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-5149659329523107966 | Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 | Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 - wikipedia Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 Jump to : navigation , search The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 is a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry , particularly its monopolistic practices . The Act required that railroad rates be `` reasonable and just , '' but did not empower the government to fix specific rates . It also required that railroads publicize shipping rates and prohibited short haul or long haul fare discrimination , a form of price discrimination against smaller markets , particularly farmers in Western or Southern Territory compared to the Official Eastern states . The Act created a federal regulatory agency , the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) , which it charged with monitoring railroads to ensure that they complied with the new regulations . The Act was the first federal law to regulate private industry in the United States . It was later amended to regulate other modes of transportation and commerce . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background of the act 2 Jurisdiction of the act 3 Amendments 3.1 Early twentieth century 3.2 Motor Carrier Act of 1935 3.3 Later amendments 3.4 Deregulation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background of the Act ( edit ) The act was passed in response to rising public concern with the growing power and wealth of corporations , particularly railroads , during the late nineteenth century . Railroads had become the principal form of transportation for both people and goods , and the prices they charged and the practices they adopted greatly influenced individuals and businesses . In some cases , the railroads were perceived to have abused their power as a result of too little competition . Railroads also banded together to form pools and trusts that fixed rates at higher levels than they could otherwise command . Railroads often charged a higher price per mile for short hauls than for long hauls . The practice was decried as one that discriminated against smaller businesses . Responding to a widespread public outcry , states passed numerous pieces of legislation . Through the 1870s various constituencies , notably the Grange movement representing farmers , lobbied Congress to regulate railroads . While the Senate would investigate and report its findings and recommendations in 1874 , Congress declined to step in , mirroring the lack of consensus in approach . In the 1886 decision on Wabash , St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois however , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state laws regulating interstate railroads were unconstitutional because they violated the Commerce Clause of the Constitution , which gives Congress the exclusive power `` to regulate Commerce with foreign nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes . '' With many of those questions of approach decided , Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act the following year ; it was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland on February 4 , 1887 . The act worked to keep rates and railroad revenue up on routes where competition existed . It did this by attempting to force publicity about rates and make rebates and discrimination illegal . ( ' Discrimination ' meant lower rates for certain customers , e.g. politicians , large customers , sharp bargainers , long haul shippers , shippers in competitive markets , low season travelers . ) Railroads saw that competition made it hard to pay their stockholders and bondholders the amount of money promised to them , and competition was therefore `` bad . '' Jurisdiction of the Act ( edit ) The act also created the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) , the first independent regulatory agency of the US government . As part of its mission , the ICC heard complaints against the railroads and issued cease and desist orders to combat unfair practices . While the ICC was empowered to investigate and prosecute railroads and other transportation companies that were alleged to have violated the act , its jurisdiction was limited to companies that operated across state lines . Over time the courts would further narrow the agency 's authority , and in 1903 congress established the Department of Commerce and Labor and its Bureau of Corporations to study and report on wider industries and their monopolistic practices . By 1906 , the Supreme Court had ruled in favor of a railroad company in fifteen out of the sixteen cases over which it presided . The commission later regulated many other forms of surface transportation , including trucking and bus transportation . Congress abolished the ICC in 1995 ( see Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act ) and many of its remaining functions were transferred to a new agency , the Surface Transportation Board . Amendments ( edit ) Early twentieth century ( edit ) Congress passed a minor amendment to the Act in 1903 , the Elkins Act . Major amendments were enacted in 1906 and 1910 . The Hepburn Act of 1906 authorized the ICC to set maximum railroad rates , and extended the agency 's authority to cover bridges , terminals , ferries , sleeping cars , express companies and oil pipelines . The Mann - Elkins Act of 1910 strengthened ICC authority over railroad rates and expanded its jurisdiction to include regulation of telephone , telegraph , and cable companies . The Valuation Act of 1913 required the ICC to organize a Bureau of Valuation that would assess the value of railroad property . This information would be used to set freight shipping rates . Motor Carrier Act of 1935 ( edit ) In 1935 , Congress passed the Motor Carrier Act , which amended the Interstate Commerce Act to regulate bus lines and trucking as common carriers . Later amendments ( edit ) Congress enacted simplifying and reorganizing amendments in 1978 , 1983 and 1994 . Deregulation ( edit ) Congress passed various railroad deregulation measures in the 1970s and 1980s . The Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 ( often called the `` 4R Act '' ) gave railroads more flexibility in pricing and service arrangements . The 4R Act also transferred some powers from the ICC to the newly formed United States Railway Association , a government corporation , regarding the disposition of bankrupt railroads . The Staggers Rail Act of 1980 further reduced ICC authority by allowing railroads to set rates more freely and become more competitive with the trucking industry . The Motor Carrier Act of 1980 deregulated the trucking industry . See also ( edit ) History of rail transport in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 , ch. 104 , 24 Stat. 379 , approved 1887 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Potter , David . M. ( 1947 ) . `` Discriminatory Freight Rates : Implications of the Interstate Commerce Commission 's Regulatory Powers '' The University of Chicago Law Review , 15 ( 1 ) , Article 8 . Accessed 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Editors , Law Review . ( 1947 ) . `` The Historical Development of Easter - Southern Freight Rate Relationships '' Law and Contemporary Problems , 12 ( 1 ) . Accessed 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Washington , D.C. `` Our Documents : Interstate Commerce Act ( 1887 ) . '' Accessed 2010 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Emory R. ; Van Metre , Thurman W. ( 1918 ) . `` Chapter XVIII . Pools and Traffic Associations '' . Principles of Railroad Transportation . New York : D. Appleton . pp. 292 -- 307 . Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court . Wabash , St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois , 118 U.S. 557 ( 1886 ) , 7 S. Ct. 4 , 30 L. Ed . 244 Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution , Article I , Section 8 , Clause 3 . Jump up ^ Kohlmeier , Louis M. , Jr. ( 1969 ) . The Regulators : Watchdog Agencies and the Public Interest . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 043747 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Acworth , W.M. ( 1905 - 12 - 01 ) . `` The Recent History of Federal Control of Railroads in the United States '' . Railroad Gazette . XXXIX ( 22 ) : 170 . Jump up ^ White , Richard ; Stanford University ( 2008 ) . `` Kilkenny Cats : Transcontinental railroads , destructive competition , and the odd road to North American modernity . '' Paper presented at the Penn Economic History Forum , University of Pennsylvania , Department of History , Philadelphia , PA , October 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Louis Hacker & Benjamin Kendrick The United States Since 1865 , 236 Jump up ^ Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 88 , 109 Stat. 803 ; 1995 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Elkins Act , 57th Congress , Sess. 2 , ch. 708 , 32 Stat. 847 , approved 1903 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hepburn Act of 1906 , 59th Congress , Sess. 1 , ch. 3591 , 34 Stat. 584 , approved 1906 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Mann - Elkins Act of 1910 , 61st Congress , ch. 309 , 36 Stat. 539 , approved 1910 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Valuation Act , 62nd Congress , ch. 92 , 37 Stat. 701 , enacted 1913 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Motor Carrier Act of 1935 , 49 Stat. 543 , ch. 498 , approved 1935 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Revised Interstate Commerce Act of 1978 , Pub. L. 95 -- 473 , 92 Stat. 1337 , 49 U.S.C. § 10101 , approved 1978 - 10 - 17 . Pub. L. 97 -- 449 , 96 Stat. 2413 , approved 1983 - 01 - 12 . Pub. L. 103 -- 272 , approved 1994 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act , Pub . L. 94 - 210 , 90 Stat. 31 , 45 U.S.C. § 801 , approved 1976 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Staggers Rail Act of 1980 , Pub . L. 96 - 448 , 94 Stat. 1895 , approved 1980 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Motor Carrier Act of 1980 , Pub . L. No. 96 - 296 , 94 Stat. 793 , approved 1980 - 07 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Interstate Commerce Act . `` People & Events : Interstate Commerce Commission '' - PBS Online Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_Commerce_Act_of_1887&oldid=812907656 '' Categories : 1887 in American law Interstate Commerce Commission United States federal transportation legislation History of rail transportation in the United States United States railroad regulation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 16 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in wabash v. illinois the supreme court ruled that states could not regulate | [] | [] |
-4530392245553998138 | Tyler Perry's House of Payne | Tyler Perry 's House of Payne - wikipedia Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Created by Tyler Perry Presented by Tyler Perry Starring Allen Payne LaVan Davis Cassi Davis Lance Gross Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw China Anne McClain Denise Burse Demetria McKinney Keshia Knight Pulliam Palmer Williams Jr . Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 254 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tyler Perry Camera setup Multiple Running time 20 - 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Tyler Perry Studios Georgia Media Distributor Debmar - Mercury 20th Television Release Original network TBS Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release June 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 06 ) -- August 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ) Chronology Related shows The Paynes Meet the Browns Love Thy Neighbor External links Website Tyler Perry 's House of Payne is an American sitcom television series created and produced by playwright , director , and producer Tyler Perry . The show revolved around a multi-generational family living under one roof in Atlanta led by patriarch Curtis Payne and his wife Ella . The show premiered in syndication on June 21 , 2006 , and new episodes of a retooled version were broadcast exclusively on TBS from June 6 , 2007 , until August 10 , 2012 . While primarily a comedy sitcom , House of Payne was known for featuring dark themes and subject matter , such as substance abuse and addiction . It also had elements of slapstick . The storyline of the show is serialized , with many references to past episodes , creating a continuing story arc . With a total of 254 episodes , House of Payne aired more episodes than any other television series with a predominantly African American cast , surpassing The Jeffersons with 253 episodes , Family Matters with 215 episodes and The Cosby Show with 202 episodes . In 2017 , the Oprah Winfrey Network ordered a spin - off series titled The Paynes , with 38 episodes and the original cast returning to reprise their roles . The series premiered on January 16 , 2018 . Contents 1 Production history 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 3.2. 1 The Hernandez family 4 Setting 5 Other Cast 6 NAACP Image Awards & Nominations 7 Special appearances 8 Syndicated reruns 8.1 Madea connections 8.2 Meet the Browns crossovers 9 Releases 10 References 11 External links Production history ( edit ) The sitcom ran in first - run syndication for 10 episodes during mid-2006 on the Atlanta - area broadcast of WPCH - TV , along with nine other broadcast outlets across the country , as a limited run , with additional episodes to be available for national distribution on TBS in June 2007 . An order of 100 episodes was later requested by TBS . A cable record for sitcom airings was broken with 5.2 and 5.8 million for the two premiere episodes on TBS on June 6 , 2007 . However , the audience declined to 4.3 million as of the week ending September 30 , 2007 and 2.260 and 2.099 as of May 19 , 2010 . The principal cast remained the same ( with the exception of Lance Gross being added ) , led by LaVan Davis . The original format of the series centred around C.J. ( Allen Payne ) and his family moving in with his Aunt Ella and Uncle Curtis ( Cassi Davis and LaVan Davis ) . Robinne Lee had a recurring guest stint in Season 1 -- 2 as Malik and Jazmine 's principal , Nicole Jamieson , whom C.J. soon began dating . Rochelle Aytes originally portrayed Nicole Jamieson in the test pilot episodes as Malik 's math teacher . In the test run , Ella and Curtis were originally C.J. 's parents , but in its televised format , Calvin is their son and C.J. their nephew . Despite his top billing , Allen Payne is not considered the main actor of the series , especially due to his long absence in the fifth season . The show was recorded in front of a live studio audience but sometimes used a laugh track . At the beginning of the fifth season , China Anne McClain ( Jazmine ) and Denise Burse ( Claretha ) were removed from the series . The characters were written out , with Jazmine going away to a school for gifted children in North Carolina and Claretha marrying a prince and moving away . In real life , McClain and Burse left the series for undisclosed reasons . In the beginning of Season 6 , both McClain and Burse returned . Some of the cast members of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne were on The Mo'Nique Show in October 2009 . Beginning with the seventh season , China Anne McClain appeared infrequently due to her work schedule for A.N.T. Farm . Denise Burse was no longer credited as a regular cast member ; she appeared in a recurring role . Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw , who portrayed Malik , appeared infrequently after the sixth season . This was due to Shaw 's work schedules for The Suite Life on Deck and Pair of Kings . He remained a cast member throughout the series . Tyler Perry directed every episode of the first 5 seasons . Throughout Season 6 , each episode was directed by actress Kim Fields or her mother Chip Hurd. Tyler Perry directed some of the episodes in seasons 7 and 8 while other episodes were directed by Kim Fields , Chip Hurd , and producer Roger M. Bobb . During the first 5 seasons , the show was rated TV - PG but due to a rapid increase of strong language and mature content ( particularly sexual ) , later episodes are rated TV - 14 . On September 28 , 2011 , TBS ordered 42 episodes . Newer episodes have been aired on TBS since October 21 , 2011 with season 8 , and concluded the series with a total of 254 episodes . The show aired its final two episodes on August 10 , 2012 . On January 30 , 2017 , a spin - off follow - up series entitled The Paynes was ordered by Oprah Winfrey Network . It will follow Ella and Curtis Payne as they enjoy retirement in Florida only to get caught in a real estate deal that will turn their lives upside down . The series was greenlighted for 38 episodes and premiered in early 2018 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 37 June 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 06 ) September 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) 22 December 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 05 ) January 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 30 ) 16 March 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 05 ) April 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 23 ) 25 June 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 04 ) August 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 06 ) 5 26 December 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 03 ) June 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) 6 46 November 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 04 ) January 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) 7 20 March 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) June 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 15 ) 8 62 October 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) August 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ) Cast ( edit ) House of Payne revolves around the Payne family who reside in the suburban Atlanta . It is noted that all main cast members are credited only for the episodes in which they appear . Actor Character Seasons Pilot 5 6 7 8 Allen Payne Clarence `` C.J. '' Payne , Jr Main Lavan Davis Curtis Booker T. Payne Main Cassi Davis Ella Williams - Payne Main Lance Gross Calvin Payne Main Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw Malik Payne Main China Anne McClain Jazmine Sierra Payne Main Main Denise Burse Claretha Jenkins Main Recurring Demetria McKinney Janine Shelton - Payne Recurring Main Keshia Knight - Pulliam Miranda Lucas - Payne Guest Main Palmer Williams Jr . Floyd Jackson Recurring Main Main ( edit ) Curtis Payne ( LaVan Davis ) is the show 's main protagonist . He is often referred to as Uncle Curtis by his nephew C.J. , his nephew 's wife Janine , and their children , Malik and Jazmine . Curtis is known for his hackneyed jokes , overly loud delivery , and acting like a negative racial stereotype . He is overweight and has fainted once from a blocked artery , but he ignored the diet his wife Ella set for him , and is unable to stay away from his usual fatty foods . A noticeable running gag is when he jokingly pushes Ella to the side with one arm when he wants to go by , she usually lands on the sofa . Despite his immaturity in this matter , his maturity and responsibility are apparent in his job as the chief of the local fire department . In one episode , his middle name was revealed as Booker T. In the sixth season , Curtis was forced to retire which left him depressed and humiliated for a period of time ; he eventually embraced it and his nephew C.J. took over his old job . LaVan Davis won an NAACP Image Awards in 2008 for Outstanding Actor In A Comedy Series for this role . In the first part of the series finale , `` The Call Back '' , CJ asks Curtis to come out of retirement to oversee three stations that CJ runs . At first Curtis refuses to do it , and yells at CJ saying how they already forced him into retirement , and that he was n't going back , but at the end of the episode , after talking with Ella , he decided to return . Ella Payne ( née Ella Williams ) ( known as Ella Williams in episode `` Til Payne Do We Part '' ) ( Cassi Davis ) , is Curtis 's wife . She is a stay - at - home mother and the voice of reason . Curtis has been known to take advantage of Ella 's good nature -- and to be punished for it . Ella is the family 's religious voice and the glue that holds it together . A good cook , she had a restaurant service in one episode . She is quick to offer emotional and moral support to everyone in the family , such as when Janine returned home . In the fifth season , she briefly worked in retail . In Season 6 , she quits to go back to school . Ella graduated from college and finally got her degree in Season 7 . It is revealed that her middle name is Naomi . She tries to keep the family at peace the best she can , whether it 's big or small . In the Season 8 episode `` RIP : Rest in Payne '' , she keeps complete faith for her son Calvin , when she hears that he got shot in C.J. and Janine 's home . She loves her family and wants her husband to keep her safe and stand by her which he does . Clarence James ( C.J. ) Payne , Jr . ( Allen Payne ) is Curtis and Ella 's nephew . C.J. and his family moved into the home of his Uncle Curtis and Aunt Ella when their own house burned down after his wife Janine accidentally started a fire while under the influence of drugs . C.J. is the father of Malik , Jazmine , Jayden , and Hayden Payne . These last two are the twin son and daughter born to Janine and C.J. after they reconciled and remarried . In the fourth season , C.J. found out he was adopted . He works at the firehouse with Curtis . At the end of the fifth season , he , Janine , and the twins moved to Chicago , but they returned in the sixth season after he was offered Curtis ' job , and the family moved in next to Curtis and Ella . Despite being angry with and hostile towards Janine upon her return , C.J. never stopped loving her . In the early seasons , C.J. often has difficulty enforcing discipline with his children , but it is apparent that he is slightly more strict and hot - headed , often jumping to the wrong conclusions . In the Season 6 episode `` Who 's Your Daddy Now ? '' , C.J. finally met his real father who happened to be white , making C.J. biracial . In the seventh season , he was promoted to fire chief commissioner , and also became the boss of Janine and Roland in the public relations department . C.J. was portrayed as Curtis and Ella 's son in the series ' original format , but his character was changed to being their nephew . Calvin Payne ( Lance Gross ) is Ella and Curtis 's college - age son who rarely attends the same courses Curtis often complains about financing . Calvin liked to think of himself as a player until he married Miranda . Like his cousin C.J. , Calvin spends much time working with Curtis at the firehouse until he becomes a partner at the barbershop . In the fifth season , he gets a job working for the same company as Mercedes and she accidentally kisses him twice : once while they are chaperoning Malik and Alexandra 's date ; the other , after Calvin has a fight with Miranda . He finds out that he has a son , Calvin Jr. , from his former girlfriend Tracy . He and Miranda are expecting a child when she decides they should separate , but they agree to try counseling . They get stuck in an elevator and solve their problems with help from an `` elevator lady '' Edi , who turns out to be Dr. Marcos , the marriage - retreat counselor . Calvin was arrested for back child support , but was bailed out of jail before the birth of his child with Miranda in the episode Payneful Resolution Resolution . In the seventh season , Calvin briefly had a job as a manager of a supermarket . He then started working in the public relations department with C.J. , Janine and Roland in Season 8 . Calvin is the only main character who was originally not included in the show . In the season 8 episode `` God Bless the Paynes '' , Calvin gets shot by a man who had harassed Miranda . The man saw the shooting as a way to get revenge at Calvin for beating him up . Calvin is later found by Janine and is rushed to the hospital in `` Do or Die '' . He survives , but with serious injuries . In the series finale , `` All 's Well '' , his wife , Miranda , demands a divorce . The very last scene shows Calvin throwing a vase of flowers at the wall , and the series ends with the camera zoomed in on broken glass and rose petals . Malik Payne ( Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw ) is C.J. and Janine 's college - aged son . He is a young adult whose interest in young women in his class is so extreme that he 'll resort to desperate measures , such as trying out for the cheerleading squad , just to associate with them . Initially , he was often bullied in school as a result of his mother 's drug problems . As a result , he is reluctant to welcome her back to the household . It is hinted that he is allergic to peanuts and knows how to cut hair . Beginning with the sixth season , Malik has appeared infrequently , due to Larramie Shaw 's work schedule , as he also starred on The Suite Life on Deck on Disney Channel and Pair of Kings on Disney XD . His absence is incorporated into the storyline , as he goes to the ROTC during Season 6 and off to college during Season 7 , which is a major continuity error as he advanced from elementary school to college in 4 years . As he prepared to go to college , C.J. , Calvin , Curtis , and Floyd bought him three boxes of condoms because they were sure he would be experimenting with sex in college . His sister Jazmine was upset about him leaving for college . While in college , he dates a girl named Summer ( Makeda Declet ) . Malik then marries Summer just that they can have sex . Summer then wants a divorce from Malik to transfer to a college in New England . But since Malik and Summer have only been married for a few weeks , they are qualified for an annulment and that 's how their marriage ended. ( Episodes 1 - 239 ) Jazmine Payne ( China Anne McClain ) is C.J. and Janine 's daughter . She constantly feels invisible and acts out to get her father 's attention while her mother is in rehab . At one point , Jazmine had a brief crush on Malik 's friend Kevin . Despite her apparent innocence and youth , throughout the series , she was known to act cruel and mean toward Malik and Kevin and schemed to make them miserable . She is also known to have sarcastic comments and sly plans to get what she wants . For undisclosed reasons , China Anne McClain was written out of the series during the fifth season , which made her the only cast member to not appear in Season 5 . She was re-introduced into the series when she returned in the sixth season . It is hinted that she has a fear of mimes that wear hats . On the premiere of the seventh season , she is 12 years old , and Janine lets her wear lip gloss , and she falls in with the wrong crowd . Jazmine has made infrequent appearances since the seventh season , due to China Anne McClain 's work schedule , as she also starred in A.N.T. Farm on Disney Channel . ( Seasons 1 -- 4 , Episodes 127 - 249 ) Janine Payne ( née Janine Shelton ) ( Demetria McKinney ) , is C.J. 's wife and the mother of Malik , Jazmine , Jayden , and Hayden Payne . A seemingly responsible adult and mother at the very beginning of the series , she is later revealed to be a drug addict and the arsonist who burned down her and C.J. 's home . She and C.J. divorce after she leaves her family . Initially , she was only a recurring character and was rarely seen in the series except in episodes where she associates with Ella Payne , who helps her enter a rehab program and return to the family . Later in the series , she is often criticized by C.J. , Curtis , and Malik for her irresponsible actions . She is apparently impregnated by her boyfriend , until an episode reveals that he 's sterile . Since C.J. is the only other person , she has had intercourse with ( in an earlier episode , where they were intimate when C.J. was drunk ) , she realizes that C.J. is the father of the coming child . C.J. and Janine remarry at Calvin and Miranda 's wedding ; almost immediately , her water breaks and she gives birth to twins Jayden and Hayden Payne . Janine 's parents are Larry and Liz Shelton . She and C.J. now live in their own home with their four children . In seasons 6 - 7 , her role in the series has grown more central as she focuses more on her career than her home life -- and becomes the target of romantic interest from her boss Roland until C.J. gets promoted to commissioner and becomes both Janine and Roland 's boss and makes them keep their relationship professional . From that point on , C.J. and Janine both have the same job together and are able focus on both their career and home life together . Miranda Payne ( née Miranda Lucas ) ( Keshia Knight Pulliam ) is Calvin 's girlfriend - turned - wife . She was first introduced in Season 1 as a con artist who stole all of Calvin and Curtis ' money for an art gallery . The character returned eventually , but what she did to Calvin and Curtis is only very briefly mentioned . She and Calvin married in the Season 4 conclusion . Miranda has a very troubled and bratty nephew ; when Calvin was supposed to be in charge of the boy , it was actually the boy who ordered Calvin around . Miranda and Calvin began to have problems in the fifth season . In the beginning of the sixth season , a pregnant Miranda disappears ; a couple of episodes later , Miranda says there is no baby , making Calvin believe she had an abortion , but she did n't . She is actually thinking about giving the baby up for adoption . Then , while all three couples ( C.J and Janine , Curtis and Ella , Calvin and Miranda ) go to a marriage retreat , Miranda asks Calvin for a divorce . But when she and Calvin go to a divorce mediator and get stuck in an elevator , they resolve their marriage problems with help from an `` elevator lady '' Edi who turns out to be Dr. Marcos , the marriage - retreat counselor . Calvin and Miranda had their baby in Season 7 . In the series finale `` All 's Well ' , Janine , Miranda , CJ , and Calivin celebrate their wedding anniversary , but Miranda and Calvin never show up . Then Calvin shows up at the Payne House to take Miranda to the anniversary dinner , with a dress and a vase of roses . She interrupts him , and demands a divorce , saying that she 'd been waiting for the right moment to tell him , but could n't find one . The very last scene shows Calvin throwing the vase of roses at the wall , and it shatters . The series ends with the camera zoomed in on the broken glass and rose petals . ( Seasons 3 - 8 , guest star in Season 1 ) Claretha Jenkins ( Denise Burse ) is Ella 's friend and the Paynes ' former next - door neighbor . Curtis constantly jokes about her annoyance at his presence . Claretha has a big mouth ; she even rats out the family business to the media in a crime misconception . She is known for having a collection of wigs . She left at the beginning of Season 5 after marrying a `` prince . '' In Season 6 , she suddenly leaves the prince and now goes out with Floyd . She has an exceedingly obese daughter named Huretha and was furious and disgusted when she went out with C.J. In the early seasons after Janine left , although Huretha was never seen on the show . In the Season 7 episode `` Payneful Visit '' , it is revealed that she has leukemia . Since Season 7 , she is no longer credited as a regular cast member . She appeared in a recurring role . ( Seasons 1 -- 6 , recurring role in Seasons 7 & 8 ) Floyd Jackson ( Palmer Williams Jr . ) is Curtis ' friend and the self - absorbed , proud owner of the Barber Shop . He shows little affection towards individual people , but in times of great need will come out and show affection . His first wife disappeared on him , but after he remarried , the first wife returned looking for a divorce . When he did sign the divorce papers , it turned out she 'd written a book , and since he 's divorced from her he gets nothing . He has a daughter named Olivia who was dating Zack , one of his barbers . In the sixth season , Floyd 's second wife kicks him out so he moves into Curtis and Ella 's back yard and started dating Claretha , until his second wife returned , having lost fifty pounds because she was depressed that they were splitting up . While Floyd had been hoping to string both along without either finding out about the other , until they bumped into each other in the Payne house and both subsequently broke up with him and Claretha kicked him out . Floyd 's middle name is revealed to be Stanley . He is the longest running recurring character on House of Payne . In mid Season 8 , he joined the main cast . ( recurring role , Seasons 3 -- 7 , main role in Season 8 ) Recurring ( edit ) Larry and Liz Shelton ( Dorian Harewood and Anne - Marie Johnson ) are Janine 's parents and have so far appeared in 5 episodes of the series . Curtis hates their visits . They are upper - class and appear snobbish towards the Payne family . Upon their first appearance , Claretha identifies Janine 's father as a `` dancer '' known as Dimples , though no one believes her . Liz comes off as judgmental . Her relationship with her daughter is usually tested . In a Season 3 episode she stays with the Paynes after being kicked out of her house ; she annoys everyone , mostly Ella , Curtis , and Janine . In a later episode , she visits the new twins and constantly criticizes Janine 's parenting skills , going as far as to try to change the babies ' names . When Janine finally confronts her , Liz reveals that her mother was the same way with her . Liz shows a more compassionate side during her visit in Season 6 after reading a letter to C.J. written by a deceased comrade 's child Eunice Williams ( Aloma Wright ) : is Ella 's mother who shows signs of Alzheimer 's during her visit with the family . She shows strong dislike toward Curtis , but takes a liking to everyone else . Her last name is only revealed in Season 6 when Ella 's maiden name is finally revealed . She reappeared in the Season 8 premiere episode `` A Mother 's Payne '' , where Ella and her sister Evie decided to put her in a nursing home after a frightening episode resulting from her Alzheimer 's disease . It is then shown that she did take more favor for Ella over Evelyn after she leaves Ella a life insurance policy of $100,000 and Evelyn was going to be left with nothing . In the episode `` Amazing Matriarchs '' , Eunice passes away offscreen . Though the cause of her demise is not mentioned , she most likely succumbed to Alzheimer 's . Ella fought off her grief until Eunice 's memorial service where she finally breaks down and is comforted by Curtis , as a silent Calvin looks on . Evelyn `` Evie '' Williams ( played by Janet Hubert - Whitten ) is Ella 's older sister who helps takes care of her sick mother and wants what 's best for her . Jeffrey and Sandra Lucas ( Wendell Pierce ) and ( Valarie Pettiford ) : Miranda 's wealthy parents who have appeared in Seasons 4 -- 7 . Jeffrey is a doctor and Sandra is a lawyer . In season 6 , Sandra thought Calvin had something to do with Miranda 's disappearance until she resurfaces . In the aftermath , she acts cold towards Calvin but Miranda makes her see reason and change her ways . Tracie Evans ( played by Eva Marcille ) , is the mother of Calvin 's first son Calvin Jr. and Kyle 's aunt . Initially , C.J. developed a love interest in her shortly after his break up with Nicole . However , she later confessed to C.J. that she has been dating Calvin . She then breaks up with Calvin to reconcile with her old boyfriend . In Season 5 , she returned and tells Calvin that they have a son named Calvin Jr. , which upsets Miranda more when she already discovered that Calvin kissed Mercedes . In Season 6 , she was in a car accident which claimed the life of her husband . She then asks Calvin and Miranda to take care of Calvin Jr. while she gets herself in order . Eventually she recuperated . She make a pass at Calvin on two occasions : once after Calvin and Miranda intervenes on her visiting unannounced ; and the other was in Calvin 's `` man shower '' , indicating that she wanted him back . After Calvin pushes her away , she takes Calvin Jr. away from Calvin and Miranda . She then clears Calvin 's bank account for back child support , the latter of which Calvin then gets arrested for . Her son is with Calvin for the weekend and when he goes to work and Miranda is asleep , Calvin Jr. plays with matches and sets the condo on fire . Tracie shows up at the hospital , with her new boyfriend , after she gets a call and tells Calvin she 's getting full custody of their son and she attempts to fight Miranda and Janine . But soon her son wakes up from the coma , and she neutralizes her problems with Calvin . Until she checks him out and makes it difficult for Calvin to be a father to their son . Nicole Jamieson ( played by Robinne Lee ) was C.J. 's ex-girlfriend and Malik and Jazmine 's assistant principal . She first appeared in the Season 1 episode `` Teacher 's Pet '' where she visited the Payne household to bring back a hamster Jazmine took from the school . C.J. in the following episode went to the school to pick up the kids home from school only to find Nicole in her office telling him they already left . They were trapped inside the school building due to a storm that hit Atlanta . From there , sparks started to fly between her and C.J. Their relationship soon hit a bump when it is shown that Nicole is mentally unstable . It is most evident as she extremely jealous when C.J. speaks to another woman and even mentions another woman 's name . In one episode , it was shown she even gets upset when C.J. says Jazmine 's name while on the phone with her , which makes C.J. and Ella believes she is crazy . When C.J. breaks up with her after a huge argument , she gets destructive and breaks dishes at the Payne 's house , she even threatened to stab him . Nicole has not been seen since Season 2 . In her last appearance , she revealed that she was dating Calvin but that was never addressed again , and she has n't mentioned since . In the test pilot episodes , Nicole Jamieson was originally portrayed by Rochelle Aytes , where she was Malik 's math teacher and was normal and rather soft - spoken . Kevin ( played by Kyre Batiste - Loftin ) , was Malik 's best friend who was a recurring character from Seasons 1 -- 6 . He was much like Malik in personality though slightly more dimwitted . He was very kind - hearted and generous despite the rare times he behaved selfishly . He often was involved in Malik 's crazy schemes to get girls . He is last seen in the Season 6 episode `` Drinking Game '' where he and Malik were drinking when they were left alone in the house . He has n't been seen or mentioned since . Pookie ( played by Quincy Bonds ) , was one of Calvin 's closest friends since childhood ; he and his younger brother Peanut act nothing like Calvin as they are both ghetto and appear to be thugs . They are still friendly but can be rough at times . He is last seen in the Season 6 episode `` Payne Showers '' , in which Curtis throws a `` man shower '' for Calvin . In the Meet The Browns series , Nurse Renee is seen talking on the phone to `` Pookie '' -- this is probably him because the Browns and the Paynes knew each other . Peanut ( played by Clayton English ) , is Pookie 's younger brother ; unlike Pookie , Peanut actually has a real name , Clayton . He , along with Pookie , was last seen in the Season 6 episode `` Payne Showers '' . He has n't been seen since . Kyle Thompson ( played by Dale Neal ) , was Tracie 's nephew and Malik 's friend . He appeared from Seasons 1 -- 2 . He is originally from Bronx , NY . Like Malik 's mother Janine , Kyle 's mother had a drug problem , and he was living with Aunt Tracie while his mother was battling her addiction . He and Malik stole Curtis ' motorcycle and Curtis pressed charges against both of them , later dropping the charges when he realized that they were too extreme . It is hinted that Kyle dropped out of school . He was last seen in the Season 2 episode `` It 's a Boy , '' playing video games with Malik . Tanya ( played by Robin Givens ) was C.J. 's girlfriend who appeared from Season 2 - 4 . She started dating C.J. after running into each other in a mutual friend 's anniversary ( in the episode `` It 's Getting Hot in Here '' ) . C.J. found out that Tanya danced in an old rap music video when she was younger . Although C.J. and Janine had sex before he and Tanya became a couple , Tanya breaks up with C.J. after she found out he impregnated Janine . Bryan Dawson ( played by Michael Jai White ) was Janine 's boyfriend in the test pilot episodes and Season 3 . He was a former star football player turned investment banker . His first appearance was in `` Stop Being All Funky '' , when he was taking Janine out to dinner with Malik and Jazmine and tries to favor the kids , which irritates C.J. Originally , believed to be the father of Janine 's unborn child , Janine revealed that he is sterle which the baby is C.J. 's . Revealed by Janine , Bryan breaks up with her after learning that C.J. impregnated her . Calvin Jr. ( played by Cornelius Benton ) is the son of Calvin and Tracie , older half - brother to Christian , and the grandson of Curtis and Ella . He was introduced in the Season 5 episode `` Surprise ! ( Part 1 ) '' , he is referred to as C.J. until his name is revealed and Calvin meets him for the first time . In Season 6 , he stayed with Calvin and Miranda while Tracie was recovering from an accident . However , Tracie takes him back home after Calvin rejected her advances . He returned in the Season 7 episode `` So Hard To Say Goodbye '' . He was playing with matches while Miranda was sleeping , which caused a fire in Calvin and Miranda 's condo . Tracie checked him out of the hospital when he awoke from his coma . Roland ( played by Rick Fox ) is Janine 's boss , and head of public relations for the fire department . He was introduced in Season 6 . His romantic interest in Janine has caused some clashes between him and C.J. Then C.J. becomes his boss after receiving a promotion and after C.J. tells him to keep his relationship with Janine professional , he agrees to do so . C.J. also tells him to hire Calvin after finding out that he needs a new member of the department , but he starts to regret hiring Calvin after having to correct his mistakes , like sending out a press release revealing the wrong day of when the elementary schools are supposed to tour the fire house . It is revealed that Roland is a widower and a recovering alcoholic . Monica ( played by Essence Atkins ) is an old friend of Janine who appeared in 5 episodes of the 6th season . She first stayed at Curtis and Ella 's house when Ella bought her home from the help center . She was a victim of domestic abuse from her ex-husband . She then stayed with C.J. and Janine until she was able to get back on her feet . She was last seen in the Season 6 finale where she told C.J. she found a new job and moments later , C.J. kisses her just before Janine came home . Jayden Payne is the older twin brother of Hayden Payne , the younger son of C.J. and Janine . He was born 3 1 / 2 minutes before Hayden . In the later seasons after his birth , he has grown more than Hayden . He is seen more than Hayden . In Season 7 , he is seen with Hayden where it was discovered that he may have autism . Hayden Payne is the younger twin sister of Jayden Payne , the younger daughter of C.J and Janine . She was born 3 1 / 2 minutes after Jayden . She was the baby of the Payne family until Miranda and Calvin 's baby was born . She is seen less than Jayden . In Season 7 , she is seen with Jayden where she appears normal . Christian Payne is Calvin and Miranda 's newborn baby boy . He is also Calvin Jr. 's half - brother . His name was revealed in the Season 7 episode `` Payneful Visit '' . His name was not revealed when Miranda gave birth , but Calvin is heard saying his name when he tells Miranda that Christian is sleeping . Angel O. Reilz ( Joyce Giraud ) was the co-worker of Curtis , C.J. , Calvin , Keenan , and Bart at the engine 5 company firehouse . Angel is the only female of the firehouse and at times get upset with the guys for being inconsiderate of that fact . At one point she got so upset that she thinks about switching to another engine company and suing them . Angel and Calvin had a tendency to argue all the time ; according to Calvin it was because she loved him . When Angel was upset she usually began to speak Spanish . Angel was also known as the best firefighter as evidenced by her several awards and medals . When the guys first meet her they assumed she was going to be a man ( Curtis had read the `` O '' of her middle name with Angel , making it appear as `` Angelo '' ) and threw water on her as a joke . The character has not been seen or mentioned since Season 4 . Bart Holmes ( Bart Hansard ) was the co-worker of Curtis , C.J. , Calvin , Keenan and Angel . He last appeared in the Season 6 episode `` How Do You Like Your Roast ? '' , in which he helped honor Curtis for his service as Fire Chief . The character has not been seen since . Keenan Jared ( Cedric Pendleton ) was the co-worker of Curtis , C.J. , Calvin , Bart and Angel . He last appeared in the Season 8 episode `` Number Five 's Fight '' , in which he protested against C.J. 's decision to close down engine 5 company firehouse . Delante ( Jason Dirden ) used to cut hair at the barbershop . He was also one of Calvin 's friends . In later episodes , Delante lived in the barbershop until Floyd found him and invited him to live with him . He had a brief relationship with Dana . He got married to some girl he met at the skating rink and moves away to Arizona at the beginning of Season 5 . He has not been seen since . Kiki ( Bobbi Baker ) is a barber at the Barber Shop . She is n't afraid to ask questions that others are thinking and is very abrupt . In Season 5 , she helped get her brother hired , but he turned out to be a drug dealer , dealing drugs in the Barber Shop . She finds out in a later episode that he was shot . Kiki has n't been seen or mentioned since Season 5 , except for a brief appearance in the Season 6 episode `` Rehabilitation '' . Dana Carter ( Denyce Lawton ) has her own manicure stand at the Barber Shop . She is usually seen watching clients storm off angrily , not knowing what she said to anger them . In one episode her parents visited , thinking she was a doctor on vacation . She is of African American and Korean ethnicity . Dana has n't been seen or mentioned since season 5 . Zack ( Gary Owen ) ( Season 5 ) is the white barber who replaced Delante . He is a nice guy but he has trouble fitting in with black people , although they do like him . It was revealed that he had a date with Kiki prior to working at the barber shop . He was interested in Floyd 's daughter Olivia . He is somewhat similar to Isaac Rosenberg ( Troy Garity ) in the films Barbershop and Barbershop 2 : Back in Business . Zack has n't been seen or mentioned since season 5 . Deshawn Spears ( Bobb'e J. Thompson ) is Curtis and Ella 's recently acquired foster child . Deshawn comes from a broken home , and was initially hostile towards the Paynes , as he has had trouble with foster homes in the past . He later comes to accept that the Paynes are nice people that will take care of him . In the Season 8 episode `` Mentoring Paynes '' , Curtis and Ella officially become his foster parents . However , in the episode `` In Payne '' , he decides to live with his mother . The Hernandez family ( edit ) The Hernandez family were the Paynes ' new Hispanic next - door neighbors who move into Claretha 's old house , bringing their own family drama in the fifth season . Carlos Hernandez ( Mel Rodriguez ) is the patriarch of the family . He works as a police officer and he and Curtis often fight over petty things but eventually , the two began to bond and they show some similarities to each other . He was last seen in the episode `` I Do n't Know This Payne '' . Rosalita `` Rosie '' Hernandez ( Marlene Forte ) Carlos ' wife and the mother of Diego , Mercedes , and Alex . Her and Ella became friends and they briefly worked together in a boutique retail store called `` Ginger Pink '' . She was last seen in the episode `` Moving Out '' . Consuela Hernandez ( Renee Victor ) Rosie 's mother and the grandmother of Diego , Mercedes , and Alex. She is usually seen drinking beer and watching TV , who shows some similarities to Curtis . In the episode `` Slightly Payneful Truth '' , Curtis and Malik helped her get her citizenship . She was last seen in the episode `` Moving Out '' . Diego Hernandez ( J.R. Ramirez ) is the eldest Hernandez child . He had problems with his father ; mainly due to his anger and depression from being in the war in Iraq . He also becomes a close friend to Calvin . He was last seen in the season 6 episode `` Seal of Approval '' , giving advice to Malik about joining the ROTC . Alexandra `` Alex '' Hernandez ( Veronica Sixtos ) is the youngest Hernandez child , who Malik has a crush on . In the episode `` A Sister 's Payne '' , Alex becomes Malik 's girlfriend . She was last seen in the episode `` A Grand Payne '' . Mercedes Hernandez ( Susie Castillo ) is the middle Hernandez child . She becomes a friend and confidant of Calvin when he was having marital issues with Miranda . She and Calvin becomes co-partners at business in marketing . Her and Calvin have their shared kisses with each other , keeping it from Miranda until Diego revealed the truth . She was last seen in the episode `` Surprise : ( Part 2 ) '' . Setting ( edit ) Locations in Atlanta , Georgia include the Payne 's home , a firehouse located across the street from the Paynes ' house , a barbershop , the help center , and the schools Malik and Jazmine attend . The Payne home is a one - story building , and 5 rooms are featured throughout the series : Curtis and Ella 's bedroom , Malik and Jazmine 's shared bedroom , the spare bedroom ( which was Calvin 's until he moved out ) , the kitchen , and the living room , and the outside patio . Calvin , C.J. and Janine 's rooms were never seen . The only part of the firehouse seen on camera was its day room . The firehouse and its characters were phased out around Seasons 3 and 4 . The barbershop is a setting often used from Seasons 2 - 5 , and it is similar to that of Ice Cube 's Barbershop movies . Miranda and Calvin 's condo was added . The living room was the only room that was shown . C.J. and Janine 's house is another setting added on to the series . The kitchen and the living were always seen on camera . None of the bedrooms were ever shown . The university Malik attended was a more recent setting and various areas were shown . And C.J. 's office where him and Janine work was another setting that was added to the series . Also , the Help Center where Ella works was shown in various forms . Other Cast ( edit ) Keke Palmer as Nikki Grady - Simmons ( Season 1 ) Eva Marcille as Tracie ( Seasons 1 -- 2 and Season 5 - 7 ) Bart Hansard as Bart Holmes ( Seasons 1 -- 4 and 6 ) Cedric Pendleton as Keenan Jared ( Seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 and 8 ) Joyce Giraud as Angel ( Seasons 1 -- 4 ) Dorian Harewood as Larry Shelton ( Seasons 1 , 3 , and 5 ) Anne - Marie Johnson as Liz Shelton ( Seasons 1 , 3 , 5 and 6 ) Robinne Lee as Nicole Jamieson ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Rochelle Aytes as Nicole Jamieson ( 2006 syndicated pilot episodes ) Sierra Aylina McClain as Jasmine ( Season 1 ) Katie Rowlett as Beverly ( Season 1 ) Arvell Poe as Fishbone ( Season 1 ) Quincy Bonds as Pookie ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) Clayton English as Peanut ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) Kyre Batiste - Loftin as Kevin ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) Jamie Moore as Walter ( Season 1 ) Dale Neal as Kyle ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Wilbur Fitzgerald as Bill ( Season 1 ) Robin Givens as Tanya ( Seasons 2 -- 4 ) Michael Jai White as Bryan ( 2006 syndicated pilot episodes and Season 3 ) Femi Emiola as Sheila ( Season 3 ) Jason Dirden as Delante ( Seasons 3 -- 4 ) Denyce Lawton as Dana Carter ( Seasons 3 -- 5 ) Bobbi Baker as KiKi ( Seasons 3 -- 6 ) Iona Morris as Bernice ( Season 3 ) Dorien Wilson as Andrew ( Season 4 ) Wendell Pierce as Jeffrey Lucas ( Seasons 4 -- 5 ) Valarie Pettiford as Sandra Lucas ( Seasons 4 -- 7 ) Marvin Winans as Pastor Richards ( Seasons 4 -- 5 , and 8 ) Demille Cole - Heard as Calvin Jr . ( Seasons 5 -- 8 ) Marlene Forte as Rosalita Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Mel Rodriguez as Carlos Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Renée Victor as Consuela Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Susie Castillo as Mercedes Hernandez ( Season 5 ) J.R. Ramirez as Diego Hernandez ( Seasons 5 -- 6 ) Veronica Sixtos as Alexandra Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Gary Owen as Zack ( Season 5 ) Roberto Roman as Andy Rodriguez ( Season 5 ) Boris Kodjoe as David ( Season 5 ) Aloma Wright as Eunice ( Seasons 5 and 8 ) Gladys Knight as Herself ( Season 5 ) Kinnik Sky as Nurse Jones ( Season 5 ) Ben Vereen as Clarence ( Season 6 ) Penny Johnson Jerald as Maxine Bannet ( Season 6 ) Essence Atkins as Monica ( Season 6 ) Rick Fox as Roland ( Seasons 6 -- 8 ) Heavy D as P - Rock ( Season 7 ) Janet Hubert - Whitten as Evie ( Evelyn ) ( Season 8 ) Corey Holcomb as Damon ( Season 8 ) Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson ( Season 8 ) Marla Gibbs as Florence Johnston ( Season 8 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph as Felicia Starr ( Season 8 ) Shaun T. as Mo Pex ( Season 8 ) Troy Winbush as Travis Harris ( Season 8 ) Makeda Declet as Summer ( Season 8 ) NAACP Image awards & nominations ( edit ) 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 : Outstanding Comedy Series 2008 , 2009 : Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series ( Lavan Davis ) ; nominated in 2010 and 2011 . 2009 , 2010 , 2013 : Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series ( Cassi Davis ) ; nominated in 2011 . 2009 , 2010 , 2012 : Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( Keshia Knight Pulliam ) ; nominated in 2011 . 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 : Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( Lance Gross ) ; nominated in 2011 . Special appearances ( edit ) Tyler Perry as Madea ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Keke Palmer as Nikki Grady - Simmons ( Season 1 ) Tamela Mann as Cora Simmons ( Seasons 1 and 6 ) David Mann as Mr. Leroy Brown ( Seasons 1 and 6 ) Lamman Rucker as Will Brown ( Season 1 ) Marvin Winans as Pastor Richards ( Seasons 4 − 5 , and 8 ) Dorien Wilson as Andrew ( Season 4 ) Gladys Knight as Herself ( Season 5 ) Boris Kodjoe as David ( Season 5 ) Ben Vereen as Clarence ( Season 6 ) Rick Fox as Roland ( Seasons 6 -- 7 ) Jacob Latimore as Dante ( Season 7 ) Shameik Moore as Andre ( Season 7 ) Heavy D as P - Rock ( Season 7 ) Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson ( Season 8 ) Marla Gibbs as Florence Johnston ( Season 8 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph as Felicia Starr ( Season 8 ) Shaun T as himself ( Season 8 ) Syndicated reruns ( edit ) The CW began airing reruns of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne on its CW Plus stations on September 22 , 2008 . This series reran in broadcast syndication on the Fox , My Network TV , and The CW affiliations . Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation , began airing reruns of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne on CBC TV - 8 , Barbados in 2012 . House of Payne was the only situation comedy to be sold into broadcast syndication for the 2008 -- 2009 television season . BET began airing re-runs in November 2015 . Madea connections ( edit ) Tyler Perry 's claim to fame is with the popularity of character Madea , who has appeared in numerous Tyler Perry plays and their film adaptations . When the series debuted on TBS in June 2007 , Perry made a guest appearance as Madea . Actor David Mann reprised his Mr. Brown role , and Keke Palmer returned as Nikki , a bully who stole $20 worth of Malik 's lunch money over a period of time , money which Madea , Nikki 's foster mother , used at a casino . Perry returned as Madea for a Christmas episode of the show on December 5 , 2007 . Perry again returned as Madea to act as Curtis 's wife on March 5 , 2008 . She has appeared in one episode every season , save seasons 4 and 5 . She is one of Curtis ' arch enemies . In the series , Janine 's drug problem and going to rehab are possible references to Diary of a Mad Black Woman . The events of the episodes `` Sad , Sad , Leroy Brown '' parts 1 and 2 came directly before the movie Meet the Browns , when Brown learns his father has died . The events of the episode `` Weeping May Endure for a Night '' happened somewhere in the middle , directly after the funeral and the reading of the will , where Brown found out that his father left him a broken - down house which Brown turned into a retirement home . Even though in the episode `` Weeping May Endure for a Night '' , the Paynes claim to have attended the funeral of Brown 's father , in Meet the Browns , they are nowhere to be seen . This may be because Lance Gross , who plays Calvin Payne in the series , plays a character named Michael in the film and LaVan Davis , who plays Curtis Payne , plays a bus driver . Curtis claimed Brown made them wait in the cemetery for two hours while he gave his father a tour of Atlanta ( his last request ) , but in the movie , Brown stayed the entire time . The episodes serve as a backdoor pilot to Tyler Perry 's Meet the Browns , a spin - off of the film and play as well as House of Payne . Meet the Browns crossovers ( edit ) There have been crossovers on House of Payne from Meet the Browns : In the episode `` I Can Cry If I Want To '' , Brown attended Curtis 's 50th birthday party and stresses the Paynes out while he is there . In the episode `` Sad , Sad , Leroy Brown ( Part 1 ) '' , when Brown 's house burnt down and he gets kicked out of Cora 's best friend 's house . He stays at the Paynes ' residence , much to Curtis 's dismay and soon becomes a pestering houseguest . In the episode `` Sad , Sad , Leroy Brown ( Part 2 ) '' , when the Paynes tries to kick Brown out of the house , Brown claimed that Curtis broke his back , but Curtis knows the truth that Brown 's back was not in pain , and he only faked it to get the Paynes to let him stay with them . However , Ella believes Brown and insisted on him staying with them until his back gets better . In the episode `` Weeping May Endure for a Night '' , Brown , Cora , and Will come by the Paynes ' residence after Pop Brown 's funeral . Brown is upset because Pop Brown left him a run - down house which makes Brown think his daddy hates him until he realizes that Pop Brown wanted him to open up a retirement home . In the episode `` Meet the Christmas Spirit '' ( Meet the Browns ) , Curtis and Ella Payne drop in for a visit at the hospital to put on a play for the children . In the episode `` Oh Christmas Payne '' , Brown and Cora drop in for a visit . In the episodes `` What You Know About Me '' and `` Payneful Divorce '' , Cora 's former high school student , Milo Jackson , attended the same college as Malik . Releases ( edit ) Lionsgate Home Entertainment has released the first 10 volumes on DVD in Region 1 . It is unknown about the release of the two remaining volumes . According to listings of the previous volumes through Amazon.com , the series DVD releases has been put out of print . DVD Title Ep # Release Date Blu - ray Disc Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 1 1 -- 20 December 4 , 2007 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 2 21 -- 40 July 1 , 2008 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 3 41 -- 60 January 13 , 2009 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 4 61 -- 80 June 16 , 2009 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 5 81 -- 100 January 13 , 2010 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 6 101 -- 124 February 8 , 2011 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 7 125 -- 148 April 5 , 2011 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 8 149 -- 172 June 14 , 2011 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 9 173 -- 192 June 19 , 2012 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 10 193 -- 212 March 5 , 2013 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 11 213 -- 233 TBA Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 12 234 -- 254 TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Tyler Perry 's House of Payne ' signs for distribution with TBS , FOX Station Group '' . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Greg Braxton ( June 13 , 2007 ) . `` How far will he push it ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's House of Payne : Should the TV Series End ? '' . tvseriesfinale.com . August 10 , 2012 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` OWN Picks Up ' House Of Payne ' Spinoff From Tyler Perry , More ' Haves ' & ' If Loving You ' , Ends ' Neighbor ' & ' Better or Worse ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Payne Scores Big for TBS ; CBS News ; More TubeTime and Fresh Prince News '' . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings for week of May 20 '' . USATODAY.COM . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` House of Payne Spinoff The Paynes Snags 38 - Episode Series Order at OWN '' . tvline.com . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Tyler Perry 's House of Payne , Vol. 6 : Tyler Perry 's House of Payne : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Payne DVD news : Delay for House of Payne - Volume 9 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Payne DVD news : Announcement for House of Payne - Volume 10 : Episodes 193 - 212 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Tyler Perry 's House of Payne on IMDb Tyler Perry 's House of Payne at TV.com Tyler Perry 's `` House of Payne '' on TBS Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Nobody 's Fool Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios TBS original programming Current American Dad ! 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( 2013 ) Your Family or Mine ( 2015 ) Upcoming Close Enough ( 2019 ) Miracle Workers ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyler_Perry%27s_House_of_Payne&oldid=862870811 '' Categories : 2006 American television series debuts 2012 American television series endings 2000s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2000s American black sitcoms 2010s American black sitcoms English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States TBS ( U.S. TV channel ) programs Television series by Lionsgate Television Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in Atlanta Television series created by Tyler Perry Hidden categories : TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 07 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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"Larry and Liz Shelton (Dorian Harewood and Anne-Marie Johnson) are Janine's parents and have so far appeared in 5 episodes of the series. Curtis hates their visits. They are upper-class and appear snobbish towards the Payne family. Upon their first appearance, Claretha identifies Janine's father as a \"dancer\" known as Dimples, though no one believes her. Liz comes off as judgmental. Her relationship with her daughter is usually tested. In a Season 3 episode she stays with the Paynes after being kicked out of her house; she annoys everyone, mostly Ella, Curtis, and Janine. In a later episode, she visits the new twins and constantly criticizes Janine's parenting skills, going as far as to try to change the babies' names. When Janine finally confronts her, Liz reveals that her mother was the same way with her. Liz shows a more compassionate side during her visit in Season 6 after reading a letter to C.J. written by a deceased comrade's child"
] | [
"Anne-Marie Johnson"
] |
892791315406929104 | Scientific Revolution | Scientific Revolution - wikipedia Scientific Revolution This article is about a period in the history of science . For the process of scientific progress via revolutions , proposed by Thomas Kuhn , see Paradigm shift . The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period , when developments in mathematics , physics , astronomy , biology ( including human anatomy ) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature . The Scientific Revolution took place in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through the late 18th century , influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment . While its dates are debated , the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus 's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ) is often cited as marking the beginning of the Scientific Revolution . The concept of a scientific revolution taking place over an extended period emerged in the eighteenth century in the work of Jean Sylvain Bailly , who saw a two - stage process of sweeping away the old and establishing the new . The beginning of the Scientific Revolution , the Scientific Renaissance , was focused on the recovery of the knowledge of the ancients ; this is generally considered to have ended in 1632 with publication of Galileo 's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems . The completion of the Scientific Revolution is attributed to the `` grand synthesis '' of Isaac Newton 's 1687 Principia . The work formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation thereby completing the synthesis of a new cosmology . By the end of the 18th century , the Age of Enlightenment that followed Scientific Revolution had given way to the `` Age of Reflection . '' Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Significance 2 Ancient and medieval background 3 Scientific method 3.1 Empiricism 3.2 Baconian science 3.3 Scientific experimentation 3.4 Mathematization 3.5 The mechanical philosophy 3.6 Institutionalization 4 New ideas 4.1 Astronomy 4.2 Biology and Medicine 4.3 Chemistry 4.4 Physical 5 New mechanical devices 5.1 Calculating devices 5.2 Industrial machines 5.3 Telescopes 5.4 Other devices 5.5 Materials , construction , and aesthetics 6 Scientific developments 7 Criticism 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Introduction ( edit ) Great advances in science have been termed `` revolutions '' since the 18th century . In 1747 , Clairaut wrote that `` Newton was said in his own lifetime to have created a revolution '' . The word was also used in the preface to Lavoisier 's 1789 work announcing the discovery of oxygen . `` Few revolutions in science have immediately excited so much general notice as the introduction of the theory of oxygen ... Lavoisier saw his theory accepted by all the most eminent men of his time , and established over a great part of Europe within a few years from its first promulgation . '' In the 19th century , William Whewell described the revolution in science itself -- the scientific method -- that had taken place in the 15th -- 16th century . `` Among the most conspicuous of the revolutions which opinions on this subject have undergone , is the transition from an implicit trust in the internal powers of man 's mind to a professed dependence upon external observation ; and from an unbounded reverence for the wisdom of the past , to a fervid expectation of change and improvement . '' This gave rise to the common view of the Scientific Revolution today : A new view of nature emerged , replacing the Greek view that had dominated science for almost 2,000 years . Science became an autonomous discipline , distinct from both philosophy and technology and came to be regarded as having utilitarian goals . Portrait of Galileo Galilei by Leoni The Scientific Revolution is traditionally assumed to start with the Copernican Revolution ( initiated in 1543 ) and to be complete in the `` grand synthesis '' of Isaac Newton 's 1687 Principia . Much of the change of attitude came from Francis Bacon whose `` confident and emphatic announcement '' in the modern progress of science inspired the creation of scientific societies such as the Royal Society , and Galileo who championed Copernicus and developed the science of motion . In the 20th century , Alexandre Koyré introduced the term `` scientific revolution '' , centering his analysis on Galileo . The term was popularized by Butterfield in his Origins of Modern Science . Thomas Kuhn 's 1962 work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions emphasized that different theoretical frameworks -- such as Einstein 's relativity theory and Newton 's theory of gravity , which it replaced -- can not be directly compared . The transformation of scientific subject also concerns the social sciences . These inherit from a natural philosophy a dispute that authors like Francesco Bacone and Descartes take charge of following . This particular aspect is questioned . Thus arise disciplines that reflect the natural world with social laws . They are sociology , social policy , the specialized study of morality . Authors such as Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer seek a connection with the affirmation of the inductive method , from the 16th century to the 19th century . Sociological science is born in this moment of great evolution for the sciences . Even the history of science seems to include subjects such as new psychology , morality and sociology ( Cfr . Guglielmo Rinzivillo , Natura , cultura e induzione nell'età delle scienze . Fatti e idee del movimento scientifico in Francia e Inghilterra , Rome , New Culture , 2015 , Series GNOSEIS , ISBN 9788868124977 - DOI 10.4458 / 4977 ) . Significance ( edit ) The period saw a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across mathematics , physics , astronomy , and biology in institutions supporting scientific investigation and in the more widely held picture of the universe . The Scientific Revolution led to the establishment of several modern sciences . In 1984 , Joseph Ben - David wrote : Rapid accumulation of knowledge , which has characterized the development of science since the 17th century , had never occurred before that time . The new kind of scientific activity emerged only in a few countries of Western Europe , and it was restricted to that small area for about two hundred years . ( Since the 19th century , scientific knowledge has been assimilated by the rest of the world ) . Many contemporary writers and modern historians claim that there was a revolutionary change in world view . In 1611 the English poet , John Donne , wrote : ( The ) new Philosophy calls all in doubt , The Element of fire is quite put out ; The Sun is lost , and th'earth , and no man 's wit Can well direct him where to look for it . Mid-20th - century historian Herbert Butterfield was less disconcerted , but nevertheless saw the change as fundamental : Since that revolution turned the authority in English not only of the Middle Ages but of the ancient world -- since it started not only in the eclipse of scholastic philosophy but in the destruction of Aristotelian physics -- it outshines everything since the rise of Christianity and reduces the Renaissance and Reformation to the rank of mere episodes , mere internal displacements within the system of medieval Christendom ... ( It ) looms so large as the real origin both of the modern world and of the modern mentality that our customary periodization of European history has become an anachronism and an encumbrance . The history professor Peter Harrison attributes Christianity to having contributed to the rise of the Scientific Revolution : historians of science have long known that religious factors played a significantly positive role in the emergence and persistence of modern science in the West . Not only were many of the key figures in the rise of science individuals with sincere religious commitments , but the new approaches to nature that they pioneered were underpinned in various ways by religious assumptions ... Yet , many of the leading figures in the scientific revolution imagined themselves to be champions of a science that was more compatible with Christianity than the medieval ideas about the natural world that they replaced . Ancient and medieval background ( edit ) Ptolemaic model of the spheres for Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn . Georg von Peuerbach , Theoricae novae planetarum , 1474 . Further information : Aristotelian Physics and Science in the Middle Ages The Scientific Revolution was built upon the foundation of ancient Greek learning and science in the Middle Ages , as it had been elaborated and further developed by Roman / Byzantine science and medieval Islamic science . Some scholars have noted a direct tie between `` particular aspects of traditional Christianity '' and the rise of science . The `` Aristotelian tradition '' was still an important intellectual framework in the 17th century , although by that time natural philosophers had moved away from much of it . Key scientific ideas dating back to classical antiquity had changed drastically over the years , and in many cases been discredited . The ideas that remained , which were transformed fundamentally during the Scientific Revolution , include : Aristotle 's cosmetics that placed the Earth at the center of a spherical hierarchic cosmos . The terrestrial and celestial regions were made up of different elements which had different kinds of natural movement . The terrestrial region , according to Aristotle , consisted of concentric spheres of the four elements -- earth , water , air , and fire . All bodies naturally moved in straight lines until they reached the sphere appropriate to their elemental composition -- their natural place . All other terrestrial motions were non-natural , or violent . The celestial region was made up of the fifth element , aether , which was unchanging and moved naturally with uniform circular motion . In the Aristotelian tradition , astronomical theories sought to explain the observed irregular motion of celestial objects through the combined effects of multiple uniform circular motions . The Ptolemaic model of planetary motion : based on the geometrical model of Eudoxus of Cnidus , Ptolemy 's Almagest , demonstrated that calculations could compute the exact positions of the Sun , Moon , stars , and planets in the future and in the past , and showed how these computational models were derived from astronomical observations . As such they formed the model for later astronomical developments . The physical basis for Ptolemaic models invoked layers of spherical shells , though the most complex models were inconsistent with this physical explanation . It is important to note that ancient precedent existed for alternative theories and developments which prefigured later discoveries in the area of physics and mechanics ; but in light of the limited number of works to survive translation in a period when many books were lost to warfare , such developments remained obscure for centuries and are traditionally held to have had little effect on the re-discovery of such phenomena ; whereas the invention of the printing press made the wide dissemination of such incremental advances of knowledge commonplace . Meanwhile , however , significant progress in geometry , mathematics , and astronomy was made in medieval times . It is also true that many of the important figures of the Scientific Revolution shared in the general Renaissance respect for ancient learning and cited ancient pedigrees for their innovations . Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1473 -- 1543 ) , Galileo Galilei ( 1564 -- 1642 ) , Kepler ( 1571 -- 1630 ) and Newton ( 1642 -- 1727 ) , all traced different ancient and medieval ancestries for the heliocentric system . In the Axioms Scholium of his Principia , Newton said its axiomatic three laws of motion were already accepted by mathematicians such as Huygens ( 1629 -- 1695 ) , Wallace , Wren and others . While preparing a revised edition of his Principia , Newton attributed his law of gravity and his first law of motion to a range of historical figures . Despite these qualifications , the standard theory of the history of the Scientific Revolution claims that the 17th century was a period of revolutionary scientific changes . Not only were there revolutionary theoretical and experimental developments , but that even more importantly , the way in which scientists worked was radically changed . For instance , although intimations of the concept of inertia are suggested sporadically in ancient discussion of motion , the salient point is that Newton 's theory differed from ancient understandings in key ways , such as an external force being a requirement for violent motion in Aristotle 's theory . Scientific method ( edit ) Under the scientific method as conceived in the 17th century , natural and artificial circumstances were set aside as a research tradition of systematic experimentation was slowly accepted by the scientific community . The philosophy of using an inductive approach to obtain knowledge -- to abandon assumption and to attempt to observe with an open mind -- was in contrast with the earlier , Aristotelian approach of deduction , by which analysis of known facts produced further understanding . In practice , many scientists and philosophers believed that a healthy mix of both was needed -- the willingness to question assumptions , yet also to interpret observations assumed to have some degree of validity . By the end of the Scientific Revolution the qualitative world of book - reading philosophers had been changed into a mechanical , mathematical world to be known through experimental research . Though it is certainly not true that Newtonian science was like modern science in all respects , it conceptually resembled ours in many ways . Many of the hallmarks of modern science , especially with regard to its institutionalization and professionalization , did not become standard until the mid-19th century . Empiricism ( edit ) The Aristotelian scientific tradition 's primary mode of interacting with the world was through observation and searching for `` natural '' circumstances through reasoning . Coupled with this approach was the belief that rare events which seemed to contradict theoretical models were aberrations , telling nothing about nature as it `` naturally '' was . During the Scientific Revolution , changing perceptions about the role of the scientist in respect to nature , the value of evidence , experimental or observed , led towards a scientific methodology in which empiricism played a large , but not absolute , role . By the start of the Scientific Revolution , empiricism had already become an important component of science and natural philosophy . Prior thinkers , including the early - 14th - century nominalist philosopher William of Ockham , had begun the intellectual movement toward empiricism . The term British empiricism came into use to describe philosophical differences perceived between two of its founders Francis Bacon , described as empiricist , and René Descartes , who was described as a rationalist . Thomas Hobbes , George Berkeley , and David Hume were the philosophy 's primary exponents , who developed a sophisticated empirical tradition as the basis of human knowledge . An influential formulation of empiricism was John Locke 's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ( 1689 ) , in which he maintained that the only true knowledge that could be accessible to the human mind was that which was based on experience . He wrote that the human mind was created as a tabula rasa , a `` blank tablet , '' upon which sensory impressions were recorded and built up knowledge through a process of reflection . Baconian science ( edit ) Francis Bacon was a pivotal figure in establishing the scientific method of investigation . Portrait by Frans Pourbus the Younger ( 1617 ) . The philosophical underpinnings of the Scientific Revolution were laid out by Francis Bacon , who has been called the father of empiricism . His works established and popularised inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry , often called the Baconian method , or simply the scientific method . His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science , much of which still surrounds conceptions of proper methodology today . Bacon proposed a great reformation of all process of knowledge for the advancement of learning divine and human , which he called Instauratio Magna ( The Great Instauration ) . For Bacon , this reformation would lead to a great advancement in science and a progeny of new inventions that would relieve mankind 's miseries and needs . His Novum Organum was published in 1620 . He argued that man is `` the minister and interpreter of nature '' , that `` knowledge and human power are synonymous '' , that `` effects are produced by the means of instruments and helps '' , and that `` man while operating can only apply or withdraw natural bodies ; nature internally performs the rest '' , and later that `` nature can only be commanded by obeying her '' . Here is an abstract of the philosophy of this work , that by the knowledge of nature and the using of instruments , man can govern or direct the natural work of nature to produce definite results . Therefore , that man , by seeking knowledge of nature , can reach power over it -- and thus reestablish the `` Empire of Man over creation '' , which had been lost by the Fall together with man 's original purity . In this way , he believed , would mankind be raised above conditions of helplessness , poverty and misery , while coming into a condition of peace , prosperity and security . For this purpose of obtaining knowledge of and power over nature , Bacon outlined in this work a new system of logic he believed to be superior to the old ways of syllogism , developing his scientific method , consisting of procedures for isolating the formal cause of a phenomenon ( heat , for example ) through eliminative induction . For him , the philosopher should proceed through inductive reasoning from fact to axiom to physical law . Before beginning this induction , though , the enquirer must free his or her mind from certain false notions or tendencies which distort the truth . In particular , he found that philosophy was too preoccupied with words , particularly discourse and debate , rather than actually observing the material world : `` For while men believe their reason governs words , in fact , words turn back and reflect their power upon the understanding , and so render philosophy and science sophistical and inactive . '' Bacon considered that it is of greatest importance to science not to keep doing intellectual discussions or seeking merely contemplative aims , but that it should work for the bettering of mankind 's life by bringing forth new inventions , having even stated that `` inventions are also , as it were , new creations and imitations of divine works '' . He explored the far - reaching and world - changing character of inventions , such as the printing press , gunpowder and the compass . Scientific experimentation ( edit ) Bacon first described the experimental method . There remains simple experience ; which , if taken as it comes , is called accident , if sought for , experiment . The true method of experience first lights the candle ( hypothesis ) , and then by means of the candle shows the way ( arranges and delimits the experiment ) ; commencing as it does with experience duly ordered and digested , not bungling or erratic , and from it deducing axioms ( theories ) , and from established axioms again new experiments . -- Francis Bacon . Novum Organum. 1620 . William Gilbert was an early advocate of this method . He passionately rejected both the prevailing Aristotelian philosophy and the Scholastic method of university teaching . His book De Magnete was written in 1600 , and he is regarded by some as the father of electricity and magnetism . In this work , he describes many of his experiments with his model Earth called the terrella . From these experiments , he concluded that the Earth was itself magnetic and that this was the reason compasses point north . Diagram from William Gilbert 's De Magnete , a pioneering work of experimental science De Magnete was influential not only because of the inherent interest of its subject matter , but also for the rigorous way in which Gilbert described his experiments and his rejection of ancient theories of magnetism . According to Thomas Thomson , `` Gilbert ( 's ) ... book on magnetism published in 1600 , is one of the finest examples of inductive philosophy that has ever been presented to the world . It is the more remarkable , because it preceded the Novum Organum of Bacon , in which the inductive method of philosophizing was first explained . '' Galileo Galilei has been called the `` father of modern observational astronomy '' , the `` father of modern physics '' , the `` father of science '' , and `` the Father of Modern Science '' . His original contributions to the science of motion were made through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics . On this page Galileo Galilei first noted the moons of Jupiter . Galileo revolutionized the study of the natural world with his rigorous experimental method . Galileo was one of the first modern thinkers to clearly state that the laws of nature are mathematical . In The Assayer he wrote `` Philosophy is written in this grand book , the universe ... It is written in the language of mathematics , and its characters are triangles , circles , and other geometric figures ; ... '' His mathematical analyses are a further development of a tradition employed by late scholastic natural philosophers , which Galileo learned when he studied philosophy . He ignored Aristotelianism . In broader terms , his work marked another step towards the eventual separation of science from both philosophy and religion ; a major development in human thought . He was often willing to change his views in accordance with observation . In order to perform his experiments , Galileo had to set up standards of length and time , so that measurements made on different days and in different laboratories could be compared in a reproducible fashion . This provided a reliable foundation on which to confirm mathematical laws using inductive reasoning . Galileo showed an appreciation for the relationship between mathematics , theoretical physics , and experimental physics . He understood the parabola , both in terms of conic sections and in terms of the ordinate ( y ) varying as the square of the abscissa ( x ) . Galilei further asserted that the parabola was the theoretically ideal trajectory of a uniformly accelerated projectile in the absence of friction and other disturbances . He conceded that there are limits to the validity of this theory , noting on theoretical grounds that a projectile trajectory of a size comparable to that of the Earth could not possibly be a parabola , but he nevertheless maintained that for distances up to the range of the artillery of his day , the deviation of a projectile 's trajectory from a parabola would be only very slight . Mathematization ( edit ) Scientific knowledge , according to the Aristotelians , was concerned with establishing true and necessary causes of things . To the extent that medieval natural philosophers used mathematical problems , they limited social studies to theoretical analyses of local speed and other aspects of life . The actual measurement of a physical quantity , and the comparison of that measurement to a value computed on the basis of theory , was largely limited to the mathematical disciplines of astronomy and optics in Europe . In the 16th and 17th centuries , European scientists began increasingly applying quantitative measurements to the measurement of physical phenomena on the Earth . Galileo maintained strongly that mathematics provided a kind of necessary certainty that could be compared to God 's : `` ... with regard to those few ( mathematical propositions ) which the human intellect does understand , I believe its knowledge equals the Divine in objective certainty ... '' Galileo anticipates the concept of a systematic mathematical interpretation of the world in his book Il Saggiatore : Philosophy ( i.e. , physics ) is written in this grand book -- I mean the universe -- which stands continually open to our gaze , but it can not be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language and interpret the characters in which it is written . It is written in the language of mathematics , and its characters are triangles , circles , and other geometrical figures , without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it ; without these , one is wandering around in a dark labyrinth . The mechanical philosophy ( edit ) Isaac Newton in a 1702 portrait by Godfrey Kneller Main article : Mechanical philosophy Aristotle recognized four kinds of causes , and where applicable , the most important of them is the `` final cause '' . The final cause was the aim , goal , or purpose of some natural process or man - made thing . Until the Scientific Revolution , it was very natural to see such aims , such as a child 's growth , for example , leading to a mature adult . Intelligence was assumed only in the purpose of man - made artifacts ; it was not attributed to other animals or to nature . In `` mechanical philosophy '' no field or action at a distance is permitted , particles or corpuscles of matter are fundamentally inert . Motion is caused by direct physical collision . Where natural substances had previously been understood organically , the mechanical philosophers viewed them as machines . As a result , Isaac Newton 's theory seemed like some kind of throwback to `` spooky action at a distance '' . According to Thomas Kuhn , Newton and Descartes held the teleological principle that God conserved the amount of motion in the universe : Gravity , interpreted as an innate attraction between every pair of particles of matter , was an occult quality in the same sense as the scholastics ' `` tendency to fall '' had been ... By the mid eighteenth century that interpretation had been almost universally accepted , and the result was a genuine reversion ( which is not the same as a retrogression ) to a scholastic standard . Innate attractions and repulsions joined size , shape , position and motion as physically irreducible primary properties of matter . Newton had also specifically attributed the inherent power of inertia to matter , against the mechanist thesis that matter has no inherent powers . But whereas Newton vehemently denied gravity was an inherent power of matter , his collaborator Roger Cotes made gravity also an inherent power of matter , as set out in his famous preface to the Principia 's 1713 second edition which he edited , and contradicted Newton himself . And it was Cotes 's interpretation of gravity rather than Newton 's that came to be accepted . Institutionalization ( edit ) The Royal Society had its origins in Gresham College , and was the first scientific society in the world . The first moves towards the institutionalization of scientific investigation and dissemination took the form of the establishment of societies , where new discoveries were aired , discussed and published . The first scientific society to be established was the Royal Society of London . This grew out of an earlier group , centred around Gresham College in the 1640s and 1650s . According to a history of the College : The scientific network which centred on Gresham College played a crucial part in the meetings which led to the formation of the Royal Society . These physicians and natural philosophers were influenced by the `` new science '' , as promoted by Francis Bacon in his New Atlantis , from approximately 1645 onwards . A group known as The Philosophical Society of Oxford was run under a set of rules still retained by the Bodleian Library . On 28 November 1660 , the 1660 committee of 12 announced the formation of a `` College for the Promoting of Physico - Mathematical Experimental Learning '' , which would meet weekly to discuss science and run experiments . At the second meeting , Robert Moray announced that the King approved of the gatherings , and a Royal charter was signed on 15 July 1662 creating the `` Royal Society of London '' , with Lord Brouncker serving as the first President . A second Royal Charter was signed on 23 April 1663 , with the King noted as the Founder and with the name of `` the Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge '' ; Robert Hooke was appointed as Curator of Experiments in November . This initial royal favour has continued , and since then every monarch has been the patron of the Society . The French Academy of Sciences was established in 1666 . The Society 's first Secretary was Henry Oldenburg . Its early meetings included experiments performed first by Robert Hooke and then by Denis Papin , who was appointed in 1684 . These experiments varied in their subject area , and were both important in some cases and trivial in others . The society began publication of Philosophical Transactions from 1665 , the oldest and longest - running scientific journal in the world , which established the important principles of scientific priority and peer review . The French established the Academy of Sciences in 1666 . In contrast to the private origins of its British counterpart , the Academy was founded as a government body by Jean - Baptiste Colbert . Its rules were set down in 1699 by King Louis XIV , when it received the name of ' Royal Academy of Sciences ' and was installed in the Louvre in Paris . New ideas ( edit ) As the Scientific Revolution was not marked by any single change , the following new ideas contributed to what is called the Scientific Revolution . Many of them were revolutions in their own fields . Astronomy ( edit ) Heliocentrism For almost five millennia , the geocentric model of the Earth as the center of the universe had been accepted by all but a few astronomers . In Aristotle 's cosmology , Earth 's central location was perhaps less significant than its identification as a realm of imperfection , inconstancy , irregularity and change , as opposed to the `` heavens '' ( Moon , Sun , planets , stars ) , which were regarded as perfect , permanent , unchangeable , and in religious thought , the realm of heavenly beings . The Earth was even composed of different material , the four elements `` earth '' , `` water '' , `` fire '' , and `` air '' , while sufficiently far above its surface ( roughly the Moon 's orbit ) , the heavens were composed of different substance called `` aether '' . The heliocentric model that replaced it involved not only the radical displacement of the earth to an orbit around the sun , but its sharing a placement with the other planets implied a universe of heavenly components made from the same changeable substances as the Earth . Heavenly motions no longer needed to be governed by a theoretical perfection , confined to circular orbits . Portrait of Johannes Kepler Copernicus ' 1543 work on the heliocentric model of the solar system tried to demonstrate that the sun was the center of the universe . Few were bothered by this suggestion , and the pope and several archbishops were interested enough by it to want more detail . His model was later used to create the calendar of Pope Gregory XIII . However , the idea that the earth moved around the sun was doubted by most of Copernicus ' contemporaries . It contradicted not only empirical observation , due to the absence of an observable stellar parallax , but more significantly at the time , the authority of Aristotle . The discoveries of Johannes Kepler and Galileo gave the theory credibility . Kepler was an astronomer who , using the accurate observations of Tycho Brahe , proposed that the planets move around the sun not in circular orbits , but in elliptical ones . Together with his other laws of planetary motion , this allowed him to create a model of the solar system that was an improvement over Copernicus ' original system . Galileo 's main contributions to the acceptance of the heliocentric system were his mechanics , the observations he made with his telescope , as well as his detailed presentation of the case for the system . Using an early theory of inertia , Galileo could explain why rocks dropped from a tower fall straight down even if the earth rotates . His observations of the moons of Jupiter , the phases of Venus , the spots on the sun , and mountains on the moon all helped to discredit the Aristotelian philosophy and the Ptolemaic theory of the solar system . Through their combined discoveries , the heliocentric system gained support , and at the end of the 17th century it was generally accepted by astronomers . This work culminated in the work of Isaac Newton . Newton 's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation , which dominated scientists ' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries . By deriving Kepler 's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity , and then using the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets , the tides , the precession of the equinoxes , and other phenomena , Newton removed the last doubts about the validity of the heliocentric model of the cosmos . This work also demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies could be described by the same principles . His prediction that the Earth should be shaped as an oblate spheroid was later vindicated by other scientists . His laws of motion were to be the solid foundation of mechanics ; his law of universal gravitation combined terrestrial and celestial mechanics into one great system that seemed to be able to describe the whole world in mathematical formulae . Gravitation Isaac Newton 's Principia , developed the first set of unified scientific laws . As well as proving the heliocentric model , Newton also developed the theory of gravitation . In 1679 , Newton began to consider gravitation and its effect on the orbits of planets with reference to Kepler 's laws of planetary motion . This followed stimulation by a brief exchange of letters in 1679 -- 80 with Robert Hooke , who had been appointed to manage the Royal Society 's correspondence , and who opened a correspondence intended to elicit contributions from Newton to Royal Society transactions . Newton 's reawakening interest in astronomical matters received further stimulus by the appearance of a comet in the winter of 1680 -- 1681 , on which he corresponded with John Flamsteed . After the exchanges with Hooke , Newton worked out proof that the elliptical form of planetary orbits would result from a centripetal force inversely proportional to the square of the radius vector ( see Newton 's law of universal gravitation -- History and De motu corporum in gyrum ) . Newton communicated his results to Edmond Halley and to the Royal Society in De motu corporum in gyrum , in 1684 . This tract contained the nucleus that Newton developed and expanded to form the Principia . The Principia was published on 5 July 1687 with encouragement and financial help from Edmond Halley . In this work , Newton stated the three universal laws of motion that contributed to many advances during the Industrial Revolution which soon followed and were not to be improved upon for more than 200 years . Many of these advancements continue to be the underpinnings of non-relativistic technologies in the modern world . He used the Latin word gravitas ( weight ) for the effect that would become known as gravity , and defined the law of universal gravitation . Newton 's postulate of an invisible force able to act over vast distances led to him being criticised for introducing `` occult agencies '' into science . Later , in the second edition of the Principia ( 1713 ) , Newton firmly rejected such criticisms in a concluding General Scholium , writing that it was enough that the phenomena implied a gravitational attraction , as they did ; but they did not so far indicate its cause , and it was both unnecessary and improper to frame hypotheses of things that were not implied by the phenomena . ( Here Newton used what became his famous expression `` hypotheses non fingo '' ) . Biology and medicine ( edit ) Medical discoveries Vesalius 's intricately detailed drawings of human dissections in Fabrica helped to overturn the medical theories of Galen . The writings of Greek physician Galen had dominated European medical thinking for over a millennium . The Flemish scholar Vesalius demonstrated mistakes in the Galen 's ideas . Vesalius dissected human corpses , whereas Galen dissected animal corpses . Published in 1543 , Vesalius ' De humani corporis fabrica was a groundbreaking work of human anatomy . It emphasized the priority of dissection and what has come to be called the `` anatomical '' view of the body , seeing human internal functioning as an essentially corporeal structure filled with organs arranged in three - dimensional space . This was in stark contrast to many of the anatomical models used previously , which had strong Galenic / Aristotelean elements , as well as elements of astrology . Besides the first good description of the sphenoid bone , he showed that the sternum consists of three portions and the sacrum of five or six ; and described accurately the vestibule in the interior of the temporal bone . He not only verified the observation of Etienne on the valves of the hepatic veins , but he described the vena azygos , and discovered the canal which passes in the fetus between the umbilical vein and the vena cava , since named ductus venosus . He described the omentum , and its connections with the stomach , the spleen and the colon ; gave the first correct views of the structure of the pylorus ; observed the small size of the caecal appendix in man ; gave the first good account of the mediastinum and pleura and the fullest description of the anatomy of the brain yet advanced . He did not understand the inferior recesses ; and his account of the nerves is confused by regarding the optic as the first pair , the third as the fifth and the fifth as the seventh . Further groundbreaking work was carried out by William Harvey , who published De Motu Cordis in 1628 . Harvey made a detailed analysis of the overall structure of the heart , going on to an analysis of the arteries , showing how their pulsation depends upon the contraction of the left ventricle , while the contraction of the right ventricle propels its charge of blood into the pulmonary artery . He noticed that the two ventricles move together almost simultaneously and not independently like had been thought previously by his predecessors . Image of veins from William Harvey 's Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus . Harvey demonstrated that blood circulated around the body , rather than being created in the liver . In the eighth chapter , Harvey estimated the capacity of the heart , how much blood is expelled through each pump of the heart , and the number of times the heart beats in a half an hour . From these estimations , he demonstrated that according to Gaelen 's theory that blood was continually produced in the liver , the absurdly large figure of 540 pounds of blood would have to be produced every day . Having this simple mathematical proportion at hand -- which would imply a seemingly impossible role for the liver -- Harvey went on to demonstrate how the blood circulated in a circle by means of countless experiments initially done on serpents and fish : tying their veins and arteries in separate periods of time , Harvey noticed the modifications which occurred ; indeed , as he tied the veins , the heart would become empty , while as he did the same to the arteries , the organ would swell up . This process was later performed on the human body ( in the image on the left ) : the physician tied a tight ligature onto the upper arm of a person . This would cut off blood flow from the arteries and the veins . When this was done , the arm below the ligature was cool and pale , while above the ligature it was warm and swollen . The ligature was loosened slightly , which allowed blood from the arteries to come into the arm , since arteries are deeper in the flesh than the veins . When this was done , the opposite effect was seen in the lower arm . It was now warm and swollen . The veins were also more visible , since now they were full of blood . Various other advances in medical understanding and practice were made . French physician Pierre Fauchard started dentistry science as we know it today , and he has been named `` the father of modern dentistry '' . Surgeon Ambroise Paré ( c. 1510 -- 1590 ) was a leader in surgical techniques and battlefield medicine , especially the treatment of wounds , and Herman Boerhaave ( 1668 -- 1738 ) is sometimes referred to as a `` father of physiology '' due to his exemplary teaching in Leiden and his textbook Institutiones medicae ( 1708 ) . Chemistry ( edit ) Title page from The Sceptical Chymist , a foundational text of chemistry , written by Robert Boyle in 1661 Chemistry , and its antecedent alchemy , became an increasingly important aspect of scientific thought in the course of the 16th and 17th centuries . The importance of chemistry is indicated by the range of important scholars who actively engaged in chemical research . Among them were the astronomer Tycho Brahe , the chemical physician Paracelsus , Robert Boyle , Thomas Browne and Isaac Newton . Unlike the mechanical philosophy , the chemical philosophy stressed the active powers of matter , which alchemists frequently expressed in terms of vital or active principles -- of spirits operating in nature . Practical attempts to improve the refining of ores and their extraction to smelt metals were an important source of information for early chemists in the 16th century , among them Georg Agricola ( 1494 -- 1555 ) , who published his great work De re metallica in 1556 . His work describes the highly developed and complex processes of mining metal ores , metal extraction and metallurgy of the time . His approach removed the mysticism associated with the subject , creating the practical base upon which others could build . English chemist Robert Boyle ( 1627 -- 1691 ) is considered to have refined the modern scientific method for alchemy and to have separated chemistry further from alchemy . Although his research clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition , Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist , and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry , and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method . Although Boyle was not the original discover , he is best known for Boyle 's law , which he presented in 1662 : the law describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas , if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system . Boyle is also credited for his landmark publication The Sceptical Chymist in 1661 , which is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry . In the work , Boyle presents his hypothesis that every phenomenon was the result of collisions of particles in motion . Boyle appealed to chemists to experiment and asserted that experiments denied the limiting of chemical elements to only the classic four : earth , fire , air , and water . He also pleaded that chemistry should cease to be subservient to medicine or to alchemy , and rise to the status of a science . Importantly , he advocated a rigorous approach to scientific experiment : he believed all theories must be tested experimentally before being regarded as true . The work contains some of the earliest modern ideas of atoms , molecules , and chemical reaction , and marks the beginning of the history of modern chemistry . Physical ( edit ) Optics Newton 's Opticks or a treatise of the reflections , refractions , inflections and colours of light Important work was done in the field of optics . Johannes Kepler published Astronomiae Pars Optica ( The Optical Part of Astronomy ) in 1604 . In it , he described the inverse - square law governing the intensity of light , reflection by flat and curved mirrors , and principles of pinhole cameras , as well as the astronomical implications of optics such as parallax and the apparent sizes of heavenly bodies . Astronomiae Pars Optica is generally recognized as the foundation of modern optics ( though the law of refraction is conspicuously absent ) . Willebrord Snellius ( 1580 -- 1626 ) found the mathematical law of refraction , now known as Snell 's law , in 1621 . Subsequently René Descartes ( 1596 -- 1650 ) showed , by using geometric construction and the law of refraction ( also known as Descartes ' law ) , that the angular radius of a rainbow is 42 ° ( i.e. the angle subtended at the eye by the edge of the rainbow and the rainbow 's centre is 42 ° ) . He also independently discovered the law of reflection , and his essay on optics was the first published mention of this law . Christiaan Huygens ( 1629 -- 1695 ) wrote several works in the area of optics . These included the Opera reliqua ( also known as Christiani Hugenii Zuilichemii , dum viveret Zelhemii toparchae , opuscula posthuma ) and the Traité de la lumière . Isaac Newton investigated the refraction of light , demonstrating that a prism could decompose white light into a spectrum of colours , and that a lens and a second prism could recompose the multicoloured spectrum into white light . He also showed that the coloured light does not change its properties by separating out a coloured beam and shining it on various objects . Newton noted that regardless of whether it was reflected or scattered or transmitted , it stayed the same colour . Thus , he observed that colour is the result of objects interacting with already - coloured light rather than objects generating the colour themselves . This is known as Newton 's theory of colour . From this work he concluded that any refracting telescope would suffer from the dispersion of light into colours . The interest of the Royal Society encouraged him to publish his notes On Colour ( later expanded into Opticks ) . Newton argued that light is composed of particles or corpuscles and were refracted by accelerating toward the denser medium , but he had to associate them with waves to explain the diffraction of light . In his Hypothesis of Light of 1675 , Newton posited the existence of the ether to transmit forces between particles . In 1704 , Newton published Opticks , in which he expounded his corpuscular theory of light . He considered light to be made up of extremely subtle corpuscles , that ordinary matter was made of grosser corpuscles and speculated that through a kind of alchemical transmutation `` Are not gross Bodies and Light convertible into one another , ... and may not Bodies receive much of their Activity from the Particles of Light which enter their Composition ? '' Electricity Otto von Guericke 's experiments on electrostatics , published 1672 Dr. William Gilbert , in De Magnete , invented the New Latin word electricus from ἤλεκτρον ( elektron ) , the Greek word for `` amber '' . Gilbert undertook a number of careful electrical experiments , in the course of which he discovered that many substances other than amber , such as sulphur , wax , glass , etc. , were capable of manifesting electrical properties . Gilbert also discovered that a heated body lost its electricity and that moisture prevented the electrification of all bodies , due to the now well - known fact that moisture impaired the insulation of such bodies . He also noticed that electrified substances attracted all other substances indiscriminately , whereas a magnet only attracted iron . The many discoveries of this nature earned for Gilbert the title of founder of the electrical science . By investigating the forces on a light metallic needle , balanced on a point , he extended the list of electric bodies , and found also that many substances , including metals and natural magnets , showed no attractive forces when rubbed . He noticed that dry weather with north or east wind was the most favourable atmospheric condition for exhibiting electric phenomena -- an observation liable to misconception until the difference between conductor and insulator was understood . Robert Boyle also worked frequently at the new science of electricity , and added several substances to Gilbert 's list of electrics . He left a detailed account of his researches under the title of Experiments on the Origin of Electricity . Boyle , in 1675 , stated that electric attraction and repulsion can act across a vacuum . One of his important discoveries was that electrified bodies in a vacuum would attract light substances , this indicating that the electrical effect did not depend upon the air as a medium . He also added resin to the then known list of electrics . This was followed in 1660 by Otto von Guericke , who invented an early electrostatic generator . By the end of the 17th century , researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction with an electrostatic generator , but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century , when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity . The first usage of the word electricity is ascribed to Sir Thomas Browne in his 1646 work , Pseudodoxia Epidemica . In 1729 Stephen Gray ( 1666 -- 1736 ) demonstrated that electricity could be `` transmitted '' through metal filaments . New mechanical devices ( edit ) As an aid to scientific investigation , various tools , measuring aids and calculating devices were developed in this period . Calculating devices ( edit ) An ivory set of Napier 's Bones , an early calculating device invented by John Napier John Napier introduced logarithms as a powerful mathematical tool . With the help of the prominent mathematician Henry Briggs their logarithmic tables embodied a computational advance that made calculations by hand much quicker . His Napier 's bones used a set of numbered rods as a multiplication tool using the system of lattice multiplication . The way was opened to later scientific advances , particularly in astronomy and dynamics . At Oxford University , Edmund Gunter built the first analog device to aid computation . The ' Gunter 's scale ' was a large plane scale , engraved with various scales , or lines . Natural lines , such as the line of chords , the line of sines and tangents are placed on one side of the scale and the corresponding artificial or logarithmic ones were on the other side . This calculating aid was a predecessor of the slide rule . It was William Oughtred ( 1575 -- 1660 ) who first used two such scales sliding by one another to perform direct multiplication and division , and thus is credited as the inventor of the slide rule in 1622 . Blaise Pascal ( 1623 -- 1662 ) invented the mechanical calculator in 1642 . The introduction of his Pascaline in 1645 launched the development of mechanical calculators first in Europe and then all over the world . Gottfried Leibniz ( 1646 -- 1716 ) , building on Pascal 's work , became one of the most prolific inventors in the field of mechanical calculators ; he was the first to describe a pinwheel calculator , in 1685 , and invented the Leibniz wheel , used in the arithmometer , the first mass - produced mechanical calculator . He also refined the binary number system , foundation of virtually all modern computer architectures . John Hadley ( 1682 -- 1744 ) was the inventor of the octant , the precursor to the sextant ( invented by John Bird ) , which greatly improved the science of navigation . Industrial machines ( edit ) The 1698 Savery Engine was the first successful steam engine Denis Papin ( 1647 -- 1712 ) was best known for his pioneering invention of the steam digester , the forerunner of the steam engine . The first working steam engine was patented in 1698 by the inventor Thomas Savery , as a `` ... new invention for raising of water and occasioning motion to all sorts of mill work by the impellent force of fire , which will be of great use and advantage for drayning mines , serveing townes with water , and for the working of all sorts of mills where they have not the benefitt of water nor constant windes . '' ( sic ) The invention was demonstrated to the Royal Society on 14 June 1699 and the machine was described by Savery in his book The Miner 's Friend ; or , An Engine to Raise Water by Fire ( 1702 ) , in which he claimed that it could pump water out of mines . Thomas Newcomen ( 1664 -- 1729 ) perfected the practical steam engine for pumping water , the Newcomen steam engine . Consequently , Thomas Newcomen can be regarded as a forefather of the Industrial Revolution . Abraham Darby I ( 1678 -- 1717 ) was the first , and most famous , of three generations of the Darby family who played an important role in the Industrial Revolution . He developed a method of producing high - grade iron in a blast furnace fueled by coke rather than charcoal . This was a major step forward in the production of iron as a raw material for the Industrial Revolution . Telescopes ( edit ) Refracting telescopes first appeared in the Netherlands in 1608 , apparently the product of spectacle makers experimenting with lenses . The inventor is unknown but Hans Lippershey applied for the first patent , followed by Jacob Metius of Alkmaar . Galileo was one of the first scientists to use this new tool for his astronomical observations in 1609 . The reflecting telescope was described by James Gregory in his book Optica Promota ( 1663 ) . He argued that a mirror shaped like the part of a conic section , would correct the spherical aberration that flawed the accuracy of refracting telescopes . His design , the `` Gregorian telescope '' , however , remained un-built . In 1666 , Isaac Newton argued that the faults of the refracting telescope were fundamental because the lens refracted light of different colors differently . He concluded that light could not be refracted through a lens without causing chromatic aberrations . From these experiments Newton concluded that no improvement could be made in the refracting telescope . However , he was able to demonstrate that the angle of reflection remained the same for all colors , so he decided to build a reflecting telescope . It was completed in 1668 and is the earliest known functional reflecting telescope . 50 years later , John Hadley developed ways to make precision aspheric and parabolic objective mirrors for reflecting telescopes , building the first parabolic Newtonian telescope and a Gregorian telescope with accurately shaped mirrors . These were successfully demonstrated to the Royal Society . Other devices ( edit ) Air pump built by Robert Boyle . Many new instruments were devised in this period , which greatly aided in the expansion of scientific knowledge . The invention of the vacuum pump paved the way for the experiments of Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke into the nature of vacuum and atmospheric pressure . The first such device was made by Otto von Guericke in 1654 . It consisted of a piston and an air gun cylinder with flaps that could suck the air from any vessel that it was connected to . In 1657 , he pumped the air out of two conjoined hemispheres and demonstrated that a team of sixteen horses were incapable of pulling it apart . The air pump construction was greatly improved by Robert Hooke in 1658 . Evangelista Torricelli ( 1607 -- 1647 ) was best known for his invention of the mercury barometer . The motivation for the invention was to improve on the suction pumps that were used to raise water out of the mines . Torricelli constructed a sealed tube filled with mercury , set vertically into a basin of the same substance . The column of mercury fell downwards , leaving a Torricellian vacuum above . Materials , construction , and aesthetics ( edit ) Surviving instruments from this period , tend to be made of durable metals such as brass , gold , or steel , although examples such as telescopes made of wood , pasteboard , or with leather components exist . Those instruments that exist in collections today tend to be robust examples , made by skilled craftspeople for and at the expense of wealthy patrons . These may have been commissioned as displays of wealth . In addition , the instruments preserved in collections may not have received heavy use in scientific work ; instruments that had visibly received heavy use were typically destroyed , deemed unfit for display , or excluded from collections altogether . It is also postulated that the scientific instruments preserved in many collections were chosen because they were more appealing to collectors , by virtue of being more ornate , more portable , or made with higher - grade materials . Intact air pumps are particularly rare . The pump at right included a glass sphere to permit demonstrations inside the vacuum chamber , a common use . The base was wooden , and the cylindrical pump was brass . Other vacuum chambers that survived were made of brass hemispheres . Instrument makers of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century were commissioned by organizations seeking help with navigation , surveying , warfare , and astronomical observation . The increase in uses for such instruments , and their widespread use in global exploration and conflict , created a need for new methods of manufacture and repair , which would be met by the Industrial Revolution . Scientific developments ( edit ) People and key ideas that emerged from the 16th and 17th centuries : First printed edition of Euclid 's Elements in 1482 . Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1473 -- 1543 ) published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543 , which advanced the heliocentric theory of cosmology . Andreas Vesalius ( 1514 -- 1564 ) published De Humani Corporis Fabrica ( On the Structure of the Human Body ) ( 1543 ) , which discredited Galen 's views . He found that the circulation of blood resolved from pumping of the heart . He also assembled the first human skeleton from cutting open cadavers . Franciscus Vieta ( 1540 -- 1603 ) published In Artem Analycitem Isagoge ( 1591 ) , which gave the first symbolic notation of parameters in literal algebra . William Gilbert ( 1544 -- 1603 ) published On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies , and on the Great Magnet the Earth in 1600 , which laid the foundations of a theory of magnetism and electricity . Tycho Brahe ( 1546 -- 1601 ) made extensive and more accurate naked eye observations of the planets in the late 16th century . These became the basic data for Kepler 's studies . Sir Francis Bacon ( 1561 -- 1626 ) published Novum Organum in 1620 , which outlined a new system of logic based on the process of reduction , which he offered as an improvement over Aristotle 's philosophical process of syllogism . This contributed to the development of what became known as the scientific method . Galileo Galilei ( 1564 -- 1642 ) improved the telescope , with which he made several important astronomical observations , including the four largest moons of Jupiter ( 1610 ) , the phases of Venus ( 1610 - proving Copernicus correct ) , the rings of Saturn ( 1610 ) , and made detailed observations of sunspots . He developed the laws for falling bodies based on pioneering quantitative experiments which he analyzed mathematically . Johannes Kepler ( 1571 -- 1630 ) published the first two of his three laws of planetary motion in 1609 . William Harvey ( 1578 -- 1657 ) demonstrated that blood circulates , using dissections and other experimental techniques . René Descartes ( 1596 -- 1650 ) published his Discourse on the Method in 1637 , which helped to establish the scientific method . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 -- 1723 ) constructed powerful single lens microscopes and made extensive observations that he published around 1660 , opening up the micro-world of biology . Christiaan Huygens ( 1629 -- 1695 ) published major studies of mechanics ( he was the first one to correctly formulate laws concerning centrifugal force and discovered the theory of the pendulum ) and optics ( being one of the most influential proponents of the wave theory of light ) . Isaac Newton ( 1643 -- 1727 ) built upon the work of Kepler , Galileo and Huygens . He showed that an inverse square law for gravity explained the elliptical orbits of the planets , and advanced the law of universal gravitation . His development of infinitesimal calculus ( along with Leibniz ) opened up new applications of the methods of mathematics to science . Newton taught that scientific theory should be coupled with rigorous experimentation , which became the keystone of modern science . Criticism ( edit ) See also : Continuity thesis Matteo Ricci ( left ) and Xu Guangqi ( right ) in Athanasius Kircher , La Chine ... Illustrée , Amsterdam , 1670 . The idea that modern science took place as a kind of revolution has been debated among historians . A weakness of the idea of scientific revolution is the lack of a systematic approach to the question of knowledge in the period comprehended between the 14th and 17th centuries , leading to misunderstandings on the value and role of modern authors . From this standpoint , the continuity thesis is the hypothesis that there was no radical discontinuity between the intellectual development of the Middle Ages and the developments in the Renaissance and early modern period and has been deeply and widely documented by the works of scholars like Pierre Duhem , John Hermann Randall , Alistair Crombie and William A. Wallace , who proved the preexistence of a wide range of ideas used by the followers of the Scientific Revolution thesis to substantiate their claims . Thus , the idea of a scientific revolution following the Renaissance is -- according to the continuity thesis -- a myth . Some continuity theorists point to earlier intellectual revolutions occurring in the Middle Ages , usually referring to either a European Renaissance of the 12th century or a medieval Muslim scientific revolution , as a sign of continuity . Another contrary view has been recently proposed by Arun Bala in his dialogical history of the birth of modern science . Bala proposes that the changes involved in the Scientific Revolution -- the mathematical realist turn , the mechanical philosophy , the atomism , the central role assigned to the Sun in Copernican heliocentrism -- have to be seen as rooted in multicultural influences on Europe . He sees specific influences in Alhazen 's physical optical theory , Chinese mechanical technologies leading to the perception of the world as a machine , the Hindu - Arabic numeral system , which carried implicitly a new mode of mathematical atomic thinking , and the heliocentrism rooted in ancient Egyptian religious ideas associated with Hermeticism . Bala argues that by ignoring such multicultural impacts we have been led to a Eurocentric conception of the Scientific Revolution . However , he clearly states : `` The makers of the revolution -- Copernicus , Kepler , Galileo , Descartes , Newton , and many others -- had to selectively appropriate relevant ideas , transform them , and create new auxiliary concepts in order to complete their task ... In the ultimate analysis , even if the revolution was rooted upon a multicultural base it is the accomplishment of Europeans in Europe . '' Critics note that lacking documentary evidence of transmission of specific scientific ideas , Bala 's model will remain `` a working hypothesis , not a conclusion '' . A third approach takes the term `` Renaissance '' literally as a `` rebirth '' . A closer study of Greek philosophy and Greek mathematics demonstrates that nearly all of the so - called revolutionary results of the so - called scientific revolution were in actuality restatements of ideas that were in many cases older than those of Aristotle and in nearly all cases at least as old as Archimedes . Aristotle even explicitly argues against some of the ideas that were espoused during the Scientific Revolution , such as heliocentrism . The basic ideas of the scientific method were well known to Archimedes and his contemporaries , as demonstrated in the well - known discovery of buoyancy . Atomism was first thought of by Leucippus and Democritus . Lucio Russo claims that science as a unique approach to objective knowledge was born in the Hellenistic period ( c. 300 B.C ) , but was extinguished with the advent of the Roman Empire . This approach to the Scientific Revolution reduces it to a period of relearning classical ideas that is very much an extension of the Renaissance . This view does not deny that a change occurred but argues that it was a reassertion of previous knowledge ( a renaissance ) and not the creation of new knowledge . It cites statements from Newton , Copernicus and others in favour of the Pythagorean worldview as evidence . In more recent analysis of the Scientific Revolution during this period , there has been criticism of not only the Eurocentric ideologies spread , but also of the dominance of male scientists of the time . Science as we know it today , and the original theories that we base modern science on , was built by males , regardless of the input women might have made . The incorporation of women 's work in the sciences during this time tends to be obscured . Scholars have tried to look into the participation of women in the 17th century in science , and even with sciences as simple as domestic knowledge women were making advances . With the limited history provided from texts of the period we are not completely aware if women were helping these scientists develop the ideas they did . Another idea to consider is the way this period influenced even the women scientists of the periods following it . Annie Jump Cannon was an astronomer who benefitted from the laws and theories developed from this period ; she made several advances in the century following the Scientific Revolution . It was an important period for the future of science , including the incorporation of women into fields using the developments made . See also ( edit ) Chemical revolution Information revolution The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ( Book ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Galilei , Galileo ( 1974 ) Two New Sciences , trans . Stillman Drake , ( Madison : Univ. of Wisconsin Pr . pp. 217 , 225 , 296 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Moody , Ernest A. ( 1951 ) . `` Galileo and Avempace : The Dynamics of the Leaning Tower Experiment ( I ) '' . Journal of the History of Ideas. 12 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 193 . doi : 10.2307 / 2707514 . JSTOR 2707514 . ^ Jump up to : Clagett , Marshall ( 1961 ) The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages . Madison , Univ. of Wisconsin Pr . pp. 218 -- 19 , 252 -- 5 , 346 , 409 -- 16 , 547 , 576 -- 8 , 673 -- 82 Jump up ^ Maier , Anneliese ( 1982 ) `` Galileo and the Scholastic Theory of Impetus , '' pp. 103 -- 123 in On the Threshold of Exact Science : Selected Writings of Anneliese Maier on Late Medieval Natural Philosophy . Philadelphia : Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr . ISBN 0812278313 ^ Jump up to : Hannam , p. 342 ^ Jump up to : Grant , pp. 29 -- 30 , 42 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Cohen , I. Bernard ( 1976 ) . `` The Eighteenth - Century Origins of the Concept of Scientific Revolution '' . Journal of the History of Ideas. 37 ( 2 ) : 257 -- 288 . doi : 10.2307 / 2708824 . JSTOR 2708824 . Jump up ^ Cohen , I. Bernard ( 1965 ) . `` Reviewed work : The Scientific Renaissance , 1450 - 1630 , Marie Boas '' . Isis. 56 ( 2 ) : 240 -- 242 . JSTOR 227945 . Jump up ^ Newton 's Laws of Motion Jump up ^ Clairaut , Alexis - Claude ( 1747 ) . `` Du système du monde , dans les principes de la gravitation universelle '' . Jump up ^ Whewell , William ( 1837 ) . History of the inductive sciences . 2 . pp. 275 , 280 . Jump up ^ Whewell , William ( 1840 ) . Philosophy of the Inductive sciences . 2 . p. 318 . Jump up ^ `` Physical Sciences '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 ( 15th ed . ) . 1993 . p. 830 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Shelby D. ( 2003 ) . Controversy in marketing theory : for reason , realism , truth , and objectivity . M.E. Sharpe . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0932 - 0 . Jump up ^ Donne , John An Anatomy of the World , quoted in Kuhn , Thomas S. ( 1957 ) The Copernican Revolution : Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought . Cambridge : Harvard Univ . Pr . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Herbert Butterfield , The Origins of Modern Science , 1300 -- 1800 , ( New York : Macmillan Co. , 1959 ). p. viii . Jump up ^ Harrison , Peter . `` Christianity and the rise of western science '' . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Noll , Mark , Science , Religion , and A.D. White : Seeking Peace in the `` Warfare Between Science and Theology '' ( PDF ) , The Biologos Foundation , p. 4 , retrieved 14 January 2015 Jump up ^ Lindberg , David C. ; Numbers , Ronald L. ( 1986 ) , `` Introduction '' , God & Nature : Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science , Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press , pp. 5 , 12 , ISBN 0520055381 , It would be indefensible to maintain , with Hooykaas and Jaki , that Christianity was fundamentally responsible for the successes of seventeenth - century science . It would be a mistake of equal magnitude , however , to overlook the intricate interlocking of scientific and religious concerns throughout the century . Jump up ^ Grant , pp. 55 -- 63 , 87 -- 104 Jump up ^ Pedersen , pp. 106 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Grant , pp. 63 -- 8 , 104 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , p. 25 Jump up ^ Pedersen , pp. 86 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Thomas ( 1957 ) The Copernican Revolution . Cambridge : Harvard Univ . Pr . p. 142 . Jump up ^ Espinoza , Fernando ( 2005 ) . `` An analysis of the historical development of ideas about motion and its implications for teaching '' . Physics Education . 40 ( 2 ) : 141 . Bibcode : 2005PhyEd ... 40 ... 139E . doi : 10.1088 / 0031 - 9120 / 40 / 2 / 002 . Jump up ^ Eastwood , Bruce S. ( 1982 ) . `` Kepler as Historian of Science : Precursors of Copernican Heliocentrism according to De revolutionibus , I , 10 '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 126 : 367 -- 394 . reprinted in Eastwood , B.S. ( 1989 ) Astronomy and Optics from Pliny to Descartes , London : Variorum Reprints . ^ Jump up to : McGuire , J.E. ; Rattansi , P.M. ( 1966 ) . `` Newton and the ' Pipes of Pan ' '' ( PDF ) . Notes and Records of the Royal Society https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064640/http://ls.poly.edu/~jbain/mms/texts/66McGuire(Pipes).pdf. 21 ( 2 ) : 108 . doi : 10.1098 / rsnr. 1966.0014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . External link in journal = ( help ) Jump up ^ Newton , Isaac ( 1962 ) . Hall , A.R. ; Hall , M.B. , eds . Unpublished Scientific Papers of Isaac Newton . Cambridge University Press . pp. 310 -- 11 . All those ancients knew the first law ( of motion ) who attributed to atoms in an infinite vacuum a motion which was rectilinear , extremely swift and perpetual because of the lack of resistance ... Aristotle was of the same mind , since he expresses his opinion thus ... ( in Physics 4.8. 215a19 - 22 ) , speaking of motion in the void ( in which bodies have no gravity and ) where there is no impediment he writes : ' Why a body once moved should come to rest anywhere no one can say . For why should it rest here rather than there ? Hence either it will not be moved , or it must be moved indefinitely , unless something stronger impedes it . ' Jump up ^ Sorabji , R. ( 2005 ) . The Philosophy of the Commentators , 200 -- 600 AD : Physics . G -- Reference , Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series . Cornell University Press . p. 348 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8988 - 4 . LCCN 2004063547 . An impetus is an inner force impressed into a moving body from without . It thus contrasts with purely external forces like the action of air on projectiles in Aristotle , and with purely internal forces like the nature of the elements in Aristotle and his followers. ... Impetus theories also contrast with theories of inertia which replaced them in the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries. ... Such inertial ideas are merely sporadic in Antiquity and not consciously attended to as a separate option . Aristotle , for example , argues in Phys. 4.8 that in a vacuum a moving body would never stop , but the possible implications for inertia are not discussed . Jump up ^ Heath , Thomas L. ( 1949 ) Mathematics in Aristotle . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 115 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Drake , S. ( 1964 ) . `` Galileo and the Law of Inertia '' . American Journal of Physics. 32 ( 8 ) : 601 . Bibcode : 1964AmJPh ... 32 ... 601D . doi : 10.1119 / 1.1970872 . Jump up ^ Hannam , p. 162 Jump up ^ `` Empiricism : The influence of Francis Bacon , John Locke , and David Hume '' . Sweet Briar College . Archived from the original on 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bacon , Francis . `` Novum Organum '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bacon , Francis ( 1605 ) , Temporis Partus Maximus . Jump up ^ Zagorin , Perez ( 1998 ) , Francis Bacon , Princeton : Princeton University Press , p. 84 , ISBN 069100966X Jump up ^ Durant , Will . The Story of Philosophy . Page 101 Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. 1926 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 69500 - 2 Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Collegiate Dictionary , 2000 , CD - ROM , version 2.5 . Jump up ^ Gimpel , Jean ( 1976 ) The Medieval Machine : The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages . New York , Penguin . ISBN 0760735824 . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Thomas ( 1812 ) History of the Royal Society : from its Institution to the End of the Eighteenth Century . R. Baldwin . p. 461 Jump up ^ Singer , Charles ( 1941 ) . `` A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century '' . Clarendon Press : 217 . Jump up ^ Whitehouse , David ( 2009 ) . Renaissance Genius : Galileo Galilei & His Legacy to Modern Science . Sterling Publishing Company . p. 219 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 6977 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Weidhorn , Manfred ( 2005 ) . The Person of the Millennium : The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History . iUniverse . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 595 - 36877 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hetnarski , Richard B. ; Ignaczak , Józef ( 2010 ) . The Mathematical Theory of Elasticity ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 3 . ISBN 1 - 4398 - 2888 - 1 . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro , Maurice A. ( 2007 ) . `` The Person of the Millennium : The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History ? By Manfred Weidhorn '' . The Historian. 69 ( 3 ) : 601 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.2007. 00189_68. x . Jump up ^ Sharratt , pp. 204 -- 05 Jump up ^ Drake , Stillman ( 1957 ) . Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo . New York : Doubleday & Company . pp. 237 -- 238 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 09239 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wallace , William A. ( 1984 ) Galileo and His Sources : The Heritage of the Collegio Romano in Galileo 's Science , Princeton : Princeton Univ . Pr . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08355 - X Jump up ^ Sharratt , pp. 202 -- 04 Jump up ^ Sharratt , 202 -- 04 Jump up ^ Favaro , Antonio , ed. ( 1890 -- 1909 ) . Le Opere di Galileo Galilei , Edizione Nazionale ( The Works of Galileo Galilei , National Edition ) ( in Italian ) . 8 . Florence : Barbera . pp. 274 -- 75 . ISBN 88 - 09 - 20881 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dear , Peter ( 2009 ) Revolutionizing the Sciences . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0691142068 . pp. 65 -- 67 , 134 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Grant , pp. 101 -- 03 , 148 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , p. 231 . Jump up ^ McCluskey , Stephen C. ( 1998 ) Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe . Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Pr . pp. 180 -- 84 , 198 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Galilei , Galileo ( 1967 ) ( Composed in 1632 ) . Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems . Translated by Stillman Drake ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 103 . In the 1661 translation by Thomas Salusbury : `` ... the knowledge of those few comprehended by humane understanding , equalleth the divine , as to the certainty objectivè ... '' p. 92 ( from the Archimedes Project ) In the original Italian : `` ... ma di quelle poche intese dall'intelletto umano credo che la cognizione agguagli la divina nella certezza obiettiva , poiché arriva a comprenderne la necessità ... '' ( from the copy at the Italian Wikisource ) Jump up ^ Galileo Galilei , Il Saggiatore ( The Assayer , 1623 ) , as translated by Stillman Drake ( 1957 ) , Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo pp. 237 -- 8 Jump up ^ Westfall , pp. 30 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Thomas ( 1970 ) , The Structure of Scientific Revolutions . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0226458075 . pp. 105 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Chartres , Richard and Vermont , David ( 1998 ) A Brief History of Gresham College . Gresham College . ISBN 094782216X . p. 38 Jump up ^ `` London Royal Society '' . University of St Andrews . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Prince of Wales opens Royal Society 's refurbished building '' . The Royal Society . 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Henderson ( 1941 ) p. 29 Jump up ^ `` Philosophical Transactions − the world 's first science journal '' . The Royal Society . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , C.S. ( 2012 ) , The Discarded Image , Canto Classics , pp. 3 , 4 , ISBN 978 - 1107604704 Jump up ^ Hannam , p. 303 Jump up ^ Hannam , p. 329 Jump up ^ Hannam , p. 283 Jump up ^ Correspondence of Isaac Newton , vol. 2 , 1676 -- 1687 ed . HW Turnbull , Cambridge University Press 1960 ; at page 297 , document No. 235 , letter from Hooke to Newton dated 24 November 1679 . Jump up ^ Westfall , pp. 391 -- 2 Jump up ^ Whiteside DT ( ed . ) ( 1974 ) Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton , vol. 6 , 1684 -- 1691 , Cambridge University Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Isaac Newton ( 1643 -- 1727 ) , BBC -- History Jump up ^ Halley biography . Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk . Retrieved on 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Edelglass et al. , Matter and Mind , ISBN 0 - 940262 - 45 - 2 . p. 54 Jump up ^ On the meaning and origins of this expression , see Kirsten Walsh , Does Newton feign an hypothesis ? , Early Modern Experimental Philosophy , 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Page through a virtual copy of Vesalius 's ' ' De Humanis Corporis Fabrica ' ' . Archive.nlm.nih.gov . Retrieved on 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Harvey , William De motu cordis , cited in Debus , Allen G. ( 1978 ) Man and Nature in the Renaissance . Cambridge Univ . Pr . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Carl . ( 2004 ) Soul Made Flesh : The Discovery of the Brain -- and How It Changed the World . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0743272056 Jump up ^ Hannaway , O. ( 1986 ) . `` Laboratory Design and the Aim of Science : Andreas Libavius versus Tycho Brahe '' . Isis. 77 ( 4 ) : 584 . doi : 10.1086 / 354267 . Jump up ^ Westfall , Richard S. ( 1983 ) Never at Rest . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521274354 . pp. 18 -- 23 . Jump up ^ AGRICOLA , GEORG ( 1494 -- 1555 ) . Scs.uiuc.edu . Retrieved on 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ von Zittel , Karl Alfred ( 1901 ) History of Geology and Palaeontology , p. 15 Jump up ^ Robert Boyle . understandingscience.ucc.ie Jump up ^ Acott , Chris ( 1999 ) . `` The diving `` Law - ers '' : A brief resume of their lives `` . South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal . 29 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0813 - 1988 . OCLC 16986801 . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Levine , Ira . N ( 1978 ) . `` Physical Chemistry '' University of Brooklyn : McGraw - Hill . p. 12 Jump up ^ Caspar , Max ( 1993 ) Kepler . Courier Corporation . ISBN 0486676056 . pp. 142 -- 146 Jump up ^ Tipler , P.A. and G. Mosca ( 2004 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers . W.H. Freeman . p. 1068 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4389 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , J.T. ( December 1982 ) , `` Newton 's Alchemy and His Theory of Matter '' , Isis , 73 ( 4 ) : 523 , doi : 10.1086 / 353114 quoting Opticks ^ Jump up to : Priestley , Joseph ( 1757 ) History of Electricity . London ^ Jump up to : Maver , William , Jr. : `` Electricity , its History and Progress '' , The Encyclopedia Americana ; a library of universal knowledge , vol . X , pp. 172ff. ( 1918 ) . New York : Encyclopedia Americana Corp . ^ Jump up to : Dampier , W.C.D. ( 1905 ) . The theory of experimental electricity . Cambridge physical series . Cambridge ( Eng. : University Press . Jump up ^ Benjamin , P. ( 1895 ) . A history of electricity : ( The intellectual rise in electricity ) from antiquity to the days of Benjamin Franklin . New York : J. Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ Boyle , Robert ( 1676 ) . Experiments and notes about the mechanical origin or production of particular qualities . Jump up ^ Boyle , Robert ( 1675 ) Experiments on the Origin of Electricity Jump up ^ Jenkins , Rhys ( 1936 ) . Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times . Ayer Publishing . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 2167 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Napier , John '' . Dictionary of National Biography . London : Smith , Elder & Co. 1885 -- 1900 . Jump up ^ Marguin , Jean ( 1994 ) . Histoire des instruments et machines à calculer , trois siècles de mécanique pensante 1642 -- 1942 . Hermann . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7056 - 6166 - 3 . citing Taton , René ( 1963 ) . Le calcul mécanique . Paris : Presses universitaires de France . Jump up ^ Schum , David A. ( 1979 ) . `` A Review of a Case against Blaise Pascal and His Heirs '' . Michigan Law Review . 77 ( 3 ) : 446 -- 483 . doi : 10.2307 / 1288133 . JSTOR 1288133 . Jump up ^ Pascal biography . Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk . Retrieved on 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , David Eugene ( 1929 ) . A Source Book in Mathematics . New York and London : McGraw - Hill Book Company , Inc . pp. 173 -- 181 . Jump up ^ McEvoy , John G. ( March 1975 ) . `` A `` Revolutionary '' Philosophy of Science : Feyerabend and the Degeneration of Critical Rationalism into Sceptical Fallibilism `` . Philosophy of Science . 42 ( 1 ) : 49 . doi : 10.1086 / 288620 . JSTOR 187297 . Jump up ^ Denis Papin . NNDB Jump up ^ Jenkins , Rhys ( 1936 ) . Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times . Ayer Publishing . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 2167 - 4 . Jump up ^ Savery , Thomas ( 1827 ) . The Miner 's Friend : Or , an Engine to Raise Water by Fire . S. Crouch . Jump up ^ Thomas Newcomen ( 1663 -- 1729 ) , BBC -- History Jump up ^ galileo.rice.edu The Galileo Project > Science > The Telescope by Al Van Helden `` The Hague discussed the patent applications first of Hans Lipperhey of Middelburg , and then of Jacob Metius of Alkmaar ... another citizen of Middelburg , Sacharias Janssen had a telescope at about the same time but was at the Frankfurt Fair where he tried to sell it '' Jump up ^ Loker , Aleck ( 2008 ) . Profiles in Colonial History . Aleck Loker . pp. 15 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 928874 - 16 - 4 . Jump up ^ Newton , Isaac . Optics , bk . i . pt . ii . prop . 3 Jump up ^ Treatise on Optics , p. 112 Jump up ^ White , Michael ( 1999 ) . Isaac Newton : The Last Sorcerer . Perseus Books . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7382 - 0143 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hall , Alfred Rupert . Isaac Newton : adventurer in thought . p. 67 Jump up ^ King , Henry C. ( 2003 ) . The History of the Telescope . Courier Dover Publications . pp. 77 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 43265 - 6 . Jump up ^ telescopeѲptics.net -- 8.2 . Two - mirror telescopes . Telescope-optics.net . Retrieved on 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hadley 's Reflector '' . amazing-space.stsci.edu . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Lienhard , John ( 2005 ) . `` Gases and Force '' . Rain Steam & Speed . KUHF FM Radio . Jump up ^ Wilson , George ( 15 January 1849 ) . `` On the Early History of the Air - pump in England '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1868 ) . Wonderful Inventions : From the Mariner 's Compass to the Electric Telegraph Cable . London : George Routledge and Sons . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1172827800 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments '' . chsi.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Search Home '' . collections.peabody.yale.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` University of Toronto Scientific Instruments Collection '' . utsic.escalator.utoronto.ca . Archived from the original on 26 May 2017 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adler Planetarium Collections Department '' . Adler Planetarium . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dioptrice : pre-1775 refracting telescopes '' . www.dioptrice.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dioptrice : Accession # : M - 428a '' . www.dioptrice.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Martin ( 1991 ) . `` ' Intellectual Ornaments ' : Style , Function , and Society in Some Instruments of Art '' . Interpretation and Cultural History . St. Martin 's Press : 135 -- 52 . ^ Jump up to : Schaffer , Simon . `` Easily Cracked : Scientific Instruments in States of Disrepair '' . Isis. 102 ( 4 ) : 706 -- 717 . Bibcode : 2011Isis ... 102 ... 706S . doi : 10.1086 / 663608 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Katharine . `` REFA , Revista Electrónica de Fuentes y Archivos del Centro de Estudios Históricos Prof. Carlos S.A. Segreti , publicacion periodica digital '' . www.refa.org.ar ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , Jim ( 2011 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Early Modern Mathematical Instruments '' . Isis. 102 ( 4 ) : 697 -- 705 . doi : 10.1086 / 663607 . ISSN 0021 - 1753 . Jump up ^ `` King 's Collections : Online Exhibitions : Boyle 's air - pump '' . www.kingscollections.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Abbé Jean - Antoine Nollet Air Pump '' . waywiser.rc.fas.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Grant Jump up ^ Hannam , James ( 31 October 2012 ) Medieval Christianity and the Rise of Modern Science , Part 2 . biologos.org Jump up ^ Hassan , Ahmad Y and Hill , Donald Routledge ( 1986 ) , Islamic Technology : An Illustrated History , p. 282 , Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Salam , Abdus , Dalafi , H.R. and Hassan , Mohamed ( 1994 ) . Renaissance of Sciences in Islamic Countries , p. 162 . World Scientific , ISBN 9971 - 5 - 0713 - 7 . Jump up ^ Briffault , Robert ( 1919 ) . The Making of Humanity . London , G. Allen & Unwin ltd . p. 188 . Jump up ^ Huff , Toby E. ( 2003 ) The Rise of Early Modern Science : Islam , China and the West , 2nd . ed. , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52994 - 8 . pp. 54 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Saliba , George ( 1999 ) . Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe ? Columbia University . Jump up ^ Bala , Arun ( 2006 ) Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of Modern Science . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0230609791 Jump up ^ `` Book Review of The Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of Modern Science by Arun Bala '' . MuslimHeritage.com Jump up ^ Sobol , Peter G. ( December 2007 ) . `` Review of The Dialogue of Civilizations and the Birth of Modern Science '' . Isis. 98 ( 4 ) : 829 -- 830 . doi : 10.1086 / 529293 . Jump up ^ Russo , Lucio ( 1996 ) . The Forgotten Revolution . Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 18904 - 3 . Jump up ^ Africa , Thomas W. ( 1961 ) . `` Copernicus ' Relation to Aristarchus and Pythagoras '' . Isis. 52 ( 3 ) : 403 -- 409 . doi : 10.1086 / 349478 . JSTOR 228080 . Jump up ^ A survey of the debate over the significance of these antecedents is in Lindberg , D.C. ( 1992 ) The Beginnings of Western Science : The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical , Religious , and Institutional Context , 600 B.C. to A.D. 1450 . Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Pr . ISBN 0226482316 . pp. 355 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Khun , Thomas ( 1962 ) . The Structure of Scientific Revolutions . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226458113 . Jump up ^ Silva , Vanessa ( 2014 ) . `` Beyond the Academy - Histories of Gender and Knowledge '' . Journal of the International Committee for the History of Technology : 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Des Jardins , Julie ( 2010 ) . The Madame Curie Complex . The Feminist Press . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 9781558616134 . Further reading ( edit ) Burns , William E. The Scientific Revolution in Global Perspective ( Oxford University Press , 2016 ) xv + 198 pp . Cohen , H. Floris . The Rise of Modern Science Explained : A Comparative History ( Cambridge University Press , 2015 ) . vi + 296 pp . Grant , E. ( 1996 ) . The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages : Their Religious , Institutional , and Intellectual Contexts . Cambridge Univ . Press . ISBN 0521567629 . Hannam , James ( 2011 ) . The Genesis of Science . ISBN 1 - 59698 - 155 - 5 . Henry , John . The Scientific Revolution and the Origins of Modern Science ( 2008 ) , 176pp Knight , David . Voyaging in Strange Seas : The Great Revolution in Science ( Yale U.P. , 2014 ) viii + 329 pp . Lindberg , D.C. The Beginnings of Western Science : The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical , Religious , and Institutional Context , 600 B.C. to A.D. 1450 ( Univ. of Chicago Press , 1992 ) . Pedersen , Olaf ( 1993 ) . Early Physics and Astronomy : A Historical Introduction . Cambridge Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40899 - 7 . Sharratt , Michael ( 1994 ) . Galileo : Decisive Innovator . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56671 - 1 . Shapin , Steven ( 1996 ) . The Scientific Revolution . Chicago : Chicago University Press . ISBN 0226750205 . Weinberg , Steven . To Explain the World : The Discovery of Modern Science ( 2015 ) xiv + 417 pp . Westfall , Richard S. Never at Rest : A Biography of Isaac Newton ( 1983 ) . Westfall , Richard S. ( 1971 ) . The Construction of Modern Science . New York : John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29295 - 6 . Wootton , David . The Invention of Science : A New History of the Scientific Revolution ( Penguin , 2015 ) . xiv + 769 pp. ISBN 006175952X External links ( edit ) Media related to Scientific revolution at Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote has quotations related to : Scientific Revolution Isaac Newton Publications De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas ( 1669 , published 1711 ) Method of Fluxions ( 1671 ) De motu corporum in gyrum ( 1684 ) Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) General Scholium ( 1713 ) Opticks ( 1704 ) The Queries ( 1704 ) Arithmetica Universalis ( 1707 ) Other writings Notes on the Jewish Temple Quaestiones quaedam philosophicae The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended ( 1728 ) An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture ( 1754 ) Discoveries and inventions Calculus Fluxions Newton disc Newton polygon Newton -- Okounkov body Newton 's reflector Newtonian telescope Newton scale Newton 's metal Newton 's cradle Sextant Theory expansions Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Problem of Apollonius Newtonianism Bucket argument Newton 's inequalities Newton 's law of cooling Newton 's law of universal gravitation Post-Newtonian expansion Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism Newton -- Cartan theory Schrödinger -- Newton equation Gravitational constant Newton 's laws of motion Newtonian dynamics Newton 's method in optimization Gauss -- Newton algorithm Truncated Newton method Newton 's rings Newton 's theorem about ovals Newton -- Pepys problem Newtonian potential Newtonian fluid Classical mechanics Newtonian fluid Corpuscular theory of light Leibniz -- Newton calculus controversy Newton 's notation Rotating spheres Newton 's cannonball Newton -- Cotes formulas Newton 's method Newton fractal Generalized Gauss -- Newton method Newton 's identities Newton polynomial Newton 's theorem of revolving orbits Newton -- Euler equations Newton number Kissing number problem Power number Newton 's quotient Parallelogram of force Newton -- Puiseux theorem Solar mass Dynamics Absolute space and time Absolute theory Finite difference Table of Newtonian series Impact depth Structural coloration Inertia Spectrum Phrases `` Hypotheses non fingo '' `` Standing on the shoulders of giants '' Life Cranbury Park Woolsthorpe Manor Early life Later life Religious views Occult studies The Mysteryes of Nature and Art Scientific revolution Copernican Revolution Friends and family Catherine Barton John Conduitt William Clarke Benjamin Pulleyn William Stukeley William Jones Isaac Barrow Abraham de Moivre John Keill Cultural depictions Newton ( Blake ) Newton ( Paolozzi ) In popular culture Related Writing of Principia Mathematica List of things named after Newton Isaac Newton Institute Isaac Newton Medal Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes Isaac Newton Telescope Newton ( unit ) Elements of the Philosophy of Newton Isaac Newton S / O Philipose History of science Background Theories and sociology Historiography Pseudoscience By era Early cultures Classical Antiquity The Golden Age of Islam Renaissance Scientific Revolution Romanticism By culture African Byzantine Medieval European Chinese Indian Medieval Islamic Natural sciences Astronomy Biology Botany Chemistry Ecology Evolution Geology Geophysics Paleontology Physics Mathematics Algebra Calculus Combinatorics Geometry Logic Probability Statistics Trigonometry Social sciences Anthropology Economics Geography Linguistics Political science Psychology Sociology Sustainability Technology Agricultural science Computer science Materials science Engineering Medicine Human medicine Veterinary medicine Anatomy Neuroscience Neurology and neurosurgery Nutrition Pathology Pharmacy Timelines Portal Category Philosophy of science Concepts Analysis Analytic -- synthetic distinction A priori and a posteriori Causality Commensurability Consilience Construct Creative synthesis Demarcation problem Empirical evidence Explanatory power Fact Falsifiability Feminist method Ignoramus et ignorabimus Inductive reasoning Intertheoretic reduction Inquiry Nature Objectivity Observation Paradigm Problem of induction Scientific law Scientific method Scientific revolution Scientific theory Testability Theory choice Theory - 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6774742489390233484 | Lowest temperature recorded on Earth | Lowest temperature recorded on Earth - wikipedia Lowest temperature recorded on Earth Jump to : navigation , search Aerial photograph of Vostok Station , the coldest directly observed location on Earth . The location of Vostok Station in Antarctica The lowest natural temperature ever directly recorded at ground level on Earth is − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ; 184.0 K ) at the Soviet Vostok Station in Antarctica on July 21 , 1983 by ground measurements . A 2009 study estimated that under exceptional climate conditions similar to those recorded at Vostok 1983 , temperatures higher on the plateau around Dome Argus could drop lower than − 95 ° C ( − 139 ° F ; 178 K ) . On August 10 , 2010 , satellite observations measured a surface temperature of − 93.2 ° C ( − 135.8 ° F ; 180.0 K ) at 81.8 ° S 59.3 ° E , along a ridge between Dome Argus and Dome Fuji , at 3,900 m elevation . The result was reported at the 46th annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco , in December 2013 ; it is a provisional figure , and may be subject to revision . The value may not be listed as the record lowest temperature as it was measured by remote sensing satellites and not by ground - based thermometers , unlike the 1983 record . The temperature announced reflects that of the ice surface , while the Vostok readings measured the air above the ice , and so the two are not directly comparable . However , it is most likely that the real temperature on the site was lower than that recorded at Vostok . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical progression 2 Laboratory cooling 2.1 Early 2.2 Modern 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Historical progression ( edit ) On January 21 , 1838 a recording was made by the Russian merchant Neverov in Yakutsk , of − 60 ° C ( − 76 ° F ; 213 K ) . On January 15 , 1885 H. Wild reported that a temperature of − 68 ° C ( − 90 ° F ; 205 K ) was noted in Verkhoyansk . A later measurement at the same place in February 1892 was reported as − 69.8 ° C ( − 93.6 ° F ; 203.3 K ) . Soviet researchers later announced a recording of − 67.7 ° C ( − 89.9 ° F ; 205.5 K ) in February 1933 at Oymyakon , about 650 km ( 400 mi ) to the south - east of Verkhoyansk ; this measurement was reported by Soviet texts through the 1940s as a record low , with the previous measurement from Verkhoyansk retroactively adjusted to − 67.6 ° C ( − 89.7 ° F ; 205.6 K ) . The next reliable measurement was made during the 1957 season at the Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica , yielding − 73.6 ° C ( − 100.5 ° F ; 199.6 K ) on May 11 and − 74.5 ° C ( − 102.1 ° F ; 198.7 K ) on September 17 . A subsequent measurement of − 88.3 ° C ( − 126.9 ° F ; 184.8 K ) , on August 24 , 1960 , held the record until a temperature of − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ; 184.0 K ) was measured at the Soviet Vostok Station , on the Antarctic Plateau , on July 21 , 1983 . This remains the record for a directly recorded temperature . Laboratory cooling ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Absolute zero § History . Early ( edit ) In 1904 Dutch scientist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes created a special lab in Leiden with the aim of producing liquid helium . In 1908 he managed to lower the temperature to less than − 269 ° C ( - 452.2 F , 4 K ) , which is less than four degrees above absolute zero . Only in this exceptionally cold state will helium liquefy , the boiling point of helium being at − 268.94 ° C ( - 452.092 F ) . Kamerlingh Onnes received a Nobel Prize for his achievement . Onnes ' method relied upon depressurising the subject gases , causing them to cool by adiabatic cooling . This follows from the first law of thermodynamics ; Δ U = Δ Q − Δ W ( \ displaystyle \ Delta U = \ Delta Q - \ Delta W ) where U = internal energy , Q = heat added to the system , W = work done by the system . Consider a gas in a box of set volume . If the pressure in the box is higher than atmospheric pressure , then upon opening the box our gas will do work on the surrounding atmosphere to expand . As this expansion is adiabatic and the gas has done work Δ Q = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Delta Q = 0 ) Δ W > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Delta W > 0 ) ⇒ Δ U < 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Rightarrow \ Delta U < 0 ) Now as the internal energy has decreased , so has the temperature . Modern ( edit ) As of November 2000 , nuclear spin temperatures below 100 pK were reported for an experiment at the Helsinki University of Technology Low Temperature Lab . However , this was the temperature of one particular type of motion -- a quantum property called nuclear spin -- not the overall average thermodynamic temperature for all possible degrees of freedom . At such low temperatures , the concept of `` temperature '' becomes multifaceted since molecular motion can not be assumed to average out across degrees of freedom . The corresponding peak emission will be in radio waves , rather than in the familiar infrared , so it is very inefficiently absorbed by neighboring atoms , making it difficult to reach thermal equilibrium . Low Temperature Laboratory recorded a record low temperature of 100 pK , or 1.0 × 10 K in 1999 . The current apparatus for achieving low temperatures has two stages . The first utilizes a helium dilution refrigerator to get to temperatures of millikelvins , then the next stage uses adiabatic nuclear demagnetisation to reach picokelvins . Extremely low temperatures are useful for observation of quantum mechanical phases of matter such as superfluids and Bose - Einstein condensates , which would be disrupted by thermal motion . See also ( edit ) Absolute zero Dilution refrigerator Highest temperature recorded on Earth List of weather records Magnetic refrigeration Orders of magnitude ( temperature ) Timeline of low - temperature technology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turner , J. ; Anderson , P. ; Lachlan - Cope , T. ; Colwell , S. ; Phillips , T. ; Kirchgaessner , A.L. ; Marshall , G.J. ; King , J.C. ; Bracegirdle , T. ; Vaughan , D.G. ; Lagun , V. ; Orr , A. ( 2009 ) . `` Record low surface air temperature at Vostok station , Antarctica '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 114 : D24102 . Bibcode : 2009JGRD ... 11424102T . doi : 10.1029 / 2009JD012104 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - USGS Landsat 8 Satellite Pinpoints Coldest Spots on Earth '' . NASA . Dec 9 , 2013 . Retrieved 10 Dec 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite '' . BBC . 9 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Record Cold in Antarctica ? '' . usatoday. 9 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 Dec 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nina Stepanova ( Jan 30 , 1958 ) . `` On the lowest temperatures on Earth '' ( PDF ) . NOAA . Retrieved 10 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The coldest place on earth '' . Polar Record . 6 ( 46 ) : 821 . 2009 . doi : 10.1017 / S0032247400048592 . Jump up ^ `` World : Lowest Temperature '' . World Meteorological Organization . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 10 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913 '' . Jump up ^ The experimental methods and results are presented in detail in Tauno A. Knuuttila 's D.Sc . thesis which can be accessed from Aaltodoc . The university 's press release on its achievement is here Jump up ^ `` World record in low temperatures '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Details of HUT experiment , including details of the cryostat Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lowest_temperature_recorded_on_Earth&oldid=822928817 '' Categories : Extreme points of Earth Weather extremes of Earth Climatology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Română Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 09 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the lowest temperature ever recorded on earth | [
"The lowest natural temperature ever directly recorded at ground level on Earth is −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F; 184.0 K) at the Soviet Vostok Station in Antarctica on July 21, 1983 by ground measurements."
