version of their leprechaun logo on the waistband , and a green shamrock on the left leg of the shorts . The grey uniforms were used for six home dates during the season . Also that season , the shamrock that had been present at the back of the uniforms since the 2006 -- 07 season was replaced by the NBA logo , while a gold tab representing the club 's 17 championships was stitched atop the neck stripe . The Celtics have also worn special edition Christmas Day uniforms since the 2008 -- 09 season . For the first four games , they wore their regular road uniforms modified with the NBA logo inside a snowflake . Then in the 2012 -- 13 season , they wore monochrome uniforms with green lettering trimmed in white . For the 2016 -- 17 season , the Celtics wore a special green uniform with a more ornate script lettering , but without the additional striping . The team has honored deceased members of the Celtics family with a commemorative black band on the left shoulder strap of the jersey . It has been featured eight times in the history of the franchise : Walter Brown ( 1964 -- 65 ) , Bob Schmertz ( 1975 -- 76 ) , Joan Cohen ( 1989 -- 90 ) , Johnny Most ( 1993 -- 94 ) , Reggie Lewis ( 1993 -- 94 ) , Dorothy Auerbach ( 2000 -- 01 ) , Dennis Johnson ( 2006 -- 07 ) . and Jim Loscutoff ( 2015 -- 16 ) . The team also had the tradition of wearing black sneakers through most of their history , except during the early 1980s when they wore green sneakers . According to legend , Celtics patriarch Red Auerbach had a problem with the white sneakers , claiming that the white sneakers can easily get dirty ; hence starting a long tradition with the black sneakers . But prior to the 2003 -- 04 season , current Celtics GM Danny Ainge and captain Paul Pierce suggested wearing white sneakers , in due part to a growing number of teams wearing black sneakers . Auerbach gladly accepted and the white sneakers have remained since on home games . They still wore the black sneakers on away games , but in the 2008 -- 09 season , they wore white sneakers with green and gold accents while wearing their St. Patrick 's Day jerseys on the road . Most recently , when the Celtics play on Christmas Day , they wore white or green sneakers with red and gold accents . Since the 2009 -- 10 season , the NBA relaxed its rules on specified sneaker colors , and Celtics players are now seen wearing either green , white or black sneakers at home and on the road . The Celtics were the only team to wear warmup jackets with the player names on the back . During the 1980s , this style was dominant in most NBA warmup jackets , but by the late 1990s , this style gradually declined . The Celtics , however , kept the design in keeping with tradition , before discontinuing the practice after the 2011 -- 12 season . By that time Adidas issues a new warmup jacket design annually , and for a few seasons , they provided players with a customized shooting shirt containing the player 's name and uniform number on the back . In January 2017 , the Celtics signed a multi-year deal with General Electric where they will become the `` exclusive Data and Analytics partner '' for the team . As part of the deal , the uniforms will have the GE logo prominently placed on the left shoulder of Celtics ' jerseys in green and white . This will be the first time a corporate logo will have placement on the game uniforms . With the switch to Nike as the uniform provider in 2017 , the NBA 's home and away uniform designations were abolished . The Celtics ' green `` Icon '' and white `` Association '' uniforms , to be worn either at home or away , remained mostly intact save for truncated striping on the shoulders and shorts . In addition , the Celtics unveiled a third `` Statement '' uniform , with black as the base color and letters and striping in green and white trim . A fourth uniform design , dubbed the `` Community '' uniform , will be unveiled during the 2017 -- 18 season . Television and radio ( edit ) Main article : List of Boston Celtics broadcasters Comcast SportsNet New England is the Boston Celtics ' main television outlet , having aired its games since 1981 when the station was known as SportsChannel New England . Like all the other SportsChannel networks , the New England channel was rebranded as Fox Sports New England when former owner Cablevision entered into a partnership with Liberty Media and News Corporation in 1998 . Comcast purchased Cablevision 's original network stake in 2001 , then acquired the remaining stake in what was now FSN New England in 2007 and rebranded the network as CSN New England . Mike Gorman provides the play - by - play with former Celtics player and coach Tommy Heinsohn serving as analyst for home games , while former Celtics ' player Brian Scalabrine serves as analyst for road games . Abby Chin serves as courtside reporter . The Celtics can be heard on 98.5 the Sports Hub during all Boston Celtics games , all season long from preseason to postseason . The play - by - play announcer is Sean Grande with commentary from Cedric Maxwell . On September 26 , 2013 , the Celtics and 98.5 The Sports Hub announced a multi-year partnership in which the Boston Celtics games will be broadcast on the market 's leading sports station . Beginning with the 2013 -- 14 season , 98.5 The Sports Hub will feature select pre-season games , and all regular and post-season matchups , as well as produce extended pre - and postgame shows focused entirely on the Celtics . Management ( edit ) Ownership history ( edit ) Ownership history Owner Tenure Boston Garden - Arena Corporation June 6 , 1946 -- July 31 , 1950 Walter A. Brown / Lou Pieri July 31 , 1950 -- September 7 , 1964 Lou Pieri and Marjorie Brown , wife of team founder September 7 , 1964 -- June 24 , 1965 Marvin Kratter / Knickerbocker Brewing Company , subsidiary of National Equities June 24 , 1965 -- 1968 Ballantine Brewery , subsidiary of Investors Funding Corporation 1968 -- 1969 Trans - National Communications 1969 -- 1971 Ballantine Brewery , subsidiary of Investors Funding Corporation 1971 -- 1972 Irv Levin and Harold Lipton April 1972 -- May 1972 * Robert Schmertz / Leisure Technology May 1972 -- January 1975 Robert Schmertz / Leisure Technology , Irv Levin , and Harold Lipton January 1975 -- November 1975 Irv Levin and Harold Lipton November 1975 -- 1978 John Y. Brown , Jr. and Harry T. Mangurian , Jr . 1978 -- 1979 Harry T. Mangurian , Jr . 1979 -- 1983 Don Gaston , Alan N. Cohen , Paul Dupee 1983 -- 1993 Paul Gaston 1993 -- 2002 Boston Basketball Partners L.L.C. -- consisting of Wycliffe Grousbeck , Stephen Pagliuca , H. Irving Grousbeck and The Abbey Group , represented by Robert Epstein 2002 -- present * Sale not approved by NBA Team presidents ( edit ) All - time Team presidents President Tenure Walter A. Brown 1946 -- 1963 Louis Pieri 1963 -- 1965 Jack Waldron 1965 -- 1967 Clarence H. Adams 1967 -- 1968 Jack Waldron 1968 -- 1970 Red Auerbach 1970 -- 1997 Rick Pitino 1997 -- 2001 Red Auerbach 2001 -- 2006 Rich Gotham 2007 -- present General managers ( edit ) GM history GM Tenure Walter A. Brown 1946 -- 1951 Red Auerbach 1951 -- 1984 Jan Volk 1984 -- 1997 Chris Wallace 1997 -- 2007 Danny Ainge 2007 -- present Other ( edit ) Name Position Tenure Dave Gavitt CEO 1990 -- 1994 Larry Bird Special assistant to front office 1992 -- 1997 M.L. Carr Director of Basketball Operations 1994 -- 1997 Danny Ainge President of Basketball Operations 2003 -- present Medical staff ( edit ) Team physicians ( edit ) All - time Team physicians Physician Tenure Dr. Robert Steinsieck 1956 -- 1958 Dr. Jack Longford 1958 -- 1959 Dr. John Doherty 1959 -- 1969 Dr. Thomas Silva 1969 -- 1987 Dr. Arnold Scheller 1987 -- 2005 Dr. Brian McKeon 2005 -- present Team athletic trainers ( edit ) All - time Athletic Trainers Trainer Tenure Harry Cohen 1946 -- 1958 Buddy LeRoux 1958 -- 1967 Joe DeLauri 1967 -- 1972 Frank Challant 1972 -- 1979 Ray Melchiorre 1979 -- 1987 Ed Lacerte 1987 -- 2017 Art Horne 2017 -- present See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal The Sports Museum ( at TD Garden ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Celtics have the highest percentage of National Basketball Association championships with 25.4 percent , and in Major League Baseball , the New York Yankees have the highest percentage with 24.8 percent . Jump up ^ This pick originally belonged to the Brooklyn Nets , but was sent to the Celtics in the 2013 trade involving Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett . The Nets had the worst record in the previous season , which gave the Celtics the highest chance of winning the lottery . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Boston Celtics seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2016 - 17 . National Basketball Association . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals History : Finals Champions and MVPs '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player Award Winners '' basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What 's in a Name ? '' . Boston Celtics . August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Celtics Related Books , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved February 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Earl Lloyd -- First Black Coach , sports.jrank.org accessed 2008 -- February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Lisette Auerbach 's Celtics played as a team , espn.go.com/classic . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry . `` Celtics tried to pass on ultimate passer '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bob Cousy Biography , nba.com/history , accessed February 1 , 2008 Jump up ^ Ed Macauley , hoophall.com , accessed May 26 , 2008 . Archived October 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Only the Ball Was Brown , daviskamp.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Season Recap -- 1950s , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bob Pettit Bio , nba.com/history . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 -- 1968 ) , sportsecyclopedia.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Boston Celtics ( 1946 -- present ) , sportsecyclopedia.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Lakers History , nba.com/lakers . Retrieved January 13 , 2005 . Archived August 17 , 2011 , at WebCite Jump up ^ ( 1 ). , Retrieved November 02 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berube , Reagan High Five , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Celtics Coach Red Auerbach Retires , massmoments.org . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on Boston Celtics blinkbits.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2005 . Archived September 3 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Heritage Week : Power Rankings , 1969 -- 70 nba.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Unbreakable '' Sports Records ( The World Almanac ) Archived 2009 - 08 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . worldalmanac.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Season Recaps -- 1970s , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved August 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Bucks NBA Archived 2008 - 12 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , jsonline.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Greatest Game Ever , nba.com/suns . Retrieved March 2 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Boston Drafts Cedric Mexwell , sportsfilter.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2001 . Archived April 8 , 2002 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Oklahoma Sooners Official Athletic Site -- Men 's Basketball Archived 2008 - 02 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , soonersports.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : NBA - Celtics , Braves once made a really big trade '' . assets.espn.go.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill Memories of Red , sports.espn.go.com October 30 , 2006 , February 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bob McAdoo Bio , nba.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2001 . Jump up ^ CNN / SI -- 33 : Timeline , sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2002 . Jump up ^ All - Time Finals Challenge : 1981 Celtics , nba.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Boston Celtics History , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved February 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bob McAdoo Summary , nba.com/history . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rookie of the Year Award Winners , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1980 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Editors of Publication International , Ltd . Robert Parish , entertainment.howstuffworks.com ... Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Complete First Round Results -- 1980 -- 89 , nba.com/history/draft . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yearly Win / Loss Record , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1981 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Finals MVP , nba.com/history . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1982 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1983 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Investment group buys Celtics for $360 million , sportsillustrated.cnn.com September 27 , 2002 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boston Celtics Roster and Statistics , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The 1984 NBA Finals , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Red Auerbach Biography , jockbio.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1985 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Postscript on the Walton - Maxwell Trade , lexnihilnovi.blogspot.com September 7 , 1985 . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Scoop The legend of Len Bias , sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Len Bias Tragedy , washingtonpost.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1987 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1988 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Villanova to Retire Former Celtic Player , Coach Chris Ford 's Jersey nba.com/celtics . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1993 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ PRO BASKETBALL ; Reggie Lewis 's Family Had a History of Heart Problems , Report Asserts -- New York Times nytimes.com September 13 , 1993 . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Did Reggie Lewis Have to Die ? -- TIME , time.com June 21 , 2001 . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Reggie ... -- The Official Site of the BOSTON CELTICS '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Citizens Bank Closes Deal with Rick Pitino Celtics Head Coach Signs on With Personal Services Contract , highbeam.com December 9 , 1997 . Retrieved December 15 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Complete First round Results -- 1990 -- 99 nba.com/history . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira ( 2 November 1997 ) . `` ON BASKETBALL ; Pitino 's Young Guns Overrun The Bulls '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ Celtics , Boston . `` Boston Celtics History - Celtics.com - The official website of the Boston Celtics '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Wins Without Pitino '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike ( 19 February 1998 ) . `` BASKETBALL ; Kenny Anderson Is Traded To Celtics in 7 - Player Deal '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ What the Hell Happened to ... Ron Mercer ? , celticslife.com May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1998 NBA Draft History -- Round 1 , mynbadraft.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Daily Inquirer - Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Dave ( March 13 , 2000 ) . `` There 's something about Pitino and the Celtics '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pitino 's resignation does n't mean an end to his career , sportsillustrated.cnn.com January 8 , 2001 . Retrieved January 9 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Franchise Index , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ 2002 NBA Playoffs Archived 2013 - 09 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Basketball Partners Assume Ownership of Celtics Franchise '' . NBA.com . December 31 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2003 NBA Playoffs , nba.com , accessed May 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Mavs Acquire ( sic ) Antoine Walker and Tony Delk from Boston , nba.com/mavericks . Retrieved April 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Celtics Acquire LaFrentz , Mills & Welsch From Mavericks , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved April 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ 2004 NBA Playoffs , sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Doc Rivers goes back to the bench , hired to coach Boston Celtics , findarticles.com May 17 , 2004 , accessed May 20 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Celtics Acquire Draft Rights to Leon Powe , nba.com/celtics , accessed April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Legendary Celtics coach Auerbach dead at age 89 , sports.espn.go.com October 29 , 2006 . Retrieved October 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gil , Gideon Recovery from ACL tear took 6 -- 9 months , boston.com September 8 , 2008 . Retrieved September 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Celtics finished with second - worst record last season , sports.espn.go.com May 10 , 2007 , accessed May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Celtics Acquire Seven - Time All - Star Ray Allen from Sonics , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Celtics Acquire 10 - Time All - Star Kevin Garnett , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce shoots Celtics to first Finals appearance since ' 87 '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved May 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics smash Lakers , bring home 17th NBA championship '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( June 17 , 2008 ) . `` Celtics Remain Mindful Of a Missed Opportunity '' . The New York Times . p . D2 . Jump up ^ NBA Celtics win 19th straight to set franchise record , news.google.com December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lakers snap Celtics 19 game winning streak , outsidethebeltway.com December 25 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` EWING PROPHETIC AS MAGIC BEAT CELTICS IN GAME 7 '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Celtics claw into second round with cagy Game 7 victory , espn.go.com May 2 , 2009 , accessed May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach Home Court Records and Champions , celticshub.com March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( 2010 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Celtics finally finish off Magic in Game 6 to head back to Finals '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` Lakers edge Celtics in Game 7 , win 16th title '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : May , Peter ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Celtics Creak Toward Postseason , Hoping They Have Legs for a Run '' . The New York Times . p . D7 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Payne , Greg ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Doc Rivers : Timing of trade was off '' . ESPNBoston.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amare Stoudemire back as Celts ' reserves top Knicks ' second string '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Shaquille O'Neal , who has played 5 minutes , 29 seconds since February 1 , also sat out . Jump up ^ Chris ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Report card : Shaquille O'Neal '' . ESPNBoston.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Sign D.J. White '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shavlik Randolph Signs 10 - Day Contract With Celtics -- RealGM Wiretap '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Golliver . `` NBA cancels game between Celtics and Pacers after Boston Marathon blasts '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks vs. Celtics - Game Recap - May 3 , 2013 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nets , Celtics work out blockbuster '' . ESPN . June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Complete Trade With Brooklyn Nets '' . NBA.com . July 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtics Hire Brad Stevens as Head Coach '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 's big three miss playoffs in same year for first time '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What can the Celtics do with the sixth pick ? '' . CBS Sports . CBS . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Complete Trade With Dallas Mavericks '' . Boston Celtics . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roster overhaul has n't changed C 's goals '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jared Sullinger of Boston Celtics will miss rest of season due to foot injury '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Celtics Will Probably Miss the Playoffs , and That 's Okay '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . C1 control character in title = at position 54 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Now in playoffs , Isaiah Thomas has discovered the Boston Celtics are not one of the NBA 's worst teams '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Sign Al Horford '' . NBA.com . July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Clinch # 1 Seed ; Will Face Bulls In First Round '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Polacek , Scott . `` Isaiah Thomas out for Rest of 2017 NBA Postseason with Hip Injury '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Boston Celtics trade No. 1 overall draft pick to Philadelphia 76ers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NBA Draft picks : Complete results , full list of players selected , highlights , grades '' . CBS Sports . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Sign Jayson Tatum , Ante Zizic '' . NBA.com . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Sign Gordon Hayward '' . NBA.com . July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Acquire Four - Time All - Star Kyrie Irving '' . NBA.com . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/article/2017/08/30/report-boston-celtics-include-second-round-pick-complete-trade-cleveland Jump up ^ https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/celtics/2017/08/22/celtics-turn-over-roster-time/RsW2CQloAYAye2DSSq3JFK/story.html Jump up ^ Boston Celtics Franchise History , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved November 8th , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Knicks and Celtics Renew Playoff Rivalry '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA : Most frequent playoff matchups '' . McCubed.net . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( May 12 , 1985 ) . `` Celtics - 76ers has been a playoff tradition '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved Jne 17 , 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Celtics - Pistons Top 10 games '' . ESPN.com. 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA ; s Best Rivalries '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Youngmisuk , Ohm ; Everson , Darren ( May 20 , 2002 ) . `` Celtics Talk A Good Game -- New York Daily News '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ Steve WilsteinAP Sports Writer ( May 31 , 2002 ) . `` Celtics fans ' taunts hurt Jason Kidd 's wife Amarillo.com Amarillo Globe - News '' . Amarillo.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter , May ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Suspension and 2 Fines After Brawl '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Nets owner Mikhail Prokhorov 's win - at - all - costs mentality is reminiscent of late George Steinbrenner '' . New York : NY Daily News . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grande : Celtics found ' good home ' for KG , Pierce '' . Csnne.com . July 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Hall of Famers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Numbers -- Celtics '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` C 's Captain a Work in Progress '' . Telegram & Gazette . February 28 , 1999 . Jump up ^ AP ( October 10 , 1963 ) . `` Celtics Vow To Be Champions '' . Gadsden Times . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ AP ( January 16 , 1967 ) . `` Havlicek Celtic Captain '' . The Day . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ UPI ( October 12 , 1978 ) . `` White , Cowens captains ; Maxwell to start Friday '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ UPI ( February 1 , 1979 ) . `` Celtics Defuse Rockets '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cowens Calls It Quits '' . The Daily Union Democrat . October 2 , 1980 . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ UPI ( October 28 , 1983 ) . `` Talented , ambitious Celtics in opener at Detroit tonight '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : AP ( October 14 , 1992 ) . `` Celtics name Lewis captain '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hohman , Ralph ( October 31 , 1993 ) . `` Celtics wish for a new star '' . Record - Journal . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ AP ( November 2 , 1994 ) . `` Brown , Wilkins appointed as co-captains for Celtics '' . Sun Journal . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ AP ( October 11 , 1995 ) . `` High Hopes at Celts ' Camp '' . The Hour . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( November 28 , 1996 ) . `` Magic Edge Hawks '' . Gainesville Sun . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Holley , Michael ( October 9 , 1997 ) . `` Pitino does his analysis play by play '' . The Boston Globe . ^ Jump up to : AP ( December 3 , 1997 ) . `` Pitino names Ellison captain '' . Sun Journal . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Holley , Michael ( February 19 , 1998 ) . `` Pitino Plies Trade Again '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Bulpett , Steve ( October 27 , 1999 ) . `` Walker , Barros will captain ship '' . Boston Herald . Jump up ^ `` Pierce , Walker are Co-Captains '' . Telegram & Gazette . October 12 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` C 's Name Rondo Captain On Night of Return '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Celtics : Players '' . Basketball Reference. 2017 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Managements and Captains , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Creation of a Logo '' . Boston Celtics . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Announce New Alternate Logo '' ( Press release ) . Boston Celtics . July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics unveil new alternate logo '' . ESPNBoston.com . July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 -- 08 Downloadable Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . nba.com/celtics.com . p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics and adidas Unveil Parquet Pride Collection '' ( Press release ) . Boston Celtics . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Joseph P. ( May 11 , 2003 ) . `` Celtics court change with a move to white sneakers '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Celtics , GE Announce Multi-Year Partnership '' ( Press release ) . Boston Celtics . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Dylan ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` GE Just Struck a Major Partnership with the Celtics '' . BostInno . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics , 98.5 The Sports Hub Announce Multi-Year Broadcast Partnership `` CBS Boston '' . Boston.cbslocal.com. 2013 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Brown , Pieri Purchases Celtics Basketball Club '' . The Hartford Courant . August 1 , 1950 . Jump up ^ `` New Owner But Red Is Still Boss of Celts '' . Lewiston Evening Journal . January 14 , 1975 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Paul Gaston to run Celtics ; Cohen out , highbeam.com September 2 , 1993 . Retrieved February 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics ' owner dispute is more confused than ever '' . The Tuscaloosa News . July 22 , 1974 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rich Gotham , Team President , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chris Wallace , General Manager , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Danny Ainge , Executive Director of Basketball Operations and General Manager , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Boston Celtics : Medical Staff , http://www.museumstuff.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics and trainer Ed Lacerte and conditioning coach Bryan Doo part ways '' , The Boston Globe , July 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Celtics . Official website Boston Celtics Founded in 1946 Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Seasons Accomplishments Head coaches Current season Arenas Boston Arena Boston Garden Hartford Civic Center TD Garden Administration Boston Basketball Partners ( owner ) Wyc Grousbeck ( CEO ) Wyc Grousbeck , H. Irving Grousbeck , Stephen Pagliuca ( managing partners ) Danny Ainge ( General manager ) Brad Stevens ( Head coach ) General managers Brown Auerbach Volk Wallace Ainge Retired numbers 00 6 10 14 15 16 17 18 LOSCY 19 21 22 23 24 25 31 32 33 34 ( To be retired on February 11 , 2018 ) 35 MIC Hall of Famers Boston Celtics Hall of Famers G League affiliate Maine Red Claws Rivalries Detroit Pistons Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Culture Celtic Pride Greatest game ever played Tommy Points `` Love ya , Cooz ! '' Close , but no cigar ! Bill Russell Beat L.A. Celtics / Lakers : Best of Enemies Mike Gorman Johnny Most `` Havlicek stole the ball ! '' Henderson steals the ball ! Bird steals the ball ! 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Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Museum of Fine Arts Museum of Science New England Aquarium Old North Church Paul Revere House Symphony Hall TD Garden USS Constitution Museum Business districts Back Bay Downtown Fenway -- Kenmore Financial District Government Center Innovation district North End Route 128 corridor South End List of companies in Boston Government City council City Hall Elections Emergency Medical Services ( EMS ) FinComm Fire Housing ( BHA ) Mayor Police Boston Planning and Development Agency Neighborhoods Allston -- Brighton Allston Brighton Back Bay Bay Village Beacon Hill Downtown Boston Financial District Government Center Charlestown Chinatown Dorchester Columbia Point South Bay East Boston Fenway -- Kenmore Harbor Islands Hyde Park Readville Jamaica Plain Forest Hills Leather District Mattapan Mission Hill Longwood North End Roslindale Roxbury Fort Hill South Boston Fort Point South End West End West Roxbury Chestnut Hill Sports Boston Bruins Boston Celtics Boston Red Sox New England Patriots New England Revolution Suffolk County Boston - Cambridge Metro Massachusetts United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Celtics&oldid=809019461 '' Categories : Boston Celtics Irish - American organizations Irish - American history National Basketball Association teams Basketball teams established in 1946 1946 establishments in Massachusetts Sports teams in Boston Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links CS1 errors : invisible characters CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Volapük Yorùbá Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 17 : 22 . 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when was the last time celtics won nba championship
[ "\nChampionships\n17 (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986, 2008)\n" ]
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Midnight sun
Midnight sun - wikipedia Midnight sun Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Midnight sun ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Altafjord in Alta , Norway , bathed in the midnight sun . Midnight sun at the North Cape on the island of Magerøya in Norway The midnight sun is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer months in places north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle , when the sun remains visible at the local midnight . Around the summer solstice ( approximately 21 June in the Northern Hemisphere and 22 December in the Southern Hemisphere ) the sun is visible for the full 24 hours , given fair weather . The number of days per year with potential midnight sun increases the closer towards either pole one goes . Although approximately defined by the polar circles , in practice the midnight sun can be seen as much as 55 miles ( 90 km ) outside the polar circle , as described below , and the exact latitudes of the farthest reaches of midnight sun depend on topography and vary slightly year - to - year . Because there are no permanent human settlements south of the Antarctic Circle , apart from research stations , the countries and territories whose populations experience the midnight sun are limited to those crossed by the Arctic Circle : the Canadian Yukon , Nunavut , and Northwest Territories , and the nations of Iceland , Finland , Norway , Sweden , Denmark ( Greenland ) , Russia , and the State of Alaska in the United States . A quarter of Finland 's territory lies north of the Arctic Circle , and at the country 's northernmost point the sun does not set at all for 60 days during summer . In Svalbard , Norway , the northernmost inhabited region of Europe , there is no sunset from approximately 19 April to 23 August . The extreme sites are the poles , where the sun can be continuously visible for half the year . The North Pole has midnight sun for 6 months from late March to late September . The opposite phenomenon , polar night , occurs in winter , when the sun stays below the horizon throughout the day . Since the axial tilt of the Earth is considerable ( approximately 23 degrees 27 minutes ) , the sun does not set at high latitudes in local summer . The sun remains continuously visible for one day during the summer solstice at the polar circle , for several weeks only 100 km ( 62 mi ) closer to the pole , and for six months at the pole . At extreme latitudes , the midnight sun is usually referred to as polar day . At the poles themselves , the sun rises and sets only once each year on the equinox . During the six months that the sun is above the horizon , it spends the days continuously moving in circles around the observer , gradually spiralling higher and reaching its highest circuit of the sky at the summer solstice . Because of atmospheric refraction , and also because the sun is a disc rather than a point , the midnight sun may be experienced at latitudes slightly below the polar circle , though not exceeding one degree ( depending on local conditions ) . For example , Iceland is known for its midnight sun , even though most of it ( Grímsey is the exception ) is slightly south of the Arctic Circle . For the same reasons , the period of sunlight at the poles is slightly longer than six months . Even the northern extremities of Scotland ( and places at similar latitudes , such as St. Petersburg ) experience twilight throughout the night in the northern sky at around the summer solstice . Observers at heights appreciably above sea level can experience extended periods of midnight sun as a result of the `` dip '' of the horizon viewed from altitude . Contents ( hide ) 1 Time zones and daylight saving time 2 White nights 3 Duration 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Time zones and daylight saving time ( edit ) The term `` midnight sun '' refers to the consecutive 24 - hour periods of sunlight experienced north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle . Other phenomena are sometimes referred to as `` midnight sun '' , but they are caused by time zones and the observance of daylight saving time . For instance , in Fairbanks , Alaska , which is south of the Arctic Circle , the sun sets at 12 : 47 am at the summer solstice . This is because Fairbanks is 51 minutes ahead of its idealized time zone ( as most of the state is in one time zone ) and Alaska observes daylight saving time . ( Fairbanks is at about 147.72 degrees west , corresponding to UTC − 9 hours 51 minutes , and is on UTC − 9 in winter . ) This means that solar culmination occurs at about 12 : 51 pm instead of at 12 noon . If a precise moment for the genuine `` midnight sun '' is required , the observer 's longitude , the local civil time and the equation of time must be taken into account . The moment of the sun 's closest approach to the horizon coincides with its passing due north at the observer 's position , which occurs only approximately at midnight in general . Each degree of longitude east of the Greenwich meridian makes the vital moment exactly 4 minutes earlier than midnight as shown on the clock , while each hour that the local civil time is ahead of coordinated universal time ( UTC , also known as GMT ) makes the moment an hour later . These two effects must be added . Furthermore , the equation of time ( which depends on the date ) must be added : a positive value on a given date means that the sun is running slightly ahead of its average position , so the value must be subtracted . As an example , at the North Cape of Norway at midnight on June 21 / 22 , the longitude of 25.9 degrees east makes the moment 103.2 minutes earlier by clock time ; but the local time , 2 hours ahead of GMT in the summer , makes it 120 minutes later by clock time . The equation of time at that date is - 2.0 minutes . Therefore , the sun 's lowest elevation occurs 120 - 103.2 + 2.0 minutes after midnight : at 00.19 Central European Summer time . On other nearby dates the only thing different is the equation of time , so this remains a reasonable estimate for a considerable period . The sun 's altitude remains within half a degree of the minimum of about 5 degrees for about 45 minutes either side of this time . White Nights ( edit ) Main article : White Night festivals Locations where the sun remains less than 6 ( or 7 ) degrees below the horizon -- above 60 ° 34 ' ( or 59 ° 34 ' ) latitude south of the Arctic Circle or north of the Antarctic Circle -- experience midnight twilight instead of midnight sun , so that daytime activities , such as reading , are still possible without artificial light on a clear night . White Nights have become a common symbol of Saint Petersburg , Russia , where they occur from about 11 June to 2 July , and the last 10 days of June are celebrated with cultural events known as the White Nights Festival . Duration ( edit ) Map showing the dates of midnight sun at various latitudes ( left ) and the total number of nights . The midnight sun is visible at the Arctic Circle from 12 June until 1 July . This period extends as one travels north : At Cape Nordkinn , Norway , the northernmost point of Continental Europe , the midnight sun lasts approximately from 14 May to 29 July . On the Svalbard archipelago farther north , it lasts from 20 April to 22 August . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Pytheas , ancient Greek geographer from Massalia and first person to describe the midnight sun Eagle Summit , which , because of its altitude , experiences the midnight sun despite being south of the Arctic Circle Polar night , the opposite phenomenon experienced in winter : a day without sunrise . Midnight Sun Solar Race Team : With the midnight sun phenomenon , a solar - powered vehicle can continue driving 24 hours a day . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is the Midnight Sun Phenomenon ? Earth Phenomena Planetary Science '' . Scribd . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ H. Spencer Jones , General Astronomy ( Edward Arnold , London , 1922 ) , Chapters I - III ^ Jump up to : Great Soviet Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Trygve B. Haugan , ed . Det Nordlige Norge Fra Trondheim Til Midnattssolens Land ( Trondheim : Reisetrafikkforeningen for Trondheim og Trøndelag. 1940 ) Further reading ( edit ) Lutgens F.K. , Tarbuck E.J. ( 2007 ) The Atmosphere , Tenth Edition , page 39 , PEARSON , Prentice Hall , NJ . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Midnight sun . Midnight sun seen from Fjellheisen Tromsø - 360 panorama ( hide ) Parts of a day Dawn -- Twilight -- Sunrise Morning Daytime Evening Sunset -- Twilight -- Dusk Night Related articles : Belt of Venus Blue hour Golden hour Terminator Daylight Forenoon Noon Afternoon Midnight Midnight sun Polar night Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midnight_sun&oldid=803777813 '' Categories : Earth phenomena Arctic geography terminology Sun Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 15 : 42 . 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Indian national calendar