] | [
"Soviet Vostok Station in Antarctica"
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232722329891548573 | Nobody Knows (Tony Rich song) | Nobody Knows ( Tony Rich song ) - wikipedia Nobody Knows ( Tony Rich song ) `` Nobody Knows '' Single by The Tony Rich Project from the album Words Released November 7 , 1995 Format 7 `` , CD single , cassette single Recorded 1995 Genre R&B Length 5 : 06 Label LaFace / Arista Songwriter ( s ) Tony Rich , Don DuBose Producer ( s ) Tony Rich The Tony Rich Project singles chronology `` Nobody Knows '' ( 1995 ) `` Like a Woman '' ( 1996 ) `` Nobody Knows '' ( 1995 ) `` Like a Woman '' ( 1996 ) `` Nobody Knows '' is a song by R&B artist Tony Rich from his 1996 debut album Words . Released as his debut single , the song peaked at # 11 on the soul singles chart . Elsewhere , `` Nobody Knows '' went to # 2 on both the Billboard Hot 100 ( behind Celine Dion 's `` Because You Loved Me '' ) and Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts . Rich received a nomination for the 1997 Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance ; he lost to Eric Clapton 's `` Change the World '' . Contents 1 Track list 2 Official versions 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Peak positions 3.2 End of year charts 3.3 End of decade charts 3.4 Certifications 4 Kevin Sharp version 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Music video 4.3 Chart positions 4.4 Year - end charts 5 Other versions 6 References Track list ( edit ) - US CD Single ( 73008 - 24116 - 2 ) Album Version 5 : 06 Eddie F. 's Untouchable Remix 6 : 17 Rich Remix 5 : 32 Album Instrumental 5 : 06 Official versions ( edit ) Nobody Knows ( Album Version ) 5 : 06 Nobody Knows ( Radio Edit ) 4 : 22 Nobody Knows ( Album Instrumental ) 5 : 06 Nobody Knows ( Eddie F. 's Untouchable Remix ) 6 : 17 Nobody Knows ( Rich Remix ) 5 : 32 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart Canadian RPM Top Singles Dutch Top 40 13 New Zealand Singles Chart 19 Irish Singles Chart Swedish Singles Chart 15 United Kingdom Singles Chart U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Singles 11 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 End of year charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 33 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 22 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 End of decade charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 - 1999 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 61 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,300,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Kevin Sharp version ( edit ) `` Nobody Knows '' Single by Kevin Sharp from the album Measure of a Man Released September 23 , 1996 Format CD single Genre Country Length 3 : 26 Label Asylum Songwriter ( s ) Joe Rich , Don DuBose Producer ( s ) Chris Farren Kevin Sharp singles chronology `` Nobody Knows '' ( 1996 ) `` She 's Sure Taking It Well '' ( 1997 ) `` Nobody Knows '' ( 1996 ) `` She 's Sure Taking It Well '' ( 1997 ) American country music artist Kevin Sharp recorded a cover version of the song on his 1996 debut album Measure of a Man . It was released in September 1996 as his debut single . It became his only # 1 single on Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks , spending four weeks atop the chart . Critical reception ( edit ) Deborah Evans Price , of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably , saying that his `` smooth , melodic voice and sensitive interpretation of the lyric signal show promise for this talented new artist . '' '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Jeffrey Phillips and premiered in late 1996 . Chart positions ( edit ) `` Nobody Knows '' debuted at # 75 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of September 28 , 1996 . Chart ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 22 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 51 Other versions ( edit ) In 1997 , saxophonist Richard Elliot covered the song from his album `` Jumpin ' Off . '' Eli Mattson delivered a piano / vocal cover on the third season of America 's Got Talent in 2008 . British boyband JLS also recorded a cover of the song ; it was leaked onto the internet in June 2010 and has now appeared as the B - Side to their single She Makes Me Wanna . British pop singer Shayne Ward included a cover on his third album , Obsession . The song is featured on the Boyzone album , BZ20 , released in November 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 491 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 203 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 1996 '' . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2010 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1996 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1996 '' . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade - The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 2006 ) . Australian Chart Book 1993 - 2005 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 45889 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Tony Rich Project -- Nobody Knows '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1996 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications Inc. 109 ( 3 ) : 61 . January 18 , 1997 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Billboard , October 12 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 9797 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . January 20 , 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Sharp Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1997 '' . RPM . December 15 , 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1997 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jumpin ' Off overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Jumpin ' Off - Richard Elliot '' . JazzTimes.com . Kevin Sharp Studio albums Measure of a Man Love Is Notable singles `` Nobody Knows '' `` She 's Sure Taking It Well '' `` If You Love Somebody '' Related articles Asylum Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobody_Knows_(Tony_Rich_song)&oldid=853948632 '' Categories : 1995 singles 1996 singles 1995 songs Tony Rich songs Kevin Sharp songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Music videos directed by Bille Woodruff RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Debut singles Arista Records singles Asylum Records singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Song recordings produced by Chris Farren Songs about loneliness Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 00 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who sings the song nobody knows but me | [] | [] |
6210822853985262767 | Law of demand | Law of demand - wikipedia Law of demand Jump to : navigation , search A demand curve , shown in red and shifting to the right , demonstrating the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded ( the curve slopes downwards from left to right ; higher prices reduce the quantity demanded ) . In microeconomics , the law of demand states that , `` conditional on all else being equal , as the price of a good increases ( ↑ ) , quantity demanded decreases ( ↓ ) ; conversely , as the price of a good decreases ( ↓ ) , quantity demanded increases ( ↑ ) '' . In other words , the law of demand describes an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded of a good . The factors held constant refer to other determinants of demand , such as the prices of other goods and the consumer 's income . There are , however , some possible exceptions to the law of demand , such as Giffen goods and Veblen goods . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mathematical expression 2 Terminology 3 Economic history and theory 4 Exceptions to the law of demand 4.1 Giffen goods 4.2 Expectation of change in the price of commodity 4.3 Basic or necessary goods 5 See also 6 References Mathematical expression ( edit ) Mathematically , the inverse relationship described by the law of demand may be expressed as : Q x = f ( P x ; Y ) , ∂ f / ∂ P x < 0 , ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( x ) = f ( P_ ( x ) ; ( \ mathbf ( Y ) ) ) , \ quad \ partial f / \ partial P_ ( x ) < 0 , ) where Q x ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( x ) ) is the quantity demanded of good x ( \ displaystyle x ) , P x ( \ displaystyle P_ ( x ) ) is the price of the good , f ( \ displaystyle f ) is the demand function , ∂ f / ∂ P x ( \ displaystyle \ partial f / \ partial P_ ( x ) ) is the partial derivative of the demand function with respect to P x ( \ displaystyle P_ ( x ) ) , and Y ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathbf ( Y ) ) ) is the list of other parameters held constant . The above equation , when plotted with quantity demanded ( Q x ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( x ) ) ) on the x ( \ displaystyle x ) - axis and price ( P x ( \ displaystyle P_ ( x ) ) ) on the y ( \ displaystyle y ) - axis , gives the demand curve , which is also known as the demand schedule . The downward sloping nature of a typical demand curve illustrates the inverse relationship between quantity demanded and price . Therefore , a downward sloping demand curve embeds the law of demand . Terminology ( edit ) Further information : Demand An increase in demand is depicted by a rightward shift in the demand curve , from DD0 to DD1 . At first , a consumer is willing to consume Q0 units of goods at the price P0 , shown by Point A. After their demand for the good increases , for the same quantity demanded Q0 , they are now willing to pay at price P1 , shown by Point B. For the original price P0 , they are now willing consume Q1 units , shown by Point C . Note that `` demand '' and `` quantity demanded '' are used to mean different things in economic jargon . On the one hand , `` demand '' refers to the entire demand curve , which is the relationship between quantity demanded and price . Changes in demand are due to changes in other determinants ( Y ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathbf ( Y ) ) ) ) , such as the income of consumers . Therefore , `` change in demand '' is used to mean that the relationship between quantity demanded and price has changed . Alfred Marshall worded this as : When then we say that a person 's demand for anything increases , we mean that he will buy more of it than he would before at the same price , and that he will buy as much of it as before at a higher price . Changes in demand is depicted graphically by a shift in the demand curve . On the other hand , `` quantity demanded '' refers to the quantity of goods consumers want for a given price , conditional on the other determinants . `` Changes in quantity demanded '' is depicted graphically by a movement along the demand curve . Economic history and theory ( edit ) The law of demand was documented as early as 1892 by economist Alfred Marshall . Due to the law 's general agreement with observation , economists have come to accept the validity of the law under most situations . Furthermore , researchers found that the success of the law of demand extends to animals such as rats , under laboratory settings . Exceptions to the law of demand ( edit ) Generally the amount demanded of a good increases with a decrease in price of the good and vice versa . In some cases , however , this may not be true . There are certain goods which do not follow this law . These include ( Veblen goods ) and Giffen goods . Further exception and details are given in the sections below . Giffen goods ( edit ) Initially proposed by Sir Robert Giffen , economists disagree on the existence of Giffen goods in the market . A Giffen good describes an inferior good that as the price increases , demand for the product increases . As an example , during the Irish Potato Famine of the 19th century , potatoes were considered a Giffen good . Potatoes were the largest staple in the Irish diet , so as the price rose it had a large impact on income . People responded by cutting out on luxury goods such as meat and vegetables , and instead bought more potatoes . Therefore , as the price of potatoes increased , so did the quantity demanded . Expectation of change in the price of commodity ( edit ) If an increase in the price of a commodity causes households to expect the price of a commodity to increase further , they may start purchasing a greater amount of the commodity even at the presently increased price . Similarly , if the household expects the price of the commodity to decrease , it may postpone its purchases . Thus , some argue that the law of demand is violated in such cases . In this case , the demand curve does not slope down from left to right ; instead it presents a backward slope from the top right to down left . This curve is known as an exceptional demand curve. prestigious goods also fail law of demand . Basic or necessary goods ( edit ) The goods which people need no matter how high the price is are basic or necessary goods . Medicines covered by insurance are a good example . An increase or decrease in the price of such a good does not affect its quantity demanded . These goods have a perfectly inelastic relationship , in that any change in price does not change the quantity demanded . See also ( edit ) Business and economics portal Revealed preference Aggregation problem Representative agent Methodological individualism Demand ( economics ) Second law of demand ( price elasticity over time ) Third Law of Demand Alchian -- Allen effect Supply and Demand Law of supply References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , Walter ; Snyder , Christopher ( 2012 ) . Microeconomic Theory : Basic Principles and Extensions ( 11 ed . ) . Mason , OH : South - Western . pp. 27,154 . ISBN 978 - 111 - 1 - 52553 - 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/lawofdemand.asp ; Investopedia , Retrieved 9 September 2013 ^ Jump up to : Marshall , Alfred ( 1892 ) . Elements of economics of industry . London : Macmillan . pp. 77 , 79 . Jump up ^ Thaler , Richard . `` Toward a positive theory of consumer choice '' . Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization . 1 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 60 . doi : 10.1016 / 0167 - 2681 ( 80 ) 90051 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kagel , John H. ; Battalio , Raymond C. ; Rachlin , Howard ; Green , Leonard ; Basmann , Robert L. ; Klemm , W.R. ( 1975 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Experimental Studies of Consumer Demand Behavior Using Laboratory Animals * '' . Economic Inquiry. 13 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 38 . ISSN 1465 - 7295 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1465 - 7295.1975. tb01101. x . Jump up ^ Mankiw , Gregory ( 2007 ) . Principles of Economics . South - Western Cengage Learning . p. 470 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 324 - 22472 - 6 . LCCN : sh85036623 GND : 4171014 - 9 BNF : cb122537412 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_of_demand&oldid=804525783 '' Categories : Economics laws Demand Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ Монгол Norsk Русский தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 16 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when the term price is used in the law of demand price is referring to | [] | [] |
4606344626777485375 | This Land Is Your Land | This Land is Your Land - wikipedia This Land is Your Land Jump to : navigation , search `` This Land Is Your Land '' Song by Woody Guthrie Published 1945 Recorded 1944 Genre Folk Songwriter ( s ) Woody Guthrie Woody Guthrie in 1943 `` This Land Is Your Land '' is one of the United States ' most famous folk songs . Its lyrics were written by American folk singer Woody Guthrie in 1940 based on an existing melody , a Carter Family tune called `` When the World 's on Fire '' , in critical response to Irving Berlin 's `` God Bless America . '' When Guthrie was tired of hearing Kate Smith sing God Bless America on the radio in the late 1930s he sarcastically wrote `` God Blessed America for Me '' before renaming it `` This Land Is Your Land . '' In 2002 , it was one of 50 recordings chosen that year by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Melody 2 Original 1940 lyrics 3 Original 1944 lyrics 4 Confirmation of two other verses 5 Variations 5.1 Versions about other countries 5.2 Other variations 5.3 In film , television , internet , books , and advertising 6 Copyright controversy 7 References 8 External links Melody ( edit ) `` This Land is Your Land '' Sample of Woody Guthrie 's song , `` This Land is Your Land '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . Guthrie 's melody was very similar to the melody of `` Oh , My Loving Brother '' , a Baptist gospel hymn that had been recorded by the Carter Family as `` When the World 's On Fire '' and had inspired their `` Little Darlin ' , Pal of Mine . '' He used the same melody for the chorus and the verses . Guthrie 's song , however , had a different melodic structure from the hymn or the similar Carter family melodies , and he used only the first half of those melodies in his song . The melodic structure of the presumed model ( s ) can be described as `` ABCD '' -- a new melodic phrase for each of its four lines . Guthrie 's structure , however , is `` ABAC . '' In other words , Guthrie repeats the beginning of the melody ( the `` A '' section ) for his third line ; the melodic phrase for his fourth line ( `` This land was made for you and me '' ) is found in neither the hymn nor the Carter family melodies . Original 1940 lyrics ( edit ) Following are the original lyrics as composed on February 23 , 1940 , in Guthrie 's room at the Hanover House hotel at 43rd St. and 6th Ave. ( 101 West 43rd St . ) in New York , showing his strikeouts . The line `` This land was made for you and me '' does not literally appear in the manuscript at the end of each verse , but is implied by Guthrie 's writing of those words at the top of the page and by his subsequent singing of the line with those words . The original title was `` God Blessed America '' , but it was struck out and replaced by `` This Land Was Made For You & Me '' . It appears therefore that the original 1940 title was `` This Land '' . This land is your land , this land is my land From the California to the Staten New York Island , From the Redwood Forest , to the Gulf stream waters , God blessed America for me . ( This land was made for you and me . ) As I went walking that ribbon of highway And saw above me that endless skyway , And saw below me the golden valley , I said : God blessed America for me . ( This land was made for you and me . ) I roamed and rambled and followed my footsteps To the sparkling sands of her diamond deserts , And all around me , a voice was sounding : God blessed America for me . ( This land was made for you and me . ) Was a high wall there that tried to stop me A sign was painted said : Private Property , But on the back side it did n't say nothing -- God blessed America for me . ( This land was made for you and me . ) When the sun come shining , then I was strolling In wheat fields waving and dust clouds rolling ; The voice was chanting as the fog was lifting : God blessed America for me . ( This land was made for you and me . ) One bright sunny morning in the shadow of the steeple By the Relief Office I saw my people -- As they stood hungry , I stood there wondering if God blessed America for me . ( This land was made for you and me . ) According to Joe Klein , after Guthrie composed it `` he completely forgot about the song , and did n't do anything with it for another five years . '' ( Since there is a March , 1944 , recording of the song , Klein should have said `` four years '' . ) Original 1944 lyrics ( edit ) This land is your land , this land is my land From California to the New York Island From the Redwood Forest to the Gulf Stream waters This land was made for you and me . As I was walking that ribbon of highway I saw above me that endless skyway I saw below me that golden valley This land was made for you and me . I roamed and I rambled and I followed my footsteps To the sparkling sands of her diamond deserts While all around me a voice was sounding This land was made for you and me . When the sun came shining , and I was strolling And the wheat fields waving and the dust clouds rolling A voice was chanting , As the fog was lifting , This land was made for you and me . This land is your land , this land is my land From California to the New York Island From the Redwood Forest to the Gulf Stream waters This land was made for you and me . Note that this version drops the two political verses from the original : Verse four , about private property , and verse six , about hunger . Confirmation of two other verses ( edit ) A March 1944 recording in the possession of the Smithsonian , the earliest known recording of the song , has the `` private property '' verse included . This version was recorded the same day as 75 other songs . This was confirmed by several archivists for Smithsonian who were interviewed as part of the History Channel program Save Our History -- Save our Sounds . The 1944 recording with this fourth verse can be found on Woody Guthrie : This Land is Your Land : The Asch Recordings Volume 1 , where it is track 14 . There was a big high wall there that tried to stop me ; Sign was painted , it said private property ; But on the back side it did n't say nothing ; This land was made for you and me . Woodyguthrie.org has a variant : As I went walking I saw a sign there And on the sign it said `` No Trespassing . '' But on the other side it did n't say nothing , That side was made for you and me . It also has a verse : Nobody living can ever stop me , As I go walking that freedom highway ; Nobody living can ever make me turn back This land was made for you and me . In the squares of the city , In the shadow of a steeple ; By the relief office , I 'd seen my people . As they stood there hungry , I stood there asking , Is this land made for you and me ? A 1945 pamphlet which omitted the last two verses has caused some question as to whether the original song did in fact contain the full text . The original manuscript confirms both of these verses . As with other folk songs , it was sung with different words at various times although the motives for this particular change of lyrics may involve the possible political interpretations of the verses . Recordings of Guthrie have him singing the verses with different words . The radical verses are not often performed in schools or official functions . They can be best interpreted as a protest against the vast income inequalities that exist in the United States , and against the sufferings of millions during the Great Depression . America , Guthrie insists , was made -- and could still be made -- for you and me . This interpretation is consistent with such other Guthrie songs as `` Pretty Boy Floyd '' and Guthrie 's lifelong struggle for social justice . The song was revived in the 1960s , when several artists of the new folk movement , including Bob Dylan , The Kingston Trio , Trini Lopez , Jay and the Americans , and The New Christy Minstrels all recorded versions , inspired by its political message . Peter , Paul and Mary recorded the song in 1962 for their Moving album . The Seekers recorded the song for their 1965 album , A World of Our Own . It was performed many times by the cyclist choir , accompanied by guitarists and a wash - tub bassist , during the Wandering Wheels historic 1966 U.S. coast - to - coast bicycle trip . At the founding convention of the Canadian social democratic New Democratic Party , a version of the song was sung by the attending delegates . Bruce Springsteen first began performing it live on the River Tour in 1980 , and released one such performance of it on Live / 1975 -- 85 , in which he called it `` about one of the most beautiful songs ever written . '' The song was performed by Springsteen and Pete Seeger , accompanied by Seeger 's grandson , Tao Rodríguez - Seeger , at We Are One : The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial on January 18 , 2009 . The song was restored to the original lyrics ( including the ' There was a big high wall there ' and ' Nobody living can ever stop me ' verses ) for this performance ( as per Pete Seeger 's request ) with the exception of a change in the end of the ' Relief Office ' verse to `` As they stood hungry , I stood there whistling , This land was made for you and me . '' The original lyrics are `` As they stood there hungry , I stood there asking , Is this land made for you and me ? '' Voice actress and children 's entertainer Debi Derryberry recorded a version for her musical album What A Way To Play in 2006 . In 2010 , Peter Yarrow and Paul Stookey , the surviving members of Peter , Paul and Mary , requested that the National Organization for Marriage stop using their recording of `` This Land is Your Land '' at their rallies , stating in a letter that the organization 's philosophy was `` directly contrary to the advocacy position '' held by the group . Arlo Guthrie tells a story in concerts on occasion , of his mother returning from a dance tour of China , and reporting around the Guthrie family dinner table that at one point in the tour she was serenaded by Chinese children singing the song . Arlo says Woody was incredulous : `` The Chinese ? Singing `` This land is your land , this land is my land ? From California to the New York island ? '' Variations ( edit ) As is the case with many well - known songs , it has been the subject of an enormous number of variations and parodies . They include : Versions about other countries ( edit ) Many variants of the song have been recorded with lyrics adjusted to fit other countries , regions , languages , and ethnic groups . They include : Canadian : The Canadian folk music group The Travellers popularized their version in 1955 . Their modified chorus contains the lyrics , This land is your land , This land is my land , From Bonavista , to Vancouver Island From the Arctic Circle to the Great Lake waters , This land was made for you and me . Swedish : musician Mikael Wiehe has written a text in Swedish , Det här är ditt land . British : The UK anarcho - punk band Zounds rewrote it for their 1981 debut LP , The Curse of Zounds , releasing a remixed CD - single version as a fund - raising benefit in 2001 . Billy Bragg has used a version of the song with UK - specific lyrics in live performances . A version was included on the bonus tracks section of the 2006 re-release of his The Internationale album . Welsh : A Welsh language version was recorded by nationalist folk singer Dafydd Iwan . Irish : An Irish rebel song version , often performed with `` Let the People Sing '' , has been recorded by many artists including the Wolfe Tones and Charlie and the Bhoys . International : Belgian singing duo `` Hanny and Adri '' made a version in 1969 in Esperanto , titled `` Jen Nia Mondo , '' literally `` Behold Our World . '' Turkish : Folk singer Nuri Sesigüzel covered the song with Turkish lyrics . Australian : Folk singer Shirley Jacobs ( 1927 - 2015 ) recorded a version on her 1975 vinyl album Songs of Love and Freedom . Mexican - American : For the title song of their Esta Tierra Es Tuya album , the Sones de México Ensemble son group , based in Chicago , US , translated the song into Spanish , with the `` Sign was painted , it said private property '' lyrics slightly modified to refer to the Mexico - United States border . Other variations ( edit ) The song has been recorded by many performers over the years , ranging from American Country legend Glen Campbell , hardcore band Hated Youth , all the way to Turkish performer Nuri Sesigüzel to reggae group The Melodians . A few other notable recordings are by : Peter , Paul and Mary - for their album Moving ( 1963 ) Bing Crosby for the album America , I Hear You Singing ( 1964 ) The Seekers - in the album A World of Our Own ( 1965 ) Connie Francis - included in her album Connie Francis and The Kids Next Door ( 1966 ) Tennessee Ernie Ford - recorded for his album America the Beautiful ( 1970 ) Sharon Jones & the Dap - Kings - in the album Naturally ( 2005 ) A version called `` This badge is your badge '' , about FC United of Manchester , was written by fan Mickey O'Farrell , and is often sung by fans at the club 's matches . In film , television , internet , books , and advertising ( edit ) The song has been sung by characters in many film and television productions , including Bob Roberts ( 1992 ) , Stepmom ( 1998 ) , Full House , The Luck of the Irish ( a Disney Channel movie ) , Up in the Air and by Renée Zellweger in the 2010 film My Own Love Song . It has been parodied many times , including : A differently worded version of the song was featured in `` Disneyland Showtime '' , a 1970 episode of The Wonderful World of Disney , performed by The Kids of the Kingdom with Jay and Donny Osmond . Here , the lyrics were changed to describe the many attractions and experiences at Disneyland . In the Home Improvement episode `` Too Many Cooks '' ( 1994 ) , Tim refers to Al as `` Al ' This Land Is ' Borland '' . A 1999 episode of Friends when Joey meets a man he believes to be his `` hand - twin , '' resulting in the lyric `` This hand is my hand . '' The 1999 film Sonnenallee features a version performed by Alexander Hacke , changing the geographical references in the first verse to match those of East Germany , where the film takes place . The Simpsons episode `` Lisa the Treehugger '' ( 2000 ) with the words changed to `` This log is my log , this log is your log '' in reference to a runaway giant redwood tree . The Arthur episode `` The Pride of Lakewood '' with the words changed to `` This school 's a great school , this school 's a cool school '' . The June 27 , 2009 episode of A Prairie Home Companion by Arlo Guthrie as `` This Song is My Song '' . In Season 4 , Episode 7 of The Big Bang Theory , the Indian - born Raj Koothrappali recites the first verse of the song out for fear of deportation in an interview with an FBI agent to clarify his relationship with the United States . It was featured as soundtrack for the 2011 documentary The Ambassador . In the television series Northern Exposure ( episode `` Northern Hospitality '' Season 5 # 16 ) , Holling Vincoeur sings a modified version with references to Canada to his wife , Shelly Vincoeur . In 2016 , Budweiser temporarily rebranded their flagship beer `` America '' , and included the lyrics `` ... from the redwood forests , to the gulfsteam waters , this land was made for you and me '' on their labels . Lady Gaga sang a few phrases of the song at the beginning of the performance of her halftime show of the 2017 Super Bowl Los Angeles band Chicano Batman sang a cover for an ad for Johnnie Walker featuring both English and Spanish lyrics . Copyright controversy ( edit ) This collection of lyrics was published posthumously by the Electronic Frontier Foundation On the typescript submitted for copyright of `` This Land Is Your Land '' , Guthrie wrote : `` This song is Copyrighted in U.S. , under Seal of Copyright # 154085 , for a period of 28 years , and anybody caught singin it without our permission , will be mighty good friends of ourn , cause we do n't give a dern . Publish it . Write it . Sing it . Swing to it . Yodel it . We wrote it , that 's all we wanted to do . '' Currently a number of different organizations claim copyright for the song . According to the Carter Family , the melody came from a tune that A.P. Carter had found and recorded with Sarah and Maybelle Carter prior to 1934 and was not original to Guthrie . In 2004 , the website JibJab hosted a parody of the song , with John Kerry and George W. Bush singing altered lyrics to comment on the US 2004 Presidential election , resulting in The Richmond Organization , a music publisher that owns the copyright to Guthrie 's tune through its Ludlow Music unit , threatening legal action . JibJab then sued to affirm their parody was Fair Use , with the Electronic Frontier Foundation ( EFF ) acting for them . As part of their research on the case they found that the song had been first published by Woody Guthrie in 1945 , although the copyright was not registered until 1956 . This meant that when Ludlow applied to renew the copyright in 1984 they were 11 years too late as the song had been in the public domain since 1973 ( 28 years from first publication ) . The Richmond Organization settled with Jibjab shortly thereafter , agreeing that JibJab were free to distribute their parody . In an interview on NPR Arlo Guthrie said that he thought the parody was hilarious and he thought Woody would have loved it too . Richmond still , however , claims copyright on other versions of the song , such as those appearing in the 1956 and later publications . Legally , such claims only apply to original elements of the song that were not in the public domain version . The Richmond Organization and Ludlow Music were sued in 2016 over their claims of copyright in a lawsuit led by Randall Newman . In a similar case , Newman previously successfully argued the song `` Happy Birthday to You '' was public domain . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spitzer , Nick . `` The Story Of Woody Guthrie 's ' This Land Is Your Land ' '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ The National Recording Registry 2002 , The National Recording Preservation Board Jump up ^ The Carter Family -- When The World 's On Fire on YouTube Jump up ^ The Carter Family -- Little Darling Pal of Mine on YouTube Jump up ^ Cray , Ed ( 2004 ) . Ramblin Man : The Life and Times of Woody Guthrie . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 165 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32736 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Joe , Woody Guthrie : A Life , Dell Publishing , 1980 . Jump up ^ Woodie Guthrie can be heard singing that verse in a July 3 , 2000 , National Public Radio report by Nick Spitzer . ^ Jump up to : `` '' This Land Is Your Land '' by Woody Guthrie `` . Jump up ^ Original manuscript republished in Elizabeth Partridge , This Land Was Made for You and Me : The Life & Songs of Woody Guthrie ( New York : Viking , 2002 ) , 85 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03535 - 1 Jump up ^ `` MP3 of Woody Guthrie singing '' . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Woody Guthrie Biography '' . Woodyguthrie.org . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Woody . `` Pretty Boy Floyd '' . Woody Guthrie . Jump up ^ Dave on July 21 , 2008 ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Fretbase , Play Woody Guthrie 's This Land is Your Land '' . Fretbase.com . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2008 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ This Land Is Made For You And Me , in the inaugural concert at the Lincoln Memorial , We Are One , original broadcast by HBO , January 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Perrin , Kathleen ( August 27 , 2010 ) . `` Peter , Paul & Mary 's cease - and - desist to NOM : Stop playing `` This Land Is Your Land '' `` . Prop 8 Trial Tracker . Courage Campaign . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFB - The Travellers : This Land is Your Land '' . National Film Board of Canada . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Martin Avery ( 2008 ) . Bobby Orr and Me . Martin Avery ; Lulu.com . p. 140 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garden Gnome ( January 10 , 2009 ) . `` This Land is Your Land ( Canadian Version ) '' . Canadian Perspective . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Det här är ditt land on YouTube Jump up ^ Zounds -- This Land / Alone on YouTube Jump up ^ Billy Bragg -- This Land Is Your Land ( UK Version ) on YouTube Jump up ^ E. Wyn James ( 2005 ) . `` Painting the world green : Dafydd Iwan and the Welsh protest ballad '' . Cardiff University Special Collections and Archives . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charlie & the Bhoys -- Let the People Sing / This Land on YouTube Jump up ^ Let the people sing on YouTube Jump up ^ jomo jen jia mondo on YouTube Jump up ^ JoMo -- Jen nia mondo ( KEF - koncerto ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Nuri Sesigüzel - This Land on YouTube Jump up ^ Paul the Stockman ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` Shirley Jacobs `` Songs of Love and Freedom '' LP 1975 `` . Australian Folk Music and Australian Folk Singers and Musicians . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iain Gillespie and Debbie Jacobs ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Night Train reaches the end of the line '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Renée Montaigne ( November 8 , 2007 ) . `` Mexican Folk in the Heart of Chicago '' . National Public Radio : Morning Edition . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juan Díes ( 2007 ) , Esta Tierra Es Tuya : Production Notes ( enclosure with album CD ) Jump up ^ Aaron Cohen ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Sones De Mexico 's polite sonic insurrection '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A chat with Sones de México 's Juan Diés ( sic ) '' . Connect Savannah . September 23 , 2008 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Under the boadwalk -- FC United article '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Too Many Cooks , Home Improvement Archive Jump up ^ The One in Vegas ( 2 ) , Friends episode guide , TV.com Jump up ^ Lisa the Treehugger , The Simpsons Archive Jump up ^ The Lives of the Cowboys script , A Prairie Home Companion , Saturday , June 27 , 2009 Jump up ^ The Big Bang Theory -- Episodenguide , 4.07 , Besuch vom FBI , German , Wednesday , April 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ The Ambassador ( 2011 ) - Soundtracks - IMDb , IMDb.com Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie . `` Budweiser has a new name , and that name is America '' . Theverge.com . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ CNN , Chloe Melas . `` Lady Gaga brings message of inclusion to Super Bowl halftime -- oh , and drones '' . Jump up ^ `` If you thought Lady Gaga 's halftime show was apolitical , consider the origin of ' This Land is Your Land ' '' . Jump up ^ Johnnie Walker presents : ' This Land is Your Land ' performed by Chicano Batman , Jump up ^ `` Woody Guthrie free culture '' . Creative Commons . April 5 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Woody Guthrie Songs Publisher Contact '' . Woodyguthrie.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Carter Family : 1927 -- 1934 , April 30 , 2002 , Jsp Records ; ASIN : B00005TPB7 . Jump up ^ `` The Complete Lyrics of JibJab 's `` This Land '' Parody / Travis ' Column : Hot Off the Presses `` . Hopstudios.com . November 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Land Funny Video Animation by JibJab '' . Sendables.jibjab.com . July 9 , 2004 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` A Jibjab showdown '' . CNN . July 26 , 2004 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` This Song Belongs to You and Me Electronic Frontier Foundation '' . Eff.org . August 24 , 2004 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Music Publisher Settles Copyright Skirmish Over Guthrie Classic '' . EFF : Press Room . 2004 - 08 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Dean , Katie ( August 24 , 2004 ) . `` JibJab Is Free for You and Me '' . Wired News . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2004 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arlo Guthrie on `` This Land '' parody `` . Boing Boing . August 4 , 2004 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` This Song Belongs to You and Me Electronic Frontier Foundation '' . Eff.org . August 24 , 2004 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Farivar , Cyrus ( 18 June 2016 ) . `` Lawyers who yanked `` Happy Birthday '' into public domain now sue over `` This Land '' `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : This Land Is Your Land Library of Congress download Free scores by This Land Is Your Land at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) The Bound for Glory exhibit at the Museum of Musical Instruments includes images of Guthrie 1972 published version lyrics as copyrighted in 1956 Lyrics an early manuscript at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 27 , 2009 ) An example of an advertisement featuring the parody of ' This Land is Your Land ' on YouTube Woody Guthrie 's copyright notice at City of Sound ( hide ) Woody Guthrie Discography Library of Congress Recordings Dust Bowl Ballads The Columbia River Collection The Asch Recordings Ballads of Sacco & Vanzetti Songs to Grow on for Mother and Child Nursery Days The Live Wire Almanac Singers Talking Union Deep Sea Chanteys and Whaling Ballads Sod Buster Ballads Dear Mr. President Legacy People 's Songs Woody Guthrie Center Woody Guthrie Foundation Woody Guthrie Folk Festival See also Bound For Glory ( 1943 book 1976 film ) Almanac Singers List of albums by Woody Guthrie List of songs by Woody Guthrie `` This Land Is Your Land '' `` Grand Coulee Dam '' Mermaid Avenue ( Vol . I Vol. II The Complete Sessions Man in the Sand ) This machine kills fascists Roll on Columbia : Woody Guthrie and the Columbia River Songs Related Marjorie Mazia Guthrie ( wife ) Nora Guthrie ( daughter ) Arlo Guthrie ( son ) Peter , Paul and Mary Peter Yarrow Paul Stookey Mary Travers Studio albums Peter , Paul and Mary Moving In the Wind A Song Will Rise See What Tomorrow Brings The Peter , Paul and Mary Album Album 1700 Late Again Peter , Paul and Mommy No Easy Walk To Freedom In These Times Compilation albums The Best of Peter , Paul and Mary : Ten Years Together Songs of Conscience and Concern Live albums In Concert Peter , Paul & Mommy , Too Singles `` Lemon Tree '' `` If I Had a Hammer '' `` Puff , the Magic Dragon '' `` 500 Miles '' `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' `` Stewball '' `` Tell It on the Mountain '' `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' `` When the Ship Comes In '' `` San Francisco Bay Blues '' `` Early Morning Rain '' `` I Dig Rock and Roll Music '' `` Too Much of Nothing '' `` Day Is Done '' `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' Other songs `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' `` And When I Die '' `` El Salvador '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Land_Is_Your_Land&oldid=800955268 '' Categories : 1944 songs American folk songs American patriotic songs Answer songs Bob Dylan songs Bruce Springsteen songs Counting Crows songs Jay and the Americans songs Peter , Paul and Mary songs Glen Campbell songs Protest songs Songs written by Woody Guthrie The Kingston Trio songs Trini Lopez songs United States National Recording Registry recordings Woody Guthrie songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2012 Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Wikipedia external links cleanup from September 2011 Wikipedia spam cleanup from September 2011 Composers with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 19 : 29 . 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-4683008280043228699 | Texian Army | Texian army - wikipedia Texian army Jump to : navigation , search Texan Army Army of Texas Army of the People Sam Houston 's call for the Army of Texas recruitment proclamation on December 12 , 1835 Active October 1 , 1835 - April 21 , 1836 Country Republic of Texas Allegiance Republic of Texas Consultation ( Texian provisional government ) Constitution of the Republic of Texas Type Army Role Ground - based military warfare Size 3,685 - 3,700 ( approximated ) Engagements Texas Revolution Battle of Gonzales ( 1835 ) Battle of Goliad ( 1835 ) Battle of Concepción ( 1835 ) Battle of Lipantitlán ( 1835 ) Grass Fight ( 1835 ) Siege of Béxar ( 1835 ) Battle of San Patricio ( 1836 ) Battle of Agua Dulce ( 1836 ) Battle of the Alamo ( 1836 ) Battle of Refugio ( 1836 ) Battle of Coleto ( 1836 ) Battle of San Jacinto ( 1836 ) Commanders Notable commanders Sam Houston ( WIA ) James Fannin ( POW ) ( Executed ) William Travis † James Bowie † Davy Crockett † Frank W. Johnson Edward Burleson Stephen F. Austin George Fisher Philip Dimmitt John Linn George Collinsworth Benjamin Milam William Scott William Ward ( POW ) ( Executed ) George H. Burroughs Thomas H. Breece Robert C. Morris Jack Shackelford Juan Seguín Plácido Benavides Salvador Flores Manuel Leal The campaigns of the Texian Army during the Texas Revolution The Texian Army , also known as the Army of Texas and the Army of the People , was a military organization consisting of volunteer and regular soldiers who fought against the Mexican army during the Texas Revolution . Approximately 3,700 men joined the army between October 2 , 1835 , during the Battle of Gonzales through the end of the war on April 21 , 1836 , at the Battle of San Jacinto . After gaining independence the Texian Army would be officially known as the Army of the Republic of Texas . In 1846 , after the annexation of Texas by the United States , the Army of the Republic of Texas merged with the US Army . Sam Houston became the new commander in chief of the new Texas army . Contents ( hide ) 1 Organization 2 Formation and structure 3 Demographics 3.1 Republic Army 3.1. 1 Texian regular army and permanent volunteer units 3.1. 2 United States volunteer auxiliary corps units 4 History 4.1 Offensive maneuvers ( October -- December 1835 ) 4.2 Restructuring ( December 1835 -- February 1836 ) 4.3 Defensive maneuvers ( March -- April 1836 ) 5 Texian Army Flags 6 Uniforms , weapons , and equipment 7 End of hostilities and independence 8 Retention as permanent defensive force for the Republic of Texas ( 1836 - 1845 ) 9 See also 10 Notable soldiers 11 Notes 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Organization ( edit ) When Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821 , the former Spanish province of Texas became part of the Mexican state Coahuila y Tejas . Many of the people who lived in Texas , which had included the land north of the Medina and the Nueces Rivers , 100 miles ( 161 km ) northeast of the Rio Grande , west of San Antonio de Bexar , and east of the Sabine River , wished to be a separate state again . For the first time , the government of Texas encouraged immigrants from the United States to settle its lands . By 1834 , an estimated 30,000 English speakers lived in Texas , compared to only 7,800 of Spanish heritage . The bankrupt Mexican government was unable to offer Texas much military support . Many of the settlements had created small militias to protect themselves against raids by Indian tribes . Texian Army volunteers elected Stephen F. Austin their first commander - in - chief . General and President of Mexico Antonio López de Santa Anna issued orders to the Mexican Army to show no quarter to the Texian Army rebels Under President Antonio López de Santa Anna the government of Mexico began to drift towards a more centralist form . In 1835 Santa Anna revoked the Constitution of 1824 and began reigning as a dictator . In various parts of the country federalists revolted . In September 1835 , Colonel Domingo Ugartechea , the military commander of the Mexican forces at San Antonio de Bexar set troops to recover a small cannon that had been given to the people of Gonzales for protection . When the Mexican troops , under Lieutenant Francisco de Castañeda reached Gonzales , the head of the local militia , Captain Albert Martin , convinced the troops to wait for several days . Martin then sent messengers to other English - speaking settlements , asking for reinforcements to help protect the cannon . Within several days militias from Fayette County and Columbus arrived . In Gonzales , the forces combined to form a single force . The militiamen held an election and chose John Henry Moore as their captain , Joseph Washington Elliot Wallace as a lieutenant colonel , and Edward Burleson as major . The first military action taken by the new army was the Battle of Gonzales on October 2 , 1835 . After a skirmish , the Mexican troops withdrew to San Antonio , leaving the cannon with the Texians . After the battle ended , disgruntled colonists continued to assemble in Gonzales , eager to put a decisive end to Mexican control over the area . The Committee of Safety at San Felipe named this gathering `` The Army of the People '' . Within a week , the men had taken the Mexican post at Goliad . On October 11 the disorganized volunteers elected Stephen F. Austin , who had settled the first English - speaking colonists in Texas in 1821 , as their commander - in - chief . Austin previously had only two months of military experience in Missouri 's First Regiment of Mounted Militia under Colonel Alexander McNair , where he earned the rank of quartermaster sergeant , but saw no combat . Formation and structure ( edit ) The structure of the Texian Army was relatively fluid . Originally , it was composed entirely of volunteers or militia , who came and went at will . To become an officer , a man must simply have had enough money or charisma to convince others to serve under him . In the first half of the Texas Revolution , many of the units and individual volunteers came from the United States . The United States volunteer units in the Army represented ten states ; from New Orleans , Louisiana the New Orleans Greys , from Alabama the Red Rovers , Huntsville Rovers , and Mobile Greys , from Mississippi the Mississippi Guards and Natchez Mustangs , from New York the 1st New York Battalion and 2nd New York Battalion and from other states the Georgia Volunteers , Kentucky Mustangs , Missouri Invincibles , North Carolina Volunteers , and Tennessee Mounted Volunteers , and Union Guards By the end of the war , the army had grown to include three distinct divisions . Members of the regular army enlisted for two years and were subject to army discipline and the army 's chain of command . A squad of permanent volunteers enlisted for the duration of the war . This group was permitted to elect its own officers , outside the oversight of the army commander - in - chief . Most of the men who joined the permanent volunteers had settled in Texas before the war had begun , both Tejano and Texians . The last unit was the volunteer auxiliary corps , comprising primarily recent arrivals from the United States who officially enlisted for a six - month term . On November 24 , 1835 , the Texas provisional government authorized the creation of ranging companies of rifleman . Robert `` Three - legged Willie '' Williamson was asked to raise three of these companies with 56 men each . Rangers were to be paid $1.25 per day . Texian soldiers fighting in the Battle of Gonzales , the first battle of the Texas Revolution Texian soldiers in the victory at the Battle of Goliad which was followed by the Goliad Massacre Demographics ( edit ) In 1836 , Texas had a population of 40,000 people . Approximately 2,000 of the citizens served in the army at some point between October 1835 and April 1846 . At 5 % of the population , this is extraordinarily high . The army was augmented with volunteers from the United States . Still , Historian Paul Lack argues that `` for a people of such fabled militance , the Texians turned out for army duty in the period of crisis at a low rate of participation '' . Overall , 3,685 men served in the Army of the People between October 1 , 1835 and April 21 , 1836 . Forty percent of them had emigrated after October 1 . Of the Texians , 57.8 % were residents of the Department of the Brazos , 10.4 % of the Department of Bexar , and 31.7 % from the Department of Nacogdoches . Of the men who arrived in Texas after October 1 , 1835 , not all of these additions were American citizens ; many were recent immigrants from Europe who were seeking adventure and potential riches in Texas . Through the course of the Texas Revolution , one in seven of the English - speaking settlers in Texas joined the army . One in three adult male Tejanos , that is , Spanish - speaking settlers in Texas , joined the army . The composition of the army changed dramatically over time , with four distinct waves : the army of October -- December 1835 , which participated in the battles of Gonzales , Goliad and the Siege of Bexar the army from January through March 1836 the army of mid-March through April , 1836 , which participated in the Battle of San Jacinto the army of May -- September 1836 The early army was composed predominantly of Texas residents , with every municipality represented . Over 1,300 men volunteered for the army in October and November 1835 . Of these , approximately 1,100 -- 1,500 were residents of Texas , with an average date of emigration of 1830 . Half of the men were married . Roughly 51 % of them came from the Department of the Brazos , an area in central Texas which consisted of the colonies established by Stephen F. Austin and Green DeWitt , as well as some of the area granted to Sterling C. Robertson . An additional 15 % of the volunteers were from the Department of Bexar , where most citizens were Tejano , and which was partially occupied by Mexican troops . Thirty - four percent of the volunteers came from the Nacogdoches district of far East Texas , an area where homes and families were not under threat . After the Texas victory in Bexar in early December , men began leaving the army and returning home . By the end of February 1836 , fewer than 600 men remained in the army . A total of 917 men served in the army for varying lengths of time in January -- March 1836 . In a sharp contrast from the army of a few months prior , these men were predominantly newcomers to Texas . The overwhelming majority -- 78 % -- had arrived from the United States since the outbreak of hostilities in October . They had an average age of 27 , and almost two - thirds were single . Of the Texians who continued to participate , 57 % were from the areas most at risk of Mexican attempts to reassert control over its national territory -- Bexar , Gonzales , Matagorda and Jackson -- despite the small population of these areas . When examined in the context of the political districts , 59 % of the Texians were from the Brazos department and 23 % from Bexar . The army suffered significant losses at the battles of the Alamo and Coleto . The provisional government passed conscription laws , which should have resulted in about 4,000 men joining the army . The laws were impossible to enforce due to the fact that most citizens had fled as part of the Runaway Scrape . By the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21 , new commander Sam Houston had a total of 1,282 recruits in the army . Of these , about 250 were ill , at camp , or on scouting missions at the time of the battle . The average date of emigration was 1835 ; 21 % of the men had arrived in Texas after October 1 , 1835 , and almost 18 % had arrived between January 1 and October 1 , 1835 . Approximately 60 % of the soldiers were single , and their average age was 28 . In many families , the younger sons joined the army while the fathers escorted the women and younger children east , away from the advancing Mexican army . 67 % of the Texians who volunteered were from the Brazos Department , an impressive number considering the heavy losses many of these areas had sustained in the March fighting . 25 % were from the Nacogdoches district , fewer than had served in 1835 . Only 5 % of the Texians were from the Bexar District . This number was low both because many of the volunteers had perished at the Alamo or Coleto and because the area was now occupied by the Mexican army . It was not only difficult for men to leave the area , but it was unwise to leave their families . The majority of the men from Bexar who served in April were cavalry officers under the command of Colonel Juan Seguin . An additional 623 men served in April outside of Houston 's army . Less is known about these men , who had no central command or location . It is estimated that 31 % were recent arrivals from the United States . They were older , with an average age of 34 , and over 41 % of them came from the Nacogdoches district . Historian Paul Lack described these men as a home guard , a `` last line of defense '' for the Texians . 398 men served in both 1835 and April 1836 . Of these , 58 % were single , with an average age of 30 , and 26 % had arrived in Texas after the war began . Of the Texians , 63 % were from the Brazos district , 11 % from Bexar , and 26 % from Nacogdoches . Lack posits that many of those who chose not to re-enlist in April 1836 believed that they had done their duty . For the most part , they were older and , as they had been in Texas longer , they had more to protect . Believing the hostilities were over , by the end of May , most of the Texas residents had left the army , which shrank to 400 men . With fears of a Mexican counterattack spreading , more volunteers arrived from the United States . By June , the ranks had increased to 1300 -- 1700 men , and by September to 2,500 men , spread across 53 companies . Of those in the army in September , 1,800 had come to Texas after the Battle of San Jacinto . Republic Army ( edit ) Texian regular army and permanent volunteer units ( edit ) Texas Rangers ( paramilitary unit ) Infantry ( militia ) Mounted Volunteers ( militia ) Mounted Gunmen ( militia ) Mounted Riflemen ( militia ) Spies ( militia ) Ranging Corps . ( militia ) Mounted Rangers ( militia ) Army Minute Men ( militia ) Juan Seguín 's Mexican Tejano Volunteers ( militia ) United States volunteer auxiliary corps units ( edit ) Alabama Red Rovers ( Alabama Volunteers ) ( Courtland , Alabama ) Georgia Battalion ( Georgia Volunteers ) ( Macon , Georgia ) Huntsville Rovers ( Huntsville , Alabama ) Kentucky Mustangs Mississippi Guards Missouri Invincibles Mobile Greys ( Alabama Volunteers ) ( Mobile , Alabama ) Natchez Mustangs ( Natchez , Mississippi ) New Orleans Greys ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) 1st New York Battalion 2nd New York Battalion North Carolina Volunteers Tennessee Mounted Volunteers ( Tennessee Volunteers ) Union Guards ( ? ) Davy Crockett leading Texian defenders in the Battle of the Alamo which depicted him wielding his rifle as a club against Mexican troops who have breached the walls of the old Spanish mission History ( edit ) Offensive maneuvers ( October -- December 1835 ) ( edit ) Further information : Siege of Bexar Several days after Austin took command , the army marched towards Bexar to confront General Martin Perfecto de Cos , who had recently arrived to command the remaining Mexican troops in Texas . Restructuring ( December 1835 -- February 1836 ) ( edit ) Main article : Army of the Republic of Texas The regular division of the Army was officially established on December 12 . Any man who enlisted in the regular division would receive $24 in cash , the rights to 800 acres ( 320 ha ) of land , and instant Texas citizenship . Those who joined the volunteer auxiliary corps would receive 640 acres ( 260 ha ) of land if they served two years , while those who served 1 year would receive 320 acres ( 130 ha ) . A month later the establishment of a Legion of Cavalry would be authorized . The commander of the regular forces , Sam Houston , called for 5,000 men to enlist in the regular army but had difficulty convincing men to join . Many of the arrivals from the United States did not want to be under a more strict military control , and instead informally joined the volunteer units that had gathered in other parts of Texas . These volunteer soldiers were in many cases more impassioned than the Texas settlers . Although the provisional Texas government was still debating whether the troops were fighting for independence or for separate statehood , on December 20 , 1835 , the Texian garrison at Goliad voted unanimously to issue a proclamation of independence , stating `` that the former province and department of Texas is , and of right ought to be , a free , sovereign and independent state '' . The provisional government had originally placed Houston in charge of the regular forces , but in December the council gave secret orders to James Fannin , Frank W. Johnson , and Dr. James Grant to prepare forces to invade Mexico . Houston was then ordered to travel to East Texas to broker a treaty that would allow the Cherokee to remain neutral in the conflict . Johnson and Grant gathered 300 of the 400 men garrisoned in Bexar and left to prepare for the invasion . The government was woefully short of funds . On January 6 , 1836 , Colonel James C. Neill , commander of the remaining 100 troops in Bexar , wrote to the council : `` there has ever been a dollar here I have no knowledge of it . The clothing sent here by the aid and patriotic exertions of the honorable Council , was taken from us by arbitrary measures of Johnson and Grant , taken from men who endured all the hardships of winter and who were not even sufficiently clad for summer , many of them having but one blanket and one shirt , and what was intended for them given away to men some of whom had not been in the army more than four days , and many not exceeding two weeks . '' For the next several months it was unclear who was in charge of the Texian army -- Fannin , Johnson , Grant , or Houston . On January 10 , Johnson issued a call to form a Federal Volunteer Army of Texas which would march on Matamoros during the Matamoros Expedition . The Texian Army of Sam Houston soundly defeats Mexican forces at the Battle of San Jacinto ending the hostilities of the Texas Revolution . Defensive maneuvers ( March -- April 1836 ) ( edit ) The Mexican army returned to Texas in February and initiated a siege of the garrison in San Antonio on February 23 . The commander at the Alamo , William B. Travis , sent numerous letters to the Texas settlements , begging for reinforcements . Men began to gather in Gonzales to prepare to reinforce the garrison . Before they left , the Mexican army launched the Battle of the Alamo , and all of the Texian soldiers who had been stationed in Bexar were killed . This left two branches of the Texian Army : Fannin 's 400 men at Goliad and Neill 's 400 men at Gonzales , who soon reported to Houston . On hearing the news of the massacre at the Alamo , Houston ordered his army to retreat and burned the town of Gonzales as they left . He ordered Fannin to bring his men and join the rest of the army . Fannin 's force was defeated at the Battle of Coleto Creek , and on March 27 Fannin and his men were executed at the Goliad Massacre . A few soldiers escaped , and 80 soldiers who had just arrived from the United States and had no weapons were spared . As news spread of the defeats at the Alamo and Goliad , men flocked to the Texian army . By early April , Houston commanded about 800 men . The Texas Revolution essentially ended on April 21 , when the Texian Army routed a Mexican force and captured Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto . For six months David G. Burnet , ad interim President of the Republic , had diligently maintained the army laws set forth by the Consultation in December 1835 . The 1835 -- 36 Regular Army of Texas would never consist of more than 100 soldiers and would never approach the Consultation 's number goal of 560 infantry , 560 artillery and 384 cavalry , in the permanent `` Regular Army '' of Texas . However , the goal of independence was achieved , nonetheless . Dimmit 's Constitution of 1824 FlagThis flag designed by Philip Dimmitt made reference to the Mexican Constitution of 1824 and to the original 1821 Mexican tri-color flag following independence from Spain . The flag was allegedly used by Texian Army riflemen under the command of Captain Ira Westover at the Battle of Lipantitlán on November 4 , 1835 . Texian army flags ( edit ) Come and Take It Flag This flag design made reference to the cannon used by Texian Army troops under the command of John Henry Moore at the Battle of Gonzales on October 2 , 1835 . The Texian cannon on the flag with motto `` Come and Take It '' was used during the battle to antagonize the Mexican Army to try and capture the cannon . Brown 's Independence Flag This flag had a `` Bloody Arm '' design and was supposedly used by Captain William S. Brown during the Mexican Army 's Siege of Bexar from October 12 - December 11 , 1835 . Scott 's Liberals Flag This flag was used by the `` Liberals '' under the command of Captain William Scott at the Battle of Concepcion on October 28 , 1835 . New Orleans Greys Flag This flag emblazoned with the American bald eagle was used by the First Company of New Orleans Greys volunteers under the commands of Captain Thomas H. Breece and Robert C. Morris participated in driving the Mexican Army from San Antonio and many were captured and later killed in the Goliad Massacre . Elements of the New Orleans Grays fought in the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21 , 1836 . Red Rovers Flag This flag had a solid red field design and was used by the Red Rovers of Alabama under the command of of Captain Jack Shackelford at the Battle of Coleto from March 19 - 20 , 1836 and the Battle of Goliad on October 9 , 1836 . After the Goliad battle the Red Rovers and James Fannin 's troops were captured and killed in the Goliad Massacre Troutman Flag This flag designed by Joanna Troutman was used by the Georgia Battalion under the command of William Ward marched Macon , Georgia to participate in the fight against Mexico and were killed in the Battle of the Alamo in 1836 Alamo Flag This flag made reference to the Mexican Constitution of 1824 and to the original design of the 1821 Mexican tri-color flag following independence from Spain . The flag was allegedly used by the co-commanders of the Alamo William Barret Travis and James Bowie who the flew flag during the Siege of the Alamo from March - April 1836 . Coahuila y Tejas Flag This flag was originally designed to be used jointly as an independence flag by the former Mexican states of Coahuila and Tejas from 1824 -- 1835 with the tri-color field of the 1824 national flag of Mexico and the two yellow stars representing the sovereign nations of Coahuila y Tejas . The flag was allegedly raised by the Texian Army in 1836 inside the Alamo in defiance of the besieging Mexican Army . San Felipe Flag This flag was allegedly designed by Gail Borden of condensed milk fame . The flag was used by the San Felipe Militia of the Texian Army under the command of Captain Moseley Baker and First Lieutenant John P. Borden , brother of Gail Borden supposedly flown at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21 , 1836 . Burroughs ' Ohio Flag This flag emblazoned with the American bald eagle and the white Texas star on a blue field of the Zavala Flag imposed in the background design was used by Captain George H. Burroughs and his Zanesville , Ohio militia company flew at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21 , 1836 . San Jacinto Liberty Flag This flag had a `` Lady Liberty '' design and was used by the Second Regiment of the Texian Army under the command of Colonel Sidney Sherman at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21 , 1836 . Zavala Flag This flag was the first official flag of the Republic of Texas designed by Texas Constitutional delegate , Lorenzo de Zavala , being in use as early as March 1836 which would have been the last official flag of the Texian Army . Uniforms , weapons , and equipment ( edit ) Neither the regular nor volunteer components of the Texian Army were issued specific uniforms . Several of the companies that formed in the United States , including the New Orleans Greys , purchased U.S. Army surplus uniforms before they arrived . Other companies had more loosely defined `` uniforms '' , such as wearing matching hunting shirts . Texian volunteer Noah Smithwick wrote a description of the volunteer army as it looked in October 1835 : Words are inadequate to convey an impression of the appearance of the first Texas army as it formed in marching order ... Buckskin breeches were the nearest approach to uniform and there was wide diversity even there , some of them being new and soft and yellow , while others , from long familiarity with rain and grease and dirt , had become hard and black and shiny ... Boots being an unknown quantity , some wore shoes and some moccasins . Here a broad brimmed sombrero overshadowed the military cap at its side ; there , a tall `` beegum '' rode familiarly beside a coonskin cap , with the tail hanging down behind , as all well regulated tails should do ... here a bulky roll of bed quilts jostled a pair of `` store '' blankets ; there the shaggy brown buffalo robe contrasted with a gaily colored checkered counterpane on which the manufacturer had lavished all the skill of dye and weave known to art ... in lieu of a canteen , each man carried a Spanish gourd ... Here a big American horse loomed above the nimble Spanish pony , there a half - broke mustang pranced beside a sober methodical mule . A fantastic military array to a casual observer , but the one great purpose animating every heart clothed us in a uniform more perfect in our eyes than was ever donned by regulars on dress parade . The Commander - in - Chief of the Texian Army Sam Houston lying wounded with his troops at the surrender of the Mexican Army commanded by the Mexican general Santa Anna which brought an end to the war End of hostilities and independence ( edit ) Retention as permanent defensive force for the Republic of Texas ( 1836 - 1845 ) ( edit ) Main article : Army of the Republic of Texas See also ( edit ) Texas Revolution List of Texas Revolution battles Mexican Army Republic of Texas Army of the Republic of Texas Texas Ranger Division United States Army Texas Navy Green Mountain Boys Nauvoo Legion California Republic ( Bear Flaggers ) Texas Military Forces Texas Army National Guard Texas Air National Guard Texas State Guard Texas Ranger Division Notable soldiers ( edit ) Gail Borden Henry Eustace McCulloch William Whitaker Reed Joel Walter Robison Martin Varner Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ If the recent arrivals from the United States are considered , the average date of emigration rises to 1832 . Lack ( 1992 ) , pp. 114 -- 5 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manchaca ( 2001 ) , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Manchaca ( 2001 ) , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Manchaca ( 2001 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Manchaca ( 2001 ) , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Manchaca ( 2001 ) , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Barr ( 1990 ) , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Todish et al. ( 1998 ) , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Barr ( 1990 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Cantrell , Gregg ( 1999 ) . Stephen F. Austin Empresario of Texas ( 1st ed . ) . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . pp. 50 -- 53 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07683 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Todish et al. ( 1998 ) , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Todish et al. ( 1998 ) , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : Todish et al. ( 1998 ) , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Lack ( 1992 ) , pp. 114 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Lack ( 1992 ) , pp. 122 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : Lack ( 1992 ) , pp. 128 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Lack ( 1992 ) , pp. 126 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Todish et al. ( 1998 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Thomas W. Cutrer , `` ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS , '' Handbook of Texas Online ( 1 ) , accessed April 23 , 2011 . Published by the Texas State Historical Association . ^ Jump up to : Todish et al. ( 1998 ) , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Todish et al. ( 1998 ) , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Todish et al. ( 1998 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Edmondson ( 2000 ) , pp. 302 , 312 , 345 . Jump up ^ Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 375 . Jump up ^ Nofi ( 1992 ) , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Lindley ( 2003 ) , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Todish et al. ( 1998 ) , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Todish et al. ( 1998 ) , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Todish et al. ( 1998 ) , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 60 . References ( edit ) Barr , Alwyn ( 1990 ) . Texans in Revolt : the Battle for San Antonio , 1835 . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 77042 - 1 . Edmondson , J.R. ( 2000 ) . The Alamo Story - From History to Current Conflicts . Plano , TX : Republic of Texas Press . ISBN 1 - 55622 - 678 - 0 . Hardin , Stephen L. ( 1994 ) . Texian Iliad -- A Military History of the Texas Revolution . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 73086 - 1 . Lack , Paul D. ( 1992 ) . The Texas Revolutionary Experience : A Political and SOcial History 1835 -- 1836 . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 497 - 1 . Lindley , Thomas Ricks ( 2003 ) . Alamo Traces : New Evidence and New Conclusions . Lanham , MD : Republic of Texas Press . ISBN 1 - 55622 - 983 - 6 . Manchaca , Martha ( 2001 ) . Recovering History , Constructing Race : The Indian , Black , and White Roots of Mexican Americans . The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 75253 - 9 . Nofi , Albert A. ( 1992 ) . The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence , September 30 , 1835 to April 21 , 1836 : Heroes , Myths , and History . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Books , Inc . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 10 - 1 . Todish , Timothy J. ; Todish , Terry ; Spring , Ted ( 1998 ) . Alamo Sourcebook , 1836 : A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution . Austin , TX : Eakin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57168 - 152 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Flags of Texas Independence Texas Army - Uniforms of the Republic of Texas ( Texas Military Forces Museum.org ) Preceded by Mexican Tejas Militia 1823 - 1835 Texian Army 1835 - 1836 Succeeded by Army of the Republic of Texas 1836 - 1845 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texian_Army&oldid=816048676 '' Categories : Armies by country Disbanded armies Military units and formations established in 1835 Texas Revolution Republic of Texas Texas Ranger Division Hidden categories : Articles with missing files Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 22 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6875312518435352615 | Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde | Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde - wikipedia Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde `` Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde '' redirects here . For other uses , see Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( disambiguation ) . Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Title page of the first London edition ( 1886 ) Author Robert Louis Stevenson Original title Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Country United Kingdom Language English Series None Genre Psychological thriller Drama Horror Mystery Gothic Science fiction Publisher Longmans , Green & Co . Publication date 5 January 1886 ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 21277 - 8 Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a gothic novella by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson first published in 1886 . The work is also known as The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , or simply Jekyll & Hyde . It is about a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend , Dr Henry Jekyll , and the evil Edward Hyde . The novella 's impact is such that it has become a part of the language , with the very phrase `` Jekyll and Hyde '' entering the vernacular to refer to people with an unpredictably dual nature : usually very good , but sometimes shockingly evil instead . Contents 1 Inspiration and writing 2 Plot 3 Characters 3.1 Gabriel John Utterson 3.2 Dr Henry Jekyll / Mr Edward Hyde 3.3 Richard Enfield 3.4 Dr Hastie Lanyon 3.5 Mr Poole 3.6 Inspector Newcomen 3.7 Sir Danvers Carew , MP 3.8 Maid 4 Analysis of Themes 4.1 Dualities 4.2 Public vs private 4.3 Scottish nationalism vs union with Britain 5 Reception 5.1 Publication 5.2 The Stage Version Of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde 6 Adaptations 7 Illustrated versions 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Inspiration and writing ( edit ) Robert Louis Stevenson Stevenson had long been intrigued by the idea of how human personalities can affect how to incorporate the interplay of good and evil into a story . While still a teenager , he developed a script for a play about Deacon Brodie , which he later reworked with the help of W.E. Henley and which was produced for the first time in 1882 . In early 1884 , he wrote the short story `` Markheim '' , which he revised in 1884 for publication in a Christmas annual . According to his essay , `` A Chapter on Dreams '' ( Scribner 's , Jan. 1888 ) , he racked his brains for an idea for a story and had a dream , and upon wakening had the intuition for two or three scenes that would appear in the story Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . Biographer Graham Balfour quoted Stevenson 's wife Fanny Stevenson : In the small hours of one morning , ( ... ) I was awakened by cries of horror from Louis . Thinking he had a nightmare , I awakened him . He said angrily : `` Why did you wake me ? I was dreaming a fine bogey tale . '' I had awakened him at the first transformation scene . Lloyd Osbourne , Stevenson 's stepson , wrote : `` I do n't believe that there was ever such a literary feat before as the writing of Dr Jekyll . I remember the first reading as though it were yesterday . Louis came downstairs in a fever ; read nearly half the book aloud ; and then , while we were still gasping , he was away again , and busy writing . I doubt if the first draft took so long as three days . '' Inspiration may also have come from the writer 's friendship with Edinburgh - based French teacher Eugene Chantrelle , who was convicted and executed for the murder of his wife in May 1878 . Chantrelle , who had appeared to lead a normal life in the city , poisoned his wife with opium . According to author Jeremy Hodges , Stevenson was present throughout the trial and as `` the evidence unfolded he found himself , like Dr Jekyll , ' aghast before the acts of Edward Hyde ' . '' Moreover , it was believed that the doctor had committed other murders both in France and Britain by poisoning his victims at supper parties with a `` favourite dish of toasted cheese and opium '' . Louis Vivet , a mental patient who was suffering from dissociative identity disorder , caught Frederic W.H. Myers 's attention and he wrote to Stevenson after the story was published . Stevenson was polite in his response but rejected that reading . As was customary , Mrs Stevenson would read the draft and offer her criticisms in the margins . Robert Stevenson was confined to bed at the time from a haemorrhage . Therefore , she left her comments with the manuscript and Robert in the toilet . She said that in effect the story was really an allegory , but Robert was writing it as a story . After a while , Robert called her back into the bedroom and pointed to a pile of ashes : he had burnt the manuscript in fear that he would try to salvage it , and in the process forced himself to start again from nothing , writing an allegorical story as she had suggested . Scholars debate whether he really burnt his manuscript ; there is no direct factual evidence for the burning , but it remains an integral part of the history of the novella . Stevenson re-wrote the story in three to six days . A number of later biographers have alleged that Stevenson was on drugs during the frantic re-write ; for example , William Gray 's revisionist history A Literary Life ( 2004 ) said he used cocaine while other biographers said he used ergot . However , the standard history , according to the accounts of his wife and son ( and himself ) , says he was bed - ridden and sick while writing it . According to Osbourne , `` The mere physical feat was tremendous and , instead of harming him , it roused and cheered him inexpressibly '' . He continued to refine the work for four to six weeks after the initial re-write . The novella was written in the southern English seaside town of Bournemouth , where Stevenson had moved due to ill health , to benefit from its sea air and warmer southern climate . The name Jekyll was borrowed from Reverend Walter Jekyll , a friend of Stevenson and younger brother of horticulturalist and landscape designer Gertrude Jekyll . Plot ( edit ) Gabriel John Utterson and his cousin Richard Enfield reach the door of a large house on their weekly walk . Enfield tells Utterson that months ago he saw a sinister - looking man named Edward Hyde trample a young girl after accidentally bumping into her . Enfield forced Hyde to pay £ 100 to avoid a scandal . Hyde brought them to this door and provided a cheque signed by a reputable gentleman ( later revealed to be Doctor Henry Jekyll , a friend and client of Utterson ) . Utterson is disturbed because Jekyll recently changed his will to make Hyde the sole beneficiary . Utterson fears that Hyde is blackmailing Jekyll . When Utterson tries to discuss Hyde with Jekyll , Jekyll turns pale and asks that Hyde be left alone . One night in October , a servant sees Hyde beat to death Sir Danvers Carew , another of Utterson 's clients . The police contact Utterson , who leads officers to Hyde 's apartment . Hyde has vanished , but they find half of a broken cane . Utterson recognizes the cane as one he had given to Jekyll . Utterson visits Jekyll , who shows Utterson a note , allegedly written to Jekyll by Hyde , apologising for the trouble that he has caused . However , Hyde 's handwriting is similar to Jekyll 's own , leading Utterson to conclude that Jekyll forged the note to protect Hyde . For two months , Jekyll reverts to his former sociable manner , but in early January , he starts refusing visitors . Dr Hastie Lanyon , a mutual acquaintance of Jekyll and Utterson , dies of shock after receiving information relating to Jekyll . Before his death , Lanyon gives Utterson a letter to be opened after Jekyll 's death or disappearance . In late February , during another walk with Enfield , Utterson starts a conversation with Jekyll at a window of his laboratory . Jekyll suddenly slams the window and disappears . In early March , Jekyll 's butler , Mr. Poole , visits Utterson and says Jekyll has secluded himself in his laboratory for weeks . Utterson and Poole break into the laboratory , where they find Hyde wearing Jekyll 's clothes and apparently dead from suicide . They find a letter from Jekyll to Utterson . Utterson reads Lanyon 's letter , then Jekyll 's . Lanyon 's letter reveals his deterioration resulted from the shock of seeing Hyde drink a serum that turned him into Jekyll . Jekyll 's letter explains that he had indulged in unstated vices and feared discovery . He found a way to transform himself and thereby indulge his vices without fear of detection . Jekyll 's transformed personality , Hyde , was evil , self - indulgent , and uncaring to anyone but himself . Initially , Jekyll controlled the transformations with the serum , but one night in August , he became Hyde involuntarily in his sleep . Jekyll resolved to cease becoming Hyde . One night , he had a moment of weakness and drank the serum . Hyde , furious at having been caged for so long , killed Carew . Horrified , Jekyll tried more adamantly to stop the transformations . Then , in early January , he transformed involuntarily while awake . Far from his laboratory and hunted by the police as a murderer , Hyde needed help to avoid capture . He wrote to Lanyon ( in Jekyll 's hand ) , asking his friend to bring chemicals from his laboratory . In Lanyon 's presence , Hyde mixed the chemicals , drank the serum , and transformed into Jekyll . The shock of the sight instigated Lanyon 's deterioration and death . Meanwhile , Jekyll 's involuntary transformations increased in frequency and required ever larger doses of serum to reverse . It was one of these transformations that caused Jekyll to slam his window shut on Enfield and Utterson . Eventually , one of the chemicals used in the serum ran low , and subsequent batches prepared from new stocks failed to work . Jekyll speculated that one of the original ingredients must have some unknown impurity that made it work . Knowing he would become Hyde permanently , Jekyll decided to write his `` confession '' . He ended the letter by writing , `` I bring the life of that unhappy Henry Jekyll to an end . '' Characters ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gabriel John Utterson ( edit ) Gabriel John Utterson , a lawyer and loyal friend of Jekyll and Lanyon , is the main protagonist of the story . Utterson is a measured and at all times emotionless , bachelor -- who nonetheless seems believable , trustworthy , tolerant of the faults of others , and indeed genuinely likable . Utterson has been close friends with Lanyon and Jekyll . However , Utterson is not immune to guilt , as , while he is quick to investigate and judge the faults of others even for the benefit of his friends , Stevenson states that `` he was humbled to the dust by the many ill things he had done '' . Whatever these `` ill things '' may be , he does not partake in gossip or other views of the upper class out of respect for his fellow man . Often the last remaining friend of the down - falling , he finds an interest in others ' downfalls , which creates a spark of interest not only in Jekyll but also regarding Hyde . He comes to the conclusion that human downfall results from indulging oneself in topics of interest . As a result of this line of reasoning , he lives life as a recluse and `` dampens his taste for the finer items of life '' . Utterson concludes that Jekyll lives life as he wishes by enjoying his occupation . Utterson is a good , kind , loyal and honest friend to Henry Jekyll . Dr Henry Jekyll / Mr. Edward Hyde ( edit ) Main article : Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( character ) Dr Jekyll is a `` large , well - made , smooth - faced man of fifty with something of a slyish cast '' , who occasionally feels he is battling between the good and evil within himself , upon leading to the struggle between his dual personalities of Henry Jekyll and Edward Hyde . He has spent a great part of his life trying to repress evil urges that were not fitting for a man of his stature . He creates a serum , or potion , in an attempt to mask this hidden evil within his personality . However , in doing so , Jekyll transpired into the smaller , younger , cruel , remorseless , evil Hyde . Jekyll has many friends and an amiable personality , but as Hyde , he becomes mysterious and violent . As time goes by , Hyde grows in power . After taking the potion repeatedly , he no longer relies upon it to unleash his inner demon , i.e. , his alter ego . Eventually , Hyde grows so strong that Jekyll becomes reliant on the potion to remain conscious . Richard Enfield ( edit ) Richard Enfield is Utterson 's cousin and is a well known `` man about town . '' He first sees Hyde at about three in the morning in an episode that is well documented as Hyde is running over a little girl . He is the person who mentions to Utterson the actual personality of Jekyll 's friend , Hyde . Enfield witnessed Hyde running over a little girl in the street recklessly , and the group of witnesses , with the girl 's parents and other residents , force Hyde into writing a cheque for the girl 's family . Enfield discovers that Jekyll signed the cheque , which is genuine . He says that Hyde is disgusting looking but finds himself stumped when asked to describe the man . Dr Hastie Lanyon ( edit ) A longtime friend of Jekyll 's , Hastie Lanyon disagrees with Jekyll 's `` scientific '' concepts , which Lanyon describes as `` ... too fanciful '' . He is the first person to discover Hyde 's true identity ( Hyde transforms himself back into Jekyll in Lanyon 's presence ) . Lanyon helps Utterson solve the case when he describes the letter given to him by Jekyll and his thoughts and reactions to the transformation . When Lanyon witnesses the transformation process ( and subsequently hears Jekyll 's private confession , made to him alone ) , Lanyon becomes critically ill and later dies of shock . Mr. Poole ( edit ) Poole is Jekyll 's butler who has lived with him for many years . Upon noticing the reclusiveness and changes of his master , Poole goes to Utterson with the fear that his master has been murdered and his murderer , Mr Hyde , is residing in the chambers . Poole serves Jekyll faithfully and attempts to do a good job and be loyal to his master . Yet events finally drive him into joining forces with Utterson to find the truth . Inspector newcomen ( edit ) Utterson joins this Scotland Yard inspector after the murder of Sir Danvers Carew . They explore Hyde 's loft in Soho and discover evidence of his depraved life . Sir Danvers Carew , mp ( edit ) A kind , white - haired old man and a Member of Parliament . The maid claims that Hyde , in a murderous rage , killed Carew in the streets of London on the night of 18 October ( sometime between 11 pm and 2 am by the testimony of the maid ) . At the time of his death , Carew is 70 years old and is carrying on his person a letter addressed to Utterson , and they find one half of one of Jekyll 's walking sticks on his body . As a result , they later go and investigate in Jekyll 's house , but can not find him ; they later enter a house where Hyde has been living and find the other half of the stick in one of Hyde 's rooms . Maid ( edit ) A maid , whose employer Hyde had once visited , is the only person who claims to have witnessed the murder of Sir Danvers Carew . She states that she saw that Mr Hyde murdered Carew with Jekyll 's cane and his feet . Having fainted after seeing what happened , she then wakes up and rushes to the police , thus initiating the murder case of Sir Danvers Carew . Analysis of themes ( edit ) Richard Mansfield was mostly known for his dual role depicted in this double exposure . The stage adaptation opened in Boston in 1887 , a year after the publication of the novella . ( Picture 1895 ) Literary genres which critics have applied as a framework for interpreting the novel include religious allegory , fable , detective story , sensation fiction , Doppelgänger literature , Scottish devil tales , and gothic novel . Dualities ( edit ) The novella is frequently interpreted as an examination of the duality of human nature , usually expressed as an inner struggle between good and evil , with variations such as human versus animal , civilization versus barbarism sometimes substituted , the main thrust being that of an essential inner struggle between the one and other , and that the failure to accept this tension results in evil , or barbarity , or animal violence , being projected onto others . In Freudian theory , the thoughts and desires banished to the unconscious mind motivate the behaviour of the conscious mind . If someone banishes all evil to the unconscious mind in an attempt to be wholly and completely good , it can result in the development of a Mr Hyde - type aspect to that person 's character . This failure to accept the tension of duality is related to Christian theology , where Satan 's fall from Heaven is due to his refusal to accept that he is a created being ( that he has a dual nature ) and is not God . This idea is suggested when Hyde says to Lanyon , shortly before drinking the famous potion -- `` ... and your sight shall be blasted by a prodigy to stagger the unbelief of Satan . '' This is because in Christianity , pride ( to consider oneself as without sin or without evil ) is the greatest sin , as it is the precursor to evil itself . In his discussion of the novel , Vladimir Nabokov argues that the `` good versus evil '' view of the novel is misleading , as Jekyll himself is not , by Victorian standards , a morally good person in some cases . Public vs private ( edit ) The work is commonly associated today with the Victorian concern over the public and private division , the individual 's sense of playing a part and the class division of London . In this respect , the novella has also been noted as `` one of the best guidebooks of the Victorian era '' because of its piercing description of the fundamental dichotomy of the 19th century `` outward respectability and inward lust , '' as this period had a tendency for social hypocrisy . Scottish nationalism vs union with Britain ( edit ) Another common interpretation sees the novella 's duality as representative of Scotland and the Scottish character . In this reading , the duality represents the national and linguistic dualities inherent in Scotland 's relationship with the wider Britain and the English language , respectively , and also the repressive effects of the Church of Scotland on the Scottish character . A further parallel is also drawn with the city of Edinburgh itself , Stevenson 's birthplace , which consists of two distinct parts : the old medieval section historically inhabited by the city 's poor , where the dark crowded slums were rife with all types of crime , and the modern Georgian area of wide spacious streets representing respectability . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) Publication ( edit ) Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was initially sold as a paperback for one shilling in the UK , as noted above , and for one dollar in the U.S. These books were called `` shilling shockers '' or penny dreadfuls . The American publisher issued the book on 5 January 1886 , four days before the first appearance of the UK edition issued by Longmans ; Scribner 's published 3000 copies , only 1250 of them bound in cloth . Initially , stores would not stock it until a review appeared in The Times , on 25 January 1886 , giving it a favourable reception . Within the next six months , close to forty thousand copies were sold . As Stevenson 's biographer , Graham Balfour , wrote in 1901 , the book 's success was probably due rather to the `` moral instincts of the public '' than to any conscious perception of the merits of its art . It was read by those who never read fiction and quoted in pulpit sermons and in religious papers . By 1901 , it was estimated to have sold over 250,000 copies in the United States . The stage version of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( edit ) Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde , though it had initially been published as a `` shilling shocker , '' was an immediate success and is one of Stevenson 's best - selling works . Stage adaptations began in Boston and London and soon moved all across England and then towards his home country of Scotland . The first stage adaptation followed the story 's initial publication in 1886 . Richard Mansfield bought the rights from Stevenson , and worked with Boston author Thomas Russell Sullivan to write a script . The resulting play added to the cast of characters , and adds some elements of romance to the plot . Addition of female characters to the originally male - centered plot has continued in later adaptations of the story . The first performance of the play took place in the Boston Museum in May 1887 . The lighting effects and makeup for Jekyll 's transformation into Hyde created horrified reactions from the audience , and the play was so successful that production followed in London . After a successful ten weeks in London in 1888 , Mansfield was forced to close down production . The hysteria surrounding the Jack the Ripper serial murders led even those who only played murderers on stage to be considered suspects . When Mansfield was mentioned in London newspapers as a possible suspect for the crimes , he shut down production . Adaptations ( edit ) Poster from the 1880s Main article : Adaptations of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde There have been numerous adaptations of the novella including over 120 stage and film versions alone . There have also been many audio recordings of the novella , with some of the more famous readers including Tom Baker , Roger Rees , Christopher Lee , Anthony Quayle , Martin Jarvis , Tim Pigott - Smith , John Hurt , Ian Holm , Gene Lockhart and Richard Armitage . A Musical was created by Frank Wildhorn , Steve Cuden , and Leslie Bricusse : `` Jekyll & Hyde : The Gothic Musical Thriller - The Complete Work '' ( 1994 ) . Illustrated versions ( edit ) S.G. Hulme Beaman illustrated a 1930s edition . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stevenson published the book as Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( without `` The '' ) , for reasons unknown , but it has been supposed to increase the `` strangeness '' of the case ( Richard Dury ( 2005 ) ) . Later publishers added `` The '' to make it grammatically correct , but it was not the author 's original intent . The story is often known today simply as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde or even Jekyll and Hyde . Jump up ^ / ˈdʒiːkəl / is the Scots pronunciation of the name , but / ˈdʒɛkəl / is the accepted general pronunciation . Jump up ^ `` Noted - Futility Closet '' . Futility Closet . ^ Jump up to : Saposnik , Irving S . `` The Anatomy of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . '' Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 11.4 , Nineteenth Century ( 1971 ) : pp. 715 -- 731 . Jump up ^ `` Jekyll and Hyde definition Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Swearingen , Roger G . The Prose Writings of Robert Louis Stevenson . London : Macmillan , 1980 . ( ISBN ) p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Balfour , Graham ( 1912 ) . The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson. II . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 15 -- 6 . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Chantrelle , Eugène Marie ; Smith , Alexander Duncan . Trial of Eugène Marie Chantrelle . Toronto , Canada Law Book Co . Jump up ^ `` Lamplit Vicious Fairy Land - Robert Louis Stevenson '' . Robert Louis Stevenson . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Real - life Jekyll & Hyde who inspired Stevenson 's classic '' . www.scotsman.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : The Beast Within The Guardian , 13 December 2008 Jump up ^ Possibly with the help of cocaine , according to William Gray 's revisionist history Robert Louis Stevenson : A Literary Life ( 2004 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 98400 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Queen of the mixed border '' . The Guardian . 17 June 2006 . Jump up ^ The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , second edition . ^ Jump up to : Sanford , John A. Evil The Shadow Side of Reality . Crossroad ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ `` The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde : An Introductory Essay . '' Signet Classic , 2003 Jump up ^ Nightmare : Birth of Victorian Horror ( TV series ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Robert Louis Stevenson and His World , David Daiches , 1973 Jump up ^ `` Edinburgh : Where Jekyll parties with Hyde '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 25 July 1998 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , Robert Louis ( 2015 ) . Danahay , Martin A. , ed . Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 3rd ed . ) . Canada : Broadview . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55481 - 024 - 6 . Jump up ^ Graham Balfour , The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson , volume II , pp 17 - 18 Jump up ^ Tim Middleton , Introduction to The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde : The Merry Men and Other Stories , Wordsworth Editions , 1993 , pp. 9 Jump up ^ `` Derivative Works - Robert Louis Stevenson '' . Robert Louis Stevenson . Jump up ^ Illustrations to Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde , 1930 bl.uk/collection-items , accessed 11 August 2018 Further reading ( edit ) Borinskikh L.I. ( 1990c ) . `` The method to reveal a character in the works of R.L. Stevenson ( The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde ) '' . In * * * ( ed . ) The Problem of character in literature . Tchelyabinsk : Tchelyabinsk State University . Pp. 31 -- 32 . ( In Russian , German and Hindi . ) Richard Dury , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Annotated Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde . ISBN 88 - 7544 - 030 - 1 , over 80 pages of introduction material , extensive annotation notes , 40 pages of derivative works and extensive bibliography . Paul M. Gahlinger , ( 2001 ) . Illegal Drugs : A Complete Guide to their History , Chemistry , Use , and Abuse . Sagebrush Medical Guide . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 9703130 - 1 - 2 . Kathrine Linehan , ed. ( 2003 ) . Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde . Norton Critical Edition , contains extensive annotations , contextual essays and criticisms . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97465 - 0 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Annotated Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde ( 1 ) from Internet Archive . Many antiquarian illustrated editions . The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde at Project Gutenberg ver. 1 `` The Beast Within '' , Freudian fable , sexual morality tale , gay allegory -- the novella has inspired as many interpretations as it has film adaptations . By James Campbell , The Guardian , 13 December 2008 1950 Theatre Guild on the Air radio adaptation at Internet Archive Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde public domain audiobook at LibriVox Robert Louis Stevenson Books An Inland Voyage ( 1878 ) Edinburgh : Picturesque Notes ( 1878 ) Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes ( 1879 ) The Silverado Squatters ( 1883 ) Memories and Portraits ( 1887 ) Across the Plains ( 1892 ) Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa ( 1892 ) The Amateur Emigrant ( 1895 ) Novels Treasure Island ( 1883 ) Prince Otto ( 1885 ) Kidnapped ( 1886 ) The Black Arrow ( 1888 ) The Master of Ballantrae ( 1889 ) The Wrong Box ( 1889 ) The Wrecker ( 1892 ) Catriona ( 1893 ) The Ebb - Tide ( 1894 ) Weir of Hermiston ( 1896 ) St. Ives ( 1897 ) Short story collections The Suicide Club ( 1878 ) The Rajah 's Diamond ( 1878 ) New Arabian Nights ( 1882 ) More New Arabian Nights : The Dynamiter ( 1885 ) The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables ( 1887 ) Island Nights ' Entertainments ( 1893 ) Tales and Fantasies ( 1905 ) Short stories `` The Pavilion on the Links '' ( 1880 ) `` The Merry Men '' ( 1882 ) `` The Body Snatcher '' ( 1884 ) `` Markheim '' ( 1885 ) `` Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde '' ( 1886 ) `` The Bottle Imp '' ( 1891 ) `` The Beach of Falesá '' ( 1892 ) `` The Isle of Voices '' ( 1893 ) Poetry A Child 's Garden of Verses ( 1885 ) Underwoods ( 1887 ) Songs of Travel and Other Verses ( 1896 ) Related Lloyd Osbourne Fanny Stevenson Isobel Osbourne Mount Vaea Writers ' Museum Robert Louis Stevenson State Park The Story of a Recluse ( unfinished ) Book Robert Louis Stevenson 's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Character Adaptations Films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1908 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1912 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1913 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1920 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1920 ) The Head of Janus ( 1920 ) Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde ( 1925 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1931 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1941 ) The Son of Dr. Jekyll ( 1951 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1953 ) Daughter of Dr. Jekyll ( 1957 ) The Doctor 's Horrible Experiment ( 1959 ) The Ugly Duckling ( 1959 ) My Friend , Dr. Jekyll ( 1960 ) The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll ( 1960 ) The Nutty Professor ( 1963 ) Karutha Rathrikal ( 1967 ) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1968 ) Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde ( 1971 ) I , Monster ( 1971 ) Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo ( 1972 ) Dr. Black , Mr. Hyde ( 1976 ) Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot ( 1979 ) Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype ( 1980 ) Docteur Jekyll et les femmes ( 1981 ) Chehre Pe Chehra ( 1981 ) Jekyll and Hyde ... Together Again ( 1982 ) Edge of Sanity ( 1989 ) Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde ( 1995 ) Mary Reilly ( 1996 ) The Nutty Professor ( 1996 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2003 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 2006 ) The Mummy ( 2017 ) Animation The Impatient Patient ( 1942 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse ( 1947 ) Motor Mania ( 1950 ) Dr. Jerkyl 's Hide ( 1954 ) Hyde and Hare ( 1955 ) Hyde and Go Tweet ( 1960 ) Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad , Mad , Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) The Pagemaster ( 1994 ) The Strange Case of Dr. Jiggle and Mr. Sly ( 2004 ) Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) The Monster of Phineas - n - Ferbenstein ( 2008 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Video games Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1988 ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 2001 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Music `` Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive '' ( 1983 ) `` Bubba Hyde '' ( 1995 ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 2003 ) Jekyll & Hyde en Español ( 2004 ) Theatre Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1887 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1888 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , Or a Mis - Spent Life ( 1897 ) Jekyll & Hyde ( 1990 ) Television Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Jekyll ( 2007 ) Once Upon a Time ( 2011 -- present ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 2015 ) Comics Mister Hyde ( introduced 1963 ) Batman : Two Faces ( 1998 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 1999 -- present ) Novels The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner ( 1824 ) Knots and Crosses ( 1987 ) Mary Reilly ( 1990 ) Radio Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1932 ) GND : 4390920 - 6 LCCN : n90662176 SUDOC : 030330823 VIAF : 307173707 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde&oldid=854468323 '' Categories : Short stories by Robert Louis Stevenson 1886 British novels 1886 science fiction novels British novellas Novels set in London Gothic novels Victorian novels Works based on the Faust legend Dissociative identity disorder in popular culture Science fiction horror novels Human experimentation in fiction Novels adapted into comics British novels adapted into films British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 15 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the strange case of dr jekyll and mr hyde | [
"Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a gothic novella by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson first published in 1886. The work is also known as The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, or simply Jekyll & Hyde.[1] It is about a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr Henry Jekyll,[2][3] and the evil Edward Hyde. The novella's impact is such that it has become a part of the language, with the very phrase \"Jekyll and Hyde\" entering the vernacular to refer to people with an unpredictably dual nature: usually very good, but sometimes shockingly evil instead.[4][5]\n"
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"Robert Louis Stevenson"
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-2916040058553401025 | Cradle to Grave | Cradle to Grave - wikipedia Cradle to Grave Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cradle to the Grave ( disambiguation ) . Cradle to Grave Genre Sitcom Based on Going to Sea in a Sieve by Danny Baker Written by Jeff Pope Danny Baker Directed by Sandy Johnson Starring Laurie Kynaston Peter Kay Lucy Speed Frankie Wilson Alice Sykes Theme music composer Cradle to the Grave by Squeeze Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 8 Production Executive producer ( s ) Danny Baker Producer ( s ) Kate Crowther Running time 30 mins Production company ( s ) ITV Studios Release Original network BBC Two Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 3 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 03 ) -- to present Cradle to Grave is a 2015 British sitcom set around the life of Danny Baker . According to a social media message posted by outgoing BBC Director of Television , Danny Cohen , the show ( which ended in October 2015 ) has since been commissioned for a second series . It will premiere on 11 December 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Episode list 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) It 's 1973 and fifteen year old Danny is our guide through the ups and downs of life with the Baker family . Dad Fred , known to all and sundry as ' Spud ' is a proud south London docker with a penchant for rackets , fiddles and schemes , hopefully ' nice and tasty ' ones . Wife Bet loves him deeply but longs for the family to go ' straight ' , and do daft things like pay taxes and put money in the electricity meter instead of always trying to scam it . With eldest daughter Sharon 's wedding looming and the docks facing closure and a switch to the dreaded ' containerisation ' , putting thousands of dockers out of work , times are challenging . So too are Danny 's attempts to get closer to the opposite sex . Full of humour , warmth and drama with an accompanying soundtrack combining songs from the era with material from Squeeze 's Chris Difford and Glenn Tilbrook , Cradle To Grave is based on actual events and characters . Cast ( edit ) Laurie Kynaston as Danny Baker - Spud and Bet 's youngest child and son and Michael and Sharon 's younger brother . In the fifth episode , Danny leaves school so he can have a relationship with the school 's photography teacher Miss Blondel . Peter Kay as Fred `` Spud '' Baker - Bet 's husband and Danny , Michael and Sharon 's father . He works as a docker but also sells the things he stocks to earn money . He has been described as `` a real life Del Boy '' . In the fifth episode of the series , his middle name is revealed to be Joseph . Lucy Speed as Bet Baker - Spud 's wife and Danny , Michael and Sharon 's mother . Frankie Wilson as Michael Baker - Spud and Bet 's oldest son and middle child , Danny ( with whom he shares a bedroom ) and Sharon 's brother . Alice Sykes as Sharon Baker - Spud and Bet 's eldest child and only daughter and Danny and Michael 's sister . In the third episode of the series , she becomes engaged to her boyfriend Roger . Julie Dray as Miss Blondel - Danny 's French photography teacher . Alexa Davies as Yvonne - Danny 's girlfriend Production ( edit ) The series is based on Danny Baker 's autobiography Going to Sea in a Sieve , covering Baker 's life in south London during the 1970s . Reception ( edit ) Sean O'Grady of The Independent criticised the cockney accents as `` a load of old pony '' . Jasper Rees of The Daily Telegraph was more positive , describing it as `` niftily scripted '' and a `` savvy , up - to - the - minute comedy '' despite its 1970s setting , and `` a lot closer to the knuckle -- and far funnier -- than anything in , say , The Liver Birds or The Likely Lads '' . Chortle 's Steve Bennett was positive about the cast and soundtrack , and described the first episode as `` frequently funny , with an episodic structure that delivers wry character - led laughs with the regularity of a sketch show '' , but noted that it lacked `` a consistent tone or strong narrative '' whilst Euan Ferguson of The Guardian described it as `` enjoyable , but little more '' . Episode list ( edit ) Series No . Episode No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( million ) `` Episode 1 '' Sandy Johnson Danny Baker & Jeff Pope 3 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 03 ) 3.33 Spud 's money making schemes end up giving him a nasty shock , whilst a trip to the theatre has an equally surprising outcome for Danny . `` Episode 2 '' Sandy Johnson Danny Baker & Jeff Pope 10 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 10 ) 2.83 Bet 's yearning to broaden her horizons takes her and Spud to unusual places , whilst Danny tries some exploration of his own after an enlightening sex education lesson . `` Episode 3 '' Sandy Johnson Danny Baker & Jeff Pope 17 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) 2.46 Whilst doors are closing for Spud and the dockers , Danny witnesses the dawn of a new era . `` Episode 4 '' Sandy Johnson Danny Baker & Jeff Pope 24 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) 2.38 Whilst Spud wonders how to make his daughter 's wedding dreams come true , Danny 's loyalty to the school football team is tested . 5 `` Episode 5 '' Sandy Johnson Danny Baker & Jeff Pope 1 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) 2.26 Danny finally gets to enter the dark room with Miss Blondel but there is no passion , leading to extreme measures ( such as leaving school without telling his parents ) to date her . His father takes voluntary redundancy from the docks to become a rag and bone man but for once his efforts to earn a little money on the side do not succeed . 6 `` Episode 6 '' Sandy Johnson Danny Baker & Jeff Pope 8 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) 2.11 Fred persuades Shaky Young , an escaped convict who has been hiding in his sister 's loft for fourteen months ( despite having only three left to serve ) to attend his brother 's funeral as Fred sees a financial opportunity for himself in it . Bet befriends a lonely co-worker whose wife has left him whilst Danny 's night of passion with Miss Blondel is thwarted when brother Michael brings home a live hand grenade . 7 `` Episode 7 '' Sandy Johnson Danny Baker & Jeff Pope 15 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) 2.15 Rejected by Miss Blondel , Danny hopes to make ex-girlfriend Yvonne jealous by posing as singer David Essex 's brother , but still keeps his secret from his parents whilst Fred lands a job as a commissionaire at an office block but quits after a day and , high on LSD brother , Michael nearly puts his eye out and ends up in hospital . With all this to contend with no wonder Bet decides to walk out and go fishing with work colleague Keith . 8 `` Episode 8 '' Sandy Johnson Danny Baker & Jeff Pope 15 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) 1.98 Bet is back home but refusing to talk to Fred and gets a call from Keith , suggesting she runs away with him . At Sharon 's wedding reception , Bet recalls her courtship and early married life with Fred and her growing awareness of his dodgy deals , which land him in jail . However , after paying for a lavish honeymoon for Sharon , Fred knows just how to win Bet back whilst Danny discovers that he only needs to be himself to impress Yvonne . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reported by the Daily Mirror newspaper . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/prodnose/status/912068217773977609 Jump up ^ `` Watch Peter Kay play Danny Baker 's dad in the trailer for Cradle to Grave '' . Guardian . 2015 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Cradle to Grave , TV review : The cockney accents are a load of pony in this south London caper '' . Independent . 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Rees , Jasper ( 3 September 2015 ) . `` Cradle to Grave , BBC Two , review : ' savvy comedy ' '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Steve ( 3 September 2015 ) . `` Cradle To Grave '' . Chortle ( website ) . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Euan ( 6 September 2015 ) . `` The week in TV : Danny and the Human Zoo , The Trials of Jimmy Rose , Cradle to Grave , An Evening with Harry Enfield and Paul Whitehouse '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Viewing Summary ( see relevant week ) '' . BARB . External links ( edit ) Cradle to Grave on IMDb Cradle to Grave at BBC Programmes Cradle to Grave on British Comedy Guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cradle_to_Grave&oldid=802241133 '' Categories : 2010s British comedy television series 2010s British drama television series 2015 British television programme debuts BBC television sitcoms British comedy - drama television programmes English - language television programs Television series about families Television series by ITV Studios Television series set in the 1970s Television shows set in London Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 21 : 48 . About Wikipedia | who sang from the cradle to the grave | [] | [] |
7908620230025475648 | Server (computing) | Server ( computing ) - wikipedia Server ( computing ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikimedia Foundation servers First WWW server located at CERN with its original sticker that says : `` This machine is a server . DO NOT POWER IT DOWN ! ! '' In computing , a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices , called `` clients '' . This architecture is called the client -- server model , and a single overall computation is distributed across multiple processes or devices . Servers can provide various functionalities , often called `` services '' , such as sharing data or resources among multiple clients , or performing computation for a client . A single server can serve multiple clients , and a single client can use multiple servers . A client process may run on the same device or may connect over a network to a server on a different device . Typical servers are database servers , file servers , mail servers , print servers , web servers , game servers , and application servers . Client -- server systems are today most frequently implemented by ( and often identified with ) the request -- response model : a client sends a request to the server , which performs some action and sends a response back to the client , typically with a result or acknowledgement . Designating a computer as `` server - class hardware '' implies that it is specialized for running servers on it . This often implies that it is more powerful and reliable than standard personal computers , but alternatively , large computing clusters may be composed of many relatively simple , replaceable server components . Contents 1 History 2 Operation 3 Purpose 4 Hardware requirement 4.1 Large servers 4.2 Clusters 4.3 Appliances 5 Operating systems 6 Energy consumption 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading History ( edit ) The use of the word server in computing comes from queueing theory , where it dates to the mid 20th century , being notably used in Kendall ( 1953 ) ( along with `` service '' ) , the paper that introduced Kendall 's notation . In earlier papers , such as the Erlang ( 1909 ) , more concrete terms such as `` ( telephone ) operators '' are used . In computing , `` server '' dates at least to RFC 5 ( 1969 ) , one of the earliest documents describing ARPANET ( the predecessor of Internet ) , and is contrasted with `` user '' , distinguishing two types of host : `` server - host '' and `` user - host '' . The use of `` serving '' also dates to early documents , such as RFC 4 , contrasting `` serving - host '' with `` using - host '' . The Jargon File defines `` server '' in the common sense of a process performing service for requests , usually remote , with the 1981 ( 1.1. 0 ) version reading : SERVER n . A kind of DAEMON which performs a service for the requester , which often runs on a computer other than the one on which the server runs . Operation ( edit ) A network based on the client -- server model where multiple individual clients request services and resources from centralized servers Strictly speaking , the term server refers to a computer program or process ( running program ) . Through metonymy , it refers to a device used for ( or a device dedicated to ) running one or several server programs . On a network , such a device is called a host . In addition to server , the words serve and service ( as noun and as verb ) are frequently used , though servicer and servant are not . The word service ( noun ) may refer to either the abstract form of functionality , e.g. Web service . Alternatively , it may refer to a computer program that turns a computer into a server , e.g. Windows service . Originally used as `` servers serve users '' ( and `` users use servers '' ) , in the sense of `` obey '' , today one often says that `` servers serve data '' , in the same sense as `` give '' . For instance , web servers `` serve ( up ) web pages to users '' or `` service their requests '' . The server is part of the client -- server model ; in this model , a server serves data for clients . The nature of communication between a client and server is request and response . This is in contrast with peer - to - peer model in which the relationship is on - demand reciprocation . In principle , any computerized process that can be used or called by another process ( particularly remotely , particularly to share a resource ) is a server , and the calling process or processes is a client . Thus any general purpose computer connected to a network can host servers . For example , if files on a device are shared by some process , that process is a file server . Similarly , web server software can run on any capable computer , and so a laptop or a personal computer can host a web server . While request -- response is the most common client -- server design , there are others , such as the publish -- subscribe pattern . In the publish -- subscribe pattern , clients register with a pub -- sub server , subscribing to specified types of messages ; this initial registration may be done by request -- response . Thereafter , the pub -- sub server forwards matching messages to the clients without any further requests : the server pushes messages to the client , rather than the client pulling messages from the server as in request -- response . When referring to hardware , the word server typically designates computer models specialized for their role . In general , a server performs its role better than a generic personal computer . Purpose ( edit ) Main category : Servers ( computing ) The purpose of a server is to share data as well as to share resources and distribute work . A server computer can serve its own computer programs as well ; depending on the scenario , this could be part of a quid pro quo transaction , or simply a technical possibility . The following table shows several scenarios in which a server is used . Server type Purpose Clients Application server Hosts web apps ( computer programs that run inside a web browser ) allowing users in the network to run and use them , without having to install a copy on their own computers . Unlike what the name might imply , these servers need not be part of the World Wide Web ; any local network would do . Computers with a web browser Catalog server Maintains an index or table of contents of information that can be found across a large distributed network , such as computers , users , files shared on file servers , and web apps . Directory servers and name servers are examples of catalog servers . Any computer program that needs to find something on the network , such a Domain member attempting to log in , an email client looking for an email address , or a user looking for a file Communications server Maintains an environment needed for one communication endpoint ( user or devices ) to find other endpoints and communicate with them . It may or may not include a directory of communication endpoints and a presence detection service , depending on the openness and security parameters of the network Communication endpoints ( users or devices ) Computing server Shares vast amounts of computing resources , especially CPU and random - access memory , over a network . Any computer program that needs more CPU power and RAM than a personal computer can probably afford . The client must be a networked computer ; otherwise , there would be no client -- server model . Database server Maintains and shares any form of database ( organized collections of data with predefined properties that may be displayed in a table ) over a network . Spreadsheets , accounting software , asset management software or virtually any computer program that consumes well - organized data , especially in large volumes Fax server Shares one or more fax machines over a network , thus eliminating the hassle of physical access Any fax sender or recipient File server Shares files and folders , storage space to hold files and folders , or both , over a network Networked computers are the intended clients , even though local programs can be clients Game server Enables several computers or gaming devices to play multiplayer games Personal computers or gaming consoles Mail server Makes email communication possible in the same way that a post office makes snail mail communication possible Senders and recipients of email Media server Shares digital video or digital audio over a network through media streaming ( transmitting content in a way that portions received can be watched or listened to as they arrive , as opposed to downloading an entire file and then using it ) User - attended personal computers equipped with a monitor and a speaker Print server Shares one or more printers over a network , thus eliminating the hassle of physical access Computers in need of printing something Sound server Enables computer programs to play and record sound , individually or cooperatively Computer programs of the same computer and network clients . Proxy server Acts as an intermediary between a client and a server , accepting incoming traffic from the client and sending it to the server . Reasons for doing so includes content control and filtering , improving traffic performance , preventing unauthorized network access or simply routing the traffic over a large and complex network . Any networked computer Virtual server Shares hardware and software resources with other virtual servers . It exists only as defined within specialized software called hypervisor . The hypervisor presents virtual hardware to the server as if it were real physical hardware . Server virtualization allows for a more efficient infrastructure . Any networked computer Web server Hosts web pages . A web server is what makes the World Wide Web possible . Each website has one or more web servers . Computers with a web browser Almost the entire structure of the Internet is based upon a client -- server model . High - level root nameservers , DNS , and routers direct the traffic on the internet . There are millions of servers connected to the Internet , running continuously throughout the world and virtually every action taken by an ordinary Internet user requires one or more interactions with one or more server . There are exceptions that do not use dedicated servers ; for example peer - to - peer file sharing , some implementations of telephony ( e.g. pre-Microsoft Skype ) . Hardware requirement ( edit ) A rack - mountable server with the top cover removed to reveal internal components Hardware requirement for servers vary widely , depending on the server 's purpose and its software . Since servers are usually accessed over a network , many run unattended without a computer monitor or input device , audio hardware and USB interfaces . Many servers do not have a graphical user interface ( GUI ) . They are configured and managed remotely . Remote management can be conducted via various methods including Microsoft Management Console ( MMC ) , PowerShell , SSH and browser - based out - of - band management systems such as Dell 's iDRAC or HP 's iLo . Large servers ( edit ) Large traditional single servers would need to be run for long periods without interruption . Availability would have to be very high , making hardware reliability and durability extremely important . Mission - critical enterprise servers would be very fault tolerant and use specialized hardware with low failure rates in order to maximize uptime . Uninterruptible power supplies might be incorporated to insure against power failure . Servers typically include hardware redundancy such as dual power supplies , RAID disk systems , and ECC memory , along with extensive pre-boot memory testing and verification . Critical components might be hot swappable , allowing technicians to replace them on the running server without shutting it down , and to guard against overheating , servers might have more powerful fans or use water cooling . They will often be able to be configured , powered up and down or rebooted remotely , using out - of - band management , typically based on IPMI . Server casings are usually flat and wide , and designed to be rack - mounted . These types of servers are often housed in dedicated data centers . These will normally have very stable power and Internet and increased security . Noise is also less of a concern , but power consumption and heat output can be a serious issue . Server rooms are equipped with air conditioning devices . A server rack seen from the rear Wikimedia Foundation servers as seen from the front Wikimedia Foundation servers as seen from the rear Wikimedia Foundation servers as seen from the rear Clusters ( edit ) Main article : Server farm A server farm or server cluster is a collection of computer servers maintained by an organization to supply server functionality far beyond the capability of a single device . Modern data centers are now often built of very large clusters of much simpler servers , and there is a collaborative effort , Open Compute Project around this concept . Appliances ( edit ) A class of small specialist servers called network appliances are generally at the low end of the scale , often being smaller than common desktop computers . Operating systems ( edit ) Sun 's Cobalt Qube 3 ; a computer server appliance ( 2002 ) ; running Cobalt Linux ( a customized version of Red Hat Linux , using the 2.2 Linux kernel ) , complete with the Apache web server . On the Internet the dominant operating systems among servers are UNIX - like open source distributions , such as those based on Linux and FreeBSD , with Windows Server also having a very significant share . Proprietary operating systems such as z / OS and macOS Server are also deployed , but in much smaller numbers . Specialist server - oriented operating systems have traditionally had features such as : GUI not available or optional Ability to reconfigure and update both hardware and software to some extent without restart Advanced backup facilities to permit regular and frequent online backups of critical data , Transparent data transfer between different volumes or devices Flexible and advanced networking capabilities Automation capabilities such as daemons in UNIX and services in Windows Tight system security , with advanced user , resource , data , and memory protection . Advanced detection and alerting on conditions such as overheating , processor and disk failure . In practice , today many desktop and server operating systems share similar code bases , differing mostly in configuration . Energy consumption ( edit ) In 2010 , data centers ( servers , cooling , and other electrical infrastructure ) were responsible for 1.1 - 1.5 % of electrical energy consumption worldwide and 1.7 - 2.2 % in the United States . One estimate is that total energy consumption for information and communications technology saves more than 5 times its carbon footprint in the rest of the economy by enabling efficiency . See also ( edit ) Computing portal Mobile Server Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A CORBA servant is a server - side object to which method calls from remote method invocation are forwarded , but this is an uncommon usage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Windows Server Administration Fundamentals . Microsoft Official Academic Course. 111 River Street , Hoboken , NJ 07030 : John Wiley & Sons . 2011 . pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 90182 - 3 . Jump up ^ Comer , Douglas E. ; Stevens , David L. ( 1993 ) . Vol III : Client - Server Programming and Applications . Internetworking with TCP / IP . Department of Computer Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 479 : Prentice Hall . pp. 11d . ISBN 0 - 13 - 474222 - 2 . Jump up ^ Richard A. Henle , Boris W. Kuvshinoff , C.M. Kuvshinoff ( 1992 ) . Desktop computers : in perspective . Oxford University Press . p. 417 . Server is a fairly recent computer networking term derived from queuing theory . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Rulifson , Jeff ( June 1969 ) . DEL . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0005 . RFC 5 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Elmer B. ( March 1969 ) . Network Timetable . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0004 . RFC 4 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Using the HTTP Publish - Subscribe Server , Oracle Jump up ^ `` Paessler IT Explained - Server '' . Retrieved May 7th , 2018 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Web Servers '' . IT Business Edge . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Li , Huang , Shen , Chu ( 2010 ) . `` '' A Realistic Evaluation of Memory Hardware Errors and Software System Susceptibility `` . Usenix Annual Tech Conference 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Google uncloaks once - secret server '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Usage statistics and market share of Linux for websites '' . Retrieved 18 Jan 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Server Oriented Operating System '' . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Markoff , John ( 31 Jul 2011 ) . `` Data Centers Using Less Power Than Forecast , Report Says '' . NY Times . Retrieved 18 Jan 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SMART 2020 : Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age '' ( PDF ) . The Climate Group . 6 Oct 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 November 2010 . Retrieved 18 Jan 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Servers . Erlang , Agner Krarup ( 1909 ) . `` The theory of probabilities and telephone conversations '' ( PDF ) . Nyt Tidsskrift for Matematik B. 20 : 33 -- 39 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 01 . Kendall , D.G. ( 1953 ) . `` Stochastic Processes Occurring in the Theory of Queues and their Analysis by the Method of the Imbedded Markov Chain '' . The Annals of Mathematical Statistics . 24 ( 3 ) : 338 . doi : 10.1214 / aoms / 1177728975 . JSTOR 2236285 . Computer sizes Classes of computers Microcomputer , personal computer Stationary Workstation Desktop Home Personal supercomputer SFF Nettop Plug Portable Tabletop Game arcade cabinet System board Home console Microconsole Interactive kiosk Smart TV Smart speaker Mobile Laptop Desktop replacement 2 - in - 1 Subnotebook Netbook Smartbook Ultrabook Ultra-mobile PC Tablet Ultra-mobile PC 2 - in - 1 Mobile Internet device Tabletop Phablet Information appliance Handheld PC Palm - size PC Pocket PC Pocket computer Palmtop PC PDA Electronic organizer EDA Mobile phone Feature phone Smartphone Phablet PMP DAP E-reader Handheld game console Portable / Mobile data terminal Calculator Scientific Programmable Graphing Wearable Digital wristwatch Calculator watch Smartwatch Smartglasses Smart ring Midrange Server Minicomputer Supermini Large Super Mainframe Minisuper Others Microcontroller Nanocomputer Pizza box form factor Single - board computer Smartdust Wireless sensor network Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Server_(computing)&oldid=851242569 '' Categories : Servers ( computing ) Server hardware Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages using RFC magic links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 69 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 00 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a large collection of servers is called a(n) | [
"A server farm or server cluster is a collection of computer servers maintained by an organization to supply server functionality far beyond the capability of a single device. Modern data centers are now often built of very large clusters of much simpler servers,[10] and there is a collaborative effort, Open Compute Project around this concept.\n"
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236109544723933272 | Strategic bombing during World War II | Strategic bombing during World War II - Wikipedia Strategic bombing during World War II Jump to : navigation , search For a list of notable strategic bombings in the European Theatre of World War II , see List of air operations during the Battle of Europe . Main article : Air warfare of World War II Strategic bombing during World War II Part of World War II A B - 24 on a bomb run over the Astra Romana refinery in Ploiești , Romania , during Operation Tidal Wave Location European Theatre of World War II Pacific Theatre of World War II Belligerents Allied Powers United States United Kingdom Canada Australia Soviet Union China Axis Powers Germany Japan Italy Commanders and leaders Hap Arnold Carl Spaatz Curtis LeMay Chester Nimitz Charles Portal Richard Peirse Arthur Harris Arthur Tedder Clifford McEwen George Jones Sergei Khudyakov Alexander Novikov Alexander Golovanov Hermann Göring Albert Kesselring Kurt Student Hugo Sperrle Naruhiko Higashikuni Hajime Sugiyama Masakazu Kawabe Chūichi Nagumo Rino Corso Fougier Francesco Pricolo Ettore Muti Casualties and losses Britain : 60,000 civilians killed 160,000 airmen ( Europe ) China : 260,000 -- 351,000 Chinese civilians France : 67,000 civilians killed The Netherlands : Thousands of civilians Poland : Tens of thousands of civilians USSR : About 500,000 Soviet civilians 2,700 airmen ( Japan ) Germany : 353,000 -- 635,000 civilians killed , including foreign workers Very heavy damage to industry Japan : 330,000 -- 500,000 civilians killed Very heavy damage to industry Italy : 60,000 -- 100,000 civilians killed 5,000 soldiers killed Heavy damage to industry Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War Spanish Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion Strategic bombing during World War II was the sustained aerial attack on railways , harbours , cities , workers ' housing , and industrial districts in enemy territory during World War II . Strategic bombing is a military strategy which is distinct from both close air support of ground forces and tactical air power . During World War II , it was believed by many military strategists of air power that major victories could be won by attacking industrial and political infrastructure , rather than purely military targets . Strategic bombing often involved bombing areas inhabited by civilians and some campaigns were deliberately designed to target civilian populations in order to terrorize and disrupt their usual activities . International law at the outset of World War II did not specifically forbid aerial bombardment of cities despite the prior occurrence of such bombing during World War I , the Spanish Civil War , and the Second Sino - Japanese War . Strategic bombing during World War II began on 1 September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland and the Luftwaffe ( German Air Force ) began bombing cities and the civilian population in Poland in an indiscriminate aerial bombardment campaign . As the war continued to expand , bombing by both the Axis and the Allies increased significantly . The RAF began bombing Germany in March 1940 . In September 1940 , the Luftwaffe began targeting British cities in ' The Blitz ' . After the beginning of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941 , the Luftwaffe attacked Soviet cities and infrastructure . From 1942 onward , the British bombing campaign against Germany became less restrictive and increasingly targeted industrial sites and eventually , civilian areas . When the United States began flying bombing missions against Germany , it reinforced these efforts and controversial firebombings were carried out against Hamburg ( 1943 ) , Dresden ( 1945 ) , and other German cities . In the Pacific War , the Japanese bombed civilian populations throughout the war ( e.g. in Chongqing ) . The US air raids on Japan began in earnest in October 1944 and by March 1945 had started their escalation into widespread firebombing , which culminated in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August 1945 , respectively . The effect of strategic bombing was highly debated during and after the war . Both the Luftwaffe and RAF failed to deliver a knockout blow by destroying enemy morale . However some argued that strategic bombing of non-military targets could significantly reduce enemy industrial capacity and production and in the opinion of its interwar period proponents , the surrender of Japan vindicated strategic bombing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legal considerations 2 Europe 2.1 Policy at the start of the war 2.2 Early war in Europe 2.2. 1 Poland 2.2. 2 The Western Front , 1939 to May 1940 2.2. 3 Rotterdam Blitz 2.2. 4 Allied response 2.2. 5 The Battle of Britain and the Blitz 2.3 Germany later in the war 2.4 The British later in the war 2.4. 1 Other British efforts 2.5 US bombing in Europe 2.6 Bombing in Italy 2.7 Bombing in France 2.8 Soviet strategic bombing 2.9 Effectiveness 2.10 Effect on morale 2.11 Allied bombing statistics 1939 -- 45 2.12 Casualties 3 Asia 3.1 Japanese bombing 3.2 Allied bombing of South - East Asia 3.3 United States bombing of Japan 3.3. 1 Conventional bombing 3.3. 2 Nuclear bombing 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Citations 5.2 Sources 6 Further reading 7 External links Legal considerations ( edit ) Main article : Aerial bombardment and international law The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 , which address the codes of wartime conduct on land and at sea , were adopted before the rise of air power . Despite repeated diplomatic attempts to update international humanitarian law to include aerial warfare , it was not updated before the outbreak of World War II . The absence of specific international humanitarian law did not mean aerial warfare was not covered under the laws of war , but rather that there was no general agreement of how to interpret those laws . This means that aerial bombardment of civilian areas in enemy territory by all major belligerents during World War II was not prohibited by positive or specific customary international humanitarian law . Many reasons exist for the absence of international law regarding aerial bombing in World War II . Most nations had refused to ratify such laws or agreements because of the vague or impractical wording in treaties such as the 1923 Hague Rules of Air Warfare . Also , the major powers ' possession of newly developed advanced bombers was a great military advantage ; they would not accept any negotiated limitations regarding this new weapon . In the absence of specific laws relating to aerial warfare , the belligerents ' aerial forces at the start of World War II used the 1907 Hague Conventions -- signed and ratified by most major powers -- as the customary standard to govern their conduct in warfare , and these conventions were interpreted by both sides to allow the indiscriminate bombing of enemy cities throughout the war . General Telford Taylor , Chief Counsel for War Crimes at the Nuremberg Trials , wrote that : If the first badly bombed cities -- Warsaw , Rotterdam , Belgrade , and London -- suffered at the hands of the Germans and not the Allies , nonetheless the ruins of German and Japanese cities were the results not of reprisal but of deliberate policy , and bore witness that aerial bombardment of cities and factories has become a recognized part of modern warfare as carried out by all nations . Article 25 of the 1899 and 1907 Hague Conventions on Land Warfare also did not provide a clear guideline on the extent to which civilians may be spared ; the same can be held for naval forces . Consequently , cyclical arguments , such as those advanced by Italian general and air power theorist Giulio Douhet , do not appear to violate any of the Convention 's provisions . Due to these reasons , the Allies at the Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials never criminalized aerial bombardment of non-combatant targets and Axis leaders who ordered a similar type of practice were not prosecuted . Chris Jochnick and Roger Normand in their article The Legitimation of Violence 1 : A Critical History of the Laws of War explains that : `` By leaving out morale bombing and other attacks on civilians unchallenged , the Tribunal conferred legal legitimacy on such practices . '' Europe ( edit ) Policy at the start of the War ( edit ) Before World War II began , the rapid pace of aviation technology created a belief that groups of bombers would be capable of devastating cities . For example , British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin warned in 1932 , `` The bomber will always get through '' . When the war began on 1 September 1939 with Germany 's invasion of Poland , Franklin D. Roosevelt , President of the neutral United States , issued an appeal to the major belligerents ( Britain , France , Germany , and Poland ) to confine their air raids to military targets , and `` under no circumstances undertake bombardment from the air of civilian populations in unfortified cities '' The British and French agreed to abide by the request , with the British reply undertaking to `` confine bombardment to strictly military objectives upon the understanding that these same rules of warfare will be scrupulously observed by all their opponents '' . Germany also agreed to abide by Roosevelt 's request and explained the bombing of Warsaw as within the agreement because it was supposedly a fortified city -- Germany did not have a policy of targeting enemy civilians as part of their doctrine prior to World War II . The British Government 's policy was formulated on 31 August 1939 : if Germany initiated unrestricted air action , the RAF `` should attack objectives vital to Germany 's war effort , and in particular her oil resources '' . If the Luftwaffe confined attacks to purely military targets , the RAF should `` launch an attack on the German fleet at Wilhelmshaven '' and `` attack warships at sea when found within range '' . The government communicated to their French allies the intention `` not to initiate air action which might involve the risk of civilian casualties '' While it was acknowledged bombing Germany would cause civilian casualties , the British government renounced deliberate bombing of civilian property , outside combat zones , as a military tactic . The British changed their policy on 15 May 1940 , one day after the German bombing of Rotterdam , when the RAF was given permission to attack targets in the Ruhr Area , including oil plants and other civilian industrial targets which aided the German war effort , such as blast furnaces that at night were self - illuminating . The first RAF raid on the interior of Germany took place on the night of 15 / 16 May 1940 while the Battle of France was still continuing . Early War in Europe ( edit ) Poland ( edit ) Main articles : Invasion of Poland and Bombing of Warsaw in World War II Bombing of Wieluń , the first Polish city destroyed by Luftwaffe bombing , on 1 September 1939 . In one of the first acts of World War II , German bombers destroyed 75 % of all the buildings , including a clearly marked hospital and church , killing approximately 1,200 civilians . During the German invasion of Poland , the Luftwaffe engaged in massive air raids against Polish cities , bombing civilian infrastructure such as hospitals and targeting fleeing refugees . Notably , the Luftwaffe bombed the Polish capital of Warsaw , and the small towns of Wieluń and Frampol . The bombing of Wieluń , the first military act of World War II ( and hence , the first act of bombing , strategic or otherwise , or the war ) , was carried out on a town that had no military value . Similarly , the bombing of Frampol has been described as an experiment to test the German tactics and weapons effectiveness . British historian Norman Davies writes in Europe at War 1939 -- 1945 : No Simple Victory : `` Frampol was chosen partly because it was completely defenceless , and partly because its baroque street plan presented a perfect geometric grid for calculations and measurements . '' In his book , Augen am Himmel ( Eyes on the Sky ) , Wolfgang Schreyer wrote : Frampol was chosen as an experimental object , because test bombers , flying at low speed , were n't endangered by AA fire . Also , the centrally placed town hall was an ideal orientation point for the crews . We watched possibility of orientation after visible signs , and also the size of village , what guaranteed that bombs nevertheless fall down on Frampol . From one side it should make easier the note of probe , from second side it should confirm the efficiency of used bombs . The directives issued to the Luftwaffe for the Polish Campaign were to prevent the Polish Air Force from influencing the ground battles or attacking German territory . In addition , it was to support the advance of German ground forces through direct tactical and indirect air support with attacks against Polish mobilisation centres and thus delay an orderly Polish strategic concentration of forces and to deny mobility for Polish reinforcements through the destruction of strategic Polish rail routes . Polish mothers with their newborn infants in a makeshift maternity ward inside a hospital basement during the Bombing of Warsaw by the German Luftwaffe . Preparations were made for a concentrated attack ( Operation Wasserkante ) by all bomber forces against targets in Warsaw . However , the operation was cancelled , according to Polish professor Tomasz Szarota due to bad weather conditions , while German author Boog claims it was possibly due to Roosevelt 's plea to avoid civilian casualties ; according to Boog the bombing of military and industrial targets within the Warsaw residential area called Praga was prohibited . Polish reports from the beginning of September note strafing of civilians by German attacks and bombing of cemeteries and marked hospitals ( marking of hospitals proved counterproductive as German aircraft began to specifically target them , until hospitals were moved into the open to avoid such targeting ) , and indiscriminate attacks on fleeing civilians which according to professor Tomasz Szarota was a direct violation of the Hague Convention . Warsaw was first attacked by German ground forces on 9 September and was put under siege on 13 September . German author Boog claims that with the arrival of German ground forces , the situation of Warsaw changed ; under the Hague Convention , the city could be legitimately attacked as it was a defended city in the front line that refused calls to surrender . Warsaw burning after a German bombing of the city . The Luftwaffe air campaign resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 -- 25,000 civilians . The bombing of the rail network , crossroads , and troop concentrations played havoc on Polish mobilisation , while attacks upon civilian and military targets in towns and cities disrupted command and control by wrecking the antiquated Polish signal network . Over a period of a few days , Luftwaffe numerical and technological superiority took its toll on the Polish Air Force . Polish Air Force bases across Poland were also subjected to Luftwaffe bombing from 1 September 1939 . On 13 September , following orders of the ObdL to launch an attack on Warsaw 's Jewish Quarter , justified as being for unspecified crimes committed against German soldiers but probably in response to a recent defeat by Polish ground troops , and intended as a terror attack , 183 bomber sorties were flown with 50 : 50 load of high explosive and incendiary bombs , reportedly set the Jewish Quarter ablaze . On 22 September , Wolfram von Richthofen messaged , `` Urgently request exploitation of last opportunity for large - scale experiment as devastation terror raid ... Every effort will be made to eradicate Warsaw completely '' . His request was rejected . However , Hitler issued an order to prevent civilians from leaving the city and to continue with the bombing , which he thought would encourage Polish surrender . On 14 September , the French Air attaché in Warsaw reported to Paris , `` the German Air Force acted in accordance to the international laws of war ( ... ) and bombed only targets of military nature . Therefore , there is no reason for French retorsions . '' That day -- the Jewish New Year -- the Germans concentrated again on the Warsaw 's Jewish population , bombing the Jewish quarter and targeting synagogues . According to professor Szarota the report was inaccurate -- as its author Armengaud did n't know about the most barbaric bombings like those in Wieluń or Kamieniec , left Poland on 12 September , and was motivated by his personal political goal to avoid French involvement in the war , in addition the report published in 1948 rather than in 1939 . Before ( left ) and after ( right ) aerial photographs of the German Luftwaffe Bombing of Frampol . The town was completely destroyed . Three days later , Warsaw was surrounded by the Wehrmacht , and hundreds of thousands of leaflets were dropped on the city , instructing citizens to evacuate the city pending a possible bomber attack . On 25 September the Luftwaffe flew 1,150 sorties and dropped 560 tonnes of high explosive and 72 tonnes of incendiaries . ( Overall , incendiaries made up only three percent of the total tonnage dropped . ) To conserve the strength of the bomber units for the upcoming Western campaign , the modern He 111 bombers were replaced by Ju 52 transports using `` worse than primitive methods '' for the bombing . Due to prevailing strong winds they achieved poor accuracy , even causing some casualties to besieging German troops . The only Polish raid against a target in Germany was executed by PZL. 23 Karaś light bombers against a factory in Ohlau . The Polish air force left Poland on 18 September 1939 due to the Soviet attack on 17 September 1939 , and imminent capture of the Polish airstrips and aircraft stationed in eastern parts of Poland . There was no exception ; even Pursuit Brigade , an organic part of the defences of the Polish capital , Warsaw , was transferred to Lublin , one week into the war . The Western Front , 1939 to May 1940 ( edit ) On 3 September 1939 , following the German invasion of Poland , the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany and the war in the West began . The RAF bombed German warships and light vessels in several harbours on 3 and 4 September . Eight German Kriegsmarine men were killed at Wilhelmshaven -- the war 's first casualties to British bombs ; attacks on ships at Cuxhaven and Heligoland followed . The 1939 Battle of the Heligoland Bight showed the vulnerability of bombers to fighter attack . Germany 's first strikes were not carried out until 16 and 17 October 1939 , against the British fleet at Rosyth and Scapa Flow. Little activity followed . Meanwhile , attacks by the Royal Air Force dwindled to less than one a month . As the winter set in , both sides engaged in propaganda warfare , dropping leaflets on the populations below . The Phoney War continued . The British government banned attacks on land targets and German warships in port due to the risk of civilian casualties . For the Germans , the earliest directive from the Luftwaffe head Hermann Göring permitted restricted attacks upon warships anywhere , as well as upon troop transports at sea . However , Hitler 's OKW Direktive Nr 2 and Luftwaffe Direktive Nr 2 , prohibited attacks upon enemy naval forces unless the enemy bombed Germany first , noting , `` the guiding principle must be not to provoke the initiation of aerial warfare on the part of Germany . '' After the Altmark Incident , the Luftwaffe launched a strike against the British navy yard at Scapa Flow on 16 March 1940 , leading to the first British civilian death . A British attack followed three days later against the German airbase at Hörnum on the island of Sylt , hitting a hospital , although there were no casualties . The Germans retaliated with a naval raid . German bombing of France began on the night of 9 / 10 May . By 11 May , the French reported bombs dropped on Henin - Lietard , Bruay , Lens , La Fere , Loan , Nancy , Colmar , Pontoise , Lambersart , Lyons , Bouai , Hasebrouck , Doullens and Abbeville with at least 40 civilians killed . While Allied light and medium bombers attempted to delay the German invasion by striking at troop columns and bridges , the British War Cabinet gave permission for limited bombing raids against targets such as roads and railways west of the Rhine River . The RAF bombed Mönchengladbach on the evening of 11 May 1940 , while Bomber Command attempted to hit roads and rail near the Dutch - German border ; four people were killed . Rotterdam Blitz ( edit ) Main article : Rotterdam Blitz Rotterdam 's burning city centre shortly after the German bombing , on May 14 , 1940 . The Germans used the threat of bombing Rotterdam to try to get the Dutch to come to terms and surrender . After a second ultimatum had been issued by the Germans , it appeared their effort had failed and on 14 May 1940 , Luftwaffe bombers were ordered to bomb Rotterdam in an effort to force the capitulation of the besieged city . The controversial bombing targeted the centre of the besieged city , instead of providing direct tactical support for the hard - pressed German 22nd Infantry Division ( under Lt. Gen. von Sponeck , which had airlanded on 10 May ) in combat with Dutch forces northwest of the city , and in the eastern part of the city at the Meuse river bridge . At the last minute , the Netherlands decided to submit and sent a plenipotentiary and other negotiators across to German lines . There was an attempt to call off the assault , but the bombing mission had already begun . In legal terms , the attack was performed against a defended part of a city vital for the military objectives and in the front - line , and the bombing respected Article 25 to 27 of the Hague Conventions on Land Warfare . View of Rotterdam after the German bombing of the city . Out of 100 Heinkel He 111s , 57 dropped their ordnance , a combined 97 tons of bombs . In the resulting fire 1.1 square miles ( 2.8 km ) of the city centre were devastated , including 21 churches and 4 hospitals . The strike killed between 800 -- 1,000 civilians , wounded over 1,000 , and made 78,000 homeless . Nearly twenty - five thousand homes , 2,320 stores , 775 warehouses and 62 schools were destroyed . Whilst German historian Horst Boog says British propaganda inflated the number of civilian casualties by a factor of 30 , contemporary newspaper reports show the Dutch legation in Paris initially estimated 100,000 people were killed , the Dutch legation in New York later issued a revised figure of 30,000 . International news agencies widely reported these figures , portraying Rotterdam as a city mercilessly destroyed by terror bombing without regard for civilian life , with 30,000 dead lying under the ruins . Neither claim was true . Furthermore , the bombing was against well - defined targets , albeit in the middle of the city , and would have assisted the advancing German Army . The Germans had threatened to bomb Utrecht in the same fashion , and the Netherlands surrendered . Allied response ( edit ) Following the attack on Rotterdam , RAF Bomber Command was authorized to attack German targets east of the Rhine on 15 May 1940 ; the Air Ministry authorized Air Marshal Charles Portal to attack targets in the Ruhr , including oil plants and other civilian industrial targets which aided the German war effort , such as blast furnaces . The underlying motive for the attacks was to divert German air forces away from the land front . Churchill explained the rationale of his decision to his French counterparts in a letter dated the 16th : `` I have examined today with the War Cabinet and all the experts the request which you made to me last night and this morning for further fighter squadrons . We are all agreed that it is better to draw the enemy on to this Island by striking at his vitals , and thus to aid the common cause . '' Due to the inadequate British bomb - sights the strikes that followed `` had the effect of terror raids on towns and villages . '' On the night of 15 / 16 May , 96 bombers crossed the Rhine and attacked targets in Gelsenkirchen. 78 had been assigned oil targets , but only 24 claimed to have accomplished their objective . On the night of 17 / 18 May , RAF Bomber Command bombed oil installations in Hamburg and Bremen ; the H.E. and 400 incendiaries dropped caused six large , one moderately large and 29 small fires . As a result of the attack , 47 people were killed and 127 were wounded . Railway yards at Cologne were attacked on the same night . During May , Essen , Duisburg , Düsseldorf and Hanover were attacked in a similar fashion by Bomber Command . In June , attacks were made on Dortmund , Mannheim , Frankfurt and Bochum . At the time , Bomber Command lacked the necessary navigational and bombing technical background and the accuracy of the bombings during the night attacks was abysmal . Consequently , the bombs were usually scattered over a large area , causing an uproar in Germany . On the night of 7 / 8 June 1940 a single French Navy Farman F. 223 aircraft bombed Berlin , the first Allied attack on the capital . Despite the British attacks on German cities , the Luftwaffe did not begin to attack military and economic targets in the UK until six weeks after the campaign in France was concluded . The Battle of Britain and the Blitz ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Britain and the Blitz The undamaged St Paul 's Cathedral surrounded by smoke and bombed - out buildings and houses in December 1940 On 22 June 1940 , France signed an armistice with Germany . Britain was determined to keep fighting . On 1 / 2 July , the British attacked the German warships Scharnhorst and Prinz Eugen in the port of Kiel and the next day , 16 RAF bombers attacked German train facilities in Hamm . The Battle of Britain began in early June 1940 with small scale bombing raids on Britain . These Störangriffe ( `` nuisance raids '' ) were used to train bomber crews in both day and night attacks , to test defences and try out methods . These training flights continued through July and August , and into the first week of September . Hermann Göring 's general order , issued on 30 June 1940 , stated : The war against England is to be restricted to destructive attacks against industry and air force targets which have weak defensive forces ... The most thorough study of the target concerned , that is vital points of the target , is a pre-requisite for success . It is also stressed that every effort should be made to avoid unnecessary loss of life amongst the civilian population . -- Hermann Göring The Kanalkampf of attacks on shipping and fighter skirmishes over the English Channel started on 4 July , and escalated on 10 July , a day which Dowding later proposed as the official start date for the Battle . Throughout the battle , Hitler called for the British to accept peace , but they refused to negotiate . Still hoping that the British would negotiate for peace , Hitler explicitly prohibited attacks on London and against civilians . Any airmen who , intentionally or unintentionally , violated this order were punished . Hitler 's No. 17 Directive , issued 1 August 1940 , established the conduct of war against Britain and specifically forbade the Luftwaffe from conducting terror raids . The Führer declared that terror attacks could only be a means of reprisal , as ordered by him . On 6 August Göring finalised plans for `` Operation Eagle Attack '' with his commanders : destruction of RAF Fighter Command across the south of England was to take four days , then bombing of military and economic targets was to systematically extend up to the Midlands until daylight attacks could proceed unhindered over the whole of Britain , then a major attack was to be made on London causing a crisis with refugees when the intended Operation Sea Lion invasion was due to begin . On 8 August 1940 , the Germans switched to raids on RAF fighter bases . To reduce losses , the Luftwaffe also began to use increasing numbers of bombers at night . From the night of 19 / 20 August night bombing targeted the aircraft industry , ports , harbours , and other strategic targets in towns and cities , including suburban areas around London . By the last week of August , over half the missions were flown under the cover of dark . On 24 August , fate took a turn , and several off - course German bombers accidentally bombed central areas of London . The next day , the RAF bombed Berlin for the first time , targeting Tempelhof airfield and the Siemens factories in Siemenstadt . These attacks were seen by the Germans as indiscriminate due to their inaccuracy , and this infuriated Hitler ; he ordered that the ' night piracy of the British ' be countered by a concentrated night offensive against the island , and especially London . In a public speech in Berlin on 4 September 1940 , Hitler announced that : The other night the English had bombed Berlin . So be it . But this is a game at which two can play . When the British Air Force drops 2000 or 3000 or 4000 kg of bombs , then we will drop 150 000 , 180 000 , 230 000 , 300 000 , 400 000 kg on a single night . When they declare they will attack our cities in great measure , we will eradicate their cities . The hour will come when one of us will break -- and it will not be National Socialist Germany ! -- Adolf Hitler German Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 bomber flying over Wapping and the Isle of Dogs in the East End of London at the start of the Luftwaffe 's evening raids of 7 September 1940 The Blitz was underway . Göring -- at Kesselring 's urging and with Hitler 's support - turned to a massive assault on the British capital . On 7 September 318 bombers from the whole KG 53 supported by eight other Kampfgruppen , flew almost continuous sorties against London , the dock area which was already in flames from earlier daylight attacks . The attack of 7 September 1940 did not entirely step over the line into a clear terror bombing effort since its primary target was the London docks , but there was clearly an assumed hope of terrorizing the London population . Hitler himself hoped that the bombing of London would terrorize the population into submission . He stated that `` If eight million ( Londoners ) go mad , it might very well turn into a catastrophe ! '' . After that he believed `` even a small invasion might go a long way '' . Another 250 bomber sorties were flown in the night . By the morning of 8 September 430 Londoners had been killed . The Luftwaffe issued a press notice announcing they had dropped more than 1,000,000 kilograms of bombs on London in 24 hours . Many other British cities were hit in the nine - month Blitz , including Plymouth , Birmingham , Sheffield , Liverpool , Southampton , Manchester , Bristol , Belfast , Cardiff , Clydebank , Kingston upon Hull and Coventry . Basil Collier , author of ' The Defence of the United Kingdom ' , the HMSO 's official history , wrote : Although the plan adopted by the Luftwaffe early September had mentioned attacks on the population of large cities , detailed records of the raids made during the autumn and the winter of 1940 -- 41 does not suggest that indiscriminate bombing of the civilians was intended . The points of aim selected were largely factories and docks . Other objectives specifically allotted to bomber - crews included the City of London and the governmental quarter round Whitehall . -- Basil Collier In addition to the conclusions of Basil Collier to that effect there are also , for example , the 1949 memoirs of General Henry H. Arnold who had been in London in 1941 and supported Collier 's estimate . Harris noted in 1947 that the Germans had failed to take the opportunity to destroy English cities by concentrated incendiary bombing . As the war continued , an escalating war of electronic technology developed . To counter German radio navigation aids , which helped their navigators find targets in the dark and through cloud cover , the British raced to work out the problems with countermeasures ( most notably airborne radar , as well as highly effective deceptive beacons and jammers ) . `` Children in the east end of London , made homeless by the random bombs of the Nazi night raiders , waiting outside the wreckage of what was their home '' . September 1940 ( National Archives ) Despite causing a great deal of damage and disrupting the daily lives of the civilian population , the bombing of Britain failed to have an impact . British air defenses became more formidable , and attacks tapered off as Germany abandoned its efforts against Britain and focused more on the Soviet Union . Operation Abigail Rachel was the bombing of Mannheim the `` first deliberate terror raid '' on Germany on 16 December . The British had been waiting for the opportunity to experiment with such a raid aimed at creating a maximum of destruction in a selected town since the summer of 1940 , and the opportunity was given after the German raid on Coventry . Internally it was declared to be a reprisal for Coventry and Southampton . The new bombing policy was officially ordered by Churchill at the start of December , on condition it receive no publicity and be considered an experiment . Target marking and most bombs missed the city centre . This led to the development of the bomber stream . Despite the lack of decisive success of this raid , approval was granted for further Abigails . This was the start of a British drift away from precision attacks on military targets and towards area bombing attacks on whole cities . Germany later in the War ( edit ) Main articles : Operation Steinbock , Vergeltungswaffen , Heinkel He 177 , Bomber B , and Amerika Bomber A captured Heinkel He 177A in French Armee de l'Air colors in 1945 Goering 's first chief of staff Generalleutnant Walther Wever was a big advocate of the Ural bomber program , but when he died in a flying accident in 1936 , support for the strategic bomber program began to dwindle rapidly under Goering 's influences . Under pressure from Goering , Albert Kesselring , Wever 's replacement , opted for a medium , all - purpose and twin - engine tactial bomber . Erdhard Milch , who strongly supported Goering conceptions , was instrumental in the Luftwaffe 's future . Milch believed that the German industry only had the raw materials and capacity to produce 1,000 four - engine heavy bombers , but many times that number of a twin - engine one . In spring of 1937 , just in moment when the Luftwaffe 's own Technicall Office had passed the Ju - 89 and Do - 19 heavy bombers models ready for testing , Goering ordered a halt to all work on the four - engine strategic bomber program . However , in 1939 the Bomber B program sought to produce a twin - engined strategic bomber that could carry nearly - equivalent bombloads of Allied four - engined heavy bombers , but as an advanced development of the pre-war Schnellbomber concept . The Bomber B designs meant to achieve top level speeds of at least 600 km / h ( 370 mph ) . The Bomber B program went nowhere , as the intended designs required pairs of combat - reliable aviation engines of at least 1,500 kW ( 2,000 PS ) apiece , something that the German aviation engine industry had serious problems in developing . A further design program initiated in the late spring of 1942 , intended for the Luftwaffe to have trans - Atlantic ranged four - engined ( and later six - engined ) bombers to attack the continental United States and aptly named the Amerika Bomber , also went nowhere , with only five prototype airframes getting airborne for testing from two design competitors , before the war 's end . The only heavy bomber design that would see service with the Luftwaffe in World War II was the trouble - prone Heinkel He 177 A , which had also been mistakenly meant by the RLM to have a medium angle `` dive bombing '' capability from the design 's start in November 1937 , something which Ernst Heinkel and Erhard Milch had vehemently disagreed with , which would not be rescinded until September 1942 by Goering himself . The He 177A went into service in April 1942 , despite an ongoing series of engine fires in the prototype series of aircraft , and the small batch of A-0 series production prototypes leading up to that timeframe -- a serious enough deficiency , along with numerous , seriously deficient design features -- to lead Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring to decry the He 177A 's pair of Daimler - Benz DB 606 powerplants to be nothing more than fire - prone , cumbersome `` welded - together engines '' in August of that year . Production of the B - series by Heinkel 's only subcontractor for the Greif , Arado Flugzeugwerke , would not have started until November 1944 , because of Arado 's focus on the production of its own Arado Ar 234 jet - powered reconnaissance - bomber at the time . The July 1944 - initiated Jägernotprogramm , as well as the devastating effects of Allied bombing on the entire German aviation industry , prevented any production of the He 177B design . One of the victims of a German V - 2 rocket that struck Teniers Square , Antwerp , Belgium on 27 November 1944 As the He 177As entered service in April 1942 , following a destructive RAF attack on the Hanseatic medieval city of Lübeck , Adolf Hitler ordered the Luftwaffe to retaliate , leading to the so - called Baedeker Blitz : The Führer has ordered that the air war against England be given a more aggressive stamp . Accordingly , when targets are being selected , preference is to be given to those where attacks are likely to have the greatest possible effect on civilian life . Besides raids on ports and industry , terror attacks of retaliatory nature are to be carried out against towns other than London . Minelaying is to be scaled down in favour of these attacks . -- Signal from the Führer 's headquarters to the Luftwaffe High Command , 14 April 1942 . Aftermath of V - 2 bombing at Battersea , London , 27 January 1945 . In January 1944 , a beleaguered Germany tried to strike a blow to British morale with terror bombing with Operation Steinbock , nicknamed the `` Baby Blitz '' by the British . At this stage of the war , Germany was critically short of heavy and medium bombers , with the added obstacles of a highly effective and sophisticated British air - defence system , and the increasing vulnerability of airfields in occupied Western Europe to Allied air attack making the effectiveness of German retaliation more doubtful . Minsk in 1941 after German bombing . 85 % of the city was completely destroyed . However , German scientists had invented vengeance weapons -- V - 1 flying bombs and V - 2 ballistic missiles -- and these were used to launch an aerial assault on London and other cities in southern England from continental Europe . The campaign was much less destructive than the Blitz , so the British called it ' the Baby Blitz ' . As the Allies advanced across France and towards Germany from the West , Paris , Liège , Lille and Antwerp also became targets . The British and US directed part of the strategic bombing to the eradication of `` wonder weapon '' threats in what was later known as Operation Crossbow . The development of the V2 was hit preemptively in the British Peenemünde Raid ( Operation Hydra ) of August 1943 . British historian Frederick Taylor asserts that `` all sides bombed each other 's cities during the war . Half a million Soviet citizens , for example , died from German bombing during the invasion and occupation of Russia . That 's roughly equivalent to the number of German citizens who died from Allied raids '' . The Luftwaffe destroyed numerous Soviet cities through bombing , including Minsk , Sevastopol and Stalingrad . 20,528 tons of bombs were dropped on Sevastopol in June 1942 alone . German bombing efforts on the Eastern Front dwarfed its commitments in the west . For example , the Luftwaffe dropped over 100,000 tonnes of bombs upon the Soviet Union from 25 June 1941 to the end of November 1941 . From January 1942 to the end of December 1943 the Germans dropped 650,400 tonnes of bombs on the Eastern Front , a monthly average of 27,100 tonnes . The British later in the War ( edit ) RAF estimates of destruction of `` built up areas '' of major German cities Bold * = population over 500,000 City percent destroyed Berlin * 33 % Cologne * 61 % Dortmund * 54 % Dresden * 59 % Düsseldorf * 64 % Essen * 50 % Frankfurt * 52 % Hamburg * 75 % Leipzig * 20 % Munich * 42 % Bochum 83 % Bremen 60 % Chemnitz 41 % Dessau 61 % Duisburg 48 % Hagen 67 % Hanover 60 % Kassel 69 % Kiel 50 % Mainz 80 % Magdeburg 41 % Mannheim 64 % Nuremberg 51 % Stettin 53 % Stuttgart 46 % The purpose of the area bombardment of cities was laid out in a British Air Staff paper , dated 23 September 1941 : The ultimate aim of an attack on a town area is to break the morale of the population which occupies it . To ensure this , we must achieve two things : first , we must make the town physically uninhabitable and , secondly , we must make the people conscious of constant personal danger . The immediate aim , is therefore , twofold , namely , to produce ( i ) destruction and ( ii ) fear of death . During the first few months of the area bombing campaign , an internal debate within the British government about the most effective use of the nation 's limited resources in waging war on Germany continued . Should the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) be scaled back to allow more resources to go to the British Army and Royal Navy or should the strategic bombing option be followed and expanded ? An influential paper was presented to support the bombing campaign by Professor Frederick Lindemann , the British government 's leading scientific adviser , justifying the use of area bombing to `` dehouse '' the German workforce as the most effective way of reducing their morale and affecting enemy war production . Mr. Justice Singleton , a High Court Judge , was asked by Cabinet to look into the competing points of view . In his report , delivered on 20 May 1942 , he concluded : If Russia can hold Germany on land I doubt whether Germany will stand 12 or 18 months ' continuous , intensified and increased bombing , affecting , as it must , her war production , her power of resistance , her industries and her will to resist ( by which I mean morale ) . In the end , thanks in part to the dehousing paper , it was this view which prevailed and Bomber Command would remain an important component of the British war effort up to the end of World War II . A large proportion of the industrial production of the United Kingdom was harnessed to the task of creating a vast fleet of heavy bombers . Until 1944 , the effect on German production was remarkably small and raised doubts whether it was wise to divert so much effort -- the response being there was nowhere else the effort could have been applied , as readily , to greater effect . Cologne in 1945 , despite being hit dozens of times by Allied bombs , the Cologne Cathedral survived the war Lindemann was liked and trusted by Winston Churchill , who appointed him the British government 's leading scientific adviser with a seat in the Cabinet . In 1942 , Lindemann presented the `` dehousing paper '' to the Cabinet showing the effect that intensive bombing of German cities could produce . It was accepted by the Cabinet , and Air Marshal Harris was appointed to carry out the task . It became an important part of the total war waged against Germany . Professor Lindemann 's paper put forward the theory of attacking major industrial centres in order to deliberately destroy as many homes and houses as possible . Working - class homes were to be targeted because they had a higher density and fire storms were more likely . This would displace the German workforce and reduce their ability to work . His calculations ( which were questioned at the time , in particular by Professor P.M.S. Blackett of the Admiralty operations research department , expressly refuting Lindemann 's conclusions ) showed the RAF 's Bomber Command would be able to destroy the majority of German houses located in cities quite quickly . The plan was highly controversial even before it started , but the Cabinet thought that bombing was the only option available to directly attack Germany ( as a major invasion of the continent was almost two years away ) , and the Soviets were demanding that the Western Allies do something to relieve the pressure on the Eastern Front . Few in Britain opposed this policy , but there were three notable opponents in Parliament , Bishop George Bell and the Labour MPs Richard Stokes and Alfred Salter . No effort to examine the effects of bombing was ever made . The area near the Frankfurt Cathedral after a bombing , May 1945 On 14 February 1942 , the Area bombing directive was issued to Bomber Command . Bombing was to be `` focused on the morale of the enemy civil population and in particular of the industrial workers . '' Though it was never explicitly declared , this was the nearest that the British got to a declaration of unrestricted aerial bombing -- Directive 22 said `` You are accordingly authorised to use your forces without restriction '' , and then listing a series of primary targets which included Dortmund , Essen , Duisburg , Düsseldorf , and Cologne . Secondary targets included Braunschweig , Lübeck , Rostock , Bremen , Kiel , Hanover , Frankfurt , Mannheim , Stuttgart , and Schweinfurt . The directive stated that `` operations should now be focused on the morale of the enemy civilian population , and in particular , the industrial workers '' . Lest there be any confusion , Sir Charles Portal wrote to Air Chief Marshal Norman Bottomley on 15 February `` ... I suppose it is clear that the aiming points will be the built - up areas , and not , for instance , the dockyards or aircraft factories '' . Factories were no longer targets . The first true practical demonstrations were on the night of 28 to 29 March 1942 , when 234 aircraft bombed the ancient Hanseatic port of Lübeck . This target was chosen not because it was a significant military target , but because it was expected to be particularly susceptible -- in Harris 's words it was `` built more like a fire lighter than a city '' . The ancient timber structures burned well , and the raid destroyed most of the city 's centre . A few days later , Rostock suffered the same fate . An Avro Lancaster over Hamburg . At this stage of the air war , the most effective and disruptive examples of area bombing were the `` thousand - bomber raids '' . Bomber Command was able by organization and drafting in as many aircraft as possible to assemble very large forces which could then attack a single area , overwhelming the defences . The aircraft would be staggered so that they would arrive over the target in succession : the new technique of the `` bomber stream '' . On 30 May 1942 , between 0047 and 0225 hours , in Operation Millennium 1,046 bombers dropped over 2,000 tons of high explosive and incendiaries on the medieval town of Cologne , and the resulting fires burned it from end to end . The damage inflicted was extensive . The fires could be seen 600 miles away at an altitude of 20,000 feet . Some 3,300 houses were destroyed , and 10,000 were damaged . 12,000 separate fires raged destroying 36 factories , damaging 270 more , and leaving 45,000 people with nowhere to live or to work . Only 384 civilians and 85 soldiers were killed , but thousands evacuated the city . Bomber Command lost 40 bombers . Two further thousand - bomber raids were conducted over Essen and Bremen , but neither so utterly shook both sides as the scale of the destruction at Cologne and Hamburg . The effects of the massive raids using a combination of blockbuster bombs ( to blow off roofs ) and incendiaries ( to start fires in the exposed buildings ) created firestorms in some cities . The most extreme examples of which were caused by Operation Gomorrah , the combined USAAF / RAF attack on Hamburg , ( 45,000 dead ) , attack on Kassel ( 10,000 dead ) , the attack on Darmstadt ( 12,500 dead ) , the attack on Pforzheim ( 21,200 dead ) , the attack on Swinemuende ( 23,000 dead ) and the attack on Dresden ( 25,000 dead ) . An elderly woman in front of the bodies of school children in Cologne , Germany , after a bombing raid According to economic historian Adam Tooze , in his book The Wages of Destruction : The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy , a turning point in the bomber offensive was reached in March 1943 , during the Battle of the Ruhr . Over five months 34,000 tons of bombs were dropped . Following the raids , steel production fell by 200,000 tons , making a shortfall of 400,000 tons . Speer acknowledged that the RAF were hitting the right targets , and raids severely disrupted his plans to increase production to meet increasing attritional needs . Between July 1943 and March 1944 there were no further increases in the output of aircraft . The bombing of Hamburg in 1943 also produced impressive results . Tiger tank production , and the manufacture of 88mm guns , the most potent dual - purpose artillery piece in the Wehrmacht was `` set back for months '' . On top of this , some 62 percent of the population was dehoused causing more difficulties . However , RAF Bomber Command allowed itself to be distracted by Harris ' desire for a war winning blow , and attempted the fruitless missions to destroy Berlin and end the war by spring , 1944 . In October 1943 , Harris urged the government to be honest with the public regarding the purpose of the bombing campaign . To Harris , his complete success at Hamburg confirmed the validity and necessity of his methods , and he urged that : the aim of the Combined Bomber Offensive ... should be unambiguously stated ( as ) the destruction of German cities , the killing of German workers , and the disruption of civilized life throughout Germany . ... the destruction of houses , public utilities , transport and lives , the creation of a refugee problem on an unprecedented scale , and the breakdown of morale both at home and at the battle fronts by fear of extended and intensified bombing , are accepted and intended aims of our bombing policy . They are not by - products of attempts to hit factories . By contrast , the United States Strategic Bombing Survey found attacks on waterways , beginning 23 September with strikes against the Dortmund - Ems Canal and Mittelland Canal , produced tremendous traffic problems on the Rhine River . It had immediate impacts on shipments of goods , and especially coal deliveries , upon which Germany 's economy depended ; with no more additional effort , by February 1945 , rail transport ( which competed for coal ) had seen its shipments cut by more than half , and by March , `` except in limited areas , the coal supply had been eliminated . '' The devastating bombing raids of Dortmund at the 12th March 1945 with 1,108 aircraft -- 748 Lancasters , 292 Halifaxes , 68 Mosquitos -- was a record attack on a single target in the whole of World War II . More than 4,800 tonnage of bombs was dropped through the city centre and the south of the city and destroyed 98 % of buildings . Other British efforts ( edit ) Operation Chastise , better known as the Dambusters raid , was an attempt to damage German industrial production by crippling its hydro - electric power and transport in the Ruhr area . Operation Hydra of August 1943 sought to destroy German work on long - range rockets but only delayed it by a few months . Subsequent efforts were directed against V - weapon launch sites in France . U.S. bombing in Europe ( edit ) Summary of AAF and RAF bombing . In mid 1942 , the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) arrived in the UK and carried out a few raids across the English Channel . The USAAF Eighth Air Force 's B - 17 bombers were called the `` Flying Fortresses '' because of their heavy defensive armament of ten to twelve machine guns -- eventually comprising up to thirteen heavy 12.7 mm calibre , `` light barrel '' Browning M2 guns per bomber -- and armor plating in vital locations . In part because of their heavier armament and armor , they carried smaller bomb loads than British bombers . With all of this , the USAAF 's commanders in Washington , D.C. , and in Great Britain adopted the strategy of taking on the Luftwaffe head on , in larger and larger air raids by mutually defending bombers , flying over Germany , Austria , and France at high altitudes during the daytime . Also , both the U.S. Government and its Army Air Forces commanders were reluctant to bomb enemy cities and towns indiscriminately . They claimed that by using the B - 17 and the Norden bombsight , the USAAF should be able to carry out `` precision bombing '' on locations vital to the German war machine : factories , naval bases , shipyards , railroad yards , railroad junctions , power plants , steel mills , airfields , etc . In January 1943 , at the Casablanca Conference , it was agreed RAF Bomber Command operations against Germany would be reinforced by the USAAF in a Combined Operations Offensive plan called Operation Pointblank . Chief of the British Air Staff MRAF Sir Charles Portal was put in charge of the `` strategic direction '' of both British and American bomber operations . The text of the Casablanca directive read : `` Your primary object will be the progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military , industrial , and economic system and the undermining of the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance is fatally weakened . '' At the beginning of the combined strategic bombing offensive on 4 March 1943 , 669 RAF and 303 USAAF heavy bombers were available . Dresden , 1945 , view from the city hall ( Rathaus ) over the destroyed city In late 1943 , the ' Pointblank ' attacks manifested themselves in the infamous Schweinfurt raids ( first and second ) . Formations of unescorted bombers were no match for German fighters , which inflicted a deadly toll . In despair , the Eighth halted air operations over Germany until a long - range fighter could be found in 1944 ; it proved to be the P - 51 Mustang , which had the range to fly to Berlin and back . USAAF leaders firmly held to the claim of `` precision bombing '' of military targets for much of the war , and dismissed claims they were simply bombing cities . However the American Eighth Air Force received the first H2X radar sets in December 1943 . Within two weeks of the arrival of these first six sets , the Eighth command gave permission for them to area bomb a city using H2X and would continue to authorize , on average , about one such attack a week until the end of the war in Europe . In reality , the day bombing was `` precision bombing '' only in the sense that most bombs fell somewhere near a specific designated target such as a railway yard . Conventionally , the air forces designated as `` the target area '' a circle having a radius of 1,000 feet ( 300m ) around the aiming point of attack . While accuracy improved during the war , Survey studies show that , overall , only about 20 % of the bombs aimed at precision targets fell within this target area . In the fall of 1944 , only seven percent of all bombs dropped by the Eighth Air Force hit within 1,000 feet of their aim point . Nevertheless , the sheer tonnage of explosive delivered by day and by night was eventually sufficient to cause widespread damage , and , more importantly from a military point of view , forced Germany to divert resources to counter it . This was to be the real significance of the Allied strategic bombing campaign -- resource allocation . A pile of bodies in Dresden before cremation For the sake of improving USAAF firebombing capabilities , a mock - up German Village was built up and repeatedly burned down . It contained full - scale replicas of German residential homes . Firebombing attacks proved quite successful , in a series of attacks launched by the RAF and US forces in July 1943 on Hamburg , roughly 50,000 civilians were killed and large areas of the city destroyed . A raid by the 8th Air Force on the Focke Wulf factory at Marienburg , Germany ( 1943 ) . With the arrival of the brand - new Fifteenth Air Force based in Italy , command of the U.S. Air Forces in Europe was consolidated into the United States Strategic Air Forces ( USSTAF ) . With the addition of the Mustang to its strength -- and a major change in fighter tactics by the Eighth Air Force , meant to secure daylight air supremacy for the Americans over Germany from the start of 1944 onwards -- the Combined Bomber Offensive was resumed . Planners targeted the Luftwaffe in an operation known as ' Big Week ' ( 20 -- 25 February 1944 ) and succeeded brilliantly -- its major attacks came during the `` Baby Blitz '' period for the Luftwaffe over England , while losses for the Luftwaffe 's day fighter forces were so heavy that both the twin - engined Zerstörergeschwader heavy fighter wings ( the intended main anti-bomber force ) and their replacement , single - engined Sturmgruppen of heavily armed Fw 190As became largely ineffective , clearing each force of bomber destroyers in their turn from Germany 's skies throughout most of 1944 . With such heavy losses of their primary means of defense against the USAAF 's tactics , German planners were forced into a hasty dispersal of industry , with the day fighter arm never being able to fully recover in time . On 27 March 1944 , the Combined Chiefs of Staff issued orders granting control of all the Allied air forces in Europe , including strategic bombers , to General Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Supreme Allied Commander , who delegated command to his deputy in SHAEF Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder . There was resistance to this order from some senior figures , including Winston Churchill , Harris , and Carl Spaatz , but after some debate , control passed to SHAEF on 1 April 1944 . When the Combined Bomber Offensive officially ended on 1 April , Allied airmen were well on the way to achieving air superiority over all of Europe . While they continued some strategic bombing , the USAAF along with the RAF turned their attention to the tactical air battle in support of the Normandy Invasion . It was not until the middle of September that the strategic bombing campaign of Germany again became the priority for the USSTAF . The twin campaigns -- the USAAF by day , the RAF by night -- built up into massive bombing of German industrial areas , notably the Ruhr , followed by attacks directly on cities such as Hamburg , Kassel , Pforzheim , Mainz and the often - criticized bombing of Dresden . Bombing in Italy ( edit ) Italy , first as an Axis member and later as a German - occupied country , was heavily bombed by Allied forces for all the duration of the war . In Northern Italy , after small - scale bombings which mainly targeted factories , only causing little damage and casualties , RAF Bomber Command launched a first large - scale area bombing campaign on Milan , Turin and Genoa ( the so - called ' industrial triangle ' ) during the autumn of 1942 . All three cities suffered heavy damage and hundreds of civilian casualties , although the effects were less disastrous than those suffered by German cities , mainly because Italian cities had centers made of brick and stone buildings , while German cities had centers made of wooden buildings . Milan and Turin were bombed again in February 1943 ; the heaviest raids were carried out in July ( 295 bombers dropped 763 tons of bombs on Turin , killing 792 people ) and August ( all three cities were bombed and a total of 843 bombers dropped 2,268 tons of bombs over Milan , causing about 900 casualties ) . These attacks caused widespread damage and prompted most of the cities ' inhabitants to flee . During 1944 and 1945 Milan , Turin and Genoa were instead bombed by USAAF bombers , which mainly targeted factories and marshalling yards ; nonetheless , imprecision in bombings caused further destruction of vast areas . By the end of the war , about 30 -- 40 % of the buildings in each of the three cities were destroyed , and both in Milan and Turin less than half of the city remained undamaged . 2,069 people were killed in Turin and over 2,200 in Milan . The only other city in Italy to be subjected to area bombing was La Spezia , heavily bombed by the Bomber Command during April 1943 , with slight casualties but massive damage ( 45 % of the buildings were destroyed or heavily damaged , and just 25 -- 30 % remained undamaged ) . Several other cities in Northern Italy suffered heavy damage and casualties due to USAAF bombings , usually aimed at factories and marshalling yards but often inaccurate ; among them Bologna ( 2,481 casualties ) , Padua ( about 2,000 casualties ) , Rimini ( 98 % of the city was destroyed or damaged ) , Treviso ( 1,600 killed in the bombing of 7 April 1944 , 80 % of the city destroyed or damaged ) , Trieste ( 463 casualties on 10 June 1944 ) , Vicenza ( 317 casualties on 18 November 1944 ) . Building destroyed in Milan after the August 1943 bombings . Milan Cathedral is visible in the background . In Southern Italy , after small - scale bombings by the RAF ( more frequent than in the North ) , USAAF started its bombing campaign in December 1942 . The bombings mostly targeted harbour facilities , marshalling yards , factories and airports , but the inaccuracy of the attacks caused extensive destruction and civilian casualties ; among the cities hit the hardest were Naples ( 6,000 casualties ) , Messina ( more than one third of the city was destroyed , and only 30 % remained untouched ) , Reggio Calabria , Foggia ( thousands of casualties ) , Cagliari ( 416 inhabitants were killed in the bombings of February 1943 , 80 % of the city was damaged or destroyed ) , Palermo , Catania and Trapani ( 70 % of the buildings were damaged or destroyed ) . Central Italy was left untouched for the first three years of war , but from 1943 onwards it was heavily bombed by USAAF , with heavy damage ( usually due to inaccuracy in bombing ) to a number of cities , including Livorno ( 57 % of the city was destroyed or damaged , over 500 people were killed in June 1943 ) , Civitavecchia , Grosseto , Terni ( 1,077 casualties ) , Pisa ( 1,738 casualties ) , Pescara ( between 2,200 and 3,900 casualties ) , Ancona ( 1,182 casualties ) , Viterbo ( 1,017 casualties ) and Isernia ( about 500 casualties on 11 September 1943 ) . Rome was bombed on several occasions ; the historic centre and the Vatican were spared , but the suburbs suffered heavy damage and between 3,000 and 5,000 casualties . Florence also suffered some bombings in the outskirts ( 215 people were killed on 25 September 1943 ) , while the historical centre was not bombed . Venice proper was never bombed . In Dalmatia , the Italian enclave of Zara suffered extensive bombing , which destroyed 60 % of the city and killed about 1,000 of its 20,000 inhabitants , prompting most of the population to flee to mainland Italy ( the town was later annexed to Yugoslavia ) . Except for Rome , Venice , Florence , Urbino and Siena , damage to cultural heritage in Italy was widespread . Bombing in France ( edit ) German - occupied France contained a number of important targets that attracted the attention of the British , and later American bombing . In 1940 , RAF Bomber Command launched attacks against German preparations for Operation Sealion , the proposed invasion of England , attacking Channel Ports in France and Belgium and sinking large numbers of barges that had been collected by the Germans for use in the invasion . France 's Atlantic ports were important bases for both German surface ships and submarines , while French industry was an important contributor to the German war effort . Before 1944 , the Allies bombed targets in France that were part of the German war industry . This included raids such as those on the Renault factory in Boulogne - Billancourt in March 1942 or the port facilities of Nantes in September 1943 ( which killed 1,500 civilians ) . In preparation of Allied landings in Normandy and those in the south of France , French infrastructure ( mainly rail transport ) was intensively targeted by RAF and USAAF in May and June 1944 . Despite intelligence provided by the French Resistance , many residential areas were hit in error or lack of accuracy . This included cities like Marseille ( 2,000 dead ) , Lyon ( 1,000 dead ) , Saint - Étienne , Rouen , Orléans , Grenoble , Nice , Paris surrounds , and so on . The Free French Air Force , operational since 1941 , used to opt for the more risky skimming tactic when operating in national territory , to avoid civilian casualties . On 5 January 1945 , British bombers struck the `` Atlantic pocket '' of Royan and destroyed 85 % of this city . A later raid , using napalm was carried out before it was freed from Nazi occupation in April . Of the 3,000 civilians left in the city , 442 died . French civilian casualties due to Allied strategic bombing are estimated at about half of the 67,000 French civilian dead during Allied operations in 1942 -- 1945 ; the other part being mostly killed during tactical bombing in the Normandy campaign . 22 % of the bombs dropped in Europe by British and American air forces between 1940 and 1945 were in France . The port city of Le Havre had been destroyed by 132 bombings during the war ( 5,000 dead ) until September 1944 . It has been rebuilt by architect Auguste Perret and is now a World Heritage Site . Soviet strategic bombing ( edit ) See also : Shuttle bombing and Operation Frantic The first Soviet offensive bomber campaign was directed against the Romanian oilfields in the summer of 1941 . In response to a German raid on Moscow on the night of 21 -- 22 July 1941 , Soviet Naval Aviation launched a series of seven raids against Germany , primarily Berlin , between the night of 7 -- 8 August and 3 -- 4 September . These attacks were undertaken by between four and fifteen aircraft -- beginning on 11 August the new Tupolev TB - 7 -- from the island of Saaremaa , base of the 1st Torpedo Air Regiment . ( At least one raid of the 81st Air Division took off from Pushkin . ) Besides thirty tonnes of bombs , they also dropped leaflets with Joseph Stalin 's defiant speech of 3 July . The Soviets sent a total of 549 long - range bombers over German territory in all of 1941 . In March 1942 the strategic bombing arm of the Soviet Union was reorganized as the Long Range Air Force ( ADD ) . It raided Berlin from 26 -- 29 August and again on the night of 9 -- 10 September with 212 planes . It raided Helsinki for the first time on 24 August , Budapest on 4 -- 5 and 9 -- 10 September and Bucharest on 13 -- 14 September . The German - occupied Polish cities of Kraków and Warsaw were not exempt , but the bombers concentrated primarily on military targets . There were 1,114 sorties over Germany in 1942 . In March 1943 there was a strategic shift : in preparation for the Kursk Offensive , the bombers were directed against the German railroads behind the front . In April the Long Range Air Force expanded to eight air corps and eleven independent divisions containing 700 planes . After the Kursk preparations , the Soviets turned their attention to administrative and industrial targets in East Prussia in April . With 920 aircraft taking part , they dropped 700 tonnes of bombs there . The largest Soviet bomb of the war , an 11,000 - pound weapon , was dropped on Königsberg during one of these raids . Throughout 1943 , the Soviets attempted to give the impression of cooperation between their bombers and those of the West . In February 1944 , they again shifted priority , this time towards terror bombing , with the goal of knocking Finland and Hungary out of the war . Helsinki was struck by 733 bombers on the night of 6 -- 7 February , by 367 on the 15 -- 16th and 850 on the 25 -- 26th . A total of 2,386 tonnes of bombs were dropped . Budapest was hit four straight nights from 13 -- 20 September with a total of 8,000 tonnes by 1,129 bombers . The Soviets flew 4,466 sorties into enemy territory in the year 1944 . In December the Long Range Air Force was reorganized as the 18th Air Army . The main task of the 18th Air Army was to support the final offensive against Germany , but it also undertook raids against Berlin , Breslau , Danzig and Königsberg . In total , 7,158 Soviet aircraft dropped 6,700 tonnes of bombs on Germany during the war , a modest 3.1 % of Soviet bomber sorties , a mere 0.5 % of all Allied `` strategic '' sorties against German - occupied territory and a measly 0.2 % of all bombs dropped on it . After the war , Marxist historians in the Soviet Union and East Germany claimed that the Soviet strategic bombing campaign was limited by moral qualms over bombing civilian centres . One early bombing theorist , Vasili Chripin , whose theories influenced the Soviet Union 's first strategic bombing guidelines ( 1936 ) and the service regulations of 26 January 1940 , drew back from terror bombing as advocated by Western theorists . The Spanish Civil War also convinced Soviet war planners that the air force was most effective when used in close cooperation with ground forces . Nonetheless , after the war , Marshal Vasili Sokolovsky admitted that the Soviets would have gladly launched a strategic bombing offensive had they the capability . In reality , the Soviets never geared aircraft production towards long - range bombers , beyond the small force of indigenously designed and produced Petlyakov Pe - 8 four - engined `` heavies '' , and so never had enough to mount an effective campaign . The land - based nature of warfare on the Eastern Front also required closer cooperation between the air forces and ground troops than did , for example , the defence of Great Britain . Effectiveness ( edit ) Strategic bombing has been criticized on practical grounds because it does not work predictably . The radical changes it forces on a targeted population can backfire , including the counterproductive result of freeing inessential labourers to fill worker shortages in war industries . Much of the doubt about the effectiveness of the bomber war comes from the fact German industrial production increased throughout the war . A combination of factors helped increase German war material output , these included ; continuing development from production lines started before the war , limiting competing models of equipment , government enforced sharing of production techniques , a change in how contracts were priced and an aggressive worker suggestion program . At the same time production plants had to deal with a loss of experienced workers to the military , assimilating untrained workers , culling workers incapable of being trained , and utilizing unwilling forced labor . Strategic bombing failed to reduce German war production . There is insufficient information to ascertain how much additional potential industrial growth the bombing campaign may have curtailed . However , attacks on the infrastructure were taking place . The attacks on Germany 's canals and railroads made transportation of materiel difficult . The Oil Campaign of World War II was , however , extremely successful and made a very large contribution to the general collapse of Germany in 1945 . In the event , the bombing of oil facilities became Albert Speer 's main concern ; however , this occurred sufficiently late in the war that Germany would soon be defeated in any case . German insiders credit the Allied bombing offensive with crippling the German war industry . Speer repeatedly said ( both during and after the war ) it caused crucial production problems . Admiral Karl Dönitz , head of the U-boat fleet ( U-waffe ) , noted in his memoirs failure to get the revolutionary Type XXI U-boats ( which could have completely altered the balance of power in the Battle of the Atlantic ) into service was entirely the result of the bombing . The United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( Europe ) , says , despite bombing becoming a major effort , between December 1942 and June 1943 , `` The attack on the construction yards and slipways was not heavy enough to be more than troublesome '' and the delays in delivery of Type XXIs and XXIIIs up until November 1944 `` can not be attributed to the air attack '' , but adds , `` The attacks during the late winter and early spring of 1945 did close , or all but close , five of the major yards , including the great Blohm and Voss plant at Hamburg '' . Effect on morale ( edit ) Diagram showing the effects of strategic bombing on German morale in 1945 . From the United States Strategic Bombing Survey , Morale Division . Although designed to `` break the enemy 's will '' , the opposite often happened . The British did not crumble under the German Blitz and other air raids early in the war . British workers continued to work throughout the war and food and other basic supplies were available throughout . The impact of bombing on German morale was significant according to Professor John Buckley . Around a third of the urban population under threat of bombing had no protection at all . Some of the major cities saw 55 -- 60 percent of dwellings destroyed . Mass evacuations were a partial answer for six million civilians , but this had a severe impact on morale as German families were split up to live in difficult conditions . By 1944 , absenteeism rates of 20 -- 25 percent were not unusual and in post-war analysis 91 percent of civilians stated bombing was the most difficult hardship to endure and was the key factor in the collapse of their own morale . The United States Strategic Bombing Survey concluded that the bombing was not stiffening morale but seriously depressing it ; fatalism , apathy , defeatism were apparent in bombed areas . The Luftwaffe was blamed for not warding off the attacks and confidence in the Nazi regime fell by 14 percent . By the spring of 1944 , some 75 percent of Germans believed the war was lost , owing to the intensity of the bombing . Buckley argues the German war economy did indeed expand significantly following Albert Speer 's appointment as Reichsminister of Armaments , `` but it is spurious to argue that because production increased then bombing had no real impact '' . The bombing offensive did do serious damage to German production levels . German tank and aircraft production , though reached new records in production levels in 1944 , was in particular one - third lower than planned . In fact , German aircraft production for 1945 was planned at 80,000 , showing Erhard Milch and other leading German planners were pushing for even higher outputs ; `` unhindered by Allied bombing German production would have risen far higher '' . Journalist Max Hastings and the authors of the official history of the bomber offensive , Noble Frankland among them , has argued bombing had a limited effect on morale . In the words of the British Bombing Survey Unit ( BBSU ) , `` The essential premise behind the policy of treating towns as unit targets for area attack , namely that the German economic system was fully extended , was false . '' This , the BBSU noted , was because official estimates of German war production were `` more than 100 percent in excess of the true figures '' . The BBSU concluded , `` Far from there being any evidence of a cumulative effect on ( German ) war production , it is evident that , as the ( bombing ) offensive progressed ... the effect on war production became progressively smaller ( and ) did not reach significant dimensions . '' Allied bombing statistics 1939 -- 45 ( edit ) According to the United States Strategic Bombing Survey , Allied bombers between 1939 and 1945 dropped 1,415,745 tons of bombs over Germany ( 51.1 % of the total bomb tonnage dropped by Allied bombers in the European campaign ) , 570,730 tons over France ( 20.6 % ) , 379,565 tons over Italy ( 13.7 % ) , 185,625 tons over Austria , Hungary and the Balkans ( 6.7 % ) , and 218,873 tons over other countries ( 7.9 % ) . RAF Bombing Sorties & Losses 1939 -- 45 Sorties Losses Night 297,663 7,449 Day 66,851 876 RAF & USAAF Bomb Tonnages on Germany 1939 -- 45 Year RAF Bomber Command ( tons ) US 8th Air Force ( tons ) 1939 31 -- 1940 13,033 -- 1941 31,504 -- 1942 45,561 1,561 1943 157,457 44,165 1944 525,518 389,119 1945 191,540 188,573 Total 964,644 623,418 Casualties ( edit ) Civilian casualties in Dresden after allied bombing on the night of February 13 , 1945 After the war , the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey reviewed the available casualty records in Germany , and concluded that official German statistics of casualties from air attack had been too low . The survey estimated that at a minimum 305,000 were killed in German cities due to bombing and estimated a minimum of 780,000 wounded . Roughly 7,500,000 German civilians were also rendered homeless ( see dehousing ) . Overy estimated in 2014 that in all about 353,000 civilians were killed by British and American bombing of German cities . In addition to the minimum figure given in the Strategic bombing survey , the number of people killed by Allied bombing in Germany has been estimated at between 400,000 and 600,000 . In the UK , 60,595 British were killed by German bombing , and in France , 67,078 French were killed by US - UK bombing . Belgrade was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe on 6 April 1941 , when more than 17,000 people were killed . According to The Oxford companion to World War II , `` After Italy 's surrender the Allies kept up the bombing of the northern part occupied by the Germans and more than 50,000 Italians were killed in these raids . '' An Istat study of 1957 stated that 64,354 Italians were killed by aerial bombing , 59,796 of whom were civilians . Historians Marco Gioannini and Giulio Massobrio argued in 2007 that this figure is inaccurate due to loss of documents , confusion and gaps , and estimated the total number of civilian casualties in Italy due to aerial bombing as comprised between 80,000 and 100,000 . Over 160,000 Allied airmen and 33,700 planes were lost in the European theatre . Asia ( edit ) Chinese casualties of a mass panic during a June 1941 Japanese aerial bombing of Chongqing . Within Asia , the majority of strategic bombing was carried out by the Japanese and the US . The British Commonwealth planned that once the war in Europe was complete , a strategic bombing force of up to 1,000 heavy bombers ( `` Tiger Force '' ) would be sent to the Far East . This was never realised before the end of the Pacific War . Japanese bombing ( edit ) Japanese strategic bombing was independently conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service and the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service . Bombing efforts mostly targeted large Chinese cities such as Shanghai , Wuhan , and Chongqing , with around 5,000 raids from February 1938 to August 1943 in the later case . A famous photo entitled `` Bloody Saturday '' , showing a burned and terrified baby in Shanghai 's South Station following an IJN bombing The bombing of Nanjing and Canton , which began on 22 and 23 September 1937 , called forth widespread protests culminating in a resolution by the Far Eastern Advisory Committee of the League of Nations . Lord Cranborne , the British Under - Secretary of State For Foreign Affairs , expressed his indignation in his own declaration . Words can not express the feelings of profound horror with which the news of these raids had been received by the whole civilized world . They are often directed against places far from the actual area of hostilities . The military objective , where it exists , seems to take a completely second place . The main object seems to be to inspire terror by the indiscriminate slaughter of civilians ... -- Lord Cranborne There were also air raids on Philippines and northern Australia ( Bombing of Darwin , 19 February 1942 ) . The Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service and the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service used tactical bombing against ships , airfields , military positions , and military installations , as the IJNAS had done at the attack on Pearl Harbor . Allied bombing of south - East Asia ( edit ) Main article : Bombing of South - East Asia ( 1944 -- 45 ) After the Japanese invasion of Thailand ( 8 December 1941 ) , the southeast Asian kingdom signed a treaty of alliance with Japan and declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom . The Allies dropped 18,583 bombs on Thailand during the war , resulting in the death of 8,711 people and the destruction of 9,616 buildings . The primary target of the campaign was Bangkok , the Thai capital . Rural areas were almost entirely unaffected . In August 1942 , the United States Fourteenth Air Force based in southern China undertook the first air raids in French Indochina . The American bombing campaign gained intensity after the surrender of Germany in May 1945 , and by July Japanese defences were incapable of impeding their movement . The Americans had attained complete air supremacy . After the victory over Japan , on 19 August the denizens of Hanoi broke into the streets and removed the black coverings off the street lamps . In 1944 -- 45 , the Eastern Fleet of the Royal Navy undertook several raids on the occupied Netherlands East Indies . They also bombed the Japanese - occupied Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . United States bombing of Japan ( edit ) Conventional bombing damage to Japanese cities in World War II City % area destroyed Yokohama 58 % Tokyo 51 % Toyama 99 % Nagoya 40 % Osaka 35.1 % Nishinomiya 11.9 % Shimonoseki 37.6 % Kure 41.9 % Kobe 55.7 % Ōmuta 35.8 % Wakayama 50 % Kawasaki 36.2 % Okayama 68.9 % Yahata 21.2 % Kagoshima 63.4 % Amagasaki 18.9 % Sasebo 41.4 % Moji 23.3 % Miyakonojō 26.5 % Nobeoka 25.2 % Miyazaki 26.1 % Ube 20.7 % Saga 44.2 % Imabari 63.9 % Matsuyama 64 % Fukui 86 % Tokushima 85.2 % Sakai 48.2 % Hachioji 65 % Kumamoto 31.2 % Isesaki 56.7 % Takamatsu 67.5 % Akashi 50.2 % Fukuyama 80.9 % Aomori 30 % Okazaki 32.2 % Ōita 28.2 % Hiratsuka 48.4 % Tokuyama 48.3 % Yokkaichi 33.6 % Ujiyamada 41.3 % Ōgaki 39.5 % Gifu 63.6 % Shizuoka 66.1 % Himeji 49.4 % Fukuoka 24.1 % Kōchi 55.2 % Shimizu 42 % Ōmura 33.1 % Chiba 41 % Ichinomiya 56.3 % Nara 69.3 % Tsu 69.3 % Kuwana 75 % Toyohashi 61.9 % Numazu 42.3 % Choshi 44.2 % Kofu 78.6 % Utsunomiya 43.7 % Mito 68.9 % Sendai 21.9 % Tsuruga 65.1 % Nagaoka 64.9 % Hitachi 72 % Kumagaya 55.1 % Hamamatsu 60.3 % Maebashi 64.2 % Further information : Air raids on Japan and Japan campaign The United States began effective strategic bombing of Japan when B - 29s began operating from the Marianas ( Guam and Tienen ) in late 1944 . Prior to that a single raid was launched from carriers in 1942 , and ineffective long - range raids were launched from China from June to December 1944 . In the last seven months of the campaign , a change to firebombing resulted in great destruction of 67 Japanese cities , as many as 500,000 Japanese deaths and some 5 million more made homeless . Emperor Hirohito 's viewing of the destroyed areas of Tokyo in March 1945 is said to have been the beginning of his personal involvement in the peace process , culminating in Japan 's surrender five months later . Conventional bombing ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tokyo burns during a firebomb attack 26 May 1945 . The first U.S. raid on the Japanese main island was the Doolittle Raid of 18 April 1942 , when sixteen B - 25 Mitchells were launched from the USS Hornet ( CV - 8 ) to attack targets including Yokohama and Tokyo and then fly on to airfields in China . The raid was a military pinprick but a significant propaganda victory . Because they were launched prematurely , none of the aircraft had enough fuel to reach their designated landing sites , and so either crashed or ditched ( except for one aircraft , which landed in the Soviet Union , where the crew was interned ) . Two crews were captured by the Japanese . A woman and her child outside their bombed home in Ebisu , near modern - day Shibuya , following the war The key development for the bombing of Japan was the B - 29 Superfortress , which had an operational range of 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) ; almost 90 % of the bombs ( 147,000 tons ) dropped on the home islands of Japan were delivered by this bomber . The first raid by B - 29s on Japan was on 15 June 1944 , from China . The B - 29s took off from Chengdu , over 1,500 miles away . This raid was also not particularly effective : only forty - seven of the sixty - eight bombers hit the target area . Raids of Japan from mainland China , called Operation Matterhorn , were carried out by the Twentieth Air Force under XX Bomber Command . Initially the commanding officer of the Twentieth Air Force was Hap Arnold , and later Curtis LeMay . Bombing Japan from China was never a satisfactory arrangement because not only were the Chinese airbases difficult to supply -- materiel being sent by air from India over `` the Hump '' -- but the B - 29s operating from them could only reach Japan if they traded some of their bomb load for extra fuel in tanks in the bomb - bays . When Admiral Chester Nimitz 's island - hopping campaign captured Pacific islands close enough to Japan to be within the B - 29 's range , the Twentieth Air Force was assigned to XXI Bomber Command , which organized a much more effective bombing campaign of the Japanese home islands . Based in the Marianas ( Guam and Tinian in particular ) , the B - 29s were able to carry their full bomb loads and were supplied by cargo ships and tankers . The first raid from the Mariana was on 24 November 1944 , when 88 aircraft bombed Tokyo . The bombs were dropped from around 30,000 feet ( 10,000 m ) and it is estimated that only around 10 % hit their targets . Conventional bombs from B - 29s destroyed over 40 % of the urban area in Japan 's six greatest industrial cities Unlike all other forces in theater , the USAAF Bomber Commands did not report to the commanders of the theaters but directly to the Joint Chiefs of Staff . In July 1945 , they were placed under the U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific , which was commanded by General Carl Spaatz . As in Europe , the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) tried daylight precision bombing . However , it proved to be impossible due to the weather around Japan , `` during the best month for bombing in Japan , visual bombing was possible for ( just ) seven days . The worst had only one good day . '' Further , bombs dropped from a great height were tossed about by high winds . General LeMay , commander of XXI Bomber Command , instead switched to mass firebombing night attacks from altitudes of around 7,000 feet ( 2,100 m ) on the major conurbations . `` He looked up the size of the large Japanese cities in the World Almanac and picked his targets accordingly . '' Priority targets were Tokyo , Nagoya , Osaka , and Kobe . Despite limited early success , particularly against Nagoya , LeMay was determined to use such bombing tactics against the vulnerable Japanese cities . Attacks on strategic targets also continued in lower - level daylight raids . The first successful firebombing raid was on Kobe on 3 February 1945 , and following its relative success the USAAF continued the tactic . Nearly half of the principal factories of the city were damaged , and production was reduced by more than half at one of the port 's two shipyards . The first raid of this type on Tokyo was on the night of 23 -- 24 February when 174 B - 29s destroyed around one square mile ( 3 km2 ) of the city . Following on that success , as Operation Meetinghouse , 334 B - 29s raided on the night of 9 -- 10 March , of which 282 Superforts reached their targets , dropping around 1,700 tons of bombs . Around 16 square miles ( 41 km2 ) of the city was destroyed and over 100,000 people are estimated to have died in the fire storm . It was the most destructive conventional raid , and the deadliest single bombing raid of any kind in terms of lives lost , in all of military aviation history , even when the missions on Hiroshima and Nagasaki are taken as single events . The city was made primarily of wood and paper , and the fires burned out of control . The effects of the Tokyo firebombing proved the fears expressed by Admiral Yamamoto in 1939 : `` Japanese cities , being made of wood and paper , would burn very easily . The Army talks big , but if war came and there were large - scale air raids , there 's no telling what would happen . '' The charred remains of a woman and child , after a bombing raid on Tokyo In the following two weeks , there were almost 1,600 further sorties against the four cities , destroying 31 square miles ( 80 km2 ) in total at a cost of 22 aircraft . By June , over forty percent of the urban area of Japan 's largest six cities ( Tokyo , Nagoya , Kobe , Osaka , Yokohama , and Kawasaki ) was devastated . LeMay 's fleet of nearly 600 bombers destroyed tens of smaller cities and manufacturing centres in the following weeks and months . Leaflets were dropped over cities before they were bombed , warning the inhabitants and urging them to escape the city . Though many , even within the Air Force , viewed this as a form of psychological warfare , a significant element in the decision to produce and drop them was the desire to assuage American anxieties about the extent of the destruction created by this new war tactic . Warning leaflets were also dropped on cities not in fact targeted , to create uncertainty and absenteeism . Charred remains of civilians after a bombing of Tokyo A year after the war , the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey reported that American military officials had underestimated the power of strategic bombing combined with naval blockade and previous military defeats to bring Japan to unconditional surrender without invasion . By July 1945 , only a fraction of the planned strategic bombing force had been deployed yet there were few targets left worth the effort . In hindsight , it would have been more effective to use land - based and carrier - based air power to strike merchant shipping and begin aerial mining at a much earlier date so as to link up with effective submarine anti-shipping campaign and completely isolate the island nation . This would have accelerated the strangulation of Japan and ended the war sooner . A postwar Naval Ordnance Laboratory survey agreed , finding naval mines dropped by B - 29s had accounted for 60 % of all Japanese shipping losses in the last six months of the war . In October 1945 , Prince Fumimaro Konoe said the sinking of Japanese vessels by U.S. aircraft combined with the B - 29 aerial mining campaign were just as effective as B - 29 attacks on industry alone , though he admitted , `` the thing that brought about the determination to make peace was the prolonged bombing by the B - 29s . '' Prime Minister Baron Kantarō Suzuki reported to U.S. military authorities it `` seemed to me unavoidable that in the long run Japan would be almost destroyed by air attack so that merely on the basis of the B - 29s alone I was convinced that Japan should sue for peace . '' Nuclear bombing ( edit ) Main article : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Nagasaki Prefecture Report on the bombing characterized Nagasaki as `` like a graveyard with not a tombstone standing '' . While the bombing campaign against Japan continued , the U.S. and its allies were preparing to invade the Japanese home islands , which they anticipated to be heavily costly in terms of life and property . On 1 April 1945 , U.S. troops invaded the island of Okinawa and fought there fiercely against not only enemy soldiers , but also enemy civilians . After two and a half months , 12,000 U.S. servicemen , 107,000 Japanese soldiers , and over 150,000 Okinawan civilians ( included those forced to fight ) were killed . Given the casualty rate in Okinawa , American commanders realized a grisly picture of the intended invasion of mainland Japan . When President Harry S. Truman was briefed on what would happen during an invasion of Japan , he could not afford such a horrendous casualty rate , added to over 400,000 U.S. servicemen who had already died fighting in both the European and Pacific theaters of the war . The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki , Japan , 1945 , rose some 18 km ( 11 mi ) above the hypocentre . Hoping to forestall the invasion , the United States , the United Kingdom , and the Republic of China issued a Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945 , demanding that the Japanese government accept an unconditional surrender . The declaration also stated that if Japan did not surrender , it would be faced with `` prompt and utter destruction '' , a process which was already underway with the incendiary bombing raids destroying 40 % of targeted cities , and by naval warfare isolating and starving Japan of imported food . The Japanese government ignored ( mokusatsu ) this ultimatum , thus signalling that they were not going to surrender . In the wake of this rejection , Stimson and George Marshall ( the Army chief of staff ) and Hap Arnold ( head of the Army Air Forces ) set the atomic bombing in motion . On 6 August 1945 , the B - 29 bomber Enola Gay flew over the Japanese city of Hiroshima in southwest Honshū and dropped a gun - type uranium - 235 atomic bomb ( code - named Little Boy by the U.S. ) on it . Two other B - 29 aircraft were airborne nearby for the purposes of instrumentation and photography . When the planes first approached Hiroshima , Japanese anti-aircraft units in the city initially thought they were reconnaissance aircraft , since they were ordered not to shoot at one or few aircraft that did not pose a threat , in order to conserve their ammunition for large - scale air raids . The bomb killed roughly 90,000 -- 166,000 people ; half of these died quickly while the other half suffered lingering deaths . The death toll included an estimated 20,000 Korean slave laborers and 20,000 Japanese soldiers ) and destroyed 48,000 buildings ( including the headquarters of the Second General Army and Fifth Division ) . On 9 August , three days later , the B - 29 Bockscar flew over the Japanese city of Nagasaki in northwest Kyushu and dropped an implosion - type , plutonium - 239 atomic bomb ( code - named Fat Man by the U.S. ) on it , again accompanied by two other B - 29 aircraft for instrumentation and photography . This bomb 's effects killed roughly 39,000 -- 80,000 people , including roughly 23,000 -- 28,000 Japanese war industry employees , an estimated 2,000 Korean forced workers , and at least 150 Japanese soldiers . The bomb destroyed 60 % of the city . The industrial damage in Nagasaki was high , partly owing to the inadvertent targeting of the industrial zone , leaving 68 -- 80 % of the non-dock industrial production destroyed . Six days after the detonation over Nagasaki , Japan announced its surrender to the Allied Powers on 15 August 1945 , signing the Instrument of Surrender on 2 September 1945 , officially ending the Pacific War and World War II . The two atomic bombings generated strong sentiments in Japan against all nuclear weapons . Japan adopted the Three Non-Nuclear Principles , which forbade the nation from developing nuclear armaments . Across the world anti-nuclear activists have made Hiroshima the central symbol of what they are opposing . See also ( edit ) Civilian casualties of strategic bombing Defense of the Reich , the strategic defensive aerial campaign fought by the German Luftwaffe over Germany and German occupied Europe . Emergency Fighter Program List of Polish cities damaged in World War II Bombing of Wiener Neustadt in World War II The Blitz References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Duga , James ; Stewart , Carroll ( 2002 ) . Ploesti . Brassey 's . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 510 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : White , Matthew . Twentieth Century Atlas -- Death Tolls : United Kingdom . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . 60,000 , John Keegan The Second World War ( 1989 ) ; `` bombing '' 60,000 : Boris Urlanis , Wars and Population ( 1971 ) 60,595 : Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War 60,600 : John Ellis , World War II : a statistical survey ( Facts on File , 1993 ) `` killed and missing '' 92,673 , ( incl . 30,248 merchant mariners and 60,595 killed by bombing ) : Encyclopædia Britannica , 15th edition , 1992 printing . `` Killed , died of wounds , or in prison ... exclud ( ing ) those who died of natural causes or were suicides . '' 92,673 : Norman Davies , Europe A History ( 1998 ) same as Britannica 's war dead in most cases 92,673 : Michael Clodfelter Warfare and Armed Conflict : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1618 -- 1991 ; 100,000 : William Eckhardt , a three - page table of his war statistics printed in World Military and Social Expenditures 1987 -- 88 ( 12th ed. , 1987 ) by Ruth Leger Sivard . `` Deaths '' , including `` massacres , political violence , and famines associated with the conflicts . '' The British kept accurate records during World War II SO 60,595 was the official death total with 30,248 for the British merchant mariners ( most of whom are listed on the Tower Hill Memorial ) Jump up ^ Crook , Paul ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 10 `` The case against Area Bombing '' `` . In Peter Hore . Patrick Blackett : Sailor , Scientist , and Socialist . Routledge . p. 176 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5317 - 9 . Jump up ^ André Corvisier ( 1994 ) . A Dictionary of Military History and the Art of War , Blackwell Publishing , ISBN 0 - 631 - 16848 - 6 . `` Germany , air battle ( 1942 -- 45 ) '' by P. Facon and Stephen J. Harris p. 312 Jump up ^ Jennifer M. Lind ( 2010 ) . `` Sorry States : Apologies in International Politics '' . Cornell University Press . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 7628 - 3 Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel ( 31 August 2007 ) . China 's Bloody Century : Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 . Transaction Publishers . ^ Jump up to : Olivier Wieviorka , `` Normandy : the landings to the liberation of Paris '' p. 131 ^ Jump up to : Hawley , Charles ( 11 February 2005 ) , `` Dresden Bombing Is To Be Regretted Enormously '' , Der Spiegel Jump up ^ Kerr ( 1991 ) , p. 276 ^ Jump up to : German Deaths by aerial bombardment ( It is not clear if these totals includes Austrians , of whom about 24,000 were killed ( see `` Austrian Press & Information Service , Washington , D.C '' . Archived from the original on 20 April 2006 . Retrieved 9 February 2016. ) and other territories in the Third Reich but not in modern Germany ) 600,000 about 80,000 were children in Hamburg , Juli 1943 in Der Spiegel SPIEGEL ONLINE 2003 ( in German ) Matthew White Twentieth Century Atlas -- Death Tolls lists the following totals and sources : more than 305,000 : ( 1945 Strategic Bombing Survey ) ; 400,000 : Hammond Atlas of the 20th century ( 1996 ) 410,000 : R.J. Rummel , 100 % democidal ; 499,750 : Michael Clodfelter Warfare and Armed Conflict : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1618 -- 1991 ; 593,000 : John Keegan The Second World War ( 1989 ) ; 593,000 : J.A.S. Grenville citing `` official Germany '' in A History of the World in the Twentieth Century ( 1994 ) 600,000 : Paul Johnson Modern Times ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Matthew White Twentieth Century Atlas -- Death Tolls : Allies bombing of Japan lists the following totals and sources 330,000 : 1945 US Strategic Bombing Survey ; 363,000 : ( not including post-war radiation sickness ) ; John Keegan The Second World War ( 1989 ) ; 374,000 : R.J. Rummel , including 337,000 democidal ; 435,000 : Paul Johnson Modern Times ( 1983 ) 500,000 : ( Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War ) ^ Jump up to : Marco Gioannini , Giulio Massobrio , Bombardate l'Italia . Storia della guerra di distruzione aerea 1940 -- 1945 , p. 491 Jump up ^ R.J. 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Jump up ^ `` United States Strategic Bombing Survey , Summary Report ( Pacific War ) . 1 July 1946 '' . Anesi.com . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hallion , Dr. Richard P. Decisive Air Power Prior to 1950 Archived 31 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Air Force History and Museums Program . Jump up ^ Major John S. Chilstrom , School of Advanced Airpower Studies . Mines Away ! The Significance of U.S. Army Air Forces Minelaying in World War II . Diane Publishing , 1992 . Jump up ^ Paul Ham ( 2012 ) . Hiroshima Nagasaki . Transworld . p. 196ff . ISBN 9781448126279 . Jump up ^ Herman S. Wolk ( 2010 ) . Cataclysm : General Hap Arnold and the Defeat of Japan . University of North Texas Press . p. 174 . ISBN 9781574412819 . Jump up ^ Truman later said he gave the order , but there is no written evidence he did so says Tsuyoshi Hasegawa ( 2009 ) . Racing the Enemy : Stalin , Truman , and the Surrender of Japan . Harvard University Press . p. 152 . ISBN 9780674038400 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions # 1 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Archived from the original on 19 September 2007 . Retrieved 18 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Beyond the nuclear freeze , page 145 , Robert F. Drinan , Seabury Press Jump up ^ Nuke - Rebuke : Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons ( The Contemporary anthology series ) . The Spirit That Moves Us Press . 1 May 1984 . pp. 22 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Robert Hull ( 11 October 2011 ) . Welcome To Planet Earth -- 2050 -- Population Zero . AuthorHouse . p. 215 . ISBN 1 - 4634 - 2604 - 6 . Jump up ^ Philip A. Seaton ( 2007 ) . Japan 's Contested War Memories : The ' Memory Rifts ' in Historical Consciousness of World War II . Routledge . p. 91 . Sources ( edit ) Boog , Horst ( 2006 ) . The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia , 1943 -- 1944 / 5 . Germany and the Second World War . VII . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822889 - 9 . Bradley , F.J. ( 1999 ) No Strategic Targets Left . `` Contribution of Major Fire Raids Toward Ending WWII '' , Turner Publishing . ISBN 1 - 56311 - 483 - 6 . Buckley , John ( 1998 ) . Air Power in the Age of Total War . UCL Press . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 589 - 1 . Caidin , Martin ( 1960 ) . A Torch to the Enemy : The Fire Raid on Tokyo . Bantam War Books . ISBN 0 - 553 - 29926 - 3 . Copp , Terry . The Bomber Command Offensive at the Wayback Machine ( archived 27 September 2007 ) , originally published in the Legion Magazine September / October 1996 Collier , Basil . The Defence of the United Kingdom . HMSO , 1957 . OCLC 59930716 Corum , James . ( 2007 ) . The Luftwaffe : The Operational Air War , 1918 -- 1940 . University of Kansas Press . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0836 - 2 Corum , James S. ( 2013 ) . `` The Luftwaffe 's Campaigns in Poland and the West 1939 -- 1940 : A Case Study of Handling Innovation in Wartime '' . Security and Defence Quarterly ( 1 ) : 158 -- 189 . doi : 10.5604 / 23008741.1191778 ( inactive 2018 - 05 - 29 ) . Davis , Richard G. ( 2006 ) Bombing the European Axis Powers . A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939 -- 1945 at the Wayback Machine ( archived 5 March 2009 ) Air University Press . Garrett , Stephen ( 1993 ) . Ethics and Airpower in World War II . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 08683 - 1 . Grafton , Brian . Bomber Command at the Wayback Machine ( archived 9 December 2006 ) on the website Military History Online Grayling , A.C. ( 2006 ) . Among the Dead Cities . London : Bloomsbury . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7475 - 7671 - 6 . Green , William ( 1967 ) . War Planes of the Second World War : Bombers . VIII . London : Macdonald . Hall , Cargill ( 1998 ) . Case Studies in Strategic Bombardment . Air Force History and Museums Program . ISBN 0 - 16 - 049781 - 7 . Hallion , Richard P. Decisive Air Power Prior to 1950 USAF History and Museums Program . Hastings , Max ( 1979 ) . RAF Bomber Command . Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 39204 - 2 Hinchcliffe , Peter ( 1996 ) The other battle : Luftwaffe night aces versus Bomber Command . Airlife Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85310 - 547 - 0 Hooton , E.R ( 1994 ) . Phoenix Triumphant ; The Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe . London : Arms & Armour Press . ISBN 1 - 86019 - 964 - X Hooton , E.R ( 1997 ) . Eagle in Flames ; The Fall of the Luftwaffe . London : Arms & Armour Press . ISBN 1 - 86019 - 995 - X Hooton , E.R ( 2007 ) . Luftwaffe at War ; Blitzkrieg in the West : Volume 2 . London : Chervron / Ian Allen . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 272 - 6 . Hooton , E.R. ( 2016 ) . War over the Steppes : The air campaigns on the Eastern Front 1941 -- 45 . Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 47281562 - 0 . Jane 's ( 1989 ) . All the World 's Aircraft 1940 / 41 / 42 / 43 / 44 / 45 . London , Random House , ISBN 1 - 85170 - 199 - 0 Levine , Alan J. ( 1992 ) . The Strategic Bombing of Germany , 1940 -- 1945 . Greenwood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 94319 - 6 . Longmate , Norman . ( 1983 ) The Bombers . Hutchinson . ISBN 0 - 09 - 151580 - 7 . Murray , Williamson ( 1983 ) . Strategy for Defeat : The Luftwaffe 1933 -- 1945 . Maxwell AFB : Air University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58566 - 010 - 0 . Nelson , Hank ( 2003 ) . A different war : Australians in Bomber Command paper presented at the 2003 History Conference -- Air War Europe Nelson , Hank ( 2006 ) . Chased by the Sun : The Australians in Bomber Command in World War II , Allen & Unwin , ISBN 1 - 74114 - 847 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 74114 - 847 - 3 Overy , Richard J. ( 1980 ) The Air War Stein and Day . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 716 - 7 Overy , Richard J. ( 2001 ) . The Battle of Britain : The Myth and the Reality . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02008 - 8 . ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 393 - 32297 - 1 paperback , 2002 ) Overy , Richard J. ( 2013 ) . The Bombing War : Europe 1939 -- 1945 . London & New York : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9561 - 9 . Poeppel , Hans and Prinz von Preußen , Wilhelm - Karl and von Hase , Karl - Günther. ( 2000 ) Die Soldaten der Wehrmacht . Herbig Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7766 - 2057 - 3 Price , Alfred . Kampfflieger - Bombers of the Luftwaffe January 1942 - Summer 1943 , Volume 3 . 2005 , Classic Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903223 - 49 - 9 Hansen , Randall ( 2008 ) . Fire and Fury : The Allied Bombing of Germany , 1942 -- 1945 . Toronto : Doubleday Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 66403 - 5 . RAF staff ( 6 April 2005 ) . Bomber Command Campaign Diary . Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary . Archived from the original on 6 July 2007 . Ray , John . The Night Blitz . Booksales . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 1601 - 0 . Richards , Denis ( 1953 ) . The Fight at Odds . Royal Air Force 1939 -- 1945 . I. London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . Richards , Denis . The Hardest Victory : RAF Bomber Command in the Second World War . London : Coronet , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 61720 - 9 . R.J. Rummel . Was World War II American Urban Bombing Democide ? Sherwood Ross . How the United States Reversed Its Policy on Bombing Civilians , The Humanist , Vol. 65 , July -- August 2005 Smith , J. Richard and Creek , Eddie J. ( 2004 ) . Kampflieger . Vol. 2. : Bombers of the Luftwaffe July 1940 -- December 1941 . Classic Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903223 - 42 - 0 Smith , J. Richard and Creek , Eddie J. ( 2004 ) . Kampflieger . Vol. 2. : Bombers of the Luftwaffe July 1940 -- December 1941 . Classic Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903223 - 43 - 7 Spaight . James M. Bombing Vindicated Geoffrey Bles , London 1944 . ASIN : B0007IVW7K ( Spaight was Principal Assistant Secretary of the British Air Ministry ) Spector , Ronald ( 1985 ) . Eagle Against the Sun . Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 74101 - 7 Speidel , Wilhelm ( 1956 ) . The Luftwaffe in the Polish Campaign of 1939 . Montgomery , Alabama : Air Force Historical Research Agency . Archived from the original on 27 May 2013 . Taylor , Frederick ( 2005 ) . Dresden : Tuesday , 13 February 1945 . London : Bloomsbury . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 7084 - 1 . Saward , Dudley. ( 1985 ) Bomber Harris . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 11258 - 1 United States Strategic Bombing Survey . Summary Report ( Pacific War ) 1 July 1946 . United States Strategic Bombing Survey . Summary Report ( European War ) 30 September 1945 . United States Strategic Bombing Survey . The Defeat of the German Air Force . 1947 . United States Strategic Bombing Survey . The Effects of Strategic Bombing on German Transportation . 1947 . United States Strategic Bombing Survey . The Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy. 1945 . Willmott , H.P. ( 1991 ) . The Great Crusade . Free Press , 1991 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 934716 - 4 Wood & Dempster ( 1990 ) The Narrow Margin Chapter `` Second Phase '' ISBN 978 - 0 - 87474 - 929 - 8 Wood , Derek and Dempster , Derek . ( 1990 ) . The Narrow Margin : The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power , London : Tri-Service Press , third revised edition . ISBN 1 - 85488 - 027 - 6 . Young , Kevin . `` The Path to Hiroshima and Nagasaki -- Targeting Civilians '' , CounterPunch , 9 -- 10 August 2008 Further reading ( edit ) Childers , Thomas ( 2008 ) . `` Facilis descensus averni est : The Allied Bombing of Germany and the Issue of German Suffering '' . Central European History . 38 : 75 . doi : 10.1163 / 1569161053623624 . ISSN 1569 - 1616 . Clodfelter , Mark . `` Aiming to Break Will : America 's World War II Bombing of German Morale and its Ramifications '' , Journal of Strategic Studies , June 2010 , Vol. 33 # 3 pp 401 -- 435 , doi : 10.1080 / 01402390903189436 Coffey , Thomas M. ( 1977 ) . Decision over Schweinfurt . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 50763 - 5 . Coffey , Thomas M. ( 1982 ) . HAP : The Story of the U.S. Air Force and the Man who Built It , General Henry H. `` Hap '' Arnold . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 36069 - 7 . Coffey , Thomas M. ( 1987 ) . Iron Eagle : The Turbulent Life of General Curtis LeMay . Random House Value publishing . ISBN 0 - 517 - 55188 - 8 . Crane , Conrad C. American Airpower Strategy in World War II : Bombs , Cities , Civilians , and Oil ( 2016 ) . Crane , Conrad C. Bombs , Cities , and Civilians : American Airpower Strategy in World War II ( 1993 ) . Craven , Wesley F. ; Cate , James Lea ( 1948 -- 1958 ) . The Army Air Forces in World War II , volumes 1 -- 8 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 12137 - 1 . Garretsen , Harry ; Schramm , Marc ; Brakman , Steven . The Strategic Bombing of German Cities during World War II and its Impact for Germany ( PDF ) . Discussion Paper Series nr : 03 - 09 . Tjalling , C. Koopmans Research Institute , Utrecht School of Economics , Utrecht University . Great Britain Air Ministry ( 1983 ) . The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force . Arms and Armour Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85368 - 560 - 9 . Greer , Ron ( 2005 ) . Fire from the Sky : A Diary Over Japan . Jacksonville , Arkansas , U.S.A. : Greer Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9768712 - 0 - 3 . Guillian , Robert ( 1982 ) . I Saw Tokyo Burning : An Eyewitness Narrative from Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima . Jove Pubns . ISBN 0 - 86721 - 223 - 3 . Hansell , Haywood S . The Strategic Air War Against Germany and Japan : A Memoir ( 1986 ) online Harris , Arthur ( 1998 ) . Bomber Offensive . Greenhill Books / Lionel Leventhal . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 314 - 6 . Hastings , Max ( 1979 ) . Bomber Command . New York : Dial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7181 - 1603 - 3 . Hayward , Joel S.A. Stopped at Stalingrad : The Luftwaffe and Hitler 's Defeat in the East , 1942 -- 1943 . University Press of Kansas , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1146 - 1 Kennet , Lee ( 1982 ) . A History of Strategic Bombing . New York : Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 17781 - 6 . Lemay , Curtis E. ; Yenne , Bill ( 1988 ) . Superfortress : The Story of the B - 29 and American Air Power . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 037164 - 4 . McGowen , Tom ( 2001 ) . Air Raid ! : The Bombing Campaign . Brookfield , Connecticut , U.S.A. : Twenty - First Century Books . ISBN 0 - 7613 - 1810 - 0 . Middlebrook , Martin ; Everitt , Chris ( 1990 ) . The Bomber Command War Diaries : An Operational Reference Book , 1939 -- 1945 . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 012936 - 6 . Mierzejewski , Alfred ( 1987 ) . The Collapse of the German War Economy , 1944 -- 1945 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 6338 - 1 . Milward , Alan S. ( 1965 ) . The German Economy at War . London : Prometheus Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 485 - 11075 - 3 . Patler , Nicholas . `` Is the U.S. Haunted by Its Nuclear Past ? Dropping the atomic bomb crossed a moral threshold . '' The Progressive Christian ( Winter 2009 ) , pp 15 -- 19 , 36 . Patler , Nicholas . `` Book Reviews / Essay : A Twentieth Century History of Bombing Civilians , and A History of Bombing . '' Journal of Critical Asian Studies ( March 2011 ) , 153 -- 156 . Ross , Stewart Halsey ( 2003 ) . Strategic Bombing by the United States in World War II . The Myths and the Facts . McFarland & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1412 - 3 . Shannon , Donald H. ( 1976 ) . United States air strategy and doctrine as employed in the strategic bombing of Japan . U.S. Air University , Air War College . OCLC 2499355 . Smith , Major Phillip A. Bombing to Surrender : The contribution of air power to the collapse of Italy , 1943 ( Pickle Partners Publishing , 2014 ) . Verrier , Anthony ( 1974 ) . The Bomber Offensive . New York : Pan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 23864 - 9 . Spaight , James M ( 1944 ) . Bombing Vindicated . G. Bles . OCLC 1201928 . -- Spaight was Principal Assistant Secretary of the Air Ministry ( U.K ) Webster , Charles ; Frankland , Noble ( 1961 ) . The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany , volumes 1 -- 4 . London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84574 - 437 - 3 . Weigley , Russell ( 1981 ) . Eisenhower 's Lieutenants . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 13333 - 5 . External links ( edit ) The Blitz : Sorting the Myth from the Reality by BBC History Liverpool Blitz -- Experience 24 hours in a city under fire in the Blitz from National Museums Liverpool Coventry Blitz Resource Centre The 376th Heavy Bombardment Group Oral Histories at Ball State University Allied Bombers and Crews -- slideshow by Life magazine Annotated bibliography for conventional bombing during World War II from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues The Revenger 's Tragedy by Leo McKinstry ( in New Statesman ) RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War Overviews Butt Report ( 1941 ) RAF strategic bombing 1942 -- 45 Area Bombing Directive ( 1942 ) Dehousing paper ( 1942 ) Casablanca directive ( 1943 ) Leaders Arthur `` Bomber '' Harris Frederick `` Prof '' Lindemann Sir Charles Portal Sir Archibald Sinclair Arthur W. Tedder Campaigns Oil targets Area bombing of cities ( 1942 -- 43 ) U-boat pens ( 1943 -- 44 ) Battle of the Ruhr ( 1943 ) Combined Bomber Offensive ( 1943 -- 44 ) Battle of Berlin ( 1943 -- 44 ) Hamburg Heilbronn Kassel Pforzheim Dresden Operations Bellicose ( Friedrichshafen ) Chastise ( `` Dambusters '' raid ) Hurricane ( 1944 ) Hydra ( Peenemünde ) Aircraft Blenheim Boston ( Douglas DB - 7 ) Halifax Hampden Lancaster Manchester Mosquito Stirling Ventura Wellington Whitley Technology `` Window '' H2S Gee `` Oboe '' Gee - H `` Monica '' Blockbuster bomb Earthquake bomb Tallboy Grand Slam Bouncing bomb Tactics Area bombardment Bomber stream Firebombing Diversion raids Electronic warfare Intruder operations Master Bomber Pathfinders Shuttle bombing See also Aerial defence of the United Kingdom United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) Air operations during the Battle of Europe Defence of the Reich Death by Moonlight : Bomber Command Into the Storm ( hide ) World War II city bombing Area bombardment Aerial bombing of cities Firestorm Strategic bombing V - weapons Acre Akita Aomori Augsburg Baedeker Bahrain Barrow - in - Furness Bath Bangkok Belfast Belgrade Berlin Birmingham Braunschweig Bremen Breslau Brighton Bristol Bucharest Caen Cardiff Chongqing Clydebank Cologne Coventry Darmstadt Darwin Dietzenbach Dresden Dublin Duisburg Essen Frampol Frankfurt Frascati Freiburg Friedrichshafen Foggia Gibraltar Gorky Greenock Haifa Hamamatsu Hamburg Hanau Heilbronn Helsinki Hildesheim Hiratsuka Hiroshima Hull Innsbruck Jaffa Kassel Kobe Kōfu Königsberg Kure Leeds Leipzig Leningrad Liverpool London Lübeck Malta Manchester Mandalay Mannheim Manila Milan Minsk Nagaoka Nagasaki Nagoya Naha Nanjing Naples Nexø Nijmegen Nottingham Numazu Okazaki Osaka Pearl Harbor Pforzheim Ploiești Plymouth Podgorica Prague Rabaul Allied Rangoon Rome Rønne Rotterdam Schaffhausen Schwäbisch Hall Sendai Shanghai Sheffield Shizuoka Allied Singapore Axis Singapore Sofia Southampton Stalingrad Stuttgart Swansea Taipei Tallinn Tel Aviv Tokyo Toyohashi Toyokawa Treviso Ulm Utsunomiya Vienna Warsaw Wesel Wieluń Wilhelmshaven Wuppertal Würzburg Yawata Zadar Zagreb World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 -- 1991 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 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5601480726205404743 | MasterChef Australia (series 8) | MasterChef Australia ( series 8 ) - Wikipedia MasterChef Australia ( series 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search MasterChef Australia ( series 8 ) Country of origin Australia No. of episodes 63 Release Original network Network Ten Original release 1 May ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) -- 26 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) Season chronology ← Previous Series 7 Next → Series 9 The eighth series of MasterChef Australia premiered on 1 May 2016 on Network Ten . All the judges from the previous series returned . This series was won by Elena Duggan in the grand finale against Matt Sinclair , on 26 July 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 1.1 Top 24 2 Guest chefs 3 Elimination chart 4 Episodes and ratings 5 References Contestants ( edit ) Top 24 ( edit ) The first 19 contestants were announced on 1 May 2016 . Cecilia Vuong was chosen having previously been selected in series six , as she withdrew that year before the competition started because of complications from a brain injury . A further 11 applicants were required to cook again the next day for the next four positions . The remaining seven cooks then competed for the final place . The competition includes two siblings for the first time in MasterChef Australia ; Jimmy Wong and Theresa Visintin . Contestant Age State Occupation Status Elena Duggan 32 NSW Teacher Winner 26 July 12 Matt Sinclair 27 QLD Coffee Roaster Runner - up 26 July 7 Harry Foster 21 QLD Cocktail Bartender Third place 25 July 9 Elise Franciskovic 28 QLD Pharmacy Technician Fourth place 24 July 7 Mimi Baines 26 VIC Product Manager Eliminated 20 July 6 Trent Harvey 29 NSW Electrician Eliminated 18 July 6 Brett Carter 43 WA Airline Captain Eliminated 14 July 8 Chloe Bowles 24 QLD Nanny Eliminated 7 July 7 Theresa Visintin 44 NSW Stay - at - home Mum Eliminated 4 July Returned 14 June Eliminated 30 May 3 Heather Day 32 SA Sales Manager Eliminated 30 June 5 Karmen Lu 24 WA Waitress Eliminated 23 June 8 Anastasia Zolotarev 26 NSW Marketing Co-Ordinator Eliminated 20 June 4 Nicolette Stathopoulos 19 VIC Student Eliminated 16 June 5 Zoe Konikkos 31 VIC Sales Manager Eliminated 13 June 3 Miles Pritchett 46 QLD Park Ranger Eliminated 9 June 1 Charlie Sartori 24 VIC Professional Golfer Eliminated 6 June 1 Cecilia Vuong 31 VIC Teacher Eliminated 2 June 1 Con Vailas 31 VIC Restaurant Supervisor Eliminated 26 May 1 Jimmy Wong 49 NSW Sustainability Specialist Eliminated 23 May 2 Nidhi Mahajan 30 SA Call Centre Worker Eliminated 19 May 3 Olivia Robinson 26 NSW Restaurant Manager Eliminated 16 May 1 Adam Mizzi 30 SA Adventure Company Owner Eliminated 12 May 0 Nathaniel Milevskiy 29 QLD Paramedic Student Eliminated 10 May 0 Ashley McConnell 29 WA Software Sales Eliminated 5 May 0 Guest chefs ( edit ) Week Guest Chef Challenge Billie McKay Top 24 Mystery Box Challenge ( Marco Week ) Marco Pierre White All Challenges & MasterClass Jake Kellie Immunity Challenge Reynold Poernomo Pressure Test Braden White Immunity Challenge Anthony Hammel Team Challenge Daniel Wilson ( Nigella Week ) Nigella Lawson All Challenges & MasterClass Lachlan Colwill Immunity Challenge 5 Jason Atherton Pressure Test Thomas Woods Immunity Challenge Hayden McFarland 6 Maggie Beer Mystery Box Challenge / Invention Test Anna Polyviou Pressure Test Morgan McGlone Immunity Challenge Kylie Kwong Team Challenge 7 ( Power Apron Week ) Luke Nguyen Mystery Box Challenge / Invention Test Ross Lusted Pressure Test Curtis Stone Team Challenge 8 Flynn McGarry Pressure Test Victor Liong Immunity Challenge 9 ( Heston Week ) Heston Blumenthal All Challenges & MasterClass 10 Peter Gilmore Pressure Test Troy Rhoades - Brown Team Challenge Nick Holloway Iain Todd Hadleigh Troy 11 ( California Week ) Dominique Crenn Pressure Test Wes Avila Team Challenge Curtis Stone Elimination Challenge Javier Plascencia MasterClass 12 Christy Tania Pressure Test Alla Wolf - Tasker Service Challenge Final Heston Blumenthal Grand Final Ashley Palmer - Watts Elimination chart ( edit ) Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Finals Mystery Box Challenge Winner Jimmy Mimi Nidhi Charlie Anastasia Heather Chloe Zoe Elise ( Power Apron ) Elena None Brett Matt Harry Elena Invention Test Winner None Nidhi Olivia Zoe Anastasia Con Nicolette Harry Karmen Mimi Karmen Matt Mimi Brett Chloe Trent Anastasia Chloe Harry Elena Karmen Matt Trent Brett Elise Harry Trent Elena Elise Harry None Immunity Challenge Lose : Zoe Win : Nicolette Lose : Harry Win : Chloe , Matt Lose : Chloe None Lose : Matt Lose : Brett None None Elena Top 24 IN IN Team Win IN Team Win IN Team Win IN Team Win IN Team Lose Btm 3 Team Win Top 4 Team Win Btm 7 IN Team Lose ADV Top 3 Top 2 ADV Top 2 WINNER Matt Top 24 IN Top 4 Btm 4 IN Team Win IN Btm 3 Top 3 Team Lose / Imm . IN Team Lose IN Team Win Top 4 Team Lose Btm 3 IN Btm 2 Top 4 Btm 3 Top 2 Btm 3 Top 2 Runner - up Harry Top 24 IN IN Btm 4 IN Team Win Top 3 Team 2nd IN Team Win Btm 3 Team Lose Top 3 Team Win IN Team Win Top 3 Top 3 Team 2nd Btm 3 Top 3 Btm 3 Btm 3 3rd Eliminated ( Ep 61 ) Elise Top 24 IN IN Team Win IN Team Lose IN Team Lose IN Btm 4 Btm 4 Team Win P.A. 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Btm 4 Team Win Btm 7 Elim Re-eliminated ( Ep 47 ) Heather Top 24 IN IN Team Win IN Team Lose IN Team Win IN Btm 4 IN Team Win IN Team Win Btm 4 Team Win Elim Eliminated ( Ep 45 ) Karmen Top 24 IN IN Team Win Btm 3 Team Lose Top 3 Team Win Top 3 Team Win IN Team Win IN Team Win Top 4 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 40 ) Anastasia Top 24 IN IN Team Lose Top 3 Team Win IN Team 2nd IN Team Lose IN Team Win Top 3 P.A. Saved Elim Eliminated ( Ep 37 ) Nicolette Top 24 IN IN Team Lose Top 3 Team Win IN Team Win IN Team Win Btm 3 / Imm . Team Win IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 35 ) Zoe Top 24 IN Top 3 Team Lose IN Team Win IN Team Win IN Team Lose IN Btm 3 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 32 ) Miles Top 24 IN IN Team Lose IN Btm 3 Btm 3 Team 2nd IN Team Win IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 30 ) Charlie Top 24 Btm 3 IN Team Win IN Team Lose IN Btm 3 Btm 3 Team Lose Elim Eliminated ( Ep 27 ) Cecilia Top 24 IN Btm 3 Btm 4 IN Team Win IN Team 2nd IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 25 ) Con Top 24 IN Btm 3 Team Lose Top 3 Team Lose IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 20 ) Jimmy Top 24 Top 3 IN Team Win IN Team Lose Elim Eliminated ( Ep 17 ) Nidhi Top 24 Top 3 Top 3 Team Win IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 15 ) Olivia Top 24 IN Top 3 Team Lose Elim Eliminated ( Ep 12 ) Adam Top 24 IN IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 10 ) Nathaniel Top 24 IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 7 ) Ashley Top 24 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 5 ) Eliminated Ashley Nathaniel Adam Olivia Nidhi Jimmy Con Theresa 1st Elimination Cecilia Charlie Miles Zoe Nicolette Anastasia Karmen Heather Theresa Re-elimination Chloe Brett Trent Mimi Elise Harry Matt 84 points Elena 86 points ( win ) Episodes and ratings ( edit ) Colour key : -- Highest rating during the series -- Lowest rating during the series Ep # / Wk - Ep # Original airdate Episode Title / Event Total viewers ( five metro cities ) Nightly Ranking Week 1 1 / 01 - 1 Sunday , 1 May 2016 Series Premiere : Auditions Part 1 - Contestants started Series 8 with a challenge to cook their signature dish in one hour , vying for automatic entry into the Top 24 . Gary , Matt and George judged the competitors with either `` yes '' or `` no '' , with their votes deciding whether the contestant should stay in the competition . Nineteen contestants received three yes votes and won their way through to the main competition . Eleven other contestants , who received either one or two yes votes , were given a second chance and cooked again in the next episode . 1,012,000 # 4 2 / 01 - 2 Monday , 2 May 2016 Auditions Part 2 - Eleven contestants , who were given a second chance to secure the five remaining spots in the Top 24 , competed in the first challenge round to cook a dish with one of ten ingredients from their individual basket in 90 minutes . Mimi was praised for her snapper dish and immediately received an apron and joined the Top 24 . The other three contestants receiving an apron were Elise , Harry and Adam . 949,000 # 7 3 / 01 - 3 Tuesday , 3 May 2016 Auditions Part 3 - The remaining seven contestants faced the Pressure Test in the second round to recreate Shannon Bennett 's chocolate peanut bar to secure the last apron into the Top 24 . Between three contestants ( Melissa , Miles and Sarah ) who delivered the best dishes , Miles won the last apron after earning high praise from the judges with his dish . 947,000 # 7 4 / 01 - 4 Wednesday , 4 May 2016 Top 24 Mystery Box Challenge - In their first challenge , the top 24 contestants had 75 minutes to cook with their choice of ingredients from the Mystery Box , chosen by season 7 winner Billie McKay . The three standout dishes were Nidhi 's tea parfait with cornflake crumble , Mimi 's tea - smoked duck dish and Jimmy 's pan seared duck with stuffed mushrooms . Special mention went to Trent 's pan-fried duck with home - made ricotta . The three contestants at risk of elimination were Ashley , Charlie and Theresa . 1,058,000 # 2 5 / 01 - 5 Thursday , 5 May 2016 Two Cloche Clash Elimination Challenge - The bottom three contestants faced their first elimination challenge . Each had to pick one of twelve cloches that contained twelve mystery ingredients on display and create a dish based on the chosen cloche in 75 minutes . They had the option to choose again if they did n't like their first pick but would be stuck with their second selection . Ashley 's choice was mushrooms , Charlie 's pick was ginger and Theresa chose prawns . The judges were impressed with Theresa 's prawn salad and Charlie 's chocolate ginger cremeux , despite the lack of ginger in his dish . As a result , both were declared safe . Ashley , who tried to recreate a pasta dish and was criticised for his overcooked egg and frying the ravioli , became the first contestant to be eliminated from the competition . 1,006,000 # 4 Week 2 - Marco Week 6 / 02 - 1 Sunday , 8 May 2016 Marco 's Mystery Box Challenge and Invention Test - Marco Pierre White presents his ingredients from the Mystery Box ( cinnamon , chicken , extra virgin olive oil , ham , honey , lemon , parsley and potatoes ) to the contestants . After 75 minutes of cooking time , five standout dishes were cooked by Cecilia , Charlie , Matt , Mimi and Nidhi . Charlie , who won the challenge with his Honey Semifreddo , had to pick a choice of meat and three vegetables for their first Invention Test . He chose lamb for protein and parsnips , onions & carrots for three vegetables . They have 90 minutes to cook a dish with these ingredients . Nidhi , Olivia and Zoe receive praises from the judges with their dishes where they will compete for the first Immunity Challenge . Matt receives special mention with his dish of lamb koftas . Con , Nathaniel and Cecilia receive negative feedback from the judges on their dishes . They will be competing in the first Pressure Test for elimination . 905,000 # 5 7 / 02 - 2 Monday , 9 May 2016 Pressure Test : Dory a la Nicoise - Nathaniel , Con and Cecilia had to copy and recreate a dish Marco was cooking with no set time limit . All their instructions came from Marco and they had 10 seconds to prepare the dish after Marco finished cooking . Cecilia managed to follow Marco 's instructions carefully and took the lead in the challenge . Meanwhile , Nathaniel and Con fell behind after the latter accidentally cut himself while skinning his fish . All three managed to complete the dish . Cecilia thrived with her approach similar to Marco 's and was saved . It was between Con and Nathaniel who both had issues with the presentation of their dishes . Due to his overcooked fish , Nathaniel was eliminated . 850,000 # 9 8 / 02 - 3 Tuesday , 10 May 2016 Immunity Challenge : Jake Kellie - The top three contestants , Nidhi , Olivia and Zoe , had 60 minutes to make a classic pasta dish . After Olivia and Nidhi fell behind with their dishes , Zoe won the first round of the challenge with her roast pumpkin and goat cheese ravioli and advanced to the second round to compete against guest chef Jake Kellie for immunity . For the first time in an immunity cook - off , the guest chef was asked to leave the kitchen for the first 15 minutes and sit in a store room . She chose to cook Italian cuisine with a marsala and cinnamon creme brûlée in 75 minutes . Jake had 60 minutes to cook veal carpaccio . The judges praised Jake 's flavour but criticised the presentation of his dish . Zoe presented her dish but it had n't set perfectly after her brûlée top cracked , despite the judges appreciated her flavours . Therefore , her dish scored 24 points while Jake 's dish scored 25 . 1,029,000 # 5 9 / 02 - 4 Wednesday , 11 May 2016 Plough Hotel Team Challenge - The 22 contestants traveled to Footscray at the Plough Hotel for their first team challenge . The team captains , Brett ( Red Team ) and Nicolette ( Blue Team ) , each picked a card from three jars representing a three - course meal that would describe the traits of each meal . The teams had three hours of prep time to cook enough food for 70 people , before service began . The Blue Team fell behind the Red Team after they took a lot of time to prep the dishes . The Red Team 's entrée , skewered prawns , received praises from George and Gary who declared them the winners . The Blue Team were sent to elimination after serving the judges under - cooked scallops and that also missed the mark on the theme ( pub - lunch ) as their entrée . 965,000 # 6 10 / 02 - 5 Thursday , 12 May 2016 Alphabet Elimination Challenge - The Blue Team faced the first round of elimination . Each contestant must name an ingredient correctly according to the first letter . Cecilia , Adam , Matt and Harry made mistakes and were in the second round of the challenge where they had to cook a dish in 60 minutes . They get to use all of the ingredients they chose correctly in the first round and the usual pantry staples . Both Matt and Harry produced exemplary dishes and were declared safe . Cecilia impressed the judges with the flavours of her tuna dish , but it was simplistic and the consistency of her mayonnaise was criticised . Adam , on the other hand , presented his bland dish with underseasoned lamb that left him eliminated . 967,000 # 5 MasterClass : Marco Pierre White , Matt Preston and Gary Mehigan - The judges ( minus George ) and Marco treated the contestants to their first MasterClass . Marco made the contestants his risotto milanese . Matt taught the contestants how to cook his baked cheesecake . Gary shows how to cook his Vietnamese duck pho , which had been chosen by viewers . Lastly , Marco taught the contestants how to cook his saffron arancini using his leftover risotto milanese . 706,000 # 9 Week 3 11 / 03 - 1 Sunday , 15 May 2016 `` Viewers ' Choice '' Mystery Box Challenge & Invention Test - The remaining 21 contestants faced their next Mystery Box Challenge with 75 minutes to cook with ingredients chosen by the viewers : cauliflower , maple syrup , coconut , goat cheese , okra , lemon myrtle , beef mince and squid . Karmen , Con , Heather , Matt and Anastasia stood out with their dishes . The judges picked Anastasia 's dish as the winner of the challenge with the advantage for the Invention Test . She chose marmalade ( over peanut butter and vegemite ) which everyone then had to cook a dish with in 75 minutes . Anastasia won the second round of the competition with her orange quail dish and received a chance to compete in the Immunity Challenge , along with Con and Nicolette , who also impressed the judges with their inventive dishes . Karmen , Chloe and Olivia all faced serious technical issues on their desserts , and were sent into the Pressure Test , facing elimination . 837,000 # 5 12 / 03 - 2 Monday , 16 May 2016 Pressure Test : Reynold Poernomo 's `` Moss '' - Chloe , Olivia and Karmen were tasked to recreate season 7 alumnus Reynold Poernomo 's dessert `` Moss '' in two and a half hours . Chloe received praise for creating a very similar dish to Reynold 's , making her the first contestant to pass the Pressure Test . Several of Karmen 's elements were liked by the judges but she did n't allow time to finish her dulce crémeux so did n't serve it , which was criticised . Olivia completed all the elements of the dish but despite of this , each have notable errors - a dense pistachio sponge , a lime yoghurt foam without gelatine and a matcha sphere that left too long in the blast chiller . Those flaws were too much to keep her safe over Karmen and consequently , it was enough to eliminate Olivia . 893,000 # 7 13 / 03 - 3 Tuesday , 17 May 2016 Immunity Challenge : Braden White - Anastasia , Con and Nicolette faced the first round for immunity pin with 60 minutes to make a dish using popcorn . Both Con and Anastasia lacked popcorn in their dishes , handing Nicolette the win with her popcorn parfait , earning a chance to cook against guest chef Braden White in the second round . She decided they would both cook fish . She had 75 minutes and cooked a confit salmon with crispy skin . In his 60 minutes , Braden cooked a mulloway dish but the judges found his fish over-cooked and declared Nicolette the winner of the season 's first immunity pin with the score of 26 to Braden 's 25 . 1,033,000 # 4 14 / 03 - 4 Wednesday , 18 May 2016 Three Course Team Challenge from Memory : Huxtable and Pei Modern - Contestants were split randomly into two teams to replicate a three - course meal for 30 guests from two restaurants in Melbourne : Huxtable and Pei Modern . The Blue Team were assigned to Pei Modern while the Red Team were assigned to Huxtable . The captains ( Blue Team 's Karmen and Red Team 's Matt ) and vice-captains ( Blue Team 's Chloe and Red Team 's Trent ) arrive at the restaurants to memorise the directions of the recipes from the chef of each restaurant ( Anthony Hammel of Pei and Daniel Wilson of Huxtable ) before returning to the MasterChef kitchen , relaying instructions to their other team members to be able to mirror the dishes before service in 90 minutes . The Blue Team failed to replicate all of the dishes of Pei Modern 's three - course meal after a series of technical issues on each dish : zucchini flowers for the entrée were under - cooked , the main 's radicchio puree lack colour and they left off the hot caramel topping for the dessert . As a result , they were at risk of elimination after the Red Team won the challenge . 965,000 # 4 15 / 03 - 5 Thursday , 19 May 2016 Raw and Cooked Elimination Challenge - After losing the team challenge , the Blue Team faced a two - round elimination . The first round was to prepare a raw dish with one ingredient from the pantry without cooking in 30 minutes . The rest of the team were safe while Miles , Nidhi and Theresa ( after they fell behind with their dishes ) had to compete in the second round . They had to cook with the ingredient they had chosen from the first round ( cauliflower for Nidhi , pear for Theresa and tuna for Miles ) . While Miles was safe after impressing the judges with his tuna tataki , Theresa and Nidhi were left to await the final verdict . Theresa forgot the syrup on her poached pear before she could present it to the judges . Despite being an early front runner of the competition , when Nidhi served the judges her cauliflower paratha and mint chutney , her bhajis suffered from serious technical issues that resulted in her elimination . 908,000 # 5 Week 4 - Nigella Week 16 / 04 - 1 Sunday , 22 May 2016 Nigella 's Mystery Box Challenge & Invention Test - International celebrity chef Nigella Lawson appeared as a guest chef for the week . She presented her chosen ingredients ( butternut pumpkin , chestnut , chicken thighs , pippis , ginger , pancetta , feta cheese and cumin ) in a Mystery Box for the contestants to cook with in 75 minutes . Heather won the challenge over Charlie , Elena , Jimmy and Zoe with her open filo pumpkin pie . She chose chocolate as the core ingredient for the Invention Test , with 60 minutes to cook . Harry , Karmen and Mimi were named as the Top 3 with their inventive chocolate desserts . Chloe , Jimmy and Miles were sent to the Pressure Test after each suffer technical issues with their respective desserts . 956,000 # 5 17 / 04 - 2 Monday , 23 May 2016 Pressure Test : Nigella Lawson 's Three - Course Dinner - The bottom three performers from the Invention Test faced a Pressure Test featuring three dishes from Nigella : crab avocado salad , lamb with radishes and peas , and coffee pannacotta with chocolate coffee sauce . The contestants had only 60 minutes to plate up all the dishes . Chloe was praised for her dishes and was declared safe . All of Miles ' dishes had notable flaws ( salad that lacked dressing , sauce for the lamb that was burnt and pannacotta 's texture was grainy ) which would be enough to send him home . However , the judges were more disappointed with Jimmy , despite the positive feedback on his pannacotta , his salad missed some ingredients which lacked presentation and his lamb was under - cooked , sealing his elimination . 919,000 # 7 18 / 04 - 3 Tuesday , 24 May 2016 Immunity Challenge : Lachlan Colwill - Having landed in the top 3 of the Invention Test , Harry , Karmen and Mimi were surprised in the middle of the night by Nigella and Matt as the preliminary round for the Immunity Challenge was creating a midnight snack , something Nigella is well known for . Harry 's brookies , a combination of brownies and cookies , were deemed the best dish and he won the right to challenge chef Lachlan Colwill for immunity in the second round . Harry chose `` Christmas sweet '' ( over `` Christmas savoury '' ) as the pantry but his Christmas Pavlova was n't enough to beat Colwill 's Australian summer Christmas pudding and the professional won the challenge with a score of 27 over Harry 's 26 . 1,106,000 # 4 19 / 04 - 4 Wednesday , 25 May 2016 Melbourne Showgrounds Team Challenge - The 18 contestants were randomly divided into three teams . They had to cook three dishes ( one savoury , two sweet with one of these containing jam ) for a crowd of 1000 - 2000 people who would turn up for a fete . The judges declared that the money that the teams made by selling their food would be donated to the Royal Children 's Hospital in Melbourne . The two teams who made the most money would be safe and the winning team would therefore be decided by the guests . The teams were given four hours to cook before service would start after two hours . The yellow team 's rocky road popcorn and blondies , the blue 's team chocolate cupcakes with jam and buttercream and the red team 's chocolate - chip cookies were the hits of the day . The yellow team were declared the winners with an amount of $6326 . The red team were safe with an amount of $5892 , leaving the blue team to face elimination . 948,000 # 5 20 / 04 - 5 Thursday , 26 May 2016 Cake Elimination Challenge - The losing team faced a cake - themed elimination . For the first round , their task was to take turns tasting and naming different cakes . Charlie , Matt and Con were the first three to misname a cake and were tasked to bake a cake in the second round with 90 minutes . Matt 's carrot cake received very positive feedback overall . Meanwhile , Charlie 's chocolate and raspberry hazelnut cake split the judges ' opinions for being dry and Con 's thyme pound cake was described as unevenly cooked . Both of the cakes were dense but the buoyancy in the bottom interior of Con 's cake meant he was eliminated . 1,111,000 # 1 MasterClass : Nigella Lawson , George Calombaris and Gary Mehigan - For the remaining contestants ' second MasterClass , Nigella cooked her tequila and lime chicken . George presented the contestants with his lamb moussaka . Gary showed the contestants his dish : fish three ways and hot - smoked trout . Nigella also presented her second recipe : her lemon pavlova . 854,000 # 7 Week 5 21 / 05 - 1 Sunday , 29 May 2016 Mystery Box Challenge & Leftovers Invention Test - In the Mystery Box Challenge , the contestants found themselves cooking with a mix of ingredients including barramundi , vanilla beans and miso , as well as with instructions to keep every discarded piece of food stored with a `` waste not , want not '' principle in mind . Chloe won the challenge and her advantage was a pass straight through to the week 's Immunity Challenge . The remaining cooks were tasked to create an inventive dish with no pantry or garden available , just what was left of the mystery box items including the scraps . Matt , Karmen and Mimi impressed the judges and they joined Chloe in the Immunity Challenge while Theresa , Charlie and Brett missed the mark and ended up in the Pressure Test . 808,000 # 5 22 / 05 - 2 Monday , 30 May 2016 Pressure Test : Jason Atherton 's Quail Afternoon Tea - Brett , Charlie and Theresa had three hours to recreate the dish of guest chef Jason Atherton . His dish contained five elements : roasted quail , duck tea , slow - cooked quail egg , pearl barley mushroom porridge and a savoury parfait . While Brett 's dish impressed the judges , Charlie was criticised for the consistency of his parfait and the lack of mushrooms on the porridge but it was Theresa who was eliminated after failing to complete her dish when she missed out her quail egg and duck teabag . 918,000 # 7 23 / 05 - 3 Tuesday , 31 May 2016 Woodland House Immunity Challenge : Thomas Woods & Hayden McFarland - The winners of the Mystery Box Challenge and Invention Test were split in pairs for the first round of the Immunity Challenge . Chloe , as the winner of the Mystery Box Challenge , had a second advantage of picking one of the Invention Test winners as her partner . She chose Matt and in the first round , they had to cook two jaffles ( sweet and savoury ) in 75 minutes . Matt and Chloe beat Mimi and Karmen with his spiced mince jaffle and her apple pie jaffle . As a team , they then competed against Woodland House chefs Thomas Woods and Hayden McFarland from Melbourne in the second round with a chance for both of them to win Immunity pins . With 75 minutes , they were given the option to choose two ingredients : one sweet and one savoury , for them to cook their dishes . Matt chose prawns and Chloe picked raspberries . Thomas and Hayden had 60 minutes to cook their dishes with the same ingredients . While Thomas ' raspberry vinegar jelly scored 28 points to Chloe 's rosewater bavarois with 21 , Hayden 's miso glazed prawns was criticised for the use of bitter melon in the dish and given a score of 18 points to Matt 's 27 for his hot n ' sour prawn head broth . The professionals ' final score was 46 while Chloe and Matt , for the first time , won an Immunity pin each with their total score of 48 . 1,105,000 # 2 24 / 05 - 4 Wednesday , 1 June 2016 Hellenic Republic Team Challenge - Contestants were randomly chosen to be on two teams by George who is the owner of the Greek restaurant Hellenic Republic in Kew . The teams had to cook a Greek three - course feast ( including a lamb on a spit ) to be served to 120 guests , including George 's family and friends . George 's mother Mary was the guest judge with Gary and Matt . The Red team led by Zoe fell behind during the challenge . Despite this , their dishes impressed the judges but cost them the victory after putting too much cinnamon in the dessert and they were sent to elimination . 897,000 # 9 25 / 05 - 5 Thursday , 2 June 2016 One - Inch Cube Elimination Challenge - After Matt used his immunity pin to escape the first round of elimination , his remaining team members had to identify and correctly guess each cube of an ingredient while blind - folded . Cecilia , Elise , Heather and Mimi then had 60 minutes to cook a dish in the second round with the use of the ingredient they guessed incorrectly in the first round . After Mimi was declared safe with her mango dish , it was between the dishes of Heather ( who used too much lemon ) , Cecilia ( who had a lack of ham ) and Elise ( whose lamb sauce was too salty ) . In the end , the judges were unanimous and Cecilia was sent home . 1,089,000 # 1 Week 6 26 / 06 - 1 Sunday , 5 June 2016 Maggie Beer 's Invention Test & Mystery Box Challenge - Each contestant picked one of three ingredients -- abalone , silken tofu and lemongrass -- to cook a dish within 60 minutes in the Invention Test by Maggie Beer . The top three dishes were named and Zoe won with the use of silken tofu for her cheesecake . Her advantage was to choose the eight ingredients in the Mystery Box Challenge for everyone to cook with in 60 minutes . She chose basil , chilli , garlic , pancetta , pork mince , ricotta , thyme and tomatoes . The top three dishes were cooked by Chloe , Trent and Brett while Charlie , Elise , Harry and Nicolette were at risk of elimination after presenting the least - impressive dishes . 919,000 # 5 27 / 06 - 2 Monday , 6 June 2016 Pressure Test : Anna Polyviou 's `` Mess '' - In possession of the Immunity pin , Nicolette used it and so Elise took her place to compete against Charlie and Harry in the Pressure Test . They had three hours to cook all the elements of Anna Polyviou 's dessert `` Mess '' before assembling the dish in 15 minutes . Harry and Elise impressed the judges with the flavours of their dishes despite the flaws on each of their plates . Both of them were declared safe as Charlie 's plate lacked balance due to his thick white chocolate dome and missing gelatine in the raspberry curd . Despite his elimination , Polyviou offered him work experience as a pastry chef at the Shangri - La Hotel in Sydney . 1,086,000 # 4 28 / 06 - 3 Tuesday , 7 June 2016 Immunity Challenge : Morgan McGlone - In the first round , Brett , Chloe and Trent had 60 minutes to bake an éclair for an advantage in the second round . Both Trent and Chloe impressed the judges , who voted Chloe as the winner with her chocolate éclair with toasted pecan praline . Hoping for a second Immunity pin , Chloe chose coffee over tea as the core ingredient to cook against guest chef Morgan McGlone of Belles Hot Chicken in Barangaroo . She presented her coffee bombe dessert but an issue with the meringue failed to win her another pin , scoring 18 to Morgan 's 22 for his coffee crusted quail . 1,069,000 # 4 29 / 06 - 4 Wednesday , 8 June 2016 Melbourne Chinatown Team Challenge - Former Immunity challenge instructor Kylie Kwong mentored the contestants to cook at least two Chinese dishes , with one costing $7 and any others $5 , to be served to 500 people . Two teams were assigned through fortune cookies that contained a coloured paper ( red or yellow ) with one of each team assigned as captains ( Red Team 's Elise and Yellow Team 's Chloe ) . The money raised would be given to the Smith Family charity organisation . When the yellow team ran out of customers at their stall , they added another dish to the menu at the last minute . Both teams raised over $6000 with the red team winning the challenge as the yellow team were sent to elimination . 1,049,000 # 4 30 / 06 - 5 Thursday , 9 June 2016 Lucky Dip Elimination Challenge - Chloe opted to use her Immunity pin and skipped the challenge while her remaining team members faced elimination . They had to pick a core ingredient and a cuisine from lucky dip bags to cook a dish within 75 minutes . Elena , Harry and Matt cooked the best dishes and were declared safe . Mimi 's Thai lamb dish lacked a crunchy element and Zoe was criticised for the texture of the pumpkin filling to her American tart . But in the end , it was Miles ' salmon dish that lacked focus on the fish itself , eliminating him from the competition . 1,041,000 # 1 Week 7 - Power Week 31 / 07 - 1 Sunday , 12 June 2016 Luke Nguyen 's Mystery Box Challenge & Invention Test - For the contestants to gain a Power Apron , Luke Nguyen presented his Mystery Box ( with ingredients including crickets ) for them to cook an exemplary dish . Beating Matt and Heather in the challenge was Elise with the use of crickets for her parfait . After earning the power apron , Elise had 90 minutes to prepare her dish , choosing the method of frying ( over steaming ) , while the others had 60 minutes to prepare their fried dishes . Despite this advantage , Elise fell behind after wasting her 30 - minute advantage due to choosing a dish that would require an element that could not be fried . Anastasia , Chloe and Harry received praise for their inventive dishes . The winner of the Power Apron was Anastasia with her tarragon prawns and fried fennel pesto . Elise was sent into the Pressure Test along with Elena and Zoe to face elimination . 836,000 # 5 32 / 07 - 2 Monday , 13 June 2016 Ross Lusted 's Two - Cloche Pressure Test - The advantage of the Power Apron was to choose between the two cloches presented by Ross Lusted for the Pressure Test . Each cloche contained a difficult dish ( sweet and savoury ) for Elena , Elise and Zoe to cook . As the holder of the Power Apron , Anastasia chose his perfumed stone fruit ( sweet ) over his chicken duckling dish ( savoury ) . All the girls struggled during the challenge : Elena 's dish lacked freshness as she sliced the fruits too early and Elise 's burnt peach butter was lumpy but it was Zoe 's thick over-reduced syrup and chalky sorbet that sealed her elimination . 918,000 # 7 33 / 07 - 3 Tuesday , 14 June 2016 Second Chance Cook - Off - Previously eliminated contestants returned to the MasterChef Kitchen to compete for a place back in the competition . They had 60 minutes to cook a dish with the use of the following ingredients : wine , rosemary , raspberries , dark chocolate , cardamon pods , lemon , Greek yoghurt , lamb and beetroot . The returning contestant would also receive a Power Apron for the winning dish . In possession of the Power Apron , Anastasia got a second advantage to choose one of the eliminated contestants who would add another ingredient . She chose Theresa who added desiccated coconut in order to make a yoghurt rosemary snowball which highly impressed the judges over Cecilia 's yoghurt sorbet and earned Theresa her place back in the competition , winning the Power Apron . 1,040,000 # 5 34 / 07 - 4 Wednesday , 15 June 2016 Six - course Degustation Challenge - Curtis Stone mentored the contestants at the restaurant Sails by the Bay in their team challenge . They were randomly chosen in pairs and each team had to cook and serve a 6 course degustation dish with the use of citruses for 50 people . The thirteenth contestant could sit out of the challenge to avoid elimination if Theresa used her Power Apron . Returning the favour for giving her the advantage to earn her place back in the competition , she chose Anastasia . The green team ( Elise and Trent ) attempted to come up with another element to improve their dish at the last minute , while the purple team ( Chloe and Nicolette ) ignored Curtis ' advice for improvements on their dish . By the time the teams presented their dishes during service time , the green team 's mandarin prawn salad had a technical issue on the prawns and the purple team 's grapefruit sorbet received negative remarks on its presentation . Those dishes sent the two teams into the elimination round . The other teams won the challenge with the blue team 's ( Elena and Theresa ) tangelo refresher named the dish of the day . 1,062,000 # 2 35 / 07 - 5 Thursday , 16 June 2016 Nature Affinity Elimination Challenge - The contestants faced each other in pairs in a two - round elimination . For the first round , Elise and Nicolette had to cook a dish inspired by seashells while Trent and Chloe took the inspiration from autumn leaves . Elise and Trent produced the best dishes and were saved while Chloe and Nicolette then had 60 minutes to compete with a dish inspired by fire in the second round . It was a close decision , with one of them declared safe based on presentation . Although she was praised for the flavours of her dish , Nicolette was eliminated by judges ' decision . 1,083,000 # 2 Week 8 36 / 08 - 1 Sunday , 19 June 2016 Grotesque Mystery Box Challenge & Team Relay Invention Test - This mystery box contained `` ugly '' ingredients ( monkfish , celeriac , morel mushrooms , morton bay bug , blue cheese , Buddha 's hand , chicken livers and horned melon ) for the contestants to cook a dish in 60 minutes . The winning dish was Elena 's buttered bug , celeriac and horned melon . From a choice of paired ingredients , she chose honey and lemon as the core ingredients for the next challenge . This invention test was a one hour - relay challenge . Elena had a second advantage , to choose her own team ( Matt , Karmen and Trent ) while George randomly divided the other remaining home cooks into teams of four . Each team member had 15 minutes of cooking time and 45 seconds to hand over without talking to the next cook . Elena 's Red Team won the challenge with a duck dish , despite missing out one of the elements . The Yellow Team 's dish lacked creativity after Brett changed their original dish for a trifle to a tart , but the Blue Team were the worst performers due to a lack of teamwork and Theresa 's very slow start . The lack of coherence on their dessert sent the team to elimination . 895,000 # 5 37 / 08 - 2 Monday , 20 June 2016 Pressure Test : Flynn McGarry 's Beet Wellington - The four members of the Blue Team had two and a half hours to recreate Flynn McGarry 's `` Beet Wellington . '' Heather and Theresa impressed the judges , but both Anastasia and Chloe had a couple of serious flaws on their dishes . Chloe 's beet bordelaise sauce was diluted after she accidentally spilled half of her smoked beetroot water and her beet leaf balls lacked smoothness . However , despite her impressive run throughout the competition , Anastasia 's first Pressure Test saw her struggling the most . Though she was praised in the cooking of her wellington , the dish lacked balance itself due to the filling of her beet balls being too salty and her under - smoked dates for the roulade . In the end , these were not enough for the judges to disregard her rough plating of the dish and Anastasia was eliminated from the competition . 1,064,000 # 5 38 / 08 - 3 Tuesday , 21 June 2016 Immunity Challenge : Victor Liong - Elena , Karmen , Matt and Trent faced a dessert skills relay test : separating egg yolks , rochering five scoops of ice cream and spinning sugar to a 30 cm - high cone tower . Matt managed to complete the final task after the others fell behind caramelising the sugar and won the opportunity to compete in the second round . He chose a pantry with ingredients from A to M ( over N to Z ) to compete against Melbourne chef Victor Liong of Lee Ho Fook . After Matt and Victor 's respective time limits were finished , both their dishes highly impressed the judges . Matt 's crispy skin kingfish scored 9 from each judge for a high total of 27 , but Victor 's roasted crayfish received a perfect 30 ( 10 points each ) . 1,047,000 # 4 39 / 08 - 4 Wednesday , 22 June 2016 Outdoor Cinema Team Challenge - Guests attended the Caulfield Racecourse for the screening of `` MasterChef Australia 's Greatest Hits '' featuring clips from past series . Contestants were unevenly divided into two teams and had to serve two savoury and one sweet dish each . After both teams chose to cook Japanese cuisine , they struggled during service time . The Blue Team , led by Brett , ran out of beef for the main dishes but managed to recover and won the challenge , securing Top 10 spots for the team members . However , the Red Team , led by Matt , presented their remaining 15 desserts late at the last minute . Their inconsistent plating and poor service upset the judges , sending them to elimination . 927,000 # 8 40 / 08 - 5 Thursday , 23 June 2016 Time or Ingredients Elimination Challenge - Elise , Karmen , Matt , Mimi and Trent competed in an elimination challenge to secure the last remaining spots in the Top 10 . They had up to 100 minutes to gather their ingredients from between one and five small different hidden pantries . Karmen , Matt and Trent chose 75 minutes to cook with herbs and vegetables while Elise and Mimi waited another 15 minutes and had 60 minutes to cook with the addition of fruit . Trent , Matt and Mimi had amazing results , joining the Top 10 . Elise 's parfait received mixed reviews on her flavour combinations . While Karmen 's pastry for her tomato and ricotta mille - feuille impress the judges , her basil ice cream lacked flavour and the imbalance of her dish sealed her elimination . 912,000 # 5 Week 9 - Heston Week 41 / 09 - 1 Sunday , 26 June 2016 Pop - Up Challenge : Melbourne Star - Heston Blumenthal mentored the Top 10 home cooks for the week 's challenges , which involved a pop - up restaurant each night , with contestants from each challenge sent straight into the Elimination Round . For their first challenge , contestants were divided into teams of two , with each team preparing a main dish and a dessert for 20 diners in pods on the revolving Melbourne Star , which for one night would become the world 's largest pop - up restaurant . Heston set the theme of the night : outer space . A number of teams struggled with timing , but all managed to get the dishes to their diners in time before the pods moved on . Highlights included the Yellow Team 's ( Matt and Theresa ) `` black hole '' dessert , the Blue Team 's ( Mimi and Elena ) `` sea stars '' main , and the Red Team 's ( Chloe and Harry ) `` big bang '' dessert . Trent and Heather from the Maroon Team had overcooked duck on their main and a heavy sponge cake in their dessert , making them the first two contestants sent into the elimination . 978,000 # 5 42 / 09 - 2 Monday , 27 June 2016 Pop - Up Challenge : Brighton Beach - The eight contestants from the top four teams at the previous pop - up restaurant were again divided randomly into teams of two , with each team having four hours to create two savoury ice creams and one savoury ice block , with the theme of childhood memories , to be served to 500 people from the Brighton bathing boxes . The Blue Team ( Matt and Harry ) impressed with their prawn cocktail ice - cream and gazpacho ice block , as did the Yellow Team ( Theresa and Elena ) with their mustard , bacon and chips ice cream . Both the Red ( Elise and Mimi ) and Green ( Chloe and Brett ) Teams produced disastrous ice creams , but it was the Green Team 's split and flavourless carrot ginger ice blocks that sent them into elimination . 1,100,000 # 4 43 / 09 - 3 Tuesday , 28 June 2016 Pop - Up Challenge : Melbourne University - The remaining contestants were divided into teams of two and had two hours to create an adventurous - themed chocolate dish at the heritage - listed Melbourne University underground carpark . Each team was assigned with one chocolate as their core ingredient . The Yellow Team 's Harry and Mimi were safe after receiving praise from the judges for their dark chocolate dessert with a chocolate log . Elise and Theresa from the Red Team also received some praise for their white chocolate dish but were criticised for the dish being too sweet and not having as many elements as the other dishes . Some elements of the milk chocolate dish of Elena and Matt ( Blue Team ) impressed the judges but they did n't like the bitterness of their green tea jelly and were therefore sent to elimination . 1,134,000 # 1 44 / 09 - 4 Wednesday , 29 June 2016 Pop - Up Challenge : Rippon Lea Estate - Harry , Elise , Mimi and Theresa competed in the last pop - up challenge at the restaurant of Rippon Lea Estate . It was a service challenge where each received an envelope containing a recipe of an historical - themed dish . They had two hours to cook their assigned dishes to serve for 10 diners plus the judges . Theresa fell behind the others after panicking when preparing her dish during service time . Her poor presentation of the dish and inconsistent plating put her in the last spot in elimination as Harry , Elise and Mimi were safe . Elise 's fennel nougat tart was praised by the judges and declared a `` signature dish . '' 1,197,000 # 1 45 / 09 - 5 Thursday , 30 June 2016 Rainbow Affinity Elimination Challenge - The losing contestants from each pop - up challenge faced an elimination set by Heston and the judges . Each contestant randomly picked a knife with a colour of the rainbow ( Red for Theresa , Orange for Elena , Yellow for Heather , Green for Brett , Blue for Matt , Indigo for Chloe and Violet for Trent ) and they had 75 minutes to present a dish inspired by their assigned colour . Theresa , Elena and Brett had the top three dishes . They were safe from elimination , along with Trent , while Chloe , Heather and Matt all missed the mark , each having noticeable errors on their dishes . While Chloe and Matt 's dishes failed to adequately incorporate their colours , the judges were not impressed with Heather 's Lemon Delicious dessert which collapsed on the plate and also criticised her combination of flavours . Ultimately , that dish became her downfall and Heather was eliminated . 1,002,000 # 3 MasterClass : Heston Blumenthal , Matt Preston and Gary Mehigan - Heston and the judges presented their recipes to the contestants in their Masterclass : Heston 's roast chicken , Matt 's steak sandwich , Gary 's French squab and truffles and Heston 's chocolate mousse . 807,000 # 6 Week 10 46 / 10 - 1 Sunday , 3 July 2016 The `` Toughest '' Mystery Box Challenge & Previous Seasons Re-Invention Test - The contestants ' Mystery Box Challenge was more difficult than usual as they had to cook a dish using all of the ingredients from the box ( corn , dates , pork belly , onion , apples , cinnamon , rum and condensed milk ) . Harry and Mimi delivered the best dishes , but it was Brett who won the advantage with his sticky pork and smoked corn puree . His advantage was to choose one of three difficult Invention Tests from previous seasons : cactus and prickly pear ( chosen by Julia Taylor from series 4 ) , 70s ' Apricot Chicken ( chosen by Amy Shields from series 6 ) and earth ( chosen by Billie McKay from series 7 ) . Brett chose re-inventing apricot chicken and the contestants had 60 minutes . Brett won a place to compete for Immunity along with Elise and Harry . Theresa , Mimi and Trent on the other hand failed to impress the judges . Their dishes were not well received , sending them to elimination . 936,000 # 6 47 / 10 - 2 Monday , 4 July 2016 Pressure Test : Peter Gilmore 's Cherry Jam Lamington - Peter Gilmore presented his acclaimed dessert , `` Cherry Jam Lamington '' to the contestants to replicate within two hours . Trent did n't receive any negative feedback from the judges on his dish and was safe . Mimi , despite struggles and mistakes in her preparation time , also impressed the judges although she was criticised for the lack of coconut shards on her dish . In the end , Theresa 's dish lacked tartness in the cherry jam and her ice cream was too sweet . The imbalance of the dish resulted in Theresa being re-eliminated from the competition . 1,131,000 # 4 48 / 10 - 3 Tuesday , 5 July 2016 Immunity Challenge : Shannon Bennett - Brett , Harry and Elise competed in the first round of the Immunity , which was another Mystery Box . They could choose to cook with one or more of the first four ingredients in twenty minutes , or open a smaller box inside to gain 20 minutes cooking time but then have to cook with whatever ingredient was inside . Brett chose the 20 minute cooking time with venison , bay leaves , cauliflower and elderflower oil . Harry and Elise opened the smaller box which contained quandongs and another smaller box . For a further 20 minutes cooking time , they both also opened this , meaning they had 60 minutes to cook with mastic , quandongs and at least one of the original ingredients . Harry struggled to incorporate the mastic into his dessert and his meringues did n't work . Elise 's quandong tart and mastic ice cream was praised by the judges , but Brett won the challenge with his perfectly cooked venison . Brett then competed for Immunity against MasterChef mentor Shannon Bennett with Gary running the kitchen for the challenge . Due to the week 's theme of difficult challenges , he had no time advantage . Both had 60 minutes and an open pantry . Brett 's lamb cutlets with smoked parsnip puree scored 17 points but lost to Shannon 's lamb two ways and mustard foam with a score of 18 points . 1,174,000 # 1 49 / 10 - 4 Wednesday , 6 July 2016 Four State Corners Team Challenge - Contestants were randomly put into pairs and with two hours , they had to serve a main and dessert for 20 people . Each team represented a corner of Australia , Matt and Mimi 's Maroon Team representing Northern Australia , Elise and Trent 's Yellow Team Western Australia , Elena and Chloe 's Green Team Southern Australia and Brett and Harry 's Blue Team Eastern Australia . Each team was given a mentor , a resident guest chef from each corner of the nation . Ultimately , the Maroon and Green Team 's desserts had technical issues , sending them to elimination while the other teams were declared safe , with the Yellow Team winning the challenge . 1,169,000 # 1 50 / 10 - 5 Thursday , 7 July 2016 Elimination Challenge : Time Auction - Chloe , Elena , Matt and Mimi competed in a time auction elimination challenge . Starting with 120 minutes , they bid in 5 minute increments for ingredients from three pantries : proteins , fruits and vegetables , and miscellaneous . Mimi ended up with 75 minutes to cook with beef , root vegetables and spices . Matt also had 75 minutes with duck , alliums and sauces . Elena gathered red mullet , nightshades and herbs with 80 minutes to cook , and Chloe had 100 minutes for eggs , citrus and spreads . Elena delivered the dish of the day to the judges , while Mimi also impressed the judges . Matt had problems with the sauce on the dish but Chloe 's eighth time facing elimination sealed her fate - she struggled throughout and in the end , her honey mousse had the wrong texture and her orange curd was too runny . After she was eliminated , the final seven learned they would be flying to San Francisco and Trent and Elise , as winners of the team challenge , were told they would be flying business class with Qantas as their prize . 952,000 # 3 Week 11 - California Week 51 / 11 - 1 Sunday , 10 July 2016 Fisherman 's Wharf Eclectic Box Challenge & Fast - Track Invention Test - The judges and the contestants took a trip to California for the weekly challenges . Each contestant bought one ingredient to make up the Mystery Box : Mimi chose short ribs , Elena fennel pollen , Brett fennel goat 's cheese , Harry Dungeness crab , Matt 100 % Ecuadorian chocolate , Trent tangelos and Elise golden beets . At Fisherman 's Wharf in San Francisco , they had 60 minutes to cook their dishes . Matt won the advantage for the Invention test , and picked beef as the core ingredient from produce chosen by local farmers . With 60 minutes , contestants had an open pantry from any of the produce to prepare a dish , with the winning dish receiving the first place in a challenge to win a fast - track to Finals Week . Elise and Trent 's dishes were declared the best , with the latter 's spiced walnut and butter sirloin winning him the Invention test and its advantage . 982,000 # 5 52 / 11 - 2 Monday , 11 July 2016 Atelier Crenn Team Pressure Test - Contestants ( minus Trent ) were divided into two teams to recreate Dominique Crenn 's two dishes in two hours and forty - five minutes with fifteen minutes for plating at Atelier Crenn . The winning team would join Trent in the Fast - Track Challenge . Both teams struggled in preparing their dishes during the challenge but they received praise for one of their takes on Crenn 's dishes each . The team of Elena , Matt and Mimi won the advantage to compete against Trent for a place in the finals . 1,165,000 # 2 53 / 11 - 3 Tuesday , 12 July 2016 Fast - Track to the Finals Challenge - Elena , Matt , Mimi and Trent arrived at the vineyards of Inglenook Estate in Napa Valley . To compete for a fast pass to the finals , they had 90 minutes to cook their dishes with grapes . Elena cooked quail , grapes and goat 's cheese . Trent prepared his grilled quail with cauliflower skordalia and sauce . Mimi prepared a dessert dish : red wine sorbet and cake with blue cheese cream . Matt cooked a roasted lamb rack dish . All of their dishes impressed the judges but Elena 's dish was declared the most outstanding , winning the fast - pass to the Finals . 1,054,000 # 4 54 / 11 - 4 Wednesday , 13 July 2016 Santa Monica Food Truck Team Challenge - At the Santa Monica Pier , food truck chef Wes Avila of Guerilla Tacos mentored the contestants to run food trucks for their Team challenge . Since Elena had already won a place in Finals week , she did not participate . The rest were divided into teams of three and with two hours , they had to prepare two dishes to be served to 200 customers . While both teams struggled during the challenge , the Red Team of Brett , Harry and Mimi served their dishes with notable flaws : they scrapped their original idea of soft shell crab tacos and they did n't remove the sand veins from the prawns in their second dish . The Blue Team 's Elise , Matt and Trent won the challenge , joining Elena in Finals Week . The Red Team were then sent into an elimination challenge . 