Indian national calendar - wikipedia Indian national calendar Jump to : navigation , search Mohar of Gorkha king Prithvi Narayan Shah dated Saka Era 1685 ( AD 1763 ) The Indian national calendar , sometimes called the Saka calendar , is the official civil calendar in use in India along with the Vikram Samvat calendar . It is used , alongside the Gregorian calendar , by The Gazette of India , in news broadcasts by All India Radio and in calendars and communications issued by the Government of India . The Saka calendar is also used in Java and Bali among Indonesian Hindus . Nyepi , the `` Day of Silence '' , is a celebration of the Saka new year in Bali . Nepal 's Nepal Sambat evolved from the Saka calendar . The term may also ambiguously refer to the Hindu calendar ; the Saka era is also commonly used by other calendars . The historic Shaka era calendar is still widely used . It has years that are solar sidereal ( after periodic adjustments ) , and has lunal months . The official Saka uses a tropical solar year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Calendar structure 2 Adoption 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Calendar structure ( edit ) The calendar months follow the signs of the tropical zodiac rather than the sidereal zodiac normally used with the Hindu calendar . # Month ( Sanskrit ) Length Start date ( Gregorian ) Tropical zodiac Tropical zodiac ( Sanskrit ) Chaitra 30 / 31 March 22 / 21 Aries Meṣa Vaishākha 31 April 21 Taurus Vṛṣabha Jyēshtha 31 May 22 Gemini Mithuna Āshādha 31 June 22 Cancer Karkata 5 Shrāvana 31 July 23 Leo Siṃha 6 Bhaadra 31 August 23 Virgo Kanyā 7 Āshwin 30 September 23 Libra Tulā 8 Kārtika 30 October 23 Scorpio Vṛścik‌‌‌a 9 Agrahayana 30 November 22 Sagitarius Dhanur 10 Pausha 30 December 22 Capricorn Makara 11 Māgha 30 January 21 Aquarius Kumbha 12 Phalguna 30 February 20 Pisces Mīna Chaitra has 30 days and starts on March 22 , except in leap years , when it has 31 days and starts on March 21 . The months in the first half of the year all have 31 days , to take into account the slower movement of the sun across the ecliptic at this time . The names of the months are derived from older , Hindu lunisolar calendars , so variations in spelling exist , and there is a possible source of confusion as to what calendar a date belongs to . Years are counted in the Saka Era , which starts its year 0 in the year 78 of the Common Era . To determine leap years , add 78 to the Saka year -- if the result is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar , then the Saka year is a leap year as well . Its structure is just like the Persian calendar . Adoption ( edit ) Senior Indian Astrophysicist Meghnad Saha was the head of the Calendar Reform Committee under the aegis of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research . Other members of the Committee were : A.C. Banerjee , K.K. Daftari , J.S. Karandikar , Gorakh Prasad , R.V. Vaidya and N.C. Lahiri . It was Saha 's effort , which led to the formation of the Committee . The task before the Committee was to prepare an accurate calendar based on scientific study , which could be adopted uniformly throughout India . It was a mammoth task . The Committee had to undertake a detailed study of different calendars prevalent in different parts of the country . There were thirty different calendars . The task was further complicated by the fact that religion and local sentiments were integral to those calendars . India 's first prime minister , Jawaharlal Nehru , in his preface to the Report of the Committee , published in 1955 , wrote : `` They ( different calendars ) represent past political divisions in the country ... Now that we have attained Independence , it is obviously desirable that there should be a certain uniformity in the calendar for our civic , social , and other purposes , and this should be done on a scientific approach to this problem . '' Usage started officially at 1 Chaitra 1879 , Saka Era , or 22 March 1957 . However , government officials seem to largely ignore the New Year 's Day of this calendar in favour of the religious calendar . See also ( edit ) Hindu calendar Vikram Samvat History of calendars Saka era Bengali calendar , a related Indic calendar Persian calendar Indian New Year 's days Bisuddhasiddhanta Panjika Ritu ( Indian season ) Kollam era the Malayalam calendar Tamil calendar List of calendars References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Government Holiday Calendar '' . Govt. of India Official website . Jump up ^ Meghnad Saha Archived 2015 - 02 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hindu '' New Year 's Day and related issues Report of the Calendar Reform Committee ( New Delhi : Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , 1955 ) -- online link . Mapping Time : The Calendar and its History by E.G. Richards ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 286205 - 1 ) , 1998 , pp. 184 -- 185 . External links ( edit ) Calendars and their History ( by L.E. Doggett ) Indian Calendars ( by Leow Choon Lian , pdf , 1.22 mb ) Positional astronomy in India Indian National Calendar abstract National symbols of India Flag Emblem Anthem Song Calendar Currency Animal Aquatic animal Bird Flower Fruit River Tree Calendars Systems Lunar Lunisolar Solar In wide use Astronomical Bengali Chinese Ethiopian Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Iranian Islamic ISO Unix time In more limited use Akan Armenian Assyrian Bahá'í ( Badí ' ) Balinese pawukon Balinese saka Berber Buddhist Burmese Chinese Coptic Gaelic Germanic Heathen Georgian Hebrew Hindu or Indian Vikram Samvat Saka Igbo Iranian Jalali ( medieval ) Hijri ( modern ) Zoroastrian Islamic Fasli Tabular Jain Japanese Javanese Korean Juche Kurdish Lithuanian Malayalam Mongolian Melanau Nanakshahi Nepal Sambat Nisg̱a'a Oromo Romanian Somali Sesotho Slavic Slavic Native Faith Tamil Thai lunar solar Tibetan Vietnamese Xhosa Yoruba Types Runic Mesoamerican Long Count Calendar round Christian variants Julian Revised Liturgical year Eastern Orthodox Saints Historical Attic Aztec Tonalpohualli Xiuhpohualli Babylonian Bulgar Byzantine Celtic Cham Culāsakaraj Egyptian Florentine French Republican Germanic Greek Hindu Inca Macedonian Maya Haab ' Tzolk'in Muisca Pentecontad Pisan Rapa Nui Roman calendar Rumi Soviet Swedish Turkmen By specialty Holocene ( anthropological ) Proleptic Gregorian / Proleptic Julian ( historiographical ) Darian ( Martian ) Dreamspell ( New Age ) Discordian / Pataphysical ( surreal ) Proposals Calendar reform Hanke -- Henry Permanent International Fixed Pax Positivist Symmetry454 Tranquility World New Earth Time Fictional Discworld Greyhawk Middle - earth Stardate Star Wars ( Galactic Standard Calendar ) Displays and applications Electronic Perpetual Wall Year naming and numbering Terminology Era Epoch Regnal name Regnal year Year zero Systems Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Assyrian Before Present Chinese Imperial Chinese Minguo Human Era Japanese Korean Seleucid Spanish Yugas Satya Treta Dvapara Kali Vietnamese List of calendars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_national_calendar&oldid=814657282 '' Categories : Hindu calendar Indian culture National symbols of India Months of the Hindu calendar Time in India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kiswahili Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 03 : 31 . 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when is new year celebrated according to indian national calendar
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Beas River
Beas river - Wikipedia Beas river Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beas ( disambiguation ) . Beas River The Beas River in Himachal Pradesh Country India States Himachal Pradesh , Punjab Source Beas Kund - location Himalayas , Himachal Pradesh - coordinates 32 ° 21 ′ 59 '' N 77 ° 05 ′ 08 '' E  /  32.36639 ° N 77.08556 ° E  / 32.36639 ; 77.08556 Mouth Sutlej River - coordinates 31 ° 09 ′ 16 '' N 74 ° 58 ′ 31 '' E  /  31.15444 ° N 74.97528 ° E  / 31.15444 ; 74.97528 Coordinates : 31 ° 09 ′ 16 '' N 74 ° 58 ′ 31 '' E  /  31.15444 ° N 74.97528 ° E  / 31.15444 ; 74.97528 Length 470 km ( 292 mi ) Basin 20.303 km ( 8 sq mi ) Discharge for Mandi Plain - average 499.2 m / s ( 17,629 cu ft / s ) The Beas River also known as the Biás or Bias , ( Sanskrit , Vipasa ; Greek , Hyphasis ) , is a river in north India . The river rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh , India , and flows for some 470 kilometres ( 290 mi ) to the Sutlej River in the Indian state of Punjab . Its total length is 470 kilometres ( 290 mi ) and its drainage basin is 20,303 square kilometres ( 7,839 sq mi ) large . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Course 4 Tragedy 5 References Etymology ( edit ) The river was also known as Arjikuja of the Vedas , or Vipasha to the ancient Indians , and the Hyphasis to the Ancient Greeks . It is said that Beas is a misnomer for Vyasa ( exchange of B with V and always truncation of the last vowel is common in North Indian languages ) and is named after Veda Vyasa , the presiding patron of the river ; he is said to have created it from its source lake , the Vyas Kund . History ( edit ) Beas River in Himachal Pradesh Beas River in Pathankot The Beas River marks the eastern-most border of Alexander the Great 's conquests in 326 BC . It was one of the rivers which created problems in Alexander 's invasion of India . His troops mutinied here in 326 BCE , refusing to go any further ; they had been away from home for eight years . Alexander shut himself in his tent for three days , but when his men did not change their desires he gave in , raising twelve colossal altars to mark the limit and glory of his expedition . According to the Kavyamimansa of Rajasekhara , the kingdom - territories of the Gurjara - Pratihara monarch Mahipala I extended as far as the upper course of the river Beas in the north - west . In the 20th century , the river was developed under the Beas Project for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation purposes . The second - phase Pong Dam was completed in 1974 followed by the first - phase 140 kilometres ( 87 mi ) upstream , Pandoh Dam in 1977 . The Pong Dam served initially to primarily provide irrigation below Talwara but was soon developed as well for power generation ; its power station has a 360 MW installed capacity . The Pandoh Dam diverts the river through a system of tunnels and channels to the 990 MW Dehar Power Station on the Sutlej River , connecting both rivers . Course ( edit ) Beas river and mountains as seen from Kullu south of Manali Tourists enjoy rafting on the Beas in Kullu The river rises 4,361 metres ( 14,308 ft ) above sea - level on the southern face of Rohtang Pass in Kullu . It traverses the Mandi District and enters the Kangra District at Sandhol , 590 metres ( 1,940 ft ) above sea - level . During its lower course the Beas is crossed by numerous ferries , many of which consist of inflated skins ( darais ) . Near Reh in Kangra District it divides into three channels , which reunite after passing Mirthal , 300 metres ( 980 ft ) above sea - level . On meeting the Sivalik Hills in Hoshiarpur , the river sweeps sharply northward , forming the boundary with Kangra District . Then bending round the base of the Sivalik Hills , it takes the southerly direction , separating the districts of Gurdaspur and Hoshiapur . After touching the Jalandhar district for a short distance , the river forms the boundary between Amritsar and Kapurthala . Finally the Beas joins the river Sutlej at the south - western boundary of Kapurthala district of Punjab after a total course of 470 kilometres ( 290 mi ) . The chief tributaries are Bain , Banganga , Luni and Uhal . The Sutlej continues into Pakistani Punjab and joins the Chenab River at Uch near Bahawalpur to form the Panjnad River ; the latter in turn joins the Indus River at Mithankot . The water of the Beas river is allocated to India under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan . Tragedy ( edit ) Main article : 2014 Beas River Tragedy On 8 June 2014 , 24 engineering students , and one tour operator , were drowned when the flood gates of the Larji dam were opened , allegedly without proper warnings and procedure . The water level rose suddenly to 5 to 6 feet ( 1.5 to 1.8 m ) , and the surge carried the students away . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Land of the Five Rivers and Sindh . David Ross . London . 1883 Jump up ^ The Panjab , North - West Frontier Province and Kashmir . Sir James McCrone Douie. 1916 , pp. 16 - 17 , 22 , 25 - 26 , 52 , 68 , etc . Jump up ^ The Panjab , North - West Frontier Province and Kashmir . Sir James McCrone Douie. 1916 , p. 25 Jump up ^ `` About District '' . Jump up ^ Jain , Sharad K. ; Agarwal , Pushpendra K. ; Singh , Vijay P. ( 5 March 2007 ) . Hydrology and water resources of India . Springer . p. 481 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5179 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Beas The Imperial Gazetteer of India , v. 7 , p. 138 ... Jump up ^ Wasini Pandey , Bindhy . Geoenvironmental hazards in Himalaya . Pg. 58 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Travels into Bokhara , Lieut . Alex . Burnes FRS , London , John Murray , 1834 , page 6 Jump up ^ `` The Empire and Expeditions of Alexander the Great '' . World Digital Library . 1833 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kavyamimansa of Rajasekhara , ch . XVII , P. 94 Jump up ^ Rama Shankar Tripathi ( 1989 ) . History of Kanauj : To the Moslem Conquest . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . pp. 262 -- 264 . ISBN 812080404X , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0404 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Developmental History of Beas Project '' . Bhakra Beas Management Board . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India : National Register of Large Dams 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Central Water Commission . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Indus Waters Treaty 1960 '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/silent-river-beas-turned-into-watery-grave-within-seconds/article1-1227660.aspx Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beas River . ( hide ) The Rivers of the Punjab Indus Jhelum Chenab Ravi Beas Sutlej Hydrography of Himachal Pradesh Rivers Banganga Baspa Beas Bener Ghaggar - Hakra Karcham Wangtoo Dam Parvati Ravi Shalvi Sutlej Tons Uhl Lakes See Lakes of Hmachal Pradesh classified altitude-wise Dams , Barrages Asan Barrage Bhakra Dam Chamera Dam Chamera II Koldam Dam Nathpa Jhakri Dam Pandoh Dam Pong Dam Related topics / templates Geography of Himachal Pradesh Hydrography of surrounding areas Jammu and Kashmir Punjab , India Haryana Uttarakhand Hydrography of Punjab , India Rivers Beas Budki Ghaggar - Hakra Ravi Sutlej Lakes Harike Kanjli Ropar Dams , Barrages Ranjit Sagar Dam Canals Buddha Nullah Sirhind Canal Sutlej Yamuna link canal Indira Gandhi Canal Related topics / templates Punjab Geography Hydrography of surrounding areas Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Haryana Rajasthan Pakistan Hydrography of the Indian subcontinent Inland rivers Beas Betwa Bhagirathi Brahmaputra Chambal Chenab Damodar Godavari Gandaki Ganges Ghaghara Indus Jhelum Kali Kaveri Kosi Krishna Luni Mahanadi Mahaweli Meghna Narmada Padma Ravi Sarasvati Sankosh Sharda Son Sutlej Tapti Yamuna Inland lakes , deltas , etc . Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Indus Delta Dal Lake Pookode Lake Skeleton Lake Chilika Lake Lake Powai Borith Lake Saiful Muluk Gosaikunda Nizam Sagar Red Hills Lake Malampuzha Kerala backwaters Pulicat Lake Coastal Indian Ocean Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Mannar Laccadive Sea Palk Strait Categories Lakes of Bangladesh / India / Nepal / Pakistan Reservoirs and dams in India Rivers of Bangladesh / Bhutan / India / Nepal / Pakistan Punjab geography Beas River Bari Doab Chenab River Chhachh Cholistan Desert Doaba Ganji Bar Ghaggar river Indus River Jhelum River Jech Doab Kachhi Kala Chitta Range Kirana Bar Kirana Hills Majha Malwa Margalla Hills Neeli Bar Poadh Pothohar Plateau Rechna Doab Ravi River Salt Range Sandal Bar Sind Sagar Doab Sivalik Hills Soon Valley Sulaiman Mountains Sutlej River Thal Desert VIAF : 124473726 GND : 7675360 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beas_River&oldid=806969213 '' Categories : Rigvedic rivers Rivers of Punjab , India Tributaries of the Indus River Rivers of Himachal Pradesh Indus basin Rivers of India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2017 Use Indian English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه भोजपुरी Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano ქართული Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 04 : 49 . 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which of the following is a tributry of beas river
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Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)
Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) - wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Pirates of the Caribbean Directed by Gore Verbinski ( 1 -- 3 ) Rob Marshall ( 4 ) Joachim Rønning ( 5 ) Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Ted Elliott ( 1 -- 4 ) Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 4 ) Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) Story by Ted Elliott ( 1 , 4 ) Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 5 ) Stuart Beattie ( 1 ) Jay Wolpert ( 1 ) Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) Based on Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney ( 1 -- 5 ) On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers ( 4 ) Starring Johnny Depp Geoffrey Rush Kevin McNally Orlando Bloom ( 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Keira Knightley ( 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Jack Davenport ( 1 -- 3 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1 -- 3 ) Bill Nighy ( 2 -- 3 ) Stellan Skarsgård ( 2 -- 3 ) Tom Hollander ( 2 -- 3 ) Chow Yun - fat ( 3 ) Penélope Cruz ( 4 ) Ian McShane ( 4 ) Javier Bardem ( 5 ) Brenton Thwaites ( 5 ) Kaya Scodelario ( 5 ) ( see below ) Music by Klaus Badelt ( 1 ) Hans Zimmer ( 1 -- 4 ) Rodrigo y Gabriela ( 4 ) Eric Whitacre ( 4 ) Geoff Zanelli ( 5 ) Production company Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date The Curse of the Black Pearl : 000000002003 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2003 Dead Man 's Chest : 000000002006 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2006 At World 's End : 000000002007 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2007 On Stranger Tides : 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2011 Dead Men Tell No Tales : 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 Running time 726 minutes ( 1 -- 5 ) Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 5 films ) : $1.274 billion Box office Total ( 5 films ) : $4,523,635,267 Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of American fantasy swashbuckler films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and based on Walt Disney 's theme park ride of the same name . Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski ( 1 -- 3 ) , Rob Marshall ( 4 ) and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) . The series is primarily written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 4 ) ; other writers include Stuart Beattie ( 1 ) , Jay Wolpert ( 1 ) and Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) . The stories follow the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) , Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ) and Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ) . Characters such as Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ) and Joshamee Gibbs ( Kevin McNally ) follow Jack , Will and Elizabeth in the course of the films . The fourth film features Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ) and Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) , while the fifth film features Armando Salazar ( Javier Bardem ) , Henry Turner ( Brenton Thwaites ) and Carina Smyth ( Kaya Scodelario ) . The films take place in a fictional historical setting ; a world ruled by the British Empire , the East India Trading Company ( based on the real East India Company ) and the Spanish Empire , with pirates representing freedom from the ruling powers . The film series started in 2003 with Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , which received positive reviews from critics and grossed US $ 654 million worldwide . After the first film 's success , Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works . The franchise 's second film , subtitled Dead Man 's Chest , was released three years later in 2006 ; the sequel proved successful , breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere . Dead Man 's Chest ended up being the number one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office . The third film in the series , subtitled At World 's End , followed in 2007 , and Disney released a fourth film , subtitled On Stranger Tides , in 2011 in conventional 2D , Digital 3 - D and IMAX 3D . On Stranger Tides succeeded in also grossing more than $1 billion , becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in history to achieve this . The franchise has grossed over $4.5 billion worldwide ; it is the tenth highest - grossing film series of all time and it was the first franchise where more than one film grossed $1 billion worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) 1.2 Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) 1.3 At World 's End ( 2007 ) 1.4 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) 1.5 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) 1.6 Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( TBA ) 2 Short film 2.1 Tales of the Code : Wedlocked ( 2011 ) 3 Production 3.1 First film 3.2 Second and third films 3.3 Fourth film 3.4 Fifth film 4 Principal cast 5 Crew 6 Music 6.1 Film soundtracks 7 Reception 7.1 Box office performance 7.2 Critical and public response 7.3 Accolades 7.3. 1 Academy Awards 7.3. 2 Golden Globe Awards 7.3. 3 MTV Movie Awards 7.3. 4 Teen Choice Awards 8 References 9 External links Films Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley , who portrayed the principal characters . Only Depp and Rush reprised their roles in every film . Bloom and Knightley did not return for the fourth film and had cameo appearances for the fifth film . The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turner 's love , Elizabeth Swann , from cursed pirates led by Jack 's mutinous former first mate , Captain Barbossa . Jack wants revenge against Barbossa , who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship , the Black Pearl , along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold . Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film . Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack 's compass in a bid to find the Dead Man 's Chest -- and inside , the heart of villainous Davy Jones -- which would give Beckett control of the seas . However , Jack wants the Chest to escape from an unpaid debt with Jones , who made Jack captain of the Black Pearl for 13 years in exchange for 100 years of service aboard Jones ' ship , the Flying Dutchman . At World 's End ( 2007 ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and , with the help of the Flying Dutchman , he is now executing his plans to extinguish piracy forever . To stand against the East India Trading Co. , Will , Elizabeth , Barbossa , and the crew of the Black Pearl set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones ' Locker . As one of the Nine Pirate Lords , Jack is needed in order to release an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Beckett 's forces . On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover , Angelica . She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne 's Revenge , a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard , Angelica 's father . Both are also in search of the Fountain ; Angelica to save her father 's soul , Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one - legged man . Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa , now a privateer in King George II 's Navy , who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth . Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Ghost Spanish Royal Navy soldiers led by Jack Sparrow 's old nemesis , Captain Armando Salazar , escape from the Devil 's Triangle , with the goal of killing every pirate at sea , including him . To survive , Jack seeks out the legendary Trident of Poseidon , a powerful artifact whose owner can control the seas and break curses . Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( tba ) Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , it was reported that Disney was planning to shoot the fifth and the sixth films back - to - back , although it was later revealed that only the fifth film was in development . On March 4 , 2017 , director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure , implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise and that a sixth film could be realized . The post-credit scene of Dead Men shows Will Turner , Elizabeth Swann , and Davy Jones , implying that Will and Elizabeth will be main characters again and Davy Jones would be the main antagonist in the sixth film . In September 2017 , producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release . In October 2017 , Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return for a sixth film . Shortly after , it was announced that Joachim Rønning is being eyed to direct the film . Short film Tales of the code : wedlocked ( 2011 ) Wenches Scarlett ( Lauren Maher ) and Giselle ( Vanessa Branch ) fix each other up for their wedding , in which they would each marry their groom . Upon realizing that both their grooms were the same man -- Jack Sparrow -- the two wenches find themselves in an auction led by the Auctioneer . The short film serves as a prequel to The Curse of the Black Pearl , explaining just why Jack Sparrow 's boat , the Jolly Mon , was seen sinking at the beginning of the whole story , and explaining why wenches Scarlett and Giselle were so upset with him , and it also implies how Cotton lost his tongue . The plot took inspiration from the `` Auction scene '' from the original ride . The short was directed by James Ward Byrkit , and was only included as a special feature in the US 15 disc 3D Blu - ray / 2D Blu - ray / DVD + Digital Copy box set that includes films 1 -- 4 ; and in the similar UK 5 - disc set . Production First film In the early 1990s screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio conceived a supernatural spin on the pirate genre after completing work on Aladdin , but there was no interest from any studio . Undeterred , the writing team refused to give up the dream , waiting for a studio to pick up their take on a pirate tale . Disney had Jay Wolpert write a script based on the Pirates of the Caribbean , which producer Jerry Bruckheimer rejected , feeling it was `` a straight pirate movie '' . Bruckheimer brought Stuart Beattie in to rewrite the script in March 2002 , due to his knowledge of piracy , and later that month Elliott and Rossio were brought in . Elliott and Rossio , inspired by the opening narration of the Pirates of the Caribbean ride , decided to give the film a supernatural edge . As the budget rose , Michael Eisner and Robert Iger threatened to cancel the film , though Bruckheimer changed their minds when he showed them concept art and animatics . In June 2002 Gore Verbinski signed on to direct The Curse of the Black Pearl , and Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush signed on the following month to star . Verbinski was attracted to the idea of using modern technology to resurrect a genre , one that had disappeared after the Golden Age of Hollywood , and recalled his childhood memories of the ride , feeling the film was an opportunity to pay tribute to the `` scary and funny '' tone of it . Depp was attracted to the story as he found it quirky : rather than trying to find treasure , the crew of the Black Pearl were trying to return it in order to lift their curse ; also , the traditional mutiny had already taken place . Verbinski approached Rush for the role of Barbossa , as he knew he would not play it with attempts at complexity , but with a simple villainy that would suit the story 's tone . Orlando Bloom read the script after Rush , with whom he was working on Ned Kelly , suggested it to him . Keira Knightley came as a surprise to Verbinski : he had not seen her performance in Bend It Like Beckham and was impressed by her audition . Tom Wilkinson was negotiated with to play Governor Swann , but the role went to Jonathan Pryce , whom Depp idolized . Shooting for The Curse of the Black Pearl began on October 9 , 2002 and wrapped by March 7 , 2003 . Before its release , many executives and journalists had expected the film to flop , as the pirate genre had not been successful for years , the film was based on a theme - park ride , and Depp rarely made a big film . However , The Curse of the Black Pearl became both a critical and commercial success . Second and third films After seeing how well the first film was made , the cast and crew signed for two sequels to be shot back - to - back , a practical decision on Disney 's part to allow more time with the same cast and crew . Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio knew that with an ensemble cast , they were n't free to invent totally different situations and characters , as with the Indiana Jones and James Bond series , and so had to retroactively turn The Curse of the Black Pearl into the first of a trilogy . They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann 's embrace at the end of the first film , and initially considered the Fountain of Youth as the plot device . They settled on introducing Davy Jones , the Flying Dutchman and the Kraken , a mythology mentioned twice in the first film . They introduced the historical East India Trading Company ( also mentioned in the first film ) , which for them represented a counterpoint to the themes of personal freedom represented by pirates . Filming for the sequels began on February 28 , 2005 , with Dead Man 's Chest finishing on March 1 , 2006 , and At World 's End on January 10 , 2007 . The second film was also the first Disney theatrical feature film with the computer - generated Walt Disney Pictures logo . Fourth film Rossio and Elliot discovered the novel On Stranger Tides during production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End and decided to use it as the basis for a fourth film . As Gore Verbinski was unavailable , Bruckheimer invited Rob Marshall to direct the film . Elliott and Rossio decided to do a stand - alone film , with a story that would support new characters , and incorporate elements from the novel , such as Blackbeard , the Fountain of Youth and mermaids -- the latter two having been already alluded to in the previous films . Depp , Rush , Greg Ellis and Kevin McNally returned to their roles , and the cast saw the additions of Ian McShane as Blackbeard and Penélope Cruz as Angelica , Blackbeard 's daughter and Jack Sparrow 's love interest . A further addition was Richard Griffiths as King George II of Great Britain . After the costly production of two simultaneous films , Disney tried to scale down the fourth installment , giving a lower budget , which led to cheaper locations and fewer scenes with special effects . It was also filmed in 3D , with cameras similar to the ones used in Avatar . Filming for On Stranger Tides began June 14 , 2010 and ended on November 19 , 2010 . It was released in the United States on May 20 , 2011 . With a budget of $378.5 million , On Stranger Tides holds the record for most expensive film ever made . Fifth film On January 14 , 2011 , it was confirmed that Terry Rossio would write the screenplay for the fifth installment , without his co-writer Ted Elliott . On January 11 , 2013 , Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film . On May 29 , 2013 , it was announced that Norwegian directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were selected to direct . On August 22 , 2013 , the two revealed that the title of the fifth film would be Dead Men Tell No Tales , alluding to the line well - known from the Pirates of the Caribbean theme park attractions . Although , the film was given an alternative title , Salazar 's Revenge , in selected European , South American and Asian countries for marketing purposes . They also confirmed that they were working on the film , speaking highly of Jeff Nathanson 's `` funny and touching '' script and that they are inspired by the first film , The Curse of the Black Pearl . On September 10 , 2013 , Disney pushed back the film 's initial 2015 release , with sources indicating that a Summer 2016 release is likely . Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script issues were behind the delay , and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well - received outline . While Disney originally announced a release on July 7 , 2017 , Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on May 26 , 2017 . A spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea . According to Australian film industry sources , pre-production started in late September 2014 with filming expected to commence in February 2015 . This was officially confirmed by Disney and Ian Walker the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2 , 2014 , stating that filming will take place exclusively in Australia , being the largest production to ever shoot in the country . Village Roadshow Studios and Port Douglas were officially confirmed as filming locations . Production began in Australia on February 17 , 2015 and wrapped on July 9 , 2015 . Principal cast Main article : List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters List indicator ( s ) This table shows the recurring characters and the actors who have portrayed them throughout the franchise . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film , or that the character 's presence in the film has not yet been announced . A indicates a cameo appearance . A indicates an appearance wherein an actor 's facial features were digitally imprinted upon another actor 's face . A indicates an appearance as a younger version of a pre-existing character . Character Films The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) At World 's End ( 2007 ) On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Captain Jack Sparrow Johnny Depp Johnny Depp Anthony De La Torre Captain Hector Barbossa Geoffrey Rush Joshamee Gibbs Kevin McNally William `` Will '' Turner , Jr . Orlando Bloom Dylan Smith Orlando Bloom Orlando Bloom Elizabeth Swann Pirate King Keira Knightley Lucinda Dryzek Keira Knightley Keira Knightley Marty Martin Klebba Martin Klebba James Norrington Jack Davenport Weatherby Swann Jonathan Pryce Pintel Lee Arenberg Ragetti Mackenzie Crook Cotton David Bailie Mullroy Angus Barnett Angus Barnett Angus Barnett Murtogg Giles New Giles New Giles New Theodore Groves Greg Ellis Greg Ellis Gillette Damian O'Hare Damian O'Hare Anamaria Zoe Saldana Davy Jones Bill Nighy Silhouette only William Turner , Sr . Bootstrap Bill Stellan Skarsgård Cutler Beckett Tom Hollander Tia Dalma Calypso Naomie Harris Sao Feng Chow Yun - fat Captain Edward Teague Keith Richards Alexander Scheer Keith Richards Henry Turner Dominic Scott Kay Brenton Thwaites Lewis McGowan Scrum Stephen Graham Captain Edward Teach Blackbeard Ian McShane Angelica Teach Penélope Cruz Philip Swift Sam Claflin Syrena Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey Captain Armando Salazar Javier Bardem Carina Barbossa Carina Smyth Kaya Scodelario `` Uncle '' Jack Teague Paul McCartney Crew Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Cinematographer Producer The Curse of the Black Pearl July 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 09 ) Gore Verbinski Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio and Stuart Beattie and Jay Wolpert Dariusz Wolski Jerry Bruckheimer Dead Man 's Chest July 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio At World 's End May 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 25 ) On Stranger Tides May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) Rob Marshall Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio ( Based on : On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers ) Dead Men Tell No Tales May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) Joachim Rønning & Espen Sandberg Jeff Nathanson Jeff Nathanson and Terry Rossio Paul Cameron Music Main article : List of songs featured in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series Film soundtracks Title U.S. release date Length Composer ( s ) Label Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( Original Soundtrack ) July 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 22 ) 43 : 50 Klaus Badelt and Hans Zimmer Walt Disney Records Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) July 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 04 ) 58 : 32 Hans Zimmer Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) 55 : 50 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) 77 : 11 Hans Zimmer and Rodrigo y Gabriela Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) 75 : 20 Geoff Zanelli Reception Box Office performance Film U.S. release date Box office gross All - time Ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide North America Worldwide The Curse of the Black Pearl 000000002003 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2003 $305,413,918 $348,850,097 $654,264,015 64 108 $140 million Dead Man 's Chest 000000002006 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2006 $423,315,812 $642,863,913 $1,066,179,725 17 21 $225 million At World 's End 000000002007 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2007 $309,420,425 $654,000,000 $963,420,425 61 35 $300 million On Stranger Tides 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2011 $241,071,802 $804,642,000 $1,045,713,802 119 23 $378.5 million Dead Men Tell No Tales 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 $172,547,359 $621,509,941 $794,057,300 254 69 $230 million Total $ 7009145176931600000 ♠ 1,451,769,316 $ 7009307186595100000 ♠ 3,071,865,951 $ 7009452363526700000 ♠ 4,523,635,267 12 9 $1.274 billion The Pirates of the Caribbean film series was successful at the box office , with each film grossing over $650 million , and all but Dead Men Tell No Tales at some point ranking among the fifty highest - grossing films of all time . It also became the first ever series to have multiple films passing the billion dollar mark in box office revenues with Dead Man 's Chest and On Stranger Tides , which is followed by other series , such as the Batman series , J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth series , the Marvel Cinematic Universe , Transformers series , Jurassic Park series , Star Wars series and The Fast and the Furious series . The Curse of the Black Pearl was the third highest - grossing 2003 film in North America ( behind The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King and Finding Nemo ) and fourth worldwide ( behind The Return of the King , Finding Nemo and The Matrix Reloaded ) . Dead Man 's Chest was the most successful film of 2006 worldwide , and At World 's End led the worldwide grosses in 2007 , though being only fourth in North America ( behind Spider - Man 3 , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Shrek the Third ) . On Stranger Tides was the third highest - grossing film of 2011 worldwide ( behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 and Transformers : Dark of the Moon ) and the fifth in North America . The first three sequels broke box office records upon release , of which the most notable are the opening - weekend record in North America ( Dead Man 's Chest ) , the Memorial - Day weekend record in North America ( At World 's End ) and the opening - weekend record outside North America ( On Stranger Tides ) . Critical and public response Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Curse of the Black Pearl 79 % ( 210 reviews ) 63 ( 40 reviews ) Dead Man 's Chest 54 % ( 220 reviews ) 53 ( 37 reviews ) A − At World 's End 45 % ( 220 reviews ) 50 ( 36 reviews ) A − On Stranger Tides 32 % ( 262 reviews ) 45 ( 39 reviews ) B+ Dead Men Tell No Tales 29 % ( 230 reviews ) 39 ( 45 reviews ) A − The series is noted for its high quality of acting talent , and is one of the aspects of the films that is always praised . The visual and practical effects are considered some of the best ever done on film , so much so that audiences believed certain CGI elements of the films were real and done practically . However , the plots of the four sequels have received mixed reviews , with the general consensus that they are too bloated and convoluted to follow . Pirates of the Caribbean is noted for reinvigorating the pirate genre of film after decades of either no pirate films or failed pirate films . The success of the series saw Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer try to replicate the franchise 's