945,000 # 8 55 / 11 - 5 Thursday , 14 July 2016 Maude Restaurant Elimination Challenge - Curtis Stone returned to instruct Mimi , Harry and Brett , who had to cook dishes inspired by what they want to do when the competition ends . They had 90 minutes at Curtis ' restaurant Maude in Beverly Hills . Mimi 's chocolate aero mousse highly impressed the judges and she was declared safe and into Finals Week . The creativity of Harry 's plate was praised by the judges although his burnt lemon puree overpowered the dish . Brett was praised for his perfectly cooked pork and vegetables but his underwhelming sauce failed to meet the mark and he was eliminated . 970,000 # 4 MasterClass : Javier Plascencia , George Calombaris , Gary Mehigan and Matt Preston - In the Top 6 's MasterClass for their last stop in California , guest chef Javier Plascencia presented his baja fish taco recipe . The judges also presented their respective recipes to the contestants : George 's oyster ice cream , Gary 's mushrooms on toast and Matt 's American beef n ' bacon burger . 677,000 # 9 Week 12 - Finals Week 56 / 12 - 1 Sunday , 17 July 2016 Finals Mystery Box Challenge & Method Invention Test - The Mystery Box Challenge contained ingredients that are `` hot right now '' or popular to cook with . The top 6 contestants had 60 mins to cook and impress the judges . Harry 's grilled cobia with gochujang sauce and kohlrabi was the winning dish . Taken inside the pantry , Harry had to choose between three popular methods of cooking : smoking , sous - vide and using liquid nitrogen for the Invention Test . Harry chose liquid nitrogen . The contestants had 60 mins to cook a dish using this technique . Elena 's savour cucumber dish along with Harry and Elise 's desserts impressed the judges and they were safe . Matt , Mimi and Trent 's dishes were least impressive and they were sent into the Pressure Test . 1,122,000 # 3 57 / 12 - 2 Monday , 18 July 2016 Pressure Test : Christy Tania 's `` Mistique '' - Matt , Mimi and Trent had to recreate Christy Tania 's `` Mistique '' , which had almost 64 steps , with 4.5 hours to cook . Mimi enjoyed the dessert challenge while Trent and Matt struggled . Trent was imprecise in following the recipe and so the amount of mix in each layer was out of balance . He also made his banana milk brownie too thick and it did n't set . Matt made mistakes in the first two steps but managed to recover . Mimi went on to create each of the layers of the cake perfectly . Matt 's passionfruit curd did not set and became more of a sauce . All three struggled with the blue and dark chocolate sphere on the top of the dessert . But Trent 's fate was sealed when his overall presentation did n't look appealing and the different layers were out of proportions , leading to his elimination . 1,286,000 # 1 58 / 12 - 3 Tuesday , 19 July 2016 Lake House Service Challenge - Alla Wolf - Tasker mentored the final five contestants in a challenge at her Lake House restaurant in Daylesford . They each had to cook a dish from the menu to be served for 40 guests in two hours . Matt 's performance in the kitchen impressed Alla and the judges and he was declared safe . The others fell behind during the service challenge : Harry 's dish did n't have enough eel on the plate , Mimi 's sauce on her chicken dish had technical issues , Elise 's kale puree was bitter and Elena 's plum jelly was too thick but her dish had the best flavours and she was also declared safe , leaving the others to face elimination . 1,155,000 # 2 59 / 12 - 4 Wednesday , 20 July 2016 Elimination Challenge : Looking Back - To celebrate how far they had come in the competition , Elise , Harry and Mimi each received a box of ingredients related to the dish they cooked for their audition , which they now had to reinvent . All three contestants struggled : Elise 's brownie was under - cooked but when the decision was based on taste , she was safe . Harry 's lobster bisque for his butter poached lobster dish lacked complexity but Mimi 's blunder to the use of ricotta cheese ( instead of goat 's cheese ) ultimately cost her - that element derailed the flavours of her fig ice cream dessert . Although she displayed a lot of technical skills in her dish , the fact is that all the elements she put in the plate did not work together . And as a result , Mimi was eliminated from the competition . 1,191,000 # 1 60 / 12 - 5 Thursday , 21 July 2016 MasterClass : Chefs vs. Contestants - With it being the last Masterclass of the season the four quarter - finalists took over as the judges while Gary , George and Shannon compete in a Mystery Box Challenge . Gary won the challenge . Then Elise , Harry and Elena compete against Gary , George and Shannon in a relay challenge with the two Matt 's as judges . The contestants made a mandarin dessert while Gary , George and Shannon cooked a poached quail dish . However they left a bone in the dish , handing the win to the contestants . 1,148,000 # 1 Grand Finale Week 61 / 13 - 1 Sunday , 24 July 2016 Quarter - Finals : Mystery Box Challenge & Invention Test - The final four contestants faced their last Mystery Box Challenge , with 60 minutes to cook their dishes with ingredients chosen by their respective loved ones . Elena beat Matt 's crispy skin snapper dish with her crab , cauliflower , brussel sprouts and apple dish to secure her place in the semi-final . To secure their places in the semi-final Elise , Harry and Matt each had to choose one food or cooking technique which all three would then have to use to cook a dish in 60 minutes . Matt chose blending / juicing , Harry chose aeration and Elise chose setting . All three cooked a dessert . Matt 's blackberry sorbet with tempered chocolate and port jelly nailed was the standout with the judges calling it flawless . Harry 's coconut foam for his passionfruit sorbet disappointed the judges as it dissolved on the plate but Elise 's smoked chocolate parfait with orange sorbet had serious issues with both the balance of flavours and presentation . She was eliminated due to those critical flaws . 1,321,000 # 1 62 / 13 - 2 Monday , 25 July 2016 Semi-Finals : Service Challenge - In the semi-final of the competition , Elena , Harry and Matt had to prepare two dishes ( main and dessert ) to be served to twenty diners and the judges in a four - hour service challenge . Matt 's confit duck and brioche doughnut stood out , making him the first through to the Finale . It was between Elena and Harry who , despite having excellent desserts ( Elena 's apples and bicuits , and Harry 's espresso bavarois ) , both had issues with their mains : both Elena 's Australian version of a nicoise salad and Harry 's lobster cannelloni were dry due to the lack of sauces , but it was his use of oily kingfish that overpowered the lobster flavour on his canneloni that eliminated Harry from the competition , sending Elena into the Grand Finale . 1,441,000 # 1 63 / 13 - 3 Tuesday , 26 July 2016 Grand Finale - The finale took place over three rounds : entree , main and dessert . In the entree round , the judges had chosen a selection of core ingredients from which Elena picked marron and Matt picked quail . Matt 's confit quail and sauce received 26 points out of 30 , while Elena 's marron two ways lacked depth of flavour in the dashi sauce and she scored 23 points . For the main course , there were no rules , with contestants cooking whatever they liked in 75 minutes . Both Matt 's crispy skin barramundi with prawn and pancetta sauce and Elena 's twice - cooked lamb and smoked vegetables received perfect scores of 30 from the judges . Matt took the lead with the total score of 56 while Elena got 53 points total . The finale then came down to dessert : Heston Blumenthal and Ashley Palmer - Watts ' `` Verjus in Egg '' creation . Both contestants had struggles , with Elena having to remake her ' egg yolk ' jelly and Matt his coconut panna cotta ' egg white ' . In the end , this led to Matt running out of time and not being able to seal the tempered chocolate egg shell on his dish , which split apart . Matt 's dessert cost him the win , scoring 7 points from each of the four judges , giving him a total score of 84 . Elena scored 8 each from Matt , George and Gary and 9 from Heston and Ashley , giving her 86 points . 1,711,000 # 2 Winner Announced - Elena Duggan won the title of Masterchef 2016 , the grand prize of $250,000 and a monthly column in the magazine Delicious while Matt Sinclair , as runner - up , received $40,000 . Harry Foster , who finished in third - place , also received a cash prize of $10,000 . 1,875,000 # 1 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Returning : MasterChef Australia '' . tvtonight.com.au. 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef Australia 2016 : Matt and Theresa on what they gave up to be on the show '' . NewsComAu. 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings -- TV Tonight '' . MasterChef Australia Series 2009 2011 2012 All - Stars 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Winners Julie Goodwin Adam Liaw Kate Bracks Andy Allen Emma Dean Brent Owens Billie McKay Elena Duggan Diana Chan Notable alumni Marion Grasby Matthew Hopcraft Alana Lowes Lucas Parsons Poh Ling Yeow Junior MasterChef Australia Series 2011 Winners Isabella Bliss Greta Yaxley Celebrity MasterChef Australia Winner : Eamon Sullivan MasterChef Australia : The Professionals Winner : Rhys Badcock Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MasterChef_Australia_(series_8)&oldid=809077563 '' Categories : MasterChef Australia 2016 in Australian television 2016 Australian television seasons Hidden categories : Use Australian English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from June 2014 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 00 : 16 . 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-6156024016324998397 | List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders | List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders Jump to : navigation , search This article provides two lists : A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season three - point field goals made . A progressive list of three - point leaders showing how the record has increased through the years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Three - point Field Goals Made Leaders 2 Progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders 3 Notes 4 External links Three - point field goals made leaders ( edit ) This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular - season three - point field goals made . Statistics accurate as of April 9 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration § 1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 Rank Name Position ( s ) Team ( o ) played for ( games ) Total 3 - point field goals made Total 3 - point field goals attempted 3 - point field goal percentage Allen , Ray Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 2,973 7,429 . 400 Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 2,560 6,486 . 395 Terry , Jason Jason Terry ^ SG / PG Atlanta Hawks ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Boston Celtics ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Houston Rockets ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2016 -- present ) 2,282 6,009 . 380 Korver , Kyle Kyle Korver ^ SG / SF Philadelphia 76ers ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Utah Jazz ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- present ) 2,213 5,130 . 431 Crawford , Jamal Jamal Crawford ^ SG / PG Chicago Bulls ( 2000 -- 2004 ) New York Knicks ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2017 -- present ) 2,153 6,173 . 349 6 Pierce , Paul Paul Pierce SF Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 2,143 5,816 . 368 7 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ PG Golden State Warriors ( 2009 -- present ) 2,129 4,880 . 436 8 Carter , Vince Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- present ) 2,104 5,647 . 373 9 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd * PG Dallas Mavericks ( 1994 -- 1996 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 2001 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2001 -- 2008 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 1,988 5,701 . 349 10 Johnson , Joe Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 1,976 5,327 . 371 11 Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 1,918 5,005 . 383 12 Smith , J.R. J.R. Smith ^ SG New Orleans ( / Oklahoma City ) Hornets ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2015 -- present ) 1,917 5,126 . 374 13 Billups , Chauncey Chauncey Billups PG / SG Boston Celtics ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Toronto Raptors ( 1998 ) Denver Nuggets ( 19 99 , 2008 -- 2011 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2002 -- 2008 , 2013 -- 2014 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 1,830 4,725 . 387 14 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 1,827 5,546 . 330 15 Lewis , Rashard Rashard Lewis SF / PF Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Orlando Magic ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Washington Wizards ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,787 4,625 . 386 16 Stojaković , Peja Peja Stojaković SF Sacramento Kings ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2006 ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 ) 1,760 4,392 . 401 17 Ellis , Dale Dale Ellis SF / SG Dallas Mavericks ( 1983 -- 1986 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1986 -- 1991 , 1997 -- 1999 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1992 , 1999 -- 2000 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 2000 ) 1,719 4,266 . 403 18 Nash , Steve Steve Nash * PG Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 1998 , 2004 -- 2012 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,685 3,939 . 428 19 Harden , James James Harden ^ SG Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Houston Rockets ( 2012 -- present ) 1,644 4,518 . 364 20 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ SF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- present ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) 1,616 4,699 . 344 21 Richardson , Jason Jason Richardson SG Golden State Warriors ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Orlando Magic ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1,608 4,344 . 370 22 Miller , Mike Mike Miller SF / SG Orlando Magic ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2003 -- 2008 , 2013 -- 2014 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Washington Wizards ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 1,590 3,910 . 407 23 Rice , Glen Glen Rice SF Miami Heat ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1999 -- 2000 ) New York Knicks ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Houston Rockets ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 1,559 3,896 . 400 24 Thompson , Klay Klay Thompson ^ SG Golden State Warriors ( 2011 -- present ) 1,554 3,683 . 422 25 Jones , Eddie Eddie Jones SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1994 -- 1999 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Miami Heat ( 2000 -- 2005 , 2007 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1,546 4,147 . 373 26 Hardaway , Tim Tim Hardaway PG Golden State Warriors ( 1989 -- 1993 , 1994 -- 1996 ) Miami Heat ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2002 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2003 ) 1,542 4,345 . 355 27 Van Exel , Nick Nick Van Exel PG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2004 -- 2005 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 1,528 4,278 . 357 28 Bibby , Mike Mike Bibby PG Vancouver Grizzlies ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Washington Wizards ( 2011 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 1,517 3,999 . 379 29 Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili ^ SG San Antonio Spurs ( 2002 -- present ) 1,494 4,050 . 369 30 Redick , J.J. J.J. Redick ^ SG Orlando Magic ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2017 -- present ) 1,458 3,515 . 415 31 Finley , Michael Michael Finley SF Phoenix Suns ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 ) 1,454 3,880 . 375 32 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ SF / SG Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 1,433 3,731 . 384 33 Matthews , Wesley Wesley Matthews ^ SG Utah Jazz ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2015 -- present ) 1,405 3,667 . 383 34 Barry , Brent Brent Barry SG Los Angeles Clippers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Miami Heat ( 1998 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1999 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2004 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Houston Rockets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 1,395 3,442 . 405 35 Walker , Antoine Antoine Walker PF Boston Celtics ( 1996 -- 2003 , 2005 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1,386 4,264 . 325 36 Lowry , Kyle Kyle Lowry ^ PG Memphis Grizzlies ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Houston Rockets ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2012 -- present ) 1,370 3,707 . 370 37 Majerle , Dan Dan Majerle SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1995 , 2001 -- 2002 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Miami Heat ( 1996 -- 2001 ) 1,360 3,798 . 358 38 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- present ) 1,340 3,856 . 348 39 Davis , Baron Baron Davis PG Charlotte Hornets ( 1999 -- 2002 ) New Orleans Hornets ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 ) 1,332 4,159 . 320 40 Richmond , Mitch Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 1,326 3,419 . 388 41 Anderson , Ryan Ryan Anderson ^ PF New Jersey Nets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2012 ) New Orleans Hornets / Pelicans ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Houston Rockets ( 2016 -- present ) 1,315 3,446 . 382 42 Ariza , Trevor Trevor Ariza ^ SF New York Knicks ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Orlando Magic ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Houston Rockets ( 2009 -- 2010 , 2014 -- present ) New Orleans Hornets ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Washington Wizards ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,313 3,713 . 354 43 Houston , Allan Allan Houston SG Detroit Pistons ( 1993 -- 1996 ) New York Knicks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) 1,305 3,247 . 402 44 Dunleavy Jr. , Mike Mike Dunleavy Jr . SF / SG Golden State Warriors ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2017 ) 1,304 3,460 . 377 45 Porter , Terry Terry Porter PG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Miami Heat ( 1999 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,297 3,360 . 386 46 Blaylock , Mookie Mookie Blaylock PG New Jersey Nets ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1992 -- 1999 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,283 3,816 . 336 47 Lillard , Damian Damian Lillard ^ PG Portland Trail Blazers ( 2012 -- present ) 1,265 3,437 . 368 48 Maxwell , Vernon Vernon Maxwell SG San Antonio Spurs ( 1988 -- 1990 , 1996 -- 1997 ) Houston Rockets ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1995 -- 1996 , 2000 ) Orlando Magic ( 1998 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1998 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1999 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 ) 1,256 3,931 . 320 49 Robinson , Clifford Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 1,253 3,515 . 356 50 Jackson , Stephen Stephen Jackson SG / SF New Jersey Nets ( 2000 -- 2001 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2001 -- 2003 , 2012 -- 2013 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 1,252 3,763 . 333 Progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders showing how the record has increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of February 21 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration § 1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 Team Abbreviations Team listed is the one player was on when he established the record . BOS Boston Celtics HOU Houston Rockets ORL Orlando Magic SEA Seattle SuperSonics CHA Charlotte Bobcats IND Indiana Pacers PHI Philadelphia 76ers TOR Toronto Raptors CHI Chicago Bulls LAL Los Angeles Lakers PHO Phoenix Suns UTA Utah Jazz CLE Cleveland Cavaliers MIA Miami Heat SAC Sacramento Kings WAS Washington Wizards DEN Denver Nuggets MIL Milwaukee Bucks SAS San Antonio Spurs WSB Washington Bullets GSW Golden State Warriors NYK New York Knicks SDC San Diego Clippers Progressive 3 point Leaders Season Year - by - year leader 3P Active player leader 3P Career record 3P Single season record 3P Season 1979 -- 80 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Mike Bratz 000CLE 57 134 134 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 Don Buse 000IND 73 Joe Hassett 000GSW 193 Joe Hassett 000GSW 193 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Mike Dunleavy 000 SAS 67 194 194 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 91 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 154 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 91 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 92 246 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 246 92 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Larry Bird * 000BOS 82 Larry Bird * 000BOS 267 Larry Bird * 000BOS 267 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 90 357 357 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 Danny Ainge 000BOS 148 455 455 Danny Ainge 000BOS 148 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 Michael Adams 000DEN 166 Dale Ellis 000SEA 472 Dale Ellis 000SEA 472 Michael Adams 000DEN 166 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 158 568 568 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 Vernon Maxwell 000HOU 172 Michael Adams 000DEN 1990 -- 91 000WSB 1991 -- 92 658 Michael Adams 000DEN 1990 -- 91 000WSB 1991 -- 92 658 Vernon Maxwell 000HOU 172 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 162 783 783 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 Reggie Miller * 000IND Dan Majerle 000PHO 167 Dale Ellis 000 SAS 1992 -- 94 000 DEN 1994 -- 97 882 Dale Ellis 000 SAS 1992 -- 94 000 DEN 1994 -- 97 882 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 Dan Majerle 000PHO 192 1,013 1,013 Dan Majerle 000PHO 192 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 John Starks 000NYK 217 1,119 1,119 John Starks 000NYK 217 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Dennis Scott 000ORL 267 1,269 1,269 Dennis Scott 000ORL 267 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 Reggie Miller * 000IND 229 1,461 1,461 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 Wesley Person 000CLE 192 Reggie Miller * 000IND 1,596 Reggie Miller * 000IND 1,596 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Dee Brown 000TOR 135 1,702 1,702 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 Gary Payton * 000SEA 177 1,867 1,867 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Antoine Walker 000BOS 221 2,037 2,037 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Allen , Ray Ray Allen * 000MIL 229 2,217 2,217 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 201 2,330 2,330 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Peja Stojaković 000SAC 240 2,464 2,464 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Quentin Richardson 0PHO Kyle Korver ^ 00PHI 226 2,560 2,560 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Allen , Ray Ray Allen * 000SEA 269 Allen , Ray Ray Allen * 000SEA 2005 -- 07 000BOS 2007 -- 12 000MIA 2012 -- 14 1,755 Allen , Ray Ray Allen * 000SEA 269 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 Gilbert Arenas 00WAS Raja Bell 00PHO 205 1,920 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 Jason Richardson 000CHA 243 2,100 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Rashard Lewis 000ORL 220 2,299 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Aaron Brooks ^ 000HOU 209 2,444 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 Dorell Wright 000GSW 194 2,612 Allen , Ray Ray Allen * 000BOS 2010 -- 12 000MIA 2012 -- 14 2,612 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 Ryan Anderson ^ 000ORL 166 2,718 2,718 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 Stephen Curry ^ 000GSW 272 2,857 2,857 Stephen Curry ^ 000GSW 272 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 261 2,973 2,973 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 286 Jason Terry ^ 000HOU 2014 -- 16 000MIL 2016 -- 18 2,076 286 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 402 2,169 402 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 324 2,242 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 James Harden ^ 000HOU 245 2,255 2017 -- 18 Season Year - by - Year Leader 3P Active Player Leader 3P Career Record 3P Single Season Record 3P Season Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The National Basketball Association did not record 3 - point field goals until the 1979 -- 80 season Jump up ^ `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . ^ Jump up to : `` Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Announces Eligible Candidates for the Class of 2018 '' . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in 3 - point field goals made ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_3-point_scoring_leaders&oldid=835679652 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 03 : 35 . About Wikipedia | nba's list of career three-point field goals made | [] | [] |
227878627167846824 | Timeline of rocket and missile technology | Timeline of rocket and missile technology - wikipedia Timeline of rocket and missile technology This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Timeline of the gunpowder age A depiction of the `` long serpent '' rocket launcher from the 11th century book Wujing Zongyao . The holes in the frame are designed to keep the fire arrows separate . This article gives a concise timeline of rocket and missile technology . Contents 1 11th century 2 17th century - 19th century 3 20th century 4 21st century 5 See also 6 References 11th century ( edit ) 11th century AD - The first documented record of gunpowder and the fire arrow , an early form of rocketry , appears in the Chinese text Wujing Zongyao . 17th century - 19th century ( edit ) 1633 - Lagâri Hasan Çelebi launched a 7 - winged rocket using 50 okka ( 140 lbs ) of gunpowder from Sarayburnu , the point below Topkapı Palace in Istanbul . 1650 - Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima ( `` Great Art of Artillery , the First Part '' ) is printed in Amsterdam , about a year before the death of its author , Kazimierz Siemienowicz . 1664 - A `` space rocket '' is imagined as a future technology to be studied in France and its drawing is ordered by French finance minister Colbert ; designed by Le Brun on a Gobelins tapestry ( see : French space program ) 1798 - Tipu Sultan , the King of the state of Mysore in India , develops and uses iron rockets against the British Army ( see Mysorean rockets ) . 1801 - The British Army develops the Congreve rocket based on weapons used against them by Tipu Sultan . 1806 - Claude Ruggieri , an Italian living in France , launched animals on rockets and recovered them using parachutes . He was prevented from launching a child by police . 1813 - `` A Treatise on the Motion of Rockets '' by William Moore -- first appearance of the rocket equation 1818 - Henry Trengrouse demonstrates his rocket apparatus for projecting a lifeline from a wrecked ship to the shore , later widely adopted 1844 - William Hale invents the spin - stabilized rocket 1861 - William Leitch publishes an essay `` A Journey Through Space '' ( later published in his book God 's Glory in the Heavens ( 1862 ) ) , introducing the concept of using rockets to propel a vehicle carrying people into space , to visit the Moon and other planets . 1865 - Jules Verne publishes From the Earth to the Moon as a humorous science fantasy story about a space gun launching a manned spacecraft equipped with rockets for landing on the Moon , but eventually used for another orbital maneuver . 20th century ( edit ) 1902 - French cinema pioneer Georges Méliès directs A Trip to the Moon , the first film about space travel . 1903 - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky begins a series of papers discussing the use of rocketry to reach outer space , space suits , and colonization of the solar system . Two key points discussed in his works are liquid fuels and staging . 1913 - Without knowing the work of Russian mathematician Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , French engineer Robert Esnault - Pelterie derived the equations for space flight , produced a paper that presented the rocket equation and calculated the energies required to reach the Moon and nearby planets . 1922 - Hermann Oberth publishes his scientific work about rocketry and space exploration : Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen ( `` By Rocket into Planetary Space '' ) . 1924 - Society for Studies of Interplanetary Travel founded in Moscow by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , Friedrich Zander and 200 other space and rocket experts 1926 - Robert Goddard launches the first liquid fuel rocket . 1927 - Verein für Raumschiffahrt ( VfR - `` Spaceflight Society '' ) founded in Germany . 1929 - Woman in the Moon , considered to be one of the first `` serious '' science fiction films . 1931 - Friedrich Schmiedl attempts the first rocket mail service in Austria 1935 - Emilio Herrera Linares from Spain designed and made the first full - pressured astronaut suit , called the escafandra estratonáutica . The Russians then used a model of Herrera 's suit when first flying into space of which the Americans would then later adopt when creating their own space program . 1937 - Peenemünde Army Research Center founded in Germany 1938 - The Projectile Development Establishment founded at Fort Halstead for the United Kingdom 's research into military solid - fuel rockets . 1939 - Katyusha multiple rocket launchers ( Russian : Катюша ) are a type of rocket artillery first built and fielded by the Soviet Union . 1941 - French rocket EA - 41 is launched , being the first European liquid propellant working rocket 1941 - Jet Assisted Take Off JATO installed on US Army Air Corp Ercoupe aircraft occurred on 12 August in March Field , California . 1942 - Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger launch the first V - 2 rocket at Peenemünde in northern Germany . 1942 - A V - 2 rocket reaches an altitude of 85 km . 1944 - The V - 2 rocket MW 18014 reaches an altitude of 176 km , becoming the first man - made object in space . 1945 - Lothar Sieber dies after the first vertical take - off manned rocket flight in a Bachem Ba 349 `` Natter '' 1945 - Operation Paperclip takes 1,600 German rocket scientists and technicians to the United States 1945 - Operation Osoaviakhim takes 2,000 German rocket scientists and technicians to the Soviet Union 1946 - First flight of the Nike missile , later the first operational surface - to - air guided missile 1947 - Chuck Yeager achieves the first manned supersonic flight in a Bell X-1 rocket - powered aircraft 1949 - Willy Ley publishes The Conquest of Space 1952 - 22 May , French Véronique 1 rocket is launched from the Algerian desert . 1952 - Wernher von Braun discusses the technical details of a manned exploration of Mars in Das Marsprojekt . 1953 - Colliers Magazine publishes a series of articles on man 's future in space , igniting the interest of people around the world . The series includes numerous articles by Ley and von Braun , illustrated by Chesley Bonestell . 1956 - First launch of PGM - 17 Thor , the first US ballistic missile and forerunner of the Delta space launch rockets 1957 - Launch of the first ICBM , the USSR 's R - 7 ( 8K71 ) , known to NATO as the SS - 6 Sapwood . 1957 - The USSR launches Sputnik 1 , the first artificial satellite . 1958 - The U.S. launches Explorer 1 , the first American artificial satellite , on a Jupiter - C rocket . 1958 - US launches their first ICBM , the Atlas - B ( the Atlas - A was a test article only ) . 1961 - the USSR launches Vostok 1 , Yuri Gagarin reached a height of 327 km above Earth and was the first man to orbit Earth . 1961 - US , a Mercury capsule named Freedom 7 with Alan B. Shepard , spacecraft was launched by a Redstone rocket on a ballistic trajectory suborbital flight . 1962 - The US launches Mercury MA - 6 ( Friendship 7 ) on an Atlas D booster , John Glenn finally puts America in orbit . 1963 - The USSR launches Vostok 6 , Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman ( and first civilian ) to orbit Earth . She remained in space for nearly three days and orbited the Earth 48 times . 1963 - US X-15 rocket - plane , the first reusable manned spacecraft ( suborbital ) reaches space , pioneering reusability , carried launch and glide landings . 1965 - USSR Proton rocket , highly successful launch vehicle with notable payloads , Salyut 6 & Salyut 7 , Mir & ISS components 1965 - Robert Salked investigates various single stage to orbit spaceplane concepts 1966 - USSR Luna 9 , the first soft landing on the Moon 1966 - USSR launches Soyuz spacecraft , longest - running series of spacecraft , eventually serving Soviet , Russian and International space missions . 1969 - US Apollo 11 , first men on the Moon , first lunar surface extravehicular activity . 1981 - US space shuttle pioneers reusability and glide landings 1998 - US Deep Space 1 is first deep space mission to use an ion thruster for propulsion . 1998 - Russia launch Zarya module which is the first part of the International Space Station . 21st century ( edit ) 2001 - Russian Soyuz spacecraft sent the first space tourist Dennis Tito to International Space Station . 2004 - US - based , first privately developed , manned ( suborbital ) spaceflight , SpaceShipOne demonstrates reusability . 2008 - SpaceX -- with their Falcon 1 rocket -- became the first private entity to successfully launch a rocket into orbit . 2012 - The SpaceX Dragon space capsule -- launched aboard a Falcon 9 launch vehicle -- was the first private spacecraft to successfully dock with another spacecraft , and was also the first private capsule to dock at the International Space Station . 2014 - First booster rocket returning from an orbital trajectory to achieve a zero - velocity - at - zero - altitude propulsive vertical landing . The first - stage booster of Falcon 9 Flight 9 made the first successful controlled ocean soft touchdown of a liquid - rocket - engine orbital booster on April 18 , 2014 . 2015 - SpaceX 's Falcon 9 Flight 20 was the first time that the first stage of an orbital rocket made a successful return and vertical landing . 2017 - SpaceX 's Falcon 9 SES - 10 was the first time a used orbital rocket made a successful return 2018 - The Electron rocket was the first New - Zealand rocket to achieve orbit . The rocket is also unique in using an electric pump - fed engine . The rocket also carried an additional satellite payload called `` Humanity Star '' , a 1 - meter - wide ( 3 ft ) carbon fiber sphere made up of 65 panels that reflect the Sun 's light . See also ( edit ) History of rockets List of missiles List of rockets Timeline of heat engine technology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Winter , Frank H. ( 1992 ) . `` Who First Flew in a Rocket ? '' , Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 45 ( July 1992 ) , p. 275 - 80 Jump up ^ Jean Cheymol . `` Astronautique '' ( PDF ) . Biusante.parisdescartes.fr . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` MSFC History OFFICE : CLAUDE RUGGIERI '' . History.msfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Considerations sur les resultats d'un allegement indefini des moteurs '' , Journal de physique theorique et appliquee , Paris , 1913 Jump up ^ `` Sommaire chronologie Ariane '' . Capcomespace.net . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Salkeld Shuttle '' . Astronautix.com . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ROBERT SALKELD 'S '' . Pmview.com . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 1 Further Reading '' . History.nasa.gov . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` First Space Tourist Dennis Tito to Make Business Visit to Russia '' . redOrbit . June 15 , 2004 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` SpaceShipOne Flight Tests '' . Scaled Composites . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Clark , Stephen ( 2008 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Sweet Success at Last for Falcon 1 Rocket '' . Spaceflight Now . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 30 . the first privately developed liquid - fueled rocket to successfully reach orbit . Jump up ^ Clark , Stephen ( 25 May 2012 ) . `` First commercial cargo ship arrives at space station '' . Spaceflight Now . Archived from the original on 26 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Belfiore , Michael ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` SpaceX Brings a Booster Safely Back to Earth '' . MIT Technology Review . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Orwig , Jessica ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) . `` Elon Musk Just Unveiled A Game - Changing Ocean Landing Pad For His Reusable Rockets '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 11 . The first successful `` soft landing '' of a Falcon 9 rocket happened in April of this year Jump up ^ Jeff Foust ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Falcon 9 Launches Orbcomm Satellites , Lands First Stage '' . SpaceNews . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . the first time SpaceX had successfully landed the rocket 's first stage . Jump up ^ `` SpaceX demonstrates rocket reusability with SES - 10 launch and booster landing '' . Spacenews.com. 30 March 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Grush , Loren ( 24 January 2018 ) . `` Rocket Lab secretly launched a disco ball satellite on its latest test flight '' . The Verge . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Spaceflight lists and timelines Timeline of spaceflight General Space exploration outline timeline Spaceflight records Space Race Asian Space Race Rocket and missile technology Human spaceflight General Manned spacecraft timeline Spaceflights 1961 -- 1970 1971 -- 1980 1981 -- 1990 1991 -- 2000 2001 -- 2010 2011 -- present by program Soviet Russian Vostok Soyuz Mercury Gemini Apollo Skylab Shenzhou Gaganyaan Spacelab Salyut Expeditions Spaceflights manned unmanned Spacewalks Visitors Mir Expeditions Spaceflights manned unmanned Spacewalks Visitors ISS Expeditions Spaceflights manned unmanned Spacewalks Visitors Shuttle Crews Missions timeline Rollbacks People Astronauts by name by year of selection by first flight Apollo Gemini Chinese European Cosmonauts female Jewish Muslim Arab African - American Space travelers by name Space travelers by nationality timeline EVA 1965 -- 1999 2000 -- 2014 2015 -- present Cumulative spacewalk records Spacewalkers Solar System exploration Timeline Interplanetary voyages Landings on other planets artificial objects Objects at Lagrangian points Probes active leaving the Solar System lunar probes Missions to the Moon Timeline of satellites Sample - return mission Mars Earth - orbiting satellites Climate research Communications satellite firsts CubeSats PocketQube Earth observation satellites timeline Geosynchronous orbit GOES Kosmos Magnetospheric NRO TDRS USA Vehicles Orbital launch systems Comparison Sounding rockets Spacecraft unmanned manned Upper stages Launches by rocket type Ariane Atlas Black Brant Falcon 9 and Heavy H-I and H - II Long March Proton PSLV R - 7 ( including Semyorka , Molniya , Vostok , Voskhod and Soyuz ) Scout Thor and Delta Titan V - 2 tests Zenit Launches by spaceport Satish Dhawan Agencies , companies and facilities Communications satellite companies comparison Private spaceflight companies Rocket launch sites Space agencies Spacecraft manufacturers Other mission lists and timelines First orbital launches by country NASA missions Constellation missions Timeline of private spaceflight Timeline of longest spaceflights Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_rocket_and_missile_technology&oldid=855909545 '' Categories : Aviation timelines Spaceflight timelines Military timelines Science timelines Technology timelines Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Russian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 17 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first rocket launched into space | [
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-7910725410450767 | Breakfast cereal | Breakfast cereal - wikipedia Breakfast cereal Jump to : navigation , search Breakfast cereal with milk and raspberries Boxes of cereal in a supermarket Breakfast cereal ( or just cereal ) is a food product made from processed cereal grains that is often eaten as the first meal of the day . It can sometimes be mixed with milk , yogurt , or fruit . Some companies promote their products for the health benefits from eating oat - based and high - fiber cereals . In America , cereals are often fortified with vitamins but can also lack many of the vitamins needed for a hearty breakfast . A significant proportion of cereals are made with high sugar content . Many breakfast cereals are produced via extrusion . A bowl of corn flakes with milk . The breakfast cereal industry has gross profit margins of 40 - 45 % , 90 % penetration in some markets , and steady and continued growth throughout its history . The number of different types of breakfast cereals in the U.S. has grown from 160 ( 1970 ) to 340 ( 1998 ) to 4,945 ( 2012 ) . In this highly competitive market , breakfast cereal companies have developed cereals in an ever increasing number of flavors . Although many plain wheat and oat based cereals exist , other flavors are sweet . Some of the most popular brands include freeze - dried fruit and others are flavored like dessert or candy . Contents ( hide ) 1 History in North America 1.1 Early America 1.2 Cooked oatmeal 1.3 Ready - to - eat ( RTE ) 1.4 Battle Creek , Michigan 1.5 20th century 1.6 National advertising and General Mills 2 Processing of grains 3 Muesli 4 Warm cereals 4.1 Canada 4.2 China 4.3 Greece 4.4 Ireland 4.5 Russia 4.6 South Africa 4.7 United Kingdom 4.8 United States 5 Gluten - free 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History in North America ( edit ) Cereal , oatmeal and porridge quickly became an important breakfast component in North America . Barley was a common grain used , though other grains and yellow peas could be used . In many modern cultures , porridge is still eaten as a breakfast dish . Early America ( edit ) North American natives had found a way to make ground corn palatable , later called `` grits '' ( from the Old English word `` grytt '' , meaning coarse meal ) and `` hominy '' . While this became a staple in the southern U.S. , grits never gained a hold in the northern states . Food reformers in the 19th century called for cutting back on excessive meat consumption at breakfast . They explored numerous vegetarian alternatives . Late in the century , the Seventh - day Adventists based in Michigan made these food reforms part of their religion , and indeed non-meat breakfasts were featured in their sanitariums and led to new breakfast cereals . A Quaker Oats advertisement , circa 1900 . Cooked oatmeal ( edit ) Ferdinand Schumacher , a German immigrant , began the cereals revolution in 1854 with a hand oats grinder in the back room of a small store in , Akron , Ohio . His German Mills American Oatmeal Company was the nation 's first commercial oatmeal manufacturer . He marketed the product locally as a substitute for breakfast pork . Improved production technology ( steel cutters , porcelain rollers , improved hullers ) , combined with an influx of German and Irish immigrants , quickly boosted sales and profits . In 1877 , Schumacher adopted the Quaker symbol , the first registered trademark for a breakfast cereal . The acceptance of `` horse food '' for human consumption encouraged other entrepreneurs to enter the industry . Henry Parsons Crowell started operations in 1882 , and John Robert Stuart in 1885 . Crowell cut costs by consolidating every step of the processing -- grading , cleaning , hulling , cutting , rolling , packaging , and shipping -- in one factory operating at Ravenna , Ohio . Stuart operated mills in Chicago and Cedar Rapids , Iowa . Stuart and Crowell combined in 1885 and initiated a price war . After a fire at his mill in Akron , Schumacher joined Stuart and Crowell to form the Consolidated Oatmeal Company . The American Cereal Company ( Quaker Oats , but see below ) created a cereal made from oats in 1877 , manufacturing the product in Akron , Ohio . Separately , in 1888 , a trust or holding company combined the nation 's seven largest mills into the American Cereal Company using the Quaker Oats brand name . By 1900 technology , entrepreneurship , and the `` Man in Quaker Garb '' -- a symbol of plain honesty and reliability -- gave Quaker Oats a national market and annual sales of $10 million . Early in the 20th century , the Quaker Oats Company ( formed in 1901 to replace the American Cereal Company ) jumped into the world market . Schumacher , the innovator ; Stuart , the manager and financial leader and Crowell , the creative merchandiser , advertiser , and promoter , doubled sales every decade . Alexander Anderson 's steam - pressure method of shooting rice from guns created Puffed rice and puffed wheat . Crowell 's intensive advertising campaign in the 1920s and 1930s featured promotions with such celebrities as Babe Ruth , Max Baer , and Shirley Temple . Sponsorship of the popular Rin - Tin - Tin and Sergeant Preston of the Yukon radio shows aided the company 's expansion during the depression . Meat rationing during World War II boosted annual sales to $90 million , and by 1956 sales topped $277 million . By 1964 the firm sold over 200 products , grossed over $500 million , and claimed that 8 million people ate Quaker Oats each day . Expansion included acquisition of Aunt Jemima Mills Company in 1926 , which continues as a leading brand of pancake mixes and syrup , the sport drink Gatorade in 1983 , and in 1986 , the Golden Grain Company , producers of Rice - A-Roni canned lunch food . In 2001 Quaker Oats was itself bought out by PepsiCo . Ready - to - eat ( rte ) ( edit ) The first cold breakfast cereal , Granula , was invented in the United States in 1863 by James Caleb Jackson , operator of Our Home on the Hillside which was later replaced by the Jackson Sanatorium in Dansville , New York . The cereal never became popular as the heavy bran and graham nuggets needed soaking overnight before they were tender enough to eat and were considered inconvenient . George H. Hoyt created Wheatena circa 1879 , during an era when retailers would typically buy cereal ( the most popular being cracked wheat , oatmeal , and cerealine ) in barrel lots , and scoop it out to sell by the pound to customers . Hoyt , who had found a distinctive process of preparing wheat for cereal , sold his cereal in boxes , offering consumers a more sanitary and consumer - friendly option . Battle Creek , Michigan ( edit ) 1910 Kellogg 's Corn Flakes advertisement Packaged breakfast cereals were considerably more convenient than a product that had to be cooked and as a result of this convenience ( and clever marketing ) , they became popular . Battle Creek , Michigan was a center both of the Seventh - day Adventist Church and of innovation in the ready - to - eat cereal industry . And indeed , the church had a substantial impact on the development of cereal goods through the person of John Harvey Kellogg ( 1851 - 1943 ) . Son of an Adventist factory owner in Battle Creek , Kellogg was encouraged by his church to train in medicine at Bellevue Hospital Medical College in New York City in 1875 . After graduating , he became medical superintendent at the Western Health Reform Institute in Battle Creek , established in 1866 by the Adventists to offer their natural remedies for illness . Many wealthy industrialists came to Kellogg 's sanitarium for recuperation and rejuvenation . They were accustomed to breakfasts of ham , eggs , sausages , fried potatoes , hot biscuits , hotcakes , and coffee . In Battle Creek they found fresh air , exercise , rest , `` hydrotherapy '' , a strict vegetarian diet , and abstinence from alcohol , tobacco , coffee , and tea . To supplement the center 's vegetarian regimen , Kellogg experimented with granola . Soon afterwards he began to experiment with wheat , resulting in a lighter , flakier product . In 1891 he acquired a patent and then in 1895 he launched the Cornflakes brand , which overnight captured a national market . Soon there were forty rival manufacturers in the Battle Creek area . His brother William K. Kellogg ( 1860 - 1951 ) worked for him for many years until , in 1906 , he broke away , bought the rights to Cornflakes , and set up the Kellogg Toasted Corn Flake Company . William Kellogg discarded the health food concept , opting for heavy advertising and commercial taste appeal . Later , his signature on every package became the company trademark . The second major innovator in the cereal industry was Charles W. Post , a salesman who was admitted to Kellogg 's sanitarium as a patient in the late 1800s . While there , he grew deeply impressed with their all - grain diet . Upon his release , he began experimenting with grain products , beginning with an all - grain coffee substitute called Postum . In 1898 he introduced Grape - nuts , the concentrated cereal with a nutty flavor ( containing neither grapes nor nuts ) . Good business sense , determination , and powerful advertising produced a multimillion - dollar fortune for Post in a few years . After his death , his company acquired the Jell - O company in 1925 , Baker 's chocolate in 1927 , Maxwell House coffee in 1928 , and Birdseye frozen foods in 1929 . In 1929 , the company changed its name to General Foods . In 1985 , Philip Morris Tobacco Company bought General Foods for $5.6 billion and merged it with its Kraft division . Because of Kellogg and Post , the city of Battle Creek , Michigan is nicknamed the `` Cereal Capital of the World '' . 20th century ( edit ) Breakfast cereal primarily marketed to children , such as Froot Loops , is commonly brightly colored and high in sugar . In 1902 Force wheat flakes became the first ready - to - eat breakfast cereal introduced into the United Kingdom . The cereal , and the Sunny Jim character , achieved wide success in Britain , at its peak in 1930 selling 12.5 million packages in one year . In the 1930s , the first puffed cereal , Kix , went on the market . After World War II , the big breakfast cereal companies -- now including General Mills , who entered the market in 1924 with Wheaties -- increasingly started to target children . The flour was refined to remove fiber , which at the time was considered to undermine digestion and absorption of nutrients , and sugar was added to improve the flavor for children . The new breakfast cereals began to look starkly different from their ancestors . As one example , Kellogg 's Sugar Smacks , created in 1953 , had 56 % sugar by weight . Different mascots were introduced , such as the Rice Krispies elves and later pop icons like Tony the Tiger and the Trix Rabbit . National advertising and General Mills ( edit ) In the 1920s , national advertising in magazines and radio broadcasts played a key role in the emergence of the fourth big cereal manufacturer , General Mills . In 1921 , James Ford Bell , president of a Minneapolis wheat milling firm , began experimenting with rolled wheat flakes . After tempering , steaming , cracking wheat , and processing it with syrup , sugar , and salt , it was prepared in a pressure cooker for rolling and then dried in an electric oven . By 1925 , Wheaties had become the `` Breakfast of Champions '' . In 1928 , four milling companies consolidated as the General Mills Company in Minneapolis . The new firm expanded packaged food sales with heavy advertising , including sponsorship of radio programs such as `` Skippy '' , `` Jack Armstrong , The All - American Boy '' , and baseball games . Jack Dempsey , Johnny Weissmuller , and others verified the `` Breakfast of Champions '' slogan . By 1941 Wheaties had won 12 % percent of the cereal market . Experiments with the puffing process produced Kix , a puffed corn cereal , and Cheerios , a puffed oats cereal . Further product innovation and diversification brought total General Mills sales to over $500 million annually ( 18 % in packaged foods ) by the early 1950s . Processing of grains ( edit ) The processing of grains is a process that helps remove the bran and germ . This process allows the grains to stay good longer , but it also removes important vitamins such as vitamin B , dietary fibers and iron . Processing is the modification of a grain or mixture of grains usually taking place in a facility remote from the location where the product is eaten . This distinguishes `` breakfast cereals '' from foods made from grains modified and cooked in the place where they are eaten . Breakfast cereals therefore often are fortified with minerals and vitamins and these additives may be regulated . For example , if breakfast cereal in Canada is fortified , they must contain the following specific amounts per 100 grams of cereal : Thiamine ( 2.0 mg ) , Niacin ( 4.8 mg ) , Vitamin B6 ( 0.6 mg ) , Folic Acid ( 0.06 mg ) , Pantothenic Acid ( 1.6 mg ) , Magnesium ( 160.0 mg ) , Iron ( 13.3 mg ) , Zinc ( 3.5 mg ) . Muesli ( edit ) Main article : Muesli Muesli is a breakfast cereal based on uncooked rolled oats , fruit , and nuts . It was developed around 1900 by the Swiss physician Maximilian Bircher - Benner for patients in his hospital . It is available in a packaged dry form such as Alpen , or it can be made fresh . Warm cereals ( edit ) Most warm cereals can be classified as porridges , in that they consist of cereal grains which are soaked in hot water , cooked and / or boiled to soften them and make them palatable . Sweeteners , such as brown sugar , honey , or maple syrup , are often added either by the manufacturer , during cooking , or before eating . Porridge is especially popular in Scotland , Wales , Ireland , and England . Porridge became important in Scotland due to the freezing winters . The Scottish people prefer porridge to be made with only water and salt while other prefer more creamier substances to be added . Wales had a perfect climate for cultivating oats making porridge common in Welsh households . Ireland mixes porridge with whiskey as a cure for the common cold while England references the dish to the royal family and their traditions . Canada ( edit ) Common hot cereals in parts of Canada include oatmeal , Cream of Wheat and Red River cereal . These hot cereals are typically served with maple syrup or brown sugar and milk or cream . Yogurt is also added to Red River cereal . Many Canadians also enjoy cereals similar to those in the United States market . China ( edit ) In China , porridges such as rice congee , or those made with other ingredients ( including corn meal or millet ) are often eaten for breakfast . Eating breakfast cereal has become more important in China and specifically Hong Kong , China due to the increase of work and decrease in time . Greece ( edit ) In Greece , cornmeal is poured into boiling milk to create a cereal of a thick consistency which is often served to young children . The cereal production in Greece has recently declined . Ireland ( edit ) Ireland is known for its oatmeal . The most famous variety of these is steel - cut oatmeal . Oatmeal is very popular in Ireland , and is a common breakfast there . It is one of Ireland 's major culinary exports , and is widely available throughout the world . Major brands include McCann 's . Ireland is also very big on its porridge . In the 19th and 20th century , the Irish people began to mix whiskey into porridge as a common cold remedy . Oatmeal and porridge have been very important to Ireland since the 19th century and even though they may have been cut back a little when they were introduced to potatoes , oatmeal and porridge is still highly incorporated into Irish diets . Russia ( edit ) In Russia , a breakfast is kasha , a porridge of buckwheat ( Russian : гречка , grechka ) , farina ( Russian : манка , manka ) , or other grains . Kasha is found throughout much of Eastern Europe , including Poland and Croatia . Russia does not value breakfast cereals as much as other places . Most instances of cereal consumption is due to the desire for weight loss . South Africa ( edit ) Pap is a porridge used in a variety of meals eaten throughout the day . In the Afrikaans culture of descendants of Dutch farmers and French Huguenots , it is usually sprinkled with sugar and then eaten with milk ; it can be made to a very stiff consistency so that it forms -- what could be described as -- a softish lumpy crumble ( called krummel - pap ) or a more creamy porridge consistency ( called slap - pap ) . It is generally made from maize ( `` mielie '' ) meal and is sold under various brand names . Taystee Wheat is made into a creamy wheat - based porridge . Porridge brands unique to South Africa include Jungle Oats and Bokomo Maltabella ( made from malted sorghum ) . In other parts of Africa it is known as ugali , sadza , and banku or `` makkau '' . United Kingdom ( edit ) Scotland is famous for its consumption of oats . Scottish brands sold in the United Kingdom and elsewhere include Scott 's Porage Oats and Stoats Porridge Bars . In Northern Ireland , the company White 's has been milling oats in Tandragee since 1841 . England has incorporated porridge in their culture for centuries . Many of the different types of porridge were made specially for the royal family including a type of porridge called `` pea porridge . '' This specific dish was made for King Richard II . United States ( edit ) Oatmeal is popular in the United States however , cereal and oatmeal are not as popular as it used to be due to other portable options . Cereal in the United States is no longer the desired breakfast it once was . A widely popular cereal in the United States is Cheerios , part of the General Mills production . Wheat - based cereals ( Cream of Wheat , Malt - o - Meal , Wheatena , etc . ) are widely available if less popular . Grits is a porridge of Native American origin made from corn ( maize ) which is popular in the South . Gluten - free ( edit ) Breakfast cereal companies make gluten - free cereals which are free of any gluten - containing grains . These cereals are targeted for consumers who suffer from gluten - related disorders , as celiac disease , non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy , among others . Some companies that produce gluten - free cereals include Kellogg 's , General Mills , Nature 's Path and Arrowhead Mills . See also ( edit ) Food portal Cereal box prize Cerealicious List of breakfast cereal advertising characters List of breakfast cereals List of breakfast topics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawrence , Felicity ( 28 December 2006 ) . `` How constipation cure became huge business '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast Cereals Market Report - Market Research Reports - Research and Markets '' . Key Note Publications Ltd . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast Cereals : A Report on the Supply of Ready Cooked Breakfast Cereal Foods '' Archived 19 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , The Monopolies C omission , 20 February 1973 Jump up ^ Aichner T , Coletti P ( 2013 ) . `` Customers ' online shopping preferences in mass customization '' . Journal of Direct , Data and Digital Marketing Practice. 15 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 35 . doi : 10.1057 / dddmp. 2013.34 . Jump up ^ An Irresistible History of Southern Food : Four Centuries of Black Eyed Peas , Collard Greens , and Whole Hog Barbecue . The History Press . 2011 . pp. 57 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Du Puis EM ( 2007 ) . `` Angels and Vegetables : A Brief History of Food Advice in America '' . Gastronomica : The Journal of Food and Culture . 7 ( 3 ) : 34 -- 44 . JSTOR 10.1525 / gfc. 2007.7. 3.34 . Jump up ^ Joe Musser , The Cereal Tycoon : Henry Parsons Crowell : Founder of the Quaker Oats Co. ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` American Cereal Company '' , Ohio History Central Jump up ^ Arthur F. Marquette , Brands , Trademarks , and Good Will : The Story of the Quaker Oats Company ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Marquette , Brands , Trademarks , and Good Will : The Story of the Quaker Oats Company ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ `` Breakfast Cereal Beginnings '' . CyberPalate LLC . Archived from the original on 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Food and Nutrition / Editorial Advisers , Dayle Hayes , Rachel Laudan , Volume 2 . Marshall Cavendish . Jump up ^ Firsts : Origins of Everyday Things That Changed the World . Penguin . Jump up ^ `` A Century of Wheatena '' , HomeStatFarm.com Jump up ^ `` The Golden Heart of the Wheat '' chapter , The Story of a Pantry Shelf : An Outline History of Grocery Specialties ( Butterick Publishing , New York , c. 1925 , pp. 219 - 221 . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Horace B. Powell , The Original Has This Signature -- W.K. Kellogg ( 1956 ) Jump up ^ Hotchkiss R ( 1995 ) . `` Kelloggs of Battle Creek '' . American History . 29 ( 6 ) : 62 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Peyton Paxson , `` Charles William Post : The Mass Marketing of Health and Welfare '' . PhD Dissertation Boston U. 1993 . 443 pp. DAI 1993 54 ( 3 ) : 981 - 982 - A. DA9319980 Jump up ^ `` Cereal City USA - Closed , Battle Creek , Michigan '' , RoadsideAmerica.com Jump up ^ Percentage Of Sugar In Common Foods Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast Pals '' ( 1939 ) , Prelinger Archives ; producer Cartoon Films , Ltd ; sponsor Kellogg ( W.K. ) Co . Jump up ^ Tom Forsythe , et al. General Mills : 75 Years of Innovation , Invention , Food & Fun ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ James Gray , Business Without Boundary : The Story of General Mills ( 1954 ) Jump up ^ `` All about the Grains Group '' . 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Branch , Legislative Services . `` Consolidated federal laws of canada , Food and Drug Regulations '' . laws.justice.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ J.A. Kurmann , et al. : Encyclopedia of Fermented Fresh Milk Products : an international inventory of fermented milk , cream , buttermilk , whey , and related products . Springer Verlang , 1992 . Page 75 : Bircher Muesli . ^ Jump up to : `` A Short History of Porridge '' . jordanscereals.co.uk . The Jordans & Ryvita Company . 2015 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast Cereals in Hong Kong , China '' . Euromonitor . October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greece - Cereal production '' . Knoema. 2014 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast Cereals in Russia '' . Euromonitor . November 2016 . Jump up ^ Pronutro , Cereals , Mealie Meal Archived 11 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ White 's Jump up ^ Ferdman , Roberto A. ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) . `` The most popular breakfast cereals in America today '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Tovoli F , Masi C , Guidetti E , Negrini G , Paterini P , Bolondi L ( Mar 16 , 2015 ) . `` Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders '' . World J Clin Cases. 3 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 84 . PMC 4360499 . PMID 25789300 . doi : 10.12998 / wjcc. v3. i3. 275 . Jump up ^ Penagini F , Dilillo D , Meneghin F , Mameli C , Fabiano V , Zuccotti GV ( Nov 18 , 2013 ) . `` Gluten - free diet in children : an approach to a nutritionally adequate and balanced diet '' . Nutrients. 5 ( 11 ) : 4553 -- 65 . PMC 3847748 . PMID 24253052 . doi : 10.3390 / nu5114553 . References ( edit ) Anderson , Heather Arndt . Breakfast : A History ( 2013 ) excerpt Bruce , Scott Cerealizing America : The Unsweetened Story of American Breakfast Cereal , Faber & Faber , 1995 , ISBN 0571198511 Caldwell , Elwood F. Breakfast Cereals and How They Are Made , American Association of Cereal Chemists , 2000 , ISBN 1891127152 Kulp , Karel . Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology ( 2000 ) 790 pages External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Breakfast cereal . `` The Cereal Project '' at MrBreakfast.com ; includes A-Z index Topher 's Breakfast Cereal Character Guide WebCitation archive Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breakfast_cereal&oldid=807107042 '' Categories : American inventions Breakfast cereals Breakfasts Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles containing Russian - language text Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 23 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who came up with the idea of milk and cereal | [] | [] |
-7133782645088772133 | If You're Not the One | If You 're Not the One - wikipedia If You 're Not the One Jump to : navigation , search `` If You 're Not the One '' Single by Daniel Bedingfield from the album Gotta Get Thru This Released 25 November 2002 Format CD cassette Recorded 2002 Genre Pop blue - eyed soul Length 4 : 19 Label Island Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Daniel Bedingfield Producer ( s ) Mark Taylor Daniel Bedingfield singles chronology `` James Dean ( I Wanna Know ) '' ( 2002 ) `` If You 're Not the One '' ( 2002 ) `` I Ca n't Read You '' ( 2003 ) `` James Dean ( I Wanna Know ) '' ( 2002 ) `` If You 're Not the One '' ( 2002 ) `` I Ca n't Read You '' ( 2003 ) Audio sample Daniel Bedingfield - `` If You 're Not the One '' file help Alternative covers American cover French cover `` If You 're Not the One '' is a song by English singer Daniel Bedingfield . It was released on 25 November 2002 as the third single from his debut studio album Gotta Get Thru This ( 2002 ) . The single entered the top 20 on the majority of charts that it appeared on , including being a number - one hit in the UK Singles Chart , and reaching number 15 in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Track listings 7 Credits and personnel 8 Chart positions 8.1 Peak positions 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Decade - end charts 9 Certifications 10 References 11 External links Background and writing ( edit ) `` If You 're Not the One '' is written as a love ballad . Bedingfield claims to have been inspired by the band Westlife , when writing and recording the song . Bedingfield himself believes that the song is `` cheesy . '' Bedingfield admitted he began writing the song because he realized that material he considered more `` complex '' , was unlikely to get him a record deal . `` Commercialism , sappy lyrics and meek tunes are the things I hate most in the universe , but I 'm not sure even Bob Dylan could get record company interest without hooks these days '' , Bedingfield recalled in an interview with The Daily Telegraph . `` It 's a different age . You need to go some kind of populist route . So , about three years ago , I sat down with a Westlife song and tried to write something similar . '' Bedingfield also admitted that he did n't even want to put the song on his album . He said , `` I did n't want to put `` If You 're Not the One '' on the album as I thought it was too cheesy . I thought it sounded like Westlife . But she ( Natasha Bedingfield , his sister ) loved it . Women that hear it go all soft and think it 's lovely '' Composition ( edit ) `` If You 're Not the One '' plays for 4 minutes and 19 seconds , in common time . It is in the key of B - flat major , and the chorus features Bedingfield singing falsetto , where he hits the note E ♭ 5 . Critical reception ( edit ) `` If You 're Not the One '' received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics . On the positive side , Peter Robinson , in the Gotta Get thru This album review for the New Musical Express ( NME ) , wrote `` If You 're Not the One ( recalls ) every chart - mauling uber - ballad you 've ever heard '' . Nedd Raggett of AllMusic commented in his album review `` When it comes to ballads , they work best in sudden moments -- the soaring end to If You 're Not the One '' . About.com ranked the song at number 27 on its list of the ' Top 100 Pop Songs of 2002 ' , two places behind the album 's title track . The song was again ranked at number 27 on the 2003 list , due to it being released in the United States during that year . Music Week felt that the song showed Bedingfield 's `` sensitive side '' , and that the song `` showcases his vocal range to stunning effect . '' The magazine even considered it `` beautifully crafted . '' However , the track also received some negative feedback . PopMatters ' Nikki Tranter wrote `` surely you would think with his obviously overwhelming ability to compose utter claptrap cleverly disguised as serious prophesizing , his lyrics might contain something a little more expressive than ' If you 're not the one / Why does my heart feel glad today / If you 're not the one / Then why does my hand fit yours this way . ' '' In his review for musicOMH , Michael Hubbard was even less positive , stating , `` If You 're Not the One is as vomit - inducing as anything the man in the plastic mask has ever wretched ( sic ) forth at the world '' . Chart performance ( edit ) When the song was released as a single , it was picked up by radio stations . It was the most added pop song on the radio for the week of 20 February 2003 . In the US , the song was the most added song in the Adult Contemporary market for the week of 7 April 2003 . In the US , the song was his highest debuting single , debuting at number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The single proved to be a successful release for Bedingfield , providing him with several worldwide number ones and reaching the top 20 in all but one of the charts that it appeared on . It debuted at number one in the UK Singles Chart , knocking Christina Aguilera 's `` Dirrty '' from the top spot . Music video ( edit ) The music video was produced by A1 singer Mark Read . It begins with a series of images of Bedingfield singing in various positions against a black backdrop . When the chorus starts he is seen singing with clouds in the background . The initial sequence is repeated for the second verse . However , half - way through , he starts to write on a wall . The rest of the song follows the same pattern . Track listings ( edit ) UK CD1 `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Album Version ) `` James Dean ( I Wanna Know ) '' ( Acoustic Version ) `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Metro Mix ) `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Music Video ) UK CD2 `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Radio Edit ) `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Metro Mix Radio Edit ) `` James Dean ( I Wanna Know ) '' ( ATFC 's Committed Vocal Mix ) `` Gotta Get Thru This '' ( Music Video -- U.S. Version ) `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Music Video -- Metro Mix ) American CD single `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Radio Edit ) `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Metro Mix Radio Edit ) `` Album Medley '' Credits and personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals : Daniel Bedingfield Audio mixing : Mark Taylor Drums : Danny Cummings Engineers : Steve Pryce , Mat Bartram ( assistant ) Guitar : Adam Philips Keyboards : Mark Taylor Producer : Mark Taylor Additional production : Christian Saint Val Orchestral contractor : Isobel Griffiths Recorded at Angel Recording Studios ( strings ) . Chart positions ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 -- 03 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 14 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 75 ) 49 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 28 Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 Singles ) 8 France ( SNEP ) 18 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 38 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11 New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 69 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 15 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 17 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Position Australia Singles ( ARIA ) 73 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 18 US Billboard Hot 100 60 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 78 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 680 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daniel Bedingfield : If You 're Not the One '' . Music Week . 9 November 2002 . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Caroline ( 23 March 2003 ) . `` Daniel Bedingfield '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neal ( 6 March 2003 ) . `` Daniel Bedingfield '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gotta Get Over Snub '' . Daily Record . 27 February 2003 . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' If You 're Not the One '' by Daniel Bedingfield -- Digital Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes.com . EMI Music Publishing . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Peter ( 20 August 2002 ) . `` Daniel Bedingfield : Gotta Get Thru This '' . New Musical Express . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AllMusic review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Top 100 Pop Songs of 2002 '' . About.com . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Top 100 Pop Songs of 2003 '' . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Tranter , Nikki ( 1 November 2002 ) . `` Popmatters music review '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Michael ( 26 August 2002 ) . `` musicOMH review '' . musicOMH . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Bedingfield 's Single ' If You 're Not The One ' # 1 Most Added at Pop Radio ! Acclaimed Artist Nominated for a Grammy Award for ' Best Dance Recording ' for Hit Song ' Gotta Get Thru This ' '' . PR Newswire. 20 February 2003 . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Breaker at US Singles for ' Super-Priority ' Bedingfield '' . Music Week . 7 April 2003 . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bedingfield goes top again '' . BBC News . 1 December 2002 . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` If You 're Not The One : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Images for Daniel Bedingfield - If You 're Not The One '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` If You 're Not the One : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2003.htm Jump up ^ `` Best of 2003 - Top 20 Singles '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 2003 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.addlong.co.uk/UK-Hits/2003top.html Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 2003 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Radio 1 Chart of the Decade , as presented by Nihal on Tuesday 29 December 2009 Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2003 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Daniel Bedingfield -- If You 're Not the One '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page 37 if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Daniel Bedingfield -- If You 're Not the One '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter If You 're Not the One in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Dirrty '' by Christina Aguilera UK number - one single 1 December 2002 -- 7 December 2002 Succeeded by `` Lose Yourself '' by Eminem ( hide ) Daniel Bedingfield Discography Studio albums Gotta Get Thru This Second First Impression EPs Stop the Traffik -- Secret Fear Singles `` Gotta Get thru This '' `` James Dean ( I Wanna Know ) '' `` If You 're Not the One '' `` I Ca n't Read You '' `` Never Gonna Leave Your Side '' `` Friday '' `` Nothing Hurts Like Love '' `` Wrap My Words Around You '' `` The Way '' Other singles `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` The One '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_You%27re_Not_the_One&oldid=818628133 '' Categories : 2002 singles Daniel Bedingfield songs Number - one singles in Denmark Pop ballads Torch songs Songs about loneliness UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Daniel Bedingfield Song recordings produced by Mark Taylor ( record producer ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2013 Use British English from October 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 17 : 36 . About Wikipedia | daniel bedingfield if you're not the one album | [
"\"If You're Not the One\" is a song by English singer Daniel Bedingfield. It was released on 25 November 2002 as the third single from his debut studio album Gotta Get Thru This (2002)."
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-9049412203003812982 | Elections in the United Kingdom | Elections in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Elections in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent election , see United Kingdom general election , 2017 . United Kingdom This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the United Kingdom Constitution ( show ) Constitution Cabinet Manual Erskine May Taxation The Crown ( show ) British Monarchy Monarch Queen Elizabeth II Heir apparent The Prince of Wales Royal family Succession to the British throne Royal prerogative Executive ( show ) HM Government Prime Minister Theresa May Cabinet Current ministry Her Majesty 's Civil Service Departments Executive agencies Public bodies Privy Council Crown - in - Council Queen Elizabeth II Legislature ( show ) Parliament ( 56th Parliament ) Crown - in - Parliament Queen Elizabeth II House of Lords Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler House of Commons Speaker John Bercow Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Shadow Cabinet State Opening of Parliament Prime Minister 's Questions Act of Parliament Statutory Instruments Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court President The Baroness Hale of Richmond Deputy President The Lord Mance Judges of the Supreme Court Courts of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales Courts of Scotland Courts of Northern Ireland Devolution ( show ) Joint Ministerial Committee Scotland Government Parliament Wales Government National Assembly Reserved matters Northern Ireland Executive Assembly Administrative geography ( show ) England Subdivisions of England Local government in England Scotland Subdivisions of Scotland Local government in Scotland Wales Local government in Wales Northern Ireland Local government in Northern Ireland Elections ( show ) Parliament constituencies Political parties Last election Next election Referendums Foreign relations ( show ) History Foreign policy UK and the United Nations Politics of the European Union Commonwealth of Nations United Kingdom portal Other countries Atlas There are six types of elections in the United Kingdom : elections to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom , elections to devolved parliaments and assemblies , elections to the European Parliament , local elections , mayoral elections and Police and Crime Commissioner elections . Within each of those categories , there may be by - elections as well as general elections . Elections are held on Election Day , which is conventionally a Thursday . Since the passing of the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 for general elections , all six types of elections are held after fixed periods , though early elections to parliament and the devolved assemblies and parliaments can occur in certain situations . Currently , six electoral systems are used : the single member plurality system ( first past the post ) , the multi member plurality system , party - list proportional representation , the single transferable vote , the additional member system and the supplementary vote . Elections are administered locally : in each lower - tier local authority , the polling procedure is operated by the Acting Returning Officer or Returning Officer , and the compiling and maintenance of the electoral roll by the Electoral Registration Officer ( except in Northern Ireland , where the Electoral Office for Northern Ireland assumes both responsibilities ) . The Electoral Commission sets standards for and issues guidelines to Returning Officers and Electoral Registration Officers , and is responsible for nationwide electoral administration ( such as the registration of political parties and directing the administration of national referendums ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Electoral registration 1.1 Entitlement to register 1.2 Registration procedure 1.3 Electoral Register 2 Party system 2.1 Parliamentary candidate selection 3 Polling procedure 3.1 In person 3.2 By post 3.3 By proxy 3.4 Accessibility 4 General elections 4.1 Timing 4.2 Post-election 4.3 Previous results 5 Devolved parliament and assembly elections 5.1 Scottish Parliament elections 5.2 Welsh Assembly elections 5.3 Northern Ireland Assembly elections 6 European Parliament elections 7 Regional and local elections 8 Police and Crime Commissioners 9 History 9.1 Before the creation of the United Kingdom 9.2 Expansion of the franchise 9.2. 1 20th century 9.2. 2 Summary 9.3 Labour ( post-1997 ) reforms 10 Current issues 10.1 Electoral reform 10.1. 1 Proportional representation 10.1. 2 Parliamentary and party positions 10.2 Low turnout 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Electoral Registration ( edit ) The total number of names in the United Kingdom appearing in Electoral Registers published on 1 December 2010 and based on a qualifying date of 15 October 2010 was 45,844,691 . Entitlement to Register ( edit ) In England and Wales , anyone who will be aged 18 or over on polling day and who is a national of the United Kingdom ( all forms of British nationality but excluding British protected persons ) , the Republic of Ireland , a Commonwealth country ( including Fiji , Zimbabwe and the whole of Cyprus ) or a European Union Member State , can apply to the Electoral Registration Officer in the local authority area where they reside with a ' considerable degree of permanence ' to be listed in that area 's Electoral Register . In Scotland , those fulfilling the nationality requirements ( as stated in the previous paragraph ) who will be aged 16 or over on polling day can register to vote , as the age for voting in Scottish Parliament and local elections is 16 . However , voters in Scotland under 18 are not entitled to vote in European Parliament and UK general elections . A person can still register at their ordinary address if they will be away temporarily ( for example , away working , on holiday , in student accommodation or in hospital ) . A person who has two homes ( such as a university student who has a term - time address and lives at home during holidays ) may be able to register to vote at both addresses as long as they are not in the same electoral area ( though an elector can only vote once in any single election or referendum ) . In addition , to qualify to appear on the Electoral Register , applicants who are Commonwealth citizens must either possess leave to enter or remain in the UK or not require such leave on the date of their application and no applicant may be a convicted person detained in prison or a mental hospital ( or unlawfully at large if they would otherwise have been detained ) or a person found guilty of certain corrupt or illegal practices . In Northern Ireland , a further criterion has to be fulfilled to qualify for registration : it is only possible for a person to apply to be listed on the Electoral Register if they have been resident in Northern Ireland for at least three months prior to the date of application . Remand prisoners , voluntary patients in mental hospitals and people without a fixed place of residence can register to vote by making a declaration of local connection . Members of HM Forces and their immediate family members have the option of registering as a service voter , by making a service declaration based on their last UK address . British citizens ( but not other categories of British nationals ) residing outside the United Kingdom can register as an overseas voter provided that they were on the Electoral Register in the UK within the previous 15 years . The 15 - year period begins when they no longer appeared in the electoral register , not the date they moved abroad . British citizens who moved abroad before they turned 18 years old can still qualify for registration , with the 15 - years period calculated from the date their parent ( s ) / guardian ceased to appear in the Electoral Register . Overseas voters can only vote in European Parliament and UK Parliamentary elections in the constituency of their last registered UK address ( or for those who moved abroad as a minor , the last registered UK address of their parent ( s ) / guardian ) . British citizens who are away overseas temporarily do not need to register as overseas electors and can register to vote in the usual way at their UK address . Crown servants and British Council employees ( as well as their spouses who live abroad ) employed in a post outside the UK can register by making a Crown Servant declaration , allowing them to vote in all UK elections . An individual can register as an anonymous elector if his / her safety ( or that of any other person in the same household ) would be at risk were his / her name and address to be disclosed publicly on the Electoral Register , but the application needs to be supported by a relevant court order , injunction or an attestation by a chief police officer or a Director of Social Services . The right of Commonwealth and Irish citizens to vote is a legacy of the Representation of the People Act 1918 , which limited the vote to British subjects . At that time , `` British subjects '' included the people of Ireland -- then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland -- and all other parts of the British Empire . Though most of Ireland ( see Ireland Act 1949 ) and the majority of the colonies became independent nations , their citizens have retained the right to vote if they live in the United Kingdom . In theory , members of the Royal Family who are not members of the House of Lords ( including those who are peers who lost their right to sit following the House of Lords Act 1999 ) are eligible to vote , although in practice they do not exercise that right . Registration procedure ( edit ) See also : Electoral registration in the United Kingdom In Great Britain , most electors are enrolled during the course of the annual canvass , which Electoral Registration Officers are obliged to conduct every year between August and November . Canvass forms are sent to all households , and must be returned , otherwise a fine of £ 1000 can be imposed . One person in the household must confirm the details of all residents who are existing electors , which includes adding or deleting residents who have moved in or out and are eligible to register to vote . Between December and early August , the rolling registration procedure applies instead . Applications must be submitted individually ( unlike the annual canvass forms where one person is responsible for registering all eligible people in a household ) using registration forms available from local Electoral Registration Officers or the Electoral Commission 's website ( 4 ) . Although no proof of identity or address is necessary when submitting an application , the Electoral Registration Officer can require the applicant to provide further information regarding the applicant 's age , nationality , residence and whether or not they are disqualified and / or evidence to prove the applicant 's age and / or nationality . Application forms can be returned to the local Electoral Registration Officer by post , by fax or by e-mail as a scanned attachment . As of June 2014 , as part of the Government 's Digital By Default policy , voters in England and Wales can register to the electoral roll online . Special category electors do not register through the annual canvass procedure . Instead , they submit applications at any time during the year and have to renew their electoral application periodically ( every one year for overseas electors and voters with a declaration of local connection and every three years for service voters ) . After applications are received by the Electoral Registration Officer , he / she must add them to a list of applications ( unless they are applications to register as an anonymous elector ) . The list is open for inspection for five working days , during which any other elector may raise an objection to an application . The Electoral Registration Officer can initiate an application hearing if he / she considers that there are reasonable integrity concerns about the application . In Northern Ireland , there is no annual canvass , and instead people register individually at any time during the year . Applicants must supply their National Insurance number or , if they do not have one , make a declaration to that effect . Proof of identity , address , three months ' residency in NI and date of birth must also be included with applications , which are submitted by post to the Electoral Office for Northern Ireland . Knowingly giving false information to an Electoral Registration Officer anywhere in the UK is an offence with a maximum penalty , upon conviction , of £ 5000 and / or six months ' imprisonment . Electoral Register ( edit ) Each district council or unitary authority has an Electoral Register which is compiled by the Electoral Registration Officer listing all registered electors . The Electoral Register contains the name , qualifying address and electoral number of every ordinary elector , the name of every special category elector ( such as service voters ) and the electoral number of every anonymous elector . Any elector who was not aged 18 yet at the time of registration will also have his / her date of birth printed . Each district 's Electoral Register is subdivided into separate registers for each polling district . Because the franchise differs between individual voters , various markers may be placed next to voters ' names to identify in which elections they are entitled to vote . European Union citizens who are not Commonwealth or Irish citizens have their entry prefixed either with G ( meaning they can only vote in local government elections ) or K ( meaning they can only vote in European Parliamentary and local government elections ) . Overseas electors are prefixed with the letter F , meaning they can only vote in European and UK Parliamentary elections . Members of the House of Lords residing in the UK are prefixed with the letter L , meaning they can only vote in European Parliamentary and local government elections , whilst peers who are overseas electors are prefixed with the letter E , indicating that they can only vote in European Parliamentary elections . The Register is published every year on 1 December after the annual canvass period ( unless there has been an election during the annual canvass period between 1 July and 1 December , in which case the publication date is 1 February in the following year ) . However , in 2012 , because the Police and Crime Commissioner elections were held on 15 November , the annual canvass in England and Wales ( excluding London ) was held between July and October and the Electoral Register was published on 16 October . Between January and September , during the ' rolling registration ' period , notices of alteration are published on the first working day of each month to add , remove or amend names . Notices of alteration are also published 5 working days before an election at any time of the year and just before the close of poll at any election to correct any clerical errors or to implement any court decisions . With the exception of a deceased elector who is removed from the Register , any individual who is added or removed from the Register must be notified by the Electoral Registration Officer . There are two versions of the Register : the full Register and the edited Register . The full Register can only be inspected under supervision at the office of the local Electoral Registration Officer , and must be supplied free of charge to the district 's Returning Officer , the British Library , the Electoral Commission , the Office for National Statistics ( only English and Welsh Registers ) , the General Register Office for Scotland ( only Scottish Registers ) , the National Library of Wales ( only English and Welsh Registers ) , the National Library of Scotland ( only English and Scottish Registers ) and the relevant Boundary Commission . The edited Register is available for general sale from Electoral Registration Officers and can be used for any purpose . Electors can choose to opt out from appearing in the edited Register by informing their local Electoral Registration Officer . Party system ( edit ) A pre-election husting at the Oxford West and Abingdon constituency , England . Political parties are the dominant organisations in the modern UK political system . The majority of election candidates stand on behalf of political parties of varying sizes . All parties , however large or small , must be registered with the Electoral Commission to be able to operate and stand candidates . Parties must regularly report donations , loans and spending on national elections . Larger parties must also submit audited accounts on an annual basis . Most parties will have an individual leader ( some parties choose to nominate one or more `` spokespersons '' rather than having a `` leader '' ) . Leaders of the main parties will be those parties ' `` candidates '' for the post of prime minister - though there is no formal position of `` prime ministerial candidate '' since the prime minister is appointed by the monarch rather than being elected directly . Where a party has members elected to a parliament , devolved assembly or local council , they will typically seek to follow a united position and maintain a disciplined group using the whip system . Historically ( until 2005 , with the sole exception of 1923 ) , the United Kingdom has effectively had a two party system as a result of the First - Past - The - Post system used for general and local elections . Duverger 's law certainly seems borne out in the history of British parliamentary politics . Before World War I , the United Kingdom had a true two - party system : the main parties were the Tories ( which became the Conservative Party ) and the Whigs ( which became the Liberal Party ) , though after Catholic Emancipation there was also a substantial Irish Parliamentary Party . After World War II , the dominant parties have been Conservative and Labour . No third party has come close to winning a parliamentary majority , although Johnston et al. wrote of the elections from 1950 to 1997 , `` Increasingly , a number of smaller ( or third ) parties has won a substantial proportion of the votes cast . '' Third parties and smaller parties have always polled at least 20 % of the vote between them since the 1980s , while the Liberal Democrats won 62 of the 646 seats in the House of Commons in 2005 , which led some spectators to regard the Westminster Parliament as a `` two and a half '' party system . More recently , in 2010 the share of the vote for the two largest parties fell to 65 % , with seats won by several other parties , including nationalist parties . In 2015 , televised election debates included leaders of up to seven different parties . In the general election , the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) won over 90 % of Scottish constituencies , to become the third party in terms of seats in the House of Commons . At the same time , the United Kingdom Independence Party won nearly 13 % of the UK vote ( more than double the UK - wide share obtained by the SNP ) to finish third in terms of popular support , yet they won only one seat . Meanwhile , the Liberal Democrats remain the third largest political party in the House of Lords , with over 100 seats . Smaller parties receive a higher proportion of votes , and a much higher proportion of seats , in those elections which use some form of proportional system : i.e. the regional elections for the Scottish Parliament , Welsh Assembly , Northern Ireland Assembly and London Assembly , and the European Parliament elections . Parties , such as Plaid Cymru , the United Kingdom Independence Party and Green Parties perform better in these elections , which can therefore be considered to produce a multi-party system . It is relatively easy to stand for election as an independent candidate , although wins are very rare and usually involve special circumstances ( for example Martin Bell 's 1997 victory against the discredited Conservative MP Neil Hamilton was aided by the major parties standing aside and not contesting the election ) . Following the 2005 General Election there were three independent MPs , the highest number since 1945 , however only one of these was returned in the 2010 election . Parliamentary candidate selection ( edit ) See also : Prospective parliamentary candidate Almost any registered elector is entitled to stand for election to parliament , provided they are able to submit nomination forms signed by ten voters from the constituency they wish to contest , along with a £ 500 deposit ( which is returned to the candidate after the election if they poll more than 5 % of the vote ) . The selection of candidates standing for political parties is the responsibility of the party itself , and all parties follow different procedures . Per the Registration of Political Parties Act 1998 , political party candidates must be authorised to stand for election for their party by their party 's `` nominating officer '' , or someone authorised in writing by the nominating officer . The three largest parties , the Conservative Party , Labour Party , and Liberal Democrats , have centrally - approved lists of candidates . In the Conservative Party , constituency Associations select their constituency 's candidates . Some associations have organised open parliamentary primaries . A Constituency Association must choose a candidate using the rules approved by , and ( in England , Wales and Northern Ireland ) from a list established by , the Committee on Candidates of the Board of the Conservative Party . Prospective candidates apply to the Conservative Central Office to be included on the approved list of candidates , some candidates will be given the option of applying for any seat they choose , while others may be restricted to certain constituencies . A Conservative MP can only be deselected at a special general meeting of the local Conservative association , which can only be organised if backed by a petition of more than fifty members . In the Labour Party , the Constituency Labour Parties ( CLP ) select the parliamentary general election candidates using procedures agreed by the National Executive Committee ( NEC ) . The selection will always involve a `` one member , one vote '' ballot where all members of the CLP are entitled to select their candidate from a shortlist . The methods used to draw up the shortlist will vary according to the structure of the CLP , the time available before the election , and the number of candidates who express an interest in the selection . All selected candidates must attend and pass an interview conducted on behalf of the NEC - most candidates will do this before starting to apply for selections , though the interview can occur after a candidate is selected . Different procedures apply when a sitting Labour MP indicates they wish to stand for re-selection . On very rare occasions , the NEC may withdraw their endorsement of a candidate ( including sitting MPs ) after the selection process is complete . They exercised this power with regards to some of the MPs involved in the expenses scandal prior to the 2010 General Election . The Liberal Democrats operate an assessment process for members wishing to join the party 's list of potential candidates . Once on the list , candidates are free to apply for selection in any constituency . The candidate in each seat is selected by local party members following a hustings . The United Kingdom Independence Party , Scottish National Party and Plaid Cymru select their candidates in a similar manner to the Liberal Democrats . The Green Party 's selections are open to all members to apply . Applicants are not shortlisted , so local parties vote directly on the full list of applicants . Polling procedure ( edit ) A person may only cast a vote if he or she is on the Electoral Register - even if he or she would otherwise qualify to vote . If , because of a clerical error , someone 's name has been left off the Electoral Register ( even though a correctly completed application form was submitted by the deadline ) , the Electoral Registration Officer can amend the Register up to 9pm on polling day . Because the franchise between electors varies ( for example , EU citizens who are not Commonwealth or Irish citizens can not vote in UK Parliamentary elections ) ballot papers are only issued after checking the marker in the Electoral Register before an elector 's name to identify in which elections the individual is eligible to vote . Votes can be cast either in person at a polling station , by post or by proxy . British citizens residing abroad and registered as overseas electors can not vote at British high commissions , embassies or consulates - their votes can only be cast either in person in the constituency where they are enrolled in the United Kingdom , by proxy ( who must reside in and be eligible to vote in the UK ) or by post ( although this option is less popular as postal ballot packs are only despatched by returning officers at 4pm , 19 working days before polling day at the earliest and must be received by the returning officer by the close of poll to be counted ) . In person ( edit ) Polling stations ( also known as polling places ) are open from 7am to 10pm on polling day . Voters receive a poll card from the returning officer at their local authority with details of their allocated polling place . They are not required to show their poll card ( unless they are an anonymous elector ) or any other form of identification at the polling place in order to vote , except in Northern Ireland , where one piece of photographic ID ( current or expired ) must be presented at the polling station - a NI Electoral Identity Card , a photographic NI or GB or other EEA driving licence , a British or other EU passport , a Translink 60 + SmartPass , a Translink Senior SmartPass , a Translink Blind Person 's SmartPass or a Translink War Disabled SmartPass . At 7am when the poll opens , the presiding officer must show the empty ballot box to those who are present inside the polling station , before closing and sealing it . Having verified and marked off the voter 's name and address on the list of electors , the presiding officer or poll clerk issues the ballot paper , calling out the voter 's name , elector number and polling district reference , unless the voter is an anonymous elector , in which case only his / her elector number is called out . Ballot papers can not be issued before 7am and can only be issued after 10pm to a voter who was present in the queue at / outside the polling station at 10pm . All ballot papers contain both an official mark ( e.g. a watermark or perforation ) and a unique identifying number ; any papers issued without both these features ( even if it is the presiding officer / poll clerk 's mistake ) will be invalid and rejected at the count . On a separate list ( called the corresponding number list ) the presiding officer or poll clerk writes the voter 's elector number next to the unique identifying number of the ballot paper issued . However , the secrecy of the vote is usually maintained , as at the close of the poll this list linking voters to their ballot paper numbers is sealed inside a packet which may only be opened by the order of a court in the event that the election result is challenged . The ballot paper is folded and then handed to the voter . The voter marks the ballot papers in the privacy of a voting booth . Polling stations must provide a writing implement for voters ; usually pencils are provided ( for practical reasons , as ink pens may dry out or spill ) , but there is no legal requirement for voters to mark their ballot papers with a pencil ( they can use their own pen instead ) . If the ballot paper has been spoilt , the presiding officer / poll clerk can issue a new one after the old ballot paper is cancelled . Before placing the ballot papers in the ballot box , the voter has ( in theory ) to show the presiding officer or the poll clerk the official mark and the unique identifying number printed on the reverse of the ballot papers . If a voter requests a ballot paper but someone has already voted in their name , or they are listed as having requested a postal vote , they can only cast a tendered ballot . After marking the tendered ballot in private , the voter must not place it in the ballot box . Instead , it must be returned to the presiding officer who will endorse it with the voter 's name , elector number and polling district reference , before placing it in a special envelope . The voter 's name and elector number is then written down in the ' List of Tendered Votes ' . Although tendered ballots are not included at the count , they serve as a formal record that a voter has tried , but has been unable , to cast a vote and is evidence of a voter 's concern about the conduct of an election . If a voter wants to make a complaint , marking a tendered ballot is the first step in pursuing the complaints procedure . Voters may bring their underage children with them inside the polling station , but they may only observe the voting procedure and are not permitted to participate ( for example , by marking the voter 's ballot paper ) . The presiding officer and the poll clerk ( s ) are responsible for maintaining order in the polling station ( this includes ensuring that candidates / agents / tellers in the vicinity of the polling station do not interfere with the election process and / or impede voters ' access to / from the polling station , and removing any campaign literature from inside the polling station ) and ensuring the secrecy and security of all ballots cast . They are under a duty to act impartially at all times . Candidates may appoint polling agents to observe the voting process in polling stations . Tellers are often present outside the polling station and record the elector number ( as it appears on the Electoral Register and poll card ) of those who have voted . Tellers volunteer on behalf of political parties ( identifiable by their rosette ) , but have no legal or official status , and voters are not obliged to give them their elector number . By recording who has voted , tellers help their parties identify supporters who have not yet voted , so that they can be contacted and encouraged to vote , and offered assistance -- such as transport to the polling station -- if necessary . At the close of poll , the slot at the top of the ballot box is sealed by the presiding officer or poll clerk ( the election and polling agents appointed by candidates can also apply their own seals to the boxes ) before being transported ' directly and without delay ' by the presiding officer to the central counting location . By post ( edit ) Main article : Postal voting in the United Kingdom Voters can apply to receive a postal ballot either for specific elections or on a permanent basis until further notice without having to give a reason ( except in Northern Ireland , where voters have to give a specific reason explaining why they can not physically attend their allocated polling station ) . Applications for postal ballots close at 5pm 11 working days before polling day . Postal ballots can be sent anywhere within and outside the United Kingdom , although if they are not sent to a voter 's registered address , a reason must be provided to the Electoral Registration Officer as to why the postal ballot is to be sent to an alternative address . The returning officer must issue and send out postal ballot packs ' as soon as is practicable ' ( i.e. as soon as possible after the close of nominations at 4pm 19 working days before polling day ) . Where an elector has applied for a postal ballot to be sent to an overseas address , the returning officer should prioritise the dispatch of their postal ballot packs ( over those sent to UK addresses ) , send them by air mail and ensure that the postal ballot pack includes a return envelope with sufficient postage to be sent to the UK from abroad . Voters return their postal ballots together with postal voting statements filled in with their date of birth and signature either by post or by hand directly to the returning officer , or by hand to the presiding officer on polling day at a polling station situated within the constituency / ward printed on the postal ballot return envelope . However , for the postal ballot to be counted , the returning officer ( or the presiding officer if returned at a polling station ) must receive the ballot paper by the close of poll ( usually 10pm on polling day ) . By proxy ( edit ) Any person who is eligible to vote ( he / she does not necessarily have to be on the Electoral Register already ) can be appointed by another voter as his / her proxy , but for the proxy to be able to vote in an election the proxy application must be received by the Electoral Registration Officer at the voter 's local authority by 5pm 6 working days before polling day . The proxy can either vote in person , or can apply for a postal proxy vote ( though a postal proxy vote application has an even earlier deadline - any such request must be received by the Electoral Registration Officer by 5pm 11 working days before polling day at the latest ) . A voter who has become ill or disabled after 5pm six working days before polling day can make an emergency application to vote by proxy as long as the application is received by the Electoral Registration Officer by 5pm on polling day . Unless a close relative , a person can only vote as a proxy on behalf of a maximum of 2 other voters in any single election in each constituency / ward . When applying to vote by proxy for more than one particular election , the application must be accompanied by a relevant attestation and must be justified based on one of the following reasons : blindness ; other disability ; employment ; on an education course ; registered as a service , overseas or anonymous elector . If only applying to vote by proxy for one particular election , the elector only needs to explain why he / she can not vote in person , but does not need an attestation . If it is only possible to get to the polling station from the registered address by air or by sea , the elector can apply for a permanent proxy vote without an attestation . In Northern Ireland , voters can only appoint another person to be their proxy if they can provide a specific reason explaining why they can not physically attend their allocated polling station . Accessibility ( edit ) All polling stations are legally required to be wheelchair - accessible and be equipped with a tactile voting device and at least one large print display version of the ballot paper to assist visually impaired voters . Though the large print version can not be marked , it can be used for reference . Disabled voters can also request the Presiding Officer in the polling station or bring along a family member to mark their ballot papers for them if they wish . If a voter is unable to enter the polling station because of a disability , the Presiding Officer can take the ballot paper to him / her . Although the Electoral Commission provides electoral registration forms in a number of foreign languages ( 5 ) , by law all voting materials ( e.g. ballot papers ) are only printed in English ( and also in Welsh in Wales ) . General elections ( edit ) UK parliamentary election results , 1950 -- 2017 See also : United Kingdom general elections overview United Kingdom general elections are held following a dissolution of Parliament . All the Members of Parliament ( MPs ) forming the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are elected . Following the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 , parliamentary sessions last five years and the only way that an early election can be called is in a vote by a two - thirds majority of the House . Under the Act , dissolution occurs automatically 25 working days before the election ( previously , a minimum period of 17 working days applied ) . At this point , all parliamentary business ends and the role of MP ceases to exist until after polling day . Candidates for each constituency are chosen by political parties or stand as independents . Almost all successful candidates are members of a political party , with only one independent elected in the 2010 election . Each constituency elects one MP by the first past the post system of election . At the 2005 general election , there were 646 constituencies , thus 646 MPs were elected to Parliament . At the 2010 election the number of MPs was 650 . A party with an overall parliamentary majority ( more seats than all the other parties combined ) following an election forms the government . If no party has an outright majority , parties can seek to form coalitions . At the 2010 election , even though the Conservatives won the greatest number of seats , it would have been possible for the Liberal Democrats to form a coalition with Labour ( and maybe also other , smaller parties ) instead of with the Conservatives . Situations such as these can give smaller parties considerable power : the eventual outcome of the 2010 election was effectively decided by the Liberal Democrats , while in 2017 the support of the Democratic Unionist Party allowed the Conservative Party to govern with a minority . The largest party not in government forms Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition . Timing ( edit ) A general election must take place before each parliamentary term begins . Since the maximum term of a parliament is five years , the interval between successive general elections can exceed that period by no more than the combined length of the election campaign and the time for the new parliament to assemble ( a total of typically around four weeks ) . The five years runs from the first meeting of Parliament following the election . After the 2010 general election , the coalition government enacted the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 which set fixed term parliaments of five years . Thus the next general election was held on 7 May 2015 , with subsequent elections scheduled to be held every five years thereafter on the first Thursday in May . However the Act also contains provisions for Parliament to be dissolved and an early election held if no government can be formed within 14 days after a vote of no confidence in the government . Similarly , the Act allows for an election to be triggered by a vote of two - thirds of MPs in the House of Commons calling for one . The Prime Minister asks the Monarch to dissolve Parliament by Royal Proclamation . The Proclamation also orders the issue of the formal Writs of Election which require an election to be held in each constituency . The election is held 17 working days after the date of the Proclamation , as regulated by the Representation of the People Act 1983 , s . 23 and Schedule 1 ( `` Parliamentary election rules '' ) , rule 1 ( `` Timetable '' ) . Since 1935 every general election has been held on a Thursday . Of the 18 general elections between 1945 and 2010 , five were held in May , four each in June and October , two in February and one each in March , April and July . The Cabinet Office imposes Purdah before elections . This is a period of roughly six weeks in which Government Departments are not allowed to communicate with members of the public about any new or controversial Government initiatives ( such as modernisation initiatives , and administrative and legislative changes ) . Post-election ( edit ) Voting ends at 10 pm ( or once all voters present in a queue at / outside the polling station at 10 pm have cast their vote ) . Presiding officers are responsible for sealing ballot boxes in polling stations ( election and polling agents appointed by candidates can also apply their own seals to the boxes ) and transporting them ' directly and without delay ' to the central counting location for the constituency . Returning officers are required to ' take reasonable steps to begin counting ... as soon as practicable within the period of four hours starting with the close of the poll ' ( i.e. no later than 2 am ) . In most constituencies , upon receipt by the returning officer at the central counting location , ballot boxes are unsealed and emptied , and ballot papers are verified and counted immediately . Ballot papers are verified manually and counted by hand . The counting process is observed by candidates and their agents . Results are declared in each individual constituency by the local returning officer . The earliest results are declared by about 11 pm , with most having been declared by 3 or 4 am ; some constituencies do not declare their results until later the following day . Each individual MP assumes office immediately upon the declaration by the local returning officer . When all the results are known , or when one party achieves an absolute majority of the seats in the House of Commons , the first response comes from the current ( and possibly outgoing ) Prime Minister . If a majority in the new Parliament has been achieved by their party , they remain in office without the need for reconfirmation or reappointment -- no new `` term '' of office is started . If a majority has not been achieved , and it is obvious that another party has the numbers to form a government , the Prime Minister submits his / her resignation to the Monarch . The Monarch then commissions the leader of the new majority party to form a new government . The Prime Minister can try to remain in power even without a majority . The subsequent `` Queen 's Speech '' ( giving an outline of the government 's proposed legislative programme ) offers a chance for the House of Commons to cast a vote of confidence or no confidence in the government by accepting or rejecting the Queen 's Speech . By precedent , and in the absence of any formal written constitutional objection , the Monarch could in theory dismiss the incumbent Prime Minister and seek to appoint a replacement . However , this has not occurred since the dismissal of Lord Melbourne in 1834 , and would almost certainly trigger a constitutional crisis , similar to the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis . The most recent Prime Ministers who , having failed to win a majority , opted not to resign immediately , were Edward Heath in 1974 , Gordon Brown in 2010 and Theresa May in 2017 . In 1974 , after initial negotiations with the Liberal Party failed to provide a coalition deal , Heath resigned , allowing Queen Elizabeth II to commission Labour leader Harold Wilson to form an administration . Until the Prime Minister reacts to the election result , either by deciding to remain on or by resigning , the Monarch has no role . Only if the Prime Minister resigns can the Monarch then commission someone else to form a government . The largest party not in government becomes the Official Opposition , known as Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition . Any smaller parties not in government are collectively known as `` the opposition '' . After each election , having remained in power , a Prime Minister may engage in a major or minor reshuffle of ministers ; such a reshuffle may occur at any time if the Prime Minister wishes it . Any vacancy arising in the House , due to death , ennoblement , or resignation is filled by a by - election . The timing for this is not automatic and it can be months after the vacancy arose , or even abandoned if there is a general election due soon . Previous results ( edit ) See United Kingdom general elections , List of UK by - elections Devolved Parliament and Assembly elections ( edit ) Scottish Parliament elections ( edit ) Scottish Parliament elections occur every four years to elect the Members of the Scottish Parliament ( MSPs ) . The first election to the unicameral Scottish Parliament that was created by the Scotland Act 1998 , was held in 1999 . Elections to the Scottish Parliament are by the Additional Member System , which is a hybrid of single member plurality and party list . Scottish Parliament Election 1999 Scottish Parliament Election 2003 Scottish Parliament Election 2007 Scottish Parliament Election 2011 Scottish Parliament Election 2016 Welsh Assembly elections ( edit ) Welsh Assembly elections normally occur every four years . They elect the Members of the National Assembly for Wales ( AMs ) . They began in 1999 , when the unicameral Welsh Assembly , created by the Government of Wales Act 1998 , began its first session . However AMs voted to hold the most recent election in 2016 to avoid a clash with the UK parliamentary general election in 2015 . For elections to the Welsh Assembly the Additional Member System is used , which is a hybrid of single member plurality and proportional representation . Welsh Assembly Election 1999 Welsh Assembly Election 2003 Welsh Assembly Election 2007 Welsh Assembly Election 2011 Welsh Assembly Election 2016 Northern Ireland Assembly elections ( edit ) Northern Ireland Assembly elections occur every four years on the first Thursday in May . They began in 1998 , when the assembly created by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 began its first session . For elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly , the Single Transferable Vote system , is used . Under this system , voters rank individual candidates in order of preference . STV was chosen as the electoral method to attempt to give adequate representation to the different sectarian groups in Northern Ireland . Elections continued even when the assembly was suspended between 2002 and 2007 . Northern Ireland Assembly election 1998 Northern Ireland Assembly election 2003 Northern Ireland Assembly election 2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election 2011 Northern Ireland Assembly election 2016 Northern Ireland Assembly election 2017 European Parliament elections ( edit ) Elections to the European Parliament have taken place since 1979 , the first year in which the parliament was directly elected . ( From 1973 to 1979 , members were elected by national parliaments ) . Since the 1999 election , Members of the European Parliament ( MEPs ) representing England , Scotland and Wales have been elected in regional constituencies using the party list , a closed list ( i.e. candidates are chosen by parties ) . In Northern Ireland the Single Transferable Vote system has been used since 1979 . The United Kingdom is divided into twelve electoral regions , which are the three smaller nations ( Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland ) , and nine Regions of England . The use of proportional representation greatly increased the representation of minor parties . Until the 1999 election , the First Past the Post system was used , which had prevented parties with moderately large , but geographically spread out vote shares from receiving any seats . For example , in the 1989 election the Green Party received 2,292,718 votes , constituting a 15 % vote share , but no seats . The European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999 changed the system in time for the 1999 election . From 1979 to 1989 , the United Kingdom had 81 MEPs ( 78 in England , Wales and Scotland , 3 in Northern Ireland ) . The European Parliamentary Elections Act 1993 increased the number to 87 , adding five more seats in England and one more in Wales . The number was reduced to 78 for the 2004 election , and to 72 for the 2009 election , but increased to 73 during the term of the 2009 - 2014 parliament . The UK 's representation in Europe remained at this level in 2014 . Year Date Members Constituencies European Parliament election , 1979 7 June 1979 81 79 European Parliament election , 1984 14 June 1984 81 79 European Parliament election , 1989 15 June 1989 81 79 European Parliament election , 1994 9 June 1994 87 85 European Parliament election , 1999 10 June 1999 87 12 European Parliament election , 2004 10 June 2004 78 12 European Parliament election , 2009 4 June 2009 72 12 European Parliament election , 2014 22 May 2014 73 12 Regional and local elections ( edit ) See also : Administrative geography of the United Kingdom and Local government in the United Kingdom In local elections , councillors are elected forming the local administrations of the United Kingdom . A number of tiers of local council exist , at region , county , district / borough and town / parish levels . A variety of voting systems are used for local elections . In Northern Ireland and Scotland , the single transferable vote system is used , whilst in most of England and Wales the single member plurality system is used . The remainder of England ( including all of the London Boroughs ) and Wales use the plurality at - large system , except for the elections of the Mayor and Assembly of the Greater London Authority ( GLA ) . The only Region of England which has a directly elected administration is London . London Assembly elections began in 2000 , when it was created . The Additional Member System is used for elections to the Assembly . The Mayor is elected via the Supplementary Vote system . Local elections are held in different parts of the country each year . In general , local elections are held on the first Thursday in May . In years with a general election it is usual practice to hold both general and local elections on the same day . In 2004 , for the first time , local elections were held on the same day as European elections , and London Mayoral and Assembly elections . The date was referred to as ' Super Thursday ' . Unlike general elections , for local elections there is no legal requirement as to when the count should begin after the close of poll . For this reason , some returning officers have decided to store the sealed ballot boxes overnight at the central counting location and begin the count the next working day . However , once the count has started , the returning officer must , so far as practicable , proceed continuously with the count between the hours of 9am and 7pm ( subject to refreshments ) . Ballot papers are verified manually and counted by hand ( with the exception of London Mayoral and Assembly elections , where optical scanners are used ) . Police and Crime Commissioners ( edit ) From 2012 , England and Wales have voted for regional Police and Crime Commissioners . History ( edit ) See also : Parliament in the Making § Historical events in the development of Parliament Before the creation of the United Kingdom ( edit ) In the Kingdom of England ( of which Wales was a full and equal member from 1542 ) , a few percent of the adult male population were able to vote in parliamentary elections that occurred at irregular intervals to the Parliament of England from 1265 . From 1432 only forty - shilling freeholders held the parliamentary franchise . The franchise for the Parliament of Scotland developed separately but , again , involving just a small proportion of the adult population . The Bill of Rights 1689 in England and Claim of Right Act 1689 in Scotland established the principles of regular parliaments and free elections , but no significant changes to the electoral franchise had taken place by the time the United Kingdom had come into being . Similarly , the history of local government in England stretches over the same period with the election of town mayors and the development of town councils taking place since the Middle Ages . Local government in Scotland and in Wales evolved separately . Expansion of the franchise ( edit ) The system of universal suffrage did not exist in the United Kingdom until 1928 . From the birth of the United Kingdom , the franchise had been restricted to males by custom rather than statute ; on rare occasions women had been able to vote in parliamentary elections as a result of property ownership until the 1832 Great Reform Act specified ' male persons ' . The first Act to increase the size of the electorate was the Reform Act 1832 ( sometimes known as the Great Reform Act ) . It abolished 56 rotten boroughs ( which had elected 112 MPs ) and decreased the property qualification in boroughs . It gave some parliamentary representation to the industrial towns ( 142 MPs ) by redistributing some MPs from boroughs who had disproportional representation . The electoral register was created . The overall result of the Act was that the electorate was increased to 14 % of the adult male population . Although this was not a large increase , the Act was the first big step towards equal representation . Between 1838 and 1848 a popular movement , Chartism , organised around six demands including universal male franchise and the secret ballot . The Reform Act 1867 redistributed more MPs from boroughs which had disproportional representation ( 42 ) to London and industrial towns . It decreased the property qualification in boroughs , so that all men with an address in boroughs could vote . For the first time some of the working class could vote and MPs had to take these new constituents into account . Some political parties decided to become national parties . Overall , the Act increased the size of the electorate to 32 % of the adult male population . In local government elections , single women ratepayers received the right to vote in the Municipal Franchise Act 1869 . This right was confirmed in the Local Government Act 1894 and extended to include some married women . The Ballot Act 1872 replaced open elections with a secret ballot system . The Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883 criminalised attempts to bribe voters and standardised the amount that could be spent on election expenses . The Representation of the People Act 1884 and the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 ( the Third Reform Act ) together increased the electorate to 56 % of the adult male population . 20th century ( edit ) The Representation of the People Act 1918 expanded the electorate to include all men over the age of 21 and most women over the age of 30 . Later that year , the Parliament ( Qualification of Women ) Act 1918 gave women over 21 the right to stand for election as MPs . The first woman to become an MP was Constance Markievicz in 1918 . However she declined to take up her seat , being a member of Sinn Féin . Nancy Astor , elected in 1919 , was the second woman to become an MP , and the first to sit in the Commons . The Equal Franchise Act 1928 lowered the minimum age for women to vote from 30 to 21 , making men and women equal in terms of suffrage for the first time . The Representation of the People Act 1949 abolished additional votes for graduates ( university constituencies ) and the owners of business premises . The Representation of the People Act 1969 lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 . The Representation of the People Act 1985 gave British citizens abroad the right to vote for a five - year period after they had left the United Kingdom . The Representation of the People Act 1989 extended the period to 20 years ; and citizens who were too young to vote when they left the country also became eligible . Summary ( edit ) The following table summarises historic developments in extending the franchise in England and later the UK ( after 1707 ) . At each stage , it shows the percentage of the adult population entitled to vote and the voting age , separately for males and females . Year Adult male entitlement percent Male voting age Adult female entitlement percent Female voting age Act of Parliament Notes 1265 to 1689 < 10 Periodic elected parliaments 1689 to 1832 < 10 Bill of Rights 1689 Established the principles of regular parliaments and free elections 1832 14 21 0 - Reform Act 1832 Standardised form of franchise for all boroughs introduced for the first time 1867 32 21 0 - Reform Act 1867 Householders now enfranchised - working classes gained the vote 1885 56 21 0 - Third Reform Act and Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 The Act extended the 1867 concessions from boroughs to county constituencies 1918 100 21 40 30 Representation of the People Act 1918 Abolished most property qualifications for men ; enfranchised some women 1928 100 21 100 21 Equal Franchise Act 1928 Abolished age disparity and property qualifications for women 1948 100 21 100 21 Representation of the People Act 1948 Removed double vote entitlements regarding business premises and university constituencies 1969 100 18 100 18 Representation of the People Act 1969 Extended suffrage to include 18 - to 20 - year - olds Labour ( post-1997 ) reforms ( edit ) Prior to 1997 , and the Labour Party government of Tony Blair , there were only three types of elections : elections to the House of Commons , local government elections , and elections to the European Parliament . Most elections were conducted under the First Past the Post ( FPTP ) electoral system . In Northern Ireland , both local government and European elections were conducted under the Single Transferable Vote ( STV ) system . Labour 's constitutional reforms introduced elected assemblies for London , Scotland and Wales , and elected mayors in certain cities . Proportional Representation ( PR ) was introduced outside Northern Ireland for the first time . The hybrid ( part PR , part FPTP ) Additional Member System was introduced in 1999 for the newly created devolved assemblies : the Scottish Parliament , Welsh Assembly and London Assembly and STV was used for the newly created Northern Ireland Assembly . The regional party list ( Closed list ) system was introduced for European elections in Great Britain ( which had previously used single member constituency FPTP ) though Northern Ireland continues to use STV . Labour passed the Political Parties , Elections and Referendums Act 2000 , which created the Electoral Commission , which since 2000 has been responsible for the running of elections and referendums and to a limited extent regulating party funding . It also reduced the period during which British expatriates can vote , from 20 years after they emigrate to 15 . In 2008 the Ministry of Justice delivered a report that failed to conclusively recommend any particular voting system as `` best '' and instead simply compared working practices used in the different elections . The Minister of State for Justice , Ministry of Justice ( Michael Wills ) issued a statement following its publication stating that no action would be taken on the various reports that , since 1997 , have suggested a move towards proportional representation for the UK general election until reform of the House of Lords is completed . Labour also made many changes to the election administration underpinning the way that elections are run . Changes included postal voting on demand , rolling registration and some innovative pilots such as internet voting Current issues ( edit ) Electoral reform ( edit ) Proportional Representation ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum , 2011 Some British parties and campaigners have long argued that the current First Past the Post system used for Parliamentary elections should be replaced with another system . The introduction of proportional representation has been advocated for some time by the Liberal Democrats , and by some pressure groups such as Charter 88 , Unlock Democracy and the Electoral Reform Society . In 1998 and 2003 independent commissions were formed to look into electoral reform . After the 2005 election , in which Labour was elected with the lowest share of the national vote for any single party majority government in British history , more public attention was drawn to the issue . The national newspaper The Independent started a petition for the introduction of a more proportional system immediately after the election , under the title `` Campaign For Democracy '' . After the UK 2010 general election , the new coalition government agreed to hold a referendum on voting reform . This took place on 5 May 2011 : voters were given the choice of switching to the Alternative Vote system or retaining the current one . The country voted against AV , with 32 % in favour and 68 % against . Since February 2016 an anonymous blog , Make Votes Count , seemingly based in the United Kingdom , has intermittently promoted a `` First Two Past the Post '' voting system . Parliamentary and party positions ( edit ) After its inaugural meeting on 29th November 2016 and until September 2017 , the All - Party Parliamentary Group on Electoral Reform was a cross-party group consisting of 150 MPs who support electoral reform , chaired by Richard Burden and latterly Chuka Umunna . Labour pledged in its manifesto for the 1997 general election to set up a commission on alternatives to the first - past - the - post system for general elections and to hold a referendum on whether to change the system . The Independent Commission on the Voting System , headed by Lord Jenkins of Hillhead and known as the Jenkins Commission , was established in December 1997 . It reported in October 1998 and suggested the Alternative vote top - up or AV+ system . The government had expected a recommendation which could have been implemented within the Parliament , and decided that it would be impractical to have a general election using First Past the Post ( FPTP ) after a referendum decision to adopt a different system , and therefore delayed the referendum until after the next general election . Those elements within the Labour Party opposed to any change persuaded the party not to repeat the pledge for a referendum in the 2001 manifesto , and therefore none was held once the party was re-elected . After the 2005 election , Lord Chancellor Lord Falconer said there was `` no groundswell '' for change , although a Cabinet committee was given the task of investigating reform . John Prescott was appointed as Chair ; given his known opposition to change , proponents were critical and dismissive of the move . Several prominent Labour MPs expressed a desire for investigating electoral reform , including Peter Hain ( who argued in the House of Commons in March 2004 for the Alternative Vote ) , Patricia Hewitt , Tessa Jowell and Baroness Amos . As mentioned above , in January 2008 the government produced a `` desk - bound '' review of the experience to date of new voting systems in the United Kingdom since Labour came to power in 1997 . This review was non-committal as to the need for further reform , especially as regards reform of the voting system used in Parliamentary Elections . The Conservative Party in the 2005 -- 2010 parliament were predominantly in favour of retaining FPTP . Although the Conservative Party would have won significantly more seats in the 2005 election if some form of proportional representation had been used , some in the party felt it might find itself politically isolated on the right , and face Labour / Lib Dem coalition governments . Electoral reform , towards a proportional model , was desired by the Liberal Democrat party , the Green party , and several other small parties . Low turnout ( edit ) As in many Western democracies , voter apathy is a current concern , after a dramatic decline in election turnout around the end of the 20th century . Turnout in UK General Elections fell from 77 % in 1992 , and 71 % in 1997 , to a historic low of 59 % in 2001 . It has , however , increased since , to 61 % in 2005 , 65 % in 2010 , 66 % in 2015 and 69 % in 2017 . In other elections turnout trends have been more varied . At the referendum on Scottish independence in 2014 , turnout exceeded 84.5 % - the highest in a large - scale poll since the introduction of universal suffrage - and some local authorities recorded turnouts of over 90 % . Conversely , the Police and Crime Commissioner elections in November 2012 saw a record low turnout of just 15 % and the Parliamentary by - election in Manchester Central also had a record low peacetime by - election turnout of 18 % . Parliamentary by - election turnout is usually around 30 - 50 % , while local government elections typically see turnouts of around 30 % when they are not held alongside higher profile contests such as General or European elections . See also ( edit ) British Polling Council Electoral register Electoral calendar Election Day ( United Kingdom ) Electoral system Election agent Polling agent Counting agent United Kingdom general elections ( for election results ) United Kingdom national and local elections List of UK by - elections ( for by - election results ) List of UK Parliamentary election petitions Referendums in the United Kingdom Political campaigning on election practicalities . Historical anomalies of the British electoral system University constituency Rotten borough Marginal constituencies in the United Kingdom Electoral Administration Act 2006 Electoral Reform Society Electoral Commission United Kingdom Election Results Parliament Week References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Electoral Commission : Who we are and what we do '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Office for National Statistics : UK Electoral Statistics 2010 '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Representation of the People Act 1983 , Section 4 ( 5 ) Jump up ^ As the Representation of the People Act 1983 was enacted after the British Nationality Act 1981 , any reference to ' Commonwealth citizen ' is defined as a British citizen , a British overseas territories citizen , a British National ( Overseas ) , a British overseas citizen , a British subject or a citizen of a country listed in Schedule 3 of the latter piece of legislation , but not a British protected person . 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Jump up ^ electoral - reform - stage - 1 - the - arguments - for - voting - reform - part - 4a at makevotescount.co.uk Jump up ^ ' Who we are ' - In Parliament : The All - Party Parliamentary Group for Proportional Representation ( APPGPR ) at electoral-reform.org.uk , Accessed 6 February 2018 Jump up ^ `` Turnout in UK General Elections since 1945 '' . www.politicsresources.net . Jump up ^ `` Highest - ever election turnout for Scottish referendum '' . Jump up ^ Travis , Alan ; Wintour , Patrick ( 16 November 2012 ) . `` None of the above : electorate spurns David Cameron 's police polls '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` By - election turnout since 1997 - UK Political Info '' . www.ukpolitical.info . External links ( edit ) British Election Campaign Material from the University of Salford site June 2006 : Boundary changes make it more difficult for Labour to win an overall majority NSD : European Election Database - UK Adam Carr 's Election Archive Parties and elections The Electoral Commission Statutory organisation that regulates electoral practices Elections around the World : United Kingdom Make My Vote Count Jan 2008 : Review of Voting Systems Guardian Special Report - Electoral Reform Buxton , Sydney Charles ( 1882 ) . Electoral purity and economy . London : The London and Counties Liberal Union . 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1231218524107965044 | Winning Colors (horse) | Winning Colors ( Horse ) - wikipedia Winning Colors ( Horse ) Jump to : navigation , search Winning Colors Winning Colors at 1988 Kentucky Derby Sire Caro Grandsire Fortino Dam All Rainbows Damsire Bold Hour Sex Mare Foaled March 14 , 1985 February 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 17 ) ( aged 22 ) Country United States Colour Gray Breeder Echo Valley Farm Owner Eugene V. Klein Trainer D. Wayne Lukas Record 19 : 8 - 3 - 1 Earnings $1,526,837 Major wins Santa Anita Oaks ( 1988 ) Santa Anita Derby ( 1988 ) Turfway Breeders ' Cup Stakes ( 1989 ) Triple Crown classic race wins : Kentucky Derby ( 1988 ) Awards U.S. Champion 3 - Yr - Old Filly ( 1988 ) Honours United States Racing Hall of Fame ( 2000 ) Grade III Winning Colors Stakes at Churchill Downs Last updated on November 28 , 2006 Winning Colors ( March 14 , 1985 -- February 17 , 2008 ) was an American Hall of Fame Champion Thoroughbred racehorse and one of only three fillies to ever win the Kentucky Derby . Though she was registered as roan , she was , in fact , a gray with a white blaze on her face . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Racing career 2.1 1987 : two - year - old season 2.2 1988 : three - year - old season 2.3 1989 : four - year - old season 3 Assessment and honors 4 Retirement 5 Pedigree 6 References Background ( edit ) Winning Colors was bred in Florida by Echo Valley Farm . During her racing career she was owned by Eugene V. Klein and trained by D. Wayne Lukas . Her sire , Caro , was a top - class performer ( rated 133 by Timeform ) , whose wins included the Poule d'Essai des Poulains , Prix Ganay and Prix d'Ispahan , before becoming a very successful breeding stallion . Caro 's other progeny included Madelia , Crystal Palace , Cozzene Theia and Siberian Express . Winning Colors dam , All Rainbows won seven races and finished third in the Delaware Oaks. and was also a half - sister to Chris Evert . Racing career ( edit ) 1987 : two - Year - Old season ( edit ) Racing on the West Coast of the United States for trainer D. Wayne Lukas , Winning Colors won both of her starts at age two . 1988 : three - Year - Old season ( edit ) In the spring of 1988 , the large filly won the Santa Anita Derby , defeating colts her age by 71⁄2 lengths . Sent to Churchill Downs for the Kentucky Derby , she was up against a stellar field of colts including Risen Star , Seeking the Gold , Forty Niner , Regal Classic , and co-favorite Private Terms . As was her habit , Winning Colors broke fast and raced to the lead . Although Forty Niner made a charge in the homestretch , she held him off to win by a neck . In the Preakness Stakes , the second leg of the U.S. Triple Crown , Winning Colors finished third to Risen Star , who then won the 11⁄2 mile Belmont Stakes by fifteen lengths while Winning Colors finished out of the money . In the fall of 1988 , Winning Colors finished second to Ogden Phipps ' filly Personal Ensign in the Maskette Stakes . The two fillies next met in the Breeders ' Cup Distaff at Churchill Downs . Winning Colors had the lead with 10 yards to go when Personal Ensign , who had struggled throughout the race because of the sloppy track , rallied and won by what the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame describes as a `` lip . '' After the race , Winning Colors ' trainer , D. Wayne Lukas , said that she had run the best race of her career . 1989 : four - Year - Old season ( edit ) In 1989 Winning Colors raced in her final campaign at age four and won two of her seven races , hampered by breathing difficulties and surgery . Assessment and honors ( edit ) Winning Colors was voted the 1988 Eclipse Award for Outstanding 3 - Year - Old Filly . In 2000 , Winning Colors was inducted into the United States ' National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame . Retirement ( edit ) As a broodmare , Winning Colors produced ten foals and six winners : Shbakni , a brown filly , foaled in 1991 , sired by Mr Prospector . Failed to win in 14 races . Minden Rose , gray filly , 1992 , by Mr Prospector . Won one race . Golden Colors , bay filly , 1993 , by Mr Prospector . Won three races . Danzig Colors , bay filly , 1994 , by Danzig . Won three races . Stormin Winnie , gray filly , 1995 , by Storm Cat . Unraced . Will Will Win , chestnut colt , 1996 , by Rahy . Won three races in South Africa . Northwest Colors , bay filly , 1998 , by Broad Brush . Won one race . Dr Litin , gray colt , 1999 , by Broad Brush . Failed to win in three races . Ocean Colors , gray filly , 2006 , by Orientate . Won three races . Silver Colors , gray filly , 2007 , by Mr Greeley . Failed to win in four races . Winning Colors was euthanized February 17 , 2008 , at the age of 23 as a result of complications from colic . She was in foal to Mr. Greeley . She is buried at Greentree Farm , a division of Gainesway Farm near Lexington , Kentucky . Pedigree ( edit ) Pedigree of Wining Colors ( USA ) , grey mare , 1985 Sire Caro ( IRE ) 1967 Fortino ( FR ) 1959 Grey Sovereign Nasrullah Kong Ranavalo Relic Navarra Chambord ( GB ) 1955 Chamossaire Precipitation Snowberry Life Hill Solario Lady of the Snows Dam All Rainbows ( USA ) 1973 Bold Hour ( USA ) 1964 Bold Ruler Nasrullah Miss Disco Seven Thirty Mr Music Time To Dine Miss Carmie ( USA ) 1966 TV Lark Indian Hemp Miss Larksfly Twice Over Ponder Twosy ( Family : 23 - b ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Winning Colors pedigree '' . equineline.com. 2014 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` All Rainbows - Statistics '' . Equibase . ^ Jump up to : `` Turk Mare - Family 23 - b '' . Thoroughbred Bloodlines . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minden Rose - Statistics '' . Equibase . Jump up ^ `` Golden Colors ( USA ) '' . Japan Bloodhorse Breeders'Association . Jump up ^ `` Danzig Colors - Statistics '' . Equibase . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Colors - Statistics '' . Equibase . Jump up ^ `` Ocean Colors - Statistics '' . Equibase . Jump up ^ `` Winning Colors Euthanized '' . The Blood - Horse . New York Times article about Personal Ensign and the 1988 Breeders ' Cup Distaff Winning Colors at the United States ' National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame ( hide ) Kentucky Derby winners 1875 Aristides 1876 Vagrant 1877 Baden - Baden 1878 Day Star 1879 Lord Murphy 1880 Fonso 1881 Hindoo 1882 Apollo 1883 Leonatus 1884 Buchanan 1885 Joe Cotton 1886 Ben Ali 1887 Montrose 1888 Macbeth II 1889 Spokane 1890 Riley 1891 Kingman 1892 Azra 1893 Lookout 1894 Chant 1895 Halma 1896 Ben Brush 1897 Typhoon II 1898 Plaudit 1899 Manuel 1900 Lieut . Gibson 1901 His Eminence 1902 Alan - a-Dale 1903 Judge Himes 1904 Elwood 1905 Agile 1906 Sir Huon 1907 Pink Star 1908 Stone Street 1909 Wintergreen 1910 Donau 1911 Meridian 1912 Worth 1913 Donerail 1914 Old Rosebud 1915 Regret ♥ 1916 George Smith 1917 Omar Khayyam 1918 Exterminator 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Paul Jones 1921 Behave Yourself 1922 Morvich 1923 Zev 1924 Black Gold 1925 Flying Ebony 1926 Bubbling Over 1927 Whiskery 1928 Reigh Count 1929 Clyde Van Dusen 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Brokers Tip 1934 Cavalcade 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Lawrin 1939 Johnstown 1940 Gallahadion 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Hoop Jr . 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Jet Pilot 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Ponder 1950 Middleground 1951 Count Turf 1952 Hill Gail 1953 Dark Star 1954 Determine 1955 Swaps 1956 Needles 1957 Iron Liege 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Tomy Lee 1960 Venetian Way 1961 Carry Back 1962 Decidedly 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Lucky Debonair 1966 Kauai King 1967 Proud Clarion 1968 Forward Pass ( Dancer 's Image disqualified ) 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Dust Commander 1971 Canonero II 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Cannonade 1975 Foolish Pleasure 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Genuine Risk ♥ 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Gato Del Sol 1983 Sunny 's Halo 1984 Swale 1985 Spend A Buck 1986 Ferdinand 1987 Alysheba 1988 Winning Colors ♥ 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Unbridled 1991 Strike the Gold 1992 Lil E. Tee 1993 Sea Hero 1994 Go for Gin 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Grindstone 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus 2001 Monarchos 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Giacomo 2006 Barbaro 2007 Street Sense 2008 Big Brown 2009 Mine That Bird 2010 Super Saver 2011 Animal Kingdom 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Orb 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Nyquist 2017 Always Dreaming 2018 Justify Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown winners , ♥ = Filly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winning_Colors_(horse)&oldid=788827098 '' Categories : 1985 racehorse births 2008 racehorse deaths Racehorses bred in Kentucky Racehorses trained in the United States Kentucky Derby winners Eclipse Award winners United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees Thoroughbred family 23 - b Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2017 , at 18 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did winning colors win the kentucky derby | [
"In the spring of 1988, the large filly won the Santa Anita Derby, defeating colts her age by 7½ lengths. Sent to Churchill Downs for the Kentucky Derby, she was up against a stellar field of colts including Risen Star, Seeking the Gold, Forty Niner, Regal Classic, and co-favorite Private Terms. As was her habit, Winning Colors broke fast and raced to the lead. Although Forty Niner made a charge in the homestretch, she held him off to win by a neck."