success by launching films such as Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time and The Lone Ranger , the latter of which directed by Gore Verbinski . Both movies failed critically and commercially . Accolades Main article : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise Academy Awards Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 11 Academy Awards , of which a single award was won . Award Film The Curse of the Black Pearl Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End On Stranger Tides Dead Men Tell No Tales Actor in a Leading Role Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Art Direction Nominated Makeup Nominated Nominated Sound Editing Nominated Nominated Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Won Nominated Golden Globe Awards Together , all the four films were nominated for a total of 2 Golden Globe Awards , of which neither were won . Award Film The Curse of the Black Pearl Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End On Stranger Tides Dead Men Tell No Tales Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) MTV Movie Awards Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 13 MTV Movie Awards , of which 4 were won . Award Film The Curse of the Black Pearl Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End On Stranger Tides Dead Men Tell No Tales Best Movie Nominated Won Nominated Best Male Performance Won ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Best Female Performance Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Best Breakthrough Female Performance Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Best On - Screen Team Nominated ( Johnny Depp & Orlando Bloom ) Best Villain Nominated ( Geoffrey Rush ) Nominated ( Bill Nighy ) Best Comedic Performance Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Teen Choice Awards Together , the first four films were nominated for a total of 25 Teen Choice Awards , of which 16 were won . Award Film The Curse of the Black Pearl Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End On Stranger Tides Dead Men Tell No Tales Choice Movie : Chemistry Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie : Fight / Action Sequence Won ( Johnny Depp vs Geoffrey Rush ) Choice Movie : Liar Won ( Johnny Depp ) Choice Movie : Liplock Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie : Female Breakout Star Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie Actor Won ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Nominated ( Brenton Thwaites ) Choice Summer Movie Won Nominated Choice Movie : Scream Won ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie Won Won Nominated Choice Movie : Rumble Won ( Orlando Bloom & Jack Davenport ) Won ( Orlando Bloom ) Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Won ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Male Hottie Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Choice Movie Actress Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Won ( Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Penélope Cruz ) Nominated ( Kaya Scodelario ) Choice Movie : Villain Won ( Bill Nighy ) Won ( Bill Nighy ) Nominated ( Ian McShane ) Nominated ( Javier Bardem ) References ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Depp Movies List by Box Office Sales '' . 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Jump up ^ Hamilton , John ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates in the Media '' . ABDO Publishing Company . Jump up ^ `` ' Prince of Persia ' weaker than hoped for in foreign debut '' . Los Angeles Times . May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prince of Persia : The Sands of Times reviews at Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Lone Ranger ' to Cost Disney $160 - $190 M in Q4 '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 76th Academy Award Winners '' . Blackflix.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominees & Winners for the 79th Academy Awards '' . Academy Awards . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 80th Academy Awards ( 2008 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy Awards . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . External links Disney portal Official website ( hide ) Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales ‎ soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(film_series)&oldid=807499660 '' Categories : English - language films American films 1740s in fiction 18th century in fiction Film series Films based on theme - park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) Pirate films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia semi-protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 10 : 41 . 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When You and I Were Young, Maggie
When You and I were Young , Maggie - wikipedia When You and I were Young , Maggie Jump to : navigation , search Sheet music cover for When You and I Were Young , Maggie ( Oliver Ditson & Co. version of cover ) `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' is a famous folk song , popular song and standard . Though Springtown , Tennessee , has a small monument outside an old mill claiming the song was written by a local George Johnson , in 1864 , for his Maggie , the truth is that its lyrics were written as a poem by the Canadian school teacher George Washington Johnson from Hamilton , Ontario . Margaret `` Maggie '' Clark was his pupil . They fell in love and during a period of illness , George walked to the edge of the Niagara escarpment , overlooking what is now downtown Hamilton , and composed the poem . The general tone is perhaps one of melancholy and consolation over lost youth rather than mere sentimentality or a fear of aging . It was published in 1864 in a collection of his poems entitled Maple Leaves . They were married in 1864 but Maggie 's health deteriorated and she died on May 12 , 1865 . James Austin Butterfield set the poem to music and it became popular all over the world . George Washington Johnson died in 1917 . The schoolhouse where the two lovers met still stands on the escarpment above Hamilton , and a plaque bearing the name of the song has been erected in front of the old building . In 2005 , the song was inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame . Recordings ( edit ) Some claim that the song was first sung by Frank Dumont `` as the Duprez & Benedict 's Minstrels programs , dated , will show '' in 1870 . The song was first recorded by Corinne Morgan and Frank C. Stanley in 1905 and has been recorded since by many famous artists including opera tenors John McCormack and Jan Peerce , early country singer Fiddlin ' John Carson , country singer Slim Whitman , bluegrass musicians Stanley Brothers , Reno and Smiley , Mac Wiseman , David Grisman and James Alan Shelton , crooners Perry Como and Gene Autry and popular singers such as Will Oakland , Henry Burr , Harry MacDonough and Frank Dunn . Instrumental recordings of Butterfield 's melody are also numerous , and date as far back as the 1930s . Notable recordings include those of jazzmen Benny Goodman , Fats Waller , Teddy Wilson and Sidney Bechet and ragtime pianist Johnny Maddox and Country guitar , Speedy Haworth . `` Maggie '' has been re-scored as `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie Blues '' , by Jack Frost and Jimmy McHugh . Mills Music Inc. published this edition in 1922 , and again in 1949 with Guy Lombardo 's picture on the cover . This was a 1951 hit for father and son Bing Crosby and Gary Crosby reaching the No. 8 spot in the Billboard charts and for the duet team of Margaret Whiting and Jimmy Wakely . John W. Schaum arranged `` When you and I were young Maggie Boogie '' and had it published by Belwin Inc. in 1952 . The song is also considered as a standard of dixieland . The song was used by Seán O'Casey in his 1926 play The Plough and the Stars , but the name `` Maggie '' was changed to `` Nora '' because the character , Clitheroe , was singing it to his wife Nora . Johnny McEvoy recorded it as `` Nora '' in 1968 and had a number one hit in Ireland . In 1983 Irish duo Foster and Allen reached number six in Ireland and 27 in the UK singles chart with their version . This led many people to think it was an Irish song . It was also recorded by De Dannan on the album `` Star - Spangled Molly '' , by Josef Locke on `` Let there be Peace '' , and by James Galway and The Chieftains on `` In Ireland '' . The Statler Brothers also recorded their harmonious rendition . In addition to Henry Burr , other Canadian performers such as Hank Snow , The Climax Jazz Band and Murray McLaughlin have also recorded it . Tom Rush recorded a version on his CBS release `` Ladies Love Outlaws '' in 1974 . American psychedelic rock band Magic Fern from Seattle ( who wrote and performed together in the mid to late 1960s ) recorded a version of this song entitled `` Maggie '' and that version is on the soundtrack for Adam Sandler 's film Strange Wilderness . The Hot Sardines has it on their debut album released in 2014 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rural Roots of Bluegrass : Songs , Stories & History By Wayne Erbsen p166 Jump up ^ Excerpts from `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' , by George Rickard , 1981 . Reprinted by Glanbrook Heritage Society , with permission , 2001 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Margaret ( ed . ) Hamilton street names , p. 85 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame at http://www.cshf.ca/inductees/by-year/?InducteeYear=2005 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Circus Historical Society , Burnt Cork Supplement , 2005 , by William L. Slout . `` The Younger Generation in Minstrelsy and Reminiscences of the Past , '' by Frank Dumont , New York Clipper , March 27 , 1915 . ( Accessed August 2011 ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 112 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Music in Canada Jump up ^ The partial list of artists having recorded the song was compiled from the listing of the iTunes Store on February 21st 2008 . Jump up ^ Broderick , Vincent ( 1990 ) . Traditional Irish Flute Solos . Mel Bay Publications . p. 22 . ISBN 1 - 85720 - 061 - 6 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts : All There Is to Know '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ The Hot Sardines External links ( edit ) John McCormack singing `` When you and I were young '' on Youtube Images of the original sheet music from the Levy collection at Johns Hopkins University . Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Surrender '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_You_and_I_Were_Young,_Maggie&oldid=752593855 '' Categories : Benny Goodman songs Gene Autry songs Perry Como songs Folk songs Bluegrass songs Jazz songs Margaret Whiting songs Jimmy Wakely songs Talk More About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 December 2016 , at 04 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who wrote when you and i were young maggie
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National World War II Memorial
National World War II Memorial - wikipedia National World War II Memorial For other uses , see World War II Memorial . World War II Memorial Location Washington , D.C. Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 21.84 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 25.86 '' W  /  38.8894000 ° N 77.0405167 ° W  / 38.8894000 ; - 77.0405167 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 21.84 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 25.86 '' W  /  38.8894000 ° N 77.0405167 ° W  / 38.8894000 ; - 77.0405167 Established May 29 , 2004 Visitors 4,410,000 ( in 2005 ) Governing body National Park Service Website World War II Memorial The World War II Memorial is a memorial of national significance dedicated to Americans who served in the armed forces and as civilians during World War II . Consisting of 56 pillars and a pair of small triumphal arches surrounding a square and fountain , it sits on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , on the former site of the Rainbow Pool at the eastern end of the Reflecting Pool , between the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument . Opened on April 29 , 2004 , it was dedicated by President George W. Bush on May 29 , 2004 . The memorial is administered by the National Park Service under its National Mall and Memorial Parks group . As of 2009 , more than 4.4 million people visit the memorial each year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 1.1 Freedom Wall 2 History 2.1 Fundraising 2.2 Picking the site 2.3 Designing the memorial 3 Construction 4 Controversy 4.1 Criticism of the location 4.2 Criticism of the design and style 4.3 FDR 's D - Day prayer 5 Gallery 5.1 With the Washington Monument in background 5.2 Of the Central Fountain 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design ( edit ) Aerial view of the World War II Memorial The memorial consists of 56 granite pillars , each 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) tall , arranged in a semicircle around a plaza with two 43 - foot ( 13 m ) triumphal arches on opposite sides . Two - thirds of the 7.4 - acre ( 30,000 m ) site is landscaping and water . Each pillar is inscribed with the name of one of the 48 U.S. states of 1945 , as well as the District of Columbia , the Alaska Territory and Territory of Hawaii , the Commonwealth of the Philippines , Puerto Rico , Guam , American Samoa , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The northern arch is inscribed with `` Atlantic '' ; the southern one , `` Pacific . '' The plaza is 337 ft 10 in ( 102.97 m ) long and 240 feet 2 inches ( 73.20 m ) wide , is sunk 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) below grade , and contains a pool that is 246 feet 9 inches by 147 feet 8 inches ( 75.2 × 45.0 m ) . The memorial includes two inconspicuously located `` Kilroy was here '' engravings . Their inclusion in the memorial acknowledges the significance of the symbol to American soldiers during World War II and how it represented their presence and protection wherever it was inscribed . On approaching the semicircle from the east , a visitor walks along one of two walls ( right side wall and left side wall ) picturing scenes of the war experience in bas relief . As one approaches on the left ( toward the Pacific arch ) , the scenes begin with soon - to - be servicemen getting physical exams , taking the oath , and being issued military gear . The reliefs progress through several iconic scenes , including combat and burying the dead , ending in a homecoming scene . On the right - side wall ( toward the Atlantic arch ) there is a similar progression , but with scenes generally more typical of the European theatre . Some scenes take place in England , depicting the preparations for air and sea assaults . The last scene is of a handshake between the American and Russian armies when the western and eastern fronts met in Germany . Freedom wall ( edit ) The Freedom Wall is on the west side of the memorial , with a view of the Reflecting Pool and Lincoln Memorial behind it . The wall has 4,048 gold stars , each representing 100 Americans who died in the war . In front of the wall lies the message `` Here we mark the price of freedom '' . History ( edit ) View of The World War II Memorial ( bottom ) and the Lincoln Memorial ( top ) from the Washington Monument In 1987 , World War II veteran Roger Durbin approached Representative Marcy Kaptur , a Democrat from Ohio , to ask if a World War II memorial could be constructed . Kaptur introduced the World War II Memorial Act to the House of Representatives as HR 3742 on December 10 . The resolution authorized the American Battle Monuments Commission ( ABMC ) to establish a World War II memorial in `` Washington , D.C. , or its environs '' , but the bill was not voted on before the end of the session , so it was not passed . Two more times , in 1989 and 1991 , Rep. Kaptur introduced similar legislation , but these bills suffered the same fate as the first , and did not become law . Kaptur reintroduced legislation in the House a fourth time as HR 682 on January 27 , 1993 , one day after Senator Strom Thurmond ( a Republican from South Carolina ) introduced companion Senate legislation . On March 17 , 1993 , the Senate approved the act , and the House approved an amended version of the bill on May 4 . On May 12 , the Senate also approved the amended bill , and the World War II Memorial Act was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on May 25 of that year , becoming Public Law 103 - 32 . Fundraising ( edit ) On September 30 , 1994 , President Bill Clinton appointed a 12 - member Memorial Advisory Board ( MAB ) to advise the ABMC in picking the site , designing the memorial , and raising money to build it . A direct mail fundraising effort brought in millions of dollars from individual Americans . Additional large donations were made by veterans ' groups , including the American Legion , the Veterans of Foreign Wars , Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge and others . The majority of the corporate fundraising effort was led by two co-chairs : Senator Bob Dole , a decorated World War II veteran and 1996 Republican nominee for president ; and Frederick W. Smith , the president and chief executive officer of FedEx Corporation and a former U.S. Marine Corps officer . The U.S. federal government provided about $16 million . A total of $197 million was raised . Picking the site ( edit ) On January 20 , 1995 , Colonel Kevin C. Kelley , project manager for the ABMC , organized the first meeting of the ABMC and the MAB , at which the project was discussed and initial plans made . The meeting was chaired by Commissioner F. Haydn Williams , chairman of ABMC 's World War II Memorial Site and Design Committee , who would go on to guide the project through the site selection and approval process and the selection and approval of the Memorial 's design . Representatives from the United States Commission of Fine Arts , the National Capital Planning Commission , the National Capital Memorial Commission , the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , and the National Park Service attended the meeting . Selection of an appropriate site was taken on as the first action . Over the next months , several sites were considered . Three quickly gained favor : U.S. Capitol Reflection Pool area -- between 3rd Street and the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial Constitution Gardens -- east end , between Constitution Avenue and the Rainbow Pool Freedom Plaza -- on Pennsylvania Avenue between 14th and 15th Streets Other sites considered but quickly rejected were : Tidal Basin -- northeast side , east of the Tidal Basin parking lot and west of the 14th Street Bridge access road West Potomac Park -- between Ohio Drive and the north shore of the Potomac River , northwest of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Grounds of the Washington Monument -- at Constitution Avenue between 14th and 15th Streets , west of the National Museum of American History Henderson Hall , adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery -- dropped from consideration because of its unavailability The selection of the Rainbow Pool site was announced on October 5 , 1995 . The design would incorporate the Rainbow Pool fountain , located across 17th Street from the Washington Monument and near the Constitution Gardens site . The location is itself a significant symbol . The memorial will be given a more prominent spot than any monument on the National Mall since the Lincoln Memorial opened in 1922 . The location , between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial , represents the first addition in more than 70 years to the grand corridor of open space that stretches from the Capitol 2.1 miles west to the Potomac River . Designing the Memorial ( edit ) A nationwide design competition drew 400 submissions from architects from around the country . Friedrich St. Florian 's initial design was selected in 1997 . Over the next four years , St. Florian 's design was altered during the review and approval process required of proposed memorials in Washington , D.C. Ambassador Haydn Williams guided the design development for ABMC . St. Florian 's design consists of an architectural sculpture that evokes a classical monument . The two memorial arches , Pacific and Atlantic baldacchinos each have laurel wreaths suspended in the air with 4 eagles carrying it . The chandelier sculpture symbolizes the victory of the War with the Nation 's bird carrying a Grecian symbol of