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"1988"
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108832195581339630 | List of Los Angeles Kings seasons | List of Los Angeles Kings seasons - wikipedia List of Los Angeles Kings seasons Jump to : navigation , search The Kings have played at Staples Center since 1999 . This is a list of seasons completed by the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League . This list documents the records and playoff results for all seasons the Kings have completed in the NHL since their inception in 1967 . Stanley Cup Champions Conference Champions Division Champions Playoff Berth League leaders Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime losses / Shootout losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against , PIM = Penalties in minutes Season Team GP OTL Pts GF GA PIM Finish Playoffs 1967 -- 68 1967 -- 68 74 31 33 10 -- 72 200 224 810 2nd in West Lost in Quarterfinals , 3 -- 4 ( North Stars ) 1968 -- 69 1968 -- 69 76 24 42 10 -- 58 185 260 698 4th in West Won in Quarterfinals , 4 -- 3 ( Seals ) Lost in Semifinals , 0 -- 4 ( Blues ) 1969 -- 70 1969 -- 70 76 14 52 10 -- 38 168 290 969 6th in West Did not qualify 1970 -- 71 1970 -- 71 78 25 40 13 -- 63 239 303 775 5th in West Did not qualify 1971 -- 72 1971 -- 72 78 20 49 9 -- 49 206 305 719 7th in West Did not qualify 1972 -- 73 1972 -- 73 78 31 36 11 -- 73 232 245 888 6th in West Did not qualify 1973 -- 74 1973 -- 74 78 33 33 12 -- 78 233 231 1055 3rd in West Lost in Quarterfinals , 1 -- 4 ( Blackhawks ) 1974 -- 75 1974 -- 75 80 42 17 21 -- 105 269 185 1185 2nd in Norris Lost in Preliminary Round , 1 -- 2 ( Maple Leafs ) 1975 -- 76 1975 -- 76 80 38 33 9 -- 85 263 265 1022 2nd in Norris Won in Preliminary Round , 2 -- 0 ( Flames ) Lost in Quarterfinals , 3 -- 4 ( Bruins ) 1976 -- 77 1976 -- 77 80 34 31 15 -- 83 271 241 1186 2nd in Norris Won in Preliminary Round , 2 -- 1 ( Flames ) Lost in Quarterfinals , 2 -- 4 ( Bruins ) 1977 -- 78 1977 -- 78 80 31 34 15 -- 77 243 245 903 3rd in Norris Lost in Preliminary Round , 0 -- 2 ( Maple Leafs ) 1978 -- 79 1978 -- 79 80 34 34 12 -- 80 292 286 1134 3rd in Norris Lost in Preliminary Round , 0 -- 2 ( Rangers ) 1979 -- 80 1979 -- 80 80 30 36 14 -- 74 290 313 1124 2nd in Norris Lost in Preliminary Round , 1 -- 3 ( Islanders ) 1980 -- 81 1980 -- 81 80 43 24 13 -- 99 337 290 1627 2nd in Norris Lost in Preliminary Round , 1 -- 3 ( Rangers ) 1981 -- 82 1981 -- 82 80 24 41 15 -- 63 314 369 1730 4th in Smythe Won in Division Semifinals , 3 -- 2 ( Oilers ) Lost in Division Finals , 1 -- 4 ( Canucks ) 1982 -- 83 1982 -- 83 80 27 41 12 -- 66 308 365 1627 5th in Smythe Did not qualify 1983 -- 84 1983 -- 84 80 23 44 13 -- 59 309 376 1265 5th in Smythe Did not qualify 1984 -- 85 1984 -- 85 80 34 32 14 -- 82 339 326 1413 4th in Smythe Lost in Division Semifinals , 0 -- 3 ( Oilers ) 1985 -- 86 1985 -- 86 80 23 49 8 -- 54 284 389 5th in Smythe Did not qualify 1986 -- 87 1986 -- 87 80 31 41 8 -- 70 318 341 2038 4th in Smythe Lost in Division Semifinals , 1 -- 4 ( Oilers ) 1987 -- 88 1987 -- 88 80 30 42 8 -- 68 318 359 2124 4th in Smythe Lost in Division Semifinals , 1 -- 4 ( Flames ) 1988 -- 89 1988 -- 89 80 42 31 7 -- 91 376 335 2215 2nd in Smythe Won in Division Semifinals , 4 -- 3 ( Oilers ) Lost in Division Finals , 0 -- 4 ( Flames ) 1989 -- 90 1989 -- 90 80 34 39 7 -- 75 338 337 1884 4th in Smythe Won in Division Semifinals , 4 -- 2 ( Flames ) Lost in Division Finals , 0 -- 4 ( Oilers ) 1990 -- 91 1990 -- 91 80 46 24 10 -- 102 340 254 2228 1st in Smythe Won in Division Semifinals , 4 -- 2 ( Canucks ) Lost in Division Finals , 2 -- 4 ( Oilers ) 1991 -- 92 1991 -- 92 80 35 31 14 -- 84 287 296 2161 2nd in Smythe Lost in Division Semifinals , 2 -- 4 ( Oilers ) 1992 -- 93 1992 -- 93 84 39 35 10 -- 88 338 340 2247 3rd in Smythe Won in Division Semifinals , 4 -- 2 ( Flames ) Won in Division Finals , 4 -- 2 ( Canucks ) Won in Conference Finals , 4 - 3 ( Maple Leafs ) Lost in Stanley Cup Final , 1 -- 4 ( Canadiens ) 1993 -- 94 1993 -- 94 84 27 45 12 -- 66 294 322 2017 5th in Pacific Did not qualify 1994 -- 95 1994 -- 95 48 16 23 9 -- 41 142 174 978 4th in Pacific Did not qualify 1995 -- 96 1995 -- 96 82 24 40 18 -- 66 256 302 1460 6th in Pacific Did not qualify 1996 -- 97 1996 -- 97 82 28 43 11 -- 67 214 268 1638 6th in Pacific Did not qualify 1997 -- 98 1997 -- 98 82 38 33 11 -- 87 227 225 1763 2nd in Pacific Lost in Conference Quarterfinals , 0 -- 4 ( Blues ) 1998 -- 99 1998 -- 99 82 32 45 5 -- 69 189 222 1383 5th in Pacific Did not qualify 1999 -- 2000 1999 -- 2000 82 39 27 12 94 245 228 1313 2nd in Pacific Lost in Conference Quarterfinals , 0 -- 4 ( Red Wings ) 2000 -- 01 2000 -- 01 82 38 28 13 92 252 228 1196 3rd in Pacific Won in Conference Quarterfinals , 4 -- 2 ( Red Wings ) Lost in Conference Semifinals , 3 -- 4 ( Avalanche ) 2001 -- 02 2001 -- 02 82 40 27 11 95 214 190 1348 3rd in Pacific Lost in Conference Quarterfinals , 3 -- 4 ( Avalanche ) 2002 -- 03 2002 -- 03 82 33 37 6 6 78 203 221 1146 3rd in Pacific Did not qualify 2003 -- 04 2003 -- 04 82 28 29 16 9 81 205 217 1163 3rd in Pacific Did not qualify 2004 -- 05 2004 -- 05 Season cancelled due to 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout 2005 -- 06 2005 -- 06 82 42 35 -- 5 89 249 270 1440 4th in Pacific Did not qualify 2006 -- 07 2006 -- 07 82 27 41 -- 14 68 227 283 1239 4th in Pacific Did not qualify 2007 -- 08 2007 -- 08 82 32 43 -- 7 71 231 283 930 5th in Pacific Did not qualify 2008 -- 09 2008 -- 09 82 34 37 -- 11 79 207 234 1191 5th in Pacific Did not qualify 2009 -- 10 2009 -- 10 82 46 27 -- 9 101 241 219 963 3rd in Pacific Lost in Conference Quarterfinals , 2 -- 4 ( Canucks ) 2010 -- 11 2010 -- 11 82 46 30 -- 6 98 219 198 938 4th in Pacific Lost in Conference Quarterfinals , 2 -- 4 ( Sharks ) 2011 -- 12 2011 -- 12 82 40 27 -- 15 95 194 179 923 3rd in Pacific Won in Conference Quarterfinals , 4 -- 1 ( Canucks ) Won in Conference Semifinals , 4 -- 0 ( Blues ) Won in Conference Finals , 4 -- 1 ( Coyotes ) Stanley Cup Champions , 4 -- 2 ( Devils ) 2012 -- 13 2012 -- 13 48 27 16 -- 5 59 133 118 - 2nd in Pacific Won in Conference Quarterfinals , 4 -- 2 ( Blues ) Won in Conference Semifinals , 4 -- 3 ( Sharks ) Lost in Conference Finals , 1 -- 4 ( Blackhawks ) 2013 -- 14 2013 -- 14 82 46 28 -- 8 100 206 174 876 3rd in Pacific Won in First Round , 4 -- 3 ( Sharks ) Won in Second Round , 4 -- 3 ( Ducks ) Won in Conference Finals , 4 -- 3 ( Blackhawks ) Stanley Cup Champions , 4 -- 1 ( Rangers ) 2014 -- 15 2014 -- 15 82 40 27 -- 15 95 220 205 -- 4th in Pacific Did not qualify 2015 -- 16 2015 -- 16 82 48 28 -- 6 102 225 195 -- 2nd in Pacific Lost in First Round , 1 -- 4 ( Sharks ) 2016 -- 17 2016 -- 17 82 39 35 -- 8 86 201 205 -- 5th in Pacific Did not qualify 2017 -- 18 2017 -- 18 82 45 29 -- 8 98 239 203 -- 4th in Pacific Lost in First Round , 0 -- 4 ( Golden Knights ) Season Team GP OTL Pts GF GA PIM Finish Playoffs Reg . season totals 3636 1501 1605 424 106 3532 11086 11775 58807 1 division title 29 playoff appearances Playoff totals 241 110 136 -- -- 3 conference titles 2 Stanley Cups All - time series record : 21 -- 26 Grand totals 3877 1611 1741 424 106 Season was shortened due to the 1994 -- 95 NHL lockout . As of the 2005 -- 06 NHL season , all games will have a winner ; the OTL column includes SOL ( Shootout losses ) . Totals through the 2013 -- 14 season Totals through the 2012 - 13 season References ( edit ) Los Angeles seasons and records @ hockeydb.com Los Angeles Kings Founded in 1967 Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History History 1967 expansion Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Philip Anschutz Ed Roski Jr . General manager Rob Blake Head coach John Stevens Team captain Anze Kopitar Current roster Arenas Long Beach Arena Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena The Forum Staples Center Rivalries Anaheim Ducks San Jose Sharks Affiliates AHL Ontario Reign ECHL Manchester Monarchs Media Broadcasters TV : FSN West / Prime Ticket Radio : KABC ( 790 AM ) Culture and lore I Love L.A. Bailey Frozen Fury Miracle on Manchester 1991 Las Vegas outdoor game Garnet Bailey and Mark Bavis The Love Guru 2011 NHL Premiere 2014 NHL Stadium Series 2015 NHL Stadium Series Los Angeles Kings seasons 1960s 1960 -- 61 . 1961 -- 62 . 1962 -- 63 . 1963 -- 64 . 1964 -- 65 . 1965 -- 66 . 1966 -- 67 . 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970s 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1979 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship NHL seasons by team Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Anaheim Arizona Calgary Edmonton Los Angeles San Jose Vancouver Vegas Central Chicago Colorado Dallas Minnesota Nashville St. Louis Winnipeg Atlantic Boston Buffalo Detroit Florida Montreal Ottawa Tampa Bay Toronto Metropolitan Carolina Columbus New Jersey NY Islanders NY Rangers Philadelphia Pittsburgh Washington Relocated ( still active ) Atlanta Flames ( Calgary ) Atlanta Thrashers ( Winnipeg ) Hartford Whalers ( Carolina ) Kansas City Scouts / Colorado Rockies ( New Jersey ) Minnesota North Stars ( Dallas ) Quebec Nordiques ( Colorado ) Winnipeg Jets ( Arizona ) Defunct teams California Golden Seals / Cleveland Barons Hamilton Tigers Montreal Maroons New York Americans Ottawa Senators / St. Louis Eagles Pittsburgh Pirates / Philadelphia Quakers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Los_Angeles_Kings_seasons&oldid=837020831 '' Categories : National Hockey League team seasons Los Angeles Kings seasons Los Angeles Kings lists Lists of National Hockey League seasons Talk About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 06 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time the la kings made the playoffs | [
"\n\nSeason\nTeam\nGP\nW\nL\nT\nOTL\nPts\nGF\nGA\nPIM\nFinish\nPlayoffs\n\n\n1967–68\n1967–68\n74\n31\n33\n10\n--\n72\n200\n224\n810\n2nd in West\nLost in Quarterfinals, 3–4 (North Stars)\n\n\n1968–69\n1968–69\n76\n24\n42\n10\n--\n58\n185\n260\n698\n4th in West\nWon in Quarterfinals, 4–3 (Seals)\nLost in Semifinals, 0–4 (Blues)\n\n\n1969–70\n1969–70\n76\n14\n52\n10\n--\n38\n168\n290\n969\n6th in West\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1970–71\n1970–71\n78\n25\n40\n13\n--\n63\n239\n303\n775\n5th in West\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1971–72\n1971–72\n78\n20\n49\n9\n--\n49\n206\n305\n719\n7th in West\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1972–73\n1972–73\n78\n31\n36\n11\n--\n73\n232\n245\n888\n6th in West\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1973–74\n1973–74\n78\n33\n33\n12\n--\n78\n233\n231\n1055\n3rd in West\nLost in Quarterfinals, 1–4 (Blackhawks)\n\n\n1974–75\n1974–75\n80\n42\n17\n21\n--\n105\n269\n185\n1185\n2nd in Norris\nLost in Preliminary Round, 1–2 (Maple Leafs)\n\n\n1975–76\n1975–76\n80\n38\n33\n9\n--\n85\n263\n265\n1022\n2nd in Norris\nWon in Preliminary Round, 2–0 (Flames)\nLost in Quarterfinals, 3–4 (Bruins)\n\n\n1976–77\n1976–77\n80\n34\n31\n15\n--\n83\n271\n241\n1186\n2nd in Norris\nWon in Preliminary Round, 2–1 (Flames)\nLost in Quarterfinals, 2–4 (Bruins)\n\n\n1977–78\n1977–78\n80\n31\n34\n15\n--\n77\n243\n245\n903\n3rd in Norris\nLost in Preliminary Round, 0–2 (Maple Leafs)\n\n\n1978–79\n1978–79\n80\n34\n34\n12\n--\n80\n292\n286\n1134\n3rd in Norris\nLost in Preliminary Round, 0–2 (Rangers)\n\n\n1979–80\n1979–80\n80\n30\n36\n14\n--\n74\n290\n313\n1124\n2nd in Norris\nLost in Preliminary Round, 1–3 (Islanders)\n\n\n1980–81\n1980–81\n80\n43\n24\n13\n--\n99\n337\n290\n1627\n2nd in Norris\nLost in Preliminary Round, 1–3 (Rangers)\n\n\n1981–82\n1981–82\n80\n24\n41\n15\n--\n63\n314\n369\n1730\n4th in Smythe\nWon in Division Semifinals, 3–2 (Oilers)\nLost in Division Finals, 1–4 (Canucks)\n\n\n1982–83\n1982–83\n80\n27\n41\n12\n--\n66\n308\n365\n1627\n5th in Smythe\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1983–84\n1983–84\n80\n23\n44\n13\n--\n59\n309\n376\n1265\n5th in Smythe\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1984–85\n1984–85\n80\n34\n32\n14\n--\n82\n339\n326\n1413\n4th in Smythe\nLost in Division Semifinals, 0–3 (Oilers)\n\n\n1985–86\n1985–86\n80\n23\n49\n8\n--\n54\n284\n389\n2004\n5th in Smythe\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1986–87\n1986–87\n80\n31\n41\n8\n--\n70\n318\n341\n2038\n4th in Smythe\nLost in Division Semifinals, 1–4 (Oilers)\n\n\n1987–88\n1987–88\n80\n30\n42\n8\n--\n68\n318\n359\n2124\n4th in Smythe\nLost in Division Semifinals, 1–4 (Flames)\n\n\n1988–89\n1988–89\n80\n42\n31\n7\n--\n91\n376\n335\n2215\n2nd in Smythe\nWon in Division Semifinals, 4–3 (Oilers)\nLost in Division Finals, 0–4 (Flames)\n\n\n1989–90\n1989–90\n80\n34\n39\n7\n--\n75\n338\n337\n1884\n4th in Smythe\nWon in Division Semifinals, 4–2 (Flames)\nLost in Division Finals, 0–4 (Oilers)\n\n\n1990–91\n1990–91\n80\n46\n24\n10\n--\n102\n340\n254\n2228\n1st in Smythe\nWon in Division Semifinals, 4–2 (Canucks)\nLost in Division Finals, 2–4 (Oilers)\n\n\n1991–92\n1991–92\n80\n35\n31\n14\n--\n84\n287\n296\n2161\n2nd in Smythe\nLost in Division Semifinals, 2–4 (Oilers)\n\n\n1992–93\n1992–93\n84\n39\n35\n10\n--\n88\n338\n340\n2247\n3rd in Smythe\nWon in Division Semifinals, 4–2 (Flames)\nWon in Division Finals, 4–2 (Canucks)\nWon in Conference Finals, 4-3 (Maple Leafs)\nLost in Stanley Cup Final, 1–4 (Canadiens)\n\n\n1993–94\n1993–94\n84\n27\n45\n12\n--\n66\n294\n322\n2017\n5th in Pacific\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1994–951\n1994–95\n48\n16\n23\n9\n--\n41\n142\n174\n978\n4th in Pacific\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1995–96\n1995–96\n82\n24\n40\n18\n--\n66\n256\n302\n1460\n6th in Pacific\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1996–97\n1996–97\n82\n28\n43\n11\n--\n67\n214\n268\n1638\n6th in Pacific\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1997–98\n1997–98\n82\n38\n33\n11\n--\n87\n227\n225\n1763\n2nd in Pacific\nLost in Conference Quarterfinals, 0–4 (Blues)\n\n\n1998–99\n1998–99\n82\n32\n45\n5\n--\n69\n189\n222\n1383\n5th in Pacific\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1999–2000\n1999–2000\n82\n39\n27\n12\n4\n94\n245\n228\n1313\n2nd in Pacific\nLost in Conference Quarterfinals, 0–4 (Red Wings)\n\n\n2000–01\n2000–01\n82\n38\n28\n13\n3\n92\n252\n228\n1196\n3rd in Pacific\nWon in Conference Quarterfinals, 4–2 (Red Wings)\nLost in Conference Semifinals, 3–4 (Avalanche)\n\n\n2001–02\n2001–02\n82\n40\n27\n11\n4\n95\n214\n190\n1348\n3rd in Pacific\nLost in Conference Quarterfinals, 3–4 (Avalanche)\n\n\n2002–03\n2002–03\n82\n33\n37\n6\n6\n78\n203\n221\n1146\n3rd in Pacific\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2003–04\n2003–04\n82\n28\n29\n16\n9\n81\n205\n217\n1163\n3rd in Pacific\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2004–05\n2004–05\nSeason cancelled due to 2004–05 NHL lockout\n\n\n2005–06\n2005–06\n82\n42\n35\n--\n5\n89\n249\n270\n1440\n4th in Pacific\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2006–07\n2006–07\n82\n27\n41\n--\n14\n68\n227\n283\n1239\n4th in Pacific\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2007–08\n2007–08\n82\n32\n43\n--\n7\n71\n231\n283\n930\n5th in Pacific\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2008–09\n2008–09\n82\n34\n37\n--\n11\n79\n207\n234\n1191\n5th in Pacific\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2009–10\n2009–10\n82\n46\n27\n--\n9\n101\n241\n219\n963\n3rd in Pacific\nLost in Conference Quarterfinals, 2–4 (Canucks)\n\n\n2010–11\n2010–11\n82\n46\n30\n--\n6\n98\n219\n198\n938\n4th in Pacific\nLost in Conference Quarterfinals, 2–4 (Sharks)\n\n\n2011–12\n2011–12\n82\n40\n27\n--\n15\n95\n194\n179\n923\n3rd in Pacific\nWon in Conference Quarterfinals, 4–1 (Canucks)\nWon in Conference Semifinals, 4–0 (Blues)\nWon in Conference Finals, 4–1 (Coyotes)\nStanley Cup Champions, 4–2 (Devils)\n\n\n2012–13\n2012–13\n48\n27\n16\n--\n5\n59\n133\n118\n-\n2nd in Pacific\nWon in Conference Quarterfinals, 4–2 (Blues)\nWon in Conference Semifinals, 4–3 (Sharks)\nLost in Conference Finals, 1–4 (Blackhawks)\n\n\n2013–14\n2013–14\n82\n46\n28\n--\n8\n100\n206\n174\n876\n3rd in Pacific\nWon in First Round, 4–3 (Sharks)\nWon in Second Round, 4–3 (Ducks)\nWon in Conference Finals, 4–3 (Blackhawks)\nStanley Cup Champions, 4–1 (Rangers)\n\n\n2014–15\n2014–15\n82\n40\n27\n--\n15\n95\n220\n205\n--\n4th in Pacific\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2015–16\n2015–16\n82\n48\n28\n--\n6\n102\n225\n195\n--\n2nd in Pacific\nLost in First Round, 1–4 (Sharks)\n\n\n2016–17\n2016–17\n82\n39\n35\n--\n8\n86\n201\n205\n--\n5th in Pacific\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2017–18\n2017–18\n82\n45\n29\n--\n8\n98\n239\n203\n--\n4th in Pacific\nLost in First Round, 0–4 (Golden Knights)\n\n\nSeason\nTeam\nGP\nW\nL\nT2\nOTL2\nPts\nGF\nGA\nPIM\nFinish\nPlayoffs\n\n\nReg. season totals3\n3636\n1501\n1605\n424\n106\n3532\n11086\n11775\n58807\n1 division title\n29 playoff appearances\n\n\nPlayoff totals4\n241\n110\n136\n--\n--\n\n\n\n\n3 conference titles\n2 Stanley Cups\nAll-time series record: 21–26\n\n\nGrand totals4\n3877\n1611\n1741\n424\n106\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"2017–18"
] |
-6047857343812518003 | Interstate 95 in North Carolina | Interstate 95 in North Carolina - wikipedia Interstate 95 in North Carolina Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the section of Interstate 95 in North Carolina . For the entire route , see Interstate 95 . Interstate 95 Route information Maintained by NCDOT Length 181.71 mi ( 292.43 km ) Existed 1958 -- present Major junctions South end I - 95 at the SC state line I ‐ 74 / US 74 near Lumberton US 13 / NC 295 in Eastover I ‐ 40 near Benson I ‐ 795 / US 264 near Wilson US 64 in Rocky Mount North end I - 95 at the VA state line Location Counties Robeson , Cumberland , Harnett , Johnston , Wilson , Nash , Halifax , Northampton Highway system Interstate Highway System Main Auxiliary Suffixed Business Future North Carolina Highway System Interstate U.S. State Scenic ← NC 94 NC 96 → Interstate 95 ( I - 95 ) is a major Interstate Highway , running along the East Coast of the United States from Florida to Maine . In North Carolina , I - 95 runs diagonally across the eastern third of the state , from Rowland at the South Carolina border to Pleasant Hill at the Virginia border . From south to north , the route passes through or near the cities of Lumberton , Fayetteville , Wilson , Rocky Mount and Roanoke Rapids . The entire route is rural , forming the informal border between the Piedmont and Coastal Plain regions of the state . There are two auxiliary routes for I - 95 in the state : Future I - 295 , a partially completed bypass of Fayetteville and I - 795 , a spur route connecting I - 95 to the city of Goldsboro . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route description 1.1 Services 1.2 Dedicated and memorial names 2 History 2.1 Tolls 3 Future 4 Auxiliary routes in North Carolina 5 Exit list 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Route description ( edit ) Interstate 95 enters North Carolina at the South Carolina line , just north of the South of the Border attraction and just to the south of the town of Rowland . Traveling mostly northeast from the border , the road enters Lumberton where it interchanges with I - 74 . Frontage roads through Lumberton have extensive travel services , including restaurants , shops , and hotels . Leaving Lumberton , the route turns due north through a rural area of the state , past the small farming community of St. Pauls . I - 95 serves as the eastern bypass of Fayetteville where Interstate 95 Business , an older alignment , connects I - 95 to downtown Fayetteville . I - 95 interchanges with I - 40 in Benson , North Carolina , U.S. 264 in Wilson , and U.S. 64 in Rocky Mount , three of the main east - west routes in the eastern part of the state . The last city it passes is Roanoke Rapids before leaving the state near the unincorporated community of Pleasant Hill at the Virginia border . For most of the route , I - 95 is paralleled closely by U.S. 301 . Services ( edit ) The North Carolina Department of Transportation ( NCDOT ) operate and maintain two welcome centers and six rest areas along I - 95 . Welcome centers , which have a travel information facility on site , are located at mile markers 5 ( northbound ) and 181 ( southbound ) ; rest areas are located at mile markers 47 ( north and southbound ) , 99 ( north and southbound ) and 142 ( north and southbound ) . Common at all locations are public restrooms , public telephones , vending machines , picnic area and barbecue grills . The North Carolina Department of Public Safety ( NCDPS ) operate and maintain four truck inspection / weigh stations along I - 95 . The Robeson County stations are located on both north and southbound at mile marker 24 , each has one fixed scale . The Halifax County stations are located on both north and southbound at mile marker 151 , each has two fixed scales . Dedicated and Memorial Names ( edit ) Interstate 95 in North Carolina feature numerous dedicated or memorialized bridges , interchanges and stretches of freeway . Blue Star Memorial Highway : Official North Carolina honorary name of Interstate 95 throughout the state ( approved on June 13 , 1980 ) . Dick Fleming Freeway : Official North Carolina name of Interstate 95 from exit 95 , in Smithfield , to exit 97 , in Selma , in Johnston County . He is honored as being a visionary businessman , who help spur businesses along the two exits and the establishment of Carolina Pottery Store in 1983 , which later grew to become Carolina Premium Outlets ( approved January , 2013 ; dedicated March 22 , 2013 ) . Hector MacLean Highway : Official North Carolina name of Interstate 95 within Lumberton city limits ( approved on October 3 , 1997 ) . History ( edit ) I - 95 Entering into NC from VA Established in 1956 , as part of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 , I - 95 was routed along or near existing US 301 throughout the state of North Carolina . By 1961 , two stretches of the interstate opened : from mile marker 56 , in Fayetteville , to mile marker 107 , near Kenly ; the other a small bypass near Saint Pauls . In 1964 , the Saint Pauls section extended further south into Lumberton ; while another small stretch opened from US 158 , in Roanoke Rapids , to the Virginia state line . In 1969 , I - 95 was extended further south from Roanoke Rapids to exit 145 , in Rocky Mount ( later used for NC 4 ) . In 1973 , Interstate 95 was completed from Saint Pauls to the South Carolina state line . By the mid 1970s , I - 95 had two gaps along its route : Fayetteville and Kenly - Gold Rock . In May 1978 , two Interstate 95 Business loops were established , both overlapping US 301 , to help connect through the gaps and make I - 95 appear as one continuous route throughout the state . In November 1978 , the first gap to be completed was the Kenly - Gold Rock section . The final section of Interstate 95 was completed in 1980 , an easterly bypass of Fayetteville . Tolls ( edit ) The idea of tolling I - 95 started in 2001 as a way to pay for improvements along the route . In 2003 , state officials sought permission from the Federal Highway Administration for a plan that would cost $3 billion and put toll booths every thirty miles along the entire route . However , this was quickly killed by Governor Mike Easley , who did not support tolls . In 2006 , when the Virginia General Assembly passed the resolution calling for an interstate compact to build a toll highway , North Carolina was asked to join in on the compact of putting tolls along the entire length of Interstate 95 in both states . Again , this was stopped by Governor Mike Easley , who did not see the benefit in such a compact and reiterated his opposition of tolls along Interstate 95 . In 2010 , North Carolina leaders revived talks on tolling Interstate 95 , submitting a request to the Federal Highway Administration to toll the entire route . Approval would be considered after an environmental assessment and other conditions . Support has grown in a number of factors including the fact that the interstate is mostly rural and used predominantly by out - of - state drivers . On January 20 , 2012 , NCDOT received final approval of the Environmental Assessment for improvements along I - 95 in North Carolina . The following recommendations were made : Widen I - 95 to eight lanes ( four lanes in each direction ) from exit 31 to exit 81 ; Widen the remaining sections of I - 95 to six lanes ( three lanes in each direction ) ; Make necessary repairs to pavement ; Raise and rebuild bridges ; Improve interchanges ; and Bring I - 95 up to current safety standards for interstates . It is estimated to cost $4.4 billion with recommendation that it should be paid through tolls . Construction would begin in two phases : Phase 1 ( exit 31 - exit 81 ) would begin in 2016 with tolls starting after completion ; phase 2 would begin in 2019 , which covers the remainder of the interstate . With a possible 2019 start date for the tolls , NCDOT plans to install nine overhead toll collection sensors every twenty miles with additional toll collection sensors at exits before tolls ( to reduce drivers from jumping off and on at each toll ) ; main toll stations will charge twenty miles each while exit tolls will charge ten miles each . Gaps along the route , where no toll collectors are located , will allow local traffic to utilize the interstate toll free . Though the toll rates have not been established , a NCDOT report suggest charging 19.2 cents per mile ( 11.9 ¢ / km ) for cars in the phase 1 section , with a much lower rate of 6.4 ¢ / mi ( 4.0 ¢ / km ) on phase 2 sections ; which would work out to be $19.20 from border to border ( trucks with three axles or more will be charged more ) . Drivers that do not carry a toll transponder ( i.e. North Carolina Quick Pass ) will have their license numbers recorded by cameras and will be billed by mail , at a higher toll rate . Future ( edit ) NCDOT plans to widen I - 95 from four to six lanes between mile markers 14 and 21 , in Robeson County . However , it is currently flagged `` Scheduled for Reprioritization , '' with no estimated cost or date established . An improvement project along I - 95 includes widening sections of the interstate in Cumberland and Robeson counties between Exit 22 & Exit 40 and in Harnett & Johnston counties between Exit 71 & Exit 81 to eight lanes . Currently , funding is expected for the Cumberland and Robeson section after 2027 and construction scheduled for the Harnett & Johnston counties section in 2026 . Auxiliary routes in North Carolina ( edit ) Interstate City Type Notes Interstate 95 Business Fayetteville Business loop Expressway and boulevard grades . Interstate 95 Business Wilson and Rocky Mount Business loop Boulevard grade . Decommissioned . Interstate 295 Fayetteville Bypass Future ; completed segments designated as NC 295 . Interstate 495 Raleigh Connector Connected between I - 40 and I - 540 ; future to I - 95 in Rocky Mount . Replaced by I - 87 . Interstate 795 Wilson and Goldsboro Spur Exit list ( edit ) County Location mi km Exit Destinations Notes Robeson 0.00 0.00 I - 95 south -- Florence Continuation into South Carolina US 301 / US 501 -- Rowland , Laurinburg , Dillon Signed as exits 1A ( south ) and 1B ( north ) southbound ; exits 1 northbound and 1A southbound are in South Carolina 2.3 3.7 NC 130 to NC 904 -- Rowland , Fairmont 7.2 11.6 7 Raynham Road -- McDonald , Raynham 10.4 16.7 10 US 301 south -- Raynham South end of US 301 overlap Lumberton 13.0 20.9 13 I ‐ 74 / US 74 -- Whiteville , Wilmington , Laurinburg , Rockingham Signed as exits 13A ( east ) and 13B ( west ) ; cloverleaf interchange with C / D lanes 13.7 22.0 14 US 74 Permanently closed in 2007 ; replaced by exit 13 17.0 27.4 17 NC 72 / NC 711 -- Lumberton , Pembroke , Red Springs 18.7 30.1 19 Carthage Road 19.9 32.0 20 NC 211 to NC 41 -- Lumberton , Red Springs , Fairmont 21.5 34.6 22 US 301 north -- Lumberton North end of US 301 overlap 25.0 40.2 25 US 301 St. Pauls 31.4 50.5 31 NC 20 -- St. Pauls , Raeford 33.0 53.1 33 US 301 to NC 71 -- Parkton , St. Pauls I ‐ 295 Proposed interchange ( unfunded ) Cumberland 40.0 64.4 40 I ‐ 95 Bus . north to US 301 -- Fayetteville , Fort Bragg Hope Mills 41.3 66.5 41 NC 59 north -- Hope Mills 43.9 70.7 44 Snow Hill Road -- Fayetteville Regional Airport 46.0 74.0 46 NC 87 -- Elizabethtown , Fayetteville Signed as exits 46A ( south ) and 46B ( north ) ; cloverleaf interchange with C / D lanes Fayetteville 49.0 78.9 49 NC 53 / NC 210 -- Fayetteville Vander 51.6 83.0 52 NC 24 -- Fayetteville , Clinton Signed as exits 52A ( east ) and 52B ( west ) ; cloverleaf interchange with C / D lanes Eastover 54.6 87.9 55 Murphy Road 55.1 88.7 56 I ‐ 95 Bus . south to US 301 -- Fayetteville , Fort Bragg 58.0 93.3 58 US 13 north / NC 295 south to US 401 -- Newton Grove , Fort Bragg 61.2 98.5 61 Wade -- Steadman Road -- Wade 65.3 105.1 65 NC 82 -- Godwin , Falcon Harnett 69.5 111.8 70 Bud Hawkins Road 70.8 113.9 71 Long Branch Road Dunn 72.4 116.5 72 Pope Road 73.0 117.5 73 US 421 / NC 55 -- Dunn , Clinton , Newton Grove 75.0 120.7 75 Jonesboro Road 76.9 123.8 77 Hodges Chapel Road Johnston Benson 79.5 127.9 79 NC 50 / NC 242 to NC 27 -- Benson , Newton Grove 81.0 130.4 81 I ‐ 40 -- Wilmington , Raleigh , Durham Signed southbound as exits 81A ( west ) and 81B ( east ) Four Oaks 87.6 141.0 87 Keen Road -- Four Oaks 89.8 144.5 90 US 701 south / NC 96 -- Newton Grove Smithfield 93.1 149.8 93 Brogden Road -- Smithfield 94.8 152.6 95 US 70 Bus . -- Smithfield , Goldsboro To Carolina Premium Outlets Selma 96.9 155.9 97 US 70 ( NC 39 ) -- Selma , Pine Level , Goldsboro 98.0 157.7 98 Pine Level -- Selma Road -- Selma Micro 101.4 163.2 101 Pittman Road 102.5 165.0 102 Main Street -- Micro Kenly 104.6 168.3 105 Bagley Road 106.0 170.6 106 Truck Stop Road 107.2 172.5 107 US 301 -- Kenly , Wilson To Gov. Charles B. Aycock Birthplace and Tobacco Farm Life Museum Wilson 116.4 187.3 116 NC 42 -- Wilson , Clayton Wilson 119.4 192.2 119A I ‐ 795 south / US 264 east -- Wilson , Greenville , Goldsboro Signed as exits 119A ( east / south ) and 119B ( west ) Cloverleaf interchange with collector / distributor roadways 119B US 264 west -- Raleigh 121.5 195.5 121 US 264 Alt . -- Wilson , Sims Nash 126.9 204.2 127 NC 97 -- Rocky Mount -- Wilson Regional Airport 132.4 213.1 132 To NC 58 / Sandy Cross Road Rocky Mount Sunset Avenue Proposed interchange ( unfunded ) . 138.5 222.9 138 US 64 -- Nashville , Raleigh , Rocky Mount , Tarboro Signed as exits 138A ( west ) 138B ( east ) To NC Aquarium and Cape Hatteras National Seashore Cloverleaf interchange with collector / distributor roadways Dortches 140.8 226.6 141 NC 43 -- Red Oak Rocky Mount 145.0 233.4 145 NC 4 / NC 48 to US 301 -- Gold Rock , Rocky Mount 149.8 241.1 150 NC 33 -- Whitakers Halifax 153.7 247.4 154 NC 481 -- Enfield 160.5 258.3 160 NC 561 -- Halifax To Medoc Mountain State Park 167.7 269.9 168 NC 903 -- Halifax Roanoke Rapids 170.7 274.7 171 NC 125 -- Roanoke Rapids 173.0 278.4 173 US 158 -- Roanoke Rapids , Weldon Northampton 175.8 282.9 176 NC 46 -- Gaston , Garysburg 180.0 289.7 180 NC 48 -- Gaston 181.7 292.4 I - 95 north -- Richmond Continuation into Virginia 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Closed / former Concurrency terminus Unopened See also ( edit ) North Carolina portal U.S. Roads portal Cape Fear River Lake Gaston Lumber River Neuse River Roanoke River References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I - 95 Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . North Carolina Department of Transportation . June 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration Route Log and Finder List , Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31 , 2002 ^ Jump up to : Google ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Interstate 95 in North Carolina '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NCDOT : North Carolina Rest Areas System '' . North Carolina Department of Transportation . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCDPS - Weigh Stations '' . North Carolina Department of Public Safety . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Carolina Memorial Highways and other Named Facilities '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NCDOT : NC Blue Star Memorial Marker Locations '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Star Memorial Marker Program Directory '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` NCDOT Names Section of I - 95 in Johnston County as Dick Fleming Freeway '' . Raleigh , NC : North Carolina Department of Transportation . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Opening of I - 95 Set For Monday '' . Spring Hope Enterprise . November 16 , 1978 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NCRoads.com : I - 95 '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Siceloff , Bruce ( June 13 , 2010 ) . `` Talk of I - 95 tolls revives '' . The News & Observer . Raleigh , NC . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interstate - Guide : Interstate 95 '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SJ 184 Interstate Route 95 '' . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` Environmental Assessment Approved for I - 95 Improvements '' . NCDOT . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( January 21 , 2012 ) . `` NC report recommends tolls on Interstate 95 '' . The News & Observer . Raleigh , NC . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dorsey , Steve ( January 21 , 2012 ) . `` NC DOT considers making I - 95 a toll road '' . Durham , NC : WTVD - TV . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Siceloff , Bruce ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Plan fights evasion of I - 95 toll in North Carolina '' . The News & Observer . Raleigh , NC . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NCDOT : Project I - 3806 '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ webmaster . `` NCDOT News Release : Fourteen New Projects for Division 6 in Updated Draft Transportation Plan '' . apps.ncdot.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` NCDOT Project U-2519 '' . North Carolina Department of Transportation . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` City of Rocky Mount TIP Status Report '' ( PDF ) . City of Rocky Mount . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` NCDOT Project U-5026 '' . North Carolina Department of Transportation . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . 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-8003532070585808201 | Girls Just Want to Have Fun | Girls Just Want to Have Fun - wikipedia Girls Just Want to Have Fun `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' redirects here . For other uses , see Girls Just Want to Have Fun ( disambiguation ) . `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' Single by Cyndi Lauper from the album She 's So Unusual B - side `` Right Track Wrong Train '' Released September 6 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 06 ) Format 7 - inch 12 - inch CD Recorded June 1983 Studio Record Plant , New York City , New York Genre Dance - pop Length 3 : 58 Label Portrait Songwriter ( s ) Robert Hazard Producer ( s ) Rick Chertoff William Wittman Cyndi Lauper singles chronology `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( 1983 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 1984 ) Music video `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' on YouTube Audio sample file help `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' is a song written by and first recorded in 1979 by American musician Robert Hazard . It is better known as a single by American singer Cyndi Lauper , whose version was released in 1983 . It was the first major single released by Lauper as a solo artist and the lead single from her debut studio album She 's So Unusual ( 1983 ) . Lauper 's version gained recognition as a feminist anthem and was promoted by a Grammy - winning music video . It has been covered , either as a studio recording or in a live performance , by over 30 other artists . The single was Lauper 's breakthrough hit , reaching number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and becoming a worldwide hit throughout late 1983 and early 1984 . It remains one of Lauper 's signature songs and was a widely popular song during the era of its release , the 1980s . The `` Rolling Stone & MTV : ' 100 Greatest Pop Songs ' : 1 - 50 '' , `` Rolling Stone : `` The 100 Top Music Videos '' '' and the `` VH1 : 100 Greatest Videos '' lists ranked the song at No. 22 , No. 39 and No. 45 , respectively . The song received Grammy Award nominations for Record of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . In 2013 , the song was remixed by Yolanda Be Cool , taken from the 30th anniversary reissue of the album She 's So Unusual . Contents 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 3.2 Awards and nominations 4 Chart performance 5 Usage in media 6 Track listings 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) 10.1 Track listing 10.2 Charts 10.3 Certifications 11 Race for Life version 12 In popular culture 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background ( edit ) The song was written by Robert Hazard , who recorded only a demo of it in 1979 . Hazard 's version was written from a male point of view . Lauper 's version appeared on her 1983 debut solo record , She 's So Unusual . The track is a synthesizer - backed anthem , from a feminist point of view , conveying the point that all women really want is to have the same experiences that men can . Gillian G. Gaar , author of She 's a Rebel : The History of Women in Rock & Roll ( 2002 ) , described the single and corresponding video as a `` strong feminist statement '' , an `` anthem of female solidarity '' and a `` playful romp celebrating female camaraderie . '' The variety of releases of the single includes an Austrian birthday card with a 3 - inch ( 76 mm ) CD of the song inside . The song has been heavily distributed in karaoke version as well . Lauper later went on to completely re-work the song in 1994 resulting in the new hit `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' . The song was remade by Lauper yet again in 2005 on her The Body Acoustic album , also produced by Chertoff and Wittman with Lauper , with guest support vocals from Japanese pop / rock duo Puffy AmiYumi . Music video ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The release of the single was accompanied by a quirky music video . It cost less than $35,000 , largely due to a volunteer cast and the free loan of the most sophisticated video equipment available at the time . The cast included professional wrestling manager `` Captain '' Lou Albano in the role of Lauper 's father while her real mother , Catrine , played herself . Lauper would later appear in World Wrestling Federation storylines opposite Albano and guest - star in an episode of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show , in which Albano portrayed Mario ( Albano also played himself in the episode ) . Lauper 's attorney , Elliot Hoffman , appeared as her uptight dancing partner . Also in the cast were Lauper 's manager , David Wolf , her brother , Butch Lauper , fellow musician Steve Forbert , and a bevy of secretaries borrowed from Portrait / CBS , Lauper 's record label . A clip of The Hunchback of Notre Dame is featured as Lauper watches it on television . Lorne Michaels ( Broadway Video , SNL ) , another of Hoffman 's clients , agreed to give Lauper free run of his brand new million - dollar digital editing equipment , with which she and her producer created several first - time - ever computer generated images of Lauper dancing with her buttoned - up lawyer , leading the entire cast in a snake - dance through New York streets and ending up in Lauper 's bedroom in her home . The bedroom scene is an homage to the famous stateroom scene in the Marx Brothers ' film A Night at the Opera . `` The year 1983 makes a watershed in the history of female - address video . It is the year that certain issues and representations began to gain saliency and the textual strategies of female address began to coalesce . '' In the video , Lauper wanted to show in a more fun and light - hearted manner that girls want the same equality and recognition boys had in society . Before the song starts , the beginning of her version of `` He 's So Unusual '' plays . The music video was directed by Edd Griles . The producer was Ken Walz while the cinematographer was Francis Kenny . The treatment for the video was co-written by Griles , Walz , and Cyndi Lauper . The video was shot in the Lower East Side of Manhattan in summer 1983 and premiered on television in December 1983 . The choreography was by a New York dance and music troupe called XXY featuring Mary Ellen Strom , Cyndi Lee and Pierce Turner . As of August 2018 , the music video has over 600 million views on YouTube . Critical reception ( edit ) Accolades ( edit ) Year By List Work Ranked 1985 The Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics ' poll of 1984 `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' 10 Rolling Stone The 100 Top Music Videos 22 1999 MTV 100 Greatest Videos Ever Made 58 VH1 100 Greatest Videos 45 2006 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's 23 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' American Video Awards for Best Female Performance Won 1984 MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year Nominated MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist Nominated MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video Won MTV Video Music Award for Best Concept Video Nominated MTV Video Music Award -- Viewer 's Choice Nominated MTV Video Music Award for Best Overall Performance Nominated 1985 Grammy Award for Record of the Year Nominated Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance Nominated Chart performance ( edit ) The song was released in late 1983 but much of its success on the charts came during the first half of 1984 . The single reached the Top 10 in over 25 countries and reached No. 1 in ten of those countries including Australia , Canada , Ireland , Japan , New Zealand , and Norway . It also reached No. 2 in both the United Kingdom and the United States . In the United States , the song entered the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 80 on December 17 , 1983 . It ultimately peaked at No. 2 on March 10 , 1984 where it stayed for two weeks , behind Van Halen 's `` Jump '' . In the United Kingdom , the song entered the chart at No. 50 on January 14 , 1984 and peaked at No. 2 on February 4 , 1984 where it stayed for one week . In Ireland , the song entered the chart on January 29 , 1984 . It peaked at number one for two weeks and was on the chart for a total of seven weeks . In Australia , the song debuted on the Kent Music Report Top 100 on February 27 , 1984 . It entered the Top 10 in only its third week on the chart and reached number one on March 26 , 1984 . It topped the chart for two weeks and then remained at number two for four weeks behind Nena 's `` 99 Luftballons '' . It stayed on the chart for 21 weeks and was the 9th biggest - selling single of the year . In Belgium , the song debut at No. 38 on February 18 , 1984 and peaked at No. 4 on April 7 , 1984 . In the Netherlands , the song entered the chart at No. 38 on February 25 , 1984 and peaked at No. 4 on March 31 , 1984 . In Sweden , the song entered at No. 13 on March 6 , 1984 and peaked at No. 5 on April 3 , 1984 , charting for six weeks . In Switzerland , the song entered the chart at No. 15 on April 1 , 1984 and peaked at No. 6 on April 29 , 1984 . In New Zealand , the song debuted at No. 21 on April 1 , 1984 and peaked at No. 1 on May 6 , 1984 where it stayed for three weeks . In Austria , the single entered at No. 3 on May 1 , 1984 which was its peak position . Usage in media ( edit ) Katy Perry and Nicki Minaj performing `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' at VH1 Divas Salute The Troops . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song is featured in the films Clueless , Girls Just Want to Have Fun , To Wong Foo , Thanks for Everything ! Julie Newmar , Riding in Cars with Boys , I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry , Hysterical Blindness , Midnight Heat , The Other Woman , Housefull 3 , Peter 's Friends , The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 , Anomalisa and Baby Mama . It 's also used in the television shows The Simpsons , Friends , Bones , Gilmore Girls , The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 , Married with Children , Daria , Hinter Gittern -- Der Frauenknast , The Comeback , Drawn Together , 90210 , Secret Diary of a Call Girl , 20 to 1 , Celebrity Big Brother , Two and a Half Men , Family Guy , Coronation Street , and Miami Vice among others . In 2008 in Mexico , it was used in the first episode of the telenovela Mañana es para siempre . WWE Hall of Famer Wendi Richter has used the song as her entrance theme . There are multiple cover versions of this song . For example , one is by STRFKR on the album Jupiter . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single A. `` Girls Just Want To Have Fun '' -- 3 : 55 ( R. Hazard ) B. `` Right Track Wrong Train '' -- 4 : 40 ( C. Lauper , E. Greenwich , J. Kent ) 12 '' Vinyl Promo A. `` Girls Just Want To Have Fun ( Extended Version ) '' -- 6 : 08 B1 . `` Fun With V. Knutsn ( Instrumental ) '' -- 7 : 10 B2 . `` Xtra Fun '' -- 5 : 05 Single A CD single was issued in 2007 , known as a ringle , which included bonus interactive computer material as well as a code to download a free ringtone of the title track . It featured the title track and for the first time on CD , `` Right Track Wrong Train '' . The ringle , as well as all other issued ringles , were recalled by Sony Music due to issues with the ringtone not working correctly . They have yet to be reissued . `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' `` Right Track Wrong Train '' Computer media Official versions Album Version -- 3 : 51 Video Version -- 4 : 19 Extended version -- 6 : 08 Fun with V. Knutsn ( Instrumental ) -- 7 : 10 Xtra Fun -- 5 : 05 Remix ( released in 1993 , mixed by Junior Vasquez ) -- 6 : 30 ( 12 '' Promo ) / 5 : 30 ( commercial release ) Radio remix ( released in 1993 , mixed by Junior Vasquez ) -- 3 : 39 The Body Acoustic version featuring Puffy AmiYumi -- 2 : 59 Girls Just Wanna Have Fun X Set Your Heart -- 3 : 52 Girls Just Wanna Have Fun X Set Your Heart Long Version -- 5 : 55 Official versions ( Hey Now version ) Factory Dub version -- 6 : 50 Junior Vasquez remix `` Dancehall Main '' -- 5 : 46 Junior Vasquez remix `` Harder Dancehall '' -- 5 : 46 Junior Vasquez remix `` Lounge Dub '' -- 6 : 00 Junior Vasquez remix `` Lounge Mix '' -- 6 : 12 Junior Vasquez remix `` Pop Goes the Dancehall '' -- 4 : 58 Junior Vasquez Soundfactory mix -- 7 : 40 Mikey Bennett 's `` Carnival '' version -- 6 : 04 Mikey Bennett 's `` Carnival '' version edited -- 4 : 09 Single edit -- 3 : 39 Sly & Robbie 's `` Home Grown '' version -- 4 : 16 Sly & Robbie 's `` Home Grown '' version -- 6 : 15 Straight Up Pass version -- 7 : 13 Techno dub -- 3 : 55 Techno Main mix -- 8 : 23 Credits and personnel ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lyrics : Robert Hazard . Production : Rick Chertoff . Lyrics : Cyndi Lauper , Ellie Greenwich , Jeffrey B. Kent . Production : Rick Chertoff Cyndi Lauper -- lead vocals , background vocals Jules Shear -- backing vocals Ellie Greenwich -- backing vocals Eric Bazilian -- bass Krystal Davis -- backing vocals Rick DiFonzo -- electric guitar Anton Fig -- electronic drums Rob Hyman -- keyboards , synthesizers Maretha Stewart -- backing vocals Diane Wilson -- backing vocals Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 -- 84 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria Top 40 Canada -- RPM Magazine Dutch Singles Chart European Hot 100 German Singles Chart 6 Ireland Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart Japanese Oricon International Chart New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart Norwegian VG - lista Chart Swedish Singles Chart 5 Swiss Singles Chart 6 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 -- 84 ) Peak position US ( Billboard Year - End ) 15 UK ( UK Year - End Singles ) 32 Canada ( RPM Year - End Singles ) 9 Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 515,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 195,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 Digital sales Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 Mastertone sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) ( edit ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' Single by Cyndi Lauper from the album Twelve Deadly Cyns ... and Then Some Released July 25 , 1994 Format CD single Recorded 1994 Genre Reggae fusion Length 3 : 54 ( album version ) 3 : 39 ( single edit ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Robert Hazard Lolly Vegas Producer ( s ) Cyndi Lauper Jimmy Bralower Cyndi Lauper singles chronology `` Hat Full of Stars '' ( 1993 ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( 1994 ) `` I 'm Gonna Be Strong '' ( 1994 ) Music video `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' on YouTube `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' was the first single from Cyndi Lauper 's Twelve Deadly Cyns ... and Then Some hits collection from 1994 , and her first charting single on the Billboard Hot 100 since `` My First Night Without You '' in 1989 . This song is a new reggae - tinged arrangement of Lauper 's own `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' standard , with a musical tip of the hat to Redbone 's `` Come and Get Your Love '' . The arrangement evolved as she experimented with the song 's style over the course of the 1993 -- 94 Hat Full of Stars Tour . The song was a big comeback hit for Lauper , landing in the top 10 and top 40 in many countries . It was also a big dance hit in the United States . It peaked at # 4 in the UK and New Zealand , its highest position . `` Hey Now '' plays over a pivotal closing sequence of the film To Wong Foo , Thanks for Everything ! Julie Newmar . The song was covered by Triple Image and Jamie Lynn Spears in 2002 . Track listing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) US CD single `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( single edit ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Mickey Bennett 's version ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Sly & Robbie 's Home Grown version ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Vasquez remix ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( original version ) Japanese CD single `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( single edit ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Mickey Bennett 's version ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Sly & Robbie 's Home Grown version ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Vasquez remix ) French CD Single `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' `` Hat Full of Stars '' `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( single edit ) -- 3 : 39 `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Mickey Bennett 's `` Carnival '' version featuring Patra ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Sly & Robbie 's `` Home Grown '' version featuring Snow ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Junior Vasquez Remix `` Pop Goes the Dancehall '' featuring Snow ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( original version ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 1994 -- 95 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 62 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 50 French SNEP Singles Chart German Singles Chart 56 Irish Singles Chart 10 Japanese International Singles Chart 8 New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart Swedish Singles Chart 38 Swiss Singles Chart 37 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 87 Year - end charts Chart ( 1994 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 48 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Sales United Kingdom Silver 200,000 Race for Life version ( edit ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' Single by Race for Life Released April 26 , 2010 Format 7 `` , digital download Recorded Genre Pop Length 3 : 22 Label Epic , Portrait , CBS Songwriter ( s ) Robert Hazard Producer ( s ) Rick Chertoff , William Wittman In 2010 , Cancer Research UK arranged for a charity record for their Race for Life campaign . It features many celebrities such as EastEnders actress Nina Wadia , Coronation Street actress Kym Marsh , Life of Riley actress Caroline Quentin , glamour girl Danielle Lloyd , X Factor finalist Lucie Jones , singer Sonique ( herself a breast cancer survivor ) , former EastEnders actress Lucy Benjamin , and Celebrity Big Brother 's Nicola T . Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 107 UK Indie Chart 7 In popular culture ( edit ) On Sesame Street , Oscar the Grouch , Grundgetta and a couple other Grouch girls sang a parody of the song , `` Grouch Girls Do n't Wanna Have Fun '' . Weird Al Yankovic parodied the song as `` Girls Just Want to Have Lunch '' on his 1985 album , Dare To Be Stupid See also ( edit ) 1983 in music List of number - one dance singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Robert Hazard Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VH1 ( 1997 -- 2012 ) . `` Rolling Stone & MTV : ' 100 Greatest Pop Songs ' : 1 - 50 '' . Rock On The Net.com . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rolling Stone ( 1997 -- 2012 ) . `` Rolling Stone : `` The 100 Top Music Videos '' `` . Rock On The Net.com . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : VH1 ( 1997 -- 2012 ) . `` VH1 : 100 Greatest Videos '' . Rock On The Net.com . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` She 's So Unusual : A 30th Anniversary Celebration ( Deluxe Edition ) ( Boxset ) '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Moyer , Justin Wm ; Kaplan , Sarah ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper and the secret feminist history of ' Girls Just Want to Have Fun ' '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gaar , Gillian G. ( 2002 ) . She 's a rebel : the history of women in rock & roll . Seal Press . pp. 264 -- 265 . ISBN 1 - 58005 - 078 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Lisa A. ( 1990 ) . Gender Politics and MTV : Voicing the Difference . Temple University Press . p. 117 . Jump up ^ `` mvdbase.com -- Cyndi Lauper - `` Girls just want to have fun '' `` . mvdbase.com . Jump up ^ CyndiLauperVEVO ( 2009 - 10 - 24 ) , Cyndi Lauper - Girls Just Want To Have Fun ( Official Video ) , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Pazz & Jop critics ' poll of 1984 '' . The Village Voice. 1985 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 : ' 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll ' '' . VH1 . Rock On The Net . 1999 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 : ' 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's ' '' . VH1 . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs -- Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs -- Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Girls Just Want To Have - Album Search - Official Charts '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- 1984 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Girls Just Want To Have Fun '' . ultratop.be . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Cyndi Lauper - Girls Just Want To Have Fun '' . hitparade.ch . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` swedishcharts.com - Cyndi Lauper - Girls Just Want To Have Fun '' . swedishcharts.com . Jump up ^ `` Girls Just Want To Have Fun '' . hitparade.ch . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Cyndi Lauper - Girls Just Want To Have Fun '' . charts.org.nz . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Cyndi Lauper - Girls Just Want To Have Fun '' . austriancharts.at . ^ Jump up to : Discogs ( 2012 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want To Have Fun '' . Discogs . Discogs . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Discogs ( 2012 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want To Have Fun ( Vinyl , 12 '' , Promo ) `` . Discogs . Discogs . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Discogs ( 2012 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper -- Who Let In the Rain ( CD , Single , Limited Edition ) '' . Discogs . Discogs . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Discogs ( 2012 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper -- Floor Remixes '' . Discogs . Discogs . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between 1983 and 19 June 1988 . Jump up ^ MegaCharts ( April 1 , 1984 ) . `` Austrian Singles Chart '' . Austrian Charts . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ MegaCharts ( February 25 , 1984 ) . `` Dutch Singles Chart '' . Dutch Charts . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Die ganze Musik im Internet : Charts , Neuerscheinungen , Tickets , Genres , Genresuche , Genrelexikon , Künstler - Suche , Musik - Suche , Track - Suche , Ticket - Suche -- musicline.de '' . musicline.de . Jump up ^ Irish Recording Music Association ( January 30 , 1986 ) . `` Irish Singles Chart '' . Irish Charts . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hitparadeitalia ( August 1984 ) . `` Hitparadeitalia Chart '' . Hitparadeitalia Charts . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Oricon ( April 9 , 1984 ) . `` Japan # 1 IMPORT DISKS Chart '' . Oricon Charts . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ MegaCharts ( April 9 , 1984 ) . `` New Zealand Singles Chart '' . New Zealand Charts . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ MegaCharts ( April 9 , 1984 ) . `` Norwegian Singles Chart '' . Norwegian Charts . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ MegaCharts ( April 1 , 1984 ) . `` Swedish Singles Chart '' . Swedish Charts . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ MegaCharts ( March 6 , 1984 ) . `` Dutch Singles Chart '' . Swiss Charts . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` CYNDI LAUPER '' . officialcharts.com . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper '' . billboard.com . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Cyndi Lauper '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MARCH 17 , 1984 '' . Cash Box magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girl 's Just Want to Have Fun '' . Music Canada . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Select CYNDI LAUPER and click OK Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Or : '' ( in French ) . Infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girl 's Just Want to Have Fun '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girl 's Just Want to Have Fun '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tatsaku , Ren ( December 2011 ) . Oricon The Oricon Sales Report ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo , Japan : Oricon Style -- Recording Industry Association of Japan . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Girls Just Want to Have Fun in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart -- Week Ending 4 Dec 1994 '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper - ( Hey Now ) Girls Just Want To Have Fun '' . ultratop.be . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` lescharts.com - Cyndi Lauper - ( Hey Now ) Girls Just Want To Have Fun '' . lescharts.com . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` germancharts.com - Cyndi Lauper - ( Hey Now ) Girls Just Want To Have Fun '' . germancharts.de . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Cyndi Lauper - ( Hey Now ) Girls Just Want To Have Fun '' . charts.org.nz . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` swedishcharts.com - Cyndi Lauper - ( Hey Now ) Girls Just Want To Have Fun '' . swedishcharts.com . Jump up ^ `` Hey Now Girls Just Want To Have Fun '' . hitparade.ch . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper '' . billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1994 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards '' . BPI British Phonographic Industry . BPI . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Girls Just Want To Have Fun : Sonique Records Cancer Charity Single After Beating Breast Cancer Showbiz News Sky News '' . News.sky.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Grouch Girls Do n't Wanna Have Fun '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Girls Just Want to Have Fun . Official music video on YouTube Cyndi Lauper singles She 's So Unusual `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' `` Time After Time '' `` She Bop '' `` All Through the Night '' `` Money Changes Everything '' `` When You Were Mine '' True Colors `` True Colors '' `` Change of Heart '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Boy Blue '' `` Maybe He 'll Know '' A Night to Remember `` I Drove All Night '' `` My First Night Without You '' `` A Night to Remember '' `` Heading West '' `` Primitive '' `` Unconditional Love '' Hat Full of Stars `` Who Let In the Rain '' `` That 's What I Think '' `` Sally 's Pigeons '' `` Hat Full of Stars '' Twelve Deadly Cyns ... and Then Some `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Strong '' `` Come on Home '' Sisters of Avalon `` You Do n't Know '' `` Sisters of Avalon '' `` Ballad of Cleo and Joe '' Merry Christmas ... Have a Nice Life `` Early Christmas Morning '' Shine `` Shine '' At Last `` At Last '' `` Walk On By '' The Body Acoustic `` Time After Time '' Bring Ya to the Brink `` Set Your Heart '' `` Same Ol ' Story '' `` Into the Nightlife '' Memphis Blues `` Just Your Fool '' Detour `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Funnel of Love '' Other singles `` You Make Loving Fun '' `` We Are the World '' `` The Goonies ' R ' Good Enough '' `` Hole in My Heart ( All the Way to China ) '' `` Another Brick in the Wall '' `` The World Is Stone '' `` Disco Inferno '' `` A Christmas Duel '' `` Girls Just Wanna Set Your Heart '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girls_Just_Want_to_Have_Fun&oldid=854567332 '' Categories : 1979 songs 1983 singles 1994 singles 2008 singles Cyndi Lauper songs Songs written by Robert Hazard MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Song recordings produced by Rick Chertoff Songs with feminist themes Debut singles Epic Records singles Portrait Records singles CBS Records singles Columbia Records singles Number - one singles in Norway Hidden categories : CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from October 2016 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 08 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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-8366206966209874296 | Executive Office of the President of the United States | Executive Office of the President of the United States - wikipedia Executive Office of the President of the United States Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of `` Office of the President '' , see Office of the President ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Executive Office of the President Seal of the Executive Office of the President Flag of the Executive Office of the President Agency overview Formed July 1 , 1939 ; 78 years ago ( 1939 - 07 - 01 ) Headquarters White House Employees About 4,000 Agency executive John F. Kelly , White House Chief of Staff Parent agency United States federal government Website Executive Office of the President The Executive Office of the President of the United States ( EOPOTUS or EOP ) consists of the immediate staff of the President of the United States and multiple levels of support staff reporting to the President . With the increase in technological and global advancement , the size of the White House staff has increased to include an array of policy experts to effectively address various fields of the modern day . The Executive Office is overseen by the White House Chief of Staff . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Organization 2.1 White House Offices 3 Budget history 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) In 1939 , during Franklin D. Roosevelt 's second term in office , the foundations of the modern White House staff were created . Based on the recommendations of a presidentially commissioned panel of political science and public administration experts that was known as the Brownlow Committee , Roosevelt was able to get Congress to approve the Reorganization Act of 1939 . The Act led to Reorganization Plan No. 1 , which created the EOP , which reported directly to the president . The EOP encompassed two subunits at its outset : the White House Office ( WHO ) and the Bureau of the Budget , the predecessor to today 's Office of Management and Budget , which had been created in 1921 and originally located in the Treasury Department . It absorbed most of the functions of the National Emergency Council . Initially , the new staff system appeared more ambitious on paper than in practice ; the increase in the size of the staff was quite modest at the start . But it laid the groundwork for the large and organizationally complex White House staff that would emerge during the presidencies of Roosevelt 's successors . The Eisenhower Executive Office Building at night . Roosevelt 's efforts are also notable in contrast to those of his predecessors in office . During the nineteenth century , presidents had few staff resources . Thomas Jefferson had one messenger and one secretary at his disposal , both of whose salaries were paid by the president personally . It was not until 1857 that Congress appropriated money ( $2,500 ) for the hiring of one clerk . By Ulysses S. Grant 's presidency ( 1869 -- 1877 ) , the staff had grown to three . By 1900 , the White House staff included one `` secretary to the president '' ( then the title of the president 's chief aide ) , two assistant secretaries , two executive clerks , a stenographer , and seven other office personnel . Under Warren G. Harding , the size of the staff expanded to thirty - one , although most were clerical positions . During Herbert Hoover 's presidency , two additional secretaries to the president were added by Congress , one of whom Hoover designated as his Press Secretary . From 1933 to 1939 , even as he greatly expanded the scope of the federal government 's policies and powers in response to the Great Depression , Roosevelt muddled through : his `` brains trust '' of top advisers were often appointed to vacant positions in agencies and departments , whence they drew their salaries since the White House lacked statutory or budgetary authority to create new staff positions . Ballpark estimates indicate some 2,000 to 2,500 persons serve in EOP staff positions with policy - making responsibilities , with a budget of $300 to $400 million ( George W. Bush 's budget request for Fiscal Year 2005 was for $341 million in support of 1,850 personnel ) . Organization ( edit ) Senior staff within the Executive Office of the President have the title Assistant to the President , second - level staff have the title Deputy Assistant to the President , and third - level staff have the title Special Assistant to the President . The core White House staff appointments , and most EOP officials generally , are not required to be confirmed by the U.S. Senate , although there are a handful of exceptions ( e.g. , the Director of the Office of Management and Budget , the Chair and members of the Council of Economic Advisers , and the United States Trade Representative ) . The information in the following table is current as of July 31 , 2017 . Only principal executives are listed ; for subordinate officers , see individual office pages . Agency Principal executive Incumbent White House Office White House Chief of Staff John F. Kelly National Security Council Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs H.R. McMaster Council of Economic Advisers Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers Kevin Hassett Council on Environmental Quality Managing Director of the Council on Environmental Quality Vacant Executive Residence Staff and Operations White House Chief Usher Timothy Harleth Office of Administration Director of the Office of Administration Marcia Lee Kelly Office of Management and Budget Director of the Office of Management and Budget Mick Mulvaney Office of National Drug Control Policy Director of National Drug Control Policy Richard Baum ( Acting ) Office of Science and Technology Policy Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy Vacant Office of the United States Trade Representative United States Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer Office of the Vice President of the United States Chief of Staff to The Vice President Nick Ayers Office of the Counselor to the President Senior Counselor to the President Kellyanne Conway White House offices ( edit ) Note : The White House Office ( including its various offices listed below ) is a sub-unit of the Executive Office of the President ( EOP ) . The various agencies of the EOP are listed above . Office of the Chief of Staff Office of the National Security Advisor Domestic Policy Council National Economic Council Office of American Innovation Office of Cabinet Affairs Office of Communications Office of Information Technology Office of Digital Strategy Office of the First Lady Office of Intergovernmental Affairs Office of Legislative Affairs Office of Management and Administration Office of Political Affairs Office of Presidential Personnel Office of Public Liaison Office of Scheduling and Advance Office of the Staff Secretary Oval Office Operations White House Counsel Executive Office of the President -- Trump administration Office Name Term Office Name Term Chief of Staff John F. Kelly 2017 -- National Security Advisor LTG H.R. McMaster 2017 -- Deputy Chief of Staff Rick Dearborn Joe Hagin Kirstjen Nielsen 2017 -- 2017 -- 2017 - Deputy National Security Advisor Dina Powell Maj. Gen. Ricky L. Waddell Tom Bossert ( Homeland Security ) Michael Anton ( Strategic Comm . ) 2017 -- 2017 -- 2017 -- 2017 -- NSC Chief of Staff Keith Kellogg 2017 -- Counselor to the President Kellyanne Conway 2017 -- Comm . Director Hope Hicks 2017 -- Senior Advisor to the President Stephen Miller ( Policy ) Jared Kushner ( Strategic Planning ) 2017 -- 2017 -- Deputy Comm . Directors Omarosa Manigault ( Public Liason ) Jessica Ditto Raj Shah ( Research ) 2017 -- 2017 -- 2017 -- Advisors Ivanka Trump Marc Short ( Legislative Affairs ) Rudy Giuliani ( Cyber Security ) 2017 -- 2017 -- 2017 Media Affairs Director Helen Aguirre Ferre 2017 -- NEC Director / Economic Advisor Gary Cohn 2017 -- Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders 2017 -- White House Counsel Don McGahn 2017 -- Deputy Press Secretary Lindsay Walters 2017 -- Special Counsel Ty Cobb 2017 -- Legal Advisors Jay Sekulow John M. Dowd Marc Kasowitz 2017 -- 2017 -- 2017 -- Deputy Director of Nominations Mary Elizabeth Taylor 2017 -- Domestic Policy Council Director Andrew Bremberg 2017 -- Office of Intergovernmental Affairs Director Justin R. Clark 2017 -- Strategic Development Group Director Chris Liddell 2017 -- Public Liaison Assistant Andrew Giuliani 2017 -- National Trade Council Director Peter Navarro 2017 -- Staff Secretary Rob Porter 2017 -- Cabinet Secretary Bill McGinley 2017 -- Social Secretary Anna Cristina Niceta Lloyd 2017 -- Social Media Director Dan Scavino 2017 -- Online Producer Lara Trump 2017 -- Personal Aide to the President John McEntee 2017 -- Personal Secretary to the President Madeleine Westerhout 2017 -- Chief of Staff to the First Lady Lindsay Reynolds 2017 -- Special Assistant to the President for Intragovernmental and Technology Initiatives Reed Cordish 2017 -- Political Director Bill Stepien 2017 -- Presidential Personnel Director John DeStefano 2017 -- Special Representative for International Negotiations Jason Greenblatt 2017 -- Budget history ( edit ) Year Budget 2017 $709 million 2016 $692 million 2015 $676 million 2014 $624 million 2013 $650 million 2012 $640 million 2011 $708 million $772 million 2009 $728 million 2008 $682 million 2007 $2956 million 2006 $5379 million 2005 $7686 million $3349 million 2003 $386 million 2002 $451 million $246 million 2000 $283 million 1999 $417 million 1998 $237 million $221 million $202 million 1995 $215 million $231 million $194 million See also ( edit ) Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations Title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations White House Records Office References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hartnett , Cass ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Library Guides : United States Federal Government Resources : The Executive Office of the President '' . guides.lib.uw.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( April 25 , 1939 ) . `` Message to Congress on the Reorganization Act '' . John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters . The American Presidency Project . Santa Barbara : University of California . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mosher , Frederick C. ( 1975 ) . American Public Administration : Past , Present , Future ( 2nd ed . ) . Birmingham : University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 4829 - 8 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( May 9 , 1939 ) . `` Message to Congress on Plan II to Implement the Reorganization Act '' . John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters . The American Presidency Project . Santa Barbara : University of California . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . The plan provides for the abolition of the National Emergency Council and the transfer to the Executive Office of the President of all its functions with the exception of the film and radio activities which go to the Office of Education . Jump up ^ Relyea , Harold C. ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` The Executive Office of the President : An Historical Overview '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burke , John P. `` Administration of the White House '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Kate ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Trump family hires familiar face as chief usher '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` FY 2017 Omnibus Summary -- Financial Services and General Government Appropriations '' ( PDF ) . House Appropriations Committee . May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2016 Financial Services Bill '' . House Appropriations Committee . May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2015 Financial Services Bill '' . House Appropriations Committee . July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2014 Financial Services Bill '' . House Appropriations Committee . July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2013 Financial Services Bill '' . House Appropriations Committee . June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2012 Financial Services Bill '' . House Appropriations Committee . June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Services and General Government ( FSGG ) : FY2011 Appropriations '' . Congressional Research Service . July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Services and General Government ( FSGG ) : FY2010 Appropriations '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . February 4 , 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Services and General Government ( FSGG ) : FY2009 Appropriations '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Services and General Government ( FSGG ) : FY2008 Appropriations '' . Congressional Research Service . December 20 , 2007 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Executive Office of the President The Debate Over Selected Presidential Assistants and Advisors : Appointment , Accountability , and Congressional Oversight Congressional Research Service Proposed and finalized federal regulations from the Executive Office of the President of the United States Works by Executive Office of the President of the United States at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Executive Office of the President of the United States at Internet Archive Executive Office of the United States President Executive Office of the President Advisory Boards ( Council for Community Solutions , Global Development Council , Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders , President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology , President 's Intelligence Advisory Board , President 's Management Advisory Board ) Council of Economic Advisers Council on Environmental Quality Digital Service Executive Residence ( Committee for the Preservation of the White House , Office of the Curator , Office of the Chief Usher , Office of the Chief Floral Designer , Office of the Executive Chef , Graphics and Calligraphy Office ) National Security Council ( Deputies Committee , Homeland Security Council ) Office of Administration ( Office of Mail and Messenger Operations , Office of the Chief Financial Officer , Office of the Chief Administrative Officer ) Office of Management and Budget ( Office of the Chief Performance Officer , Office of E-Government and Information Technology , Office of Federal Financial Management , Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs ) Office of National Drug Control Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy ( Office of the Chief Technology Officer ) Office of the Trade Representative Office of the Vice President ( Office of the Chief of Staff ) Military Office ( Communications Agency , Medical Unit , Presidential Food Service , Transportation Agency ) White House Office Office of Cabinet Affairs Office of the Chief of Staff ( Office of Senior Advisors ) Office of Communications ( Office of Media Affairs , Office of Research , Office of the Press Secretary , Office of Speechwriting ) Office of the Counselor Office of Digital Strategy Domestic Policy Council ( Office of Faith - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | list three offices included in the executive office of the president | [
"\n\nAgency\nPrincipal executive\nIncumbent\n\n\nWhite House Office\nWhite House Chief of Staff\nJohn F. Kelly\n\n\nNational Security Council\nAssistant to the President for National Security Affairs\nH. R. McMaster\n\n\nCouncil of Economic Advisers\nChair of the Council of Economic Advisers\nKevin Hassett\n\n\nCouncil on Environmental Quality\nManaging Director of the Council on Environmental Quality\nVacant\n\n\nExecutive Residence Staff and Operations\nWhite House Chief Usher\nTimothy Harleth[7]\n\n\nOffice of Administration\nDirector of the Office of Administration\nMarcia Lee Kelly\n\n\nOffice of Management and Budget\nDirector of the Office of Management and Budget\nMick Mulvaney\n\n\nOffice of National Drug Control Policy\nDirector of National Drug Control Policy\nRichard Baum (Acting)\n\n\nOffice of Science and Technology Policy\nDirector of the Office of Science and Technology Policy\nVacant\n\n\nOffice of the United States Trade Representative\nUnited States Trade Representative\nRobert Lighthizer\n\n\nOffice of the Vice President of the United States\nChief of Staff to The Vice President\nNick Ayers\n\n\nOffice of the Counselor to the President\nSenior Counselor to the President\nKellyanne Conway\n\n",
"\n\nAgency\nPrincipal executive\nIncumbent\n\n\nWhite House Office\nWhite House Chief of Staff\nJohn F. Kelly\n\n\nNational Security Council\nAssistant to the President for National Security Affairs\nH. R. McMaster\n\n\nCouncil of Economic Advisers\nChair of the Council of Economic Advisers\nKevin Hassett\n\n\nCouncil on Environmental Quality\nManaging Director of the Council on Environmental Quality\nVacant\n\n\nExecutive Residence Staff and Operations\nWhite House Chief Usher\nTimothy Harleth[7]\n\n\nOffice of Administration\nDirector of the Office of Administration\nMarcia Lee Kelly\n\n\nOffice of Management and Budget\nDirector of the Office of Management and Budget\nMick Mulvaney\n\n\nOffice of National Drug Control Policy\nDirector of National Drug Control Policy\nRichard Baum (Acting)\n\n\nOffice of Science and Technology Policy\nDirector of the Office of Science and Technology Policy\nVacant\n\n\nOffice of the United States Trade Representative\nUnited States Trade Representative\nRobert Lighthizer\n\n\nOffice of the Vice President of the United States\nChief of Staff to The Vice President\nNick Ayers\n\n\nOffice of the Counselor to the President\nSenior Counselor to the President\nKellyanne Conway\n\n",
"\n\nAgency\nPrincipal executive\nIncumbent\n\n\nWhite House Office\nWhite House Chief of Staff\nJohn F. Kelly\n\n\nNational Security Council\nAssistant to the President for National Security Affairs\nH. R. McMaster\n\n\nCouncil of Economic Advisers\nChair of the Council of Economic Advisers\nKevin Hassett\n\n\nCouncil on Environmental Quality\nManaging Director of the Council on Environmental Quality\nVacant\n\n\nExecutive Residence Staff and Operations\nWhite House Chief Usher\nTimothy Harleth[7]\n\n\nOffice of Administration\nDirector of the Office of Administration\nMarcia Lee Kelly\n\n\nOffice of Management and Budget\nDirector of the Office of Management and Budget\nMick Mulvaney\n\n\nOffice of National Drug Control Policy\nDirector of National Drug Control Policy\nRichard Baum (Acting)\n\n\nOffice of Science and Technology Policy\nDirector of the Office of Science and Technology Policy\nVacant\n\n\nOffice of the United States Trade Representative\nUnited States Trade Representative\nRobert Lighthizer\n\n\nOffice of the Vice President of the United States\nChief of Staff to The Vice President\nNick Ayers\n\n\nOffice of the Counselor to the President\nSenior Counselor to the President\nKellyanne Conway\n\n"
] | [
"Office of Administration",
"Office of Management and Budget",
"Office of National Drug Control Policy"
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4674851760421092401 | Wildlife of Karnataka | Wildlife of Karnataka - wikipedia Wildlife of Karnataka Indian roller , ( Coracias benghalensis ) , the state bird Young sapling of sandalwood ( Santalum album ) , the state tree The state of Karnataka in South India has a rich diversity of flora and fauna . It has a recorded forest area of 38720 km which constitutes 20.19 % of the total geographical area of the state . These forests support 25 % of the elephant population and 20 % of the tiger population of India . Many regions of Karnataka are still unexplored and new species of flora and fauna are still found . The Western Ghats mountains in the western region of Karnataka are a biodiversity hotspot . Two sub-clusters of the Western Ghats , Talacauvery and Kudremukh in Karnataka , are in a tentative list of sites that could be designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO . The Bandipur and Nagarahole national parks which fall outside these subclusters were included in the Nilgiri biosphere reserve in 1986 , a UNESCO designation . Biligiriranga Hills in Karnataka is a place where Eastern Ghats meets Western Ghats . The state bird and state animal of Karnataka are Indian roller and the Indian elephant respectively . The state tree and state flower are sandalwood ( Santalum album ) and lotus respectively . Karnataka is home to 406 + tigers ( around 12 % of tigers in world ) . Contents 1 National parks in Karnataka 1.1 Anshi National Park 1.2 Bandipur National Park 1.3 Bannerghatta National Park 1.4 Kudremukh National Park 1.5 Nagarahole National Park 2 Wildlife sanctuaries 3 Bird sanctuaries 4 Dangers to flora and fauna 4.1 Poaching 4.2 Habitat destruction 4.3 Human -- wildlife conflict 4.4 Pollution 4.5 Invasive new species 5 Conservation efforts 5.1 Relocation of human population 5.2 Usage of technology 5.3 Staff empowerment 6 Recently discovered species 7 Endangered species 8 References 9 External links National parks in Karnataka ( edit ) Lotus , the state flower Lone Indian elephant ( Elephas maximus indicus ) , the state animal , in Nagarahole National Park The tiger Panthera tigris . Karnataka has around 20 % of the tiger population in India Dodda Alada Mara , a giant 400 - year - old banyan near Bangalore Peacock ( Pavo cristatus ) in Bandipur National Park The Malabar gliding frog ( Rhacophorus malabaricus ) found in the Western Ghats Male gaur ( Bos gaurus ) in Nagarahole National Park Karnataka has five national parks . Anshi National park ( edit ) This park is present in the Uttara Kannada district and spreads over an area of 250 km . The altitude varies from 27 metres ( 89 ft ) to 937 metres ( 3,074 ft ) , and temperatures from 15.5 ° C to 45 ° C. Average annual rainfall is about 4,700 millimetres ( 185 in ) . Flora : The area has semi-evergreen and evergreen forests . Some common tree species in the area are Calophylluum tomentosa , Calophyllum wightianum , Garcina cambogia , Garcina morealla , Knema attenuata , Hopea wightiana , Tetrameles nudiflora , Alstonia scholaris , Flacourtia montana , Machilis macarantha , Carallia brachiata , Artocarpus hirsutus , Artocarpus lacoocha and Cinnamomum zeylanicum . Fauna : Mammals in the park include Indian elephant , gaur , wild boar , sambar , chevrotain , muntjac , chital , gray langur , bonnet macaque , slender loris , Bengal tiger , jungle cat , Indian leopard , leopard cat , small Indian civet , common mongoose , golden jackal , dhol , sloth bear , Malabar giant squirrel , grizzled giant squirrel , Indian giant flying squirrel , and Indian crested porcupine . King cobra , python , cobra , rat snake , viper and krait are among the snakes that inhabit the park . Interesting birds include the great hornbill , Malabar pied hornbill and Ceylon frogmouth . Bandipur National park ( edit ) Main article : Bandipur National Park It is situated within Chamarajanagar district covering an area of over 800 km and adjoins the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala . In 1973 , Bandipur became one of the first of India 's tiger reserves and became a part of Project Tiger . In 1974 , intention was declared under the Wildlife Protection Act to notify it as a national park . Flora : The scrub jungles towards the eastern limits of the park consist of stunted trees , interspersed with bushes and open grassy patches . Towards its north - western fringes , there is a gradual shift in the vegetation from open dry deciduous forests to tropical mixed deciduous forests . These diverse habitats support an enormous diversity of animal life . Fauna : The mammals found here are Indian elephant ( Elephas maximus indicus ) , gaur ( Bos gaurus ) , sambar ( Cervus unicolor ) , chital or spotted deer ( Axis axis ) , muntjac ( Muntiacus muntjak ) or barking deer , mouse deer ( Moschiola indica ) , bonnet macaque ( Macaca radiata ) , slender loris ( Loris tardigradus ) , red giant flying squirrel ( Petaurista petaurista ) , Bengal tiger ( Panthera tigris ) , Indian leopard ( Panthera pardus ) , common palm civet ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ) , small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica ) , sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ) , dhole or Asiatic wild dog ( Cuon alpinus ) , striped hyena ( Hyaena hyaena ) , golden jackal ( Canis aureus ) , ruddy mongoose ( Herpestes smithii ) , smooth - coated otter ( Lutrogale perspicillata ) , Indian pangolin ( Manis crassicaudata ) . Among the 230 species of birds identified here , some of the important groups include herons , storks , egrets , ducks , kites , eagles , falcons , quails , partridges , wildfowl , lapwings , sandpipers , pigeons , doves , parakeets , cuckoos , owls , nightjars , swifts , kingfishers , bee - eaters and munias . Reptiles like marsh crocodile ( Crocodylus palustris ) , Indian pond terrapin , starred tortoise ( Geochelone elegans ) , common Indian monitor ( Varanus bengalensis ) , Indian chameleon ( Chamaeleo zeylanicus ) , skinks ( Mabuya spp . ) , geckos ( Hemidactylus ) , common rat snake ( Ptyas mucosus ) , Indian cobra ( Naja naja ) , Russell 's viper ( Daboia russelli ) , common krait ( Bungarus caeruleus ) , Indian python ( Python molurus ) , checkered keelback , green whip snake , common Indian bronzeback ( Dendrelaphis tristis ) and trinket snake ( Elaphe helena ) are found here Bannerghatta National park ( edit ) It is located in Bengaluru district and covers over 260.51 km of area . Altitude varies from 740 metres ( 2,428 ft ) to 1,034 metres ( 3,392 ft ) , temperature from 20 ° to 35 ° C and the average annual rainfall is 700 millimetres ( 28 in ) . Flora : The area has dry deciduous forests and thorny scrub , with patches of moist deciduous forests along the streams . Tree species in the park include Anogeissus latifolia , Schleichera oleosae , Terminalia tomentosa , Terminalia arjuna , Grewia tilaefolia , Santalum album , Shorea talura , Emblica officinalis , Vitex altissima , Wrightia tinctoria , Randia sp. , Ziziphus sp. and Albizzia sp ... Bamboos are common in the park , the dominant species being Dendrocalamus strictus . A small area of the park has plantations of Eucalyptus , Bauhinia purpurea , Samanea saman and Peltophorum pterocarpum . Fauna : Mammals in the park include Indian leopard , gaur , Indian elephant , golden jackal , fox , wild boar , sloth bear , sambar , spotted deer , barking deer , common langur , bonnet macaque , Indian crested porcupine and hare . A Bengal tiger has recently been sighted in the park . Kudremukh National park ( edit ) Spread over an area of 600.32 km , it encompasses regions in the districts of Dakshina Kannada , Udupi and Chikmagalur . Altitude varies from 134 metres ( 440 ft ) to 1,892 metres ( 6,207 ft ) . The park has a pleasant climate , with temperatures ranging from 17 ° to 28 ° C. Annual rainfall varies from 1,778 millimetres ( 70 in ) to 6,350 millimetres ( 250 in ) , with an average of 4,000 millimetres ( 157 in ) . The rivers Nethravati , Tunga and Bhadra are believed to originate here at Ganga Moola . Flora : The park has mostly evergreen and semi-evergreen forests . Shola grassland habitat is found at elevations above 1,400 metres ( 4,593 ft ) . Evergreen trees include Poeciloneuron indicum , Holigarna arnottiana , Artocarpus sp. , Calophyllum sp. , Alstonia scholaris , Canarium strictum , Syzygium cumini , Flacourtia montana , Symplocos spicata , Hopea parviflora , Mesua ferrea and Evodiaroxburghiana . There are also a few plantations of Eucalyptus , Casuarina and Acacia auriculiformis . Fauna : Mammals in the park include Bengal tiger , Indian leopard , dhole , golden jackal , lion - tailed macaque , common langur , sloth bear , gaur , sambar , spotted deer , barking deer , Malabar giant squirrel , Indian giant flying squirrel , Indian crested porcupine and mongoose . Reptiles are represented by snakes and tortoises . Bird species in the park include the Malabar trogon , great hornbill , Malabar whistling thrush and imperial pigeon . Nagarahole National park ( edit ) Also known as Rajiv Gandhi ( Nagarahole ) National Park gets its name from the Nagara Hole ( Snake River in Kannada ) which runs eastwards through its centre . Nagarahole river flows through the park before it joins the Kabini river that also acts as a boundary between Nagarahole and Bandipur . The park covers an area of about 575 km . The Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary of Kerala adjoins to the Southeast . Flora : These forests are dominated by teak and rosewood . The eastern limits of the park consist of regenerating dry deciduous forests . The west region of the park contains tropical moist and semi-evergreen forests . Interspersed with these forests are swampy fallows called hadlus , which are dominated by grasses and are favoured grazing areas of many wild herbivores . Fauna : Some of the species of mammals found in this park are Indian elephant ( Elephas maximus indicus ) , gaur ( Bos gaurus ) , sambar ( Cervus unicolor ) , chital or spotted deer or axis deer ( Axis axis ) , muntjac or barking deer ( Muntiacus muntjak ) , chevrotain or mouse deer ( Moschiola indica ) , four horned antelope ( Tetracerus quadricornis ) , giant fruit bat ( Pteropus giganteus ) , Bengal tiger ( Panthera tigris ) , Indian leopard ( Panthera pardus ) , leopard cat ( Felis bengalensis ) , jungle cat ( Felis chaus ) , rusty spotted cat ( Felis rubiginosa ) , common palm civet ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ) , small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica ) , sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ) , dhole or Asiatic wild dog ( Cuon alpinus ) and flying fox ( Pteropus giganteus ) , the largest Indian bat . Among the 300 species of birds identified in this park include herons , storks , egrets , ducks , kites , eagles , falcons , partridges , quails , peafowl , owls , lapwings , sandpipers , pigeons , doves , parakeets , cuckoos , nightjars , swifts , kingfishers , bee - eaters , barbets , swallows , larks , woodpeckers , shrikes and orioles . Reptiles include marsh crocodile ( Crocodylus palustris ) , Indian pond terrapin , star tortoise , common Indian monitor lizard ( Varanus bengalensis ) , forest calotes , southern green calotes , skinks ( Mabuya spp . ) , geckos , spectacled cobra , Russell 's viper , common krait , Indian python ( Python molurus ) , checkered keelback , green whip snake , common Indian bronzeback , flying snake , wolf snake and trinket snake . Wildlife sanctuaries ( edit ) The great Indian hornbill ( Buceros bicornis ) , found in the forests of Karnataka Spot - billed pelican , ( Pelecanus philippensis ) , a bird found in the bird sanctuaries of Karnataka Rufous babbler ( Turdoides subrufus ) at Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary Karnataka also has the following 18 wildlife sanctuaries : Adichunchanagiri Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Mandya district and is spread over 0.88 square kilometres ( 0.34 sq mi ) . This was created mainly for the conservation of peacocks . It also houses nearly 250 species of birds . Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Mysore district and is spread over 13.5 square kilometres ( 5.2 sq mi ) . This park consists of eucalyptus and sandalwood plantations . Leopard , fox and spotted deer are some of the animal species found here . Also around 230 species of birds have been observed here over the years . Biligiriranga Swamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in the Chamarajanagar district and is spread over 539.58 square kilometres ( 208.33 sq mi ) . Some of the species of flora found here are Anogeissus latifolia , Grewia tilaefolia and Syzygium cumini . Species of mammals include elephants , tigers , leopards , sloth bear , gaur , barking deer and sambar . Among the 215 species of birds found here include Nilgiri wood pigeon , Malabar whistling thrush , yellow - throated bulbul , peregrine falcon , rufous - bellied hawk - eagle . An endangered amphibian , Icthyophis ghytinosus has been reported in this sanctuary . Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located between the Chikkamagaluru and Shimoga districts and is spread over 492.46 square kilometres ( 190.14 sq mi ) . Common species of flora include Lagerstromia lanceolata , Adina cordifolia and Careya arborea . Mammals include tiger , leopard , elephant , gaur , slender loris and pangolin . Among the bird species found here are ruby - throated bulbul , shama , Malabar whistling thrush and paradise flycatcher . Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Kodagu district and is spread over an area of 181.80 square kilometres ( 70.19 sq mi ) . The evergreen forests in this sanctuary include species like Cinnamomum zeylancium , Cedrela toona and Alstonia scholaris . Bamboos are dominant here and include species like Bambusa bambos and Dendrocalamus strictus . Mammals include elephant , gaur , tiger , jungle cat , bonnet macaque and Nilgiri marten . Also around 300 species of birds have been observed here over the years . Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary : It is spread across the districts of Bangalore , Mysore and Mandya and is spread over 102.59 square kilometres ( 39.61 sq mi ) . Dry deciduous trees found in this park include species like Terminalia arjuna and Syzgium cumini . Animal species found in this park include leopard , elephant , sambar and common otter . This is also one of the last refuge of the highly endangered grizzled giant squirrel in Karnataka . Also around 300 species of birds have been observed here over the years . This sanctuary is also famous for mahseer fish ( Tor species ) . Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Uttara Kannada district and is spread over 475.02 square kilometres ( 183.41 sq mi ) . Common tree species found here are Dalbergia latifolia , Terminalia paniculata , T. Tomentosa and Vitex altissima . Mammal species include elephant , gaur , wild boar , slender loris , Malabar giant squirrel and barking deer . Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary : This is located in Bellary district and is spread over 55.87 square kilometres ( 21.57 sq mi ) . This sanctuary was mainly created for the conservation of sloth bears . Malai Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary : Spread over 906 square kilometers ( 349.8 sq mi ) , MM Hills wildlife sanctuary came to being on 7th May 2013 . Contiguous with BRT Tiger Reserve and Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary , the sanctuary boasts of tiger , elephant , leopard , dhole , sambar , barking deer and others . The sanctuary is located in Chamarajanagar district , Kollegala taluk . Melukote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Mandya district and is spread over 45.82 square kilometres ( 17.69 sq mi ) . An endangered species of flora , Cycas circinalis is found here . Mammal species include wolf , leopard , blackbuck and pangolin . Also around 230 species of birds have been observed here over the years . Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Udupi district and is spread over 247 square kilometres ( 95 sq mi ) . Some of the tree species found here are Dipterocarpus indicus , Calophyllum tomentosum and Hopea parviflora . An endangered species of climber Coscinium fenestratum has been recorded here . Slender loris , lion - tailed macaque , sambar and chital are some of the animals found here . The endangered cane turtle is also found here . Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Mysore district and is spread over 30.32 square kilometres ( 11.71 sq mi ) . Common species of flora include Emblica officinalis , Santalum album and Dendrocalamus strictus . Mammals include elephant , gaur , leopard , spotted deer and common palm civet . Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Kodagu district and is spread over 102.59 square kilometres ( 39.61 sq mi ) . Some species of flora found here are Hopea parviflora , Schefflera capitata , Xanthalis tomentosa and Ochlandra rheedii . Mammals include elephant , tiger , slender loris , Nilgiri marten and bonnet macaque . Also around 230 species of birds have been observed here over the years . Bird species include great pied hornbill , Malabar trogon and Nilgiri blackbird . Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary : This is located in Haveri district and is spread over 119.00 square kilometres ( 45.95 sq mi ) . Eucalyptus is the dominant species of trees found here . Cassia fistula , Prosopsis julifora and Zizyphus mauritania are other tree species found here . This sanctuary was created mainly for the conservation of blackbucks . This sanctuary is also a habitat for the endangered great Indian bustard . Sharavathi Valley Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Shimoga district and is spread over 431.23 square kilometres ( 166.50 sq mi ) . Dipterocarpus indicus , Caryota urens and Dillenia pentagyna are some of the species of flora found here . Tiger , leopard , mouse deer , bonnet macaque and common langur are some of the animal species found here . Snakes are commonly found here . Paradise flycatcher , racket - tailed drongo and blue - throated barbet are some of the bird species found here . Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Shimoga district and is spread over 395.60 square kilometres ( 152.74 sq mi ) . Cassia fistula , Kydia calycina and Wrightia tinctoria are some of the species of flora found here . Tiger , leopard , bonnet macaque and Malabar giant squirrel are some of the animal species found here . Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Udupi district and is spread over 88.40 square kilometres ( 34.13 sq mi ) . Machilus macrantha , Lophopetalum wightanium and Artocarpus hirsuta are some of the species of flora found here . Tiger , leopard , lion - tailed macaque and spotted deer are some of the animal species found here . Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Kodagu district and is spread over 105.00 square kilometres ( 40.54 sq mi ) . Albizzia lebbek , Artocarpus lakoocha , Dysoxylum malabaricum and Mesua ferrea are some of the species of flora found here . Clawless otter , elephant , tiger , striped - necked mongoose and mouse deer are some of the animal species found here . Also around 300 species of birds have been observed here over the years . Fairy bluebird , Malabar trogon and broadbill roller are some of the avian species found . Bird sanctuaries ( edit ) A pair of painted storks ( Mycteria leucocephala ) in Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary Pied kingfisher , ( Ceryle rudis ) , seen in Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary Attiveri Bird Sanctuary : This is located in Uttara Kannada district and is spread over 2.23 km . white ibis , little cormorant , pied kingfisher , common grey hornbill are some of the bird species found here . Gudavi Bird Sanctuary : This is located in Shimoga district and is spread over 0.73 km . The tree species that dominate this sanctuary are Vitex leucoxylon and Phyllanthus polyphyllus. 191 species of birds are recorded here including white ibis , pheasant - tailed jacana , purple moorhen and little grebe . Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary : This is located in Mandya district and is spread over 0.67 km . Among the tree species found here , is the unique Iphigenia mysorensis . Other tree species include Derris indica and Barringtonia racemosa . This sanctuary houses nearly 170 birds . Birds like cormorants , darter , white ibis , great stone plover , cliff swallow , spoonbills , lesser whistling teal roost here all through the year . Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary : It is located near the little village Mandagadde which is 30 km from the Shimoga town and is based on a small island on the Tunga River . It is mainly visited by migratory birds like median egret ( Egretta intermedia ) , the little cormorant ( Microcarbo niger ) , and the darter or snake bird ( Aninga nufa ) . Kaggaladu Heronry : This is located in Tumkur district and is one of the largest painted stork sanctuaries in South India . Some of the birds that nest here are painted storks , grey herons , pelicans , black stilts and ducks . Kokrebellur Pelicanry : This is located in the town of Kokkare Bellur in Mandya district and is a haven for avian species like grey or spot - billed pelican ( Pelecanus philippensis ) and painted stork ( Mycteria leucocephala ) . In fact the word Kokkare means stork in the Kannada language . Apart from pelicans and storks , 250 species of birds have been sighted here . Magadi Bird Sanctuary : Magadi Bird Sanctuary created at the Magadi tank , in Magadi village of Shirahatti Taluk , Gadag district . It is one of the Biodiversity hotspots of Karnataka , in North Karnataka . From Gadag it is 26 km , it is located on Gadag - Bangalore Road , from Shirahatti it is 8 km , and from Lakshmeshwara 11 km . Bar - headed goose is one of the bird migrates to Magadi wetlands of Gadag district . Normally birds eat fish , amphibians , molluscs , snakes etc. , but migratory birds eating agricultural produce is both interesting and curious too . Winter habitat is on cultivation , it feeds on barley , rice and wheat and damage crops . Bankapura Peacock Sanctuary : This is located in Haveri district and spread over an area of 139.10 acres ( 0.5629 km ) . This sanctuary was created mainly for the conservation of peacocks . Bonal Bird Sanctuary : This is located about 10 km from Shorapur city in Yadgir district . Ramadevarabetta Vulture Sanctuary : This is located in Ramanagara and is home of the critically endangered Long - billed vulture ( Gyps indicus ) . Ghataprabha Bird Sanctuary : This is located in Belgaum district and is spread over 20.78 square kilometres ( 8.02 sq mi ) . This sanctuary is known for migratory birds like Demoiselle crane and European white stork . Dangers to flora and fauna ( edit ) Due to various issues , flora and fauna in some parts of Karnataka are being threatened . These issues include poaching , human -- wildlife conflict , habitat destruction , pollution and introduction of invasive new species . Poaching ( edit ) Despite the best efforts of conservation activists , poaching remains one of the serious problems affecting the flora and fauna in the state . Between the years 1997 - 2001 , a total of 98 elephants have succumbed to poaching in Karnataka . Poaching has also affected the breeding of turtles like olive ridley on the beaches of Karnataka as well as otters on the river banks . Tigers are also another species that are threatened to extinction by poachers . Sandalwood , famed for its sculptures and its aroma is frequently poached out of the forests of Karnataka . Teakwood , famed for the furniture is another species of flora affected by this problem . Staff - shortage , lack of adequate funds and unscientific anti-poaching camps are some of the reasons quoted for continued poaching activities . Habitat destruction ( edit ) Some of the activities that are causing a destruction of habitat of flora and fauna in Karnataka are : Construction of dams and reservoirs : Construction of dams causes widespread flooding of surrounding areas causing destruction of species that inhabit the area . They also affect the flow of riverine species like fishes and disrupt their normal habits . An example is the construction of the Linganamakki reservoir in Shimoga district that caused the extinction of the grass , Hubbardia heptaneuron . Destruction of forest land for agriculture and other purposes : large tracts of forest land have been cleaned up for monoculture plantations like teak , coffee and rubber . This has led to the destruction of species that were dependent on the forest . An example of this is loss of special habitats in Karnataka such as Myristica swamps and high altitude grasslands . In the dry zone , they have adversely affected several species dependent on large tracts of scrub such as the wolf and the great Indian bustard . Mining operations : Mining operations clear out large areas of land and cause destruction to the species dependent on them . An example is the Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited which mined iron ore within the boundaries of the protected Kudremukh National Park . Human -- Wildlife conflict ( edit ) Due to the loss of habitat , more and more species of fauna have started to venture into human habitation causing a conflict between humans and fauna . A typical species affected by this is the elephant which ventures out of the forest into human cultivations thereby eating or destroying the crops . In some cases , the elephants have also caused human deaths like an incident that happened in Hassan district where a villager was trampled to death . Precautionary measures ( sometimes illegally ) taken up by humans to prevent such mishaps like electric fencing have also led to disastrous consequences like electrocution of fauna . Pollution ( edit ) Release of industrial waste and human effluents into rivers have caused significant damages to species that reside in rivers and riverbanks . Air pollution is also a significant cause of concern in metros like Bangalore where it has been found that air pollution is discolouring foliage including those of ornamental plants . A comparison of the lichen flora of the garden Lal Bagh in Bangalore has revealed that 18 of the 22 species noted in 1980 were no longer present in 1997 . Pollution in rivers like Kabini , Kaveri and Ghataprabha has caused sharp reduction in populations of bird species , including beneficial insectivorous birds like drongos , as well as honeybees . Invasive new species ( edit ) Introduction of new species into a habitat has caused serious consequences to the existing species of flora and fauna . A typical example is the introduction of the African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) in the lakes and rivers of Karnataka . This is a carnivorous fish and has caused serious damage to the indigenous fauna living in those lakes and rivers . Weeds like Eupatorium , Lantana and Parthenium have invaded large tracts of land causing destruction . An increase in Eupatorium is attributed as one of the causes for the spread of the deadly Kyasanur forest disease ( which has a morbidity rate of 10 % ) among humans since it harbors tick populations that are vectors for this disease . Eucalyptus plantations in the Ranibennur blackbuck sanctuary has seriously harmed the extremely rare great Indian bustard . Conservation efforts ( edit ) Various conservation activities are in progress to protect the biodiversity present in Karnataka . These activities are mostly done by the Forest Department of the State of Karnataka and other voluntary organisations . Relocation of human population ( edit ) The presence of human habitation within the core area of reserved forests poses many problems like human -- wildlife conflict and destruction of habitat due to agriculture and cattle grazing . Systematic efforts have been made to relocate some of this population into proper zones outside the protected area . An example is the relocation of some villagers from Bhagawathi and Nassehalla habitations within the Kudremukh National Park to safer regions outside it . Usage of technology ( edit ) New scientific methods are being used to protect the flora and fauna . Some of these are : Usage of satellites to detect forest fires so that they can easily be extinguished . Radio tracking of animals and usage of techniques like remote camera sampling to estimate the animal population . Installation of wireless stations and using wireless sets for easy communication among individuals involved in field trips and anti-poaching activities . Staff empowerment ( edit ) It is highly important to keep up the morale of forest wardens and other staff members involved in anti-poaching activities and field trips . It is also necessary to keep them up - to - date on the technology and wildlife related laws . The following steps were implemented to address this issue : Field kits were provided to the staff consisting of boots , rain gear and uniforms . Conservation related award programs were announced to boost the morale of the staff . Training programs were undertaken for the staff in the use of firearms against poachers , field craft and Indian wildlife laws Recently discovered species ( edit ) Many areas of Karnataka , especially in the forests of Malnad region are unexplored and new species of flora and fauna are discovered periodically . Some of the new species of flora discovered in Karnataka include Paracautleya bhatii ( a ginger ) and Isachne veldkampii ( a grass ) , both of which were discovered near Manipal in Udupi district . Two species of algae , Cosmarium bourrellyi and Cosmarium desikacharyi were discovered in a paddy field in Belgaum . Other new species of flora discovered in Karnataka include Isoetes udupiensis ( a pteridophyte ) and Pisolithus indicus ( a fungus ) . Some of the new species of fauna discovered include two species of ants , Dilobocondyla bangalorica which was discovered on the campus of Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore and Discothyrea sringerensis which was discovered near Sringeri . Three new species of frogs ; Philautus luteolus , Philautus tuberohumerus and Nyctibatrachus petraeus have been discovered in Karnataka . Explorations in the Sharavathi river have yielded new fish species like Batasio sharavatiensis ( a bagrid catfish ) , Schistura nagodiensis and Schistura sharavathiensis . Another fish species , Puntius coorgensis has been discovered near Bhagamandala in the Kaveri river . Some other species of fauna discovered in Karnataka include two species of whiteflies , Distinctaleyrodes setosus and Aleurocanthus arecae and a caecilian , Gegeneophis madhavai . Explorations in the soil around the Linganamakki reservoir has revealed eleven new species of earthworms . Endangered species ( edit ) Shorea roxburghii , an endangered rainforest tree found in Karnataka Karnataka is the home of few critically endangered species of flora that include evergreen trees like Dipterocarpus bourdilloni , Hopea erosa and Hopea jacobi , Croton lawianus ( a small tree ) and Pinnatella limbata ( a type of moss ) . Some of the critically endangered species of fauna found in Karnataka include Gyps indicus ( the Indian vulture ) and two species of frogs , Indirana gundia ( found only in Gundia range , Sakleshpur ) and Micrixalus kottigeharensis ( found only near Kottigehara , Chikkamagaluru district ) . Some of the endangered species of flora include evergreen trees like Cynometra bourdillonii , Cynometra travancorica , Hopea glabra , Hopea parviflora , Hopea ponga , Hopea racophloea , Hopea wightiana , Shorea roxburghii and Tarenna agumbensis and flowering plants like Glochidion pauciflorum , Glochidion tomentosum , Ixora lawsoni and Syzygium stocksii . Other endangered trees found in Karnataka include Isonandra stocksii , Kingiodendron pinnatum , Maesa velutina , Myristica magnifica , Rapanea striata and Xylosma latifolium . Endangered species of fauna found in Karnataka include the Bengal tiger , Indian elephant , lion - tailed macaque , olive ridley turtle and dhole , the Indian wild dog . Many endangered species of amphibians are found here including frogs , Indirana brachytarsus , Microhyla sholigari , Minervarya sahyadris , Nyctibatrachus aliciae , Nyctibatrachus hussaini , Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris , Philautus charius , Philautus wynaadensis , Ramanella mormorata and Rhacophorus lateralis and a toad , Bufo beddomii . Other endangered species of fauna include Hipposideros hypophyllus ( the Kolar leaf - nosed bat ) and Pseudomulleria dalyi ( a mollusc ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Statistics related to forests in Karnataka is provided by `` Statistics '' . Online Webpage of the Forest Department . Government of Karnataka . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Western Ghats being nominated by India as a World Heritage Site is mentioned by `` Western Ghats ( sub cluster nomination ) '' . Online webpage of UNESCO World Heritage Centre . 1992 - 2007 UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` THE NILGIRI BIOSPHERE RESERVE '' . R.J. Ranjit Daniels - MS Swaminathan Research Foundation . UNESCO South - South Cooperation Program , 1996 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Flora and Fauna as state symbols of Karnataka are mentioned by `` State Animals , Birds , Trees and Flowers '' ( PDF ) . Online webpage of Wildlife Institute of India . Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : A Walk on the Wild Side , An Information Guide to National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Karnataka , Compiled and Edited by Dr. Nima Manjrekar , Karnataka Forest Department , Wildlife Wing , October 2000 Jump up ^ http://www.mysorenature.org/mysorenature/birds-of-mysore-area ^ Jump up to : http://www.mysorenature.org/kodagu-coorg-sector/bird-checklist Jump up ^ Adichunchanagiri Wildlife Sanctuary Archived 2014 - 10 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.mysorenature.org/mandya-sector/bird-checklist Jump up ^ Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary Archived 2012 - 10 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.mysorenature.org/hunsur-sector/bird-checklist Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 18 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.mysorenature.org/melkote/bird-checklist ^ Jump up to : http://www.mysorenature.org/mandya-sector/ranganathittu-bird-sanctuary Jump up ^ A brief overview of Mandagadde bird sanctuary is provided by Pramod Mellegatti ( 2001 - 08 - 21 ) . `` Will floods prevent seasonal migration of ' alien ' birds ? '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 18 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 18 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ A description of Kokkare Bellur has been provided by Sharath S. Srivatsa ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Lending a helping hand '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : A report on the environment of Karnataka and action plan thereof is discussed by Madhav Gadgil ; et al. `` Karnataka State of Environment Report and Action Plan , Biodiversity Sector '' ( PDF ) . ENVIS Technical Report 16 . Environmental Information System , Centre for Ecological Sciences , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Poaching of a tiger in Nagarhole National Park is mentioned by `` Tigers falling victim to ` poor ' anti-poaching drive '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 2006 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ A brief description of mining at Kudremukh is provided by Praveen Bhargav & Niren Jain ( 2004 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Battle for Kudremukh '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Destruction caused by elephants in Hassan district is mentioned by S. Rajendran ( 2006 - 12 - 25 ) . `` State seeks Centre 's nod for translocating elephant herd '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Electrocution of an elephant in Chamarajanagar district is mentioned by `` Elephant electrocuted '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 2007 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Air pollution in Bangalore discolouring plants in mentioned by Roja Kandath ( 2001 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Pollution is robbing blooms of their colour '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Relocation of villagers from Kudremukh National Park has been mentioned by K. Ullas Karanth , Niren Jain and N. Samba Kumar . `` Tiger Habitat Consolidation in Kudremukh '' ( PDF ) . A Final Report to 21st Century Tiger from the Wildlife Conservation Society ( WCS ) . 21st Century Tiger . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Using satellites for detecting forest fires in Karnataka is mentioned by `` Eye - in - the - sky tech to combat forest fires '' . Deccan Herald . 2005 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Some conservation methods being used in Karnataka to protect flora and fauna are mentioned by Shekar Dattatri . `` Tigers in India A chance for survival '' . Wildlife First . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Discovery of Isoetes udupiensis has been mentioned by `` New plant species found '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 2005 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Discovery of new algae species is mentioned by UD Bongale . `` New taxa of Cosmarium Corda ( Desmidiaceae ) from Karnataka State , India '' . doi : 10.1007 / BF00008169 . Jump up ^ K. NATARAJAN ; G. SENTHILARASU ; V. KUMARESAN ; TAIANA RIVIERE ( 25 June 2005 ) . `` Diversity in ectomycorrhizal fungi of a dipterocarp forest in Western Ghats '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 88 ( 12 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Discovery of a new species of ant in the IISc campus , Bangalore is discussed by THRESIAMMA VARGHESE ( 2006 ) . `` A new species of the ant genus Dilobocondyla ( Hymenoptera : Formicidae ) from India , with notes on its nesting behaviour Catalog of Fishes '' ( PDF ) . Oriental Insects. 40 : 23 -- 32 . doi : 10.1080 / 00305316.2006. 10417454 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Discovery of a new species of ant in Sringeri is discussed by Merry Zacharias & Priyadarshanan Dharma Rajan ( 2004 ) . `` Discothyrea sringerensis ( Hymenoptera : Formicidae ) a new ant species from India '' ( PDF ) . Zootaxa. 484 : 1 -- 4 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Raviprasad Kamila ( 2007 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Two new species of frogs found '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ INDRANEIL DAS AND KRUSHNAMEGH KUNTE ( 2005 ) . `` New Species of Nyctibatrachus ( Anura : Ranidae ) from Castle Rock , Karnataka State , Southwest India '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Herpetology. 39 ( 3 ) : 465 -- 470 . doi : 10.1670 / 198 - 04a. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Discovery of Batasio sharavatiensis has been mentioned by Anuradha Bhatt & K.C. Jayaram ( February 2004 ) . `` A new species of the genus BATASIO BLYTH ( Siluriformes : Bagridae ) from Sharavathi river , Uttara Kannada , Karnataka '' . Zoos ' Print Journal . 19 ( 2 ) : 1339 -- 1342 . doi : 10.11609 / jott. zpj. 19.2. 1339 - 42 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Details regarding new fishes of genus Schistura found in Sharavathi river is provided by Sreekantha , K.V. Gururaja , K. Remadevi , T.J. Indra , T.V. Ramachandra ( April 2006 ) . `` Two new fish species of the genus Schistura Mcclelland ( Cypriniformes : Balitoridae ) from Western Ghats , India '' ( PDF ) . Zoos ' Print Journal . 21 ( 4 ) : 2211 -- 2216 . doi : 10.11609 / jott. zpj. 1386.2211 - 6 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Details regarding Puntius coorgensis is provided by Jayaram ( 1982 ) . `` Catalog of Fishes '' . Pisces Reference . Fishbase . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Discovery of a new genus and species of whitefly is discussed by A.K. DUBEY & R. SUNDARARAJ ( 2006 ) . `` Distinctaleyrodes setosus Dubey & Sundararaj ( Sternorrhyncha : Aleyrodidae ) , a new whitefly genus and species from India '' ( PDF ) . Zootaxa. 1154 : 35 -- 39 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Discovery of a whitefly in areca plantations is discussed by B. VASANTHARAJ DAVID AND M. MANJUNATHA ( 2003 ) . `` A new species of Aleurocanthus Quaintance & Baker ( Homoptera : Aleyrodidae ) from Areca catechu in India , with comments on the status of Aleurodes nubilans Buckton '' ( PDF ) . Zootaxa. 173 : 1 -- 4 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Discovery of a caecilian has been discussed by GOPALAKRISHNA BHATTA & R. SRINIVASA ( 2004 ) . `` A new species of Gegeneophis Peters ( Amphibia : Gymnophiona : Caeciliidae ) from the surroundings of Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary , Karnataka , India '' ( PDF ) . Zootaxa. 644 : 1 -- 8 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Discovery of new species of earthworms is mentioned by Julka ; et al. `` New species of earthworms found in Western Ghats of Karnataka '' ( PDF ) . Zootaxa. 486 : 2 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Floral resources of Karnataka : A geographic perspective . Natural history of southern Karnataka : Ornithological perspective . Google Map showing wildlife of Karnataka Karnataka Overviews Architecture Cinema Climate Cuisine Demography Economy Education Folk Arts Geography History Media People Sports Transportation Wildlife History Aihole Alupa dynasty Amoghavarsha Badami Banavasi Balligavi Belur Chalukya dynasty Chitradurga Nayakas Deva Raya II Durvinita Halebidu Haleri Kingdom Halmidi Hampi Hoysala Empire Kadamba dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Keladi Nayakas Shivappa Nayaka Kittur Chennamma Kingdom of Mysore Mayurasharma Pattadakal Pulakeshin II Rashtrakuta dynasty Sringeri Srirangapatna Tipu Sultan Unification of Karnataka Vijayanagara Empire Vijayanagara Vishnuvardhana Veera Ballala II Vikramaditya II Vikramaditya VI Western Ganga dynasty Geography Cities and towns Districts Rivers Dams and Reservoirs Taluks Villages Highest point Bayalu Seeme Malenadu Karavali Western Ghats Culture Bharata Natyam Buta Kola Bidriware Channapatna toys Chitrakala Parishat Gaarudi Gombe Ilkal saree Kamsale Kannada Karnatik music Kasuti Khedda Mysore Dasara Togalu Gombeyaata Udupi cuisine Veeragase Yakshagana Mysore musicians Literature Kannada Milestones Epics Medieval Rashtrakuta Western Ganga Western Chalukya Hoysala Vijayanagara Vachana Haridasa Mysore Play Modern Kannada Sahitya Parishat Kannada Sahitya Sammelana Karnataka Noted poets Asaga Gunavarma I Adikavi Pampa Sri Ponna Ranna Devar Dasimayya Basava Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Siddharama Harihara Raghavanka Rudrabhatta Janna Kumara Vyasa Chamarasa Nijaguna Shivayogi Ratnakaravarni Purandara Dasa Kanaka Dasa Vijaya Dasa Gopala Dasa Jagannatha Dasa Lakshmisa Sarvajna Shishunala Sharif Krishnaraja Wadiyar III D.R. Bendre Gopalakrishna Adiga K.S. Narasimhaswamy M. Govinda Pai Kuvempu D.V. Gundappa G.S. Shivarudrappa People and Society Karnataka ethnic groups List of people from Karnataka Tourism Beaches Dams Forts National Parks Hindu Temples Jain Temples Waterfalls Awards Karnataka Ratna Pampa Award Nrupatunga Award Basava Puraskara Rajyotsava Prashasti Jakanachari Award Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award Kempegowda Award Media Cinema Newspapers Magazines Television Radio At a distance of 80 km from Mysore , 70 km from Ooty & 215 km from Bangalore , Bandipur National Park is one of the well preserved National Parks in India . It is located in Chamarajanagar district on the border of Karnataka - Tamil Nadu between Mysore & Ooty . Nagarhole and Bandipur National Park are separated by Kabini reservoir . Spread across 874km , the altitude of the park varies between 780 - 1455 meters . It is part of the famous Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve along with Nagarhole National Park , Mudumalai National Park ( 12 km towards Ooty ) and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary . Bandipur forests used to be the private game reserve of the Maharajas of Mysore . This Sanctuary is one of the 15 sanctuaries belonging to the Project Tiger Scheme . Bandipur was declared a National Park under the Wildlife Protection Act in 1974 . It is home to around 70 tigers and over 3000 Asian elephants , as well as other animals like leopards , dhole , gaur , sloth bears , and a variety of birdlife . Gopalaswami Betta is the highest peak in the Bandipur range . Jeep Safari ( 1 Hour ) , Mini Bus Safari ( 45 Min ) & Elephant Safari ( 20 Min ) are arranged by the forest department . The cost and timings keep changing and sometimes they cancel the safari without any prior notice . The entry point & interpretation center of the park is located in Bandipur village on Highway after Melkamanahalli Village . Private vehicles are NOT allowed inside the park . Private Jeep Safaris are arranged by Jungle Lodge ( in Melkamanahalli just outside the park ) & Tuskar Trails ( 4 km from park in Mangla Village - towards Mysore ) . The best time to visit Bandipur National Park is from June to October . Safari Timings : 6 . 30 AM - 9.30 AM & 3.30 PM - 5.30 PM , Elephant Safari ( 20 Min ) : 10 AM - 11 AM Rs. 50 for Person for Elephant Safari , Rs. 300 for Person for Bus Safari for Indians At a distance of 10 km from Kutta , 20 km from Iruppu Falls , 62 km from Kalpetta , 88 km from Mysore , 88 km from Madikeri and 218 km from Bangalore , Nagarhole National Park is one of the best wildlife sanctuaries in South India and also one of the top places to visit in Coorg . Also known as Rajiv Gandhi National Park , it is spread across Mysore and Kodagu districts in Karnataka . Originally the forest area was the private hunting ground for the Maharajas of Mysore . Nagarhole was converted into a sanctuary in the year 1955 covering an area of 258 km and subsequently enlarged to include the adjoining areas of Mysore district and now extends over an area of 643 km . Nagarhole got National Park status in 1988 and declared as 37th Project Tiger Reserve in 1999 . It is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve . The Western Ghats Nilgiri sub-cluster of 6,000 km , including all of Nagarhole National Park , is under consideration by the UNESCO World Heritage for World Heritage Site status . This national park gets its name from two Kannada words Naga means snake and Hole means stream . Many serpentine streams flow through the rich tropical forests of the park , which has now been renamed as the Rajiv Gandhi National Park , after late prime minister of India , Rajiv Gandhi . Nagarhole is situated to the north - west of Bandipur National Park which are separated by Kabini reservoir . The park has rich forest cover , small streams , hills , valleys and waterfalls . Inside the park coracle boat riding facility is available in Kabini River . The important animals in Nagarhole National Park are tiger , leopard , wild dog , sloth bear , the hyena , spotted deer , sambar , barking deer , four - horned antelope , gaur , wild boar and elephant . Among reptiles , the marsh crocodile , monitor lizard , rock python and several other species are represented . Other mammals includes the common langur , bonnet macaque , jungle cat , slender loris , leopard - cat , civet cat , mongoose , common otter , giant flying squirrel , giant squirrel , porcupine , jackal , mouse - deer , hare and pangolin . Over 250 species of birds are found at Nagarhole National Park . The park is usually closed for safaris during peak monsoon . Traffic movement is restricted from 6 pm to 6 am every day and the gates are closed on either sides of entry into the forest . Two wheelers , three wheelers and goods vehicles are not permitted inside the park . Safaris are organized in the forest department vans during morning and evening . Government - run 4WD safaris and boat trips are conducted from Kabini River Lodge , which are good options to explore the animals . The best time to visit Nagarhole National Park is Nov - May , especially Apr - May . The Forest Department manages two rest houses at Kabini , but reservation has to be made well in advance through the Forest Department offices in Mysore or Bangalore . The Kabini River Lodge near Karapur on the Mysore - Mananthavadi highway with good accommodation facilities which also organizes safaris including elephant ride and coracle ride . Various home stays are also available near to Kutta , Srimangala and Gonikoppal . Park Timings : 6 AM - 6 PM Safari Timings : 6 AM - 8 AM and 3 PM - 5 PM Bus Safari : Rs. 300 for Indians , Rs. 1200 for Foreigners ( including Entry Fee ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&oldid=861403715 '' Categories : Wildlife of India Environment of Karnataka Tourism in Karnataka Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español ಕನ್ನಡ Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2018 , at 04 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many national parks are there in karnataka | [