victory but with an American adaptation of oak laurel wreaths to symbolize strength . Each of the 56 pillars all consists of oak laurel wreaths and wheat laurel wreath . The oak symbolizes military and industrial strength and the wheat symbolizes agricultural and breadbasket during the U.S. part in the war . Construction ( edit ) Ground was broken in September 2001 . The construction was managed by the General Services Administration . The triumphal arches were crafted by Rock of Ages Corporation . Sculptor Raymond Kaskey created the bronze eagles and wreaths that were installed under the arches , as well as 24 bronze bas - relief panels that depict wartime scenes of combat and the home front . The bronzes were cast over the course of two and a half years at Laran Bronze in Chester , Pennsylvania . The stainless - steel armature that holds up the eagles and wreaths was designed at Laran , in part by sculptor James Peniston , and fabricated by Apex Piping of Newport , Delaware . The John Stevens Shop designed the lettering for the memorial and most of the inscriptions were hand - carved in situ . The memorial opened to the public on April 29 , 2004 , and was dedicated in a May 29 ceremony attended by thousands of people . The memorial became a national park on November 1 , when authority over it was transferred to the National Park Service . In 2012 , the memorial 's fountain was renovated . The memorial under construction in August 2002 Controversy ( edit ) Criticism of the location ( edit ) Critics such as the National Coalition to Save Our Mall opposed the location of the memorial . A major criticism of the location was that it would interrupt what had been an unbroken view between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial . The memorial was also criticized for taking up open space that had been historically used for major demonstrations and protests . Washington Monument View Critics were particularly bothered by the expedited approval process , which is considerably lengthy most of the time . The United States Congress , worried that World War II veterans were dying before an appropriate memorial could be built , passed legislation exempting the World War II Memorial from further site and design review . Congress also dismissed pending legal challenges to the memorial . Criticism of the design and style ( edit ) There were also aesthetic objections to the design . A critic from the Boston Herald described the monument as `` vainglorious , demanding of attention and full of trite imagery . '' The Philadelphia Inquirer argued that `` this pompous style was also favored by Hitler and Mussolini '' ( see Nazi architecture ) . The Washington Post described it as `` overbearing '' , `` bombastic '' , and a `` hodgepodge of cliche and Soviet - style pomposity '' with `` the emotional impact of a slab of granite '' . Some supporters said that the design evoked federal architecture during the New Deal period , influenced by an austere interpretation of Art Deco / Beaux Arts styles . This view , and the monument , were dismissed by one prominent architecture critic as `` knee - jerk historicism '' FDR 's D. - day prayer ( edit ) On May 23 , 2013 , Senator Rob Portman introduced the World War II Memorial Prayer Act of 2013 ( S. 1044 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would direct the United States Secretary of the Interior to install at the World War II memorial in the District of Columbia a suitable plaque or an inscription with the words that President Franklin D. Roosevelt prayed with the United States on June 6 , 1944 , the morning of D - Day . The bill was opposed by the American Civil Liberties Union , the American Jewish Committee , Americans United for Separation of Church and State , the Hindu American Foundation , and the Interfaith Alliance . Together the organizations argued that the bill `` endorses the false notion that all veterans will be honored by a war memorial that includes a prayer proponents characterize as reflecting our country 's ' Judeo - Christian heritage and values . ' '' The organizations argued that `` the memorial , as it currently stands , appropriately honors those who served and encompasses the entirety of the war '' and was carefully created , so no additional elements , such as FDR 's prayer , need to be added . But , they said , `` the effect of this bill , however , is to co-opt religion for political purposes , which harms the beliefs of everyone . '' The bill passed in the United States Senate on June 5 , 2014 . Gallery ( edit ) The southern end of the memorial , dedicated to the Pacific theater The northern end of the memorial , dedicated to the Atlantic theater `` The Price of Freedom '' Engraving of Kilroy on the memorial Close up of the engraving at the memorial The Pacific Arch A seal on the floor of the memorial using the World War II Victory Medal design Each of the 4,048 gold stars represents 100 Americans who died during the war The Pacific Arch ( Atlantic Arch in the background ) The Atlantic Arch View of the World War II Memorial in Washington , D.C. from the `` Atlantic '' arch of the memorial . World War II Memorial ( 2013 ) Panoramic view at night , Washington Monument in the background With the Washington Monument in background ( edit ) The memorial , looking east in winter Five state pillars and flag North Carolina pillar Pennsylvania pillar Of the central fountain ( edit ) Central Fountain with the Atlantic Arch in background World War II Memorial Fountain in Washington D.C. World War II Memorial , Fountain in the evening . World War II Memorial Panoramic view See also ( edit ) List of public art in Washington , D.C. , Ward 2 The National WWII Museum , in New Orleans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://uscode.house.gov/statutes/pl/103/32.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/chapter-1/subchapter-LXI Jump up ^ National World War II Memorial Jump up ^ World War II Memorial ( U.S. National Park Service ) Jump up ^ `` Memorial Design '' . National WWII Memorial . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM4F0R_Kilroy_Was_Here_World_War_II_Memorial_Washington_DC Jump up ^ `` Kilroy Is Here -- Can You Find Him ? '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Knight , Christopher ( 2004 - 05 - 23 ) . `` A memorial to forget '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 26 . -- Many sources give the number of stars as 4,000 . The wall contains 23 panels of 11 columns and 16 rows of stars . The number of stars can also be counted in Image : Wwii memorial stars march 2006. jpg . See also discussion at Talk : National World War II Memorial # Number the Stars . Jump up ^ Forgey , Benjamin ( 1995 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Site - seeking at the Mall : Placing World War II memorial in the grand scheme of things '' . The Washington Post . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Forgey , Benjamin ( 1995 - 07 - 28 ) . `` No Accord on WWII Memorial ; Two Agencies Send Mixed Signals About Location '' . The Washington Post . p . B3 . Jump up ^ Forgey , Benjamin ( 1995 - 10 - 06 ) . `` WWII Memorial Gets Choice Mall Site ; 2nd Panel Approves Location , Clearing Way for Design Phase '' . The Washington Post . p . B1 . Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1995-11-09/news/mn-1182_1_world-war-ii-monument Jump up ^ WWII Memorial : The `` High Point '' of Raymond Kaskey 's Career - Carnegie Mellon Today Archived 2008 - 04 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` WWII MEMORIAL '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` James Peniston Sculpture : Bio '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Building the Memorial '' . Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Memorial Site Renovations '' . Long Fence . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Linda Wheeler and Spencer S. Hsu ( 17 May 2001 ) . `` Bush Backs War Memorial '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Marc ( 4 May 2004 ) . `` A Memorial That Does n't Measure Up '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World War II Memorial Defaces a National Treasure '' . National Coalition to Save Our Mall . January 2001 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Van Oss , Alex ( 2001 - 02 - 25 ) . `` World War II Memorial '' ( RealAudio ) . Weekend Edition Sunday . National Public Radio . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Killian , Michael ( 2001 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Senate OKs WWII Memorial '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Keane , Thomas M. , Jr . ( June 25 , 2004 ) . `` WWII Memorial fails both past , present '' . Boston Herald . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Saffron , Inga ( May 28 , 2004 ) . `` Monument to Democracy , The National World War II Memorial deserves its prominent location in Washington , as a tribute to heroes and a great cause '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p . E01 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Marc ( May 4 , 2004 ) . `` A Memorial That Does n't Measure Up '' . The Washington Post . p . B01 . Jump up ^ Ouroussoff , Nicolai , `` Get Me Rewrite : A New Monument to Press Freedom '' , The New York Times , April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` S. 1044 - Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Letter to Chairman Udall and Ranking Member Portman '' ( PDF ) . American Civil Liberties Union . 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` S. 1044 - All Actions '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World War II Memorial . NPS - National World War II Memorial Trust for the National Mall : World War II Memorial White House dedication World War II Memorial Gallery hide Landmarks of Washington , D.C. Memorials Adams African American Civil War American Veterans Disabled for Life Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument Mary McLeod Bethune Boy Scout James Buchanan D.C. War Albert Einstein Emancipation John Ericsson First Division James A. Garfield Samuel Gompers Ulysses S. Grant Holocaust Museum Holodomor Genocide Japanese American Patriotism During World War II Jefferson Memorial Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove John Paul Jones Marquis de Lafayette Law Enforcement Officers Lincoln Memorial Martin Luther King , Jr . Korean War Veterans George Mason George Meade National Statuary Hall Collection Navy -- Merchant Marine Nuns of the Battlefield Peace Monument Pentagon Second Division Signers of the Declaration of Independence The Extra Mile The Three Soldiers Jean de Rochambeau Franklin Delano Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Island Taras Shevchenko Statues of the Liberators Oscar Straus Robert A. Taft Titanic United States Air Force United States Navy Victims of Communism Vietnam Veterans Vietnam Women 's Washington Monument Daniel Webster World War II Rainbow Pool Other Capitol Reflecting Pool Immaculate Conception Basilica Ford 's Theatre Petersen House Healy Hall Islamic Center Jefferson Pier John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Library of Congress National Arboretum National Capitol Columns National Building Museum National Gallery of Art Lincoln 's Cottage at Soldiers ' Home Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool National Archives Newseum National Cathedral National Mall Old Post Office Pavilion Old Stone House Smithsonian Institution The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace Tidal Basin Treasury Building Tudor Place Union Station United States Capitol United States Supreme Court Building White House Willard Hotel Parks and plazas Constitution Gardens Dupont Circle East Potomac Park Freedom Plaza Lafayette Square L'Enfant Plaza Meridian Hill Park National Arboretum Pershing Park Rock Creek Park The Ellipse United States Botanic Garden West Potomac Park Boundaries Anacostia River Arlington Memorial Bridge Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Constitution Avenue Francis Scott Key Bridge Pennsylvania Avenue Potomac River Zero Milestone Planned Adams Memorial Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial General Francis Marion Memorial Gold Star Mothers Monument National Desert Storm and Desert Shield War Memorial National Liberty Memorial Peace Corps Commemorative World War I Related National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission National Mall and Memorial Parks List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. Public art in Washington , D.C. ( Outdoor sculpture , American Revolution Statuary , Civil War Monuments , commemorating African - Americans ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_World_War_II_Memorial&oldid=845758521 '' Categories : National Mall Monuments and memorials in Washington , D.C. National Memorials of the United States World War II memorials in the United States Fountains in Washington , D.C. Military monuments and memorials in the United States National Mall and Memorial Parks 2004 sculptures 2004 establishments in Washington , D.C. Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 22 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was the national world war ii memorial built
[ "Opened on April 29, 2004, it was dedicated by President George W. Bush on May 29, 2004.[3] The memorial is administered by the National Park Service under its National Mall and Memorial Parks group.[4] As of 2009, more than 4.4 million people visit the memorial each year.[not verified in body]\n" ]
[ "April 29, 2004" ]
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The Bachelor (Australian TV series)
The Bachelor ( Australian TV series ) - Wikipedia The Bachelor ( Australian TV series ) For the concluded season , see The Bachelor ( Australia season 6 ) . The Bachelor Australia Genre Reality Presented by Osher Günsberg Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 97 ( as of 4 October 2018 ) Production Production location ( s ) Oxford Falls , New South Wales Running time 60 -- 90 minutes ( including commercials ) Production company ( s ) Shine Australia ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Warner Bros. International Television Production ( season 4 -- present ) Release Original network Network Ten Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2016 -- ) Audio format Stereo Original release 8 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 08 ) -- present Chronology Related shows The Bachelorette Australia Bachelor in Paradise Australia External links Website The Bachelor Australia is an Australian reality television adaptation of the U.S. series of the same name . The series , hosted by Osher Günsberg , first premiered on Network Ten on 8 September 2013 . The show is premiered 7 : 30pm twice a week every Wednesdays and Thursdays on Network Ten . The Bachelor Australia was officially renewed for a second season on 19 November 2013 , which premiered on 30 July 2014 . A third season was confirmed in November 2014 , which premiered on 29 July 2015 . On 17 September 2015 , the series was renewed for a fourth season , which premiered on 27 July 2016 . In addition , it was announced in November 2015 that unlike the previous three seasons which were produced by Shine Australia , season four would be produced by Warner Bros. International Television Production . On 16 September 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth season , which premiered on 26 July 2017 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Elimination process 2.1 Single Date 2.2 Group Date 2.3 Rose Ceremony 2.4 Hometown Visits 2.5 The Finale 3 In popular culture 4 Seasons 5 Ratings 6 Spin - offs 7 Broadcast 8 References Plot ( edit ) The season revolves around a single bachelor and a pool of romantic interests , which could include a potential wife for the bachelor . The conflicts in the series , both internal and external , stem from the elimination - style format of the show . Early in the season , the bachelor goes on large group dates with the women , with the majority of women eliminated during rose ceremonies . As the season progresses , women are also eliminated on single dates , elimination two - on - one dates and in cocktail parties . The process culminates with hometown visits to the families of the final four women , overnight dates , should they choose to accept , at exotic locations with the final three women , and interaction with the bachelor 's family with the final two women . In many cases , the bachelor proposes to his final selection . Elimination process ( edit ) Single date ( edit ) The bachelor and one woman go on a date . The bachelor is given a chance to get to know the woman on a more personal level , and the dates are usually very intimate . If the date goes well and the bachelor wishes to spend more time with the woman or get to know them further , he may present them with a rose at the date . This means that during the rose ceremony at the end of each episode , she will be safe and there will be no chance of her going home . Group date ( edit ) The bachelor and a group of women participate in an activity . Sometimes the activity takes the form of a competition , with the winner or winners spending more time with the bachelor . The bachelor typically presents a rose to the woman who makes the best impression during the group date . Rose ceremony ( edit ) The women who have not been eliminated stand in rows at one end of the room , and the bachelor faces them . The bachelor has a tray with roses . The bachelor takes a rose and calls a woman by name . The woman steps forward , and the bachelor asks , `` Will you accept this rose ? '' The woman accepts , takes the rose , and makes her way to the other side of the room ( where all the women who have been given a rose are required to stand . ) When there is one rose remaining , host Osher Günsberg tells the bachelor , `` When you 're ready . '' After all roses are distributed , the host tells the women who did not receive a rose to `` please take some time to say goodbye . '' Hometown visits ( edit ) The bachelor visits the home towns and families of each of the four remaining women . At the rose ceremony , one woman is eliminated , leaving three . Another episode airs before the final rose ceremony , leaving two women . The finale ( edit ) The two remaining women separately meet with the bachelor 's family . At the end of the episode , the bachelor will reveal their true love to the woman of his choice and will often propose to her . That woman is said to be the winner of The Bachelor Australia . In popular culture ( edit ) The show has been subjected to allegations of sexism , in relation to its hyper - sexualised and stereotypical portrayal of women . This feminist reading of the show has prompted an ironic following , which has also manifested online through humorous columns and episode reviews . Seasons ( edit ) Season Original run Bachelor Profile Winner Runner - up Proposal Still together 8 September -- 20 November 2013 Tim Robards Age : 30 Location : Sydney , New South Wales Profession : Chiropractor and Model Anna Heinrich Rochelle Emmanuel - Smith No Yes Robards chose to enter into a relationship with Heinrich and presented her with a diamond ring in Phuket , Thailand . On 24 May 2017 , the couple announced via their Instagram social networking accounts they had become engaged. . On 7 June 2018 , they were married in a ceremony in Manduria , Italy . 30 July -- 2 October 2014 Blake Garvey Age : 31 Location : Perth , Western Australia Profession : Real Estate Auctioneer Sam Frost Lisa Hyde Yes No Garvey proposed to Frost in South Africa , which she accepted . On 6 October 2014 , it was reported that Garvey had ended the relationship and that he and Frost were no longer engaged , with Frost stating she was `` completely blindsided '' by his decision . During an interview with Carrie Bickmore on The Project , Garvey declined to answer whether or not he was involved with anyone else , however on 10 October 2014 , it was reported that Garvey was in a relationship with second runner - up Louise Pillidge . Garvey confirmed to Woman 's Day that he and Pillidge were dating and that he had broken up with Frost two weeks before the finale aired , while Frost eventually went on to star in the first season of The Bachelorette Australia . Garvey and Pillidge announced their breakup on 18 April 2016 , after 18 months together . 29 July -- 17 September 2015 Sam Wood Age : 34 Location : Melbourne , Victoria Profession : Business Owner and Fitness Guru Snezana Markoski Lana Jeavons - Fellows No Yes Wood chose to enter into a relationship with Markoski and presented her with a promise ring . On 14 December 2015 , the couple announced via their Instagram social networking accounts they had become engaged . They welcomed their first child together , Willow , on 8 October 2017 . 27 July -- 15 September 2016 Richie Strahan Age : 31 Location : Perth , Western Australia Profession : Rope Access Technician Alex Nation Nikki Gogan No No Strahan chose to enter into a relationship with Nation and presented her with a promise ring in Ubud , Bali , Indonesia . On 7 August 2017 , it was revealed that Strahan and Nation had ended their relationship . 5 26 July -- 14 September 2017 Matty Johnson Age : 30 Location : Sydney , New South Wales Profession : Marketing Manager Laura Byrne Elise Stacy No Yes Johnson chose to enter into a relationship with Byrne and presented her with a promise ring in Ko Yao Yai , Phang Nga , Thailand . Johnson and Byrne are still together as of October 2018 . 6 15 August 2018 -- 4 October 2018 Nick Cummins Age : 30 Location : Sydney , New South Wales Profession : Former Professional Rugby Player None Brittany Hockley Sophie Tieman N / A Cummins chose Tieman and Hockley as the two finalists . He rejected them both while in Noumea , New Caledonia in the finale. ( 31 ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes Premiere Finale Ref Premiere date Premiere ratings Rank Finale date Finale ratings ( Grand final ) Rank Finale ratings ( Winner announced ) Rank 13 8 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 08 ) 0.669 # 11 20 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) 1.016 # 4 1.186 # 1 20 30 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) 0.692 # 12 2 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 1.026 # 3 1.374 # 1 16 29 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 29 ) 0.846 # 6 17 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) 1.228 # 2 1.482 # 1 16 27 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) 0.882 # 5 15 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 1.103 # 3 1.324 # 1 5 16 26 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) 0.846 # 5 14 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) 0.980 # 3 1.116 # 1 6 16 15 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 15 ) 0.940 # 4 4 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 04 ) 1.009 # 2 1.241 # 1 Spin - offs ( edit ) On 14 November 2014 , it was announced that Network Ten had commissioned the spin - off series The Bachelorette Australia . It was revealed in October 2015 that Network Ten were exploring launching local adaptations of some of the Bachelor spin - off programs including After the Rose , Bachelor Pad , and Bachelor in Paradise . In October 2017 , Network Ten officially confirmed that a local adaptation of Bachelor in Paradise Australia will go into production and is slated to air in 2018 . Broadcast ( edit ) In New Zealand , The Bachelor Australia airs on Bravo TV . `` The Bachelor Australia '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 July 2013 ) . `` Osher Günsberg to host The Bachelor '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 August 2013 ) . `` Airdate : The Bachelor '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` TEN Upfronts : Sport , Kylie Kwong , and 6pm entertainment '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Willis , Charlotte ( 30 July 2014 ) . `` Bachelor secrets : How many experts does it take to get the bachelorettes camera - ready ? '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` TEN 2015 highlights : Celebrity , Drama , Sport '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Laura ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` May the best woman win ! From a busty topless model to a wedding planner with a broken engagement and a Blake Lively ' lookalike ' ... how the women vying for The Bachelor Sam Wood 's heart stack up '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 17 September 2015 ) . `` Auditions : The Bachelor '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Dunk , Tiffany ( 9 July 2016 ) . `` As The Bachelor receives an air date , Richie Strahan says there wo n't be any bitter exes emerging '' . Newscorp Australia . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 November 2015 ) . `` Warner Bros to now produce The Bachelor franchise '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Dunk , Tiffany ( 16 September 2016 ) . `` The Bachelor Australia finale a ' ratings hit ' , Ten confirms Bachie will be back in 2017 '' . Newscorp Australia . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rosie recaps The Bachelor : Dickie Bach is the Aussiest Bachie Bloke of them all '' . 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Paredes , Arlene ( 19 July 2013 ) . `` The Bachelor Australia 2013 : Who is Tim Robards ? See Chiropractor - Model 's Hot Abs and Steamy Pics '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 November 2013 ) . `` Bachelor Tim chooses Anna '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' It 's official ' : The Bachelor 's Tim Robards and Anna Heinrich announce engagement '' . news.com.au. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Rota , Genevieve ( 25 May 2014 ) . `` Blake Garvey Is the New Star of The Bachelor Australia ! '' . Popsugar . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Bachelor bust - up : `` The chemistry changed '' `` . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` Bachelor Blake in `` confirmed '' relationship with Louise `` . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 October 2014 ) . `` Blake and Louise ... is there anything left to tell ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Domjen , Briana ( 29 April 2015 ) . `` Sam Frost the first Bachelorette : Second chance for the woman Blake Garvey rejected '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Alison ( 18 April 2016 ) . `` Blake Garvey and Louise Pillidge split : ' It was suffocating ' '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 March 2015 ) . `` TEN gets Wood with Bachelor Sam '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Croffey , Amy ( 17 September 2015 ) . `` The Bachelor Australia 2015 : Snezana wins Sam Wood 's Heart '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Aubrey , Sophie ( 14 December 2015 ) . `` Bachelor Sam Wood and Snezana Markoski announce engagement '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , Mary ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Australia 's first Bachie baby : Sam Wood and Snezana Markoski welcome baby girl '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Papain , Jessie ( 9 March 2016 ) . `` Perth 's Richie Strahan the new Bachelor '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Thornely , Jo ( 15 September 2016 ) . `` RICHIE 'S SHOCKER : Bach 's controversial choice stuns fans '' . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Croffey , Amy ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` The Bachelor 's Richie Strahan and Alex Nation ' split ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` Matty J. is TEN 's next Bachelor '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Karlie ( 14 September 2017 ) . `` The Bachelor finale : Matty J reveals his true love Laura Byrne '' . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Play , Ten ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Nick Cummins Is Australia 's New Bachelor '' . Ten Play . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 9 September 2013 ) . `` Sunday 8 September 2013 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 November 2013 ) . `` Wednesday 20 November 2013 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 31 July 2014 ) . `` Wednesday 30 July 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 October 2014 ) . `` Thursday 2 October 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 30 July 2015 ) . `` Wednesday 29 July 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` Thursday 17 September 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` Wednesday 27 July 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 September 2016 ) . `` Thursday 15 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 26 July 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 15 September 2017 ) . `` 14 September 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 15 August 2018 '' . TV Tonight . 2018 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday 4 October 2018 '' . TV Tonight . 2018 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 October 2015 ) . `` TEN looks to more Bachelor franchise '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Coy , Bronte ( 2 October 2017 ) . `` Channel Ten confirms Bachelor in Paradise is coming to Australia '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . The Bachelor U.S. seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Bachelors Alex Michel Aaron Buerge Andrew Firestone Bob Guiney Jesse Palmer Byron Velvick Charlie O'Connell Travis Lane Stork Lorenzo Borghese Andrew Baldwin Brad Womack Matt Grant Jason Mesnick Jake Pavelka Sean Lowe Juan Pablo Galavis Chris Soules Ben Higgins Nick Viall Arie Luyendyk Jr . Colton Underwood Contestants Mandy Clemens Catherine Warren Shayne Lamas Melissa Rycroft Tenley Molzahn Gia Allemand Keltie Colleen Jamie Otis Catherine Giudici Brittany Fetkin Ashley Iaconetti The Bachelorette Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Bachelorettes Trista Rehn DeAnna Pappas Jillian Harris Ali Fedotowsky Andi Dorfman Kaitlyn Bristowe JoJo Fletcher Rachel Lindsay Becca Kufrin Contestants Ryan Sutter Jesse Csincsak Ryan Hoag Ed Swiderski David Homyk Josh Murray Evan Bass Chad Johnson Jordan Rodgers Kenny Layne Clay Harbor International versions Australia Sam Frost Sophie Monk Canada India Tamil Nadu ( State of India ) Other spin - offs Bachelor Pad Bachelor in Paradise 5 Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise Episodes The Bachelor Winter Games International Spin - offs Bachelor in Paradise Australia International versions Australia 5 6 Nick Cummins Brazil Canada Brad Smith Chris Leroux Romania Cătălin Botezatu United Kingdom Gavin Henson 5 Spencer Matthews New Zealand Network Ten local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime All Aussie Adventures ( 2001 -- 2002 , since 2018 ) Ambulance Australia ( since 2018 ) Australian Survivor ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor Australia ( since 2013 ) The Bachelorette Australia ( since 2015 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2018 ) Blind Date ( 1991 , since 2018 ) Todd Sampson 's Body Hack ( since 2016 ) Bondi Vet ( since 2009 ) Bondi Rescue ( since 2006 ) Game of Games ( since 2018 ) Gogglebox Australia ( since 2015 ) Have You Been Paying Attention ? ( since 2013 ) Hughesy , We Have a Problem ( since 2018 ) I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( since 2015 ) The Living Room ( since 2012 ) MasterChef Australia ( since 2009 ) Playing for Keeps ( since 2018 ) Pointless ( since 2018 ) Shark Tank ( since 2015 ) Show Me the Movie ! ( since 2018 ) Street Smart ( since 2018 ) Daytime Ben 's Menu ( since 2014 ) Everyday Gourmet with Justine Schofield ( since 2011 ) Good Chef Bad Chef ( since 2011 ) My Market Kitchen ( since 2016 ) News Ten Eyewitness News ( since 1965 ) The Project ( since 2009 ) Studio 10 ( since 2013 ) Sport RPM ( 1997 -- 2008 , 2011 , since 2015 ) Sports Tonight ( 1993 -- 2011 , since 2018 ) Weekends Healthy Homes TV ( since 2015 ) ifish ( since 2009 ) Mass For You At Home ( since 1971 ) What 's Up Downunder Upcoming How to Stay Married ( 2018 ) Changing Rooms ( 2019 ) Dancing with the Stars ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bachelor_(Australian_TV_series)&oldid=864898261 '' Categories : 2010s Australian television series 2013 Australian television series debuts Australian dating and relationship reality television series English - language television programs Network Ten shows Television shows set in New South Wales The Bachelor Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2015 Use Australian English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 07 : 44 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
where was the final episode of the bachelor filmed
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List of most expensive video games to develop
List of Most expensive Video Games to Develop - wikipedia List of Most expensive Video Games to Develop This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . The following is a list of the most expensive video games ever developed , with a minimum total cost of US $ 50 million and sorted by the total cost adjusted for inflation . Name Year Developer Publisher Platform Development cost ( million US $ ) Marketing cost ( million US $ ) Total cost ( million US $ ) Total cost with 2018 inflation ( million US $ ) Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 2009 Infinity Ward Activision PC , PS3 , Xbox 360 50 200 250 285 Grand Theft Auto V 2013 Rockstar North Rockstar Games PC , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One 137 128 265 278 Star Wars : The Old Republic 2011 BioWare Electronic Arts , LucasArts PC 200 200 + 218 + Halo 2 Bungie Microsoft Studios Xbox 360 40 80 120 168 Destiny 2014 Bungie Activision PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One < 140 < 140 140 145 Final Fantasy VII Square Square Enix , Sony Computer Entertainment ( PS ) , Eidos Interactive ( PC ) PS , PC 40 - 45 40 - 100 80 - 145 122 - 221 Grand Theft Auto IV 2008 Rockstar North Rockstar Games PS3 , Xbox 360 , PC 100 + 114 + Too Human 2008 Silicon Knights Microsoft Game Studios Xbox 360 60 - 100 100 114 Max Payne 3 2012 Rockstar Studios Rockstar Games PC , Xbox 360 , PS3 105 105 112 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar San Diego Rockstar Games PS3 , Xbox 360 80 - 100 100 112 APB : All Points Bulletin Realtime Worlds Electronic Arts , Realtime Worlds , Deep Silver ( PS4 , XB1 ) PC , PS4 , Xbox One 100 112 Battlefield 4 2013 EA DICE Electronic Arts PC , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One 100 100 105 Deadpool 2013 High Moon Studios Activision PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , PC 100 105 Disney Infinity 2013 Avalanche Software , Altron ( 3DS ) Disney Interactive Studios PS3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , Wii U , 3DS , PC 100 105 Tomb Raider 2013 Crystal Dynamics Square Enix PC , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One 100 105 Enter the Matrix 2003 Shiny Entertainment Atari , Inc . GameCube , PC , PS2 , Xbox 20 67 89 Defiance 2013 Trion Worlds , Human Head Studios Trion Worlds PC , PS3 , Xbox 360 80 80 84 The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt 2015 CD Projekt Red CD Projekt PC , Xbox One , PS4 46 35 81 84 Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain 2015 Kojima Productions Konami PC , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One 80 80 83 Pokémon Red / Blue Game Freak Nintendo Game Boy 50 50 + 78 + Watch Dogs 2014 Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft PC , PS3 , PS4 , Wii U , Xbox 360 , Xbox One 68 68 + 70 + Shenmue 1999 Sega AM2 Sega Dreamcast 47 - 70 47 - 70 69 - 103 Crysis 3 2013 Crytek Electronic Arts PS3 , Xbox 360 , PC 66 66 69 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier 2012 Ubisoft Paris , Red Storm Entertainment , Ubisoft Bucharest , Ubisoft Kiev ( PC ) Ubisoft PC , Xbox 360 , PS3 65 65 69 Gran Turismo 5 Polyphony Digital Sony Computer Entertainment PS3 60 60 67 Rift 2011 Trion Worlds Trion Worlds PC 50 10 - 20 60 - 70 65 - 76 Gears of War : Judgment 2013 Epic Games , People Can Fly Microsoft Studios Xbox 360 60 63 Heavy Rain Quantic Dream Sony Computer Entertainment PS3 , PS4 21.8 30.4 52.2 59 Final Fantasy IX 2000 Square Square PS , PC 40 40 + 57 + E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 1982 Atari , Inc . Atari , Inc . Atari 2600 22 56 DC Universe Online 2011 Daybreak Game Company Daybreak Game Company , Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment PC , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox One 50 50 54 L.A. Noire 2011 Team Bondi Rockstar Games PS3 , Xbox 360 , PC 50 50 54 Darksiders 2 2012 Vigil Games THQ PC , Xbox 360 , PS3 50 53 Half - Life 2 Valve Corporation Valve Corporation PC , PS3 , Xbox , Xbox 360 40 40 52 World of Warcraft Blizzard Entertainment Blizzard Entertainment PC 40 52 Known cancelled projects with a cost of more than 50 million US $ Name Year started Year cancelled Developer Publisher Platform Development Cost ( million US $ ) Marketing Cost ( million US $ ) Total Cost ( million US $ ) Total with 2017 inflation ( million US $ ) Halo MMO Cancelled ? Ensemble Studios Microsoft Game Studios PC 90 90 102 Fable Legends Cancelled 2016 Lionhead Studios Microsoft Studios PC , Xbox One 75 75 + 76 + This Is Vegas Cancelled ? Surreal Software Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment PC , PS3 , Xbox 360 40 - 50 40 - 50 45 - 56 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Funk , John ( November 19 , 2009 ) . `` How much did MW2 Cost ? '' . The Escapist . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GTA V dev costs over $137 million , says analyst '' . gamesindustry.biz . February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Alan ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` GTA 5 ' Costs $265 Million To Develop And Market , Making It The Most Expensive Video Game Ever Produced : Report '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fritz , Ben ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` Star Wars : The Old Republic -- the story behind a galactic gamble '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFC3h8GACWE 42m 38s Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFC3h8GACWE 42m 39s ^ Jump up to : Pham , Alex ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Bungie - Activision contract '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Activision CEO Bobby Kotick stated that the total cost was $500 million , but Bungie 's Eric Osborne stated that the budget was `` Nowhere near $500 Million '' `` . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Destiny is a $500 Million Gamble for Activision , says Kotick '' . IGN . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Essential 50 : Final Fantasy VII '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final Fantasy 7 : An oral history '' . Polygon . Jan 9 , 2017 . Retrieved Feb 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Rich ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Final Fantasy 7 retrospective '' . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Androvitch , Mark ( April 30 , 2008 ) . `` GTA IV : Most expensive game ever developed ? '' . Games Industry International . Jump up ^ Mackey , Bob ( August 14 , 2014 ) . Gaming 's Greatest Flops : Too Human . USgamer . ^ Jump up to : `` Max Payne 3 's Sales May Be Hitting Rockstar Where It Hurts '' . www.gametrailers.com . June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times - `` Red Dead Redempetion '' Brings Old West to Life `` . New York Times . May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schiesel , Seth ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` Way Down Deep in the Wild , Wild West '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( August 27 , 2010 ) . `` Realtime Worlds : an inside story '' . theguardian.com . Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( March 14 , 2014 ) . EA CCO : Battlefield 4 budget was $100 million . bfcentral . Jump up ^ `` 20 of the Most Expensive Games Ever Made '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( August 25 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Tries Anew to Raise Its Score on Digital Games '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tomb Raider finally achieved profitability `` by the end of last year '' `` . Eurogamer . ^ Jump up to : Pham , Alex ( May 16 , 2003 ) . `` ' Enter the Matrix ' : An alignment of the digital planets '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bercovici , Jeff ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` With ' Defiance , ' Comcast 's Syfy Bets $100 M On Convergence Of TV And Videogames '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CD PROJEKT Group - first half of 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` The Witcher 3 sells 6m copies in six weeks '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` New article on Konami paints a bleak picture '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tobin , Joseph Jay ( 2004 ) . Pikachu 's Global Adventure : The Rise and Fall of Pokémon . Duke University Press . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3287 - 6 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mosca , Marco ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Watch Dogs , le très gros budget d'Ubisoft '' . Challenges . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sheffield , Brandon ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` GDC 2011 : Yu Suzuki : ' Sega Will Probably Let Me Make Shenmue 3 ' '' . Gamasutra.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yu Suzuki wants $10 million to make a truly open world Shenmue 3 Jump up ^ Nutt , Christian ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` What 's holding back Crysis 3 ? '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Charles Onyett . `` GC 2008 : Crysis Cost 22 Million to Make '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Ubisoft discusses next - generation game budgets '' . Eurogamer.net . May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Remo , Chris ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Yamauchi : Gran Turismo 5 's Development Cost Hit $60 Million '' . Gamasutra.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Much Does It Cost To Make A Big Video Game ? '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.glixel.com/interviews/epics-tim-sweeney-on-vr-and-the-future-of-civilization-w459561 ^ Jump up to : Purchese , Robert ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Heavy Rain cost € 16.7 million to make and made Sony `` more than € 100 million '' `` . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.engadget.com/2013/04/21/heavy-rain-cost-52-million-but-made-130-million-you-do-the-ma/ Jump up ^ Alder , Davon ( July 29 , 2000 ) . `` Square Haven News / NTV Tokyo Interviews Hironobu Sakaguchi '' . squarehaven.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phipps , Keith ( February 2 , 2005 ) . `` Howard Scott Warshaw '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pham , Alex ; Fritz , Ben ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` DC Universe Online : $50 million gamble aims for audience that World of Warcraft ' ca n't touch ' '' . Hero Complex - movies , comics , pop culture - Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geoghegan , Kev ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Will L.A. Noire change the game for actors ? '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/articles/darksiders-2s-50-million-budget-was-ridiculous-nor/1100-6422461/ Jump up ^ `` Half - Life 2 : $40 million in , still Steaming forward '' . Eurogamer . March 22 , 2004 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MMO Budget Busters '' . MMOHuts . May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` Why The Halo MMO Was Cancelled '' . Kotaku . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Report : Fable Legends was a $75 M project ' nobody ' wanted to work on '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zelfden , N. Van ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` What 's Killing the Video - Game Business ? '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . 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Book of Obadiah