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-5258676191122281717 | Hebrew calendar | Hebrew calendar - wikipedia Hebrew calendar This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jewish calendar , showing Adar II between 1927 and 1948 Today Tuesday 30 October 2018 CE 21 Cheshvan AM 5779 ( refresh ) The Hebrew or Jewish calendar ( הַלּוּחַ הָעִבְרִי , Ha - Luah ha - Ivri ) is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances . It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions , yahrzeits ( dates to commemorate the death of a relative ) , and daily Psalm readings , among many ceremonial uses . In Israel , it is used for religious purposes , provides a time frame for agriculture and is an official calendar for civil purposes , although the latter usage has been steadily declining in favor of the Gregorian calendar . The present Hebrew calendar is the product of evolution , including a Babylonian influence . Until the Tannaitic period ( approximately 10 -- 220 CE ) , the calendar employed a new crescent moon , with an additional month normally added every two or three years to correct for the difference between twelve lunar months and the solar year . The year in which it was added was based on observation of natural agriculture - related events in Israel . Through the Amoraic period ( 200 -- 500 CE ) and into the Geonic period , this system was gradually displaced by the mathematical rules used today . The principles and rules were fully codified by Maimonides in the Mishneh Torah in the 12th century . Maimonides ' work also replaced counting `` years since the destruction of the Temple '' with the modern creation - era Anno Mundi . The Hebrew lunar year is about eleven days shorter than the solar year and uses the 19 - year Metonic cycle to bring it into line with the solar year , with the addition of an intercalary month every two or three years , for a total of seven times per 19 years . Even with this intercalation , the average Hebrew calendar year is longer by about 6 minutes and 40 seconds than the current mean tropical year , so that every 216 years the Hebrew calendar will fall a day behind the current mean tropical year ; and about every 231 years it will fall a day behind the mean Gregorian calendar year . The era used since the Middle Ages is the Anno Mundi epoch ( Latin for `` in the year of the world '' ; Hebrew : לבריאת העולם , `` from the creation of the world '' ) . As with Anno Domini ( A.D. or AD ) , the words or abbreviation for Anno Mundi ( A.M. or AM ) for the era should properly precede the date rather than follow it . AM 5779 began at sunset on 9 September 2018 and will end at sunset on 29 September 2019 . Contents 1 Components 1.1 Day and hours 1.2 Weeks 1.2. 1 Names of weekdays 1.2. 2 Days of week of holidays 1.3 Months 1.3. 1 Importance of lunar months 1.3. 2 Names of months 1.3. 3 Leap months 1.3. 4 Constellations 1.4 Years 1.4. 1 Anno Mundi 1.4. 2 Previous systems 1.4. 3 New year 1.4. 4 Leap years 1.4. 5 Rosh Hashanah postponement rules 1.4. 6 Deficient , regular , and complete years 1.4. 7 Four gates 1.4. 8 Holidays 2 History 2.1 Mishnaic period 2.2 Modern calendar 2.3 Usage in contemporary Israel 3 Other practices 3.1 Karaite calendar 3.2 Samaritan calendar 3.3 The Qumran calendar 3.4 Persian civil calendar 4 Astronomical calculations 4.1 Synodic month -- the molad interval 4.2 Seasonal drift 4.3 Implications for Jewish ritual 4.4 Worked example 5 Rectifying the Hebrew calendar 6 Conversion between Jewish and civil calendars 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links 10.1 Date converters Components Day and hours Further information : Zmanim The Jewish day is of no fixed length . The Jewish day is modeled on the reference to `` ... there was evening and there was morning ... '' in the creation account in the first chapter of Genesis . Based on the classic rabbinic interpretation of this text , a day in the rabbinic Hebrew calendar runs from sunset ( start of `` the evening '' ) to the next sunset . Halachically , a day ends and a new one starts when three stars are visible in the sky . The time between true sunset and the time when the three stars are visible ( known as ' tzait ha'kochavim ' ) is known as ' bein hashmashot ' , and there are differences of opinion as to which day it falls into for some uses . This may be relevant , for example , in determining the date of birth of a child born during that gap . There is no clock in the Jewish scheme , so that the local civil clock is used . Though the civil clock , including the one in use in Israel , incorporates local adoptions of various conventions such as time zones , standard times and daylight saving , these have no place in the Jewish scheme . The civil clock is used only as a reference point -- in expressions such as : `` Shabbat starts at ... '' . The steady progression of sunset around the world and seasonal changes results in gradual civil time changes from one day to the next based on observable astronomical phenomena ( the sunset ) and not on man - made laws and conventions . In Judaism , an hour is defined as 1 / 12 of the time from sunrise to sunset , so , during the winter , an hour can be much less than 60 minutes , and during the summer , it can be much more than 60 minutes . This proportional hour is known as a sha'ah z'manit ( lit . a timely hour ) . A Jewish hour is divided into 1080 halakim ( singular : helek ) or parts . A part is 31⁄3 seconds or / minute . The ultimate ancestor of the helek was a small Babylonian time period called a barleycorn , itself equal to / of a Babylonian time degree ( 1 ° of celestial rotation ) . These measures are not generally used for everyday purposes . Instead of the international date line convention , there are varying opinions as to where the day changes . One opinion uses the antimeridian of Jerusalem . ( Jerusalem is 35 ° 13 ' east of the prime meridian , so the antimeridian is at 144 ° 47 ' W , passing through eastern Alaska . ) Other opinions exist as well . ( See International date line in Judaism . ) The weekdays start with Sunday ( day 1 , or Yom Rishon ) and proceed to Saturday ( day 7 ) , Shabbat . Since some calculations use division , a remainder of 0 signifies Saturday . While calculations of days , months and years are based on fixed hours equal to / of a day , the beginning of each halachic day is based on the local time of sunset . The end of the Shabbat and other Jewish holidays is based on nightfall ( Tzeth haKochabim ) which occurs some amount of time , typically 42 to 72 minutes , after sunset . According to Maimonides , nightfall occurs when three medium - sized stars become visible after sunset . By the 17th century , this had become three - second - magnitude stars . The modern definition is when the center of the sun is 7 ° below the geometric ( airless ) horizon , somewhat later than civil twilight at 6 ° . The beginning of the daytime portion of each day is determined both by dawn and sunrise . Most halachic times are based on some combination of these four times and vary from day to day throughout the year and also vary significantly depending on location . The daytime hours are often divided into Sha'oth Zemaniyoth or `` Halachic hours '' by taking the time between sunrise and sunset or between dawn and nightfall and dividing it into 12 equal hours . The nighttime hours are similarly divided into 12 equal portions , albeit a different amount of time than the `` hours '' of the daytime . The earliest and latest times for Jewish services , the latest time to eat chametz on the day before Passover and many other rules are based on Sha'oth Zemaniyoth . For convenience , the modern day using Sha'oth Zemaniyoth is often discussed as if sunset were at 6 : 00 pm , sunrise at 6 : 00 am and each hour were equal to a fixed hour . For example , halachic noon may be after 1 : 00 pm in some areas during daylight saving time . Within the Mishnah , however , the numbering of the hours starts with the `` first '' hour after the start of the day . Weeks Shavua ( שבוע ) is a weekly cycle of seven days , mirroring the seven - day period of the Book of Genesis in which the world is created . The names for the days of the week , like those in the creation account , are simply the day number within the week , with Shabbat being the seventh day . Each day of the week runs from sunset to the following sunset and is figured locally . Names of weekdays A bronze Shabbat candlestick holder made in British Mandate Palestine in the 1940s . The Hebrew calendar follows a seven - day weekly cycle , which runs concurrently with but independently of the monthly and annual cycles . The names for the days of the week are simply the day number within the week . In Hebrew , these names may be abbreviated using the numerical value of the Hebrew letters , for example יום א ׳ ( Day 1 , or Yom Rishon ( יום ראשון ) ) : Yom Rishon -- יום ראשון ( abbreviated יום א ׳ ) , meaning `` first day '' ( corresponds to Sunday ) ( starting at preceding sunset of Saturday ) Yom Sheni -- יום שני ( abbr . יום ב ׳ ) meaning `` second day '' ( corresponds to Monday ) Yom Shlishi -- יום שלישי ( abbr . יום ג ׳ ) meaning `` third day '' ( corresponds to Tuesday ) Yom Reviʻi -- יום רביעי ( abbr . יום ד ׳ ) meaning `` fourth day '' ( corresponds to Wednesday ) Yom Chamishi -- יום חמישי ( abbr . יום ה ׳ ) = `` fifth day '' ( corresponds to Thursday ) Yom Shishi -- יום ששי ( abbr . יום ו ׳ ) meaning `` sixth day '' ( corresponds to Friday ) Yom Shabbat -- יום שבת ( abbr . יום ש ׳ ) , or more usually , simply Shabbat -- שבת meaning `` rest day '' ( corresponds to Saturday ) Yom Shabbat ( יום שבת ) is also known as Yom Shabbat Kodesh -- יום שבת קודש meaning `` holy rest day . '' The names of the days of the week are modeled on the seven days mentioned in the creation story . For example , Genesis 1 : 5 `` ... And there was evening and there was morning , one day '' . One day ( יוֹם אֶחָד ) in Genesis 1 : 5 is translated in JPS as first day , and in some other contexts ( including KJV ) as day one . In subsequent verses , the Hebrew refers to the days using ordinal numbers , e.g. , ' second day ' , ' third day ' , and so forth , but with the sixth and seventh days the Hebrew includes the definite article ( `` the '' ) . The rest day , Shabbat , has a special role in the Jewish weekly cycle as being a special and set apart day , where no work is done . There are many special rules that relate to Shabbat , discussed more fully in the Talmudic tractate Shabbat . In ( Talmudic ) Hebrew , the word Shabbat ( שַׁבָּת ) can also mean `` week '' , so that in ritual liturgy a phrase like `` Yom Reviʻi bəShabbat '' means `` the fourth day in the week '' . Days of week of holidays Main article : Days of week on Hebrew calendar The period from 1 Adar ( or Adar II , in leap years ) to 29 Marcheshvan contains all of the festivals specified in the Bible -- Purim ( 14 Adar ) , Pesach ( 15 Nisan ) , Shavuot ( 6 Sivan ) , Rosh Hashanah ( 1 Tishrei ) , Yom Kippur ( 10 Tishrei ) , Sukkot ( 15 Tishrei ) , and Shemini Atzeret ( 22 Tishrei ) . This period is fixed , during which no adjustments are made . Purim Passover ( first day ) Shavuot ( first day ) 17 Tammuz / Tisha B'Av Rosh Hashanah / Sukkot / Shmini Atzeret / ( first day ) Yom Kippur Chanukah ( first day ) 10 Tevet Tu Bishvat Thu Sat Sun Sun * Mon Wed Sun or Mon Sun or Tue Sat or Mon Fri Sun Mon Sun Tue Thu Mon Tue Mon Sun Tue Wed Tue Thu Sat Wed or Thu Wed , Thu , or Fri Tue , Wed , or Thu Tue Thu Fri Thu Sat Mon Fri or Sat Fri or Sun Thu or Sat * Postponed from Shabbat There are additional rules in the Hebrew calendar to prevent certain holidays from falling on certain days of the week . ( See Rosh Hashanah postponement rules , below . ) These rules are implemented by adding an extra day to Marcheshvan ( making it 30 days long ) or by removing one day from Kislev ( making it 29 days long ) . Accordingly , a common Hebrew calendar year can have a length of 353 , 354 or 355 days , while a leap Hebrew calendar year can have a length of 383 , 384 or 385 days . Months The Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar , meaning that months are based on lunar months , but years are based on solar years . The calendar year features twelve lunar months of twenty - nine or thirty days , with an intercalary lunar month added periodically to synchronize the twelve lunar cycles with the longer solar year . ( These extra months are added seven times every nineteen years . See Leap months , below . ) The beginning of each Jewish lunar month is based on the appearance of the new moon . Although originally the new lunar crescent had to be observed and certified by witnesses , the moment of the true new moon is now approximated arithmetically as the molad , which is the mean new moon to a precision of one part . The mean period of the lunar month ( precisely , the synodic month ) is very close to 29.5 days . Accordingly , the basic Hebrew calendar year is one of twelve lunar months alternating between 29 and 30 days : Month Number * Hebrew month Length Ecclesiastical / Biblical Civil 7 Nisan 30 8 Iyar 29 9 Sivan 30 10 Tammuz 29 5 11 Av 30 6 12 Elul 29 7 Tishrei 30 8 Marcheshvan ( or Cheshvan ) 29 / 30 9 Kislev 30 / 29 10 Tevet 29 11 5 Shevat 30 12 6 Adar 29 Total 353 , 354 or 355 * -- For the distinction between numbering systems , see § New year below . In leap years ( such as 5779 ) an additional month , Adar I ( 30 days ) is added after Shevat , while the regular Adar is referred to as `` Adar II . '' The insertion of the leap month mentioned above is based on the requirement that Passover -- the festival celebrating the Exodus from Egypt , which took place in the spring -- always occurs in the ( northern hemisphere 's ) spring season . Since the adoption of a fixed calendar , intercalations in the Hebrew calendar have been assigned to fixed points in a 19 - year cycle . Prior to this , the intercalation was determined empirically : The year may be intercalated on three grounds : ' aviv ( i.e. the ripeness of barley ) , fruits of trees , and the equinox . On two of these grounds it should be intercalated , but not on one of them alone . Importance of lunar months From very early times , the Mesopotamian lunisolar calendar was in wide use by the countries of the western Asia region . The structure , which was also used by the Israelites , was based on lunar months with the intercalation of an additional month to bring the cycle closer to the solar cycle , although there is no evidence of a thirteenth month mentioned anywhere in the Hebrew Bible . Num 10 : 10 stresses the importance in Israelite religious observance of the new month ( Hebrew : ראש חודש , Rosh Chodesh , `` beginning of the month '' ) : `` ... in your new moons , ye shall blow with the trumpets over your burnt - offerings ... '' Similarly in Num 28 : 11 . `` The beginning of the month '' meant the appearance of a new moon , and in Exod 12 : 2 . `` This month is to you '' . According to the Mishnah and Tosefta , in the Maccabean , Herodian , and Mishnaic periods , new months were determined by the sighting of a new crescent , with two eyewitnesses required to testify to the Sanhedrin to having seen the new lunar crescent at sunset . The practice in the time of Gamaliel II ( c. 100 CE ) was for witnesses to select the appearance of the moon from a collection of drawings that depicted the crescent in a variety of orientations , only a few of which could be valid in any given month . These observations were compared against calculations . At first the beginning of each Jewish month was signaled to the communities of Israel and beyond by fires lit on mountaintops , but after the Samaritans began to light false fires , messengers were sent . The inability of the messengers to reach communities outside Israel before mid-month High Holy Days ( Succot and Passover ) led outlying communities to celebrate scriptural festivals for two days rather than one , observing the second feast - day of the Jewish diaspora because of uncertainty of whether the previous month ended after 29 or 30 days . In his work Mishneh Torah ( 1178 ) , Maimonides included a chapter `` Sanctification of the New Moon '' , in which he discusses the calendrical rules and their scriptural basis . He notes , `` By how much does the solar year exceed the lunar year ? By approximately 11 days . Therefore , whenever this excess accumulates to about 30 days , or a little more or less , one month is added and the particular year is made to consist of 13 months , and this is the so - called embolismic ( intercalated ) year . For the year could not consist of twelve months plus so - and - so many days , since it is said : throughout the months of the year ( Num 28 : 14 ) , which implies that we should count the year by months and not by days . '' Names of months Both the Syrian calendar , currently used in the Arabic - speaking countries of the Fertile crescent , and the modern Assyrian calendar share many of the names for months with the Hebrew calendar , such as Nisan , Iyyar , Tammuz , Ab , Elul , Tishri and Adar , indicating a common origin . The origin is thought to be the Babylonian calendar . The modern Turkish calendar includes the names Şubat ( February ) , Nisan ( April ) , Temmuz ( July ) and Eylul ( September ) . The former name for October was Tesrin . Babylonian exile The Jewish people left Babylon and return to live in Judea , around 586 BCE . At this time they adopted the Babylonian names for the months . The Babylonian calendar descended directly from the Sumerian calendar . Biblical references to the pre-exilic calendar include ten months identified by number rather than by name . In parts of the Torah portion Noach ( `` Noah '' ) ( specifically , Gen 7 : 11 , 8 : 3 -- 4 , 8 : 13 -- 14 ) it is implied that the months are thirty days long . There is also an indication that there were twelve months in the annual cycle ( 1 Kings 4 : 7 , 1 Chronicles 27 : 1 -- 15 ) . Prior to the Babylonian exile , the names of only four months are referred to in the Tanakh : Aviv -- first month -- literally `` spring '' ( Exodus 12 : 2 , 13 : 4 , 23 : 15 , 34 : 18 , Deut. 16 : 1 ) ; Ziv -- second month -- literally `` light '' ( 1 Kings 6 : 1 , 6 : 37 ) ; Ethanim -- seventh month -- literally `` strong '' in plural , perhaps referring to strong rains ( 1 Kings 8 : 2 ) ; and Bul -- eighth month ( 1 Kings 6 : 38 ) . All of these are believed to be Canaanite names . These names are only mentioned in connection with the building of the First Temple . Håkan Ulfgard suggests that the use of what are rarely used Canaanite ( or in the case of Ethanim perhaps Northwest - semitic ) names indicates that `` the author is consciously utilizing an archaizing terminology , thus giving the impression of an ancient story ... '' . In a regular ( kesidran ) year , Marcheshvan has 29 days and Kislev has 30 days . However , because of the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules ( see below ) Kislev may lose a day to have 29 days , and the year is called a short ( chaser ) year , or Marcheshvan may acquire an additional day to have 30 days , and the year is called a full ( maleh ) year . The calendar rules have been designed to ensure that Rosh Hashanah does not fall on a Sunday , Wednesday or Friday . This is to ensure that Yom Kippur does not directly precede or follow Shabbat , which would create practical difficulties , and that Hoshana Rabbah is not on a Shabbat , in which case certain ceremonies would be lost for a year . Hebrew names of the months with their Babylonian analogs # Hebrew Tiberian Academy Common / Other Length Babylonian analog Holidays / Notable days Notes נִיסָן Nīsān Nisan Nissan 30 days Nisanu Passover Called Abib ( Exodus 13 : 4 , 23 : 15 , 34 : 18 , Deut. 16 : 1 ) and Nisan ( Esther 3 : 7 ) in the Tanakh . אִיָּר / אייר ʼIyyār Iyyar Iyar 29 days Ayaru Pesach Sheni Lag B'Omer Called Ziv in 1 Kings 6 : 1 , 6 : 37 . סִיוָן / סיוון Sīwān Sivan Siwan 30 days Simanu Shavuot תַּמּוּז Tammūz Tammuz Tamuz 29 days Dumuzu Seventeenth of Tammuz Named for the Babylonian god Dumuzi 5 אָב ʼĀḇ Av Ab 30 days Abu Tisha B'Av Tu B'Av 6 אֱלוּל ʼĔlūl Elul 29 days Ululu 7 תִּשׁרִי Tišrī Tishri Tishrei 30 days Tashritu Rosh Hashanah Yom Kippur Sukkot Shemini Atzeret Simchat Torah Called Ethanim in 1 Kings 8 : 2 . First month of civil year . 8 מַרְחֶשְׁוָן / מרחשוון Marḥešwān Marẖeshvan Marcheshvan Cheshvan Marẖeshwan 29 or 30 days Arakhsamna Called Bul in 1 Kings 6 : 38 . 9 כִּסְלֵו / כסליו Kislēw Kislev Kislev Chisleu Chislev 29 or 30 days Kislimu Hanukkah 10 טֵבֵת Ṭēḇēṯ Tevet Tebeth 29 days Tebetu Tenth of Tevet 11 שְׁבָט Šəḇāṭ Shvat Shevat Shebat Sebat 30 days Shabatu Tu Bishvat 12L אֲדָר א ׳ Adar I 30 days Only in Leap years . 12 אֲדָר / אֲדָר ב ׳ * ʼĂḏār Adar / Adar II 29 days Adaru Purim Leap months The solar year is about eleven days longer than twelve lunar months . The Bible does not directly mention the addition of `` embolismic '' or intercalary months . However , without the insertion of embolismic months , Jewish festivals would gradually shift outside of the seasons required by the Torah . This has been ruled as implying a requirement for the insertion of embolismic months to reconcile the lunar cycles to the seasons , which are integral to solar yearly cycles . When the observational form of the calendar was in use , whether or not an embolismic month was announced after the `` last month '' ( Adar ) depended on ' aviv ( i.e. , the ripeness of barley ) , fruits of trees , and the equinox . On two of these grounds it should be intercalated , but not on one of them alone . It may be noted that in the Bible the name of the first month , Aviv , literally means `` spring '' . Thus , if Adar was over and spring had not yet arrived , an additional month was observed . Traditionally , for the Babylonian and Hebrew lunisolar calendars , the years 3 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 , and 19 are the long ( 13 - month ) years of the Metonic cycle . This cycle forms the basis of the Christian ecclesiastical calendar and the Hebrew calendar and is used for the computation of the date of Easter each year During leap years Adar I ( or Adar Aleph -- `` first Adar '' ) is added before the regular Adar . Adar I is actually considered to be the extra month , and has 30 days . Adar II ( or Adar Bet -- `` second Adar '' ) is the `` real '' Adar , and has the usual 29 days . For this reason , holidays such as Purim are observed in Adar II , not Adar I . Constellations Main articles : Hebrew astronomy and Jewish views on astrology Chronology was a chief consideration in the study of astronomy among the Jews ; sacred time was based upon the cycles of the Sun and the Moon . The Talmud identified the twelve constellations of the zodiac with the twelve months of the Hebrew calendar . The correspondence of the constellations with their names in Hebrew and the months is as follows : Aries -- Taleh -- Nisan Taurus -- Shor -- Iyar Gemini -- Teomim -- Sivan Cancer -- Sartan -- Tammuz Leo -- Arye -- Av Virgo -- Betulah -- Elul Libra -- Moznayim -- Tishrei Scorpio -- ' Akrab -- Marcheshvan Sagittarius -- Keshet -- Kislev Capricorn -- Gdi -- Tevet Aquarius -- Dli -- Shevat Pisces -- Dagim -- Adar Some scholars identified the 12 signs of the zodiac with the 12 sons of Jacob / twelve tribes of Israel . It should be noted that the 12 lunar months of the Hebrew calendar are the normal months from new moon to new moon : the year normally contains twelve months averaging 29.52 days each . The discrepancy compared to the mean synodic month of 29.53 days is due to Adar I in a leap year always having thirty days . This means that the calendar year normally contains 354 days . Year 5779 since the creation of the world , according to the traditional count . This year has 385 days , making it a full ( שלמה ) year . In 5779 , Rosh Hashanah is on Monday , while Passover is on Saturday . According to the Machzor Katan , the 19 - year ( Metonic ) cycle used to keep the Hebrew calendar aligned with the solar year : This year is the 3rd year of the 305th cycle . It is a leap year . According to the Machzor Gadol , a 28 - year solar cycle used to calculate the date to recite Birkat Hachama , a blessing on the sun : This year is the 11th year of the 207th cycle . According to the current reckoning of sabbatical ( shmita ) years : This year is the 4th year of the cycle . It is a maaser sheni year . Years The Hebrew calendar year conventionally begins on Rosh Hashanah . However , other dates serve as the beginning of the year for different religious purposes . There are three qualities that distinguish one year from another : whether it is a leap year or a common year , on which of four permissible days of the week the year begins , and whether it is a deficient , regular , or complete year . Mathematically , there are 24 ( 2 × 4 × 3 ) possible combinations , but only 14 of them are valid . Each of these patterns is called a keviyah ( Hebrew קביעה for `` a setting '' or `` an established thing '' ) , and is encoded as a series of two or three Hebrew letters . See Four gates . In Hebrew there are two common ways of writing the year number : with the thousands , called לפרט גדול ( `` major era '' ) , and without the thousands , called לפרט קטן ( `` minor era '' ) . Thus , the current year is written as ה'תשע `` ט ( 5779 ) using the `` major era '' and תשע `` ט ( 779 ) using the `` minor era '' . Anno Mundi Further information : Anno Mundi The Jewish calendar 's reference point is traditionally held to be about one year before the Creation of the world . In 1178 CE , Maimonides wrote in the Mishneh Torah , Sanctification of the Moon ( 11.16 ) , that he had chosen the epoch from which calculations of all dates should be as `` the third day of Nisan in this present year ... which is the year 4938 of the creation of the world '' ( March 22 , 1178 ) . He included all the rules for the calculated calendar and their scriptural basis , including the modern epochal year in his work , and beginning formal usage of the anno mundi era . From the eleventh century , anno mundi dating became dominant throughout most of the world 's Jewish communities . Today , the rules detailed in Maimonides ' calendrical code are those generally used by Jewish communities throughout the world . Since the codification by Maimonides in 1178 , the Jewish calendar has used the Anno Mundi epoch ( Latin for `` in the year of the world , '' abbreviated AM or A.M. , Hebrew לבריאת העולם ) , sometimes referred to as the `` Hebrew era '' , to distinguish it from other systems based on some computation of creation , such as the Byzantine calendar . There is also reference in the Talmud to years since the creation based on the calculation in the Seder Olam Rabbah of Rabbi Jose ben Halafta in about 160 CE . By his calculation , based on the Masoretic Text , Adam was created in 3760 BCE , later confirmed by the Muslim chronologist al - Biruni as 3448 years before the Seleucid era . An example is the c. 8th century Baraita of Samuel . According to rabbinic reckoning , the beginning of `` year 1 '' is not Creation , but about one year before Creation , with the new moon of its first month ( Tishrei ) to be called molad tohu ( the mean new moon of chaos or nothing ) . The Jewish calendar 's epoch ( reference date ) , 1 Tishrei AM 1 , is equivalent to Monday , 7 October 3761 BC / BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar , the equivalent tabular date ( same daylight period ) and is about one year before the traditional Jewish date of Creation on 25 Elul AM 1 , based upon the Seder Olam Rabbah . Thus , adding 3760 before Rosh Hashanah or 3761 after to a Julian year number starting from 1 CE ( AD 1 ) will yield the Hebrew year . For earlier years there may be a discrepancy ( see : Missing years ( Jewish calendar ) ) . The Seder Olam Rabbah also recognized the importance of the Jubilee and Sabbatical cycles as a long - term calendrical system , and attempted at various places to fit the Sabbatical and Jubilee years into its chronological scheme . Occasionally , Anno Mundi is styled as Anno Hebraico ( AH ) , though this is subject to confusion with notation for the Islamic Hijri year . Previous systems Before the adoption of the current AM year numbering system , other systems were in use . In early times , the years were counted from some significant historic event . ( e.g. , 1 Kings 6 : 1 ) During the period of the monarchy , it was the widespread practice in western Asia to use era year numbers according to the accession year of the monarch of the country involved . This practice was also followed by the united kingdom of Israel ( e.g. , 1 Kings 14 : 25 ) , kingdom of Judah ( e.g. , 2 Kings 18 : 13 ) , kingdom of Israel ( e.g. , 2 Kings 17 : 6 ) , Persia ( e.g. , Nehemiah 2 : 1 ) and others . Besides , the author of Kings coordinated dates in the two kingdoms by giving the accession year of a monarch in terms of the year of the monarch of the other kingdom , ( e.g. , 2 Kings 8 : 16 ) though some commentators note that these dates do not always synchronise . Other era dating systems have been used at other times . For example , Jewish communities in the Babylonian diaspora counted the years from the first deportation from Israel , that of Jehoiachin in 597 BCE , ( e.g. , Ezekiel 1 : 1 -- 2 ) . The era year was then called `` year of the captivity of Jehoiachin '' . ( e.g. , 2 Kings 25 : 27 ) During the Hellenistic Maccabean period , Seleucid era counting was used , at least in the Greek - influenced area of Israel . The Books of the Maccabees used Seleucid era dating exclusively ( e.g. , 1 Maccabees 1 : 54 , 6 : 20 , 7 : 1 , 9 : 3 , 10 : 1 ) . Josephus writing in the Roman period also used Seleucid era dating exclusively . During the Talmudic era , from the 1st to the 10th century , the center of world Judaism was in the Middle East , primarily in the Talmudic Academies of Iraq and Palestine . Jews in these regions used Seleucid era dating ( also known as the `` Era of Contracts '' ) . The Avodah Zarah states : Rav Aha b . Jacob then put this question : How do we know that our Era ( of Documents ) is connected with the Kingdom of Greece at all ? Why not say that it is reckoned from the Exodus from Egypt , omitting the first thousand years and giving the years of the next thousand ? In that case , the document is really post-dated ! Said Rav Nahman : In the Diaspora the Greek Era alone is used . He ( the questioner ) thought that Rav Nahman wanted to dispose of him anyhow , but when he went and studied it thoroughly he found that it is indeed taught ( in a Baraita ) : In the Diaspora the Greek Era alone is used . The use of the era of documents ( i.e. , Seleucid era ) continued till the 16th century in the East , and was employed even in the 19th century among the Jews of Yemen . Occasionally in Talmudic writings , reference was made to other starting points for eras , such as destruction era dating , being the number of years since the 70 CE destruction of the Second Temple . In the 8th and 9th centuries , as the center of Jewish life moved from Babylonia to Europe , counting using the Seleucid era `` became meaningless '' . There is indication that Jews of the Rhineland in the early Middle Ages used the `` years after the destruction of the Temple '' ( e.g. , Mainz Anonymous ) . New year A shofar made from a ram 's horn is traditionally blown in observance of Rosh Hashanah , the beginning of the Jewish civic year . Exodus 12 : 2 and Deut 16 : 1 set Aviv ( now Nisan ) as `` the first of months '' : this month shall be unto you the beginning of months ; it shall be the first month of the year to you . Nisan 1 is referred to as the ecclesiastical new year . In ancient Israel , the start of the ecclesiastical new year for the counting of months and festivals ( i.e. , Nisan ) was determined by reference to Passover . Passover is on 15 Nisan , ( Leviticus 23 : 4 -- 6 ) which corresponds to the full moon of Nisan . As Passover is a spring festival , it should fall on a full moon day around , and normally just after , the vernal ( northward ) equinox . If the twelfth full moon after the previous Passover is too early compared to the equinox , a leap month is inserted near the end of the previous year before the new year is set to begin . According to normative Judaism , the verses in Exodus 12 : 1 -- 2 require that the months be determined by a proper court with the necessary authority to sanctify the months . Hence the court , not the astronomy , has the final decision . According to some Christian and Karaite sources , the tradition in ancient Israel was that 1 Nisan would not start until the barley is ripe , being the test for the onset of spring . If the barley was not ripe , an intercalary month would be added before Nisan . The day most commonly referred to as the `` New Year '' is 1 Tishrei , which actually begins in the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year . On that day the formal New Year for the counting of years ( such as Shmita and Yovel ) , Rosh Hashanah ( `` head of the year '' ) is observed . ( see Ezekiel 40 : 1 , which uses the phrase `` beginning of the year '' . ) This is the civil new year , and the date on which the year number advances . Certain agricultural practices are also marked from this date . In the 1st century , Josephus stated that while -- Moses ... appointed Nisan ... as the first month for the festivals ... the commencement of the year for everything relating to divine worship , but for selling and buying and other ordinary affairs he preserved the ancient order ( i.e. the year beginning with Tishrei ) . '' Edwin Thiele has concluded that the ancient northern Kingdom of Israel counted years using the ecclesiastical new year starting on 1 Aviv ( Nisan ) , while the southern Kingdom of Judah counted years using the civil new year starting on 1 Tishrei . The practice of the Kingdom of Israel was also that of Babylon , as well as other countries of the region . The practice of Judah is still followed . In fact the Jewish calendar has a multiplicity of new years for different purposes . The use of these dates has been in use for a long time . The use of multiple starting dates for a year is comparable to different starting dates for civil `` calendar years '' , `` tax or fiscal years '' , `` academic years '' , `` religious cycles '' , etc . By the time of the redaction of the Mishnah , Rosh Hashanah 1 : 1 ( c. 200 CE ) , jurists had identified four new - year dates : The 1st of Nisan is the new year for kings and feasts ; the 1st of Elul is the new year for the tithe of cattle ... the 1st of Tishri is the new year for years , of the years of release and jubilee years , for the planting and for vegetables ; and the 1st of Shevat is the new year for trees -- so the school of Shammai ; and the school of Hillel say : On the 15th thereof . The month of Elul is the new year for counting animal tithes ( ma'aser behemah ) . Tu Bishvat ( `` the 15th of Shevat '' ) marks the new year for trees ( and agricultural tithes ) . For the dates of the Jewish New Year see Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000 -- 2050 or calculate using the section `` Conversion between Jewish and civil calendars '' . Leap years The Jewish calendar is based on the Metonic cycle of 19 years , of which 12 are common ( non-leap ) years of 12 months and 7 are leap years of 13 months . To determine whether a Jewish year is a leap year , one must find its position in the 19 - year Metonic cycle . This position is calculated by dividing the Jewish year number by 19 and finding the remainder . ( Since there is no year 0 , a remainder of 0 indicates that the year is year 19 of the cycle . ) For example , the Jewish year 5779 divided by 19 results in a remainder of 3 , indicating that it is year 3 of the Metonic cycle . Years 3 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 , and 19 of the Metonic cycle are leap years . To assist in remembering this sequence , some people use the mnemonic Hebrew word GUCHADZaT `` גוחאדז '' ט `` , where the Hebrew letters gimel - vav - het aleph - dalet - zayin - tet are used as Hebrew numerals equivalent to 3 , 6 , 8 , 1 , 4 , 7 , 9 . The keviyah records whether the year is leap or common : פ for peshuta ( פשוטה ) , meaning simple and indicating a common year , and מ indicating a leap year ( me'uberet , מעוברת ) . Another memory aid notes that intervals of the major scale follow the same pattern as do Jewish leap years , with do corresponding to year 19 ( or 0 ) : a whole step in the scale corresponds to two common years between consecutive leap years , and a half step to one common year between two leap years . This connection with the major scale is more plain in the context of 19 equal temperament : counting the tonic as 0 , the notes of the major scale in 19 equal temperament are numbers 0 ( or 19 ) , 3 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 , the same numbers as the leap years in the Hebrew calendar . A simple rule for determining whether a year is a leap year has been given above . However , there is another rule which not only tells whether the year is leap but also gives the fraction of a month by which the calendar is behind the seasons , useful for agricultural purposes . To determine whether year n of the calendar is a leap year , find the remainder on dividing ( ( 7 × n ) + 1 ) by 19 . If the remainder is 6 or less it is a leap year ; if it is 7 or more it is not . For example , the remainder on dividing ( ( 7 × 5779 ) + 1 ) by 19 is 3 , so the year 5779 is a leap year . The remainder on dividing ( ( 7 × 5780 ) + 1 ) by 19 is 10 , so the year 5780 is not a leap year . This works because as there are seven leap years in nineteen years the difference between the solar and lunar years increases by 7 / 19 - month per year . When the difference goes above 18 / 19 - month this signifies a leap year , and the difference is reduced by one month . Rosh Hashanah postponement rules Day of week Number of days Monday 353 355 383 385 Tuesday 354 384 Thursday 354 355 383 385 Saturday 353 355 383 385 To calculate the day on which Rosh Hashanah of a given year will fall , it is necessary first to calculate the expected molad ( moment of lunar conjunction or new moon ) of Tishrei in that year , and then to apply a set of rules to determine whether the first day of the year must be postponed . The molad can be calculated by multiplying the number of months that will have elapsed since some ( preceding ) molad whose weekday is known by the mean length of a ( synodic ) lunar month , which is 29 days , 12 hours , and 793 parts ( there are 1080 `` parts '' in an hour , so that one part is equal to 3 ⁄ seconds ) . The very first molad , the molad tohu , fell on Sunday evening at 11.11 ⁄ , or in Jewish terms Day 2 , 5 hours , and 204 parts . In calculating the number of months that will have passed since the known molad that one uses as the starting point , one must remember to include any leap months that falls within the elapsed interval , according to the cycle of leap years . A 19 - year cycle of 235 synodic months has 991 weeks 2 days 16 hours 595 parts , a common year of 12 synodic months has 50 weeks 4 days 8 hours 876 parts , while a leap year of 13 synodic months has 54 weeks 5 days 21 hours 589 parts . The two months whose numbers of days may be adjusted , Marcheshvan and Kislev , are the eighth and ninth months of the Hebrew year , whereas Tishrei is the seventh month ( in the traditional counting of the months , even though it is the first month of a new calendar year ) . Any adjustments needed to postpone Rosh Hashanah must be made to the adjustable months in the year that precedes the year of which the Rosh Hashanah will be the first day . Just four potential conditions are considered to determine whether the date of Rosh Hashanah must be postponed . These are called the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules , or deḥiyyot : If the molad occurs at or later than noon , Rosh Hashanah is postponed a day . This is called deḥiyyah molad zaken ( literally , `` old birth '' , i.e. , late new moon ) . If the molad occurs on a Sunday , Wednesday , or Friday , Rosh Hashanah is postponed a day . If the application of deḥiyyah molad zaken would place Rosh Hashanah on one of these days , then it must be postponed a second day . This is called deḥiyyah lo ADU , an acronym that means `` not ( weekday ) one , four , or six . '' The first of these rules ( deḥiyyah molad zaken ) is referred to in the Talmud . Nowadays , molad zaken is used as a device to prevent the molad falling on the second day of the month . The second rule , ( deḥiyyah lo ADU ) , is applied for religious reasons . Another two rules are applied much less frequently and serve to prevent impermissible year lengths . Their names are Hebrew acronyms that refer to the ways they are calculated : If the molad in a common year falls on a Tuesday after 9 hours and 204 parts , Rosh Hashanah is postponed to Thursday . This is deḥiyyah GaTaRaD , where the acronym stands for `` 3 ( Tuesday ) , 9 , 204 . '' If the molad following a leap year falls on a Monday , more than 15 hours and 589 parts after the Hebrew day began ( for calculation purposes , this is taken to be 6 pm Sunday ) , Rosh Hashanah is postponed to Tuesday . This is deḥiyyah BeTUTeKaPoT , where the acronym stands for `` 2 ( Monday ) , 15 , 589 . '' At the innovation of the sages , the calendar was arranged to ensure that Yom Kippur would not fall on a Friday or Sunday , and Hoshana Rabbah would not fall on Shabbat . These rules have been instituted because Shabbat restrictions also apply to Yom Kippur , so that if Yom Kippur were to fall on Friday , it would not be possible to make necessary preparations for Shabbat ( such as candle lighting ) . Similarly , if Yom Kippur fell on a Sunday , it would not be possible to make preparations for Yom Kippur because the preceding day is Shabbat . Additionally , the laws of Shabbat override those of Hoshana Rabbah , so that if Hoshana Rabbah were to fall on Shabbat certain rituals that are a part of the Hoshana Rabbah service ( such as carrying willows , which is a form of work ) could not be performed . To prevent Yom Kippur ( 10 Tishrei ) from falling on a Friday or Sunday , Rosh Hashanah ( 1 Tishrei ) can not fall on Wednesday or Friday . Likewise , to prevent Hoshana Rabbah ( 21 Tishrei ) from falling on a Saturday , Rosh Hashanah can not fall on a Sunday . This leaves only four days on which Rosh Hashanah can fall : Monday , Tuesday , Thursday , and Saturday , which are referred to as the `` four gates '' . Each day is associated with a number ( its order in the week , beginning with Sunday as day 1 ) . Numbers in Hebrew have been traditionally denominated by Hebrew letters . Thus the keviyah uses the letters ה , ג , ב and ז ( representing 2 , 3 , 5 , and 7 , for Monday , Tuesday , Thursday , and Saturday ) to denote the starting day of the year . Deficient , regular , and complete years The postponement of the year is compensated for by adding a day to the second month or removing one from the third month . A Jewish common year can only have 353 , 354 , or 355 days . A leap year is always 30 days longer , and so can have 383 , 384 , or 385 days . A chaserah year ( Hebrew for `` deficient '' or `` incomplete '' ) is 353 or 383 days long . Both Cheshvan and Kislev have 29 days . The Hebrew letter ח `` het '' is used in the keviyah . A kesidrah year ( `` regular '' or `` in - order '' ) is 354 or 384 days long . Cheshvan has 29 days while Kislev has 30 days . The Hebrew letter כ `` kaf '' is used in the keviyah . A shlemah year ( `` complete '' or `` perfect '' , also `` abundant '' ) is 355 or 385 days long . Both Cheshvan and Kislev have 30 days . The Hebrew letter ש `` shin '' is used in the keviyah . Whether a year is deficient , regular , or complete is determined by the time between two adjacent Rosh Hashanah observances and the leap year . While the keviyah is sufficient to describe a year , a variant specifies the day of the week for the first day of Pesach ( Passover ) in lieu of the year length . A Metonic cycle equates to 235 lunar months in each 19 - year cycle . This gives an average of 6939 days , 16 hours , and 595 parts for each cycle . But due to the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules ( preceding section ) a cycle of 19 Jewish years can be either 6939 , 6940 , 6941 , or 6942 days in duration . Since none of these values is evenly divisible by seven , the Jewish calendar repeats exactly only following 36,288 Metonic cycles , or 689,472 Jewish years . There is a near - repetition every 247 years , except for an excess of about 50 minutes ( 905 parts ) . Four gates The annual calendar of a numbered Hebrew year , displayed as 12 or 13 months partitioned into weeks , can be determined by consulting the table of Four gates , whose inputs are the year 's position in the 19 - year cycle and its molad Tishrei . The resulting type ( keviyah ) of the desired year in the body of the table is a triple consisting of two numbers and a letter ( written left - to - right in English ) . The left number of each triple is the day of the week of 1 Tishrei , Rosh Hashanah ( 2 3 5 7 ) ; the letter indicates whether that year is deficient ( D ) , regular ( R ) , or complete ( C ) , the number of days in Chesvan and Kislev ; while the right number of each triple is the day of the week of 15 Nisan , the first day of Passover or Pesach ( 1 3 5 7 ) , within the same Hebrew year ( next Julian / Gregorian year ) . The keviyah in Hebrew letters are written right - to - left , so their days of the week are reversed , the right number for 1 Tishrei and the left for 15 Nisan . The year within the 19 - year cycle alone determines whether that year has one or two Adars . This table numbers the days of the week and hours for the limits of molad Tishrei in the Hebrew manner for calendrical calculations , that is , both begin at 6 pm , thus 7d 18h 0p is noon Saturday . The years of a 19 - year cycle are organized into four groups : common years after a leap year but before a common year ( 1 4 9 12 15 ) ; common years between two leap years ( 7 18 ) ; common years after a common year but before a leap year ( 2 5 10 13 16 ) ; and leap years ( 3 6 8 11 14 17 19 ) , all between common years . The oldest surviving table of Four gates was written by Saadia Gaon ( 892 -- 942 ) . It is so named because it identifies the four allowable days of the week on which 1 Tishrei can occur . Comparing the days of the week of molad Tishrei with those in the keviyah shows that during 39 % of years 1 Tishrei is not postponed beyond the day of the week of its molad Tishrei , 47 % are postponed one day , and 14 % are postponed two days . This table also identifies the seven types of common years and seven types of leap years . Most are represented in any 19 - year cycle , except one or two may be in neighboring cycles . The most likely type of year is 5R7 in 18.1 % of years , whereas the least likely is 5C1 in 3.3 % of years . The day of the week of 15 Nisan is later than that of 1 Tishrei by one , two or three days for common years and three , four or five days for leap years in deficient , regular or complete years , respectively . Four gates molad Tishrei ≥ Year of 19 - year cycle 1 4 9 12 15 7 18 2 5 10 13 16 3 6 8 11 14 17 19 7d 18h 0p 2D3 בחג 2D5 בחה 1d 9h 204p 1d 20h 491p 2C5 בשה 2C7 בשז 2d 15h 589p 2d 18h 0p 3R5 גכה 3R7 גכז 3d 9h 204p 5R7 הכז 3d 18h 0p 5D1 החא 4d 11h 695p 5d 9h 204p 5C1 השא 5C3 השג 5d 18h 0p 6d 0h 408p 7D1 זחא 7D3 זחג 6d 9h 204p 6d 20h 491p 7C3 זשג 7C5 זשה Holidays See Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000 -- 2050 History Part of a series on the History of Israel Ancient Israel and Judah Natufian culture Prehistory Canaan Israelites United monarchy Northern Kingdom Kingdom of Judah Babylonian rule Second Temple period ( 530 BCE -- 70 CE ) Persian rule Hellenistic period Hasmonean dynasty Herodian dynasty Kingdom Tetrarchy Roman Judea Middle Ages ( 70 -- 1517 ) Roman Palaestina Byzantine Palaestina Prima Secunda Revolt against Constantius Gallus Samaritan revolts Revolt against Heraclius Caliphates Filastin Urdunn Kingdom of Jerusalem Ayyubid dynasty Mamluk Sultanate Modern history ( 1517 -- 1948 ) Ottoman rule Eyalet Mutasarrifate Old Yishuv Zionism OETA British mandate State of Israel ( 1948 -- present ) Independence Timeline Years Arab -- Israeli conflict Start - up Nation History of the Land of Israel by topic Judaism Jerusalem Zionism Jewish leaders Jewish warfare Nationality Related Jewish history Hebrew calendar Archaeology Museums Israel portal Mishnaic period The Trumpeting Place inscription , a stone ( 2.43 × 1 m ) with Hebrew inscription `` To the Trumpeting Place '' is believed to be a part of the Second Temple . The Tanakh contains several commandments related to the keeping of the calendar and the lunar cycle , and records changes that have taken place to the Hebrew calendar . It has been noted that the procedures described in the Mishnah and Tosefta are all plausible procedures for regulating an empirical lunar calendar . Fire - signals , for example , or smoke - signals , are known from the pre-exilic Lachish ostraca . Furthermore , the Mishnah contains laws that reflect the uncertainties of an empirical calendar . Mishnah Sanhedrin , for example , holds that when one witness holds that an event took place on a certain day of the month , and another that the same event took place on the following day , their testimony can be held to agree , since the length of the preceding month was uncertain . Another Mishnah takes it for granted that it can not be known in advance whether a year 's lease is for twelve or thirteen months . Hence it is a reasonable conclusion that the Mishnaic calendar was actually used in the Mishnaic period . The accuracy of the Mishnah 's claim that the Mishnaic calendar was also used in the late Second Temple period is less certain . One scholar has noted that there are no laws from Second Temple period sources that indicate any doubts about the length of a month or of a year . This led him to propose that the priests must have had some form of computed calendar or calendrical rules that allowed them to know in advance whether a month would have 30 or 29 days , and whether a year would have 12 or 13 months . Modern calendar The Arch of Titus depicting the objects from the Temple being carried through Rome . Between 70 and 1178 CE , the observation - based calendar was gradually replaced by a mathematically calculated one . Except for the epoch year number , the calendar rules reached their current form by the beginning of the 9th century , as described by the Persian Muslim astronomer al - Khwarizmi ( c. 780 -- 850 CE ) in 823 . One notable difference between the calendar of that era and the modern form was the date of the epoch ( the fixed reference point at the beginning of year 1 ) , which at that time was one year later than the epoch of the modern calendar . Most of the present rules of the calendar were in place by 823 , according to a treatise by al - Khwarizmi . Al - Khwarizmi 's study of the Jewish calendar , Risāla fi istikhrāj taʾrīkh al - yahūd `` Extraction of the Jewish Era '' describes the 19 - year intercalation cycle , the rules for determining on what day of the week the first day of the month Tishrī shall fall , the interval between the Jewish era ( creation of Adam ) and the Seleucid era , and the rules for determining the mean longitude of the sun and the moon using the Jewish calendar . Not all the rules were in place by 835 . In 921 , Aaron ben Meïr proposed changes to the calendar . Though the proposals were rejected , they indicate that all of the rules of the modern calendar ( except for the epoch ) were in place before that date . In 1000 , the Muslim chronologist al - Biruni described all of the modern rules of the Hebrew calendar , except that he specified three different epochs used by various Jewish communities being one , two , or three years later than the modern epoch . There is a tradition , first mentioned by Hai Gaon ( died 1038 CE ) , that Hillel b . R. Yehuda `` in the year 670 of the Seleucid era '' ( i.e. , 358 -- 359 CE ) was responsible for the new calculated calendar with a fixed intercalation cycle . Later writers , such as Nachmanides , explained Hai Gaon 's words to mean that the entire computed calendar was due to Hillel b . Yehuda in response to persecution of Jews . Maimonides , in the 12th century , stated that the Mishnaic calendar was used `` until the days of Abaye and Rava '' , who flourished c. 320 -- 350 CE , and that the change came when `` the land of Israel was destroyed , and no permanent court was left . '' Taken together , these two traditions suggest that Hillel b . Yehuda ( whom they identify with the mid-4th - century Jewish patriarch Ioulos , attested in a letter of the Emperor Julian , and the Jewish patriarch Ellel , mentioned by Epiphanius ) instituted the computed Hebrew calendar because of persecution . H. Graetz linked the introduction of the computed calendar to a sharp repression following a failed Jewish insurrection that occurred during the rule of the Christian emperor Constantius and Gallus . A later writer , S. Lieberman , argued instead that the introduction of the fixed calendar was due to measures taken by Christian Roman authorities to prevent the Jewish patriarch from sending calendrical messengers . Both the tradition that Hillel b . Yehuda instituted the complete computed calendar , and the theory that the computed calendar was introduced due to repression or persecution , have been questioned . Furthermore , two Jewish dates during post-Talmudic times ( specifically in 506 and 776 ) are impossible under the rules of the modern calendar , indicating that its arithmetic rules were developed in Babylonia during the times of the Geonim ( 7th to 8th centuries ) . The Babylonian rules required the delay of the first day of Tishrei when the new moon occurred after noon . The Talmuds do , however , indicate at least the beginnings of a transition from a purely empirical to a computed calendar . According to a statement attributed to Yose , an Amora who lived during the second half of the 3rd century , the feast of Purim , 14 Adar , could not fall on a Sabbath nor a Monday , lest 10 Tishrei ( Yom Kippur ) fall on a Friday or a Sunday . This indicates that , by the time of the redaction of the Jerusalem Talmud ( c. 400 CE ) , there were a fixed number of days in all months from Adar to Elul , also implying that the extra month was already a second Adar added before the regular Adar . In another passage , a sage is reported to have counseled `` those who make the computations '' not to set the first day of Tishrei or the Day of the Willow on the sabbath . This indicates that there was a group who `` made computations '' and were in a position to control , to some extent , the day of the week on which Rosh Hashanah would fall . Usage in contemporary Israel Early Zionist pioneers were impressed by the fact that the calendar preserved by Jews over many centuries in far - flung diasporas , as a matter of religious ritual , was geared to the climate of their original country : the Jewish New Year marks the transition from the dry season to the rainy one , and major Jewish holidays such as Sukkot , Passover , and Shavuot correspond to major points of the country 's agricultural year such as planting and harvest . Accordingly , in the early 20th century the Hebrew calendar was re-interpreted as an agricultural rather than religious calendar . After the creation of the State of Israel , the Hebrew calendar became one of the official calendars of Israel , along with the Gregorian calendar . Holidays and commemorations not derived from previous Jewish tradition were to be fixed according to the Hebrew calendar date . For example , the Israeli Independence Day falls on 5 Iyar , Jerusalem Reunification Day on 28 Iyar , Yom HaAliyah on 10 Nisan , and the Holocaust Commemoration Day on 27 Nisan . Nevertheless , since the 1950s usage of the Hebrew calendar has steadily declined , in favor of the Gregorian calendar . At present , Israelis -- except for the religiously observant -- conduct their private and public life according to the Gregorian calendar , although the Hebrew calendar is still widely acknowledged , appearing in public venues such as banks ( where it is legal for use on cheques and other documents , though only rarely do people make use of this option ) and on the mastheads of newspapers . The Jewish New Year ( Rosh Hashanah ) is a two - day public holiday in Israel . However , since the 1980s an increasing number of secular Israelis celebrate the Gregorian New Year ( usually known as `` Silvester Night '' -- `` ליל סילבסטר '' ) on the night between 31 December and 1 January . Prominent rabbis have on several occasions sharply denounced this practice , but with no noticeable effect on the secularist celebrants . Wall calendars commonly used in Israel are hybrids . Most are organised according to Gregorian rather than Jewish months , but begin in September , when the Jewish New Year usually falls , and provide the Jewish date in small characters . Other practices Outside of Rabbinic Judaism , evidence shows a diversity of practice . Karaite calendar Karaites use the lunar month and the solar year , but the Karaite calendar differs from the current Rabbinic calendar in a number of ways . The Karaite calendar is identical to the Rabbinic calendar used before the Sanhedrin changed the Rabbinic calendar from the lunar , observation based , calendar to the current , mathematically based , calendar used in Rabbinic Judaism today . In the lunar Karaite calendar , the beginning of each month , the Rosh Chodesh , can be calculated , but is confirmed by the observation in Israel of the first sightings of the new moon . This may result in an occasional variation of a maximum of one day , depending on the inability to observe the new moon . The day is usually `` picked up '' in the next month . The addition of the leap month ( Adar II ) is determined by observing in Israel the ripening of barley at a specific stage ( defined by Karaite tradition ) ( called aviv ) , rather than using the calculated and fixed calendar of rabbinic Judaism . Occasionally this results in Karaites being one month ahead of other Jews using the calculated rabbinic calendar . The `` lost '' month would be `` picked up '' in the next cycle when Karaites would observe a leap month while other Jews would not . Furthermore , the seasonal drift of the rabbinic calendar is avoided , resulting in the years affected by the drift starting one month earlier in the Karaite calendar . Also , the four rules of postponement of the rabbinic calendar are not applied , since they are not mentioned in the Tanakh . This can affect the dates observed for all the Jewish holidays in a particular year by one or two days . In the Middle Ages many Karaite Jews outside Israel followed the calculated rabbinic calendar , because it was not possible to retrieve accurate aviv barley data from the land of Israel . However , since the establishment of the State of Israel , and especially since the Six - Day War , the Karaite Jews that have made aliyah can now again use the observational calendar . Samaritan calendar The Samaritan community 's calendar also relies on lunar months and solar years . Calculation of the Samaritan calendar has historically been a secret reserved to the priestly family alone , and was based on observations of the new crescent moon . More recently , a 20th - century Samaritan High Priest transferred the calculation to a computer algorithm . The current High Priest confirms the results twice a year , and then distributes calendars to the community . The epoch of the Samaritan calendar is year of the entry of the Children of Israel into the Land of Israel with Joshua . The month of Passover is the first month in the Samaritan calendar , but the year number increments in the sixth month . Like in the Rabbinic calendar , there are seven leap years within each 19 - year cycle . However , the Rabbinic and Samaritan calendars ' cycles are not synchronized , so Samaritan festivals -- notionally the same as the Rabbinic festivals of Torah origin -- are frequently one month off from the date according to the Rabbinic calendar . Additionally , as in the Karaite calendar , the Samaritan calendar does not apply the four rules of postponement , since they are not mentioned in the Tanakh . This can affect the dates observed for all the Jewish holidays in a particular year by one or two days . The Qumran calendar See also : Enoch calendar and Qumran calendrical texts Many of the Dead Sea ( Qumran ) Scrolls have references to a unique calendar , used by the people there , who are often assumed to be Essenes . The year of this calendar used the ideal Mesopotamian calendar of twelve 30 - day months , to which were added 4 days at the equinoxes and solstices ( cardinal points ) , making a total of 364 days . There was some ambiguity as to whether the cardinal days were at the beginning of the months or at the end , but the clearest calendar attestations give a year of four seasons , each having three months of 30 , 30 , and 31 days with the cardinal day the extra day at the end , for a total of 91 days , or exactly 13 weeks . Each season started on the 4th day of the week ( Wednesday ) , every year . ( Ben - Dov , Head of All Years , pp. 16 -- 17 ) With only 364 days , it is clear that the calendar would after a few years be very noticeably different from the actual seasons , but there is nothing to indicate what was done about this problem . Various suggestions have been made by scholars . One is that nothing was done and the calendar was allowed to change with respect to the seasons . Another suggestion is that changes were made irregularly , only when the seasonal anomaly was too great to be ignored any longer . ( Ben - Dov , Head of All Years , pp. 19 -- 20 ) The writings often discuss the moon , but the calendar was not based on the movement of the moon any more than indications of the phases of the moon on a modern western calendar indicate that that is a lunar calendar . Recent analysis of one of the last scrolls remaining to be deciphered has revealed it relates to this calendar and that the sect used the word tekufah to identify each of the four special days marking the transitions between the seasons . Persian civil calendar Calendrical evidence for the postexilic Persian period is found in papyri from the Jewish colony at Elephantine , in Egypt . These documents show that the Jewish community of Elephantine used the Egyptian and Babylonian calendars . The Sardica paschal table shows that the Jewish community of some eastern city , possibly Antioch , used a calendrical scheme that kept Nisan 14 within the limits of the Julian month of March . Some of the dates in the document are clearly corrupt , but they can be emended to make the sixteen years in the table consistent with a regular intercalation scheme . Peter , the bishop of Alexandria ( early 4th century CE ) , mentions that the Jews of his city `` hold their Passover according to the course of the moon in the month of Phamenoth , or according to the intercalary month every third year in the month of Pharmuthi '' , suggesting a fairly consistent intercalation scheme that kept Nisan 14 approximately between Phamenoth 10 ( March 6 in the 4th century CE ) and Pharmuthi 10 ( April 5 ) . Jewish funerary inscriptions from Zoar , south of the Dead Sea , dated from the 3rd to the 5th century , indicate that when years were intercalated , the intercalary month was at least sometimes a repeated month of Adar . The inscriptions , however , reveal no clear pattern of regular intercalations , nor do they indicate any consistent rule for determining the start of the lunar month . In 1178 , Maimonides included all the rules for the calculated calendar and their scriptural basis , including the modern epochal year in his work , Mishneh Torah . Today , the rules detailed in Maimonides ' code are those generally used by Jewish communities throughout the world . Astronomical calculations Synodic month -- the molad interval A `` new moon '' ( astronomically called a lunar conjunction and , in Hebrew , a molad ) is the moment at which the sun and moon are aligned horizontally with respect to a north - south line ( technically , they have the same ecliptical longitude ) . The period between two new moons is a synodic month . The actual length of a synodic month varies from about 29 days 6 hours and 30 minutes ( 29.27 days ) to about 29 days and 20 hours ( 29.83 days ) , a variation range of about 13 hours and 30 minutes . Accordingly , for convenience , a long - term average length , identical to the mean synodic month of ancient times ( also called the molad interval ) is used . The molad interval is 765433 25920 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 765433 ) ( 25920 ) ) ) days , or 29 days , 12 hours , and 793 `` parts '' ( 1 `` part '' = / minute ; 3 `` parts '' = 10 seconds ) ( i.e. , 29.530594 days ) , and is the same value determined by the Babylonians in their System B about 300 BCE and was adopted by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus in the 2nd century BCE and by the Alexandrian astronomer Ptolemy in the Almagest four centuries later ( who cited Hipparchus as his source ) . Its remarkable accuracy ( less than one second from the true value ) is thought to have been achieved using records of lunar eclipses from the 8th to 5th centuries BCE . This value is as close to the correct value of 29.530589 days as it is possible for a value to come that is rounded off to whole `` parts '' . The discrepancy makes the molad interval about 0.6 seconds too long . Put another way , if the molad is taken as the time of mean conjunction at some reference meridian , then this reference meridian is drifting slowly eastward . If this drift of the reference meridian is traced back to the mid-4th century , the traditional date of the introduction of the fixed calendar , then it is found to correspond to a longitude midway between the Nile and the end of the Euphrates . The modern molad moments match the mean solar times of the lunar conjunction moments near the meridian of Kandahar , Afghanistan , more than 30 ° east of Jerusalem . Furthermore , the discrepancy between the molad interval and the mean synodic month is accumulating at an accelerating rate , since the mean synodic month is progressively shortening due to gravitational tidal effects . Measured on a strictly uniform time scale , such as that provided by an atomic clock , the mean synodic month is becoming gradually longer , but since the tides slow Earth 's rotation rate even more , the mean synodic month is becoming gradually shorter in terms of mean solar time . Seasonal drift The mean year of the current mathematically based Hebrew calendar is 365 days 5 hours 55 minutes and 25 + / seconds ( 365.2468 days ) -- computed as the molad / monthly interval of 29.530594 days × 235 months in a 19 - year metonic cycle ÷ 19 years per cycle . In relation to the Gregorian calendar , the mean Gregorian calendar year is 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes and 12 seconds ( 365.2425 days ) , and the drift of the Hebrew calendar in relation to it is about a day every 231 years . Implications for Jewish ritual This figure , in a detail of a medieval Hebrew calendar , reminded Jews of the palm branch ( Lulav ) , the myrtle twigs , the willow branches , and the citron ( Etrog ) to be held in the hand and to be brought to the synagogue during the holiday of Sukkot , which occurs in autumn . Although the molad of Tishrei is the only molad moment that is not ritually announced , it is actually the only one that is relevant to the Hebrew calendar , for it determines the provisional date of Rosh Hashanah , subject to the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules . The other monthly molad moments are announced for mystical reasons . With the moladot on average almost 100 minutes late , this means that the molad of Tishrei lands one day later than it ought to in ( 100 minutes ) ÷ ( 1440 minutes per day ) = 5 of 72 years or nearly 7 % of years . Therefore , the seemingly small drift of the moladot is already significant enough to affect the date of Rosh Hashanah , which then cascades to many other dates in the calendar year and sometimes , due to the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules , also interacts with the dates of the prior or next year . The molad drift could be corrected by using a progressively shorter molad interval that corresponds to the actual mean lunar conjunction interval at the original molad reference meridian . Furthermore , the molad interval determines the calendar mean year , so using a progressively shorter molad interval would help correct the excessive length of the Hebrew calendar mean year , as well as helping it to `` hold onto '' the northward equinox for the maximum duration . When the 19 - year intercalary cycle was finalised in the 4th century , the earliest Passover ( in year 16 of the cycle ) coincided with the northward equinox , which means that Passover fell near the first full moon after the northward equinox , or that the northward equinox landed within one lunation before 16 days after the molad of Nisan . This is still the case in about 80 % of years ; but , in about 20 % of years , Passover is a month late by these criteria ( as it was in AM 5765 and 5768 , the 8th and 11th years of the 19 - year cycle = Gregorian 2005 and 2008 CE ) . Presently , this occurs after the `` premature '' insertion of a leap month in years 8 , 11 , and 19 of each 19 - year cycle , which causes the northward equinox to land on exceptionally early Hebrew dates in such years . This problem will get worse over time , and so beginning in AM 5817 ( 2057 CE ) , year 3 of each 19 - year cycle will also be a month late . If the calendar is not amended , then Passover will start to land on or after the summer solstice around AM 16652 ( 12892 CE ) . ( The exact year when this will begin to occur depends on uncertainties in the future tidal slowing of the Earth rotation rate , and on the accuracy of predictions of precession and Earth axial tilt . ) The seriousness of the spring equinox drift is widely discounted on the grounds that Passover will remain in the spring season for many millennia , and the text of the Torah is generally not interpreted as having specified tight calendrical limits . The Hebrew calendar also drifts with respect to the autumn equinox , and at least part of the harvest festival of Sukkot is already more than a month after the equinox in years 1 , 9 , and 12 of each 19 - year cycle ; beginning in AM 5818 ( 2057 CE ) , this will also be the case in year 4 . ( These are the same year numbers as were mentioned for the spring season in the previous paragraph , except that they get incremented at Rosh Hashanah . ) This progressively increases the probability that Sukkot will be cold and wet , making it uncomfortable or impractical to dwell in the traditional succah during Sukkot . The first winter seasonal prayer for rain is not recited until Shemini Atzeret , after the end of Sukkot , yet it is becoming increasingly likely that the rainy season in Israel will start before the end of Sukkot . No equinox or solstice will ever be more than a day or so away from its mean date according to the solar calendar , while nineteen Jewish years average 6939d 16h 33m 03 ⁄ s compared to the 6939d 14h 26m 15s of nineteen mean tropical years . This discrepancy has mounted up to six days , which is why the earliest Passover currently falls on 26 March ( as in AM 5773 / 2013 CE ) . Worked example Given the length of the year , the length of each month is fixed as described above , so the real problem in determining the calendar for a year is determining the number of days in the year . In the modern calendar , this is determined in the following manner . The day of Rosh Hashanah and the length of the year are determined by the time and the day of the week of the Tishrei molad , that is , the moment of the average conjunction . Given the Tishrei molad of a certain year , the length of the year is determined as follows : First , one must determine whether each year is an ordinary or leap year by its position in the 19 - year Metonic cycle . Years 3 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 , and 19 are leap years . Secondly , one must determine the number of days between the starting Tishrei molad ( TM1 ) and the Tishrei molad of the next year ( TM2 ) . For calendar descriptions in general the day begins at 6 p.m. , but for the purpose of determining Rosh Hashanah , a molad occurring on or after noon is treated as belonging to the next day ( the first deḥiyyah ) . All months are calculated as 29d , 12h , 44m , 3 ⁄ s long ( MonLen ) . Therefore , in an ordinary year TM2 occurs 12 × MonLen days after TM1 . This is usually 354 calendar days after TM1 , but if TM1 is on or after 3 : 11 : 20 a.m. and before noon , it will be 355 days . Similarly , in a leap year , TM2 occurs 13 × MonLen days after TM1 . This is usually 384 days after TM1 , but if TM1 is on or after noon and before 2 : 27 : 16 ⁄ p.m. , TM2 will be only 383 days after TM1 . In the same way , from TM2 one calculates TM3 . Thus the four natural year lengths are 354 , 355 , 383 , and 384 days . However , because of the holiday rules , Rosh Hashanah can not fall on a Sunday , Wednesday , or Friday , so if TM2 is one of those days , Rosh Hashanah in year 2 is postponed by adding one day to year 1 ( the second deḥiyyah ) . To compensate , one day is subtracted from year 2 . It is to allow for these adjustments that the system allows 385 - day years ( long leap ) and 353 - day years ( short ordinary ) besides the four natural year lengths . But how can year 1 be lengthened if it is already a long ordinary year of 355 days or year 2 be shortened if it is a short leap year of 383 days ? That is why the third and fourth deḥiyyahs are needed . If year 1 is already a long ordinary year of 355 days , there will be a problem if TM1 is on a Tuesday , as that means TM2 falls on a Sunday and will have to be postponed , creating a 356 - day year . In this case , Rosh Hashanah in year 1 is postponed from Tuesday ( the third deḥiyyah ) . As it can not be postponed to Wednesday , it is postponed to Thursday , and year 1 ends up with 354 days . On the other hand , if year 2 is already a short year of 383 days , there will be a problem if TM2 is on a Wednesday . because Rosh Hashanah in year 2 will have to be postponed from Wednesday to Thursday and this will cause year 2 to be only 382 days long . In this case , year 2 is extended by one day by postponing Rosh Hashanah in year 3 from Monday to Tuesday ( the fourth deḥiyyah ) , and year 2 will have 383 days . Rectifying the Hebrew calendar The attribution of the fixed arithmetic Hebrew calendar solely to Hillel II has , however , been questioned by a few authors , such as Sasha Stern , who claim that the calendar rules developed gradually over several centuries . Given the importance in Jewish ritual of establishing the accurate timing of monthly and annual times , some futurist writers and researchers have considered whether a `` corrected '' system of establishing the Hebrew date is required . The mean year of the current mathematically based Hebrew calendar has `` drifted '' an average of 7 -- 8 days late relative to the equinox relationship that it originally had . It is not possible , however , for any individual Hebrew date to be a week or more `` late '' , because Hebrew months always begin within a day or two of the molad moment . What happens instead is that the traditional Hebrew calendar `` prematurely '' inserts a leap month one year before it `` should have been '' inserted , where `` prematurely '' means that the insertion causes the spring equinox to land more than 30 days before the latest acceptable moment , thus causing the calendar to run `` one month late '' until the time when the leap month `` should have been '' inserted prior to the following spring . This presently happens in 4 years out of every 19 - year cycle ( years 3 , 8 , 11 , and 19 ) , implying that the Hebrew calendar currently runs `` one month late '' more than 21 % of the time . Dr. Irv Bromberg has proposed a 353 - year cycle of 4366 months , which would include 130 leap months , along with use of a progressively shorter molad interval , which would keep an amended fixed arithmetic Hebrew calendar from drifting for more than seven millennia . It takes about 3 ⁄ centuries for the spring equinox to drift an average of ⁄ th of a molad interval earlier in the Hebrew calendar . That is a very important time unit , because it can be cancelled by simply truncating a 19 - year cycle to 11 years , omitting 8 years including three leap years from the sequence . That is the essential feature of the 353 - year leap cycle ( ( 9 × 19 ) + 11 + ( 9 × 19 ) = 353 years ) . Religious questions abound about how such a system might be implemented and administered throughout the diverse aspects of the world Jewish community . Conversion between Jewish and civil calendars The list below gives a time which can be used to determine the day the Jewish ecclesiastical ( spring ) year starts over a period of nineteen years : 20 : 18 15 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 15 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Monday , 31 March 2014 05 : 07 9 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 9 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Saturday , 21 March 2015 02 : 40 4 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 4 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Friday , 8 April 2016 11 : 28 16 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 16 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Tuesday , 28 March 2017 20 : 17 10 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 10 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Saturday , 17 March 2018 17 : 50 5 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 5 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Friday , 5 April 2019 02 : 38 17 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 17 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Wednesday , 25 March 2020 11 : 27 11 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 11 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Sunday , 14 March 2021 09 : 00 6 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 6 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Saturday , 2 April 2022 17 : 49 Wednesday , 22 March 2023 15 : 21 13 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 13 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Tuesday , 9 April 2024 00 : 10 7 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 7 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Sunday , 30 March 2025 08 : 59 1 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Thursday , 19 March 2026 06 : 31 14 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 14 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Wednesday , 7 April 2027 15 : 20 8 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 8 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Sunday , 26 March 2028 00 : 09 2 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 2 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Friday , 16 March 2029 21 : 41 15 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 15 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Wednesday , 3 April 2030 06 : 30 9 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 9 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Monday , 24 March 2031 15 : 19 3 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 3 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Friday , 12 March 2032 Every nineteen years this time is 2 days , 16 hours , 33 1 / 18 minutes later in the week . That is either the same or the previous day in the civil calendar , depending on whether the difference in the day of the week is three or two days . If 29 February is included fewer than five times in the nineteen -- year period the date will be later by the number of days which corresponds to the difference between the actual number of insertions and five . If the year is due to start on Sunday , it actually begins on the following Tuesday if the following year is due to start on Friday morning . If due to start on Monday , Wednesday or Friday it actually begins on the following day . If due to start on Saturday , it actually begins on the following day if the previous year was due to begin on Monday morning . The table below lists , for a Jewish year commencing on 23 March , the civil date of the first day of each month . If the year does not begin on 23 March , each month 's first day will differ from the date shown by the number of days that the start of the year differs from 23 March . The correct column is the one which shows the correct starting date for the following year in the last row . If 29 February falls within a Jewish month the first day of later months will be a day earlier than shown . Civil date of first day of Jewish months Length of year : 353 days 354 days 355 days 383 days 384 days 385 days First month 23 March Second month 22 April Third month 21 May Fourth month 20 June Fifth month 19 July Sixth month 18 August Seventh month 16 September Eighth month 16 October Ninth month 14 November 15 November 14 November 15 November Tenth month 13 December 14 December 15 December 13 December 14 December 15 December Eleventh month 11 January 12 January 13 January 11 January 12 January 13 January Added month N / A 10 February 11 February 12 February Twelfth month 10 February 11 February 12 February 12 March 13 March 14 March First month 11 March 12 March 13 March 10 April 11 April 12 April For long period calculations , dates should be reduced to the Julian calendar and converted back to the civil calendar at the end of the calculation . The civil calendar used here ( Exigian ) is correct to one day in 44,000 years and omits the leap day in centennial years which do not give remainder 200 or 700 when divided by 900 . It is identical to the Gregorian calendar between 15 October 1582 CE and 28 February 2400 CE ( both dates inclusive ) . To find how many days the civil calendar is ahead of the Julian in any year from 301 BCE ( the calendar is proleptic ( assumed ) up to 1582 CE ) add 300 to the year , multiply the hundreds by 7 , divide by 9 and subtract 4 . Ignore any fraction of a day . When the difference between the calendars changes the calculated value applies on and from March 1 ( civil date ) for conversions to Julian . For earlier dates reduce the calculated value by one . For conversions to the civil date the calculated value applies on and from February 29 ( Julian date ) . Again , for earlier dates reduce the calculated value by one . The difference is applied to the calendar one is converting into . A negative value indicates that the Julian date is ahead of the civil date . In this case it is important to remember that when calculating the civil equivalent of February 29 ( Julian ) , February 29 is discounted . Thus if the calculated value is − 4 the civil equivalent of this date is February 24 . Before 1 CE use astronomical years rather than years BCE . The astronomical year is ( year BCE ) -- 1 . Up to the 4th century CE , these tables give the day of the Jewish month to within a day or so and the number of the month to within a month or so . From the 4th century , the number of the month is given exactly and from the 9th century the day of the month is given exactly as well . In the Julian calendar , every 76 years the Jewish year is due to start 5h 47 14 / 18m earlier , and 3d 18h 12 4 / 18m later in the week . Example calculation On what civil date does the eighth month begin in CE 20874 - 5 ? 20874 = 2026 + ( 248x76 ) . In ( 248x76 ) Julian years the Jewish year is due to start ( 248x3d 18h 12 4 / 18m ) later in the week , which is 932d 2h 31 2 / 18m or 1d 2h 31 2 / 18m later after removing complete weeks . Allowing for the current difference of thirteen days between the civil and Julian calendars , the Julian date is 13 + ( 248x0d 5h 47 4 / 18m ) earlier , which is 72d 21h 28 16 / 18m earlier . Convert back to the civil calendar by applying the formula . 20874 + 300 = 21174 211x7 = 1477 1477 / 9 = 164 remainder 1 164 - 4 = 160 . 160d - 72d 21h 28 16 / 18m = 87d 2h 31 2 / 18m . So , in 20874 CE , the Jewish year is due to begin 87d 2h 31 2 / 18m later than in 2026 CE and 1d 2h 31 2 / 18m later in the week . In 20874 CE , therefore , the Jewish year is due to begin at 11.30 3 / 18 A.M. on Friday , 14 June . Because of the displacements , it actually begins on Saturday , 15 June . Odd months have 30 days and even months 29 , so the starting dates are 2 , 15 July ; 3 , 13 August ; 4 , 12 September ; 5 , 11 October ; 6 , 10 November ; 7 , 9 December , and 8 , 8 January . The rules are based on the theory that Maimonides explains in his book `` Rabbinical Astronomy '' -- no allowance is made for the secular ( centennial ) decrease of 1⁄2 second in the length of the mean tropical year and the increase of about four yards in the distance between the earth and the moon resulting from tidal friction because astronomy was not sufficiently developed in the 12th century ( when Maimonides wrote his book ) to detect this . See also Judaism portal Assyrian calendar Babylonian calendar Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement Chol HaMoed , the intermediate days during Passover and Sukkot . Chronology of the Bible Counting of the Omer Islamic calendar Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000 -- 2050 Lag BaOmer , 33rd day of counting the Omer . References Jump up ^ Specifically , the ripening of the barley crop ; the age of the kids , lambs , and doves ; the ripeness of the fruit trees ; and the relation of the date to the tekufah ( seasons ) . See the Talmud , Sanhedrin 11b Jump up ^ This and certain other calculations in this article are now provided by a template ( ( ( Hebrew year / rhdatum ) ) ) . This template is mainly sourced from http://www.hebcal.com , though the information is widely available . Jump up ^ Gen 1 : 5 , Gen 1 : 8 , Gen 1 : 13 , Gen 1 : 19 , Gen 1 : 23 , Gen 1 : 31 and Gen 2.2 . Jump up ^ Kurzweil , Arthur ( 9 February 2011 ) . `` The Torah For Dummies '' . John Wiley & Sons -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/134527/jewish/Zmanim-Briefly-Defined-and-Explained.htm Jump up ^ Otto Neugebauer , `` The astronomy of Maimonides and its sources '' , Hebrew Union College Annual 23 ( 1949 ) 322 -- 363 . Jump up ^ See Willie Roth 's essay The International Date Line and Halacha . Jump up ^ `` Appendix II : Baal HaMaor 's Interpretation of 20b and its Relevance to the Dateline '' in Talmud Bavli , Schottenstein Edition , Tractate Rosh HaShanah , Mesorah Publications Ltd . ( `` ArtScroll '' ) 1999 , where `` 20b '' refers to the 20th page 2nd folio of the tractate . Jump up ^ See , for example , Berachot chapter 1 , Mishnah 2 . Jump up ^ See Genesis 1 : 8 , 1 : 13 , 1 : 19 , 1 : 23 , 1 : 31 and 2.2 . Jump up ^ For example , according to Morfix מילון מורפיקס , Morfix Dictionary , which is based upon Prof. Yaakov Choeka 's Rav Milim dictionary . But the word meaning a non-Talmudic week is שָׁבוּע ( shavuʻa ) , according to the same `` מילון מורפיקס '' . Jump up ^ For example , when referring to the daily psalm recited in the morning prayer ( Shacharit ) . Jump up ^ In contrast , the Gregorian calendar is a pure solar calendar , while the Islamic calendar is a pure lunar calendar . Jump up ^ Under the fixed , calculated calendar , this is only loosely true . Because the calculations are based on mean lunar months , not observed ones -- and because of the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules -- a given month may not begin on the same day as its astronomical conjunction . See Bromberg , Dr. Irv ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Moon and the Molad of the Hebrew Calendar '' . utoronto.ca . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ This practice continues to be used in Karaite Judaism as well as in the Islamic calendar . ^ Jump up to : Tosefta Sanhedrin 2.2 , Herbert Danby , Trans. , Tractate Sanhedrin Mishnah and Tosefta , Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge , London and New York , 1919 , p. 31 . Also quoted in Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE -- Tenth Century CE , Oxford University Press , 2001 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Ancient Israel : Its Life and Institutions ( 1961 ) by Roland De Vaux , John McHugh , Publisher : McGraw -- Hill , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4278 - 7 , p. 179 Jump up ^ M. Rosh Hashanah 1.7 Jump up ^ M. Rosh Hashanah 2.6 -- 8 ^ Jump up to : b . Rosh Hashanah 20b : `` This is what Abba the father of R. Simlai meant : ' We calculate the new moon 's birth . If it is born before midday , then certainly it will have been seen shortly before sunset . If it was not born before midday , certainly it will not have been seen shortly before sunset . ' What is the practical value of this remark ? R. Ashi said : Confuting the witnesses . '' I. Epstein , Ed. , The Babylonian Talmud Seder Mo'ed , Soncino Press , London , 1938 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ M. Rosh Hashanah 2.2 Jump up ^ b . Betzah 4b Jump up ^ Sanctification of the New Moon . Archived 2010 - 06 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Translated from the Hebrew by Solomon Gandz ; supplemented , introduced , and edited by Julian Obermann ; with an astronomical commentary by Otto Neugebauer . Yale Judaica Series , Volume 11 , New Haven : Yale University Press , 1956 Jump up ^ http://www.ehebrew.org/articles/hebrew-calendar.php Jump up ^ Gen 7 : 11 says `` ... on the seventeenth day of the second month -- on that day all the springs of the great deep burst forth ... '' and 8 : 3 -- 4 says `` ... At the end of the hundred and fifty days the water had gone down , ( 4 ) and on the seventeenth day of the seventh month the ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat ... '' There is an interval of 5 months and 150 days , making each month 30 days long . Jump up ^ Hachlili , Rachel ( 2013 ) . Ancient Synagogues -- Archaeology and Art : New Discoveries and Current Research . Brill . p. 342 . ISBN 978 - 9004257733 . Jump up ^ Ulfgard , Håkan ( 1998 ) . The Story of Sukkot : the Setting , Shaping and Sequel of the Biblical Feast of Tabernacles . Mohr Siebeck . p. 99 . ISBN 3 - 16 - 147017 - 6 . Jump up ^ ( 12 Signs , 12 Sons : Astrology in the Bible , David Womack , Harper & Row , San Francisco 1978 , pg 43 ) Jump up ^ Solomon , Gandz ( 1947 -- 1948 ) . `` Date of the Composition of Maimonides ' Code '' . Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research , Vol. 17 , pp. 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.2307 / 3622160 . JSTOR 3622160 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chronology of the Old Testament , Dr. Floyd Nolen Jones `` When the center of Jewish life moved from Babylonia to Europe during the 8th and 9th centuries CE , calculations from the Seleucid era became meaningless . Over those centuries , it was replaced by that of the anno mundi era of the Seder Olam . From the 11th century , anno mundi dating became dominant throughout most of the world 's Jewish communities . '' Jump up ^ Alden A. Mosshammer . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Jump up ^ p. 107 , Kantor ^ Jump up to : See The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries . Jump up ^ A minority opinion places Creation on 25 Adar AM 1 , six months earlier , or six months after the modern epoch . Jump up ^ Fisher Saller , Carol ; Harper , Russell David , eds. ( 2010 ) . `` 9.34 : Eras '' . The Chicago Manual of Style ( 16th ed . ) . Chicago : Univiversity of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 10420 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Edwin Thiele , The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings , ( 1st ed. ; New York : Macmillan , 1951 ; 2d ed. ; Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1965 ; 3rd ed. ; Grand Rapids : Zondervan / Kregel , 1983 ) . ISBN 0 - 8254 - 3825 - X , 9780825438257 Jump up ^ Adsole , Atenebris . `` Babylonian Talmud : ' Abodah Zarah 10 '' . www.come-and-hear.com . ^ Jump up to : Avodah Zarah , tractate 9 Footnote : `` The Eras in use among Jews in Talmudic Times are : ( a ) ERA OF CONTRACTS ( H ) dating from the year 380 before the Destruction of the Second Temple ( 312 -- 1 BCE ) when , at the Battle of Gaza , Seleucus Nicator , one of the followers of Alexander the Great , gained dominion over Palestine . It is also termed Seleucid or Greek Era ( H ) . Its designation as Alexandrian Era connecting it with Alexander the Great ( Maim . Yad , Gerushin 1 , 27 ) is an anachronism , since Alexander died in 323 BCE -- eleven years before this Era began ( v. E. Mahler , Handbuch der judischen Chronologie , p. 145 ) . This Era , which is first mentioned in Mac . I , 10 , and was used by notaries or scribes for dating all civil contracts , was generally in vogue in eastern countries till the 16th cent , and was employed even in the 19th cent , among the Jews of Yemen , in South Arabia ( Eben Saphir , Lyck , 1866 , p. 62b ) . ( b ) THE ERA OF THE DESTRUCTION ( of the Second Temple ) ( H ) the year 1 of which corresponds to 381 of the Seleucid Era , and 69 -- 70 of the Christian Era . This Era was mainly employed by the Rabbis and was in use in Palestine for several centuries , and even in the later Middle Ages documents were dated by it . One of the recently discovered Genizah documents bears the date 13 Tammuz 987 after the Destruction of the Temple -- i.e. , 917 C.E. ( Op . cit . p. 152 , also Marmorstein ZDMG , Vol . VI , p. 640 ) . The difference between the two Eras as far as the tens and units are concerned is thus 20 . If therefore a Tanna , say in the year 156 Era of Dest. ( 225 CE ) , while remembering , naturally , the century , is uncertain about the tens and units , he should ask the notary what year it is according to his -- Seleucid -- era . He will get the answer 536 ( 156 + 380 ) , on adding 20 to which he would get 556 , the last two figures giving him the year ( 1 ) 56 of the Era of Destruction . '' Jump up ^ Scherman , Nosson ( 2005 ) . Artscroll Chumash . Jump up ^ The barley had to be `` eared out '' ( ripe ) in order to have a wave - sheaf offering of the first fruits according to the Law . Jones , Stephen ( 1996 ) . Secrets of Time . Jump up ^ See Maaser Rishon , Maaser Sheni , Maaser Ani . Jump up ^ Josephus , Antiquities 1.81 , Loeb Classical Library , 1930 . Jump up ^ The Chronology of the Old Testament , 16th ed. , Floyd Nolan Jones , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89051 - 416 - 0 , pp. 118 -- 123 Jump up ^ M. Rosh Hashanah 1 , in Herbert Danby , trans. , The Mishnah , Oxford University Press , 1933 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ See also Golden number . Jump up ^ `` The Jewish Calendar : A Closer Look '' . Judaism 101 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Dershowitz , Nachum ; Reingold , Edward M. ( December 2007 ) . Calendrical Calculations ( Third ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 91 . Jump up ^ R. Avraham bar Chiya ha - nasi . Sefer ha - Ibbur ( part 2 , chapters 9 , 10 ) . Jump up ^ Tur , O.C. ( section 428 ) . Jump up ^ Rambam . Hilchos Kiddush ha - Chodesh ( chapters 6 , 7 , 8 ) . Jump up ^ W.M. Feldman ( 1965 ) . `` Chapter 17 : The Fixed Calendar '' . Rabbinical Mathematics and Astronomy ( 2nd ed . ) . Hermon Press . Jump up ^ Hugo Mandelbaum ( 1986 ) . `` Introduction : Elements of the Calendar Calculations '' . In Arthur Spier . The Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar ( 3rd ed . ) . Jump up ^ Landau , Remy . `` Hebrew Calendar Science and Myth : ' The Debatable Dehiyah Molad Zaquen ' '' . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ This is the reason given by most halachic authorities , based on the Talmud , Rosh Hashanah 20b and Sukkah 43b . Maimonides ( Mishneh Torah , Kiddush Hachodesh 7 : 7 ) , however , writes that the arrangement was made ( possible days alternating with impossible ones ) in order to average out the difference between the mean and true lunar conjunctions . Jump up ^ The Talmud ( Rosh Hashanah 20b ) puts it differently : over two consecutive days of full Shabbat restrictions , vegetables would wilt ( since they ca n't be cooked ) , and unburied corpses would putrefy . Jump up ^ Yerushalmi , Sukkah 54b . Jump up ^ Bushwick , Nathan ( 1989 ) . Understanding the Jewish Calendar . New York / Jerusalem : Moznaim . pp. 95 -- 97 . ISBN 0 - 940118 - 17 - 3 . Jump up ^ Poznanski , Samuel ( 1910 ) . `` Calendar ( Jewish ) '' . In Hastings , James . Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics. 3 . Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark . p. 121 . Jump up ^ Resnikoff , Louis A. ( 1943 ) . `` Jewish Calendar Calculations '' . Scripta Mathematica. 9 : 276 . Jump up ^ In the Four gates sources ( keviyot cited here are in Hebrew in sources ) : Bushwick forgot to include 5D for leap years . Poznanski forgot to include 5D for a limit in his table although he did include it in his text as 5D1 ; for leap years he incorrectly listed 5C7 instead of the correct 5C3 . Resnikoff 's table is correct . Jump up ^ Robert Schram , Kalendariographische und Chronologische Tafeln , 1908 , pp. XXIII -- XXVI , 190 -- 238 . Schram gives the type of Hebrew year for all years 1 -- 6149 AM ( − 3760 -- 2388 Julian / Gregorian ) in a main table ( 3946 + ) and its adjunct ( 1 + , 1742 + ) on pages 191 -- 234 in the form 2d , 2a , 3r , 5r , 5a , 7d , 7a for common years and 2D , 2A , 3R , 5D , 5A , 7D , 7A for leap years . The type of year 1 AM , 2a , is on page 200 at the far right . ^ Jump up to : Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community , Oxford University Press , 2001 , pp. 162ff . Jump up ^ James B. Pritchard , ed. , The Ancient Near East : An Anthology of Texts and Pictures , Vol. 1 , Princeton University Press , p. 213 . Jump up ^ M. Sanhedrin 5.3 : `` If one testifies , ' on the second of the month , and the other , ' on the third of the month : ' their evidence is valid , for one may have been aware of the intercalation of the month and the other may not have been aware of it . But if one says , ' on the third ' , and the other ' on the fifth ' , their evidence is invalid . '' Jump up ^ M. Baba Metzia 8.8 . Jump up ^ Gandz , Solomon . `` Studies in the Hebrew Calendar : II . The origin of the Two New Moon Days '' , Jewish Quarterly Review ( New Series ) , 40 ( 2 ) , 1949 -- 50 . JSTOR 1452961 . doi : 10.2307 / 1452961 . Reprinted in Shlomo Sternberg , ed. , Studies in Hebrew Astronomy and Mathematics by Solomon Gandz , KTAV , New York , 1970 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community . ^ Jump up to : E.S. Kennedy , `` Al - Khwarizmi on the Jewish calendar '' , Scripta Mathematica 27 ( 1964 ) 55 -- 59 . ^ Jump up to : `` al - Khwarizmi '' , Dictionary of Scientific Biography , VII : 362 , 365 . Jump up ^ Stern , Sacha ( 2001 ) . Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE -- Tenth Century CE . Oxford . ISBN 9780198270348 . Jump up ^ Julian , Letter 25 , in John Duncombe , Select Works of the Emperor Julian and some Pieces of the Sophist Libanius , Vol. 2 , Cadell , London , 1784 , pp. 57 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Epiphanius , Adversus Haereses 30.4. 1 , in Frank Williams , trans. , The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis Book I ( Sections 1 -- 46 ) , Leiden , E.J. Brill , 1987 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ H. Graetz , Popular History of the Jews , ( A.B. Rhine , trans. , ) Hebrew Publishing Company , New York , 1919 , Vol. II , pp. 410 -- 411 . Quoted in Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , S. `` Palestine in the Third and Fourth Centuries '' , Jewish Quarterly Review , New Series 36 , pp. 329 -- 370 ( 1946 ) . JSTOR 1452134 . doi : 10.2307 / 1452134 . Quoted in Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community , pp. 216 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE -- Tenth Century CE , Oxford University Press , 2001 . In particular section 5.1. 1 , discussion of the `` Persecution theory . '' Jump up ^ Poznanski , Samuel , `` Ben Meir and the Origin of the Jewish Calendar '' , Jewish Quarterly Review , Original Series , Vol. 10 , pp. 152 -- 161 ( 1898 ) . JSTOR 1450611 . doi : 10.2307 / 1450611 . Jump up ^ `` While it is not unreasonable to attribute to Hillel II the fixing of the regular order of intercalations , his full share in the present fixed calendar is doubtful . '' Entry `` Calendar '' , Encyclopedia Judaica , Keter , Jerusalem , 1971 . Jump up ^ Samuel Poznanski , `` Calendar ( Jewish ) '' , Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics , vol. 3 . Jump up ^ Yerushalmi Megillah 70b . Jump up ^ Yerushalmi Sukkah 54b . Jump up ^ David Lev ( 23 December 2012 ) . `` Rabbinate : New Year 's Eve Parties ' Not Kosher ' '' . Arutz Sheva . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Karaite Korner -- New Moon and the Hebrew Month '' . www.karaite-korner.org . Jump up ^ `` Aviv Barley in the Biblical Calendar -- Nehemia 's Wall '' . 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Samaritan Calendar '' ( PDF ) . www.thesamaritanupdate.com. 2008 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Benyamim , Tzedaka . `` Calendar '' . www.israelite-samaritans.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Glowatz , Elana ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` One Of The Last Dead Sea Scroll Mysteries Has Been Deciphered '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Sacha Stern , `` The Babylonian Calendar at Elephantine '' , Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 130 , 159 -- 171 ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Lester L. Grabbe , A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period , Volume 1 : Yehud : A History of the Persian Province of Judah , T&T Clark , London , 2004 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Eduard Schwartz , Christliche und jüdische Ostertafeln , ( Abhandlungen der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen . Philologisch - Historische Klasse . Neue Folge , Band viii , Berlin , 1905 . Jump up ^ Peter of Alexandria , quoted in the Chronicon Paschale . Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae , Chronicon Paschale Vol. 1 , Weber , Bonn , 1832 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community , pp. 87 -- 97 , 146 -- 153 . Jump up ^ Neugebauer , Astronomical cuneiform texts , Vol 1 , pp 271 -- 273 Jump up ^ G.J. Toomer , Hipparchus ' Empirical Basis for his Lunar Mean Motions , Centaurus , Vol 24 , 1980 , pp. 97 -- 109 Jump up ^ Weinberg , I. , Astronomical Aspects of the Jewish Calendar , Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa , Vol. 15 , p. 86 ; available at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The following description is based on the article `` Calendar '' in Encyclopaedia Judaica ( Jerusalem : Ketter , 1972 ) . It is an explanatory description , not a procedural one , in particular explaining what is going on with the third and fourth deḥiyyot Jump up ^ So for example if the Tishrei molad is calculated as occurring from noon on Wednesday ( the 18th hour of the fourth day ) up until noon on Thursday , Rosh Hashanah falls on a Thursday , which starts Wednesday at sunset wherever one happens to be . Jump up ^ This will happen if TM1 is on or after 3 : 11 : 20 a.m. and before noon on a Tuesday . If TM1 is Monday , Thursday or Saturday , Rosh Hashanah in year 2 does not need to be postponed . If TM1 is Sunday , Wednesday or Friday , Rosh Hashanah in year 1 is postponed , so year 1 is not the maximum length . Jump up ^ TM2 will be between noon and 2 : 27 : 16 ⁄ p.m. on Tuesday , and TM3 will be between 9 : 32 : 43 ⁄ and noon on Monday . Jump up ^ Bromberg , Irv . `` The Rectified Hebrew Calendar '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Committee concerning the fixing of the Calendar -- The Sanhedrin English '' . www.thesanhedrin.org . Jump up ^ Cassidy , Simon . `` Re : How long is a year ... EXACTLY ? East Carolina University Calendar discussion List CALNDR - L '' . 25 October 1996 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Feldman , W M. Rabbinical Mathematics and Astronomy : Judaic Studies Library ; no . SHP 4 . New York , 1978 . ISBN 978 - 0872030268 . Bibliography al - Biruni . The Chronology of Ancient Nations , Chapter VII . tr. C. Edward Sachau . London , 1879 . Ari Belenkiy . `` A Unique Feature of the Jewish Calendar -- Dehiyot '' . Culture and Cosmos 6 ( 2002 ) 3 -- 22 . Jonathan Ben - Dov . Head of All Years : Astronomy and Calendars at Qumran in their Ancient Context . Leiden : Brill , 2008 . Bonnie Blackburn and Leofranc Holford - Strevens . The Oxford Companion to the Year : An Exploration of Calendar Customs and Time - reckoning . Oxford University Press ; USA , 2000 . Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby . Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan Calendars . George Bell and Sons , London , 1901 . Nathan Bushwick . Understanding the Jewish Calendar . Moznaim , New York / Jerusalem , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 940118 - 17 - 3 William Moses Feldman . Rabbinical Mathematics and Astronomy , 3rd edition , Sepher - Hermon Press , New York , 1978 . Eduard Mahler , Handbuch der jüdischen Chronologie . Buchhandlung Gustav Fock , Leipzig , 1916 . Helen R. Jacobus . Zodiac Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Their Reception : Ancient Astronomy and Astrology in Early Judaism . Leiden : Brill , 2014 . ISBN 9789004284050 Otto Neugebauer . Ethiopic astronomy and computus . Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften , philosophisch - historische Klasse , Sitzungsberichte 347 . Vienna , 1979 . The Code of Maimonides ( Mishneh Torah ) , Book Three , Treatise Eight : Sanctification of the New Moon . Translated by Solomon Gandz . Yale Judaica Series Volume XI , Yale University Press , New Haven , Conn. , 1956 . Samuel Poznanski . `` Calendar ( Jewish ) '' . Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics . T. & T. Clark , Edinburgh , 1910 , vol. 3 , pp. 117 -- 124 . Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz . Calendrical Calculations : The Millennium Edition . Cambridge University Press ; 2 edition ( 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77752 - 6 723 -- 730 . Louis A. Resnikoff . `` Jewish Calendar Calculations '' , Scripta Mathematica 9 ( 1943 ) 191 -- 195 , 274 -- 277 . Eduard Schwartz , Christliche und jüdische Ostertafeln ( Abhandlungen der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen . Philologisch - Historische Klasse . Neue Folge , Band viii ) , Berlin , 1905 . Arthur Spier . The Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar : Twentieth to the Twenty - Second Century 5660 -- 5860 / 1900 -- 2100 . Feldheim Publishers , Jerusalem / New York , 1986 . Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar 2nd Century BCE to 10th Century CE . Oxford University Press , 2001 . ISBN 9780198270348 . Ernest Wiesenberg . `` Appendix : Addenda and Corrigenda to Treatise VIII '' . The Code of Maimonides ( Mishneh Torah ) , Book Three : The Book of Seasons . Yale Judaica Series Volume XIV , Yale University Press , New Haven , Conn. , 1961 . pp. 557 -- 602 . Francis Henry Woods . `` Calendar ( Hebrew ) '' , Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics . T. & T. Clark , Edinburgh , 1910 , vol. 3 , pp. 108 -- 109 . External links This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . 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-244248629803332156 | How I Met Your Mother | How I Met Your Mother - wikipedia How I Met Your Mother Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) How I Met Your Mother Genre Sitcom Romantic comedy Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Starring Josh Radnor Jason Segel Cobie Smulders Neil Patrick Harris Alyson Hannigan Cristin Milioti Narrated by Bob Saget Opening theme `` Hey , Beautiful '' by The Solids Composer ( s ) John Swihart Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 208 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Carter Bays Craig Thomas Rob Greenberg Pamela Fryman Eileen Heisler DeAnn Heline Greg Malins Chris Harris Stephen Lloyd Kourtney Kang Jamie Rhonheimer Chuck Tatham Producer ( s ) Randy Cordray Suzy Mamann Greenberg Chris Harris Jamie Rhonheimer Kourtney Kang Brenda Hsueh Theresa Mulligan Rosenthal Stewart Halpern - Fingerhut Rob Greenberg Tami Sagher Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Bays & Thomas Productions 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network CBS Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release September 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) -- March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) External links Official website www.cbs.com/shows/how_i_met_your_mother How I Met Your Mother ( often abbreviated to HIMYM ) is an American sitcom that originally aired on CBS from September 19 , 2005 to March 31 , 2014 . The series follows the main character , Ted Mosby , and his group of friends in Manhattan . As a framing device , Ted , in the year 2030 , recounts to his son and daughter the events that led him to meet their mother . The series was created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays , who also served as the show 's executive producers and were frequent writers . The series was loosely inspired by their friendship when they both lived in New York City . Among the 208 episodes , there were only four directors : Pamela Fryman ( 196 episodes ) , Rob Greenberg ( 7 episodes ) , Michael Shea ( 4 episodes ) and Neil Patrick Harris ( 1 episode ) . Known for its unique structure , eccentric humor , and incorporation of dramatic elements , How I Met Your Mother has gained a cult following over the years . The show initially received positive reviews , while the later seasons received more mixed reviews . The show was nominated for 28 Emmy Awards , winning nine . In 2010 , Alyson Hannigan won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actress . In 2012 , seven years after its premiere , the series won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Network TV Comedy , and Neil Patrick Harris won the award for Favorite TV Comedy Actor . The ninth and final season began airing on September 23 , 2013 , and concluded on March 31 , 2014 , with a double - length finale episode , which received polarized reviews from critics and fans alike for its controversial twist ending , as many critics and fans believed it contradicted many of the previous episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 3 Cast and characters 4 Season synopsis 4.1 Season 1 4.2 Season 2 4.3 Season 3 4.4 Season 4 4.5 Season 5 4.6 Season 6 4.7 Season 7 4.8 Season 8 4.9 Season 9 5 Critical reception 6 Tie - ins 6.1 Books 6.2 Soundtracks 6.3 Pineapple Incident Explained 6.4 Proposed spin - offs 6.4. 1 How I Met Your Dad 6.4. 2 How I Met Your Father ( First attempt ) 6.4. 3 How I Met Your Father ( Second attempt ) 6.5 Russian adaptation 7 Nielsen ratings 8 Awards and nominations 9 DVD releases 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) The series concerns the adventures of Ted Mosby ( played by Josh Radnor ) narrating the story of how he met the mother of his children . The story goes into a flashback and starts in 2005 with a 27 - year - old Ted Mosby living in New York City and working as an architect ; the narrative deals primarily with his best friends , including the long - lasting couple Marshall Eriksen ( Jason Segel ) and Lily Aldrin ( Alyson Hannigan ) ; the eccentric , womanizing - playboy Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) ; and news reporter Robin Scherbatsky ( Cobie Smulders ) . The lives of all characters are entwined in each others . The series explores many storylines , including a `` will they or wo n't they '' relationship between Robin and each of the two single male friends , Marshall and Lily 's relationship , and the ups and downs of the characters ' careers . The show 's frame story depicts Ted ( voice of Bob Saget , uncredited ) verbally retelling the story to his son Luke ( David Henrie ) and daughter Penny ( Lyndsy Fonseca ) as they sit on the couch in the year 2030 . This future - set frame is officially the show 's `` present day '' and How I Met Your Mother exploits this framing device in numerous ways : to depict and re-depict events from multiple points of view ; to set up jokes using quick and sometimes multiple flashbacks nested within the oral retelling ; to substitute visual , verbal or aural euphemisms for activities Ted does n't want to talk about with his children ( sexual practices , use of illicit substances , vulgar language , etc . ) ; and even to add some elements of humor : in the episode `` How I Met Everyone Else '' , Ted describes his dates with a girlfriend whose name he has forgotten , leading all characters to act as though her given name were `` Blah - Blah . '' While the traditional love - story structure begins when the romantic leads first encounter each other , How I Met Your Mother does not introduce Ted 's wife ( Cristin Milioti ) until the eighth - season finale , and only announces her name ( Tracy McConnell ) during the series finale . The show instead focuses on Ted 's prior relationships and his dissatisfaction with those women , thus setting the stage for his eventual happiness with Tracy . Production ( edit ) How I Met Your Mother was inspired by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas 's idea to `` write about our friends and the stupid stuff we did in New York '' , where they previously worked as writers for Late Show with David Letterman , among others . The two drew from their friendship in creating the characters . Ted is based loosely on Bays , and Marshall and Lily are based loosely on Thomas and his wife . Thomas ' wife Rebecca was initially reluctant to have a character based on her but agreed if they could get Alyson Hannigan to play her . Hannigan was looking to do more comedy work and was available . Josh Radnor and Jason Segel , who were cast as Ted and Marshall , respectively , were not well known , though Segel had been a cast member on the short - lived Freaks and Geeks and a recurring guest star on Judd Apatow follow - up Undeclared . The role of Barney was initially envisioned as a `` John Belushi - type character '' before Neil Patrick Harris won the role after being invited to an audition by the show 's casting director Megan Branman . Pamela Fryman invited Bob Saget to be the voiceover narrator , Future Ted , explaining to him that the show would be like The Wonder Years but `` kind of into the future '' . Saget either went to the television studio and recorded the narration while watching the episode , or did so separately and rerecorded with the episode if necessary . He normally did not attend table readings but did so for the last episode . In various interviews Bays and Thomas have stated that `` a pretty famous actress '' turned down the role of Robin , whom they revealed in February 2014 to have been Jennifer Love Hewitt . They then cast Cobie Smulders for the role who , at the time , was fairly unknown . Bays and Thomas later said , `` Thank God we did for a million reasons ... when Ted 's seeing her for the first time , America 's seeing her for the first time -- the intriguingness of that propelled the show going forward and kept the show alive '' . Although Ted is initially smitten by Robin in the pilot , it is quickly established at the end of the episode that she is not the mother , which Thomas said was done so they would not copy or rehash the `` will they or wo n't they '' Ross and Rachel storyline from Friends . According to an Entertainment Weekly article , the writers adopted facets of each main actor 's personality and incorporated them into their characters . This includes Neil Patrick Harris 's skills with magic , Jason Segel 's passion for songwriting , Alyson Hannigan 's absent - mindedness while pregnant , and Josh Radnor 's intellectualism . MacLaren 's , an Irish bar in the middle of New York , in which some of the show is set , is loosely based on four favorite bars of Bays , Thomas and others from the Late Show staff . They include : McGee 's , a Midtown tavern near the Ed Sullivan Theater where the Late Show is taped ; McHale 's , a legendary Hell 's Kitchen bar which closed in 2006 ; Chumley 's , a since - closed historic Greenwich Village pub ; and Fez , another closed bar on the Upper West Side . McGee 's had a mural that Bays and Thomas both liked and wanted to incorporate into the show . The name for the bar is from Carter Bays ' assistant , Carl MacLaren ; the bartender in the show is also named Carl . Episodes were generally shot over a three - day period in the Los Angeles - based Soundstage Studio 22 and featured upwards of 50 scenes with quick transitions and flashbacks . However , the `` Pilot '' episode was filmed at CBS Radford . The laugh track was later created by recording an audience being shown the final edited episode . Thomas claimed that shooting before a live audience would have been impossible because of the structure of the show and the numerous flashforwards in each episode and because doing so `` would blur the line between ' audience ' and ' hostage situation ' '' . Later seasons started filming in front of an audience on occasion when smaller sets were used . The theme song is a portion of `` Hey Beautiful '' by The Solids , of which Bays and Thomas are members . Episodes from Season 1 generally started with the opening credits . A cold opening has been used since Season 2 . Viewers then occasionally see Ted 's children on a couch and hear him talking to them , telling the story of how he met their mother . Alternatively , scenes from previous episodes or shots of New York City with Ted narrating over the top are shown . Thomas has stated that Future Ted is an unreliable narrator since he is trying to tell a story that happened over 20 years earlier ; this has been a plot point in several episodes including `` The Goat '' , `` Oh Honey '' , `` How I Met Everyone Else '' and `` The Mermaid Theory '' . Nevertheless , Thomas has also emphasized maintaining a coherent and consistent universe and trying to avoid continuity errors , a problem he noticed in other shows . A scene relating to the identity of the mother , involving Ted 's future children , was filmed in 2006 for the show 's eventual series finale . This was done because it was likely that the teenage actors portraying them would be adults by the time the final season was shot . During the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , How I Met Your Mother shut - down production ; when the strike ended , the show returned on March 17 , 2008 , with nine new episodes . The network announced a change in the timeslot to 8 : 30 pm ET / 7 : 30 pm CT , flip - flopping from the summer schedule with The Big Bang Theory . CBS renewed the show for a fourth season on May 14 , 2008 , which premiered on September 22 , 2008 . In September 2008 , Lifetime Television announced it had purchased the cable rerun rights to How I Met Your Mother at a rate of about $725,000 per episode . The four - year syndication contract stipulated that the studio deliver at least 110 half - hour episodes by the year 2010 , and allowed for up to eight seasons of the show . At the end of the fourth season only 88 episodes had been produced , and a further 22 episodes were required , ensuring that there would be a fifth season . There also was a complication with the writing of the show due to the absence of actress Alyson Hannigan due to her pregnancy . The writers had to create episodes that did not include one of the five main characters . On May 19 , 2009 , the fifth - season renewal was announced . May 20 , 2009 , CBS announced that How I Met Your Mother would again be aired at 8 pm , leading into the new comedy Accidentally on Purpose . On January 12 , 2010 , the show aired its 100th episode and CBS announced that the series would return for a sixth season . Upon learning that the series would be syndicated , Thomas said , `` We 're thrilled that it will live on in other forms , '' and they were proud of the show and it was great to see the strong demand . Reruns of the series began airing on local U.S. broadcast television stations and on Chicago - based cable superstation WGN America September 13 , 2010 . Featured in these airings are vanity cards previously unseen in the CBS and Lifetime airings due to marginalized credit sequences used by the two networks . Shown in between the closing credits and the production company credits , these vanity cards show portions of `` The Bro Code '' , a list of rules frequently referenced by Harris ' character , Barney Stinson , on how men should interact with each other , with an emphasis on activities involving pursuing members of the opposite sex . The opening theme song for the syndicated reruns is also slightly edited , running shorter and not using all the pictures seen in the opening montage that runs on DVD and the original CBS broadcasts . The episodes are also slightly edited , leaving out a few details . One of the series ' ongoing traditions involves giving guest roles to actors from various Joss Whedon productions , many of whom co-starred with Hannigan on Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Bays attributes this to their being `` huge fans '' and to those casts representing `` a big talent pool '' . On March 4 , 2011 , CBS announced that the show had been renewed for two more seasons , with the seventh season premiering with back - to - back episodes on September 19 , 2011 . On July 27 , 2011 , the FX channel announced it had picked up the series for syndication . On September 5 , 2011 , FX began airing the series . Although cast members had previously stated that the show would not run longer than eight seasons , a ninth season was secured in December 2012 amidst tense negotiations with the studios and the actors -- especially Jason Segel , who had wanted to move on to other ventures after the eighth season . During these negotiations , Bays and Thomas originally approached the eighth season as if it was the show 's last year , but also had a `` Plan B '' if the show was renewed . After producers secured a ninth and final season , they implemented plans to secretly cast the titular future mother , with Cristin Milioti eventually winning the role , besting at least two other contenders . Milioti first appeared in the last scene in the season eight finale `` Something New '' and was a regular cast member in the show 's final season . This marked the first time that the show had expanded its core roster . In January 2013 , How I Met Your Mother was renewed for a ninth and final season . Carter Bays stated to Entertainment Weekly that season nine `` will feature some of the most non-linear episodes we 've ever done '' . The season nine premiere episode aired on September 23 , 2013 and the one - hour series finale aired on March 31 , 2014 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of How I Met Your Mother characters Main cast Josh Radnor Cobie Smulders Neil Patrick Harris Alyson Hannigan Jason Segel Cristin Milioti Ted Mosby Robin Scherbatsky Barney Stinson Lily Aldrin Marshall Eriksen Tracy McConnell Josh Radnor as Ted Mosby , an architect , college professor and the central character of the series . He is the main protagonist where he tells the story of his adult years from his late twenties to his early thirties and about all his obstacles he has to endure before he meets The One aka the Mother . This story is told by the Older Ted Mosby , and narrator of the series , Bob Saget . Ted moved to New York City with his friends Marshall and Lily after graduating from Wesleyan University . In New York , he met Barney at the urinal of MacLaren 's and Robin , to whom he was immediately attracted . Ted is on a quest for happiness and `` The One '' , the woman he will marry . Ted prefers more elegant and high - class interests than his friends have . He goes to great lengths to profess his love to the women in his life , but they all falter eventually . Despite these qualities , Ted often acts immaturely , such as partaking in wild activities with Barney . He meets the love of his life ( the titular Mother ) in the show 's finale . Jason Segel as Marshall Eriksen , Ted 's best friend . In season 2 Marshall marries Lily , with whom he has been in love since his freshman year of college ; they have a child during season 7 . Marshall was born in St. Cloud , Minnesota . He has an interest in paranormal phenomenon , and mythical creatures , particularly Sasquatch . His dream to be an environmental lawyer conflicts with his immediate need for money , such as for his wedding and to raise his children . Cobie Smulders as Robin Scherbatsky , a news anchor who has on - again off - again relationships with both Ted and Barney . Robin emigrated from Canada to take a job in a news station and met Ted at MacLaren 's ; her Canadian background is a source of many jokes from her friends . She is shown to be very career - centric and rejects traditional roles , such as getting married and having kids . Robin often drinks scotch and smokes cigars , and she is an avid gun fan . She and Barney get engaged and later marry in the first part of the series finale , but divorce in the second part , three years later . Neil Patrick Harris as Barney Stinson is a serial playboy , using his relative wealth and an array of outrageous strategies to seduce women for sex with no intention of engaging in a relationship . His catchphrases include ' Suit Up ' and ' Legend - wait - for - it - Dary ' . He is Ted 's `` bro , '' often jealous of Marshall for having known Ted since college . Abandoned by his father at a young age , Barney has abandonment issues and clings to his friends . He marries Robin in the series finale but they divorce after three years . In 2020 , a failed one - night stand gives him a daughter , Ellie . Alyson Hannigan as Lily Aldrin , a kindergarten teacher , aspiring artist , and Marshall 's wife . She is terrible at keeping secrets , and can be manipulative at times . She marries Marshall in season 2 and gives birth to Marvin in season 7 . Though appearing sweet and cute , Lily can be quite unexpectedly fierce . Cristin Milioti as Tracy McConnell ( guest - season 8 ; main - season 9 ) , the future wife of Ted Mosby , The Mother . Tracy McConnell is first seen in the finale of season 8 , though her name is hinted at season 1 ( 01x09 `` Belly full of Turkey '' ) and officially revealed in the series finale . Ted falls madly in love with her , but in 2024 she passes away . Bob Saget as Future Ted Mosby ( voice only , uncredited ) , Ted 's future self , telling his children the story of how he met their mother , in the year 2030 . Season synopsis ( edit ) Main article : List of How I Met Your Mother episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 22 September 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 18 ) May 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 14 ) 20 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 24 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) 5 24 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 6 24 September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) 7 24 September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) 8 24 September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) 9 24 September 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 1 ) In the year 2030 , Ted Mosby ( voiced by Bob Saget ) sits his daughter and son down to tell them the story of how he met their mother . The series begins in September 2005 with Ted ( Josh Radnor ) as a single , 27 - year - old architect living with his two best friends from his college years ; Marshall Eriksen ( Jason Segel ) , a law student , and Lily Aldrin ( Alyson Hannigan ) , a kindergarten teacher and an aspiring artist . Lily and Marshall have been dating for almost nine years when Marshall finally proposes . Their engagement causes Ted to think about marriage and finding his soul mate , much to the disgust of his self - appointed best friend Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) , whom he met in the restroom at a bar four years earlier . Barney is a serial womanizer who concocts elaborate con games , usually involving costumes and fake identities , designed to bed women , only to lose interest in them immediately afterward . Ted begins his search for his perfect soul mate and meets an ambitious young reporter from Canada , Robin Scherbatsky ( Cobie Smulders ) , with whom he quickly falls in love . Robin , however , does not want to rush into a relationship and the two decide to be friends . Future Ted reveals that Robin is not the mother after referring to her as `` Aunt Robin '' . Ted begins dating a baker , Victoria ( Ashley Williams ) , whom he meets at Stuart and Claudia 's wedding , causing Robin to become jealous , and realize she does have feelings for Ted . Victoria is offered a fellowship in pastry - making , moves to Germany and she and Ted try a long - distance relationship . Once Ted learns Robin has feelings for him , he tells her he broke up with Victoria , even though he has not . They almost have sex when Victoria calls and Robin answers , mistaking Ted 's phone for her own . Ted and Victoria then break up and an angry Robin distances herself from Ted , but they eventually reconcile and decide to date . Meanwhile , Lily begins to wonder if she 's missed any opportunities because of her relationship with Marshall , and decides to pursue an art fellowship in San Francisco , breaking - up with Marshall in the process . The season ends with Ted returning to the apartment , the morning after spending the night with Robin for the first time , to find Marshall sitting in the rain with Lily 's engagement ring , devastated by their sudden break - up . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 2 ) Ted and Robin are now a couple ; meanwhile , a heartbroken Marshall tries to continue his life without Lily . After enduring numerous emotional breakdowns , Marshall 's friends step in , and Barney , using sly catchphrases and pick - up lines , tries to get Marshall back in the dating game . Later , Lily , after finally realizing she is not meant to be an artist , returns to New York . They remain separated as Marshall begins to date another girl , described by the gang as having ' crazy eyes ' . The date with the girl does not end well and eventually leads to Lily and Marshall becoming reunited , and their engagement eventually resumes . When Robin refuses to go to the mall or explain why , Marshall suspects she is married , and Barney suspects she has performed in adult films . They bet on it , appointing Lily as `` Slap Bet Commissioner . '' Lily oversees the search for the truth , as they discover that Robin was a teenage pop star named `` Robin Sparkles '' , and Marshall eventually earns the right to slap Barney five times whenever he wishes . He uses one slap immediately and another later in the season . It is revealed that Barney has a gay African American half - brother named James ( Wayne Brady ) and , unaware that his mother lied to him , believes that Bob Barker is his father . As a result of this he takes a trip to California to be a contestant on The Price Is Right to meet his `` father '' . While on the show , Barney wins all the prizes and gives them to Lily and Marshall as a ' happy early wedding ' present . In the season finale , Ted reveals to Barney that he and Robin have been broken up for some time due to their conflicting views on marriage and children . They did not tell anyone , in order to avoid taking attention away from Lily and Marshall 's wedding . The season ends with Barney 's excitement at the prospect of he and Ted being single guys on the town again . Barney 's final words are `` this is going to be legen - wait for it ... '' . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 3 ) Barney begins the season with the word , `` - dary ! '' Robin returns from a trip to Argentina with her new boyfriend , Gael ( Enrique Iglesias ) , and Ted must adjust to life as just her friend , while watching Robin and Gael fawning over each other . Marshall and Lily decide to move out on their own , falling in love with a place they can not afford . Robin learns of Lily 's bad credit rating due to her compulsive shopping for designer brands , and forces Lily to tell Marshall . Despite this , they are able to finally secure their dream apartment , only to discover it 's in a bad location and more poorly constructed than they thought ( the floor is tilted ) . Barney is slapped for the third time on Thanksgiving , which Marshall dubs `` Slapsgiving . '' Ted tells his children he met their mother through a story concerning her yellow umbrella . He finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party where his future wife was , although they did not meet . Ted attempts to woo Stella ( Sarah Chalke ) , a dermatologist he sees to remove an embarrassing butterfly tattoo . This culminates in a memorable `` two - minute date , '' which incorporates small talk , dinner , a movie , coffee , two cab rides , and a goodnight kiss , all within two minutes . Robin sleeps with Barney after he comforts her following a break - up with a past Canadian love ; Ted is infuriated , and decides to stop being friends with Barney . Meanwhile , an unknown woman begins to sabotage Barney 's attempts to hook up . His saboteur is revealed to be Abby ( Britney Spears ) , Stella 's receptionist , with a vendetta against him for not calling her after they had sex . In the season finale , Ted gets into a car accident and ends up in hospital after breaking up with Stella . Subsequently , Barney is hit by a bus while he is on his way to visit Ted and receives treatment in the same hospital . Ted realizes Barney really cares about him and they renew their friendship . Barney 's true feelings for Robin are revealed while Ted proposes to Stella in an arcade with a toy kangaroo . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 4 ) Stella says yes to Ted 's proposal . Robin takes a new job in Japan , but quickly resigns and returns to New York to attend Ted 's wedding , after realizing how much she misses her friends . Stella leaves Ted at the altar to get back together with Tony ( Jason Jones ) , the father of her daughter . Barney struggles with his feelings for Robin as his company shifts him to the management team of a new acquisition , Goliath National Bank ( GNB ) , where Marshall has accepted a position . Marshall and Lily move to their new apartment and debate over whether or not they 're ready to have children . Robin becomes roommates with Ted and gets a job as an anchor for a 4 AM news show after Barney submits her video resume . Ted and Robin decide to sleep together constantly so they will not fight over each other 's bad co-living habits . Barney attempts to make them stop fighting to prevent this , revealing to Ted his love for Robin . Ted finds out Lily has sabotaged all of his relationships with anyone she does not approve of and indirectly may have inspired his breakup with Robin . Robin and Ted end up talking about it , causing their friendship to begin moving toward a positive note . After Barney finally sleeps with his 200th woman ( and rubs it in the face of the childhood bully who taunted him into pursuing it ) , he begins to question the purpose of the remainder of his life , leaving him more certain of his feelings for Robin . Ted , while carrying the yellow umbrella , bumps into Stella and Tony . Tony later decides to visit him , sympathizing with Ted over his loss of Stella . Tony offers him a job as a professor of architecture , which Ted initially turns down . In the season finale Robin finds out that Barney loves her , and initially refuses to commit to anything but a sex - only relationship ; they seemingly end up together anyway . Ted decides that being an architect is leading nowhere , and finally decides instead to become a college professor . The finale ends with Ted preparing to teach his first class and Future Ted revealing to his children that one of the women in the class is their mother . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 5 ) Ted begins his job as a professor of architecture , standing in the middle of a classroom -- although the mother was present , it turns out to be an economics class as he 's in the wrong lecture hall . Barney and Robin have had a sexual relationship throughout the summer and Lily locks them in a room , forcing them to come to terms with their relationship . After a rough patch they decide to break up . Robin describes it instead as `` two friends getting back together . '' Barney immediately goes back to his old ways , using the playbook to score with women . Throughout the season Barney and Robin show feelings of regret over their break - up . Ted dates a graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) and it is revealed her roommate is his future wife . Robin meets Don Frank ( Benjamin Koldyke ) , her new co-anchor on her 4 AM TV show . Though she initially dislikes him , the two start dating and eventually she moves in with him . At the end of the season they break up when Don takes a job in Chicago -- a job which Robin had previously turned down to stay in New York with Don . Marshall uses his fourth slap on Barney , once again at Thanksgiving . Ted buys a house , which needs to be fixed up badly , but is later revealed to be the future home for Ted and his children . Lily and Marshall are still unsure about having children . After watching four doppelgangers of their group ( Lesbian Robin , Moustache Marshall , Stripper Lily and Mexican Wrestler Ted ) they decide to leave the big decision to the universe 's `` infinite wisdom '' and start trying when they have seen Barney 's Doppelganger . In the season finale , Barney disguises himself to have sex with a girl from every country in the world , and Lily and Marshall mistake him for the final doppelganger . When Marshall finds out , he decides not to tell Lily , fearing she will want to wait even longer to have children . Lily eventually finds out and decides to wait . In the season finale , Lily thinks she sees Barney 's doppelganger as a hot dog vendor , which causes the group to realize she is seeing what she wants to see , and play along . Eventually Barney agrees having babies is not a stupid idea and Lily and Marshall should go forth . The season ends with Lily asking Marshall to `` put a baby in my belly '' . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 6 ) In the season opening , Ted sees Cindy again with a girl who he thinks to be her roommate , but she turns out to be Cindy 's girlfriend whom she later marries . After prodding by Barney , Ted is eventually hired by GNB once more as the architect of the bank 's new headquarters , which was originally scrapped in Season 4 . However , he encounters opposition when he meets Zoey Pierson ( Jennifer Morrison ) , a woman who is protesting against GNB for selecting a decrepit hotel , the Arcadian , to be torn down for the headquarters . Over the season , Ted 's encounters with Zoey eventually blossom into a relationship after she divorces her rich husband , the Captain ( Kyle MacLachlan ) , but they break up as he puts his career and friends over love , leading to the Arcadian 's demolition . Ted also resolves not to get back with Zoey . Having agreed to conceive a baby at the end of the previous season , Lily and Marshall keep having sex , hoping she will get pregnant . Around Christmas , they have a false alarm and later seek fertility testing . The fertility specialist , Dr. Stangel , turns out to be Barney 's doppelgänger , fulfilling their promise with the universe in regard to their decision to have a child . However , tragedy strikes when Marshall 's father passes away , leaving him devastated and the gang comforting him . Marshall tries to get over his father 's death and live again . Despite a pledge to Lily to work harder for their future , Marshall resigns from GNB and follows his dream of being an environmental lawyer . Zoey also hires him as her lawyer in what became a futile battle to save the Arcadian . At the end of the season , Lily reveals that she is pregnant . Barney finally admits to the gang that Bob Barker is not his real father , especially when his mother decides to sell the house he grew up in and his brother , James , meets his own father . Loretta offers the identity of Barney 's father on a sheet of paper , but Barney tears this up after realizing her efforts as a single mother . At the funeral of Marshall 's father , Barney tells Loretta that he wants to see his father at last . The man , Jerry Whittaker ( John Lithgow ) , is eventually revealed to be someone whom Barney thought was his uncle . Barney , who remembers Jerry as a fun - loving man , is disappointed after learning how Jerry has grown out of his free - wheeling ways . Although he tries to bring back Jerry 's old behaviors , Barney admits that he wants to settle down someday . He is also introduced to Nora ( Nazanin Boniadi ) , a co-worker of Robin , for whom he develops feelings . After an initial falling out , the two reconcile at the end of the season after Barney asks her for coffee . Robin continues to work at her talk show , Come On , Get Up , New York ! , but the presence of a new hyperactive co-host forces her to leave . She is accepted as a researcher in another network , World Wide News . The gang also discovers more of her past as the Canadian pop star Robin Sparkles . Robin also encounters a man ( Michael Trucco ) she has had a secret crush on since first seeing him when she and Ted were dating , and Future Ted hints that they will see more of him later . Short scenes during the season premiere and finale feature a wedding set sometime in the future , where Ted will meet his future wife . In the final scene of the season , the groom is revealed to be Barney . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 7 ) Season seven opens with another flash forward , in which Ted is helping Barney get ready for his wedding to a still - unknown bride . In the present , Marshall gets a job in environmental law while Lily progresses with her pregnancy . Barney proves to Nora that he can be a good boyfriend to her , while Robin is revealed to still have feelings for Barney . Robin meets a therapist Kevin ( Kal Penn ) and they start to date . Meanwhile , after a period of unemployment since leaving GNB , Marshall finally manages to land his dream job at a top environmental law firm . After losing a bet , Barney is forced to wear a tie with a duck pattern on it ( nicknamed the ' Ducky Tie ' ) which he hates . Marshall allows him to take it off when meeting Nora 's parents on the condition that Barney has three slaps added to the one still remaining from the Slap Bet . Marshall uses two slaps immediately , leaving two left . While reminiscing about Hurricane Irene , Lily and Marshall reveal that they conceived their baby in Barney 's apartment , and Barney and Robin end up sleeping together . Barney and Robin decide to break up with their partners , but Robin reneges on the deal , returning to Kevin and leaving Barney alone and heartbroken . Robin has a pregnancy scare at Thanksgiving and tells Barney the child is his , since she and Kevin had not yet slept together . However , Robin 's doctor informs her that she can not have children at all . Kevin , who wants children , proposes to Robin , who decides that they must break up . Ted comforts Robin and reveals he still loves her , but the gesture is unrequited . Eventually , she moves out to give him some space . Marshall and Lily decide they want to move to Long Island , after Lily 's paternal grandparents offer them their house there . Eventually , they move back to the old apartment in New York City after realizing suburban life is not for them . Ted gives them his apartment because he believes he can not move on from Robin while living there , while he and Robin become estranged and do not speak for several weeks . Robin is eventually offered a news anchor job and subsequently achieves recognition after preventing a helicopter she is flying in from crashing . Barney starts dating a stripper named Quinn , to the group 's initial apprehension . The gang begins to meddle in their relationship , but Barney and Quinn outsmart their attempts and win their approval . Quinn moves in with Barney , while Ted buys Quinn 's old apartment . Lily goes into labor and frantically calls Barney and Marshall , who are out at a casino . After many attempts to escape , Barney helps Marshall arrive in time for Lily 's delivery and chooses the middle name for the baby , Marvin Waitforit Eriksen . Ted and Robin 's friendship also recovers as a result of Marvin 's birth . As the season concludes , Marshall and Lily begin their new family with their baby , Barney proposes to Quinn , and Ted contacts his old girlfriend Victoria . Unhappy with her own impending marriage , she leaves her fiancé for Ted and the pair drive off into the sunset . A final flash forward returns to the day of Barney 's wedding , where Robin is revealed as the bride . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 8 ) Ted visits Robin on the day of her wedding to Barney , causing him to remember how he and Victoria ran away from her wedding to be together . The summer is spent with Ted , Barney , and Robin enjoying their current relationships ; however , all subsequently break up with their partners . Victoria splits up with Ted over his friendship with Robin , Barney and Quinn break up due to their inability to trust each other , and Robin breaks up with Nick realizing his immaturity . Robin and Barney kiss but decide not to get together , despite Barney 's wishes . Barney then begins dating Robin 's hated co-worker Patrice ( Ellen D. Williams ) , a relationship later exposed as a ruse to make Robin realize her true feelings for him . In a culminating scene Barney proposes to Robin , who says yes . Marshall and Lily attempt to get used to being parents , which causes a brief estrangement from the gang as Baby Marvin takes up the majority of their time . Lily 's father Mickey becomes Marvin 's nanny , freeing the two up to spend more time with their friends . The Captain , ex-husband of Ted 's old girlfriend Zoey , offers Lily a job as an art consultant after she identifies a painting that made a huge profit for him . Lily accepts , happy to finally achieve her dream of having a job in the art industry , while Marshall decides to apply to become a judge . The Captain offers Lily a year 's work in Rome , which she accepts with Marshall 's blessing . However , just before Barney and Robin 's wedding , Marshall is informed that his application to become a judge has been granted , a development that would require them to stay in the US . Ted briefly dates Jeanette ( Abby Elliott ) , a girl who stalked him after he appeared on the cover of New York Magazine for designing GNB headquarters . He quickly realizes he 's made a mistake and breaks up with her . Ted 's feelings of loneliness grow , especially as he is now the only single member of the group , and he decides he is truly ready to settle down . He argues with Lily over hiring a DJ or a band for Barney and Robin 's wedding , but is forced to provide a band at short notice when Lily concedes the argument . During a chance meeting on the subway , Cindy offers the services of her roommate 's wedding band . This roommate is Ted 's future wife . As the week of the wedding approaches , Robin has doubts about marrying Barney and shares an emotional moment with Ted . Guilty , Ted realizes he ca n't be around Barney and Robin after they 're married and decides to move to Chicago the day after the wedding . The season concludes with everyone travelling to Barney and Robin 's wedding , including the mother of Ted 's children ( revealed on screen for the first time and portrayed by Cristin Milioti ) , who is seen buying a train ticket to the venue and holding her yellow umbrella . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 9 ) With the exception of the very last episode , the entirety of season nine takes place in the 56 hours leading up to Barney and Robin 's wedding . Marshall , who is stuck in Minnesota , desperately tries to find a way to get to the wedding in time . Meanwhile , in Farhampton , the time is slowly counting down to the wedding , with a new problem arising in almost every episode . It is revealed that Lily is pregnant and that she and Marshall will have a daughter . It was also revealed that Ted 's children are named Penny and Luke . In addition , the 200th episode detailed the Mother 's eight years before meeting Ted , while later episodes gave viewers a glimpse of Ted and the Mother together in flash forward scenes . Also , Marshall uses his final two slaps from the slap bet ; the first being used as an apology present for missing the rehearsal dinner , and the second when Barney begins to panic just before the beginning of the wedding ceremony . In the series finale , it was revealed that after three years of marriage , Barney and Robin decide to divorce . Barney ends up fathering a child during a one - night stand . Marshall eventually becomes a judge , and he and Lily have three children . Ted 's wife Tracy dies of an unknown illness in 2024 , six years prior to Ted telling his children the full story of how they met . Upon finishing the story , at the urging of his kids , Ted decides to ask Robin out . Alluding to the first season , the finale ends with Robin looking out her apartment window to see Ted on the street holding the blue French horn . Critical reception ( edit ) The first season was met with mixed reviews from critics , and was often compared unfavorably to Friends . The review aggregator , Rotten Tomatoes reported that 56 % of critics gave the season a positive review . On Metacritic , a review aggregation site that collects critical opinions , it scored a 69 out of 100 . Michael Abernethy of PopMatters gave the season a negative review , writing that `` The comedy that does occur in How I Met Your Mother is n't enough to compensate for its inconsistencies . '' Tom Shales of The Washington Post gave the season a lukewarm review , saying it 's `` a little better than most other sitcoms , past and present -- especially those featuring wacky urban friends in their twenties experiencing the bittersweet mysteries of life . '' On the other hand , Melanie Macfarlane gave the season a positive review , saying the show `` may not break any comedic ground , but it 's the sort of comfortable , reliable hitter CBS needs on Monday nights . '' The second season received widespread critical acclaim . Staci Krause of IGN gave the season a positive review , calling it `` great '' . The third season was met with mostly positive reviews . Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave the season a positive review , saying that `` the season was fun and clever , a good , consistent flow from the first two seasons '' . The fourth season received critical acclaim and is generally considered the best season of the series . Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave Season 4 an overall rating of 8.5 out of 10 , stating that `` This fourth season seemed to settle down the chase for the titular mother . While Ted was busy dating Stella , the gang settled into many stand alone episodes which were every bit as entertaining as episodes devoted to Ted 's love life '' . Zoromski went on to say : `` A stellar Robin - Marshall episode , titled ' Little Minnesota ' , makes it clear that these two do not get enough screen time together . With Robin homesick and unemployed ( and at risk of being deported ) , this pairing brought out the best Robin Sparkles reference of the season , when Marshall leads a rousing karaoke version of ' Let 's Go to the Mall ! ' '' The fifth season received mostly positive reviews . Cindy McLennan of Television Without Pity gave the season a mixed review , and at the end of the season wrote : `` I 'm okay with any given season not being primarily focused on mother - meeting , but this season , the characters seemed to regress -- particularly Barney and Ted . Usually , when a season ends , I have to deal with a week or two weeks ' worth of letdown . Right now , all I 'm feeling is relief . '' The sixth season received generally positive reviews . Justin Fowler of Later Reviews gave the season a positive review , saying that the season was `` a pretty good season of television '' and better than the `` poor '' fifth season . He also said that `` Seventeen out of the 24 episodes are what I would consider good '' . The seventh season received mixed reviews . Alan Sepinwall gave the season a mixed review and criticized the flash - forwards throughout the season , saying that `` the show is just much , much stronger when its stories dwell on matters of the present or the past , and where the writers do n't have to act like magicians trying to keep the audience from figuring out how the trick works . And the finale affirmed that belief for me . The parts that had little or nothing to do with things to come were quite good ; the parts that were all about the future made me roll my eyes and ask , for the umpteenth time , ' Really ? This is where you 're going with this ? ' '' The eighth season was widely criticized , with Rotten Tomatoes reporting that 40 % of critics gave the show a positive review . The consensus reads : `` How I Met Your Mother wears out its welcome this season , with an anticlimactic reveal and rote , less - than - fruitful humor . '' The ninth season received mixed to positive reviews . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 80 % of critics gave the show a positive review , with an average rating of 7.3 out of 10 . Gareth Mitchell at `` House of Geekery '' responded negatively , mostly criticizing the structure of the season , stating that they are `` struggling to come up with stories that last out the 22 minutes '' . The finale of the show received a polarized reaction from fans . While some complained that the last few seasons had built towards an end game that was discarded within the hour - long episode , others felt that it remained true to both the initial concept of the show and to life itself . Tie - ins ( edit ) Books ( edit ) The Bro Code , cited by Barney many times throughout the series , is a set of written rules for bros to follow , and has been published as a tie - in novel , an audiobook , an iPhone Application and an Android Application . Barney alleges it was written by Barnabus Stinson , a contemporary of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin . Many of the rules listed in this book also appear in the show 's closing vanity cards in syndication . Bro on the Go , a companion to The Bro Code , released in 2009 . Bro Code for Parents : What to Expect When You 're Awesome , released in 2012 . The Playbook , based on the fifth season episode of the same name , by Barney Stinson and Matt Kuhn . How I Met Your Mother and Philosophy , released in 2013 . Soundtracks ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Music ( Original Songs from the Hit Series `` How I Met Your Mother '' ) A soundtrack album entitled How I Met Your Music : Original Songs from the Hit Series was released digitally to iTunes on September 24 , 2012 , featuring songs from the first seven seasons A second soundtrack album entitled How I Met Your Music : Deluxe was released digitally to iTunes on September 23 , 2014 , featuring songs from the final two seasons . Pineapple Incident explained ( edit ) After the end of the series , the officials released a short video , explaining the running mystery of the pineapple in the Pineapple Incident ( season 1 , episode 10 ) . The extra footage revealed that a character revealed in the 6th season , the Captain , had put a pineapple in front of his door as a tradition and Ted took the pineapple while he was drunk . Proposed spin - offs ( edit ) How I Met Your Dad ( edit ) On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced that CBS and the series ' producer 20th Century Fox Television would launch How I Met Your Dad , a woman - centric variation executive - produced by Bays , Thomas , and Emily Spivey . The new series would possibly have featured a new bar and would not have tied into the original series . The primary cast of the series was revealed to be Greta Gerwig , Drew Tarver , Nicholas D'Agosto and Andrew Santino . On April 23 , 2014 , Meg Ryan was announced to voice future Sally . On May 14 , 2014 , CBS passed on picking up How I Met Your Dad since show creators Craig Thomas and Carter Bays did not want to reshoot the pilot . Nina Tassler , the entertainment president at CBS , stated that `` there were elements of the pilot that did n't work out '' . Talks of the series being `` shopped '' to other networks emerged . Netflix , FOX and NBC were named as possible candidates for picking up the show . Ultimately , nothing came of those talks . It was reported that the options on the cast contracts had expired and they had been released from their contracts and co-creator Carter Bays denied any rumours that the spin - off pilot will be reshot . On July 11 , 2014 , Bays confirmed that the spin - off project was officially dead . Six days later , Nina Tassler said that CBS would `` love the opportunity to take another shot '' at the pilot and that she would continue to `` hound '' Carter Bays and Craig Thomas -- even though they shot down the idea of a new version of the project stating that they had both moved on . How I Met Your father ( first attempt ) ( edit ) On December 14 , 2016 , it was reported that Isaac Aptaker and Elizabeth Berger were set to write a new version of the previous spin - off 's pilot , re-titled How I Met Your Father , with Bays and Thomas serving as executive producers . On March 6 , 2017 , it was announced that following signing new contracts with 20th Century Fox Television that would see both Aptaker and Berger being promoted to executive producers and co-showrunners on This Is Us alongside Dan Fogelman , their completed spec script for How I Met Your Father would be placed on the back burner in light of their new duties . The idea was later completely abandoned . How I Met Your father ( second attempt ) ( edit ) On August 8 , 2017 , Fox chairman Dana Walden told Deadline that the studio was set to try a third spin - off with different writers . It was also stated that all ideas from the previous two attempts will not be carried over and the new attempt will be created from scratch . On August 11 , 2017 , Deadline reported that Alison Bennett had been selected to write the spin - off . It was also confirmed that this incarnation would be developed under the title used for the Aptaker and Berger project , and that Bays and Thomas are once again attached as executive producers . Russian adaptation ( edit ) The GoodStoryMedia , a Russian production company , made a remake of the series which was broadcast on STS and ran for two seasons . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Viewership represented in a line graph The show 's highest viewed episode was the series finale , `` Last Forever '' , watched by 13.13 million viewers . Previously , the most viewed episode was the season 1 episode `` The Pineapple Incident '' , watched by 12.3 million viewers . The lowest - viewed episode was the season 6 episode `` Landmarks '' , watched by 6.4 million viewers , approximately 52 % of the show 's series high . Season nine was the highest watched season overall and among the 18 - 49 adults , scoring a 4.5 rating in that sector up from the second - highest rating of 4.1 in season seven . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( in millions ) Monday 8 : 30 P.M. September 19 , 2005 May 15 , 2006 2005 -- 2006 54 9.47 Monday 8 : 30 P.M. ( Episodes 1 -- 3 ) Monday 8 : 00 P.M. ( Episodes 4 -- 22 ) September 18 , 2006 May 14 , 2007 2006 -- 2007 61 8.94 Monday 8 : 00 P.M. ( Episodes 1 -- 11 ) Monday 8 : 30 P.M. ( Episodes 12 -- 20 ) September 24 , 2007 May 19 , 2008 2007 -- 2008 70 8.21 Monday 8 : 30 P.M. September 22 , 2008 May 18 , 2009 2008 -- 2009 49 9.42 5 Monday 8 : 00 P.M. September 21 , 2009 May 24 , 2010 2009 -- 2010 42 8.60 6 September 20 , 2010 May 16 , 2011 2010 -- 2011 48 8.79 7 September 19 , 2011 May 14 , 2012 2011 -- 2012 45 9.67 8 September 24 , 2012 May 13 , 2013 2012 -- 2013 42 9.02 9 September 23 , 2013 March 31 , 2014 2013 -- 2014 28 10.51 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards & nominations Award Won Nominated ALMA Awards Art Directors Guild 0 7 Casting Society of America 0 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Emmy Awards 9 28 EWwy Awards GLAAD Media Awards 0 Golden Globe Awards 0 People 's Choice Awards 6 17 PRISM Awards 0 Satellite Awards 0 TCA Awards 0 Teen Choice Awards 0 Young Hollywood Awards 0 Total number of wins and nominations Totals 18 72 Main article : List of awards and nominations received by How I Met Your Mother The show has been nominated for 72 awards , winning 18 . The show has been nominated for 28 Emmy Awards , including a nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series . Stars Alyson Hannigan and Neil Patrick Harris have each received acting accolades , with both receiving People 's Choice Awards , and Harris receiving Emmy and Golden Globe nominations . In 2012 , seven years after its premiere , the series won the People 's Choice for Favorite Network TV Comedy . The show 's art direction , editing and cinematography have also been awarded . DVD Releases ( edit ) DVD season Release dates Episodes Additional information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Season 1 November 21 , 2006 May 7 , 2007 January 10 , 2007 22 Includes : commentaries on six episodes a video yearbook 2 music videos ( `` First Round '' and `` Last Call '' ) a gag reel Episodes have been cropped from the broadcast widescreen to a full frame 4 : 3 format Season 2 October 2 , 2007 February 8 , 2010 April 8 , 2008 22 Includes : commentaries on seven episodes How We Make Your Mother 2 music videos ( `` Let 's Go To The Mall '' and `` Hey Beautiful '' ) 3 `` How It Really Happened '' scenes a gag reel an Easter Egg . The Legendary Season 3 October 7 , 2008 May 10 , 2010 February 11 , 2009 20 Includes : commentaries on 7 episodes a series retrospective Lily & Marshall 's honeymoon videos cast favorites a behind the scenes of `` We 're Not From Here '' 6 `` How It Really Happened '' scenes 2 music videos ( `` You Just Got Slapped '' and `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' ) `` Ted Mosby Is A Jerk '' audio track a gag reel . The Awesome Season 4 September 29 , 2009 July 19 , 2010 October 27 , 2009 24 Includes : commentaries on 4 episodes A Night With Your Mother : Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Panel Discussion season recap Eriksen 's Fight Club a music video ( `` That Guy 's Awesome '' ) a gag reel Also available on Blu - Ray , and is the only season to have a subsequent Blu Ray release . The Complete Season 5 . The Suited - Up Edition September 21 , 2010 November 8 , 2010 October 27 , 2010 24 Includes : a gag reel music videos for `` Super Date '' , `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' , and `` Best Night Ever '' 2 behind the scenes features making of `` Super Date '' behind the scenes of the 100th episode an extended version of the `` Wedding Bride '' trailer a musical series recap . The Complete Season 6 . The New Is Always Better Edition September 27 , 2011 October 3 , 2011 October 5 , 2011 24 Includes : a gag reel making of `` Subway Wars '' behind the scenes of `` Glitter '' commentaries on 3 episodes an extended performance of `` Stand By Me '' a season recap The Complete Season 7 . The Ducky Tie Edition October 2 , 2012 October 15 , 2012 October 10 , 2012 24 Includes : a gag reel 2 behind the scenes featurettes deleted scenes audio commentaries on 3 episodes a feature on Neil Patrick Harris ' Hollywood Walk of Fame star . The Complete Season 8 . The Yellow Umbrella Edition October 1 , 2013 September 30 , 2013 November 9 , 2013 24 Includes : deleted scenes audio commentary on `` Farmhampton '' and `` The Final Page '' music video for `` PS I Love You '' making of `` PS I Love You '' Where We Make Your Mother : Set Tour a gag reel . The 9th and Legendary Final Season . The Rest of Your Life Edition September 23 , 2014 October 13 , 2014 October 22 , 2014 24 Includes : Deleted Scenes Audio Commentary on `` The Locket '' Audio Commentary on `` The Rehearsal Dinner '' Audio Commentary on `` How Your Mother Met Me '' Last Forever Alternate Ending How It All Ends Cristin Milioti Audition Behind the Scenes of `` Gary Blauman '' Gag Reel The Whole Story Seasons 1 -- 9 September 23 , 2014 October 13 , 2014 October 22 , 2014 208 Includes : All Out of Spoilers : Looking Back at Your Mother -- A Retrospective Table Read of the Series Finale with the Entire Cast The Secret of the Pineapple Incident Revealed Meeting the Mother How I Met Your Mother at Comic - Con 2013 - 2014 The Mosby Kids : 8 Years on the Couch How We Filmed the Kids Plus All the Special Features from Every Previous Season Seasons 1 through 9 are available to stream on Netflix in Australia , Latin America , Spain , the UK , Ireland , the US and Canada ; season 9 was released on September 26 , 2014 . Note : The whole story DVD had a different package in Region 1 as opposed to Region 2 + 4 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Summer School : How to Create and Run a Successful Sitcom '' . E ! Online . August 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 8 ( 2012 - 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy . `` This Just In '' . Television Without Pitty . Bravo Media . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Alexander . `` How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Finale Review '' . How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Review . WeGotThisCovered . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max . `` HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER : SEASON 9 REVIEW : THE BIG FAT MISDIRECT . '' . ign.com . IGN Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ricard , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten -- Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : the latest show to fail in the search for a perfect ending '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` CBS ' ' How I Met Your Mother ' to Get Hourlong Series Finale '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alyson Hannigan -- `` How I Met Your Mother '' Sitcom -- William S. Paley TV Fest `` . Whedon . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` Craig Thomas : ' Sitcoms used to be about something ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Brian Ford ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Live at the Paley Center for Media : `` How I Met Your Mother '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dransfeldt , Jeffrey ( April 26 , 2008 ) . `` Harris is enjoying Barney 's adventures in How I Met Your Mother '' . Ventura County Star . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Przybyla , Kathryn ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` A Chat with Bob Saget '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Saget , Bob ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Did they show you filmed and cut episodes , or did you just do it all at once ? '' . Reddit . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saget , Bob ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` How do you feel about the fact that Josh Radnor was still the older version of Ted on the series finale of HIMYM and not you ? '' . Reddit . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stransky , Tanner ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' unveils the mother ! The creators answer your burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Love Hewitt Turned Down How I Met Your Mother ? ! '' . E ! Online . February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly . September 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ Colucci , Jim ( April 2008 ) . `` How They Created Mother '' ( PDF ) . Watch ! The CBS Magazine . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ How I Met Your Mother 1st Season DVD Commentary Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( May 11 , 2007 ) . `` Carter Bays of How I Met Your Mother : The TV Squad Interview '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 7 Behind the Scenes '' . CBS . August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Audio commentary at 00 : 58 min. of the HIMYM -- Season 1 DVD Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( January 15 , 2007 ) . `` The Watcher : How ' How I Met Your Mother ' is not a traditional sitcom '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ghosh , Korbi . `` ' How I Met Your Mother 's ' Craig Thomas on Ted & Barney 's Breakup , Eriksen Babies and The Future of Robarn '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ( He is ) a guy who is telling the story so many years in the future , and he jumbles it up in his memory a little bit . He can be an unreliable narrator . Jump up ^ `` Suit Up for How I Met Your Mother Scoops '' . Television Without Pity . October 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . It 's nice to go ( online ) and see how much continuity matters to people within the universe of a show . That 's absolutely true for me , too . Whenever there 's the slightest inconsistency in a Buffy episode or Friends or something , my wife and I would sit on the couch and throw stuff at the TV ... When we 're doing stuff in the writers room , I really try and remember that . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 19 , 2008 ) . `` Barney writes a book , Barney + Robin , Ted + Stella and other ' How I Met Your Mother ' news '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . He did reveal that more than two years ago ... With only the two kids who play Ted 's future children ... they shot a scene that directly relates to the identity of the mother . That scene will be included in the show 's series finale , which Thomas said he hopes ' people will see in 2012 . ' Jump up ^ `` CBS Sets Series Return Dates '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- `` The Big Bang Theory '' And `` How I Met Your Mother '' To Swap Time Periods '' ( Press release ) . TheFutonCritic.com . February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Upfront : CBS Releases Full Schedule '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces 2008 -- 2009 Premiere Dates '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` ' Mother ' reruns nest at Lifetime '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lifetime 's four - year licensing deal includes up to eight seasons of `` Mother '' , should the CBS comedy run that long . `` Mother '' had a big fourth - season premiere Monday , jumping 21 % in the ratings over last season . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Syndication Deal Ensures Season Five for Sitcom '' . September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How ' How I Met Your Mother ' dealt with 2 pregnant stars , and what 's coming next on the comedy - The Watcher '' . featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Without a Trace , ' ' Privileged , ' canceled , ' Gossip ' spin - off DOA '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' meets Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Angel ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Suit Up for How I Met Your Mother Scoops '' . Television Without Pity . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : ' Buffy 's ' Danny Strong , Alexis Denisof to guest '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' How I met Your Mother ' renewed for two seasons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS announces 2011 -- 2012 premiere dates '' ( Press release ) . CBS Express . June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FX Fall 2011 Schedule Has How I Met Your Mother ; The Nanny Reunion on Happily Divorced '' ( Press release ) . Sitcoms Online . July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother to end after 8 seasons ? '' . TV Series Finale . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER Renewed for Ninth and Final Season ; Entire Cast Will Return '' . collider.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Report : How I Met Your Mother Renewed for 9th Season After Jason Segel 's 11th - Hour Reversal '' . tvline.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Showrunners talk about the ( possible ) beginning of the end '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : How I Met Your Mother Makes Cristin ' Mom ' Milioti a Full - Fledged Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Cristin Milioti , who was unmasked as the titular mom in this week 's season finale , took the title of series regular during the comedy 's upcoming ninth and final season . This marks the first time HIMYM will have expanded its core group of regulars beyond stars Josh Radnor , Alyson Hannigan , Neil Patrick Harris , Cobie Smulders and Jason Segel . Jump up ^ `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Makes Cristin Milioti a Series Regular '' . Hollywood Reporter . May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Season 9 Spoilers -- We Will Meet the Mother '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS , ' ' Downton Abbey , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Find out what 's next in the Spoiler Room '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Season 1 Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abernethy , Michael . `` How I Met Your Mother Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ MacFarland , Melanie ( September 11 , 2005 ) . `` Fall TV : Seek and ye shall find something worth watching '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Season 2 Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Something Blue '' Review `` . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheat , Alynda . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Michelle . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . IGN Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Michelle Zoromski ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 4 Review : The one where they hide the pregnancies . '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy . `` This Just In '' . Television Without Pitty . Bravo Media . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Season 6 Episode Reviews '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Justin ( May 28 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 6 in Review or Ranking the Episodes '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan . `` Season finale review : ' How I Met Your Mother ' - ' The Magician 's Code ' : Miss Direction '' . Hitfix . Hitfix INC . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 8 ( 2012 - 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Gareth . `` How I Met Your Mother Final Season Needs to be Left at the Altar '' . Wordpress . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alex Heigl ; Cara Shultz ( 1 April 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Fans Split on Finale : Great Finish , or Disappointment ? '' . People . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2008 ) . The Bro Code . New York : Fireside . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 1000 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2009 ) . Bro on the Go . Fireside . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 7313 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2012 ) . Bro Code for Parents : What to Expect When You 're Awesome . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 9058 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Playbook . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 9683 - 0 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ von Matterhorn , Lorenzo , ed . ( October 5 , 2010 ) . Popular Culture and Philosophy . Open Court Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9835 - 0 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' soundtrack : See the full listings ! -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I met your music deluxe '' . 20th Century Fox . September 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 -- via Apple iTunes . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( 2014 - 09 - 19 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Pineapple Incident Mystery Is Finally Revealed '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Spinoff -- CBS Orders Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lintz , Kristina ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' spinoff ' How I Met Your Dad ' ordered , show creators tweet info '' . Hypable.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Nick D'Agosto & Andrew Santino To Star In CBS ' ' HIMYM ' Spinoff ' How I Met Your Dad ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Meg Ryan To Voice The Mother In CBS 's ' How I Met Your Dad ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Passes on How I Met Your Dad '' . IGN . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Has Passed On How I Met Your Dad '' . Time . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What Pilots Are Still Alive , What Pilots Are Being Shopped '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Bays on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` What 2014 Broadcast Pilots Are Still Alive -- Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` New ' How I Met Your Mother ' Dad Spinoff In Works With ' This Is Us ' Writing Duo '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger Named Co-Showrunners In New 20th TV Deal , ' HIMYM ' Spinoff On Hold '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Spinoff To Get Another Shot With New Writers , ' Modern Family ' & ' Empire ' Spinoffs Also Possible '' . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Father ' : Alison Bennett Tapped To Write New ' HIMYM ' Spinoff '' . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Как я встретил вашу маму ( 2010 ) -- о фильме , отзывы , смотреть видео онлайн на Film.ru '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Monday : ' How I Met Your Mother ' Finale Hits High , ' Bones ' & ' The Tomorrow People ' Up , ' The Voice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother ratings '' . ABCmedianet . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother ratings '' . ABCmedianet . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 24 / 07 through 05 / 25 / 08 '' . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 22 / 08 through 05 / 17 / 09 '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by Numbers . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Announcement for How I Met Your Mother -- Season 6 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Announcement for How I Met Your Mother -- Season 7 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Press Release for Season 9 and The Whole Story '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Fall TV 2014 Preview : Catch Up On Your Favorite TV Shows With Netflix New Releases '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ West , Amy ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 5 Netflix recommendations of the week : How I Met Your Mother , American Beauty and more '' . IBTimes . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHow I Met Your Motherat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website How I Met Your Mother at DMOZ How I Met Your Mother on IMDb How I Met Your Mother at FilmAffinity How I Met Your Dad on IMDb How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' How I Met Your Mother episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 VIAF : 219033079 LCCN : no2010159293 GND : 7746815 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_I_Met_Your_Mother&oldid=807766714 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American comedy television series 2000s American television series 2010s American comedy television series 2010s American television series 2014 American television series endings American television sitcoms CBS network shows English - language television programs Fiction with unreliable narrators Nonlinear narrative television series Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in New York City Romantic comedy television series Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television series about friendship Television series about television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 01 : 00 . 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4794325038293031069 | To Build a Home | To Build a Home - wikipedia To Build a Home This article is about the song by The Cinematic Orchestra . For the song by Jason Robert Brown , see The Bridges of Madison County ( musical ) . `` To Build a Home '' Single by The Cinematic Orchestra featuring Patrick Watson from the album Ma Fleur B - side Grey Reverend Version `` Child Song '' Released 29 October 2007 Format 7 '' CD Recorded 2006 Genre Chamber pop Length 6 : 11 Label Ninja Tune Domino Songwriter ( s ) Phil France Jason Swinscoe Patrick Watson Producer ( s ) Jason Swinscoe The Cinematic Orchestra singles chronology `` Man with the Movie Camera '' ( 2003 ) `` To Build a Home '' ( 2007 ) `` Breathe '' ( 2007 ) `` Man with the Movie Camera '' ( 2003 ) `` To Build a Home '' ( 2007 ) `` Breathe '' ( 2007 ) `` To Build a Home '' is a song by English electronic music group The Cinematic Orchestra , with vocals and piano performed by Canadian singer - songwriter Patrick Watson . It was released as the second single from the group 's third studio album , Ma Fleur ( 2007 ) , on 29 October 2007 . In 2015 , the song peaked at number 96 on the French Singles Chart . Contents 1 Composition 2 Release and reception 3 Track listing 4 Charts 5 References 6 External links Composition ( edit ) `` To Build a Home '' is a piano ballad that serves as the opening track to its companion album , Ma Fleur , though it serves as the closing track on the Domino - released versions of the album . It features vocals from Canadian singer - songwriter Patrick Watson , who also has writing credits on the song alongside Phil France and Jason Swinscoe of the Cinematic Orchestra . Watson also performed piano for the song . The instrumental begins with about three to four piano chords looped , building up to a more loud and grand point , introducing strings . During this portion of the instrumental , Watson sings over both the piano and strings , eventually climaxing with falsetto vocals . Lyrically , the song deals with Watson wanting to create a house for him and his lover . What happens with the house is unknown , resulting it to be merely metaphorical in place of a resting place for the two . Release and reception ( edit ) The song was first released on 29 October 2007 as a 7 '' vinyl single by Ninja Tune in the United Kingdom . It was backed with a cover version of the song performed by Grey Reverend . A 7 '' single was also released in the U.S. by the Domino Recording Company 's U.S. division , which was backed with `` Child Song '' . `` To Build a Home '' had a positive reception from music critics . Critics often saw Watson 's vocal performance as a highlight on the song . For The Observer , Stuart Nicholson wrote that `` Swinscoe transforms three - and four - chord vamps into something special . '' Drowned in Sound 's Shain Shapiro regarded the vocals as `` bellowing ( and ) haunting '' , while Tyler Fisher of Sputnikmusic noted that Watson `` nearly steals the show '' . Maggie Fremont of Vulture called it `` one of the most emotional songs ever performed . '' `` To Build a Home '' has been used in several different TV shows , including Friday Night Lights , Grey 's Anatomy Orange Is the New Black , Criminal Minds , and This Is Us . At the 2018 Winter Olympics , figure skaters Julian Yee and Dmitri Aliev used the song in their respective performances . It was reported in November 2016 that the song had been streamed over 60 million times . Track listing ( edit ) Ninja Tune ( ZEN7 200 ; UK 7 '' vinyl single ) Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` To Build a Home '' Side B No . Title Length 1 . `` To Build a Home '' ( Grey Reverend Version ) Domino ( DNO 148 ; U.S. 7 '' vinyl single ) Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` To Build a Home '' ( edit ) Side B No . Title Length 1 . `` Child Song '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 96 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- The Cinematic Orchestra -- To Build a Home '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynskey , Dorian ( 4 May 2007 ) . `` CD : Cinematic Orchestra , Ma Fleur '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Tyler ( 4 June 2007 ) . `` The Cinematic Orchestra -- Ma Fleur ( album review ) '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ma Fleur : The Cinematic Orchestra '' . Domino USA . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Ma Fleur ( album liner notes ) . The Cinematic Orchestra . Ninja Tune / Domino. 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , Stuart ( 21 April 2007 ) . `` CD : Cinematic Orchestra , Ma Fleur '' . The Observer . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Shain ( 4 May 2007 ) . `` Album Review : The Cinematic Orchestra -- Ma Fleur '' . Drowned in Sound . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` To Build a Home ( Versions ) by the Cinematic Orchestra '' . Ninja Tune . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` To Build a Home : The Cinematic Orchestra '' . Domino USA . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Fremont , Maggie ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` The Weepiest Moments in This Is Us Season Two , Ranked '' . Vulture . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Glow in nu - jazz '' . Delano. 25 October 2016 . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Zellner , Xander ( 13 February 2018 ) . `` The Cinematic Orchestra Rules Top TV Songs Chart for January 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ( 27 February 2018 ) . `` Beth Hart , Ida Corr , Cinematic Orchestra & More Skate to Sales Gains in Final Days of Winter Olympics '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Andy . `` Cinematic Orchestra 's Jason Swinscoe talks ahead of Birmingham O2 Institute show '' . Shropshire Star . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` To Build a Home '' at Discogs ( list of releases ) The Cinematic Orchestra Jason Swinscoe Phil France Luke Flowers Tom Chant Nick Ramm Stuart McCallum Studio albums Motion Every Day Man with a Movie Camera Ma Fleur Live albums Live at the Royal Albert Hall Remix albums Remixes 98 -- 2000 Soundtrack albums The Crimson Wing : Mystery of the Flamingos Compilation albums Late Night Tales : The Cinematic Orchestra Songs `` All Things to All Men '' `` To Build a Home '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Build_a_Home&oldid=854854949 '' Categories : 2007 singles 2007 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for France Singlechart making named ref Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 07 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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-5280378928358886029 | The French Connection (film) | The French Connection ( film ) - wikipedia The French Connection ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The French Connection Theatrical release poster Directed by William Friedkin Produced by Philip D'Antoni Screenplay by Ernest Tidyman Based on The French Connection by Robin Moore Starring Gene Hackman Fernando Rey Roy Scheider Tony Lo Bianco Marcel Bozzuffi Music by Don Ellis Cinematography Owen Roizman Edited by Gerald B. Greenberg Production company Philip D'Antoni Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 9 , 1971 ( 1971 - 10 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English French Budget US $ 1.8 million Box office US $51.7 million US $75 million ( rentals ) The French Connection is a 1971 American crime thriller film directed by William Friedkin . The screenplay , written by Ernest Tidyman , is based on Robin Moore 's 1969 non-fiction book The French Connection : A True Account of Cops , Narcotics , and International Conspiracy . It tells the story of New York Police Department detectives Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle and Buddy `` Cloudy '' Russo , whose real - life counterparts were Narcotics Detectives Eddie Egan and Sonny Grosso , in pursuit of wealthy French heroin smuggler Alain Charnier . The film stars Gene Hackman as Popeye , Roy Scheider as Cloudy , and Fernando Rey as Charnier . Tony Lo Bianco and Marcel Bozzuffi also star . It was the first R - rated movie to win the Academy Award for Best Picture since the introduction of the MPAA film rating system . It also won Academy Awards for Best Actor ( Hackman ) , Best Director ( Friedkin ) , Best Film Editing , and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Tidyman ) . It was nominated for Best Supporting Actor ( Scheider ) , Best Cinematography and Best Sound Mixing . Tidyman also received a Golden Globe Award nomination , a Writers Guild of America Award and an Edgar Award for his screenplay . A sequel , French Connection II , followed in 1975 with Gene Hackman and Fernando Rey reprising their roles . The American Film Institute included the film in its list of the best American films in 1998 and again in 2007 . In 2005 the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Comparison to actual people 3.3 Car chase 3.4 Filming locations 4 Reception 5 Awards and nominations 6 Home video 7 Sequels and adaptations 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In Marseille , an undercover police detective is following Alain Charnier ( Fernando Rey ) , a wealthy French criminal who runs the largest heroin - smuggling syndicate in the world . The policeman is assassinated by Charnier 's hitman , Pierre Nicoli ( Marcel Bozzuffi ) . Charnier plans to smuggle $32 million worth of heroin into the United States by hiding it in the car of his unsuspecting friend , French television personality Henri Devereaux ( Frédéric de Pasquale ) . In New York City , detectives Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle ( Gene Hackman ) and Buddy `` Cloudy '' Russo ( Roy Scheider ) are conducting an undercover stakeout in Brooklyn . After seeing a drug transaction take place in a bar , Cloudy goes in to make an arrest , but the suspect makes a break for it , cutting Cloudy on the arm with a knife . After catching up with their suspect and severely beating him , the detectives interrogate the man , who reveals his drug connection . Later , Popeye and Cloudy go out for drinks at the Copacabana , where Popeye notices Salvatore `` Sal '' Boca ( Tony Lo Bianco ) and his young wife Angie ( Arlene Farber ) entertaining mob members involved in narcotics . They decide to tail the couple , and soon learn that the Bocas , who run a modest newsstand luncheonette , have criminal records : Sal for armed robbery and murder , and Angie for shoplifting . The detectives suspect that the Bocas , who frequent several nightclubs and drive expensive cars , are involved in some kind of criminal operation . They soon establish a link between the Bocas and lawyer Joel Weinstock ( Harold Gary ) , who is part of the narcotics underworld . Soon after , Popeye learns from an informant that a major shipment of heroin will arrive in the New York area . The detectives convince their supervisor , Walt Simonson ( Eddie Egan ) , to wiretap the Bocas ' phones , and they use several ruses to obtain additional information . Popeye and Cloudy are joined in the investigation by a federal agent named Mulderig ( Bill Hickman ) . Popeye and Mulderig dislike each other based on having worked together in the past , with Mulderig holding Popeye responsible for the death of a policeman . After Devereaux 's vehicle arrives in New York City , Weinstock 's chemist ( Pat McDermott ) tests a sample of the heroin and declares it the purest he has ever seen , establishing that the shipment could make as much as $32 million on a half - million dollar investment . Boca is impatient to make the purchase -- reflecting Charnier 's desire to return to France as soon as possible -- while Weinstock , with more experience in smuggling , urges patience , knowing Boca 's phone is tapped and that they are being investigated . Charnier soon realizes he has been observed since his arrival in New York . He `` makes '' Popeye and escapes , waving tauntingly on the departing subway shuttle . To avoid being tailed , he has Sal Boca instead meet him in Washington D.C. , where Boca asks for a delay to avoid the police . Charnier , however , wants to conclude the deal quickly so he can return to France . On the flight back to New York , Nicoli offers to kill Popeye , but Charnier objects , knowing that Popeye would be replaced by another policeman . Nicoli insists , however , saying they will be back in France before a replacement is assigned . Soon after , Nicoli attempts to shoot Popeye from the roof of Doyle 's apartment complex but misses . Popeye chases after the fleeing sniper , who boards an elevated train at the Bay 50th Street Station in Gravesend . Doyle commandeers a car and gives chase along Stillwell Avenue . Realizing he is being pursued , Nicoli works his way forward through the carriages , shoots a policeman who tries to intervene and then hijacks the motorman at gunpoint forcing him to drive straight through the next station , also shooting the train conductor who gets too close . The motorman passes out and they are just about to slam into another , stationary , train , when an emergency trackside brake engages violently hurling the assassin against a glass window . Popeye arrives limping , having wrecked the commandeered car , and sees the killer descending from the platform . When the killer sees Popeye , he turns to run but is shot dead by Popeye with a single shot . After a lengthy stakeout , Popeye impounds Devereaux 's Lincoln . In a police garage , he and his team take it apart piece by piece , searching for the drugs , but seemingly come up empty - handed . Then Cloudy notes that the vehicle 's shipping weight is 120 pounds over its listed manufacturer 's weight ; they realize the contraband must still be in the car . This time they remove the rocker panels and discover the obloid packages of heroin concealed therein . The police then restore the car to its original condition and return it to Devereaux , who delivers the Lincoln to Charnier . Charnier drives to an old factory on Wards Island to meet Weinstock and about a dozen others , and deliver the drugs . After Charnier has the rocker panels removed , Weinstock 's chemist tests one of the bags and confirms its quality . Charnier removes the bags of drugs and hides the money , concealing it beneath the rocker panels of another car that was purchased at an auction of junk cars , which he will then take back to France . With their transaction complete , Charnier and Sal drive off in the Lincoln , but almost immediately hit a roadblock with a large contingent of police led by Popeye Doyle , who playfully waves to Charnier . The police chase the Lincoln back to the factory , where Sal is killed with two shotgun blasts during a shootout with the police and most of the other criminals surrender . Charnier , however , escapes into the old warehouse and Popeye follows after him , with Cloudy joining in the hunt . When Popeye sees a shadowy figure in the distance , he empties his revolver a split - second after shouting a warning . The man whom Popeye kills , however , is not Charnier but Mulderig . Undaunted , Popeye tells Cloudy that he will get Charnier . After reloading his gun , Popeye runs into another room , and a few seconds later , a single gunshot is heard . Title cards before the closing credits note that Joel Weinstock was indicted but had his case dismissed for `` lack of proper evidence '' ; Angie Boca received a suspended sentence for an unspecified misdemeanor ; Lou Boca received a reduced sentence ; Devereaux served four years in a federal penitentiary for conspiracy ; and Charnier was never caught . Popeye and Cloudy were transferred out of the narcotics division and reassigned . Cast ( edit ) Gene Hackman as Det . Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle Fernando Rey as Alain `` Frog One '' Charnier Roy Scheider as Det . Buddy `` Cloudy '' Russo Tony Lo Bianco as Salvatore `` Sal '' Boca Marcel Bozzuffi as Pierre Nicoli , Hit Man Frédéric de Pasquale as Henri Devereaux Bill Hickman as Bill Mulderig Ann Rebbot as Mrs. Marie Charnier Harold Gary as Joel Weinstock Arlene Farber as Angie Boca Eddie Egan as Walt Simonson André Ernotte as La Valle Sonny Grosso as Clyde Klein Production ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In an audio commentary track recorded by Friedkin for the Collector 's Edition DVD release of the film , Friedkin notes that the film 's documentary - like realism was the direct result of the influence of having seen Z , a French film . The film was among the earliest to show the World Trade Center : the completed North Tower and the partially completed South Tower are seen in the background of the scenes at the shipyard following Devereaux 's arrival in New York . Friedkin credits his decision to direct the movie to a discussion with film director Howard Hawks , whose daughter was living with Friedkin at the time . Friedkin asked Hawks what he thought of his movies , to which Hawks bluntly replied that they were `` lousy . '' Instead Hawks recommended that he `` Make a good chase . Make one better than anyone 's done . '' Casting ( edit ) Though the cast ultimately proved to be one of the film 's greatest strengths , Friedkin had problems with casting choices from the start . He was strongly opposed to the choice of Hackman for the lead , and actually first considered Paul Newman ( out of the budget range ) , then Jackie Gleason , Peter Boyle and a New York columnist , Jimmy Breslin , who had never acted before . However , Gleason , at that time , was considered box - office poison by the studio after his film Gigot had flopped several years before , Boyle declined the role after disapproving of the violent theme of the film , and Breslin refused to get behind the wheel of a car , which was required of Popeye 's character for an integral car chase scene . Steve McQueen was also considered , but he did not want to do another police film after Bullitt and , as with Newman , his fee would have exceeded the movie 's budget . Tough guy Charles Bronson was also considered for the role . Friedkin almost settled for Rod Taylor ( who had actively pursued the role , according to Hackman ) , another choice the studio approved , before he went with Hackman . The casting of Fernando Rey as the main French heroin smuggler , Alain Charnier ( irreverently referred to throughout the film as `` Frog One '' ) , resulted from mistaken identity . Friedkin had seen Luis Buñuel 's 1967 French film Belle de Jour and had been impressed by the performance of Francisco Rabal , who had a small role in the film . However , Friedkin did not know his name , and remembered only that he was a Spanish actor . He asked his casting director to find the actor , and the casting director instead contacted Rey , a Spanish actor who had appeared in several other films directed by Buñuel . After Rabal was finally reached , they discovered he spoke neither French nor English , and Rey was kept in the film . Ironically , after screening the film 's final cut , Rey 's French was deemed unacceptable by the filmmakers . They decided to dub his French while preserving his English dialogue . Comparison to actual people ( edit ) The plot centers on drug smuggling in the 1960s and early ' 70s , when most of the heroin illegally imported into the East Coast came to the United States through France ( see French Connection ) . In addition to the two main protagonists , several of the fictional characters depicted in the film also have real - life counterparts . The Alain Charnier character is based upon Jean Jehan who was arrested later in Paris for drug trafficking , though he was not extradited since France does not extradite its citizens . Sal Boca is based on Pasquale `` Patsy '' Fuca , and his brother Anthony . Angie Boca is based on Patsy 's wife Barbara , who later wrote a book with Robin Moore detailing her life with Patsy . The Fucas and their uncle were part of a heroin dealing crew that worked with some of the New York City crime families . Henri Devereaux , who takes the fall for importing the Lincoln to New York City , is based on Jacques Angelvin , a television actor arrested and sentenced to three to six years in a federal penitentiary for his role , serving about four before returning to France and turning to real estate . The Joel Weinstock character is , according to the director 's commentary , a composite of several similar drug dealers . Car chase ( edit ) The film is often cited as containing one of the greatest car chase sequences in movie history . The chase involves Popeye commandeering a civilian 's car ( a 1971 Pontiac LeMans ) and then frantically chasing an elevated train , on which a hitman is trying to escape . The scene was filmed in Bensonhurst , Brooklyn roughly running under the BMT West End Line ( currently the D train , then the B train ) which runs on an elevated track above Stillwell Avenue , 86th Street and New Utrecht Avenue in Brooklyn , with the chase ending just north of the 62nd Street station . At that point , the train hits a train stop , but is going too fast to stop in time and collides with the train ahead of it , which has just left the station . The most famous shot of the chase is made from a front bumper mount and shows a low - angle point of view shot of the streets racing by . Director of photography Owen Roizman , wrote in American Cinematographer magazine in 1972 that the camera was undercranked to 18 frames per second to enhance the sense of speed . Roizman 's contention is borne out when you see a car at a red light whose muffler is pumping smoke at an accelerated rate . Other shots involved stunt drivers who were supposed to barely miss hitting the speeding car , but due to errors in timing , accidental collisions occurred and were left in the final film . Friedkin said that he used Santana 's cover of Fleetwood Mac 's song `` Black Magic Woman '' during editing to help shape the chase sequence ; though the song does not appear in the film , `` it ( the chase scene ) did have a sort of pre-ordained rhythm to it that came from the music . '' The scene concludes with Doyle confronting Nicoli the hitman at the stairs leading to the subway and shooting him as he tries to run back up them . Many of the police officers acting as advisers for the film objected to the scene on the grounds that shooting a suspect in the back was simply murder , not self - defense , but director Friedkin stood by it , stating that he was `` secure in my conviction that that 's exactly what Eddie Egan ( the model for Doyle ) would have done and Eddie was on the set while all of this was being shot . '' Filming Locations ( edit ) The French Connection was filmed in the following locations : 50th Street and First Avenue , New York City ( where Doyle waits outside the restaurant ) 82nd Street and Fifth Avenue ( near the Metropolitan Museum of Art ) , New York City , ( Weinstock 's apartment ) 86th Street , Brooklyn , New York City ( the chase scene ) 91 Wyckoff Avenue , Bushwick , Brooklyn ( Sal and Angie 's Cafe ) 940 2nd Avenue , New York City ( where Charnier and Nicoli buy fruit and Popeye is watching ) 177 Mulberry Street near Broome street , Little Italy , New York City ( where Sal makes a drop ) Avenue De L'Amiral Ganteaume , Cassis , Bouches - du - Rhône , France ( Charnier 's house ) Château d'If , Marseille , Bouches - du - Rhône , France ( where Charnier and Nicoli meet Devereaux ) Chez Fon Fon , Rue Du Vallon Des Auffes , Marseille , Bouches - du - Rhône , France ( where Charnier dines ) Columbia Heights , Brooklyn , New York City , New York , USA ( where Sal parks the Lincoln ) Le Copain , 891 First Ave , New York City , New York , USA ( where Charnier dines ) Doral Park Avenue Hotel ( now 70 Park Avenue Hotel ) , 38th Street and Park Avenue , New York City , New York , USA ( Devereaux 's hotel ) Dover street near by the Brooklyn Bridge , New York City , New York , USA ( where Sal leaves the Lincoln ) Forest Avenue , Ridgewood , Queens , New York City , New York , USA Grand Central Station Shuttle , Manhattan , New York City , New York , USA Henry Hudson Parkway Route 9A at Junction 24 ( car accident ) Marlboro Housing Project , Avenues V , W , and X off Stillwell Avenue , Brooklyn , New York , USA ( where Popeye lives ) Marseille , Bouches - du - Rhône , France Montee Des Accoules , Marseille , Bouches - du - Rhône , France Onderdonk Avenue , Ridgewood , Queens , New York City Plage du bestouan , Cassis , Bouches - du - Rhône , France Putnam Avenue , Ridgewood , Queens , New York City Randalls Island , East River , New York City Ratner 's Restaurant , 138 Delancey Street , New York City ( where Sal and Angie emerge ) Remsen Street , Brooklyn , New York City ( where Charnier and Nicoli watch the car being unloaded ) Rio Piedras ( now demolished ) , 912 Broadway , Brooklyn , New York City ( where the Santa Claus chase starts ) Rapid Park Garage , East 38th Street near Park Avenue , New York City ( where Cloudy follows Sal ) Ronaldo Maia Flowers , 27 East 67th Street at Madison , New York City ( where Charnier gives Popeye the slip ) The Roosevelt Hotel , 45th Street and Madison Avenue , Manhattan , New York City Rue des Moulins off Rue Du Panier , Old Town of Marseille , Bouches - du - Rhône , France ( where the French policeman with the bread walks ) La Samaritaine at 2 Quai Du Port , Marseille , Bouches - du - Rhône , France South Street at Market Street at the foot of Manhattan Bridge , New York City ( where Doyle emerges from a bar ) Triborough Bridge to Randall 's Island toll bridge at the east end of 125th Street , New York City Wards Island , New York City ( the final shootout ) Washington , D.C. , USA ( where Charnier and Sal meet ) Westbury Hotel , 15 East 69th Street , Manhattan , New York City , New York , USA ( Charnier 's hotel ) Reception ( edit ) According to Roger Greenspun , `` the ads say that the time is just right for an out - and - out thriller like this , and I guess that you are supposed to think that a good old kind of movie has none too soon come around again . But The French Connection ... is in fact a very good new kind of movie , and that in spite of its being composed of such ancient material as cops and crooks , with thrills and chases , and lots of shoot - ' em - up . '' In 2014 , Time Out polled several film critics , directors , actors and stunt actors to list their top action films . The French Connection was listed at 40th place on this list . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Academy Awards , 1972 Best Picture Phillip D'Antoni Won Best Director William Friedkin Won Best Actor Gene Hackman Won Best Adapted Screenplay Ernest Tidyman Won Best Film Editing Gerald B. Greenberg Won Best Supporting Actor Roy Scheider Nominated Best Cinematography Owen Roizman Nominated Best Sound Theodore Soderberg and Christopher Newman Nominated American Cinema Editors , 1972 Best Edited Feature Film Gerald B. Greenberg Nominated BAFTA , 1973 Best Actor Gene Hackman Won Best Film Editing Gerald B. Greenberg Won Best Direction William Friedkin Nominated Best Film Philip D'Antoni Nominated Best Sound Track Christopher Newman Theodore Soderberg Nominated David di Donatello Award , 1972 Best Foreign Film Philip D'Antoni Won Directors Guild of America , 1972 Outstanding Directorial Achievement William Friedkin Won Edgar Allan Poe Awards , 1972 Best Motion Picture Ernest Tidyman Won Golden Globe Awards , 1972 Best Motion Picture Phillip D'Antoni Won Best Director William Friedkin Won Best Actor Gene Hackman Won Best Screenplay Ernest Tidyman Nominated Kansas City Film Critics Circle , 1972 Best Actor Gene Hackman Won Best Film Ernest Tidyman Won National Society of Film Critics , 1972 Best Actor Gene Hackman Nominated New York Film Critics Circle , 1971 Best Actor Gene Hackman Won Best Film Ernest Tidyman Nominated Writers Guild of America , 1972 Best Drama Adaptation Ernest Tidyman Won The American Film Institute recognizes The French Connection on several of its lists : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies - # 70 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) - # 93 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills - # 8 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle - # 44 Hero In 2012 , the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed the film as the tenth best - edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership . Home video ( edit ) The film has been issued in a number of home video formats . For a 2009 reissue on Blu - ray Disc , William Friedkin controversially altered the film 's color timing to give it a `` colder '' look . Cinematographer Owen Roizman , who was not consulted about the changes , dismissed the new transfer as `` atrocious '' . On March 18 , 2012 a new Blu - ray transfer of the movie was released . This time the color - timing was supervised by both Friedkin and Roizman , and the desaturated and sometimes over-grainy look of the 2009 edition have been corrected . Sequels and adaptations ( edit ) While not a sequel , The Seven - Ups ( 1973 ) is closely related as it stars Roy Scheider and Tony Lo Bianco , was directed by producer Philip D'Antoni , with a story by Sonny Grosso , and features another famous car chase choreographed by Bill Hickman . The score for this film was also by Don Ellis . French Connection II ( 1975 ) is a fictional sequel . NBC - TV aired a made - for - TV movie , Popeye Doyle ( 1986 ) , starring Ed O'Neill in the title role . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1971 References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Midnight Cowboy won Best Picture Oscar with an X rating . ^ Jump up to : Friedkin recounts his casting opinions in Making the Connection : The Untold Stories ( 2001 ) . Extra feature on 2001 Five Star Collection edition of DVD release . Jump up ^ R42 cars 4572 and 4573 were chosen for the film and had no B subway rollsigns because they were normally assigned to the N subway train . Consequently , they operated during the movie with an N displayed . As of July 2009 , these cars were withdrawn from service , but are preserved as part of the Transit Museum fleet . Citations Jump up ^ `` The French Connection , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Aubrey ( 1989 ) . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press , p. 167 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4244 - 1 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd . Howard Hawks : The Grey Fox of Hollywood Pg. 625 . Grove Press , 2000 ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3740 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3740 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Turner Classic Movies spotlight '' . TCM . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Moore , Robin ( 1969 ) . The French Connection : A True Account of Cops , Narcotics , and International Conspiracy . ISBN 1592280447 . Jump up ^ Bauer , Alain ; Soullez , Christophe ( 2012 ) . La criminologie pour les nuls ( Générales First ed . ) . ISBN 2754031626 . Jump up ^ Film commentary Jump up ^ `` Top 10 car chase movies - MOVIES - MSNBC.com '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ This account of the shooting is described in Making the Connection , supra . Jump up ^ `` '' From ' Popeye ' Doyle to Puccini : William Friedkin '' with Robert Siegel ( interview ) , NPR , 14 Sep 2006 `` . Npr.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Director 's commentary on DVD Jump up ^ `` Making the Connection '' and `` The Poughkeepsie Shuffle '' , documentaries on The French Connection available on the deluxe DVD . Jump up ^ `` The French Connection film locations '' . The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The French Connection '' . Reel Streets . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Locations for The French Connection '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Filming Locations of The French Connection , Then and Now '' . Scouting NY . 2014 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Greenspun , Roger ( October 8 , 1971 ) . `` The French Connection ( 1971 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 best action movies '' . Time Out . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.timeout.com/newyork/film/the-100-best-action-movies-40-31#the-french-connection-1971 ) Jump up ^ `` The 44th Academy Awards ( 1972 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Awards for The French Connection on IMDb Jump up ^ `` The 20th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 1972 ) Nominees and Winners '' . goldenglobes.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The 75 Best Edited Films '' . Editors Guild Magazine . 1 ( 3 ) . May 2012 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Filmmaking at 90 Miles Per Hour '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Wells ( February 25 , 2009 ) . `` Atrocious ... Horrifying '' . Hollywood Elsewhere . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=8328 Jump up ^ http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/The-French-Connection-Blu-ray/39973/ Further reading ( edit ) Collins , Dave ( November 29 , 2014 ) . `` Man linked to heroin ring in ' 71 film nabbed again '' . Associated Press . Friedkin , William ( April 15 , 2003 ) . `` Under the Influence : The French Connection '' . DGA Magazine . Friedkin , William ( Fall 2006 ) . `` Anatomy of a Chase : The French Connection '' . DGA Magazine . Kehr , Dave ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Filmmaking at 90 Miles Per Hour : A 2009 retrospective '' . The New York Times . 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Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_French_Connection_(film)&oldid=841635196 '' Categories : 1971 films 1970s action thriller films 1970s chase films 1970s crime thriller films 20th Century Fox films American action thriller films American chase films American crime thriller films American films Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Edgar Award - 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only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu বাংলা Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 01 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the french connection car chase filmed | [
"The film is often cited as containing one of the greatest car chase sequences in movie history.[8] The chase involves Popeye commandeering a civilian's car (a 1971 Pontiac LeMans) and then frantically chasing an elevated train, on which a hitman is trying to escape. The scene was filmed in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn roughly running under the BMT West End Line (currently the D train, then the B train) which runs on an elevated track above Stillwell Avenue, 86th Street and New Utrecht Avenue in Brooklyn, with the chase ending just north of the 62nd Street station. At that point, the train hits a train stop, but is going too fast to stop in time and collides with the train ahead of it, which has just left the station.[Note 3]"
] | [
"in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn roughly running under the BMT West End Line (currently the D train, then the B train) which runs on an elevated track above Stillwell Avenue, 86th Street and New Utrecht Avenue in Brooklyn, with the chase ending just north of the 62nd Street station."
] |
8721472627876076986 | Flight (Grey's Anatomy) | Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) `` Flight '' Grey 's Anatomy episode Shepherd 's mangled hand , following an aviation accident . Episode no . Season 8 Episode 24 Directed by Rob Corn Written by Shonda Rhimes Featured music `` Featherstone '' `` Graveyard '' Original air date May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren James LeGros as Jerry Episode chronology ← Previous `` Migration '' Next → `` Going , Going , Gone '' Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes `` Flight '' is the twenty - fourth and final episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 172nd episode overall . It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 17 , 2012 . In the episode , six doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive , but Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) ultimately dies . Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) fires Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) gets engaged . The episode marked Leigh 's final appearance in the series and Raver 's last until late in the fourteenth season . Exterior filming of the accident took place at Big Bear Lake , California . Jason George reprised his role as a guest star , whereas James LeGros made his first appearance . The episode opened to mixed reviews from television critics , with some criticizing the death of Lexie , but praising Leigh 's performance , in addition to Ellen Pompeo ( Dr. Meredith Grey ) 's and Eric Dane ( Dr. Mark Sloan ) 's . `` Flight '' earned Rhimes an NAACP Image Award nomination and it was also nominated under several categories of Entertainment Weekly 's finale awards . Upon its initial airing , the episode was viewed in the United States by 11.44 million people , garnered a 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , ranking fourth for the night in terms of viewership , and registering as Thursday 's highest - rated drama . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) After their plane crashes in the woods , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) desperately fight to stay alive . Meredith is relatively unscathed , while the rest have serious injuries : the pilot , Jerry ( James LeGros ) , has a major spine injury , and Yang dislocates her arm . Robbins ' femur is broken and sticking through the skin , Sloan has serious internal injuries ; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet . Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood ; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane . However , none are in as bad shape as Lexie , who is crushed under a piece of the plane . While Meredith searches for Shepherd , Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie . Eventually , the two realize that they can not save her , so Sloan holds her hand while she dies , telling her that he loves her . As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together , Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching . Lexie 's death devastates Meredith , who is still desperately trying to find her husband . Eventually , she and Shepherd reunite and they fix his hand as best as they can . Meanwhile , back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors . Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents , which Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , and Dr. April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) are dreading . Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center , and he and Kepner share a moment . Dr. Ben Warren ( Jason George ) and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) decide to get married , even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los Angeles . After realizing Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) was offered a chief position at United States Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) and is refusing to leave Seattle out of loyalty , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , the chief of surgery , fires her to free her from the hospital where her husband died . As the episode ends , Hunt picks up his messages to discover the surgical team never made it to Boise . The residents , finally excited to celebrate at Webber 's dinner , are left waiting for their stranded friends . The remaining crash survivors are left struggling to stay awake as their last match goes out . In the closing monologue , Meredith repeats the opening to the speech that Webber gave in the pilot episode of the series . Production ( edit ) `` It was so hard . It was physically and emotionally challenging because you 're constantly at extremely high stakes . The physicality for Cristina , she had to do a lot of things with one arm , and I had to do a lot of things with one shoe . You 're running around the mountain with one shoe and one arm basically and doing things that way . And it 's like we 've had this cushy time on stages and in the hospital . But being out in the open on the side of a mountain was exhilarating ; you can not beat location work . I 've done very little greenscreen work , but it 's just a pooper . I do n't care how much you blow that fan on my face , there 's not a helicopter coming at me . It 's really hard to manufacture the clear reality of what that is , but when you are on a mountain and you are freezing , you 're freezing . '' -- Oh 's impressions on shooting in the mountains The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . Featured music included The Paper Kites ' `` Featherstone '' and Feist 's ' Graveyard `` . Filming took place in Big Bear Lake , California , a location previously used in the seventh season for Yang and Shepherd 's fishing trip . Commenting on the filming conditions , Leigh said : `` It would rain and be sunny and hot . I never died before ( on camera ) . That sounds funny saying that . I think everyone has an emotional wellspring and that happened to be a moment where I was sprung . Everybody was very accommodating -- the crew , cast . And I opted to stay underneath ( the wreckage ) for the most part over two days rather than trying to get in and out . '' In regard to the episode , Rhimes commented before it originally aired that it was difficult to write , largely because of the death of a main character . She compared it to writing the season six finale , by explaining that the former was `` more painful '' to write . After the episode aired , Rhimes repeated in a tweet that it was hard for her to write the finale , adding : `` I did not enjoy it . It made me sick and it made me sad . '' Rhimes also explained the departure of Leigh , whose character died after the plane crash , by saying that the two came to an agreement on the decision to kill Lexie , after extensive discussion . Speaking of Raver 's departure whose character left Seattle Grace for MEDCOM , Rhimes elaborated that Raver was offered a contract renewal , but declined . Reception ( edit ) Chyler Leigh 's performance was deemed `` phenomenal '' . The episode received mixed reviews among television critics , and it outperformed the previous episode in terms of both viewership and ratings . `` Flight '' was originally broadcast on May 17 , 2012 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . The episode was watched in the United States by a total of 11.44 million people , a 16.5 % ( 1.62 million ) increase from the previous episode `` Migration '' , which garnered 9.82 million viewers . In terms of viewership , `` Flight '' ranked fourth for the night , behind the season finales of Fox 's American Idol , and CBS 's Person of Interest and The Mentalist . In terms of Grey 's Anatomy 's other season finales , the episode was the show 's second least - viewed finale , just behind the seventh season 's , which garnered 9.89 million viewers . The episode did not rank in the top three for viewership , but its 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating ranked first in its 9 : 00 Eastern time - slot and second for the night , registering the show as Thursday 's No. 1 drama , for both the rating and share percentages of the key 18 -- 49 demographic . Its rating lost to American Idol , but beat out CBS 's The Big Bang Theory , Person of Interest , and The Mentalist . In addition to its rating being in the top rankings for the night , it was an increase from the previous episode , which netted a 3.5 / 10 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The episode also showed an increase in ratings in comparison to the previous year 's finale , which attained a 3.6 / 9 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . Poptimal 's Tanya Lane wrote , `` Wow ... just wow . Grey 's Anatomy has once again managed to shock with its season finale . '' While she appreciated the `` realism and authenticity that Grey 's is known for '' , she found the episode was `` almost too much '' as it was `` extremely gory and difficult to watch , initially because of the grisly wounds '' but later because of the `` heavy and emotional things that transpired '' . She thought Pompeo gave one of her best performances when her character learned that her sister was dead . Digital Spy 's Ben Lee found Leigh 's and Dane 's performances `` phenomenal '' and added that he had probably never seen a better performance from Dane . He described the moment the two actors shared as `` truly poignant '' . To him , Lexie 's death felt like a finale , which was thus too early . As for what was happening in Seattle Grace , he thought it was `` a bit pointless '' and `` uninteresting '' except Altman 's departure , which he deemed `` the most significant moment at the hospital '' . Entertainment Weekly 's Tanner Stransky commented of Lexie 's death : `` It was an intense death . I mean , how awful was it to watch one of Grey 's longest - running characters pass away so quickly -- and rather unceremoniously ? I get that Ms. Rhimes had to do what she had to do -- and every show needs to be shaken up once in a while -- but I do n't love that Lexie was the one to die . Could it have been someone less important somehow ? I guess it would have been too obvious to do Kepner . And you probably just do n't kill off a hottie like Mark Sloan , right ? '' Stransky also complained about Robbins ' screams at the beginning of the episode , but enjoyed Bailey 's story . In an Entertainment Weekly poll that judged all the television season finales of the year , Lexie 's death was voted the `` Top Tissue Moment '' , while Robbins ' injured leg and Shepherd 's mangled hand were voted the `` Most Disturbing Image '' . The ending of the episode was also considered as the `` Best Ending to an Otherwise So - So Season '' . Lexie 's death was also nominated under the `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' category , while the plane crash 's aftermath was nominated as the `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' , and the episode in entirety was nominated for the special award for `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly later named the scene where Meredith is crying one of the best crying scenes of 2012 . In TVLine 's review of 2012 , Lexie 's death was runner - up for `` Biggest Tearjerker '' . The episode is nominated at the NAACP Image Awards under the Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series category for Rhimes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Emmys 2012 : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Sandra Oh on Cristina 's Emotional Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Season 8 , Episode : 24 `` Flight '' Music `` . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Spoiler Chat Daily : American Horror Story Season Two Scoop ! Plus , Grey 's , True Blood and More ! '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Perez ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` Chyler Leigh Describes Filming Deets Behind Grey 's Anatomy Death ! '' . PerezHilton.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Shonda Rhimes on the Deadly Finale : ' We 're Literally Saying Goodbye to People ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' creator Shonda Rhimes : ' Finale made me sick and sad ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Dow '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lane , Tanya ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Review : Tears and Gore Galore '' . Poptimal . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' recap : Major death in season finale ' Flight ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale recap : A Grey Goes Down '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Chyler Leigh , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 9 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo TV Season Finales TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 12 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 16 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : The crying game '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine 's 2012 in Review , Part 2 : Best Cliffhanger , Worst New Character and 38 More Categories '' . TVLine . PMC . December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 44th NAACP Image Awards - Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Naacpimageawards.net . December 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Flight '' at ABC.com `` Flight '' on IMDb `` Flight '' at TV.com hide Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` All of Me '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=842338986 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2012 American television episodes Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 20 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what season does the airplane crash in grey's anatomy | [] | [] |
-6692665873074991665 | Data Protection Act 1998 | Data Protection Act 1998 - wikipedia Data Protection Act 1998 Data Protection Act 1998 Act of Parliament Parliament of the United Kingdom Long title An Act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals , including the obtaining , holding , use or disclosure of such information . Territorial extent United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Dates Royal assent 16 July 1998 Commencement March 2000 Other legislation Repeals Data Protection Act 1984 Amended by yes Repealed by Data Protection Act 2018 Status : Repealed ( no History of passage through Parliament ) Text of the Data Protection Act 1998 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk The Data Protection Act 1998 ( c 29 ) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament designed to protect personal data stored on computers or in an organised paper filing system . It enacted the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 's provisions on the protection , processing and movement of data . Under the DPA 1998 , individuals had legal rights to control information about themselves . Most of the Act did not apply to domestic use , for example keeping a personal address book . Anyone holding personal data for other purposes was legally obliged to comply with this Act , subject to some exemptions . The Act defined eight data protection principles to ensure that information was processed lawfully . It was superseded by the Data Protection Act 2018 ( DPA 2018 ) on 23 May 2018 . The DPA 2018 supplements the EU General Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ) , which came into effect on 25 May 2018 . The GDPR regulates the collection , storage , and use of personal data significantly more strictly . Contents 1 Background 2 Contents 2.1 Scope of protection 2.2 Data protection principles 2.3 Exceptions 2.4 Police and court powers 2.5 Offences 2.6 Complexity 2.7 Definition of personal data 2.8 Subject Access Requests 2.9 Information Commissioner 2.10 EU 's Article 29 Working Party 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 5.1 UK legislation Background ( edit ) The 1998 Act replaced the Data Protection Act 1984 and the Access to Personal Files Act 1987 , and implemented the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 . The Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 altered the consent requirement for most electronic marketing to `` positive consent '' such as an opt - in box . Exemptions remain for the marketing of `` similar products and services '' to existing customers and enquirers , which can still be given permission on an opt out basis . The Jersey data protection law was modelled on the UK law . Contents ( edit ) Scope of Protection ( edit ) Section 1 defines `` personal data '' as any data that can be used to identify a living individual . Anonymised or aggregated data is less regulated by the Act , providing the anonymisation or aggregation has not been done in a reversible way . Individuals can be identified by various means including their name and address , telephone number or email address . The Act applies only to data which is held , or intended to be held , on computers ( ' equipment operating automatically in response to instructions given for that purpose ' ) , or held in a ' relevant filing system ' . In some cases paper records may be classified as a ' relevant filing system ' , such as an address book or a salesperson 's diary used to support commercial activities . The Freedom of Information Act 2000 modified the act for public bodies and authorities , and the Durant case modified the interpretation of the act by providing case law and precedent . A person who has their data processed has the following rights : under section 7 , to view the data an organisation holds on them for a reasonable fee : the maximum fee is £ 2 for requests to credit reference agencies , £ 50 for health and educational request , and £ 10 per individual otherwise , under section 14 , request that incorrect information be corrected . If the company ignores the request , a court can order the data to be corrected or destroyed , and in some cases compensation can be awarded . under section 10 , require that data is not used in any way that may potentially cause damage or distress . under section 11 , require that their data is not used for direct marketing . Data Protection principles ( edit ) Schedule 1 lists eight `` data protection principles '' . Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully and , in particular , shall not be processed unless : at least one of the conditions in Schedule 2 is met , and in the case of sensitive personal data , at least one of the conditions in Schedule 3 is also met . Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes , and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes . Personal data shall be adequate , relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed . Personal data shall be accurate and , where necessary , kept up to date . Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes . About the rights of individuals e.g. personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects ( individuals ) . Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of , or damage to , personal data . Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the European Economic Area unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data . Conditions relevant to the first principle Personal data should only be processed fairly and lawfully . In order for data to be classed as ' fairly processed ' , at least one of these six conditions must be applicable to that data ( Schedule 2 ) . The data subject ( the person whose data is stored ) has consented ( `` given their permission '' ) to the processing ; Processing is necessary for the performance of , or commencing , a contract ; Processing is required under a legal obligation ( other than one stated in the contract ) ; Processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject ; Processing is necessary to carry out any public functions ; Processing is necessary in order to pursue the legitimate interests of the `` data controller '' or `` third parties '' ( unless it could unjustifiably prejudice the interests of the data subject ) . Consent Except under the below mentioned exceptions , the individual needs to consent to the collection of their personal information and its use in the purpose ( s ) in question . The European Data Protection Directive defines consent as `` ... any freely given specific and informed indication of his wishes by which the data subject signifies his agreement to personal data relating to him being processed '' , meaning the individual may signify agreement other than in writing . However , non-communication should not be interpreted as consent . Additionally , consent should be appropriate to the age and capacity of the individual and other circumstances of the case . E.g. , if an organisation `` intends to continue to hold or use personal data after the relationship with the individual ends , then the consent should cover this . '' And even when consent is given , it should n't be assumed to last forever . Although in most cases consent lasts for as long as the personal data needs to be processed , individuals may be able to withdraw their consent , depending on the nature of the consent and the circumstances in which the personal information is being collected and used . The Data Protection Act also specifies that sensitive personal data must be processed according to a stricter set of conditions , in particular any consent must be explicit . Exceptions ( edit ) The Act is structured such that all processing of personal data is covered by the act , while providing a number of exceptions in Part IV . Notable exceptions are : Section 28 -- National security . Any processing for the purpose of safeguarding national security is exempt from all the data protection principles , as well as Part II ( subject access rights ) , Part III ( notification ) , Part V ( enforcement ) , and Section 55 ( Unlawful obtaining of personal data ) . Section 29 -- Crime and taxation . Data processed for the prevention or detection of crime , the apprehension or prosecution of offenders , or the assessment or collection of taxes are exempt from the first data protection principle . Section 36 -- Domestic purposes . Processing by an individual only for the purposes of that individual 's personal , family or household affairs is exempt from all the data protection principles , as well as Part II ( subject access rights ) and Part III ( notification ) . Police and court powers ( edit ) The Act grants or acknowledges various police and court powers . Section 29 -- Consent of the Data Subject is not required when processing Personal Data to prevent or detect crime , apprehend or prosecute offenders , the assessment and collection of taxes and duties and to discharge a statutory function . Section 35 -- Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings . This includes obeying court orders , other laws and are part of legal proceedings . Offences ( edit ) The Act details a number of civil and criminal offences for which data controllers may be liable if a data controller has failed to gain appropriate consent from a data subject . However , ' consent ' is not specifically defined in the Act and so is a common law matter . Section 21 ( 1 ) makes it an offence to process personal information without registration . Section 21 ( 2 ) makes it an offence to fail to comply with the notification regulations made by the Secretary of State ( proposed by the Information Commissioner under section 25 of the Act ) . Section 55 makes unlawful obtaining of personal data . This section makes it an offence for people ( Other Parties ) , such as hackers and impersonators , outside the organisation to obtain unauthorised access to the personal data . Section 56 makes it a criminal offence to require an individual to make a Subject Access Request relating to cautions or convictions for the purposes of recruitment , continued employment , or the provision of services . This section came into force on 10 March 2015 . Complexity ( edit ) The UK Data Protection Act is a large Act that has a reputation for complexity . While the basic principles are honoured for protecting privacy , interpreting the act is not always simple . Many companies , organisations and individuals seem very unsure of the aims , content and principles of the Act . Some hide behind the Act and refuse to provide even very basic , publicly available material quoting the Act as a restriction . The Act also impacts on the way in which organisations conduct business in terms of who can be contacted for marketing purposes , not only by telephone and direct mail but also electronically and has led to the development of permission based marketing strategies . Definition of personal data ( edit ) The definition of personal data is data relating to a living individual who can be identified from that data or from that data and other information in the possession of , or is likely to come into the possession of , the data controller Sensitive personal data concerns the subject 's race , ethnicity , politics , religion , trade union status , health , sex life or criminal record . Subject access requests ( edit ) The Information Commissioner 's Office website states regarding Subject Access Requests ( SARs ) : `` You have the right to find out if an organisation is using or storing your personal data . This is called the right of access . You exercise this right by asking for a copy of the data , which is commonly known as making a ' subject access request '' . Before the General Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ) came into force on 25 May 2018 organisations could charge a specified fee for responding to a SAR , of up to £ 10 for most requests . Following the GDPR : `` A copy of your personal data should be provided free . An organisation may charge for additional copies . It can only charge a fee if it thinks the request is ' manifestly unfounded or excessive ' . If so , it may ask for a reasonable fee for administrative costs associated with the request . '' Information Commissioner ( edit ) Main article : Information Commissioner 's Office Compliance with the Act is regulated and enforced by an independent authority , the Information Commissioner 's Office , which maintains guidance relating to the Act . EU 's Article 29 Working Party ( edit ) In January 2017 the Information Commissioner 's Office invited public comments on the EU 's Article 29 Working Party 's proposed changes to data protection law and the anticipated introduction of extensions to the interpretation of the Act , the Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation . See also ( edit ) Data Protection Act , 2012 ( Ghana ) Computer Misuse Act 1990 Data privacy Data Protection Directive ( EU ) Freedom of Information Act 2000 Gaskin v United Kingdom List of UK government data losses Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 General Data Protection Regulation -- a 2016 EU regulation on data protection Smith v Lloyds TSB Bank plc Durant v Financial Services Authority ( 2003 ) EWCA Civ 1746 `` Data Protection Bill ( HL ) 2017 - 19 '' . Bill No . HL 104 of 2018 . ( `` The Data Protection Bill was considered at Report Stage on Wednesday 9 May 2018 and read and passed with Amendments . '' ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Data Protection Act 1998 , Part IV ( Exemptions ) , Section 36 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ Ford , Michael ( Mar 1999 ) . `` Recent legislation . The Data Protection Act 1998 '' . Industrial Law Journal . 28 : 57 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Jersey : Data Protection In Jersey And Other Offshore Jurisdictions 23 July 2008 Article by Wendy Benjamin , mondaq.com , Jump up ^ `` Data Protection Act 1998 , Basic interpretative provisions '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Determining what information is ' data ' for the purposes of the DPA '' ( PDF ) . Information Commissioner 's Office . 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What is personal data ? Information Commissioner updates guidance '' . Pinsent Masons. 30 August 2007 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . In the case involving Michael Durant he sought information held on him by the Financial Services Authority . The Court of Appeal ruled that just because a document contained his name it was not necessarily defined as personal data . This changed the perception of how wide a definition of personal data could be . Jump up ^ Your rights , ICO , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ `` The rights of individuals ( Principle 6 ) '' , ICO , accessed 7 December 2016 Jump up ^ `` FAQs '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Claiming compensation '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part II ( Rights of data subjects and others ) , Section 10 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part II ( Rights of data subjects and others ) , Section 11 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ The rights of individuals ( Principle 6 ) , ICO.org.uk , accessed 14 April 2011 Jump up ^ OPSI.gov.uk Data Protection Act 1998 Schedule 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Conditions for Processing -- Guide to Data Protection -- ICO '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part IV ( Exceptions -- Crime and taxation ) , Section 29 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part IV ( Exemptions -- Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings etc . ) , Section 35 ^ Jump up to : Data Protection Act 1998 , Part III ( Notification by Data Controllers ) , Section 21 , Office of Public Sector Information ) Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part III ( Notification by Data Controllers ) , Section 25 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part VI ( Miscellaneous and General ) , Section 55 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 14 September 2007 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part VI ( Miscellaneous and General ) , Section 56 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 14 September 2007 Jump up ^ http://www.lewissilkin.com/Journal/2015/March/Forced-data-subject-access-requests-are-now-a-criminal-offence.aspx Jump up ^ Bainbridge , D: `` Introduction to Computer Law -- Fifth Edition '' , page 430 . Pearson Education Limited , 2005 Jump up ^ Data Protection myths and realities , Information Commissioner 's Office , accessed 30 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Data Protection Act 1998 '' . UK Statute Law Database . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Your right of access '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Guide to Data Protection '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Guidance -- The Data Protection Act , Page of Assorted Guidance , Information Commissioner 's Office , accessed 20 October 2007 Jump up ^ `` Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ) '' . ico.org.uk. 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Data Protection Act 1998 Information Commissioner 's Office The Department for Constitutional Affairs Council of Europe -- ETS no . 108 -- Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data ( 1981 ) -- basis for Data Protection Act 1984 Directive 95 / 46 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data -- basis for Data Protection Act 1998 UK legislation ( edit ) Text of the Data Protection Act 1998 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1707 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union ( formally European Communities ) 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders in Council 1994 to date for Northern Ireland 1972 -- 2009 Secondary legislation United Kingdom statutory instruments Scottish statutory instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_Protection_Act_1998&oldid=864757573 '' Categories : United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1998 Information privacy Cybercrime Computing legislation United Kingdom privacy law Data laws Data protection Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 08 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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4887511123905827976 | French fries | French fries - wikipedia French fries Jump to : navigation , search `` Fries '' redirects here . For other uses , see Fries ( disambiguation ) . French fries A serving of French fries Alternative names Chips , finger chips , fries , frites , hot chips , steak fries , potato wedges , wedges Course Side dish or snack , rarely as a main dish Place of origin Belgium or France Created by Disputed Serving temperature Hot , generally salted Main ingredients Potatoes Oil Variations curly fries , shoestring fries , steak fries , sweet potato fries , Chili cheese fries , poutine , Other information Often served with a side of ketchup , mayonnaise , vinegar , barbecue sauce , or other sauce Cookbook : French fries Media : French fries French fries ( North American English ) , chips ( British English ) , fries , finger chips ( Indian English ) , or French - fried potatoes are batonnet or allumette - cut deep - fried potatoes . In the United States and most of Canada , the term fries refers to all dishes of fried elongated pieces of potatoes , while in the United Kingdom , Australia , South Africa ( rarely ) , Ireland and New Zealand , thinly cut fried potatoes are sometimes called shoestring fries or skinny fries to distinguish them from the thicker - cut chips . French fries are served hot , either soft or crispy , and are generally eaten as part of lunch or dinner or by themselves as a snack , and they commonly appear on the menus of diners , fast food restaurants , pubs , and bars . Fries in America are generally salted and are almost always served with ketchup , but in many countries they have other condiments or toppings , like vinegar , mayonnaise , or other local specialties . Fries can be topped more heavily , as in the dishes of poutine and chili cheese fries . French fries can be made from sweet potatoes instead of potatoes . A baked variant of the French fry ( `` oven chips '' ) uses less or even no oil . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparation 2 Etymology 3 Culinary origin 3.1 Belgium 3.2 France 3.3 Spain 3.4 Subsequent history 4 By country 4.1 Belgium and the Netherlands 4.2 Canada 4.3 France 4.4 Germany , Austria , Switzerland 4.5 Scandinavia 4.6 United Kingdom and Ireland 4.7 United States 5 Variants 6 Accompaniments 7 Health aspects 8 Legal issues 9 Techniques 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography Preparation Pommes frites with a mayonnaise packet French fries are prepared by first peeling and cutting the potato into even strips . These are then wiped off or soaked in cold water to remove the surface starch , and thoroughly dried . They may then be fried in one or two stages . Chefs generally agree that the two - bath technique produces better results . In the two - stage or two - bath method , the first bath , sometimes called blanching , is in hot fat ( around 160 ° C / 320 ° F ) to cook them through . This may be done in advance . Then they are more briefly fried in very hot fat ( 190 ° C / 375 ° F ) to crisp the exterior . They are then placed in a colander or on a cloth to drain , salted , and served . The exact times of the two baths depend on the size of the potatoes . For example , for 2 -- 3mm strips , the first bath takes about 3 minutes , and the second bath takes only seconds . Most French fries are produced from frozen potatoes which have been blanched or at least air - dried industrially . The usual fat for making French fries is vegetable oil . In the past , beef suet was recommended as superior , with vegetable shortening as an alternative . In fact , McDonald 's used a mixture of 93 % beef tallow and 7 % cottonseed oil until 1990 , when they switched to vegetable oil with beef flavoring . Etymology Thomas Jefferson had `` potatoes served in the French manner '' at a White House dinner in 1802 . The expression `` French fried potatoes '' first occurred in print in English in the 1856 work Cookery for Maids of All Work by E. Warren : `` French Fried Potatoes . -- Cut new potatoes in thin slices , put them in boiling fat , and a little salt ; fry both sides of a light golden brown colour ; drain . '' It is apparent that this account refers to thin , shallow - fried slices of potato -- it is not clear where or when the now familiar deep - fried batons or fingers of potato were first prepared . In the early 20th century , the term `` French fried '' was being used in the sense of `` deep - fried '' for foods like onion rings or chicken . It is unlikely that `` French fried '' refers to frenching in the sense of julienning , which is not attested until after French fried potatoes . Previously , frenching referred only to trimming meat off the shanks of chops . Culinary origin Belgium A Belgian frites shop Some claim that fries originated in Belgium ; there is an ongoing dispute between the French and Belgians about where they were invented , with both countries claiming ownership . From the Belgian standpoint the popularity of the term `` French fries '' is explained as a `` French gastronomic hegemony '' into which the cuisine of Belgium was assimilated because of a lack of understanding coupled with a shared language and geographic proximity between the two countries . Belgian journalist Jo Gérard claims that a 1781 family manuscript recounts that potatoes were deep - fried prior to 1680 in the Meuse valley , in what was then the Spanish Netherlands ( present - day Belgium ) : `` The inhabitants of Namur , Andenne , and Dinant had the custom of fishing in the Meuse for small fish and frying , especially among the poor , but when the river was frozen and fishing became hazardous , they cut potatoes in the form of small fish and put them in a fryer like those here . '' Gérard has not produced the manuscript that supports this claim , which , even if true , is unrelated to the later history of the French fry , as the potato did not arrive in the region until around 1735 . Also , given 18th century economic conditions : `` It is absolutely unthinkable that a peasant could have dedicated large quantities of fat for cooking potatoes . At most they were sautéed in a pan ... '' . A common believe is that the term `` French fries '' for deep fried potato batons was introduced when American soldiers arrived in Belgium during World War I . The Belgians had previously been catering to the British soldiers ' love of chips and continued to serve them to the Americans when they took over the western end of the front . The Americans supposedly took them to be French fried potatoes because they believed themselves to be in France , French being the local language and the official language of the Belgian Army at that time . At that time , the term `` French fries '' was growing in popularity -- the term was already used in the United States as early as 1899 -- although it is n't clear whether this referred to batons ( chips ) or slices of potato e.g. in an item in Good Housekeeping which specifically references `` Kitchen Economy in France '' : `` The perfection of French fries is due chiefly to the fact that plenty of fat is used '' . `` Pommes frites '' or just `` frites '' ( French ) , `` frieten '' ( Flemish ) or `` patat '' ( Dutch ) became the national snack and a substantial part of several national dishes , such as Moules - frites or Steak - frites . France Steak frites in Fontainebleau , France In France and other French - speaking countries , fried potatoes are formally pommes de terre frites , but more commonly pommes frites , patates frites , or simply frites . The words aiguillettes ( `` needle - ettes '' ) or allumettes ( `` matchsticks '' ) are used when the French fries are very small and thin . One enduring origin story holds that French fries were invented by street vendors on the Pont Neuf bridge in Paris in 1789 , just before the outbreak of the French Revolution . However , a reference exists in France from 1775 to `` a few pieces of fried potato '' and to `` fried potatoes '' . Eating potatoes for sustenance was promoted in France by Antoine - Augustin Parmentier , but he did not mention fried potatoes in particular . Many Americans attribute the dish to France and offer as evidence a notation by U.S. President Thomas Jefferson : `` Pommes de terre frites à cru , en petites tranches '' ( `` Potatoes deep - fried while raw , in small slices '' ) in a manuscript in Thomas Jefferson 's hand ( circa 1801 -- 1809 ) and the recipe almost certainly comes from his French chef , Honoré Julien . In addition , from 1813 on , recipes for what can be described as `` French fries '' occur in popular American cookbooks . By the late 1850s , a cookbook was published that used the term French fried potatoes . Spain In Spain , fried potatoes are called patatas fritas or papas fritas . Another common form , involving larger irregular cuts , is patatas bravas . The potatoes are cut into big chunks , partially boiled and then fried . They are usually seasoned with a spicy tomato sauce , and the dish is one of the most preferred tapas by Spaniards . Fries may have been invented in Spain , the first European country in which the potato appeared from the New World colonies , and assume fries ' first appearance to have been as an accompaniment to fish dishes in Galicia , from which it spread to the rest of the country and then further away , to the `` Spanish Netherlands '' , which became Belgium more than a century later . Professor Paul Ilegems , curator of the Frietmuseum in Bruges , Belgium , believes that Saint Teresa of Ávila of Spain cooked the first French fries , and refers also to the tradition of frying in Mediterranean cuisine as evidence . Subsequent history French fry production at a restaurant with thermostatic temperature control The J.R. Simplot Company is credited with successfully commercializing French fries in frozen form during the 1940s . Subsequently , in 1967 , Ray Kroc of McDonald 's contracted the Simplot company to supply them with frozen fries , replacing fresh - cut potatoes as an ingredient . In 2004 , 29 % of the United States ' potato crop was used to make frozen fries -- 90 % consumed by the food services sector and 10 % by retail . Meanwhile , in the UK , it is estimated that 80 % of households buy frozen fries each year . By country Belgium and the Netherlands A patatje speciaal , with frietsaus , curry ketchup or tomato ketchup , and chopped raw onions , is popular in the Netherlands . Fries are very popular in Belgium , where they are known as frieten ( in Dutch ) or frites ( in French ) , and the Netherlands , where among the working classes they are known as patat in the north and , in the south , friet . In Belgium , fries are sold in shops called friteries ( French ) , frietkot / frituur ( Dutch ) , or Fritüre / Frittüre ( German ) . They are served with a large variety of Belgian sauces and eaten either on their own or with other snacks . Traditionally fries are served in a cornet de frites ( French ) , patatzak / frietzak / fritzak ( Dutch / Flemish ) , or Frittentüte ( German ) , a white cardboard cone , then wrapped in paper , with a spoonful of sauce ( often mayonnaise ) on top . Friteries and other fast food establishments tend to offer a number of different sauces for the fries and meats . In addition to ketchup and mayonnaise , popular options include : aioli , sauce andalouse , sauce Americaine , Bicky Dressing ( Gele Bicky - sauce ) , curry mayonnaise , mammoet - sauce , peanut sauce , samurai - sauce , sauce `` Pickles '' , pepper - sauce , tartar sauce , zigeuner sauce , and À la zingara . Canada The town of Florenceville - Bristol , New Brunswick , headquarters of McCain Foods , calls itself `` the French fry capital of the world '' and also hosts a museum about potatoes called `` Potato World '' . It is also one of the world 's largest manufacturers of frozen French fries and other potato specialties . A popular Québécois dish is poutine , such as this one from La Banquise restaurant in Montreal . It is made with French fries , cheese curds and gravy . Frites are the main ingredient in the Canadian / Québécois dish known ( in both Canadian English and French ) as poutine ; a dish consisting of fried potatoes covered with cheese curds and brown gravy . Poutine has a growing number of variations but is generally considered to have been developed in rural Québec sometime in the 1950s , although precisely where in the province it first appeared is a matter of contention . France The thick - cut fries are called Pommes Pont - Neuf or simply pommes frites ( about 10 mm ) ; thinner variants are pommes allumettes ( matchstick potatoes ; about 7 mm ) , and pommes paille ( potato straws ; 3 -- 4 mm ) . ( Roughly 0.4 , 0.3 and 0.15 inch respectively . ) Pommes gaufrettes are waffle fries . A popular dish in France is steak - frites , which is steak accompanied by thin French fries . Germany , austria , switzerland Currywurst and frites , Germany French fries migrated to the German - speaking countries during the 19th century . In Germany , where they are usually known by the French words pommes frites , or only Pommes or Fritten ( derived from the French words but pronounced as German words ) . They are often served with mayonnaise , and are a popular walking snack offered by Schnellimbiss ( `` quick bite '' ) kiosks . Since the advent of Currywurst in the 1950s , a paper tray of sausage ( bratwurst or bockwurst ) anointed with curry ketchup , laced with additional curry powder and a side of french fries , has become an immensely popular fast food meal . Scandinavia In Denmark , Sweden and Norway , the French name pommes frites is used for fries . They are the most common form of potatoes when served together with breaded plaice ( or certain other low fat fishes ) . When pommes frites are served with fish , remoulade and a lemon slice , the plate represents the typical Danish version of fish and chips . Pommes frites are also served across Scandinavia as a small stand - alone dish with ketchup or mayonnaise . Fried sausage ( same kind as for hot dogs ) , hamburgers , or schnitzels may be the meat portion of a dish which includes french fries . Some traditional restaurants ( as opposed to fast food ) may serve french fries . This may be as an accompaniment to an entrecote or other beef steak , together with bearnaise . United Kingdom and Ireland Fish and chips The standard deep - fried cut potatoes in the United Kingdom are called chips , and are cut into pieces between 10 and 15 mm ( 0.39 and 0.59 in ) wide . They are occasionally made from unpeeled potatoes ( skins showing ) . British chips are not the same thing as potato chips ( an American term ) ; those are called `` crisps '' in Britain . In the UK , chips are part of the popular , and now international , fast food dish fish and chips . The first chips fried in the UK were sold by Mrs. ' Granny ' Duce in one of the West Riding towns in 1854 . A blue plaque in Oldham marks the origin of the fish - and - chip shop , and thus the start of the fast food industry in Britain . In Scotland , chips were first sold in Dundee : `` in the 1870s , that glory of British gastronomy -- the chip -- was first sold by Belgian immigrant Edward De Gernier in the city 's Greenmarket '' . In Ireland the first chip shop was `` opened by Giuseppe Cervi '' , an Italian immigrant , `` who arrived there in the 1880s '' . United States Although French fries were a popular dish in most British commonwealth countries , the `` thin style '' French fries have been popularized worldwide in large part by the large American fast food chains like McDonald 's , Burger King , and Wendy 's . Pre-made French fries have been available for home cooking since the 1960s , having been pre-fried ( or sometimes baked ) , frozen and placed in a sealed plastic bag . Some varieties of French fries that appeared later have been battered and breaded , and many fast food chains in the U.S. dust the potatoes with kashi , dextrin , and other flavor coatings for crispier fries with particular tastes . Variants Home fries with salt and pepper A child holding tornado fries There are several variants of French fries . They include ( in alphabetical order ) : Animal fries ( In - N - Out Burger dish ) -- fries covered with cheese , grilled onions , and proprietary sauce . Carne asada fries -- fries covered with carne asada , guacamole , sour cream and cheese Cheese fries ( UK - cheesy chips ) -- fries covered with cheese Chile fries -- ( not to be confused with chili fries ) fries topped with green chile peppers , common in the US state of New Mexico Chili fries -- ( not to be confused with chile fries ) fries covered with chili con carne Chili cheese fries -- fries covered with chili and cheese Crinkle - cut fries -- also known as `` wavy fries '' , they 're cut in a corrugated , ridged fashion Curly fries -- characterized by their spring - like shape , cut from whole potatoes using a specialized spiral slicer . Curry chips -- fries covered in curry sauce , a popular item served by chip shops in Ireland French fry sandwich -- such as the chip butty and the Mitraillette Home fries -- fries cut into rough cubes instead of sticks Oven fries -- fries that are cooked in the oven as a final step in the preparation ( having been coated with oil during preparation at the factory ) , often sold frozen Potato waffles -- potato formed into a lattice shape Potato wedges -- Thick - cut fries with the skin Poutine -- a dish consisting of fries topped with cheese curds and light brown gravy and principally associated with the Canadian province of Québec Seasoned fries -- coated with spices , or other ingredients , which include garlic powder , onion powder , black pepper , paprika , and salt Shoestring fries -- thin - cut fries Steak fries -- thick - cut fries Sweet potato fries -- fries made with sweet potatoes instead of traditional white potatoes Tornado fries -- spiral - cut potatoes that are placed on a skewer and then deep fried Triple Cooked Chips -- a type of thrice - cooked chips or deep - fried potato that were developed by English chef Heston Blumenthal Waffle fries -- lattice - shaped fries obtained by quarter - turning the potato before each next slide over a grater and deep - frying just once Animal fries ( covered with cheese , grilled onions , and In - N - Out 's secret spread ) from In - N - Out Burger 's secret menu Chili fries Chili cheese fries Crinkle - cut French fries sold at a Canadian supermarket Curly fries Curry chips Potato wedges with turkey Shoestring fries with blue cheese dressing Sweet potato fries served in a restaurant in Harvard Square Accompaniments Main article : List of accompaniments to french fries Fries tend to be served with a variety of accompaniments , such as salt and vinegar ( malt , balsamic or white ) , pepper , Cajun seasoning , grated cheese , melted cheese , mushy peas , heated curry sauce , curry ketchup ( mildly spiced mix of the former ) , hot sauce , relish , mustard , mayonnaise , bearnaise sauce , tartar sauce , chili , tzatziki , feta cheese , garlic sauce , fry sauce , butter , sour cream , ranch dressing , barbecue sauce , gravy , honey , aioli , brown sauce , ketchup , lemon juice , piccalilli , pickled cucumber , pickled gherkins , pickled onions or pickled eggs . An assortment of Belgian sauces for fries Gourmet fries with dipping sauces Health aspects Fries frying in oil French fries primarily contain carbohydrates from the potato ( mostly in the form of starch ) and fat absorbed during the deep - frying process , as well as sodium depending upon the seasoning . For example , a large serving of French fries at McDonald 's in the United States is 154 grams . Nearly all of the 510 calories per serving come from the 66 g of carbohydrates and the 24 g of fat , but a serving also contains 7 g of protein and 350 mg of sodium . French Fries have been critically panned by experts for being very unhealthy . According to Jonathan Bonnet , MD , in a TIME magazine article , `` fries are nutritionally unrecognizable from a spud '' as they `` involve frying , salting , and removing one of the healthiest parts of the potato : the skin , where many of the nutrients and fiber are found . '' Kristin Kirkpatrick , RD , calls French fries `` ... an extremely starchy vegetable dipped in a fryer that then loads on the unhealthy fat , and what you have left is a food that has no nutritional redeeming value in it at all . '' David Katz , MD states that `` French fries are often the super-fatty side dish to a burger -- and both are often used as vehicles for things like sugar - laced ketchup and fatty mayo . '' Frying French fries in beef tallow , lard , or other animal fats adds saturated fat to the diet . Replacing animal fats with tropical vegetable oils , such as palm oil , simply substitutes one saturated fat for another . Replacing animal fats with partially hydrogenated oil reduces cholesterol but adds trans fat , which has been shown to both raise LDL cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol . Canola / Rapeseed oil , or sunflower - seed oil are also used , as are mixes of vegetable oils , but beef tallow is generally more popular , especially amongst fast food outlets that use communal oil baths . Accordingly , many restaurants now advertise their use of unsaturated oils ; for example , both Five Guys and Chick - fil - A advertise that their fries are prepared with peanut oil . French fries contain some of the highest levels of acrylamides of any foodstuff , and concerns have been raised about the impact of acrylamides on human health . According to the American Cancer Society , it is not clear as of 2013 whether acrylamide consumption affects people 's risk of getting cancer . Oven - baked fries A lower - fat method for producing a French fry - like product is to coat `` Frenched '' or wedge potatoes in oil and spices / flavoring before baking them . The heat will not be as high as when deep frying , and this also reduces acrylamides . Legal issues In June 2004 , the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) , with the advisement of a federal district judge from Beaumont , Texas , classified batter - coated French fries as a vegetable under the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act . This was primarily for trade reasons ; French fries do not meet the standard to be listed as a processed food . This classification , referred to as the `` French fry rule '' , was upheld in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit case Fleming Companies , Inc. v. USDA . In the United States , in 2002 , the McDonald 's Corporation agreed to donate to Hindus and other groups to settle lawsuits filed against the chain for mislabeling French fries and hash browns as vegetarian , because beef extract was added in their production . Techniques Blanching ( cooking ) Deep fryer Deep frying Vacuum fryer Chip pan See also Food portal Avocado fries Freedom fries French fry vending machine Frietmuseum ( Fries museum ) German fries List of deep fried foods Mitraillette Pommes dauphine Pommes duchesse Pommes soufflées Poutine Steak frites Tater Tots References Jump up ^ `` chip : definition of chip in Oxford dictionary ( British English ) '' . Oxforddictionaries.com. 12 September 2013 . Retrieved 16 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The American Heritage Dictionary , Fourth Edition , 2000 '' . Bartleby.com . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Indian English , `` finger chip '' . Cambridge Dictionary Online . Jump up ^ `` Chunky oven chips '' . BBC Good Food . BBC . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Saint - Ange , Evelyn and Aratow , Paul ( translator ) ( 2005 ) ( 1927 ) . La Bonne Cuisine de Madame E. Saint - Ange : The Essential Companion for Authentic French Cooking . Larousse , translation Ten Speed Press . p. 553 . ISBN 1 - 58008 - 605 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fannie Farmer , The Boston Cooking - School Cook Book , 1896 , s.v. Jump up ^ Blumenthal , Heston ( 17 April 2012 ) . `` How to cook perfect spuds '' . the age . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Bocuse , Paul ( 10 December 1998 ) . La Cuisine du marché ( in French ) . Paris : Flammarion . ISBN 978 - 2 - 08 - 202518 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Making of French Fries '' . thespruce.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schlosser , Eric ( 2001 ) . Fast Food Nation : The Dark Side of All - American Meal . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 97789 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Grace , Francie ( 5 June 2002 ) . `` McDonald 's Settles Beef Over Fries '' . CBS News . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ebeling , Charles ( 31 October 2005 ) . `` French fried : From Monticello to the Moon , A Social , Political and Cultural Appreciation of the French Fry '' . The Chicago Literary Club . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Fishwick , Marshall W ( 1998 ) . `` The Savant as Gourmet '' . The Journal of Popular Culture . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . 32 ( part 1 ) : 51 -- 58 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0022 - 3840.1998. 3201_51. x . Jump up ^ Home : Oxford English Dictionary . Oed.com . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , Catherine ( 7 April 1935 ) . `` Food the City Likes Best '' . The New York Times Magazine : SM18 . Retrieved 15 April 2007 ... the chef at the Rainbow Room launches into a description of his special steak , its French - fried onion rings , its button mushrooms ... Jump up ^ Rorer , Sarah Tyson ( c. 1902 ) . `` Page 211 '' . Mrs. Rorer 's New Cook Book . Philadelphia : Arnold & Company . p. 211 . Retrieved 12 April 2007 . French Fried Chicken Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , June 2010 ^ Jump up to : Schehr , Lawrence R. ; Weiss , Allen S. ( 2001 ) . French Food : On the Table On the Page and in French Culture . Abingdon : Routledge . p. 158 . ISBN 0415936284 . ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Hugues Henry ( 16 August 2001 ) `` La Frite est - elle belge ? '' . Archived from the original on 24 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 ... Frites.be . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ilegems , Paul ( 1993 ) . De Frietkotcultuur ( in Dutch ) . Loempia . ISBN 90 - 6771 - 325 - 2 . Jump up ^ Leclercq , Pierre ( 2 February 2010 ) . La véritable histoire de la pomme de terre frite , musee-gourmandise.be , mentioning the work of Fernand Pirotte on the history of the potato Jump up ^ McDonald , George ( 2007 ) . Frommer 's Belgium , Holland & Luxembourg . Wiley Publishing . p. 485 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 06859 - 5 . Jump up ^ Handy , Mrs. Moses P. `` Kitchen Economy in France '' , Good Housekeeping , Volumes 28 -- 29 159 Vol XXIX No 1 July 1899 Whole No 249 . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Schehr , Lawrence R. ; Weiss , Allen S. ( 2001 ) . French Food : On the Table On the Page and in French Culture . Abingdon : Routledge . pp. 158 -- 9 . ISBN 0415936284 . Jump up ^ `` La frite est - elle Belge ou Française ? '' . Le Monde ( in French ) . 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Le Moyne Des Essarts , Nicolas - Toussaint ( 1775 ) . Causes célebres curieuses et interessantes , de toutes les cours ... , Volume 5 , p. 41 and P. 159 . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Ude , Louis ( 1822 ) The French Cook . J. Ebers Jump up ^ Warren , Eliza ( c. 1859 ) . The economical cookery book for housewives , cooks , and maids - of - all - work , with hints to the mistress and servant . London : Piper , Stephenson , and Spence . p. 88 . OCLC 27869877 . French fried potatoes Jump up ^ `` Patatas Bravas '' . spanish-food.org . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Galicia Origins '' . all-about-potatoes.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Teresa '' . aleteia.org . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen Potato Fries Situation and Outlook '' . Archived from the original on 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 ... FAS.usda.gov ( 21 July 2004 ) . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Chip Facts '' . Archived from the original on 11 February 2011 . Retrieved 11 February 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Lovechips.co.uk. 27 February 2011 Jump up ^ See this map indicating where patat / friet / frieten is used in the Low Countries Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) Patatzak vouwen -- Video -- Allerhande -- Albert Heijn . Ah.nl . Retrieved on 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Frite se mange - t - elle à toutes les sauces ? '' ( in French ) . Frites.be. 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2008 . Retrieved 20 April 2011 . Jump up ^ N.B. museum celebrates the humble spud The Chronicle Herald . Thechronicleherald.ca ( 19 September 2014 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ About McCain Foods -- Global Family Owned Food Business . Mccain.com ( 31 December 1989 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Semenak , Susan ( 6 February 2015 ) . `` Backstage at La Banquise -- because it 's always poutine week there '' . Montreal Gazette . Jump up ^ Sekules , Kate ( 23 May 2007 ) . `` A Staple From Quebec , Embarrassing but Adored '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Article on Poutine coming to New York City Jump up ^ Kane , Marion ( 8 November 2008 ) . `` The war of the curds '' . The Star . Retrieved 16 December 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Erste Runde -- Pommes frites '' , Atlas zur deutschen Alltagssprache ( AdA ) , Phil. - Hist . Fakultät , Universität Augsburg , 10 . November 2005 Jump up ^ Currywurst -- die Erfindung : Nur ohne ist sie das Original Jump up ^ Chaloner , W.H. ; Henderson , W.O. ( 1990 ) . Industry and Innovation : Selected Essays . Taylor & Francis ISBN 0714633356 . Jump up ^ The Portuguese gave us fried fish , the Belgians invented chips but 150 years ago an East End boy united them to create The World 's Greatest Double Act Daily Mail . Retrieved 21 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` Dundee Fact File '' . Dundee City Council . Archived from the original on 8 April 2007 . Retrieved 20 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A postcard , Giuseppe Cervi and the story of the Dublin chipper '' . Come Here To Me ! . 2017 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Lingle , B. ( 2016 ) . Fries ! : An Illustrated Guide to the World 's Favorite Food . Chronicle Books . pp. 50 -- 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61689 - 504 - 4 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The U.S. Open is selling a delicious sandwich with french fries on it For The Win . Ftw.usatoday.com ( 17 June 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ List of accompaniments to french fries -- Unlikely Words -- A blog of Boston , Providence , and the world . Unlikely Words ( 7 November 2011 ) . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Nutrition Facts for Popular Menu Items '' ( PDF ) . nutrition.mcdonalds.com . ^ Jump up to : Fried Potatoes and Acrylamide : Are French Fries Bad For You ? . Time.com ( 11 June 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Fats and Cholesterol '' . Harvard School of Public Health . Retrieved 14 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Trans : The Phantom Fat '' . Nutrition Action Healthletter ( Center for Science in the Public Interest ) . Archived from the original on 1 September 2006 . Retrieved 14 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dietary fats : Know which types to choose '' . Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research ( MFMER ) . 22 June 2006 . Retrieved 14 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . FiveGuys.com . Jump up ^ `` Healthy Lifestyle '' . Chick - Fil - A . ^ Jump up to : `` Acrylamide '' . American Cancer Society . 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eat Fries -- Guilt - Free ! '' . Prevention . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Country of Origin Labelling : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Agricultural Marketing Service . 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Dreyfuss , Ira ( 16 June 2004 ) . `` Batter - Coated Frozen French Fries Called Fresh Vegetable '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` AGRICULTURAL MARKETING AGREEMENT ACT - vol63_at_958. pdf '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 04 - 40802 : Fleming Companies v. Dept of Agriculture : : Fifth Circuit : : US Court of Appeals Cases : : Justia '' . Law.justia.com . Retrieved 16 September 2013 . Bibliography Wikimedia Commons has media related to French fries . Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on French Fries Look up french fries in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Lingle , Blake ( 2016 ) . Fries ! : An Illustrated Guide to the World 's Favorite Food . New York : Princeton Architectural Press . ISBN 9781616894580 . Tebben , Maryann ( 2006 ) . `` French Fries : France 's Culinary Identity from Brillat - Savarin to Barthes ( essay ) '' . Convivium Artium . University of Texas at San Antonio . Retrieved 28 December 2009 . Potato dishes Ajiaco Aligot Aloo chaat Aloo gobi Aloo gosht Aloo pie Aloo tikki Baeckeoffe Baked potato Bangers and mash Batata harra Batata vada Bengal potatoes Bonda Boxty Bryndzové halušky Brændende kærlighed Bubble and squeak Canarian wrinkly potatoes Carapulcra Carne asada fries Cepelinai Champ Chip butty Chorrillana Chuño Clapshot Coddle Colcannon Cottage pie Crisp sandwich Croquette Curly fries Duchess potatoes Fondant potatoes French fries ( Freedom fries ) Fritter roll Funeral potatoes Gamja - jeon Gamja - ongsimi Gamja - tang German fries Gnocchi Gratin Gratin dauphinois Hachis Parmentier Halal snack pack Hash browns Hasselback potatoes Himmel und Erde Home fries Homity pie Hutspot Janssons frestelse Kapsalon Kartoffelkäse Knish Kouign patatez Kroppkaka Kugel Kugelis Lancashire hotpot Lefse Llapingacho Lyonnaise potatoes Mashed potato Munini - imo Nikujaga Ocopa Olivier salad Panackelty Papa a la Huancaína Papa rellena Papas chorreadas Patatas bravas Patatnik Péla Pickert Pitepalt Pommes Anna Pommes dauphine Pommes soufflées Potato chip Potato babka Potato bread Potato cake Potato doughnut Potato pancake Potato salad Potato scone Potato skins Potato waffle Potato wedges Potatoes O'Brien Potatonik Poutine Poutine râpée Pâté aux pommes de terre Ragda pattice Rappie pie Raspeball Reibekuchen Rewena bread Rösti Rumbledethumps Salchipapas Salt potatoes Skomakarlåda Spanish omelette Spice bag Stamppot Stoemp Stovies Szałot Szilvásgombóc Tartiflette Tater tots Trinxat Truffade Tombet Tornado potato Vada Vada pav Waffle fries Wrap roti Deep - fried foods Foods Banana chip Carrot chips Chifle Chicken fried bacon Chicken fried steak Deep - fried butter Deep - fried Mars bar Deep fried Oreo Deep - fried peanuts Deep - fried pizza Doughnut Egg roll Finger steaks French fries Fried chicken Korean Tongdak Fried Coke Fried fish Fried ice cream Fried pickle Mozzarella sticks Onion ring Peixinhos da horta Potato chip Spice bag Tater Tots Tempura Tornado potato Tortilla chip Twinkie Vegetable chips List articles List of deep fried foods List of fried dough foods Recipes on WikiBooks Category : Deep fried foods Food portal Street food Street foods Acarajé Aloo chaat Aloo tikki Anticucho Apam balik Arancini Arepa Asinan Bagel Bakpau Bakso Balık ekmek Banana cue Bánh canh Bánh hỏi Bánh mì sandwich Bánh xèo Batagor Beguni Belgian waffle Beondegi Bhelpuri Binaki Biryani Bourekas Bratwurst Brochette Bublik Bubur ayam Bun cha Bungeo - ppang Bunny chow Burrito Breakfast burrito Calzone Camote cue Cart noodle Chaat Chebureki Chiko Roll Chimichanga Chinese bhel Cockle ( bivalve ) Cōng yóu bǐng Covrigi Coxinha Crêpe Currywurst Dahi puri Dak - kkochi Dim sum Dosa Douhua Empanada Enchilada Esquites Falafel Farinata Fish ball Focaccia French fries Fried chicken Navajo frybread Galette - saucisse Ginanggang Gorengan Ghugni Gukhwappang Gyeranppang Gyro Haleem Hot dog Isaw Idli Jhalmuri Jiaozi Kaassoufflé Kachori Kapsalon Kati roll Kebab Chapli kebab Doner kebab Kyinkyinga Shami kebab List of kebabs Kerak telor Ketoprak Khachapuri Khanom Tokyo Knish Laksa Lángos Luchi Malatang Maruya Masala puri Meat pie Mie ayam Murtabak Naan Nem chua rán Obwarzanek krakowski Pad thai Pajeon Pakora Paneer tikka Pani ca meusa Panini Panipuri Panzerotti Panzarotti Papri chaat Paratha Pasty Pav Bhaji Pempek Pepito Peremech Pho Picarones Pilaf Pirozhki Pizza al taglio Pizzetta Plăcintă Poutine Pretzel Punugulu Puri Quail eggs Quesadilla Rat - on - a-stick Ražnjići Rogan josh Rojak Roti Rumali roti Rustico Sabich Samosa Sandwich Sardenara Satay Scaccia Seblak Sevpuri Sfenj Shao Kao Shashlik Shawarma Sicilian pizza Siomay Soto Souvlaki Stigghiola Taco Korean taco Tahri Tahu gejrot Tahu sumedang Takoyaki Tamale Tandoori chicken Tangbao Taquito Tauge goreng Tokneneng Tornado potato Turon Vada Vada pav Vastedda Vietnamese noodles Xôi Yakitori Zapiekanka Food trucks Big Gay Ice Cream Truck Chef Jeremiah Chi'Lantro BBQ Clover Food Lab Coolhaus Don Chow Tacos Grease trucks The Grilled Cheese Truck The Halal Guys Harry 's Cafe de Wheels Honeysuckle Gelato Kelvin Natural Slush Co . 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2149666348540814069 | The Secret Garden (1993 film) | The Secret garden ( 1993 film ) - wikipedia The Secret garden ( 1993 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Secret Garden ( disambiguation ) . The Secret Garden Theatrical release poster Directed by Agnieszka Holland Screenplay by Caroline Thompson Based on The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett Starring Kate Maberly Heydon Prowse Andrew Knott Maggie Smith John Lynch Music by Zbigniew Preisner Cinematography Roger Deakins Jerzy Zielinski Edited by Isabelle Lorente Production company American Zoetrope Distributed by Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Release date 13 August 1993 ( 1993 - 08 - 13 ) ( US ) 20 January 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 20 ) ( UK ) Running time 102 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Language English Box office $31.2 million The Secret Garden is a 1993 American - British drama fantasy film directed by Agnieszka Holland and starring Kate Maberly , Heydon Prowse , Andrew Knott , John Lynch and Maggie Smith . It was written by Caroline Thompson and based on the novel of the same name by Frances Hodgson Burnett . There are two previous film adaptations : a 1949 US drama film ; and the screen adaptation as a silent version filmed in 1919 , which starred Lila Lee and Spottiswoode Aitken . Set in Yorkshire , England , Yorkshire 's Allerton Castle was used for most of the exterior shots of Misselthwaite Manor , as well as interior shots . The film was a critical and commercial success . Maggie Smith was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role . In 2005 the British Film Institute included it in their list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1901 , recently orphaned 10 - year old Mary Lennox is sent from her home in British India to her uncle Lord Archibald Craven 's mansion , Misselthwaite Manor , in Yorkshire , England . Unloved and neglected by her late parents , who were killed in an earthquake , she is a cold , unpleasant girl , unhappy in her new surroundings . Head housekeeper Mrs. Medlock informs Mary she will not be spoiled as she was in India and that her uncle , who spends extended periods of time away from the Manor , will likely not see her . Mary is ordered not to leave her room , but strange noises lead her to explore the mansion on her own . Mrs. Medlock eventually allows her to play outside to keep her from poking about the house . In the expansive grounds of the Manor , Mary discovers her late aunt 's garden , which was locked and neglected since her accidental death ten years prior . Martha Sowerby , a maid , and her brother , Dickon , a nature - loving boy who can `` talk '' to animals , befriend Mary . Fascinated by the `` secret garden , '' Mary enlists Dickon to help her bring it back to life , gradually becoming a more friendly , happy child in the process . When finally introduced to her uncle , Mary is apprehensive , knowing he was responsible for locking up the secret garden . Fearful he would do it again , Mary evasively asks to plant seeds in an `` unwanted '' part of the Manor , to which Lord Craven grants permission before leaving the country for the rest of the year . Confident that the garden will remain a secret , Mary and Dickon continue their work . Hidden away in the gloomy mansion is Mary 's cousin , Colin , who has been treated all his life like a fragile , sickly invalid . This has turned him into a demanding , short tempered , helpless boy who has never left his room or learned to walk . Mary eventually discovers Colin and learns the strange noises she has been hearing is him crying . She is taken aback by his difficult nature , but reaches out to him anyway . She shows him that he 's not actually sick , and that the outside world is not as dangerous as Mrs. Medlock , who is in charge of caring for him , claims . Encouraged by Mary , Colin decides to go outside for the first time in his life . Mary and Dickon take him to the secret garden and Colin begins his own healing process . Colin , Mary , and Dickon spend all of their time in the garden , where Colin learns to both stand and walk on his own . Anxious to show Colin 's new - found life to his father , they perform a `` magic '' ceremony in hopes to bring him back home . It appears to work , as Lord Craven awakens suddenly from a dream of his late wife calling him home . He immediately returns to Yorkshire . He discovers Colin walking and playing upon his return , which leaves him dumbfounded with joy . Mary runs off and breaks down in tears , fearful that both she and the garden will be neglected and locked away again . Her uncle reassures her that she is part of the family and promises to never lock the garden up again . He thanks her for bringing his family back to life ; they embrace , and then celebrate with Colin , Dickon , and the Manor staff . The film concludes with Mary reflecting in voiceover that `` if you look the right way , the whole world is a garden . '' Cast ( edit ) Kate Maberly as Mary Lennox Andrew Knott as Dickon Sowerby , Martha 's brother Heydon Prowse as Colin Craven , Lord Craven 's son John Lynch as Lord Archibald Craven Maggie Smith as Mrs. Medlock , Lord Craven 's servant Irène Jacob as Mrs. Lennox / Lilias Craven Colin Bruce as Major Lennox Laura Crossley as Martha Sowerby , Mrs. Medlock 's servant Walter Sparrow as Ben Weatherstaff , the gardener Production ( edit ) Exterior of Allerton Castle in Yorkshire , northern England Yorkshire 's imposing Allerton Castle was used for most of the exterior shots of Misselthwaite Manor , and some of the interior was also used . Fountains Hall was also used for part of the exterior . Interiors of the former Midland Grand Hotel were used for filming as well , notable the scenes on the grand staircase . Holland was already internationally famous as a director before the making of the film ; in doing so she continued to work outside of Poland . Kirsten Dunst auditioned for the role of Mary Lennox and Elijah Wood was turned down for the role of Colin Craven . This was Heydon Prowse 's film debut . Soundtrack ( edit ) The film features the end credits song `` Winter Light '' performed by Linda Ronstadt , which is based on two themes from the score by Zbigniew Preisner . However , it is not featured in the film 's original soundtrack , but in Ronstadt 's eponymous album Winter Light . Sarah Brightman and the youngest member of Celtic Woman , Chloë Agnew , covered it for their albums ; Brightman 's Classics and Agnew 's Walking In The Air . The soundtrack , released by Varèse Sarabande , contains the original score . Reception ( edit ) Since its 1993 release , the film has garnered positive reviews and currently holds an 85 % `` fresh '' approval rating on the Rotten Tomatoes website , based on 40 reviews . According to Box Office Mojo , the film grossed 31.2 million in the US . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award wins Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music -- ( Zbigniew Preisner ) Award nominations BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role - ( Maggie Smith ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Secret Garden ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 31 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Guy ( 2004 ) . `` England '' . p. 834 . New Holland Publishers Jump up ^ Mast , Gerald ; F. Kawn , Bruce . A Short History of the Movies ( Seventh edition ) . Allyn & Bacon . p. 400 . ISBN 0 - 205 - 29685 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Garden '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Garden '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Garden '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Promis , Jose F. `` Winter Light - Linda Ronstadt '' . Allmusic . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Garden , The . Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Garden ( 1993 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Secret Garden ( 1993 film ) Film in the United States portal United Kingdom portal 1990s portal The Secret Garden on IMDb The Secret Garden at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Agnieszka Holland Provincial Actors ( 1979 ) Fever ( 1981 ) A Lonely Woman ( 1981 ) Angry Harvest ( 1985 ) To Kill a Priest ( 1988 ) Europa Europa ( 1990 ) Olivier , Olivier ( 1992 ) The Secret Garden ( 1993 ) Total Eclipse ( 1995 ) Washington Square ( 1997 ) The Third Miracle ( 1999 ) Julie Walking Home ( 2002 ) Copying Beethoven ( 2006 ) In Darkness ( 2011 ) Burning Bush ( 2013 ) Rosemary 's Baby ( 2014 ) Spoor ( 2017 ) Frances Hodgson Burnett 's The Secret Garden Film The Secret Garden ( 1919 ) The Secret Garden ( 1949 ) The Secret Garden ( 1987 ) The Secret Garden ( 1993 ) Television The Secret Garden Anime Himitsu no Hanazono ( 1991 ) Other The Secret Garden ( 1989 musical ) Back to the Secret Garden ( 2001 sequel movie ) The Secret Garden ( 2013 opera ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Garden_(1993_film)&oldid=815695722 '' Categories : 1993 films English - language films 1990s drama films 1990s historical films American Zoetrope films American films British films Films about orphans Films based on The Secret Garden Warner Bros. films Films scored by Zbigniew Preisner Films set in India Films set in Yorkshire Films directed by Agnieszka Holland Films shot at Pinewood Studios Screenplays by Caroline Thompson American drama films British drama films British historical films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2016 Use British English from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 13 : 48 . 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7090695188265967360 | Family Feud | Family Feud - wikipedia Family Feud Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American television game show . For other uses , see Family Feud ( disambiguation ) . Family Feud Genre Game show Created by Mark Goodson Directed by Paul Alter ( 1976 -- 85 , 1988 -- 90 ) Marc Breslow ( 1988 -- 93 ) Andy Felsher ( 1990 -- 95 ) Lenn Goodside ( 1999 -- 02 ) Ken Fuchs ( 2002 -- present ) Hugh Bartlett ( 2013 -- 14 ) Presented by Richard Dawson ( 1976 -- 85 , 1994 -- 95 ) Ray Combs ( 1988 -- 94 ) Louie Anderson ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Richard Karn ( 2002 -- 06 ) John O'Hurley ( 2006 -- 10 ) Steve Harvey ( 2010 -- present ) Narrated by Gene Wood ( 1976 -- 85 , 1988 -- 95 ) Burton Richardson ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Joey Fatone ( 2010 -- 15 ) Rubin Ervin ( 2015 -- present ) Theme music composer Score Productions ( 1976 -- 85 , 1988 -- 95 , 2002 -- 03 , 2008 -- present ) Edd Kalehoff ( 1994 -- 95 ) John Lewis Parker ( 1999 -- 2008 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Howard Felsher ( 1976 -- 85 , 1988 -- 95 ) Cathy Dawson ( 1976 -- 85 ) Gary Dawson ( 1984 -- 85 , 1994 -- 95 ) Running time 22 -- 26 minutes : ABC ( 1976 -- 85 ) CBS ( 1988 -- 92 ) Syndicated ( 1977 -- 85 , 1988 -- 95 , 1999 -- present ) 42 -- 44 minutes : ABC specials ( 1979 -- 84 , 2015 -- present ) CBS ( 1992 -- 93 ) Syndicated ( 1994 -- 95 ) Production company ( s ) Mark Goodson - Bill Todman Productions ( 1976 -- 82 ) Mark Goodson Productions ( 1982 -- 85 , 1988 -- 95 , 1999 -- 2002 ) FremantleMedia ( 2002 -- present ) Distributor Viacom ( original ) ( 1977 -- 85 ) LBS Communications ( 1988 -- 91 ) Tribune Entertainment ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 20th Television / Debmar - Mercury ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network ABC ( 1976 -- 85 , 2015 -- present ) CBS ( 1988 -- 93 ) NBC ( 2008 ) Syndicated ( 1977 -- 85 , 1988 -- 95 , 1999 -- present ) Original release July 12 , 1976 ( 1976 - 07 - 12 ) -- present Chronology Related shows 100 latinos dijeron Celebrity Family Feud ¿ Qué dice la gente ? External links Website www.familyfeud.com Family Feud is an American television game show created by Mark Goodson where two families compete to name the most popular responses to survey questions in order to win cash and prizes . It is considered a spin - off of Match Game , whose panel included original host Richard Dawson . The program premiered on ABC on July 12 , 1976 , and ran as part of its daytime schedule until June 14 , 1985 . The program was re-launched by CBS on July 4 , 1988 , and ran until September 10 , 1993 . Three separate editions for syndication were also produced . The first aired from September 19 , 1977 to September 6 , 1985 . The second aired from September 19 , 1988 to September 8 , 1995 . The current syndicated series premiered on September 20 , 1999 . The ABC network version of the show and the first syndicated series were hosted by Richard Dawson . Ray Combs hosted the CBS series and the first six seasons of the accompanying syndicated version , then was replaced by Dawson for the final season . The 1999 syndicated series has been hosted by Louie Anderson ( 1999 -- 2002 ) , Richard Karn ( 2002 -- 06 ) , John O'Hurley ( 2006 -- 10 ) , and Steve Harvey ( 2010 -- present ) . Announcers for the series have included Gene Wood ( 1976 -- 85 , 1988 -- 95 ) , Burton Richardson ( 1999 -- 2010 , syndication ; 2015 -- present , ABC ) , Joey Fatone ( 2010 -- 15 ) , and Rubin Ervin ( 2015 -- present ) . The program has spawned multiple regional adaptations in over 50 international markets outside the United States . Within a year of its debut , the original version became the number one game show in daytime television ; however , as viewing habits changed , the ratings declined . Harvey 's takeover in 2010 increased Nielsen ratings significantly and eventually placed the program among the top five most popular syndicated television shows in the country . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked Family Feud third in its list of the 60 greatest game shows of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Fast Money 1.2 Returning champions 1.3 Bullseye game 2 Hosts and announcers 3 Production 4 Broadcast history 4.1 1976 -- 85 4.2 1988 -- 95 4.3 1999 -- present 5 Reception 6 Merchandise 7 References 7.1 Works cited 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Two family teams of five contestants each compete to win cash and prizes . The original version of the show began with the families being introduced , seated opposite each other as if posing for family portraits , after which the host interviewed them . Each round begins with a `` face - off '' question that serves as a toss - up between two opposing contestants . The host asks a survey question that was previously posed to a group of 100 people ( e.g. , `` Name the hour that you get up on Sunday mornings . '' ) . A certain number of answers are concealed on the board , ranked by popularity of the survey 's responses . Only answers that receive two or more responses can appear on the board . The first contestant to buzz - in gives an answer ; if it is the most popular , his / her family immediately wins the face - off . Otherwise , the opponent responds and the family member providing the higher - ranked answer wins . Ties are broken in favor of the contestant who buzzes - in first . If neither contestant 's answer is on the board , the other eight contestants have a chance to respond , one at a time from alternating sides , until an answer is found . The family that wins the face - off may choose to play the question or pass control to their opponents ( except on the Combs version , when the family who won the face - off automatically gained control of the question ) . The family with control of the question then tries to win the round by guessing all of the remaining concealed answers , with each member giving one answer in sequence . Giving an answer not on the board , or failing to respond within the allotted time , earns one strike . If the family earns three strikes , their opponents are given one chance to steal the points for the round by guessing any still - concealed answer ; failing to do so awards the points to the family that originally had control . Any answers on the board that have not been guessed are then revealed . While a family has control of a question , the members are not allowed to discuss possible answers with one another ; each person must respond individually . However , the opposing family may confer in preparation for an attempt to steal , and their captain must respond for them when such an attempt is made . Answers are worth one point for every person in the 100 - member survey who gave them . The winning family in each round scores the total points for all revealed answers to that question , including those given during the face - off but excluding the one used to steal ( if applicable ) . The number of answers on the board decreases from round to round , and as the game progresses , certain rounds are played for double or triple value . The first family to score 300 points wins the game and advances to the Fast Money bonus round for a chance to win a cash bonus . Until 1992 , both teams received $1 per point scored . Prior to 1999 , the game continued as normal until one family reached the necessary total to win . Since then , if neither team reaches the goal after four rounds ( or , from 1999 to 2002 , if both teams were tied with the same score after the final round ) , one last question is played for triple value with only the # 1 answer displayed . The goal of 300 points has been in place in almost every version of the rules . However , when the program premiered in 1976 , the goal was 200 points . For the 1984 -- 85 season of both the daytime and syndicated program , the goal was increased to 400 points . For several seasons after the 1999 return to syndication , there was no specific point goal . Instead , four rounds were played , with the last for triple points and only one strike . The family with the most points after the fourth round won the game . Fast Money ( edit ) Two members of the winning family play Fast Money for a chance to win a cash bonus . One contestant is onstage with the host , while the other is sequestered backstage so that he / she can not hear the first portion of the round . The first contestant is asked five rapid - fire survey questions and has a set time limit in which to answer them ( originally 15 seconds , extended to 20 in 1994 ) . The clock begins to run only after the first question is asked , and the first contestant may pass on a question and return to it after all five have been asked , if time remains . After the first contestant has either answered all five questions or run out of time , the host reveals how many people in the survey matched each of his / her answers . The board is then cleared except for the total score , and the second contestant is then brought out to answer the same five questions . The same rules are followed , but the time limit is extended by five seconds ( originally 20 , then extended to 25 ) ; in addition , if the second contestant duplicates an answer given by the first , a buzzer sounds and he / she must answer again . If the two contestants reach a combined total of 200 points or more , the family wins the bonus . If not , they are given $5 per point scored as a consolation prize . The grand prize for winning Fast Money has varied . When the program aired in daytime , families played for $5,000 . The grand prize for syndicated episodes was $10,000 for much of its existence . In 2001 , the prize was doubled to $20,000 at the request of then - host Louie Anderson . Returning champions ( edit ) When Family Feud premiered on ABC , network rules dictated how much a family could win . Once any family reached $25,000 , they were retired as champions . The accompanying syndicated series that premiered in 1977 featured two new families each episode because of tape bicycling ( a practice then common in syndicated television ) . The CBS daytime and syndicated versions which began airing in 1988 also featured returning champions , who could appear for a maximum of five days . For a brief period in the 1994 -- 95 season which aired in syndication , there were no returning champions . For these episodes , two new families competed in this first half of each episode . The second half featured former champion families who appeared on Family Feud between 1975 and 1985 , with the winner of the first half of the show playing one of these families in the second half . From 1999 to 2002 , two new families appeared on each episode . The returning champions rule was reinstated with the same five - day limit starting with the 2002 -- 03 season . Starting with the 2009 -- 10 season , a family that wins five matches also wins a new car . Bullseye game ( edit ) In June 1992 , the CBS daytime edition of Feud expanded from thirty to sixty minutes and became known as Family Feud Challenge . As part of the change , a new round was added at the start of each game called `` Bullseye '' . This round determined the potential Fast Money stake for each team . Each team was given a starting value for their bank and attempted to come up with the top answer to a survey question to add to it . The Bullseye round was added to the syndicated edition in September 1992 . The first two members of each family appeared at the face - off podium and were asked a question to which only the number - one answer was available . Giving the top answer added the value for that question to the family 's bank . The process then repeated with the four remaining members from each family . On the first half of the daytime version , families were staked with $2,500 . The first question was worth $500 , with each succeeding question worth $500 more than the previous , with the final question worth $2,500 . This allowed for a potential maximum bank of $10,000 . For the second half of the daytime version , and also on the syndicated version , all values were doubled , making the maximum potential bank $20,000 . The team that eventually won the game played for their bank in Fast Money . When Richard Dawson returned as host of the program in 1994 , the round 's name was changed to the `` Bankroll '' round . Although the goal remained of giving only the number - one answer , the format was modified to three questions from five , with only one member of each family participating for all three questions . The initial stake for each family remained the same ( $2,500 in the first half of the hour and $5,000 in the second ) . However , the value for each question was $500 , $1,500 and $2,500 in the first half , with values doubling for the second half . This meant a potential maximum bank of $7,000 in the first half and $14,000 in the second . The Bullseye round temporarily returned during the 2009 -- 10 season . It was played similarly as the format used from 1992 to 1994 on the syndicated version , with five questions worth from $1,000 to $5,000 . However , each family was given a $15,000 starting stake , which meant a potential maximum of a $30,000 bank . Hosts and announcers ( edit ) The ABC and first syndicated versions of Family Feud were hosted by Richard Dawson . As writer David Marc put it , Dawson 's on - air personality `` fell somewhere between the brainless sincerity of Wink Martindale and the raunchy cynicism of Chuck Barris '' . Dawson showed himself to have insistent affections for all of the female members of each family that competed on the show , regardless of age . Writers Tim Brooks , Jon Ellowitz , and Earle F. Marsh owed Family Feud 's popularity to Dawson 's `` glib familiarity '' ( he had previously played Newkirk on Hogan 's Heroes ) and `` ready wit '' ( from his tenure as a panelist on Match Game ) . The show 's original announcer was Gene Wood , with Johnny Gilbert and Rod Roddy serving as occasional substitutes . In 1988 , Ray Combs took over Dawson 's role as host on CBS and in syndication with Wood returning as announcer and Roddy , Art James , and Charlie O'Donnell serving in that role when Wood was not available . Combs hosted the program until the daytime version 's cancellation in 1993 and the syndicated version until the end of the 1993 -- 94 season . Dawson returned to the show at the request of Mark Goodson Productions for the 1994 -- 95 season . When Feud returned to syndication in 1999 , it was initially hosted by Louie Anderson , with Burton Richardson as the new announcer . Richard Karn was selected to take over for Anderson when season four premiered in 2002 , and when season eight premiered in 2006 , Karn was replaced by John O'Hurley . In 2010 , both O'Hurley and Richardson departed from the show ; comedian Steve Harvey was named the new host for season twelve , and a pre-recorded track of former ' N Sync member Joey Fatone 's voice was used until 2015 , when Rubin Ervin , who has been a member of the production staff as the warmup man for the audience since Harvey took over , became the announcer . ( Richardson still announces for Celebrity Family Feud . ) Production ( edit ) The first four versions of the show were directed by Paul Alter and produced by Howard Felsher and Cathy Dawson . For the 1988 versions , Gary Dawson worked with the show as a third producer , and Alter was joined by two other directors , Marc Breslow and Andy Felsher . The 1999 version 's main staff include executive producer Gabrielle Johnston , supervising producers Kristin Bjorklund and Brian Hawley , and director Ken Fuchs ; Johnston and Bjorklund previously worked as associate producers of the 1980s version . The show 's classic theme tune was written by an uncredited Walt Levinsky for Score Productions . The themes used from 1999 to 2008 were written by John Lewis Parker . The production rights to the show were originally owned by the production company Goodson shared with his partner Bill Todman , but were sold to their current holder , FremantleMedia , when it acquired all of Goodson and Todman 's works in 2002 . Broadcast history ( edit ) 1976 -- 85 ( edit ) Mark Goodson created Family Feud during the increasing popularity of his earlier game show Match Game , which set daytime ratings records in 1976 , and on which Dawson had previously appeared as one of its most popular panelists . Match Game aired on CBS , and by 1976 , CBS vice president Fred Silverman ( who had originally commissioned Match Game ) had moved to a new position as President of ABC . The show premiered on ABC 's daytime lineup on July 12 , 1976 , and although it was not an immediate hit , before long it became a ratings winner and eventually surpassed Match Game to become the No. 1 game show in daytime . It remained the most popular daytime game show until Merv Griffin 's game show Wheel of Fortune surpassed it in 1984 . From 1978 until 1984 , ABC periodically broadcast hour - long primetime `` All - Star Specials '' , in which celebrity casts from various primetime lineup TV series competed instead of ordinary families . The popularity of the program inspired Goodson to consider producing a nighttime edition , which launched in syndication on September 18 , 1977 . Like many other game shows at the time , the nighttime Feud aired once a week ; it expanded to twice a week in January 1979 , and finally to five nights a week ( Monday through Friday ) in the fall of 1980 . However , the viewing habits of both daytime and syndicated audiences were changing . When Griffin launched Wheel 's syndicated version , starring Pat Sajak and Vanna White , in 1983 , that show climbed the ratings to the point where it unseated Feud as the highest - rated syndicated show ; the syndicated premiere of Wheel 's sister show Jeopardy ! with Alex Trebek as host also siphoned ratings from Feud with its early success . Despite the ratings decline , there was some interest in keeping the show in production . In a 2011 interview , Dawson recalled a meeting with executives from Viacom Enterprises about keeping the show for one more season . Dawson was growing tired of the grueling taping schedule and initially wanted to stop altogether . After discussing the situation with ABC and Viacom , Dawson said that he would return for a final syndicated season of thirty - nine weeks of episodes but would not continue doing the daytime series . After this , Dawson did not hear from Viacom for approximately a week and once they contacted him again , Dawson was told that Viacom was no longer interested in continuing the syndicated Feud beyond the 1984 -- 85 season . Viacom made this official in January 1985 ahead of that year 's NATPE convention , and within a few weeks , ABC decided that it too would not renew Feud for the 1985 -- 86 season . The daytime version came to an end on June 14 , 1985 . The syndicated version aired its last new episode on May 17 , 1985 , and continued to air in reruns after that until September 6 , 1985 . 