Book of Obadiah - wikipedia Book of Obadiah Jump to : navigation , search For the author to whom the Book of Obadiah is attributed , see Obadiah . Tanakh ( Judaism ) Torah ( Instruction ) ( show ) Genesis Brʾeišyt Exodus Šemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bəmidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im ( Prophets ) ( hide ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim ( Writings ) ( show ) Poetic Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim Old Testament ( Christianity ) Pentateuch ( show ) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical ( show ) Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom Poetry ( show ) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic ( hide ) Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portal The Book of Obadiah is an oracle concerning the divine judgment of Edom and the restoration of Israel . The text consists of a single chapter , divided into 21 verses , making it the shortest book in the Hebrew Bible . In Judaism and Christianity , its authorship is attributed to a prophet who lived in the Assyrian Period and named himself in the first verse , Obadiah . His name means `` servant of Yahweh '' . In Christianity , the Book of Obadiah is classified as a minor prophet of the Old Testament , due to its short length . In Judaism , Obadiah is considered a `` later prophet '' , placed in the last section ( Nevi'im of the Tanakh , where it is one of the `` Twelve Prophets . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Scholarly issues 2.1 Dating Obadiah 2.2 Contrast with Amos 2.3 Sepharad 3 Scriptural parallels 4 Protestant view 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Content ( edit ) The book of Obadiah is based on a prophetic vision concerning the fall of Edom , a mountain dwelling nation whose founding father was Esau . Obadiah describes an encounter with God who addresses Edom 's arrogance and charges them for their violent actions against their brother nation , the House of Jacob ( Israel ) . The western half of ancient Edom is the Negev desert all the way to Eilat , all part of modern Israel . The eastern half is possessed by the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan . In the days of Obadiah , the Edomites lived along the cliffs and mountaintops of the arid land south of the Dead Sea , all the way to the Gulf of Aqaba on the Red Sea . There was very little in the way of arable land , so the Edomites made their living supporting ( and controlling ) the main caravan route between Egypt and Babylon that passed through their whole land . Throughout most of the history of Judah , Edom was controlled absolutely from Jerusalem as a vassal state . Among the region 's great powers , Edom was held in low regard . Obadiah said that the high elevation of their dwelling place in the mountains of Seir had gone to their head , and they had puffed themselves up in pride . `` Though you soar like the eagle and make your nest among the stars , from there I will bring you down , '' declares the Lord . ( Obadiah 1 : 4 , NIV ) In 597 BCE , Nebuchadnezzar II sacked Jerusalem , carted away the King of Judea and installed a puppet ruler . The Edomites helped the Babylonians loot the city . Obadiah , writing this prophecy around 590 BCE , suggests the Edomites should have remembered that blood was thicker than water . ' `` On the day you stood aloof while strangers carried off his wealth and foreigners entered his gates and cast lots for Jerusalem , you were like one of them ... You should not march through the gates of my people in the day of their disaster , nor gloat over them in their calamity in the day of their disaster , nor seize their wealth in the day of their disaster . '' ' ( Obadiah 1 : 11 , 13 NIV ) Obadiah said in judgement God would wipe out the house of Esau forever , and not even a remnant would remain . The Edomites ' land would be possessed by Egypt and they would cease to exist as a people . But the Day of the Lord was at hand for all nations , and someday the children of Israel would return from their exile and possess the land of Edom . Scholarly issues ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dating Obadiah ( edit ) The date of composition is disputed and is difficult to determine due to the lack of personal information about Obadiah , his family , and his historical milieu . The date of composition must therefore be determined based on the prophecy itself . Edom is to be destroyed due to its lack of defense for its brother nation , Israel , when it was under attack . There are two major historical contexts within which the Edomites could have committed such an act . These are during 853 -- 841 BC when Jerusalem was invaded by Philistines and Arabs during the reign of Jehoram of Judah ( recorded in 2 Kings 8 : 20 -- 22 and 2 Chronicles 21 : 8 -- 20 in the Christian Old Testament ) and 607 -- 586 BC when Jerusalem was attacked by Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon , which led to the Babylonian exile of Israel ( recorded in Psalm 137 ) . The earlier period would place Obadiah as a contemporary of the prophet Elijah as reflected in 1 Kings 18 : 1 - 16 . In particular , 1 Kings 18 : 7 - 8 reads : `` As Obadiah was walking along , Elijah met him . Obadiah recognized him , bowed down to the ground , and said , ' Is it really you , my lord Elijah ? ' ' Yes , ' he replied . ' Go tell your master , `` Elijah is here . '' ' '' ( NIV ) The later date would place Obadiah as a contemporary of the prophet Jeremiah , both of whom were prophets in the respective time periods . A sixth - century date for Obadiah is a `` near consensus '' position among scholars . Obadiah 1 - 9 contains parallels to Jeremiah 49 : 7 - 22 . The passage in Jeremiah dates from the fourth year of the reign of Jehoiakim ( 604 BC ) , and therefore Obadiah 11 - 14 seems to refer to the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadrezzar II ( 586 BC ) . It is more likely that Obadiah and Jeremiah together were drawing on a common source presently unknown to us than Jeremiah drawing on previous writings of Obadiah as his source . There is also much material found in Obadiah 10 - 21 which Jeremiah does not quote , and which , had he had it laid out before him , would have suited his purpose admirably . Despite everything , however , there are some who support both dates and even some who support dates other than the two major possibilities presented . Any date for the composition of Obadiah must be held tentatively . Contrast with Amos ( edit ) In verse eighteen , it says that once judgment has been carried out , `` There will be no survivors from the house of Esau '' ( NIV ) . So , according to Obadiah there will not remain even a remnant after Edom 's judgment . This is in contrast to Amos 9 : 12 , where Amos refers to such a remnant , however , it is stated that their possession will be given to Israel . Some scholars have suggested that Amos 's reference to Edom is symbolic of all nations who were once enemies of Israel and not intended to mean literal Edomites . This is certainly the perspective of Luke as he recites the passage from Amos in Acts 15 : 17 . Edom is symbolic of the remnant of men and Gentiles who will eventually bear God 's name . Moreover , Frederick A. Tatford in Prophet of Edom 's Doom says that Obadiah 's prophecy is fulfilled today as there is currently no trace of anyone who may be identified as a fleshly Edomite . Sepharad ( edit ) Main article : Sepharad The identity of the land of Sepharad , mentioned only here in this verse in the Bible , Obadiah 1 : 20 , is currently unknown . It is also unknown whether or not Sepharad is a city , district or territory . The only clues for its possible existence are Persian inscriptions that refer to two places called `` Saparda '' : one area in Media and another in Asia Minor , arguably Sardis . Scriptural parallels ( edit ) The exact expression `` the Day of the Lord '' , from Obadiah 1 : 15 , has been used by other authors throughout the Old and New Testaments , as follows : Old Testament : Isaiah 2 , 13 , 34 , 58 , Jeremiah 46 : 10 , Lamentations 2 : 22 , Ezekiel 13 : 5 , Joel 1 , 2 , 3 , Amos 5 : 18 , 20 , Zephaniah 1 , 2 , Zechariah 14 : 1 , Malachi 4 : 5 New Testament : 1 Thessalonians 5 : 2 , 2 Peter 3 : 10 , Acts 2 : 20 , 1 Corinthians 5 : 5 , 2 Corinthians 1 : 14 For other parallels , compare Obadiah 1 : 1 -- 8 with Jeremiah 49 : 7 -- 16 . Protestant view ( edit ) The overwhelming theme found in Obadiah is the destruction of the enemies of God 's people . Unlike other prophets who call the hearers to repent before they fall under judgment , Obadiah 's message is one of inevitable doom as a consequence of previous actions . A Christian with a knowledge of the New Testament of the Bible would say that although God 's grace and forgiveness abound in such situations , because God is just there are consequences for opposing God and God 's people . Obadiah shows that judgment falls even within the family of God , as Israel and Edom descended from twin brothers , Jacob and Esau . His purpose was to make it known that according to his God , if members of the same family were to treat each other in the same manner as Edom treated the Israelites , they too may be subject to the wrath of God . In relating to theme of Obadiah , it is important to underscore the `` punishment '' theme this book outlines against Edom . W.J. Deane and J.R. Thomson write this valid conclusion , `` The Book of Obadiah is occupied with one subject -- the punishment of Edom for its cruel and unbrotherly love conduct towards Judah ... '' One can link this idea of punishment to one of the major prophets `` Ezekiel '' who `` ... interprets the exile to Babylon and the destruction of Jerusalem as deserved punishments for the sins of those who themselves committed them . '' Verses 3 -- 7 in Obadiah explain to the reader the reason for the punishment theme , `` Confidence in one 's power , intelligence , allies , or the topographical features of one 's territory is often mentioned as an attribute of those who foolishly confront the Lord and are consequently punished . '' Although destruction is vital to understanding Obadiah , it is of note to understand the destruction being a consequence of action . See also ( edit ) Teman The lowland of Philistia The fields of Ephraim The fields of Samaria The land of Gilead References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coogan , M. `` A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : The Hebrew Bible in its Context . Oxford University Press , New York ( 2009 ) p. 315 Jump up ^ Nelson 's Compact Illustrated Bible Dictionary , Thomas Nelson Publishers , 1978 , p. 191 , ISBN 0 - 8407 - 5636 - 4 Jump up ^ Jason C. Dykehouse ( 2008 ) . An Historical Reconstruction of Edomite Treaty Betrayal in the Sixth Century B.C.E. Based on Biblical , Epigraphic , and Archaeological Data . ProQuest . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 59500 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ehud Ben Zvi ( 1 January 1996 ) . A Historical - Critical Study of the Book of Obadiah . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 104 -- 106 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 080963 - 3 . Jump up ^ Deane , W.J. & Thomson , J.R. , The Book of Obadiah , The Pulpit Commentary , Vol. 14 Amos -- Malachi . Eds . Spence , H.D.M. & Exell , Joseph S. , Eerdmans : Grand Rapids ( 1981 ) . p. 1 Jump up ^ Coogan , M. `` A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : The Hebrew Bible in its Context . Oxford University Press , New York ( 2009 ) p. 319 Jump up ^ `` oremus Bible Browser : Obadiah 1 '' . Bible.oremus.org. 2011 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Henshaw , R.A. ( revised by Zvi , Ehud Ben ) , The HarperCollins Study Bible . Ed . Attridge , H.W. , HarperOne ; New York . p. 1230 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Book of Obadiah Masoretic text from Mechon Mamre Translations : Jewish translations : Ovadiah ( Judaica Press ) translation ( with Rashi 's commentary ) from Chabad.org Christian translations : Online Bible at GospelHall.org ( KJV ESV Darby BBE ) Obadiah at The Great Books ( New Revised Standard Version ) Bible : Obadiah public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Commentary : Ovadiah ( Judaica Press ) translation ( with Rashi 's commentary ) from Chabad.org Obadiah , from John Gill 's Exposition of the Entire Bible . Obadiah , from the United Church of God , an International Association Bible Reading Program -- This Hebrew scholar provides extensive background information as well as verse - by - verse exposition ) Kretzmann 's Popular Commentary of the Bible ( navigate to Obadiah using the menu on the left ) Obadiah : The Lord Will Have His Day by Jonathan Kuske Obadiah : an Introduction by Jim West Book of Obadiah Minor prophets Preceded by Amos Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Jonah Christian Old Testament ( hide ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book VIAF : 181846225 LCCN : n80057139 GND : 4042864 - 3 SUDOC : 028922506 BNF : cb12065802s ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Obadiah&oldid=814937048 '' Categories : 9th - century BC books 6th - century BC books 1st - millennium BC books Twelve Minor Prophets Book of Obadiah Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 19 : 51 . 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who wrote the book of obadiah in the bible
[ "In Judaism and Christianity, its authorship is attributed to a prophet who lived in the Assyrian Period and named himself in the first verse, Obadiah. His name means “servant of Yahweh”." ]
[ "Obadiah" ]
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The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse
The Summer of the Beautiful white horse - wikipedia The Summer of the Beautiful white horse `` The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse '' is a short story by William Saroyan , published within the collection My Name Is Sattu mc ( 1940 ) . It tells the story of two boys , Aram and Mourad , who belong to a very poor Armenian tribe . Plot summary ( edit ) `` The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse '' is narrated by nine - year - old Aram Garoghlanian , a member of an Armenian community living among the lush fruit orchards and vineyards of California . One morning Aram is awakened at four in morning by his thirteen - year - old cousin Mourad , who is thought to be demented by everyone except Aram , and has a way with animals . Aram is astonished to see that Mourad is sitting on a beautiful white horse . Aram has always wanted to ride a saryam horse , but his family is too poor to afford one . However , in spite of being poor , the Garoghlanian tribe is noted for its honesty and trust , as a result , it is unthinkable that Mourad would have stolen the horse . Aram felt that his cousin could n't have stolen the horse . Aram was invited to ride on the horse with Mourad . The idea of Mourad stealing the horse drained away from Aram 's mind as when he felt that it would n't become stealing unless they offer to sell the horse . They enjoyed rides on the horse for a few hours . Mourad 's crazy behavior was considered to be of natural descent from their uncle Khosrov , even though his father , Zorab , was a practical man . Uncle Khosrove was an enormous man who was always furious , impatient , and irritable . He would roar for everyone to stop talking and say It is no harm , pay no attention to it . In fact , one day , when his son came and told them that their house was on fire , Khosrov silenced him by roaring `` Enough . It is no harm '' . After a short time of riding , Mourad wanted to ride alone on the horse . Aram had the same longing , but when he sat on the horse and kicked its muscles it reared and snorted and raced forward , eventually dropping Aram off its back . After half an hour they found the horse and hid it in the barn of a deserted vineyard of a farmer named Fetvajian which had once been his pride . That afternoon , an Assyrian farmer named John Byro -- an Assyrian friend of the Garoghlanians -- came to Aram 's house . He reported to Aram 's mother that his white horse which had been stolen a month ago was still missing . Hearing this , Aram concludes that , Mourad must have had the horse for a long time . Khosrove , who was at Aram 's house when Byro came , shouted - `` it 's no harm '' to such an extent that Byro was forced to leave to avoid responding . Aram ran to Mourad to inform him about Byro 's arrival . Aram also pleads with Mourad not to return the horse until he could learn to ride . Mourad disagrees saying that Aram would take at least a year to learn , but promises he would keep it for six months at most . This became a routine . Mourad came daily to pick Aram to ride , and Aram continuously fell off the horse 's back after every attempt . Two weeks later , when they were going to take the horse back to its hiding place , they met Byro on the road . The farmer was extremely surprised . He recognised his horse but refused to believe that the boys had stolen it . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Saroyan , William ( 1904 ) . My Name is Aruu . Dell Pub Co . ISBN 9780440362050 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Summer_of_the_Beautiful_White_Horse&oldid=856607099 '' Categories : American short stories Works by William Saroyan Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 12 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
the summer of the beautiful white horse summary in hindi language
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