1988 -- 95 ( edit ) Family Feud moved to CBS with Combs hosting on July 4 , 1988 , replacing The $25,000 Pyramid . Like its predecessor , this version also had an accompanying syndicated edition which launched in September of that year . In June 1992 , the network version expanded from its original half - hour format to a full hour , and was retitled The Family Feud Challenge ; this new format featured three families per episode , which included two new families competing in the first half - hour for the right to play the returning champions in the second half . The Family Feud Challenge aired its final new episode on March 26 , 1993 , with reruns airing until September 10 . The syndicated Feud , meanwhile , remained in production and entered its sixth season in the fall of 1993 . However , the ratings picture was not particularly good for the syndicated edition . For much of its run to this point , the syndicated Feud had to deal with stations dropping the series or moving it to undesirable time slots such as overnights . By 1992 , the ratings had hit a low point and by the time the sixth season premiered , distributor All American Television was threatening to cancel the series unless ratings improved and changes were made . The responsibility for this fell on Jonathan Goodson , who had taken over his father 's company when Mark Goodson died in 1992 . One of the options considered was a host change . When the revival launched in 1988 , Mark Goodson had not even considered former host Richard Dawson to return due to lingering bad feelings between Dawson and the production team . After hiring Ray Combs , Goodson threw his loyalties behind him and refused to consider changing hosts despite the slipping ratings . However , the younger Goodson did not have the ties to Combs that his father did and felt that a change would at least require consideration . After meeting with his staff , Goodson offered Dawson a contract to return as host of the syndicated Feud and the semi-retired Dawson agreed to return . Combs finished out the remainder of the season but , upset by the decision to replace him , he departed from the studio as soon as he signed off on the final episode of his tenure . A revamped Family Feud returned for a seventh season in September 1994 with Dawson in his role as host . The show expanded from thirty to sixty minutes , reinstated the Family Feud Challenge format , and did various other things to try to improve the ratings of the show such as build a more modern - looking set , feature families that had previously been champions on the original Feud , and have more themed weeks . Although Dawson did bring a brief ratings surge when he came back , the show could not sustain it long term and Feud came to a conclusion at the end of the 1994 -- 95 season . 1999 -- present ( edit ) Family Feud returned in syndication on September 20 , 1999 , with comedian Louie Anderson as host . After Richard Karn took over the show , the format was changed to reintroduce returning champions , allowing them to appear for up to five days . However , even after Karn 's takeover , Anderson - hosted episodes continued in reruns that aired on PAX Network . In John O'Hurley's later days , the show 's Nielsen ratings were at 1.5 ( putting it in danger of cancellation ) , but when comedian Steve Harvey took over , ratings increased by as much as 40 % , and within two short years , the show was rated at 4.0 , and had become the fifth most popular syndicated program . Fox News ' Paulette Cohn argued that Harvey 's `` relatability , '' or `` understanding of what the people at home want to know , '' is what saved the show from cancellation ; Harvey himself argued , `` If someone said an answer that was so ridiculous , I knew that the people at home behind the camera had to be going , ' What did they just say ? ' ... They gave this answer that does n't have a shot in hell of being up there . The fact that I recognize that , that 's comedic genius to me . I think that 's ( made ) the difference . '' Since Harvey became host , Family Feud has regularly ranked among the top 10 highest - rated programs in all of daytime television programming and third among game shows ( behind Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy ! ) ; in February 2014 , the show achieved a 6.0 share in the Nielsen ratings , with approximately 8.8 million viewers . In June 2015 , Family Feud eclipsed Wheel of Fortune as the most - watched syndicated game show on television . Reruns of the Dawson and Combs hosted episodes have been included among Buzzr 's acquisitions since its launch on June 1 , 2015 . On June 13 , 2016 , American episodes hosted by Harvey began airing on the UK digital terrestrial and satellite channel Challenge . Production of Family Feud was shifted from Universal Orlando to Harvey 's hometown of Atlanta in 2011 , primarily at the Atlanta Civic Center . Harvey was also originating a syndicated radio show from Atlanta , and the state of Georgia also issued tax credits for the production . In 2017 , production moved to Los Angeles Center Studios in Los Angeles to accommodate Harvey 's new syndicated talk show Steve . Reception ( edit ) Family Feud won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show in 1977 , and the show has twice won the Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Game Show Host , once with Dawson ( 1978 ) and again with Harvey ( 2014 ) and ( 2017 ) . Feud ranked number 3 on Game Show Network ( GSN ) 's 2006 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and also on TV Guide 's 2013 list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . Tara Ariano and Sarah D. Bunting , founders of the website Television Without Pity , wrote that they hated the 1999 syndicated version , saying `` Give us classic Feud every time '' , citing both Dawson and Combs as hosts . Additionally , they called Anderson an `` alleged sexual harasser and full - time sphere '' . It was reported that the public responded negatively to several videos posted on the official Family Feud web site in September 2015 in which contestants on the current version gave sexually explicit answers to survey questions . Dan Gainor of the Media Research Center suggested that the responses are in line with sexual content becoming more commonplace on television . The popularity of Family Feud in the United States has led it to become a worldwide franchise , with over 50 adaptations outside the United States . Countries that have aired their own versions of the show include Australia , Canada , France , Germany , Indonesia , Japan , Malaysia , Mexico , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Philippines , Poland , Russia , Thailand , the United Kingdom , and Vietnam , among others . Merchandise ( edit ) Since the show 's premiere in 1976 , many home versions of Family Feud have been released in various formats . Milton Bradley , Pressman Games , and Endless Games have all released traditional board games based on the show , while Imagination Entertainment released the program in a DVD game format . The game has been released in other formats by multiple companies ; Coleco Adam released the first computer version of the show in 1983 , and Sharedata followed in 1987 with versions for MS - DOS , Commodore 64 , and Apple II computers . GameTek released versions for Nintendo Entertainment System , Super NES , Genesis , 3DO , and PC ( on CD - ROM ) between 1990 and 1995 . Hasbro Interactive released a version in 2000 for the PC and PlayStation . In 2006 , versions were released for PlayStation 2 , Game Boy Advance , and PC . Seattle - based Mobliss Inc. also released a mobile version of Family Feud that was available on Sprint , Verizon , and Cingular . Glu Mobile later released a newer mobile version of Family Feud for other carriers . Most recently , in conjunction with Ludia , Ubisoft has video games for multiple platforms . The first of these was entitled Family Feud : 2010 Edition and was released for the Wii , Nintendo DS , and PC in September 2009 . Ubisoft then released Family Feud Decades the next year , which featured sets and survey questions from television versions of all four decades the show has been on air . A third game , entitled Family Feud : 2012 Edition was released for the Wii and Xbox 360 in 2011 . In addition to the home games , a DVD set titled All - Star Family Feud was released on January 8 , 2008 and featured a total of 15 celebrity episodes from the original ABC / syndicated versions on its four discs . It was re-issued as The Best of All - Star Family Feud on February 2 , 2010 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle F. ( 2009 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 -- present . Random House . pp. 450 -- 451 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 48320 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan and Wostbrock , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Family Feud. 14 June 1985 . ABC . Jump up ^ Family Feud. 12 July 1976 . ABC . Jump up ^ Family Feud. 4 July 1988 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud '' . E ! True Hollywood Story . Season 6 . Episode 34 . 2002 . E ! . Jump up ^ Family Feud. 28 May 1980 . ABC . Explained by Richard Dawson at the beginning of the episode Jump up ^ Family Feud. 14 November 1988 . CBS . Jump up ^ Family Feud. 8 September 1994 . Syndicated . 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BoardGameGeek . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud '' . Endless Games . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 7 , 2004 ) . `` Family Feud -- Richard Karn version gets interactive DVD game ! '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud by Softie , Inc . '' . archive.org . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud conversions '' . MobyGames . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud ( 2000 ) Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud : 2006 '' . IGN . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud by Mobliss inc . '' . Mobliss . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2003 . Retrieved February 14 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud ( 2004 ) by Mobliss '' . Mobliss . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2004 . Retrieved November 12 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud ( Deluxe ) by Mobliss '' . Mobliss . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2006 . Retrieved July 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud '' . Glu Mobile . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2009 . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud : 2010 Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud Decades ( 2010 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud : 2012 Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud -- All - Star Family Feud Starring Richard Dawson '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud -- All - Star Family Feud Starring Richard Dawson ( Mill Creek ) '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Works cited ( edit ) Schwartz , David ; Ryan , Steve & Wostbrock , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3846 - 5 . 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-7049979863709327058 | Karankawa people | Karankawa people - wikipedia Karankawa people Karankawa Karankawa territory Total population Unknown Regions with significant populations United States ( Texas ) Languages Karankawa language , English , Spanish Religion Unknown Related ethnic groups possibly Atakapa and Island Carib The Karankawa ( also known as Carancahuas , Carancahuases , Carancouas , Caranhouas , Caronkawa ) were a Native American people concentrated in southern Texas along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico . They consisted of several independent seasonal nomadic groups who shared the same language and much of the same culture . The tribe included the groups called the Cujanes , Cocos , Guapites ( Coapites ) , and Copanes . Some of the village names survived to modern day and are the Ebahamo , Emet , Kouyam , Meracouman , Quara , Quinet , and the Toyal villages . After establishing relations with the Spanish empire in the sixteenth century , the Karankawa played an important role in the goals of the Spanish empire , relations between the French , Spanish and English empires , and the Texan - Mexican War . In 1825 , Stephen Austin commissioned a captain to lead volunteers to expel the Karankawa from the Austin land grant . In subsequent years , the Karankawa were repeatedly attacked by Texan colonists , who drove them out of their native territories . By the 1840s , the Karankawa split into two groups , one of which settled on Padre Island while the other fled into the Mexican state of Tamaulipas . In 1858 , Juan Nepomuceno Cortina led a group of Texan colonists against the Karankawa 's last refuge and killed the remaining members of the tribe . By 1891 , the Karankawa as an organized tribe was believed to be extinct . Historical research of the Karankawa is hindered because the documents concerning them were overwhelmingly written by blatant enemies of the tribe . Contents 1 Name 2 Origins 3 Lifestyle 3.1 Seasonal nomadic lifestyle 3.2 Methods of hunting and gathering 4 Culture 4.1 Language 4.1. 1 Smoke signalling 4.2 Manners and customs 4.3 Arts , athletics , and recreation 4.3. 1 Archery 4.4 Social institutions 4.4. 1 Tribal leadership 4.4. 2 Gender and family structures 4.5 Appearance 4.5. 1 Physical character 4.5. 2 Dress 4.5. 3 Differences in appearance between the sexes 4.6 Religion and ritual 4.6. 1 Cannibalism 4.7 Dogs 5 History 5.1 Early encounters with the Spanish and French ( 16th - 17th centuries ) 5.2 Relations with the Spanish 5.3 Relations with the British and French 5.4 Encounters with Jean Lafitte 5.5 Encounters with the Texan colonists 5.6 Demise of Karankawa community 6 Environment 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Name ( edit ) The Karankawa name 's origins are disputed . Early speculation centered around the names that neighboring tribes had for the Karankawa . Karankawa was theorized to originate from related peoples living nearby who called the dog the term `` klam '' or `` glam '' , and to love , to like , to be fond of , `` kawa . '' Thus Karankawa could mean dog - lovers or dog - raisers . Meanwhile , the Tonkawe called them Wrestlers ( `` Keles '' or `` Killis '' ) , due to the Karankawa 's famous skill in the art . They alternatively called them the barefooted or those without moccasins ( `` Yakokon kapa - i '' ) , but this name was also applied to other groups with which the Tonkawe were acquainted . The Lipan - Apache called the Karankawa the people who walk in the water ( `` Nda kun dadehe '' ) , possibly referring to their mode of fishing and catching turtles . Notably , the Karankawa called themselves `` Karankawa '' as well . Later speculation placed the Karankawa language in the Cariban linguistic stock . Linguistic data suggests that the Karankawa name originated from the old Spanish Main , `` Kalina , '' and a suffix from a Northern Carib tribe , `` kxura , '' meaning `` people ; '' a compound emerges : Karinxkxura , meaning `` Carib people . '' But this theory is disputed and ultimately , the origins of the name `` Karankawa '' remain unknown . Origins ( edit ) According to some contemporary sources , former migrations of their ancestors were entirely unknown to the Karankawa of the early nineteenth century . However , the linguist Herbert Landar argues that based on linguistic evidence , the Karankawa language and people originated from a Carib subgroup . The Carib subgroup to which the Karankawa people belong remains to be discovered. Their exact migratory path northward is equally indistinct . Migration northward is theorized to have occurred in the late fifteenth century . The route north was from the original land north of the Amazon river toward Tamaulipas and Texas , and was probably finished over a long period of time in short bursts of migration . Scholars have speculated that the Karankawa were descended from a group of Carib Indians who arrived by sea from the Caribbean basin . This is partially based on the similarity of their physical appearance to Caribbean Natives . However , no ethnographic or archaeological evidence has been found to support this speculation . Recent archaeological records that used radiocarbon dating for artifacts indicated that these native groups had been in the area as early as the 5th millennium BCE . Lifestyle ( edit ) Seasonal nomadic lifestyle ( edit ) The Karankawa voyaged from place to place on a seasonal basis in their dugouts , made from large trees with the bark left intact . They travelled in groups of thirty to forty people and remained in each place about four weeks . After European contact , canoes were of two kinds , both being called `` awa'n '' : the original dugout and old skiffs obtained from the whites . Neither were used for fishing but for transportation only , and their travels were limited to the waters close to the land . The women , children , and possessions travelled in the hold while the men stood on the stern and poled the canoe . Upon landing at their next destination , the women set up wigwams ( called ba'ak in their native language ) and the men hauled the boats on the shore . Their campsites were always close to the shoreline of the nearby body of water . Their wigwams consisted of willow branches arranged in a circle , with the tops of the branches bent toward the center and interlocked in wickerwork . This wickerwork was fastened with deerskin . Upon this framework , the Karankawa lay deer , wildcat , panther or bear skins , again fastened with deerskin thongs . The next step was to make a fire . After European contact , the Karankawa begged for matches or tinderboxes from settlers ; otherwise , they resorted to the traditional method of using their firesticks , which they always carried in a package of deerthongs . The fire was always made in the center of their dwellings and kept burning day and night . They used animal skins to sit and sleep on within their dwellings . Their household goods and utensils included wooden spoons , some clay vessels , fishbone needles , and fine deer sinew . Methods of hunting and gathering ( edit ) The primary food sources of the Karankawa were venison , rabbit , birds , fish , oysters , and turtles . They supplemented their hunting with gathering food such as berries , persimmons , wild grapes , sea - bird eggs , and nuts . Their food was always boiled in earthen pots or roasted . Although there were a lot of salt deposits nearby , the Karankawa used chile for seasoning their food . After European contact , the Karankawa also would mix flour with water , lay the dough upon a flat stone and baked it on the open fire . They were fond of sweet coffee . The Karankawa seemed to manage to always get pure , fresh water , although the whites did not know where they obtained it , because the wells of the whites had a brackish taste . Culture ( edit ) Language ( edit ) The Karankawa spoken language was observed to be deeply guttural . Syllabic structure was vocalic , they doubled consonants and vowels , and often extended sentences beyond the supply of breath which they could command . They often abbreviated their words and spoke softly . They also possessed a gesture language for conversing with natives of other tribes . Smoke signalling ( edit ) The Karankawa were noted for their skill of communicating with each other over long distances using smoke . The Karankawa could make the smoke of a small fire ascend toward the sky in many different ways , and it was as intelligible to them across long distances as their language . Their methods are unknown . Manners and customs ( edit ) The Karankawa had a specific way of conversing . They carefully repressed their breath while speaking ; at the end of their sentences , they exhaled heavily , releasing the air they held back during speaking . Moreover , their expression was interpreted by Europeans as impassive , especially because they never looked at the person to whom they were speaking . Their pronunciation was very exact , and they ridiculed poor elocution by the whites who tried to learn their language . The Europeans described their general demeanor as surly and fatigued . They did not have a regular sleep schedule , but slept whenever they wished . They also ate and drank at all times of the day . Karankawa never communicated their native names to the whites . However , they all adopted English or Spanish names . Many men adopted American military epithets and Christian names , and they would change these frequently . Among the Karankawa there exists an in - law taboo . Once a man and his wife have become in the Karankawa sense , married , the husband and his children are now no longer allowed to enter the residence of his wife 's parents nor can his wife 's parents enter his or his children 's home . These two groups are also no longer allowed to talk with one another and must never come face to face with one another . If there is the danger of coming face to face with one another both parties must avert their eyes and move away from each other . This taboo only seems to apply to the husbands and their children , most likely due to inconvenience on the wife 's part as Karankawans are typically patrilocal . Arts , athletics , and recreation ( edit ) The Karankawa possessed at least three musical instruments : a large gourd filled with stones which was shaken to produce sound , a fluted piece of wood which the Karankawa drew a stick over to produce sound , and a flute which was softly blown . The Karankawa practiced hatchet - throwing , recreational brawls with knives , ball plays , and wrestling matches . No gambling or guessing games seemed to have developed among the Karankawa . The Karankawa were also noted for their remarkable physical feats , such as continuing to fight after being wounded in battle , breaking ice with their bodies , and swimming in freezing water . Archery ( edit ) Their best - honed skill was that of archery . The Karankawa made their own bows and arrows , and were renowned for equal skill whether standing on land , in calm waters , or in turbulent waters . Their bows were made of red cedar wood and they made them according to the height of each archer , reaching from the foot to the chin or eye . The bows were always kept in perfect repair . The arrows were about a yard long , tipped with steel and feathered with wild geese feathers . As well as using archery for hunting , the Karankawa engaged in archery as a recreational activity . They often shot at the mark or shot arrows perpendicularly into space . The shooting matches they held were lively and sportive . Many young men were able to split the previous arrow in the target in two from a distance of at least eighty feet . Social institutions ( edit ) Tribal leadership ( edit ) The groups of Karankawa were commonly led by two chiefs : a civil government chief with a hereditary succession in the male lines , and a war - chief , probably appointed by the civil government chief . No evidence of a confederacy , like that of the Caddo or Creeks , was found . The Karankawa were probably a loose - knit body living under separate chiefs only united by the common language and shared war expeditions . The ritual in order to become a chief has been studied by 18th - century Spaniards . They have stated that a selection starts from many candidates and each is injured by a comb created from the spines of a sea fish , long wounds being dug into their skin from the top of their head to the soles of their feet and then tied to a pole for several days to either emerge thin or emaciated and close to death . While this description can indeed be a ritual to choose a chief , a diary of Fray Gaspar Jose De Solis states that he suspects these rituals could simply be a puberty rite or an initiation ritual to a brotherhood . Gender and family structures ( edit ) One aspect of the Karankawa culture was their recognition of three gender roles : male , female , and a third role taken on by some males and women . Males who took on this third role are called berdache ( Karankawa : monanguia . ) They generally took on female roles and activities in daily life , while playing a special role in religious rites . According to some accounts , the berdache also performed as passive sexual partners for other males . In the written accounts of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca it is mentioned that bride price and bride service is part of a Karankawa marriage . While the bride price is assumed to be the generalized system in the indigenous population found by Cabeza de Vaca where the groom gives gift to the parents of the girl he wishes to marry in order to secure their permission , the bride service is based on a ritual where the husband must give every morsel of food he managed to collect or hunt to his wife . His wife then delivers the bounty to her parents and in return is gifted food to give back to her husband . This ritual goes on for an unknown number of months , but when it is concluded the pair typically then engage in patrilocal residence . In terms of marriage , divorce is a common aspect typically only to marriages that have not created any children and is highly unlikely if children have been born from the marriage . Between the husband and wife , no signs of fondness , intimacy , or special treatment were observed . The Karankawa reacted strongly and sometimes violently to Europeans interfering in marital or familial affairs . The Karankawa was known to have a deep compassion and tenderness for their children . Children not able to walk yet were carried by the mother on the back , wrapped in a loop of skin . Appearance ( edit ) Physical character ( edit ) The Karankawa had distinctive tattoos , notably : a blue circle tattooed over each cheekbone , one horizontal blue line from the outer angle of the eye toward the ear , three perpendicular parallel lines on the chin from the middle of the lower lip downward , and two other lines extending down from under each corner of the mouth . Moreover , they were observed by sixteenth century explorers to have piercings of cane on the lower lips , nose , and other parts other body . The woman in some tribes such as the Coco group also had a tattoo of concentric black circles from their nipple to circling their entire breast . Both men and women were noted for their spectacularly white teeth , even elders . Men , women , and children alike rubbed sharks ' oil on their entire bodies regularly to deter mosquitoes effectively and to keep their skin soft and supple . Europeans who encountered the Karankawa were disgusted by the odor . Forehead flattening was practiced for all Karankawa . As babies , a piece of cloth was applied first , then a thin board , and then a wadded cloth , each of these tied to the head with a bandage and left to stay there about one year . Dress ( edit ) The men wore a breech - clout of skins , while the women wore skirts of deerskin . Neither head - covers nor shoes were ever worn by the Karankawa . Some women of the tribe obtained European clothing occasionally tear them apart or wear them temporarily . European blankets were of greater use to the tribe , worn fastened to their bodies during cold weather and pinned with thorns . Both men and women wore a small bracelet of undressed deer skin . The children were left to roam undressed until they were about ten years old . Differences in appearance between the sexes ( edit ) Many Europeans noted the sharp contrasts in appearance between Karankawa men and women . The women were described as plainer , shorter and of stouter build than the men . The men were very tall , of strong athletic build , and had coarse black hair . Most men wore their hair so long as to be waist - length . Their foreheads were mostly low and broad , and the heads larger than most whites . The men , in contrast with the women , had lithe builds and slender hands and feet . Their skin color was said to be lighter and closer to cinammon - colored than the women . The women wore no ornaments , while the men were seen with many ornaments . Men 's long hair was braided and consisted of three strands . They inserted bright objects ( e ... g , ribbons , colored flannel ) . The women never braided their hair nor combed it regularly . The men wore necklaces of small shells , glass beads , pistachios , and thin metal disks on their throats ( never on their chests ) . Rings were also worn by the men . Religion and ritual ( edit ) Europeans knew limited information about the rituals of the Karankawa because the latter did not reveal the purposes of their actions or their beliefs . When Joutel , an explorer and companion of Robert Cavalier de La Salle , questioned their religious beliefs , the Karankawa only pointed at the sky . At the full moon and after very successful hunting or fishing expeditions , the Karankawa traditionally held a ceremonial . After gathering around a central fire , they boiled a strong and bitter brew from the leaves of the yaupon tree and stirred it until the top was covered with a yellowish froth . This brew was shared and all the Karankawa drank freely . Although this brew was said to be intoxicating , Europeans did not notice any visible effects on the natives . One Native stood within the circle of men , wrapped up to his head in skins , and he bent over as he walked circled the fire . They chanted in chromatic ascending and descending tones , and all the Natives joined in the chorus . This ceremony would continue throughout the night . Other than this , only a few other rituals were observed , and their purposes are unknown . The Karankawa would stare at the sun when it disappeared into the sea , like some other native groups of the area . They would also smoke tobacco through their nostrils first to the north , then to the east , west , and south . They frequently whistled at certain times and apparently for some objective , but ultimately for unknown purposes . Portrait of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca . In regards to special burial rites or rituals , the Karankawa seemed to be indifferent , and buried their dead at the site of their passing . Cannibalism ( edit ) According to some sources , the Karankawa practiced ritual cannibalism , in common with other Gulf coastal tribes of present - day Texas and Louisiana . Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca , a Spanish conquistador who lived among the Karankawa for several years in the 1530 and wrote a memoir , made no mention of cannibalism . Cabeza De Vaca admitted that he and his fellow survivors had committed acts of cannibalism of their own , eating their dead in order to survive after shipwrecking off Galveston Bay . The Karankawa people were shocked at the Spanish cannibalism , which they found to be repugnant . Whites never actually witnessed an act of cannibalism , and second and third - hand accounts are of disputed credibility . Dogs ( edit ) The Karankawa was distinctive in that they were one of the only tribes known to keep dogs . The Karankawan dogs , of a coyote - like or wolf - like species , accompanied the Karankawa on hunts , swims , and recreational activities . The dogs were voiceless , with straight ears and fox - like snouts . History ( edit ) Early encounters with the Spanish and French ( 16th - 17th centuries ) ( edit ) Karankawa Indian campsite and burial ground historical marker located in Jamaica Beach on the west end of Galveston Island In 1528 , one of two barges put together by survivors of the failed Pánfilo de Narváez expedition to Florida struck aground at Galveston Island . Survivors , including Cabeza de Vaca , were cared for by the Capoque band of Karankawa . From 1527 , Cabeza de Vaca subsisted for seven years among the coastal tribes , making a living as a medical practitioner and occasional trader . During his stay , de Vaca reported that a fatal stomach ailment reduced the Karankawa population by roughly one half ; the nature and casualties resulting from this illness are unknown . De Vaca reported that extensive trade occurred with inland groups as far as the extent of the entire length of the present - day United States . After the introduction of the horse by Spaniards , these trade networks strengthened . Henri Joutel , the companion of Robert Cavelier de La Salle on his last expedition in 1687 , recorded several tribes living in the coastal area , including the Karankawa ( which he spelled as Korenkake and Koinekahe ) . His observations were that the Karankawa were peaceable rather than hostile . Upon their first meeting , Joutel reports that the Karankawa `` demonstrated their friendship by putting their hands over their hearts , which meant that they were glad to see us . '' He also noted that they possessed horses , which were undoubtedly obtained from the Spanish . When de La Salle stole some canoes from the Karankawa to sail up a river and establish Fort St. Louis , the Karankawas were enraged . When they heard of de La Salle 's departure and subsequent death , they attacked about twenty French settlers left in the fort and massacred all but five . The survivors were forcibly tattooed and made to follow the Karankawa on their hunting and fishing expeditions ; they were eventually rescued by a Spanish expedition in 1689 . Relations with the Spanish ( edit ) The La Salle venture stimulated the Spanish into active exploration and colonization of south Texas . A Spanish search for Fort St. Louis to check if the French had returned led to a skirmish between the Karankawa and the Spanish , and an establishment of hostilities between these two groups . In 1691 , Captain Domingo Teran led a combined land - sea expedition to Texas to strengthen recently established missions and to search for French presence . Both expeditions were mismanaged and led to a temporary lapse in Spanish interest . However , continued French action encouraged the Spaniards to occupy the area of Matagorda Bay permanently . La Bahía del Espiritu Santo , a mission - presidio complex , was established in 1722 on the southern bank of the San Antonio river . At first , the Karankawa were not antagonistic to the Spanish . But in 1723 , a skirmish occurred between the Spanish and Karankawa , after which the Karankawa moved away from the mission and became hostile . By 1727 , the Karankawa depredations forced the mission - presidio complex to move inland to the Guadalupe river , where they remained until 1749 . The Karankawa successfully reduced Spanish claim to the Texas coast . By the 1730s , the Karankawa and other native tribes of the Texas area were viewed by the Spanish as the primary obstacle to control of northern New Spain . In 1749 , Jose Escandon was made governor and representative of the viceroy , appointed to conquer and settle northern Mexico and the region of Texas and to map , survey , and acquaint himself with the area and with the natives . He recommended that the mission of La Bahía should be moved because of native hostility and the unfavorable climate . A new mission , Mission Rosario , was established in 1754 . It was in constant fear of revolt by the natives in the mission and often appealed to La Bahía for military aid . Overall , it was extremely ineffective as a spiritual and `` civilizing '' center . The Karankawa fled when subjected to any corporal punishment , and continued to enjoy the resources provided by the Spanish without being dependent on them . Over time , the Karankawa grew to speak Spanish with great fluency and adopted Spanish names for themselves to facilitate interaction with the whites . The late eighteenth century saw a revival of Karankawa resistance and strength . The Spanish began to see them as unable to be converted to mission life , and some began to scheme for their extermination . However , none of these schemes were carried out . In 1806 , the Rosario mission was merged with that of Refugio . In 1830 , Refugio and La Bahía del Espiritu Santo were secularized . Relations with the British and French ( edit ) While the Spanish tried to incorporate the Karankawa into their empire , the Karankawa engaged in purely economic terms with the British and French , trading skins and deer for weapons ( i.e. , muskets , guns ) and household goods . Encounters with Jean Lafitte ( edit ) When Galveston Island was occupied by the pirate Jean Lafitte from 1817 to 1821 , some of his men kidnapped a Karankawa woman . In response , about three hundred Karankawa moved in to attack . When Lafitte learned of their encampment and impending attack , he sent two hundred of his men , armed with two cannons to confront the Karankawa . After the Karankawa lost about thirty men , they retreated to the mainland , with the pirates in pursuit . On the mainland , a few more Karankawa were killed . Encounters with the Texan colonists ( edit ) Austin was introduced to the Karankawas via an encounter with a peaceful Coco tribe . After some talks and an exchange of tobacco and a frying pan , Moses Austin considered them good friends , but after a warning of Karankawas at the mouth of a nearby river , Moses wrote in his journal that Karankawas are universal enemies of man and can not be befriended and must be removed in order for Anglo - American settlers to live in peace . Painting , `` The Settlement of Austin 's Colony , '' by Henry Arthur McArdle , in the House of Representatives chamber in the Texas Capitol . Stephen F. Austin is shown rallying his colonists against the Karankawa Indians around 1824 , as an unnamed scout comes to the cabin door to sound the alarm . In 1821 , Moses Austin received the Austin land grant to settle 300 families between Galveston Bay and the Colorado River . The Karankawa sought to hinder their progress by killing some settlers who were guarding the ship John Motley and stealing their supplies . The terrified settlers moved up the river , where they suffered from a lack of supplies . In subsequent years , the Karankawa continued to exact violence upon the settlers . By 1825 , the colonists decided to band together to rid themselves of the Karankawa . Stephen Austin commissioned Captain Kuykendall to lead volunteers to expel them from the territory , which extended to the Lavaca river . They chased the Karankawa to Manahila Creek , where a Spanish missionary interceded on their behalf and made them promise to never again go east of the Lavaca . This promise was broken , however , and was met by disproportionate violence by the Texan colonists . Demise of Karankawa community ( edit ) During the Texan - Mexican war , some of the Karankawa served in the Mexican Army . They suffered greatly in the Battle of the Alamo of 1836 , and the Texans retaliated heavily for their service . Chief Jose Maria 's 19 - year - old son , Walupe , was captured by the Mexicans and killed . His father came on board the ship of a Texan settler and announced his intent of revenge . However , he and the majority of his men were killed . Antonio , who claimed he was the brother of Jose Maria , became chief after that . During his administration and afterward , the Karankawa population diminished significantly from disease , conflict with Europeans and infighting . By the 1840s , the Karankawa consisted of two groups : one settled on Padre Island , while the other applied to settle in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas . The latter group plundered and stole ; the Mexican government subsequently ordered troops to subdue them . General Avalos was ordered to move the Karankawa to the border of Tamaulipas and Nuevo León . The two states disputed over the Karankawa , and they were eventually returned to Reynosa . After continued robberies , the Karankawa were removed to Texas . In 1858 , the judge of Rosario , Mexico , sent a message to the mayor of Reynosa that he had tried to arrest the Karankawa but they moved north of the American border beyond his jurisdiction . He added that Mexicans and Americans should work together for the Karankawas ' arrest . Later that year , Juan Nepomuceno made a surprise attack on the recently returned Karankawa and annihilated the last members of the tribe . Environment ( edit ) The Karankawa traveled seasonally through an area extending from present - day Corpus Christi to Galveston Bay . They hunted and gathered food from the bays and also from inland wooded areas . In the region that the Karankawa inhabited , numerous small chunks of asphaltum have been found along the coast from oil seepage beneath the Gulf of Mexico . These chunks were used to bind arrowheads to their shafts ; as a coating for pottery such as ollas , jars , and bowls ; and as a way to waterproof woven baskets . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Karankawa . '' In Cassell 's Peoples , Nations and Cultures , edited by John Mackenzie . Cassell , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff , Thomas . `` The Karankawa Indians : Their Conflict with the White Man in Texas . '' Ethnohistory 16 , no . 1 ( 1969 ) : 1 - 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 480941 . ^ Jump up to : Hodge , Frederick Webb ( 1907 ) . Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico . Washington : Washington : Gov 't Print . Off . pp. 657 -- 658 . ISBN 9781404740303 . ^ Jump up to : Gatschet , Albert Samuel , Charles Adrian Hammond , and Alice Williams Oliver . The Karankawa Indians : The Coast People of Texas . Archaeological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum ; v. 1 , No. 2 . Cambridge , Mass. : Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology , 1891 . ^ Jump up to : Geneser , Vivien L. `` Native transgressions : a look at the portrayal of Karankawa natives in Texas history textbooks and trade books . '' American Educational History Journal 38 , no . 1 - 2 ( 2011 ) : 219 + . Academic OneFile ( accessed February 25 , 2018 ) . http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A284325075/AONE?u=usocal_main&sid=AONE&xid=e3eb7e54 . ^ Jump up to : Landar , Herbert . `` The Karankawa Invasion of Texas . '' International Journal of American Linguistics 34 , no . 4 ( 1968 ) : 242 - 58 . http://www.jstor.org/stable/1264198 . ^ Jump up to : Rickliss , Robert . The Karankawa Indians of Texas : An Ecological Study of Cultural Tradition and Change , University of Texas Press . Austin : 1996 . p. vii Jump up ^ Sturtevant , William C. ( 1978 ) . Handbook of North American Indians Vol. 10 . Washington : U.S. Govt . Print . Off . pp. 359 -- 367 . Jump up ^ Jr , W.W. Newcomb ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . The Indians of Texas : From Prehistoric to Modern Times . University of Texas Press . ISBN 9780292793248 . Jump up ^ Himmel 1999 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Jr , W.W. Newcomb ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . The Indians of Texas : From Prehistoric to Modern Times . University of Texas Press . ISBN 9780292793248 . ^ Jump up to : Newcomb 1961 , p. 77 ^ Jump up to : Trigger , Bruce G , and Washburn , Wilcomb E. `` The Greater Southwest and California from the Beginning of European Settlement to the 1880s . '' In The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas , 57 - 116 . Vol. 1 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Karankawa Indian Tribe History . '' Access Genealogy . Jump up ^ Fogelson 2004 , p. 659 Jump up ^ Trigger , Bruce G , and Washburn , Wilcomb E. `` Entertaining Strangers : North America in the Sixteenth Century . '' In The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas , 325 - 98 . Vol. 1 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1996 . Jump up ^ Himmel , Kelly ( 1999 ) . The Conquest of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas . Texas : Texas A&M University Press . p. 47 . ISBN 9780890968673 . Jump up ^ Jr , W.W. Newcomb ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . The Indians of Texas : From Prehistoric to Modern Times . University of Texas Press . ISBN 9780292793248 . References ( edit ) Reséndez , Andrés ( 2007 ) . A Land So Strange : The Epic Journey of Cabeza de Vaca . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 06840 - 5 . Fogelson , Raymond D. ( 2004 ) . Handbook of North American Indians . vol. 14 : Southeast . Washington DC : Smithsonian Institution . ISBN 0 - 16 - 072300 - 0 . Himmel , Kelly F. ( 1999 ) . The Conquest of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas , 1821 - 1859 . College Station : Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89096 - 867 - 3 . Newcomb , William Wilmon ( 1961 ) . The Indians of Texas , from prehistoric to modern times . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 78425 - 2 . Gatschet , Albert Samuel ; Hammond , Charles Adrian ; Williams Oliver , Alice ( 1891 ) . The Karankawa Indians : The Coast People of Texas . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . External links ( edit ) E. Dan Klepper , `` Written in Smoke : The mysterious Karankawa tribe wore facial tattoos , wrestled competitively and sent letters through the sky '' , Texas Parks and Wildlife magazine , 2005 Lipscomb , Carol A. ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Karankawa Indians '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . The Karankawa Indians , the Coast People of Texas , 1891 , hosted by Portal to Texas History ( 1 ) , `` Nuestra Señora del Refugio ( 41RF1 ) Refugio County , Texas '' , 2002 Texas Department of Transportation ( TxDOT ) and Center for Archaeological Research , The University of Texas at San Antonio ( CAR -- UTSA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karankawa_people&oldid=851787192 '' Categories : Guadalupe River ( Texas ) Tribal societies that have practiced cannibalism Karankawa people Hidden categories : `` Related ethnic groups '' needing confirmation Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Hrvatski Italiano 日本 語 Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 16 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which of the following indian groups was most closely related to the karankawas | [] | [] |
7587443461208079206 | List of Hockey Night in Canada commentators | List of Hockey Night in Canada commentators - wikipedia List of Hockey Night in Canada commentators Main articles : Hockey Night in Canada and NHL on Sportsnet Contents ( hide ) 1 Current 1.1 Play - by - play 1.1. 1 Punjabi 1.2 Colour commentators 1.2. 1 Punjabi 1.3 Rinkside reporters 1.4 Studio hosts 1.5 Studio analysts 1.6 Current broadcast teams 2 Former 2.1 Play - by - play 2.2 Colour commentators 2.3 Rinkside reporters 2.4 Studio hosts 2.5 Studio analysts 2.6 Former broadcast teams 2.7 IDesk contributors 3 References 4 See also Current ( edit ) Play - by - play ( edit ) Jim Hughson : 1985 -- 1986 , 2005 -- present Bob Cole : 1973 -- present Rick Ball : 2011 -- present Paul Romanuk : 2014 -- present Dave Randorf : 2014 -- present . John Shorthouse : 2014 -- present Punjabi ( edit ) Harnarayan Singh : 2008 -- present Bhupinder Hundal : 2014 -- present Colour commentators ( edit ) Garry Galley : 2007 -- present Kelly Hrudey : 1998 -- present Greg Millen : 1995 -- 1998 , 1999 -- present Craig Simpson : 2007 -- present John Garrett : 1986 -- 1998 , 2006 -- 2008 , 2014 -- present Louie DeBrusk : 2016 -- present Cassie Campbell - Pascall : 2006 -- present Punjabi ( edit ) Randip Janda : 2014 -- present Harpreet Pandher : 2014 -- present Bhupinder Hundal : 2014 -- present Rinkside reporters ( edit ) David Amber : 2011 -- present Cassie Campbell - Pascall : 2006 -- present Elliotte Friedman : 2003 -- present Scott Oake : 1988 -- present Christine Simpson : 2014 -- present Studio hosts ( edit ) Ron MacLean : 1986 -- 2014 , 2016 -- present David Amber : 2016 -- present Studio analysts ( edit ) Don Cherry : 1981 -- present Elliotte Friedman : 2012 -- present Nick Kypreos : 2014 -- present Kelly Hrudey : 1998 -- 2012 , 2016 -- present Current broadcast teams ( edit ) Prior to the 2014 -- 15 season , Hockey Night in Canada was split regionally on various CBC stations . As of this season , it is now split with CBC Television , City , and selected Sportsnet channels . Before Sportsnet acquired national NHL broadcast rights , CBC Television used to have fixed broadcast teams . After Sportsnet acquired the rights to the quantity of nationally televised games have increased and there are no fixed broadcast teams . Sportsnet has mixed in its own broadcasters with some of the original crew and they all shuffle weekly for which Canadian market team they do play - by - play and colour commentary they do . Former ( edit ) Play - by - play ( edit ) Parminder Singh : 2008 -- 2010 Dean Brown : 2000 -- 2014 Chris Cuthbert : 1984 -- 2004 Ken Daniels : 1992 -- 1997 Don Wittman : 1979 -- 2008 Danny Gallivan : 1952 -- 1984 Bill Hewitt : 1958 -- 1982 Foster Hewitt : 1952 -- 1960 Dick Irvin , Jr. : 1966 -- 1999 Dan Kelly : 1977 -- 1980 Mark Lee : 1997 -- 2014 Jim Robson : 1970 -- 1985 Colour commentators ( edit ) Scotty Bowman : 1987 -- 1990 Guy Carbonneau : 2009 -- 2010 Don Cherry : 1980 -- 1984 Marc Crawford : 1998 -- 1999 , 2008 -- 2009 Keith Dancy : 1952 -- 1966 John Davidson : 1983 -- 1986 , 1995 -- 2006 Gary Dornhoefer : 1978 -- 1987 Elmer Ferguson John Ferguson : 1973 -- 1975 Gerry Pinder : 1978 -- 1981 Patrick Flatley : 1998 -- 2000 Bob Goldham : 1960 -- 1964 Glenn Healy : 2000 -- 2003 , 2009 -- 2016 Bobby Hull : 1980 -- 1983 Dick Irvin , Jr. : 1966 -- 1999 Mike Johnson : 2014 -- 2016 Doug MacLean Donnie Marshall : 1977 -- 1980 Pit Martin : 1979 -- 1980 Brian McFarlane : 1964 -- 1983 Howie Meeker : 1969 -- 1987 Lou Nanne : 1979 Harry Neale : 1986 -- 2008 Bobby Orr : 1977 -- 1980 Jim Peplinski : 1990 -- 1995 , 1997 Gerry Pinder : 1979 -- 1981 Walter Pratt : 1970 -- 1978 Daryl Reaugh : 2011 -- 2013 Mickey Redmond : 1980 -- 1987 Drew Remenda : 2006 -- 2007 Glenn Resch : 1978 playoffs , 1988 Steve Shutt : 1990 -- 1994 Ron Tugnutt : 2005 -- 2007 Kevin Weekes : 2009 -- 2014 Amarinder Singh : 2010 -- 2011 Inderpreet Cumo : 2011 -- 2014 Bhola Chauhan : 2011 -- 2014 Surinder Chahal : 2014 -- 2015 Rinkside reporters ( edit ) Chris Cuthbert : 1984 -- 2004 Scott Russell : 1989 -- 2003 Martine Gaillard : 1998 -- 2004 Brenda Irving : 2001 -- 2006 Jeff Marek : 2009 -- 2011 Andi Petrillo : 2011 -- 2014 John Wells : 1979 -- 1984 Mitch Peacock : 2010 -- 2014 Bruce Rainnie : 2003 -- 2014 Studio hosts ( edit ) Mike Anscombe : 1970 -- 1972 Ward Cornell : 1958 -- 1971 Ted Darling : 1955 -- 1970 Jack Dennett : 1959 -- 1975 Bill Good , Jr. : 1970 -- 1977 Dave Hodge : 1971 -- 1987 Dick Irvin , Jr. : 1966 -- 1999 Brian McFarlane : 1964 -- 1989 Wes McKnight : 1952 -- 1958 Ted Reynolds : 1970 -- 1976 Frank Selke , Jr. : 1960 -- 1965 George Stroumboulopoulos : 2014 -- 2016 Studio analysts ( edit ) Rick Bowness : 1993 -- 1996 playoffs Damien Cox : 2014 -- 2016 Glenn Healy : 2000 -- 2003 , 2009 -- 2016 Howie Meeker : 1969 -- 1987 Mike Milbury : 2008 -- 2012 Walter Pratt : 1970 -- 1980 P.J. Stock : 2007 -- 2016 Red Storey : 1970 -- 1977 Kevin Weekes : 2013 -- 2014 Former broadcast teams ( edit ) Jim Hughson , Craig Simpson , and Scott Oake ( 7 : 00 Toronto game ) Bob Cole , Garry Galley , and Cassie Campbell - Pascall ( 7 : 00 Montreal game ) Dean Brown , Greg Millen and Mitch Peacock ( 7 : 00 Ottawa game ) Mark Lee , Kelly Hrudey , Glenn Healy , and David Amber ( 10 : 00 game ) Rick Ball ( fill -- in play - by - play ) IDesk contributors ( edit ) Scott Morrison : 2009 -- 2011 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hockey Night in Canada '' . Ottawa Citizen . November 3 , 1979 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . See also ( edit ) List of Canadian Broadcasting Corporation personalities List of NHL on Sportsnet commentators Hockey Night in Canada Related programs La Soirée du hockey Don Cherry 's Rock'Em Sock'em Hockey NHL on Sportsnet ( commentators ) Reality programs Making the Cut : Last Man Standing Kraft Hockeyville Non-NHL programs American Hockey League Howie Meeker 's Hockey School Olympics on CBC ( commentators ) Related articles Canada Russia ' 72 Stanley Cup Finals television ratings Canadian Broadcasting Centre Rogers Communications Television coverage CBC City FX Canada Omni Sportsnet Sportsnet One Sportsnet 360 TVA Production companies CNR Radio ( 1931 -- 1933 ) Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission ( 1933 -- 1936 ) CBC Sports ( 1936 -- 2014 ) Rogers Communications ( 2014 -- present ) Radio coverage CNR Radio ( 1931 -- 1933 ) Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission ( 1933 -- 1936 ) CBC Radio ( 1936 -- 1976 ) Rogers Radio ( 2014 -- present ) American simulcasters SportsChannel America NHL Network ( 1975 -- 79 ) NHL Network Commentators All - Star Game Outdoor games Postseason Stanley Cup playoffs ( Original Six era ) Stanley Cup Finals Commentators by season 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Stanley Cup Finals 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 ( Games 1 -- 2 ) 1986 ( Games 3 -- 5 ) 1987 ( Games 1 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 ) 1988 ( Games 3 -- 4a , 4b ) 1989 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 All - Star Game 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1988 1989 1994 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2015 2016 2017 2018 Outdoor games Heritage Classic 2003 2011 2014 2016 Winter Classic 2008 2009 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 Stadium Series 2014 2015 Music `` The Hockey Theme '' Sponsors Imperial Oil Labatt Molson Culture Coach 's Corner Doubleheader Peter Puck Three stars Lore 1976 Flyers -- Red Army game Easter Epic Good Friday Massacre Miracle on Manchester The Monday Night Miracle hide NHL on Sportsnet Related programs Hockey Central NHL on CTV ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Hockey Night in Canada commentators ; 2014 -- present ) Related articles `` The Hockey Song '' Canada 's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium Commentators Entry Draft Commentators by team Toronto Maple Leafs Vancouver Canucks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hockey_Night_in_Canada_commentators&oldid=846135386 '' Categories : Lists of National Hockey League broadcasters CBC Sports Sportsnet Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 15 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is commentating hockey night in canada tonight | [] | [] |
-3275205410291160631 | NFL International Series | NFL International Series - wikipedia NFL International Series Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The NFL International Series logo used between 2009 and 2016 ; the year was updated annually . Opening ceremony at Wembley before the Denver Broncos vs. San Francisco 49ers game in 2010 Starting in the 2007 season , the National Football League ( NFL ) has hosted regular season American football games outside the United States every year . Collectively officially known through 2016 as the NFL International Series , from 2017 the series currently has two sub-series , the NFL London Games in London , which has been in place since 2007 , and the NFL Mexico Game in Mexico City , which began in 2016 with a predecessor game in 2005 . Initially , all games in the International Series were held in London . Wembley Stadium was the exclusive home stadium for International Series games from 2007 to 2015 and will continue to host NFL games through at least 2020 ; beginning in 2016 , the series began expanding to more stadiums , first to Twickenham Stadium , London ( 2016 -- 18 ) and to Estadio Azteca , Mexico City ( 2016 -- ) and will eventually expand to the still under construction new stadium at Northumberland Park also in London ( 2018 -- 27 ) , with possible future plans to expand the series to Germany and / or Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Early years ( 2007 -- 2011 ) 3 Multi-year deals and multi-game years ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 4 Long - term deals and new stadiums ( 2016 -- present ) 5 Game history 5.1 Standings 5.2 Teams with no International Series appearances 6 Future 6.1 Possible teams 6.2 Future markets 6.3 Potential London team 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Prior to 2005 , the NFL 's primary method of promoting its game abroad was through the American Bowl , a series of preseason games played around the world , and NFL Europe , a developmental league based in Europe . The American Bowls ended in 2005 ( though a similar China Bowl was planned for 2007 before being canceled ) , while NFL Europa ( as it was known for its final season ) folded in 2007 . On October 2 , 2005 , the Arizona Cardinals defeated the San Francisco 49ers by a score of 31 -- 14 at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City , Mexico under the name NFL Fútbol Americano . It was the first regular season NFL game held outside the United States . The game drew the NFL 's highest game attendance at the time with 103,467 spectators . Roger Goodell , the commissioner of the National Football League , has considered expanding the league 's appeal overseas ever since the end of NFL Europa . Goodell has openly discussed the idea of holding a future Super Bowl game in London . The NFL also investigated the possibility of adding a 17th regular season game to all teams , taking the place of the fourth pre-season game . Waller notes that there will not be 16 different venues for the 17th games . More likely would be a `` mini-season ticket '' of perhaps four games in one city or country . There was discussion that this `` 17th game '' could take effect as early as the 2009 NFL season ; however , 2010 would be the earliest this could be implemented because of concerns about playing on Labor Day or over the 2010 Winter Olympics , the league 's rigid scheduling formula , and the league 's collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) . League officials were pondering moving a second existing game abroad for the 2010 season , but eventually abandoned it due to the ongoing CBA negotiations . The league eventually abandoned its attempt to expand the NFL season via CBA negotiations , and the new CBA enacted in 2011 has kept the NFL schedule at 16 games as of 2017 . Games in the United Kingdom are broadcast by the BBC and Sky Sports either live on BBC2 or online via the BBC Sports website and interactive TV and on Sky Sports Action . On radio the games are broadcast by BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra , with Arlo White commentating . The games have been popular , with tickets for the two games per season selling out in two days , nine months in advance . According to the NFL , only 3 % of those attending the London games are Americans or American expatriates , while 22 % are from London and 60 % from elsewhere in Britain . Ticket prices are from £ 35 for end zone seats to £ 100 for lower sideline seats . A team that plays a home game in London sells a cheaper season ticket package for its own stadium with seven regular season games rather than the usual eight . Each designated home team receives US $1 million for giving up the home game . On October 11 , 2011 , the NFL owners approved playing NFL games in Great Britain through the year 2016 . This stated that a home team could visit every year for up to five years but visitors could only visit once every five years . However , in 2015 the Detroit Lions returned to London as visitors in an apparent disregard for this rule . Subsequently , an agreement has been reached to play internationally through 2025 . The Buffalo Bills received a unanimous vote of approval to play a series of regular and preseason games at Rogers Centre in Toronto from 2008 to 2017 . This was separate from the regular International Series as arrangements are made by the team as opposed to the league as with the International Series . The Bills ' Toronto Series was mutually terminated after the 2013 contest . Due to significant time zone differences , from 2007 -- 2015 teams playing in London would have their bye week in the following week after their game in London . For 2016 , the Indianapolis Colts volunteered to play a game the week after their London game , preferring to have their bye week later in the season . The Colts playing the week after London was also done by the NFL as a test to see team fatigue for evaluation of an eventual London franchise . As Mexico City is within the Central Time Zone -- eight NFL teams play home games in Central Time and the rest are within two hours of it -- no bye week would be needed for those teams , though they may still by chance be scheduled their regular bye week anyway . For 2017 , three teams playing in London ( Baltimore , Jacksonville , and Miami ) , will have games immediately following their International Series game . In all three cases , the teams playing after their International Series game are based on the East Coast of the United States and will either be home or ( in the Jaguars case ) playing in East Rutherford , New Jersey . Due to NFL rules , teams that are playing in temporary homes or that have recently been awarded the Super Bowl are required to play a home game internationally . The Los Angeles Rams , upon relocating from St. Louis , agreed to host an international game from 2016 -- 2019 , while their new stadium is being built . The Los Angeles Chargers , who will be sharing the stadium with the Rams once it is completed , will also host an International Series game in 2018 and 2019 , only getting out of the 2017 game because the team had executed its out clause to move from San Diego after the 2017 International Series games had been announced . The rule was n't in affect when the Minnesota Vikings were playing at TCF Bank Stadium while U.S. Bank Stadium was being built , although the team did give up a home game while they were still playing in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome . It is also likely that the Oakland Raiders will host another game in either 2018 and 2019 ( or both ) due to their pending move to Las Vegas , but it is unknown whether the `` temporary stadium '' rule applies in that case . Early years ( 2007 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) The Miami Dolphins hosted the New York Giants at Wembley Stadium in London , England on October 28 , 2007 . The Giants defeated the Dolphins 13 -- 10 in the first regular season NFL game held outside North America . The first 40,000 tickets sold out for the game in the first 90 minutes of sales . The game was aired regionally on Fox . A single game was held in London each year through 2011 . Like the 2007 game , each was televised nationally in England , but only regionally in the United States . Multi-year deals and multi-game years ( 2012 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) NFL International Series game between Dallas Cowboys and Jacksonville Jaguars in London On January 20 , 2012 , NFL commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed that from 2012 to 2014 , the St. Louis Rams would play one of their eight home games each year at Wembley Stadium . However , on August 13 , 2012 , the team announced that they would not play the proposed games in London in 2013 and 2014 , only the 2012 game against the New England Patriots that had already been scheduled . Goodell had previously proposed the use of certain regular teams in the International Series in an effort to build a fan base for those teams , raising the prospect of a permanent NFL team on the British Isles . An NFL bid to become anchor tenants of London 's Olympic Stadium failed . The Jacksonville Jaguars took the Rams ' place and agreed to play a home game in London for four seasons from 2013 through 2016 . With this announcement also came news that the NFL were working to schedule a second UK game from 2013 onwards . ( The Jaguars later extended their agreement with Wembley Stadium through 2020 in an agreement announced in October 2015 . ) In October 2012 , it was announced that the Jaguars would host the San Francisco 49ers and the Minnesota Vikings would host the Pittsburgh Steelers , marking the first season with multiple games in London . The NFL played three international games for the 2014 season , including one game with an earlier 9 : 30 am ET start , which allowed for an afternoon game , rather than an evening game , in London . This timeslot proved to be successful as all London games in 2015 and 2016 were also scheduled at 9 : 30 am ET . Three games were again scheduled in 2015 - including the series ' first division game between the New York Jets and the Miami Dolphins . Long - term deals and New stadiums ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) NFL London and Mexico Games logos , first used in 2016 in Mexico and 2017 in London Between 2018 and 2027 , at least two games each year will be played at Tottenham Hotspur 's new stadium in Northumberland Park as part of an agreement between the NFL and Tottenham Hotspur . On October 7 , 2015 , the league announced that a resolution had been passed to schedule international games at additional locations to London until 2025 . On October 22 , 2015 it was confirmed that at least two games per year will remain at Wembley until through least 2020 and that the Jacksonville Jaguars will continue to play a home game there annually throughout the agreement . Subsequent to this , on November 3 , 2015 , the NFL announced that it had reached an agreement with England 's Rugby Football Union to host regular season games at Twickenham Stadium from 2016 onwards , with a minimum of three , and as many as five games to be held over the initial agreement period of three years . In 2016 , the Oakland Raiders hosted the Houston Texans on November 21 at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City , at the first International Series game played in Mexico . Previously , the Houston Texans and Pittsburgh Steelers had expressed interest in playing a game at Estadio Azteca ( or possibly Estadio Olímpico Universitario ) in Mexico City , although Houston was not prepared to give up a home date . It was televised as part of ESPN 's Monday Night Football , marking the first MNF game broadcast from outside the United States , and ESPN 's second broadcast from Mexico City since the 2005 Fútbol Americano game ( which was televised as part of ESPN 's former incarnation of Sunday Night Football ) . The 2016 game between the Redskins and Bengals was the first International Series game to go into overtime , the first to end as a tie , and had at the time the highest attendance of all International Series games ( later surpassed by the 2017 game between the Ravens and Jaguars , which drew an attendance of 84,592 ) . For 2017 the series underwent a partial rebrand with four games in London branded as NFL London Games and one game in Mexico City branded as the NFL Mexico Game . Game History ( edit ) Year Date Designated visitor Score Designated home team Score City Stadium Attn . Pre-game show Television 2007 October 28 New York Giants 13 Miami Dolphins 10 London Wembley Stadium 81,176 The Feeling Fox 2008 October 26 San Diego Chargers 32 New Orleans Saints 37 London Wembley Stadium 83,226 Stereophonics CBS 2009 October 25 New England Patriots 35 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7 London Wembley Stadium 84,254 Calvin Harris CBS October 31 Denver Broncos 16 San Francisco 49ers 24 London Wembley Stadium 83,941 My Chemical Romance CBS 2011 October 23 Chicago Bears 24 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 18 London Wembley Stadium 76,981 Goo Goo Dolls Fox 2012 October 28 New England Patriots 45 St. Louis Rams 7 London Wembley Stadium 84,004 Train CBS 2013 September 29 Pittsburgh Steelers 27 Minnesota Vikings 34 London Wembley Stadium 83,518 Tinie Tempah CBS October 27 San Francisco 49ers 42 Jacksonville Jaguars 10 London Wembley Stadium 83,559 Ne - Yo Fox 2014 September 28 Miami Dolphins 38 Oakland Raiders 14 London Wembley Stadium 83,436 Def Leppard CBS October 26 Detroit Lions 22 Atlanta Falcons 21 London Wembley Stadium 83,532 Little Mix Fox November 9 Dallas Cowboys 31 Jacksonville Jaguars 17 London Wembley Stadium 83,603 Joss Stone Fox 2015 October 4 New York Jets 27 Miami Dolphins 14 London Wembley Stadium 83,986 None CBS October 25 Buffalo Bills 31 Jacksonville Jaguars 34 London Wembley Stadium 84,021 The Ohio State University Marching Band Yahoo ! Sports November 1 Detroit Lions 10 Kansas City Chiefs 45 London Wembley Stadium 83,624 Madness Fox 2016 October 2 Indianapolis Colts 27 Jacksonville Jaguars 30 London Wembley Stadium 83,798 Robin Thicke CBS October 23 New York Giants 17 Los Angeles Rams 10 London Twickenham Stadium 74,121 Craig David NFLN October 30 Washington Redskins 27 Cincinnati Bengals 27 London Wembley Stadium 84,448 Wessex Male Choir & US Army Europe band Fox November 21 Houston Texans 20 Oakland Raiders 27 Mexico City Estadio Azteca 76,473 None ESPN 2017 September 24 Baltimore Ravens 7 Jacksonville Jaguars 44 London Wembley Stadium 84,592 None Verizon , Yahoo ! Sports October 1 New Orleans Saints 20 Miami Dolphins 0 London Wembley Stadium 84,423 None Fox October 22 Arizona Cardinals 0 Los Angeles Rams 33 London Twickenham Stadium 73,736 None Fox October 29 Minnesota Vikings 33 Cleveland Browns 16 London Twickenham Stadium 74,237 None NFLN November 19 New England Patriots Oakland Raiders Mexico City Estadio Azteca CBS Standings ( edit ) Team Appearances W -- L -- T Pct Most recent appearance New England Patriots 2 -- 0 -- 0 1.000 2012 New Orleans Saints 2 -- 0 -- 0 1.000 2017 New York Giants 2 -- 0 -- 0 1.000 2016 San Francisco 49ers 2 -- 0 -- 0 1.000 2013 Chicago Bears 1 -- 0 -- 0 1.000 2011 Dallas Cowboys 1 -- 0 -- 0 1.000 2014 Kansas City Chiefs 1 -- 0 -- 0 1.000 2015 Minnesota Vikings 2 -- 0 -- 0 1.000 2017 New York Jets 1 -- 0 -- 0 1.000 2015 Jacksonville Jaguars 5 3 -- 2 -- 0 . 600 2017 Detroit Lions 1 -- 1 -- 0 . 500 2015 Oakland Raiders 1 -- 1 -- 0 . 500 2016 Cincinnati Bengals 0 -- 0 -- 1 . 500 2016 Washington Redskins 0 -- 0 -- 1 . 500 2016 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 1 -- 2 -- 0 . 333 2017 Miami Dolphins 1 -- 3 -- 0 . 250 2017 Arizona Cardinals 0 -- 1 -- 0 . 000 2017 Atlanta Falcons 0 -- 1 -- 0 . 000 2014 Baltimore Ravens 0 -- 1 -- 0 . 000 2017 Buffalo Bills 0 -- 1 -- 0 . 000 2015 Cleveland Browns 0 -- 1 -- 0 . 000 2017 Denver Broncos 0 -- 1 -- 0 . 000 Houston Texans 0 -- 1 -- 0 . 000 2016 Indianapolis Colts 0 -- 1 -- 0 . 000 2016 Pittsburgh Steelers 0 -- 1 -- 0 . 000 2013 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 0 -- 1 -- 0 . 000 2008 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 -- 2 -- 0 . 000 2011 Teams with no International Series appearances ( edit ) As of the 2017 season , five of the 32 teams have not played in the International Series : The Carolina Panthers , Green Bay Packers , Philadelphia Eagles , Seattle Seahawks and Tennessee Titans . Seattle played a game outside the United States in 2012 , but it was not part of the International Series . The Houston Texans have never played in London , but played an International Series game in Mexico City . Future ( edit ) Possible teams ( edit ) Before the Chargers and Saints were announced to be the two teams headed to London in 2008 , the Kansas City Chiefs , Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Seattle Seahawks were identified as teams interested in playing a future game in Europe . In particular , Seattle , which had been slated to play the China Bowl before that game was cancelled , had shown a continued interest in playing a game abroad . Tampa Bay eventually got the 2009 and 2011 games , while Kansas City got one of the games in 2015 . Both the New York Giants and Miami Dolphins have similarly expressed interest in returning to the UK in a rematch of 2007 's international series . There have also been negotiations between the Pittsburgh Steelers ( whose owner , Dan Rooney , was the United States Ambassador to Ireland ) and Croke Park in Dublin , Republic of Ireland for a potential International Series game there . The Rams and the Buccaneers are both under co-ownership with teams in the Premier League , the top association football league in England ; the Rams are under co-ownership with Arsenal Football Club of London , while the Buccaneers are co-owned with Manchester United . From 2006 until 2012 , the Cleveland Browns were also under co-ownership with Aston Villa before Randy Lerner sold the Browns to Jimmy Haslam , and since 2013 , Jacksonville Jaguars owner Shahid Khan also owns Fulham F.C. , which were at the time in the Premier League , but have since been relegated to the Football League Championship . As part of their application to relocate to Los Angeles for the 2016 season , the Rams have volunteered to play in the International Series at least once a year while occupying the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for three seasons until their new stadium in Inglewood , California , opens in 2020 . In 2016 , Steelers president Art Rooney II stated that the team may have to give up a home game to play in Mexico City in the future , with the team stating that they would require permission from the Sports & Exhibition Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County to do so , as their lease at Heinz Field explicitly requires the team to play ten home games ( 8 in the regular season , 2 preseason ) at that stadium per season . Future markets ( edit ) Within the United Kingdom , aside from London , potential candidates for hosting NFL games include Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , Wales ; and Murrayfield in Edinburgh , Scotland . Other prime locations to get games would be Croke Park in the Republic of Ireland ( Ireland has already hosted the NCAA Emerald Isle Classic , a college football game similar to the International Series , and Steelers owner Dan Rooney was once an ambassador to the country ) , Germany ( which hosted five teams in NFL Europa at the time of its dissolution in 2007 and whose national American Football team won both the 2010 and 2014 European Championship ) , China ; Brazil , Australia and Canada ( Canada hosted the Bills Toronto Series from 2008 to 2013 ) . Mark Waller , NFL senior vice president , international , doubts Asia or Australia would be targeted because of the travel concerns , but he does not dismiss anything . Until 2015 the Jacksonville Jaguars ' agreement stipulated that all future International Series games in the current agreement would take place at Wembley , ruling out other locations . a The league had plans to host a game in China in 2018 with the Los Angeles Rams as the home team against the San Francisco 49ers . However , the game in Germany was scrapped in favor of adding a 4th game in London in 2017 . The potential game in China was postponed ( the third time the league has postponed playing in China , following failed attempts in 2007 and 2009 ) to being aimed for the 2019 season to coincide with the league 's 100th anniversary . The league has indicated that a China game is still not certain because of the lack of a fan base in the country ( NFL games are played in the middle of the night in China ) . In regard to future games outside London or Mexico , Mark Waller stated in 2017 that the only holdup with games in Germany was what he dubbed `` an inventory management thing . How many games do we actually have ? '' Potential London team ( edit ) Main article : Potential London NFL franchise The success of the International Series has led the NFL to focus its global expansion aims on the possibility of having a full franchise located in London . While no set timetable has been set , the league is working on a goal of establishing a franchise by around 2021 , assuming they have all the necessary arrangements in place . It is believed this would be most likely achieved through relocation of an existing franchise , with the Jaguars most often linked due to their association with the International Series , even though their owner is said to be content with the current arrangement and other franchises have more reason to move ( the most often cited being poor on - field performance , lack of fans and uncertainty over stadium leases ) . The NFL has used some of the specific arrangements for the International Series games as a test bed for predicting how a London franchise could be made effective from a logistical and competitiveness standpoint . See also ( edit ) List of National Football League games played outside the United States American Bowl Canadian Football League in the United States References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ The game was broadcast on the CBS affiliates in Buffalo ( WIVB - TV ) and Jacksonville ( WJAX - TV ) . Everywhere else , the broadcast of the game was exclusively live - streamed globally on Yahoo ! Jump up ^ The game was broadcast on the CBS owned - and - operated stations in New York City ( WCBS - TV ) and Los Angeles ( KCBS - TV ) . Outside those areas , the broadcast of the game aired in the United States on the NFL Network . Jump up ^ The game was simulcast on KGO - TV in the San Francisco Bay Area and KIAH in Houston . Elsewhere , the game was aired on ESPN . Citations Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` NFL , Tottenham Hotspur agree on 10 - year partnership for NFL games '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL extends deal to play games at Wembley through 2020 '' . Associated Press . October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . NFL commissioner says Super Bowl may someday be held in London ESPN.com , October 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . 3 AFC , 3 NFC teams named possible ' hosts ' in Europe ESPN.com , January 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . NFL looking closely at expanding to 17 games with international flavor ESPN.com , May 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ NFL opts not to hold second game in UK in 2010 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Brandon ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` NFL Banking On ' Passion ' Of U.K. Fans To Make London Expansion A Success '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Omar ( November 6 , 2014 ) . Dolphins will host New York Jets in London in 2015 . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL owners OK games in Britain through 2016 - ESPN.com '' . Espn.go.com . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL clubs expand commitment to playing international regular season games '' . NFL UK . National Football League . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Breer , Albert ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Five - year extension of Buffalo Bills ' Toronto series approved '' . NFL.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Bills to play annual regular - season game in Toronto starting next season ESPN.com , February 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.colts.com/news/article-1/Colts-Are-First-NFL-Team-With-No-Bye-Week-Following-Game-In-London/8849e907-dfdd-46c8-bdf1-9584ce1b3479 Jump up ^ https://athlonsports.com/fantasy/fantasy-football-2017-nfl-bye-week-cheat-sheet Jump up ^ http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2017/05/19/chargers-rams-both-lose-over-stadium-delay/ Jump up ^ Associated Press . Despite poor weather and a sluggish game , the stadium remained packed and in good cheer for the entire match . Dolphins will play Giants in London on Oct. 28 ESPN.com , February 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ NFL UK . ST . LOUIS RAMS TO HOST REGULAR - SEASON GAME IN UNITED KINGDOM IN EACH OF NEXT THREE YEARS NFLUK.com , January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Rams will not play in London 2013 , 2014 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ridge , Joe ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` West Ham move into pole position for Olympic Stadium after NFL bid is thrown out '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Jags to play games in London '' . espn.com . ESPN . Associated Press . August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL extends agreement to play regular - season games at Wembley Stadium for an additional five years '' . NFLUK . National Football League . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL action at Twickenham '' . England Rugby . Rugby Football Union . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com/nfl/story/texans-hoping-to-play-international-regular-season-game-in-2016-101515 Jump up ^ http://as.com/diarioas/2015/10/06/english/1444153977_802414.html Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000632878/article/back-to-mexico-texansraiders-to-play-nov-21-in-mexico-city?campaign=tw-nf-sf20452831-sf20452831 Jump up ^ `` History to be made in Mexico City '' . NFL.com. 2005 - 09 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 London Games : NFL announces which teams will be playing '' . National Football League . National Football League . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders to host Patriots in Mexico City next season '' . National Football League . National Football League . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goo Goo Dolls to perform at NFL Wembley game '' . NFL UK . October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NLF London 2012 Pre Game Show `` Train '' Wembley Stadium `` . Luke Dudley . October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tinie Tempah , Gene Simmons perform at NFL match '' . ITV News . September 29 , 2013 . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Garnier , Jesse ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` NFL gameday splashes across the pond '' . SF Bay . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL announces 2014 London dates '' . Associated Press . ESPN . November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DEF LEPPARD -- NFL Pre-Game -- Official Performance Video '' . DEF LEPPARD . October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Little Mix perform before the NFL football game between the Atlanta Falcons and the Detroit Lions at Wembley Stadium , London , Sunday , Oct. 26 , 2014 '' . Yahoo ! News . October 26 , 2014 . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Joss Stone to perform pre-game at Wembley '' . NFL UK . National Football League . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State University Marching Band to perform at Bills v Jags Wembley game '' . NFL UK . National Football League . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Frank ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Yahoo will broadcast first free global live stream of NFL game '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Music legends Madness to perform at Lions - Chiefs NFL game at Wembley '' . NFL UK . October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs to host Detroit Lions in London , UK '' . kcchiefs.com . Kansas City Chiefs . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No chilling this Sunday ... '' NFL UK . October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mortensen , Chris . Source : Bills likely to get OK to play game in Toronto ESPN.com , January 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fahey , Cian ( January 28 , 2011 ) . Croke Park Director addresses the NFL 's visit to Ireland . Irish Central . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris , Rob ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` England 's Fulham bought by owner of NFL 's Jaguars '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rams , owner Stan Kroenke assert St. Louis better off as 2 - sport city in Los Angeles relocation application '' . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaboly , Mark ( 18 March 2016 ) . `` Steelers could give up home game to play internationally '' . Triblive.com . Retrieved 13 Jun 2016 . Jump up ^ Labriola , Bob ( 26 March 2016 ) . `` Asked and Answered : March 26 '' . Steelers.com . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL ponders second UK game option '' . BBC News . May 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Murrayfield is game for NFL '' . Edinburgh Evening News . April 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000645937/article/nfl-could-play-in-germany-by-2017-china-by-2018 Jump up ^ Marvez , Alex ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` NFL considering Brazil to host 2017 Pro Bowl '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Soshnick , Scott ( May 19 , 2016 ) . The NFL Pro Bowl Is Moving to Orlando . Bloomberg . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/8286397/report-jacksonville-jaguars-play-multiple-home-games-london-starting-2013 Jump up ^ https://www.turfshowtimes.com/2016/7/12/12165394/los-angeles-rams-2018-china-san-francisco-49ers Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000818077/article/nfl-aiming-to-potentially-play-game-in-china-in-2019 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/19773105/nfl-scraps-plans-hold-china-game-2018-eyes-2019 ^ Jump up to : Breer , Albert ( September 21 , 2017 ) . Game Plan : NFL Believes London is Ready for Team ; 2022 Target is Doable . SI.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ La Canfora , Jason ( October 28 , 2012 ) . `` NFL 's move to London could come soon ; Jags a target '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Dave and John Krawczynski ( May 7 , 2012 ) . Vikings in limbo and expansion not on NFL 's radar . Associated Press . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . 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2160105067098297212 | Álfheimr | Álfheimr - wikipedia Álfheimr Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the place in Norse mythology . For the historical region , see Álfheimr ( region ) . For other uses , see Alfheim ( disambiguation ) . Meadow Elves , by Nils Blommér , 1850 Alfheim ( Old Norse : Álfheimr , `` Land Of The Elves '' or `` Elfland '' ) , also called Ljosalfheim ( Ljósálf ( a ) heimr , `` home of the light - elves '' ) , is one of the Nine Worlds and home of the Light Elves in Norse mythology . Contents ( hide ) 1 In Old Norse texts 2 Popular culture 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources In Old Norse texts ( edit ) See also : Svartálfaheimr Álfheim as an abode of the Elves is mentioned only twice in Old Norse texts . The eddic poem Grímnismál describes twelve divine dwellings beginning in stanza 5 with : Ýdalir call they the place where Ull A hall for himself hath set ; And Álfheim the gods to Frey once gave As a tooth - gift in ancient times . A tooth - gift was a gift given to an infant on the cutting of the first tooth . In the 12th century eddic prose Gylfaginning , Snorri Sturluson relates it as the first of a series of abodes in heaven : That which is called Álfheim is one , where dwell the peoples called ljósálfar ( Light Elves ) ; but the dökkálfar ( Dark Elves ) dwell down in the earth , and they are unlike in appearance , but by far more unlike in nature . The Light - elves are fairer to look upon than the sun , but the Dark - elves are blacker than pitch . The account later , in speaking of a hall in the Highest Heaven called Gimlé that shall survive when heaven and earth have died , explains : It is said that another heaven is to the southward and upward of this one , and it is called Andlang ( Andlangr ' Endlong ' ) but the third heaven is yet above that , and it is called Vídbláin ( Vídbláinn ' Wide - blue ' ) and in that heaven we think this abode is . But we believe that none but Light - Elves inhabit these mansions now . It is not indicated whether these heavens are identical to Álfheim or distinct . Some texts read Vindbláin ( Vindbláinn ' Wind - blue ' ) instead of Vídbláin . Modern commentators speculate ( or sometimes state as fact ) that Álfheim was one of the nine worlds ( heima ) mentioned in stanza 2 of the eddic poem Völuspá . Popular culture ( edit ) J.R.R. Tolkien anglicized Álfheim as Elvenhome , or Eldamar in the speech of the Elves . In his stories , Eldamar lies in a coastal region of the Undying Lands in the Uttermost West . The High King of the Elves in the West was Ingwë , an echo of the name Yngvi often found as a name for Frey , whose abode was in Álfheim according to the Grímnismál . In the Japanese light novel and anime series Sword Art Online , the setting for the second and fourth arc is based on Álfheimr . In the Japanese game Bayonetta , there are angelic portals called Alfheim where the player travels to do specific angel slaying for broken witch hearts or moon pearls to increase vitality or witch power . It does not involve elves , however . Only its name is based on Norse mythology . See also ( edit ) Fairyland References ( edit ) Wikisource : Prose Edda / Gylfaginning ( The Fooling Of Gylfe ) by Sturluson , Snorri , 13th century Edda , in English . Accessed Apr. 16 , 2007 Gylfaginning in Old Norse Robbins , Rossell Hope ( 1959 ) . The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft and Demonology . New York : Crown Publishers , Inc . Bulfinch , Thomas ( 1834 ) . Bulfinch 's Mythology . New York : Harper & Row , 1970 , p. 348 . ISBN 0 - 690 - 57260 - 3 . Marshall Jones Company ( 1930 ) . The Mythology of All Races Series , Volume 2 Eddic , Great Britain : Marshall Jones Company , 1930 , pp. 220 -- 221 . Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gylfaginning XI - XX Personifications and cosmology in Norse mythology Astronomical bodies Sun : Sól Árvakr and Alsviðr Moon : Máni Hjúki and Bil Earth : Jörð Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn Aurvandil Þjazi 's eyes Time Day : Dagr Skinfaxi Night : Nótt Hrímfaxi Seasons : Sumarr and Vetr Old age : Elli Worlds Nine Worlds : Álfheimr Asgard Hel Midgard Múspellsheimr Niðavellir / Svartálfaheimr Niflheim Jötunheimr Vanaheimr Connected by the tree Yggdrasil Cosmogenesis , cyclic time , and eschatology Ginnungagap Ymir Auðumbla Ragnarök Other Mundilfari Dellingr Hræsvelgr Norðri , Suðri , Austri and Vestri Viðfinnr Norse mythology Deities Heroes Figures Æsir Baldr Bragi Dellingr Forseti Heimdallr Hermóðr Höðr Hœnir Ítreksjóð Kvasir Lóðurr Loki Meili Móði and Magni Odin Óðr Thor Týr Ullr Váli Víðarr Vili and Vé Ásynjur Bil Eir Frigg Fulla Gerðr Gefjon Gná Hlín Ilmr Iðunn Jörð Lofn Nanna Njörun Rán Rindr Sága Sif Sigyn Sjöfn Skaði Snotra Sól Syn Þrúðr Vár Vör Vanir Freyja Freyr Njörðr Sister - wife of Njörðr Gullveig Others Ask and Embla Borr Búri Dís Dwarfs Einherjar Elves Dark elves ( Dökkálfar ) Light elves ( Ljósálfar ) Black elves ( Svartálfar ) Fenrir Hel Irpa Jörmungandr Jötunn Mímir Níðhöggr Norns Sigurd Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr Shieldmaiden Valkyrie Vættir Völundr Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi Locations Álfheimr Asgard Bifröst Fólkvangr Ginnungagap Hel ( location ) Jötunheimr Midgard Múspellsheimr Niðavellir Niflheim Valhalla Vanaheimr Vígríðr Wells Mímisbrunnr Hvergelmir Urðarbrunnr Yggdrasil Events Æsir -- Vanir War Fimbulvetr Ragnarök Sources Gesta Danorum Poetic Edda Prose Edda Runestones Sagas Tyrfing Cycle Völsung Cycle Old Norse language Orthography Later influence Society Blót Félag Germanic calendar Heiti Hörgr Kenning Mead hall Nīþ Norse pagan worship Numbers Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology Seiðr Skald Viking Age Völva See also Norse gods Mythological Norse people , items and places Germanic paganism Heathenry ( new religious movement ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Álfheimr&oldid = 782173829 '' Categories : Locations in Norse mythology Mythological places Saga locations Germanic mythology Hidden categories : Articles containing Old Norse - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2017 , at 10 : 03 . 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3389886187402068085 | A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series) | A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) - wikipedia A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 10 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search A Series of Unfortunate Events Genre Drama Black comedy Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket Developed by Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld Starring Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith Lucy Punch Avi Lake Dylan Kingwell Theme music composer Nick Urata Daniel Handler Opening theme `` Look Away '' by Neil Patrick Harris Composer ( s ) James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon Jim Dooley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Neil Patrick Harris Rose Lam Barry Sonnenfeld Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Bernard Couture Editor ( s ) Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald Running time 40 -- 64 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Television What is the Question ? Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc . Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) -- present ( present ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith . The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The second series was ordered in April 2017 and released on March 30 , 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in March 2017 , which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season 1 2.3. 2 Introduced in season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Visual effects 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past . Cast and characters See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Main Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He possesses a spyglass with the structure of an eye similar to his tattoo on his left ankle . Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and inventor talented in mechanics . Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child interested in literature and books . K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong provides the quasi-nonsensical lines of Sunny . Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor and wife of Jerome Squalor , who is also the student and potential love interest for Count Olaf . Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry . Dylan Kingwell as Duncan and Quigley Quagmire , Isadora 's two brothers . Duncan is a keen journalist . Recurring Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio , who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines . John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . Patrick Breen as Larry Your - Waiter , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and the Café Salmonella . Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires ' plight . Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires . Guest Introduced in season 1 Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant . Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner . Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose . Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in `` The Wide Window '' and appears as him in a flashback scene in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . Introduced in season 2 Roger Bart as Nero Feint , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School with an egotistic personality and a love for excessive punishments . Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf . Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in personal anecdotes . BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School . Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Lossen Chambers as Mrs. Morrow , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears a pink robe . Kevin Chamberlin as Mr. Lesko , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears plaid pants . John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital . David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Library of Records at Heimlich Hospital . Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidextrous `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Allison Williams as a yet - unidentified woman who arrives to see the Caligari Carnival engulfed in flames . Episodes Season Episodes Originally released 8 January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 10 March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series : The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor . `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research . `` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine . Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them . Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance , ensuring they do not leave their jobs . Orwell and Olaf use a still - hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir 's aide Charles , but Violet figures out how to break everyone 's trance in the nick of time . The workers then storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir , Olaf , and the Hook - Handed Man all escape in the chaos . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school , which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . In the final scene , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . '' Season 2 ( 2018 ) The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series : The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School , an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats . The school 's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian , Olivia Caliban , and the surviving Quagmire triplets , Duncan and Isadora . During a lunch break , Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass . The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek -- a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them , but which he carelessly misplaced . Meanwhile , Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school , unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf 's presence . However , with Carmelita 's help , Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria 's walk - in refrigerator . He then dons his latest disguise : the school 's new turban - wearing gym teacher . 10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program , making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him , while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep . Due to their slumping grades , Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school , but because they must still exercise under Olaf 's program , they know they will likely fail . The Quagmires offer to help , and that night take their place during exercises ; however , their identity is discovered , and while hiding in the library , they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook - Handed Man . The next day , with Mr. Poe in attendance , the Baudelaires readily pass the exam , and through it reveal Olaf 's identity . Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires , who try to shout the initials `` V.F.D. '' from the backseat of Olaf 's car . Meanwhile , Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony 's brother , Jacques , while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind . 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) While a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway , Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé . While being introduced to the Squalors , they find Olaf has already arrived , posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther . The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again . They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail , but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse . Meanwhile , Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf 's scheme , which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques , who enlists her into their society . Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon - themed restaurant , where Larry works to prolong their visit , giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor 's building for the Quagmires . When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator , they learn that it is merely an empty shaft . With a makeshift parachute , they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom . 12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires , so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot - air balloon . They try to warn Esmé of Olaf 's scheme , but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city . Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft , where they are caught in a net midway down . Sunny helps them to escape safely , and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home . At the auction , the Baudelaires start a bidding war on a box labeled `` V.F.D. '' , which they believe contains the Quagmires . Though they win the item , they find the box contains only doilies . In the aftermath , Olaf and his troupe escape with the Quagmires , who are hidden inside a red herring statue . The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf , but he is far too timid to do so , and gives up his guardianship of them . Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials `` V.F.D. '' is willing to raise them . 13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Mr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees , where the whole community will care for them collectively ( in reality , they just want the children to do all their chores ) . The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector , a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self - sustaining hot - air mobile home , and soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves . Olaf , Esmé , and the troupe also arrive at the village , with Esmé disguising herself as the town 's new chief of police . Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse ; the next day , the villagers learn of Olaf 's capture and hold a town hall meeting , where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin , tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf . Jacques is sentenced to death , but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl , an object with ties to Esmé 's past . Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf ; however , the villain is unfazed by Jacques ' offer of a truce , and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him . The next morning , as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques , they are informed that `` Olaf '' has been murdered . 14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques / `` Olaf , '' and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake . While in jail , the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot - air mobile home to help them escape . While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall , Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square . Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector . The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck 's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home . As they do so , Olaf , Esmé , and the villagers arrive , and Esmé begins damaging Hector 's home with a harpoon gun . Realizing their danger , the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires . In thanks , the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D. , but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon , scattering the pages and harming a crow . While the villagers accost the villains over the injured bird , the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape . 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital . They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica . After sneaking past the hospital 's administrator , they meet Hal , the man who runs the library . He welcomes their help , but forbids them to read material in storage . While Hal shows them the ropes , a film reel labeled `` Snicket '' arrives and catches the children 's attention . Meanwhile , believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital , Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building . Desperate for answers , the children are forced to steal Hal 's keys to access the library , where they find the film . It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer , with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire , which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire 's parents . However , before they can watch any further , they are interrupted by Esmé ; as they try to escape , the library is ruined . Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute , in possession of the film . 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name ; to find her , Klaus disguises himself as `` Dr. Faustus , '' with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat . They eventually deduce which room Violet is in , but this is a trap laid by Olaf , who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater . Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records , and he does so -- only , it 's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for . Olaf , however , is interested in the Snicket film , and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret . Furious at its revelations , he burns the film , which also starts a fire in the hospital . The Baudelaires successfully evacuate the hospital , and realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf 's car . Elsewhere , an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the hospital . 17 9 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) A flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf . In the present , Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with its fortune - teller , Madame Lulu , about the fire 's survivor . Lulu , who is really Olivia in disguise , tells them to wait for the answer in the morning . The Baudelaires overhear this , and hoping to speak to Lulu as well , assume the identities of circus freaks , with Violet and Klaus as a two - headed person and Sunny as a wolf child . After calling V.F.D. , Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire . Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous , so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd . This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu 's tent , where they discover films , books , and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department -- the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to . Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them . 18 10 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olivia explains to the Baudelaires that `` Madame Lulu '' is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information . While Olivia admits she had to lie to Olaf about one of the children 's parents surviving the fire , Jacques had asserted that there was a survivor , and they should head to the V.F.D. headquarters in the Mortmain Mountains to find them . Meanwhile , Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled , while Esmé connives to have Lulu killed . The next day , Olaf selects Violet and Klaus for the pit . When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions , she instead pushes them to safety , and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles . As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu 's tent , Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down . Then , after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car , Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path . At the same time , the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival . Season 3 The third season will adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes : The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril will be adapted into two episodes each , and The End will conclude the series with a longer single episode . Barry Sonnenfeld will direct the episodes for The Penultimate Peril . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in the season . Production Development The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels , written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006 , achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels . As such , the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published . This led to the development of a 2004 feature film , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series . Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series , was originally slated to direct the feature film , and had hired Handler to write the screenplay . About 10 months into production , shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf , there was a `` big crisis '' , according to Handler , which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms . With the film 's completion in flux , its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler . While the film was eventually completed and released , sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups '' within DreamWorks , according to Handler , and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel . In November 2014 , Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series , with the author of the series , Daniel Handler , serving as executive producer . In September 2015 , it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers , with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series ' writing team . However , in January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project , with a replacement showrunner not named at the time . The first season consists of eight episodes , with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series . Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama , citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series . In January 2017 , Handler revealed that he was writing the series ' second season , to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series . A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series , which Handler hoped `` to get the go - ahead to do '' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change , we 're trying to film everything as quickly as possible . '' In March 2017 , Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website , where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision . A month later , the series was `` quietly '' renewed for a third season , which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series . Casting Neil Patrick Harris portrays Count Olaf in the series and serves as a producer . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus . Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It 's Not Just for Gays Anymore '' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011 , noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once '' as was necessary for the character of Olaf , who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe , followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora , respectively . In November 2016 , Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell , Sir , and Aunt Josephine , respectively ; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles , Sir 's partner . Filming Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished . Filming for the second season began in April 2017 . The third season began filming on January 5 , 2018 . One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings ; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces , but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves . '' Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place , and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included . Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary '' suburban setting he had in mind for his books . While the production team used computer - generated imagery where needed , they attempted to avoid this use where possible , such as by using large painted backdrops , by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox , rather than employing green screen filming . Music In April 2016 , Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series . Once the first season was released , it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme , as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series , with Handler contributing the lyrics . The first season 's original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes . In season two , Jim Dooley joined the production as composer and subsequently wrote the music for all ten episodes . Visual effects Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series , including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire 's actions . Tippett Studio also did work on the series , including the effects for the destruction of Josephine 's house , landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots . Release All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30 , 2018 . Marketing On July 5 , 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser '' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe '' . Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix . '' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan - made . However , Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix 's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign , noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe '' being the same as a character from the series , and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo , similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director , whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video 's popularity , though they did not go ahead with the concept . In October 2016 , Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket . A trailer , featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris 's character , Count Olaf , was released by Netflix in November 2016 , followed shortly by the first full trailer . The second trailer was released in December 2016 , followed by a `` holiday - themed '' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy , which featured four holiday e-cards for download . Reception Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , 3.755 million viewers age 18 - 49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release . Critical response Season 1 The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94 % based on 62 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Enjoyably dark , A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material 's narrative as well as its tone , leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird , dry , gothic comedy . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief , loss , and disappointment with sardonic honesty . '' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series , calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication , driven by two - part stories , outrageous visuals , and the scenery - chewing of big - name guest stars '' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A - , saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking '' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony - fresh feel , conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies '' . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun '' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the - top character with considerable gusto . '' He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film . Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf . Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop , the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall - breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books , and Harris 's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic , and creepier '' than Carrey 's version . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film , and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special '' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job , set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time , except to say it is not now '' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film . Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand , gave the series a negative review , calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness '' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be '' and would only appeal to fans of the books . Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals , but found the show 's tone , pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally , a series of unfortunate events '' . Season 2 As with the first season , the second season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 100 % based on 10 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent praised the show as one that `` essentially deals with thoughtful , intelligent young people battling to speak up against an illogical world . '' While observing that the `` show may revel in the miserable '' , she opined `` that the purpose of its own morbidity is to offer the assurance that hope lives in even the darkest of places . '' Loughrey also credited the show 's expanded storyline for the Baudelaire 's adult allies for `` plumping up '' the episodes ' narrative arcs and deepening the show 's emotional impact . Tristram Fane Saunders of The Telegraph awarded the second season four out of five stars . He described the show as a `` gothic treat ( that ) also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour , and the most gorgeously toybox - like set designs you 'll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film . '' Radio Times reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels . While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith 's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations , he criticized the addition of supporting `` good '' characters such as Nathan Fillion 's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning 's Jacquelyn for `` undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels . '' Rohan Naahar of the Hindustan Times described A Series of Unfortunate Events as `` one of the most lavish originals in Netflix 's bottomless catalogue , created by fans , for fans . '' He also praised Neil Patrick Harris ' performance as Count Olaf . The Den of Geek reviewer Michael Ahr praised tortoise - shell ' amphibiophones ' and stone marimbas score for giving the television series its primal sound . IGN reviewer Jonathon Dornbush criticized the second season 's formulaic plot structure and lack of the insightful observations compared to the first season . He also praised several of the second season 's episodes particularly `` The Ersatz Elevator '' , `` The Hostile Hospital '' , and `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' for smartly twisting the story formula and deepening the novel series ' mythology . Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars . Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Notes ^ Jump up to : Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as `` The Bad Beginning '' , following the title of the book , while the episode itself displays the name of `` A Bad Beginning '' after the opening credits . Jump up ^ Netflix names the episodes of the second season as Part 1 and Part 2 , while the episodes themselves display the names as Part One and Part Two after the opening credits , following the format of the first season . ^ Jump up to : Netflix names the ninth and tenth episodes as `` Carnivorous Carnival '' , while the episodes themselves display the name of `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after the opening credits , following the title of the book . References Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events review -- fabulous steampunk fun '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : Barry Sonnenfeld Was Booted Off the Movie , and Now He 's Saved the Franchise '' . IndieWire.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' on Netflix '' . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton Is Lemony Snicket In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Meet Count Olaf in official trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 11 big actors you did n't realize were in ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvario , Liz ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion & More Join Season 2 of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- Find Out Who They 're Playing '' . ET Online . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Amanda ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Air Date , Cast News : Early 2017 Release Plotted ; Meet 4 Child Actors Of ASOUE '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : A Deep Dive Into the New Trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Brittany ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` 15 Things You Need To Know About Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Capes , Kristy ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Everything We Know So Far About Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vorrhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events : News , Trailer , Characters , Release Date & All You Need To Know '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/a-series-of-unfortunate-events-season-2-review-release-watch-netflix-date-cast-count-olaf-a8274776.html#gallery ^ Jump up to : https://screenrant.com/series-unfortunate-events-season-2-cast-characters/ ^ Jump up to : `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Aasif Mandvi Cast In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' & USA 's ' Mr. Robot ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The @ unfortunate trailer is coming tomorrow . For today , our final cast reveal -- -- @ AlfreWoodard as Aunt Josephine : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Today 's @ Unfortunate reveal : @ DonJohnson and @ Aasif Mandvi 's characters . Can you guess who ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Series of Unfortunate Events : Lemony Snicket shares first look at two characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scens of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Allison Williams Joins ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Andrew ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' is ' a much darker take , ' says Neil Patrick Harris '' . Hypable . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 1 : 10 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Event occurs at 1 : 03 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` The final season of Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' will adapt the books differently than the rest of the show -- here 's why '' . Insider . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC PRODUCTION LIST '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.creativebc.com/crbc-services/motion-picture-services/in-production/films.php?type=series Jump up ^ http://www.vancouverfilm.net/2017/09/vancouver-film-production-update.html ^ Jump up to : Spense D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix made A Series of Unfortunate Events , its first great TV for families '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucero II , Louis ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's Fortunate Reinvention of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Confirms A Series of Unfortunate Events Will End After Season 3 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . Lemony Snicket Casting . Cast It Talent . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why Lemony Snicket cast Neil Patrick Harris '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Closes Deal To Star In Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on shooting A Series of Unfortunate Events in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sophia ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Premiere Date and Casting : Confirmed and Rumored Casting ; Filming Concluded '' . CrossMap.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Behind The Scenes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hynes , Louis ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of season 3 ! ! We got new slates ! ! ! @ janneswessels # asoue '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Premieres ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Theme Song '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` I Bet You Did n't Know There Were This Many Ways to Fear a CGI Baby '' . io9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's Series of Unfortunate Events -- Tippett Studio '' . www.tippett.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Netflix . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Someone made a cool trailer for Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- but it was n't Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lemony Snicket fan - made Netflix trailer goes viral '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Laura M. ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` That Series Of Unfortunate Events trailer is fake , Netflix series still real '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrakovitz , Caitlin ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` That ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' trailer is real , and here 's why '' . CNET . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kellen Moore '' . kmoore.co . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' : Meet Count Olaf In First - Look Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Sheri ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Second trailer for ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' released '' . UPI . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Voorhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Watch All The Trailers For Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' And Decode The Messages Inside '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Tops Luke Cage Viewership '' . Screen Rant . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Orphaned at the cinema , A Series Of Unfortunate Events gets its due on Netflix '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket ' books find fresh new life as Netflix series '' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' outshines the 2004 film '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenburg , Chaim ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events gets right what the movie got wrong '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortunately , this ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' is a series worth watching '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' an unfunny parody of sadness `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's take on Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events embraces weirdness , and not much else '' . Vox . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( 29 April 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Tristan Fane ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` ' A gothic treat ' -- A Series of Unfortunate Events , season 2 , Netflix , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : more marvellous misery '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Naahar , Rohan ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Netflix 's strangest , most lavish show does n't care what you think '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Unfortunately uneven but still includes great episodes '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2017 Winners by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . 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-712826080121561863 | Water tower | Water tower - wikipedia Water tower Jump to : navigation , search A water tower in Mondeville , Calvados , France . A water tower is an elevated structure supporting a water tank constructed at a height sufficient to pressurize a water supply system for the distribution of potable water , and to provide emergency storage for fire protection . In some places , the term standpipe is used interchangeably to refer to a water tower . Water towers often operate in conjunction with underground or surface service reservoirs , which store treated water close to where it will be used . Other types of water towers may only store raw ( non-potable ) water for fire protection or industrial purposes , and may not necessarily be connected to a public water supply . Water towers are able to supply water even during power outages , because they rely on hydrostatic pressure produced by elevation of water ( due to gravity ) to push the water into domestic and industrial water distribution systems ; however , they can not supply the water for a long time without power , because a pump is typically required to refill the tower . A water tower also serves as a reservoir to help with water needs during peak usage times . The water level in the tower typically falls during the peak usage hours of the day , and then a pump fills it back up during the night . This process also keeps the water from freezing in cold weather , since the tower is constantly being drained and refilled . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design and construction 3 Architecture 4 Worldwide 5 Spheres and spheroids 6 Alternatives 7 Tallest 8 Notable 8.1 Austria 8.2 Belgium 8.3 Brazil 8.4 Canada 8.5 Croatia 8.6 Germany 8.7 Italy 8.8 Netherlands 8.9 Slovenia 8.10 United Kingdom 8.11 United States 9 Standpipe 10 Gallery 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) See also : History of water supply and sanitation Although the use of elevated water storage tanks has existed since ancient times in various forms , the modern use of water towers for pressurized public water systems developed during the mid-19th century , as steam - pumping became more common , and better pipes that could handle higher pressures were developed . In the United Kingdom , standpipes consisted of tall , exposed , n - shaped pipes , used for pressure relief and to provide a fixed elevation for steam - driven pumping engines which tended to produce a pulsing flow , while the pressurized water distribution system required constant pressure . Standpipes also provided a convenient fixed location to measure flow rates . Designers typically enclosed the riser pipes in decorative masonry or wooden structures . By the late 19th - Century , standpipes grew to include storage tanks to meet the ever - increasing demands of growing cities . Many early water towers are now considered historically significant and have been included in various heritage listings around the world . Some are converted to apartments or exclusive penthouses . In certain areas , such as New York City in the United States , smaller water towers are constructed for individual buildings . In California and some other states , domestic water towers enclosed by siding ( tankhouses ) were once built ( 1850s -- 1930s ) to supply individual homes ; windmills pumped water from hand - dug wells up into the tank in New York . Water towers were used to supply water stops for steam locomotives on railroad lines . Early steam locomotives required water stops every 7 to 10 miles ( 11 to 16 km ) . Design and construction ( edit ) A variety of materials can be used to construct a typical water tower ; steel and reinforced or prestressed concrete are most often used ( with wood , fiberglass , or brick also in use ) , incorporating an interior coating to protect the water from any effects from the lining material . The reservoir in the tower may be spherical , cylindrical , or an ellipsoid , with a minimum height of approximately 6 metres ( 20 ft ) and a minimum of 4 m ( 13 ft ) in diameter . A standard water tower typically has a height of approximately 40 m ( 130 ft ) . Pressurization occurs through the hydrostatic pressure of the elevation of water ; for every 10.20 centimetres ( 4.016 in ) of elevation , it produces 1 kilopascal ( 0.145 psi ) of pressure . 30 m ( 98.43 ft ) of elevation produces roughly 300 kPa ( 43.511 psi ) , which is enough pressure to operate and provide for most domestic water pressure and distribution system requirements . Shooter 's Hill water tower is a local landmark in London , United Kingdom . Water towers are common around London suburbs . The height of the tower provides the pressure for the water supply system , and it may be supplemented with a pump . The volume of the reservoir and diameter of the piping provide and sustain flow rate . However , relying on a pump to provide pressure is expensive ; to keep up with varying demand , the pump would have to be sized to meet peak demands . During periods of low demand , jockey pumps are used to meet these lower water flow requirements . The water tower reduces the need for electrical consumption of cycling pumps and thus the need for an expensive pump control system , as this system would have to be sized sufficiently to give the same pressure at high flow rates . Very high volumes and flow rates are needed when fighting fires . With a water tower present , pumps can be sized for average demand , not peak demand ; the water tower can provide water pressure during the day and pumps will refill the water tower when demands are lower . Using wireless sensor networks to monitor water levels inside the tower allows municipalities to automatically monitor and control pumps without installing and maintaining expensive data cables . Architecture ( edit ) Louisville Water Tower , one of the few remaining standpipe water towers in the United States . It was completed in 1860 . Water towers can be surrounded by ornate coverings including fancy brickwork , a large ivy - covered trellis or they can be simply painted . Some city water towers have the name of the city painted in large letters on the roof , as a navigational aid to aviators and motorists . Sometimes the decoration can be humorous . An example of this are water towers built side by side , labeled HOT and COLD . Cities in the United States possessing side - by - side water towers labeled HOT and COLD include Granger , Iowa ; Canton , Kansas ; Pratt , Kansas and St. Clair , Missouri ( Eveleth , Minnesota at one time had two such towers , but no longer does ) . When a third water tower was built next to the Okemah , Oklahoma set of Hot and Cold towers , the town briefly considered naming it `` Running '' , but eventually decided to use `` Home of Woody Guthrie '' . The House in the Clouds in Thorpeness , located in the English county of Suffolk , was built to resemble a house in order to disguise the eyesore , whilst the lower floors were used for accommodation . When the town was connected to the mains water supply , the water tower was dismantled and converted to additional living space . The House in the Clouds in Thorpeness functioned as the town 's water tower from 1923 until 1977 . Sapp Bros. truck stops use a water tower with a handle and spout -- looking like a coffee pot -- as the company logo . Many of their facilities have decorated actual water towers ( presumably non-functional ) on - site . The first and original `` Mushroom '' -- Svampen in Swedish -- was built in Örebro in Sweden in the early 1950s and later copies were built around the world including Saudi - Arabia and Kuwait . Many small towns in the United States use their water towers to advertise local tourism , their local high school sports teams , or other locally notable facts . Since the water tower is sometimes the highest point in the town , antennas , public address systems , cameras and tornado warning sirens are sometimes placed on them as well . Many water towers serve manufacturing and other commercial facilities . These are often decorated with the name of the company that the water tower serves . Tower with local high school mascot , a Tiger ( Centerville , Texas ) . Worldwide ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) The technology dates to at least the 19th century , and for a long time New York City required that all buildings higher than six stories be equipped with a rooftop water tower . Two companies in New York build water towers , both of which are family businesses in operation since the 19th century . Rooftop water towers on apartment buildings on East 57th Street in New York City . The structures seen here illustrate three architectural approaches to incorporating these tanks in the design of a building . From left to right , a fully enclosed and ornately decorated brick structure , a simple unadorned roofless brick structure hiding most of the tank but revealing the top of the tank , and a simple utilitarian structure that makes no effort to hide the tanks or otherwise incorporate them into the design of the building . The original water tower builders were barrel makers who expanded their craft to meet a modern need as buildings in the city grew taller in height . Even today , no sealant is used to hold the water in . The wooden walls of the water tower are held together with steel cables or straps , but water leaks through the gaps when first filled . As the water saturates the wood , it swells , the gaps close and become impermeable . The rooftop water towers store 25,000 to 50,000 litres ( 5,500 to 11,000 imp gal ) of water until it is needed in the building below . The upper portion of water is skimmed off the top for everyday use while the water in the bottom of the tower is held in reserve to fight fire . When the water drops below a certain level , a pressure switch , level switch or float valve will activate a pump or open a public water line to refill the water tower . Architects and builders have taken varied approaches to incorporating water towers into the design of their buildings . On many large commercial buildings , water towers are completely hidden behind an extension of the facade of the building . For cosmetic reasons , apartment buildings often enclose their tanks in rooftop structures , either simple unadorned rooftop boxes , or ornately decorated structures intended to enhance the visual appeal of the building . Many buildings , however , leave their water towers in plain view atop utilitarian framework structures . The mushroom - shaped concrete water tower of Roihuvuori in Helsinki , Finland was built in the 1970s . It is 52 metres ( 171 ft ) high and can hold around 12,000 cubic metres ( 420,000 cu ft ) of water . Water towers are common in India , where the electricity supply is erratic in most places . If the pumps fail ( such as during a power outage ) , then water pressure will be lost , causing potential public health concerns . Many U.S. states require a `` boil - water advisory '' to be issued if water pressure drops below 20 pounds per square inch ( 140 kPa ) . This advisory presumes that the lower pressure might allow pathogens to enter the system . Water towers are often regarded as monuments of civil engineering . Some are converted to serve modern purposes , as for example , the Wieża Ciśnień ( Wrocław water tower ) in Wrocław , Poland which is today a restaurant complex . Others have been converted to residential use . Historically , railroads that used steam locomotives required a means of replenishing the locomotive 's tenders . Water towers were common along the railroad . The tenders were usually replenished by water cranes , which were fed by a water tower . Some water towers are also used as observation towers , and some restaurants , such as the Goldbergturm in Sindelfingen , Germany , or the second of the three Kuwait Towers , in the City - State of Kuwait . It is also common to use water towers as the location of transmission mechanisms in the UHF range with small power , for instance for closed rural broadcasting service , amateur radio , or cellular telephone service . In hilly regions , local topography can be substituted for structures to elevate the tanks . These tanks are often nothing more than concrete cisterns terraced into the sides of local hills or mountains , but function identically to the traditional water tower . The tops of these tanks can be landscaped or used as park space , if desired . Spheres and spheroids ( edit ) Eindhoven Water Towers The Chicago Bridge and Iron Company have built many of the water spheres and spheroids found in the United States . The website World 's Tallest Water Sphere describes the distinction between a water sphere and water spheroid thus : A water sphere is a type of water tower that has a large sphere at the top of its post . The sphere looks like a golf ball sitting on a tee or a round lollipop . A cross section of a sphere in any direction ( east - west , north - south , or top - bottom ) is a perfect circle . A water spheroid looks like a water sphere , but the top is wider than it is tall . A spheroid looks like a round pillow that is somewhat flattened . A cross section of a spheroid in two directions ( east - west or north - south ) is an ellipse , but in only one direction ( top - bottom ) is it a perfect circle . Both spheres and spheroids are special - case ellipsoids : spheres have symmetry in 3 directions , spheroids have symmetry in 2 directions . Scalene ellipsoids have 3 unequal length axes and three unequal cross sections . The Union Watersphere is a water tower topped with a sphere - shaped water tank in Union , New Jersey and characterized as the World 's Tallest Water Sphere . A Star Ledger article suggested a water tower in Erwin , North Carolina completed in early 2012 , 219.75 ft ( 66.98 m ) tall and holding 500,000 US gallons ( 1,900 m ) , had become the World 's Tallest Water Sphere . However photographs of the Erwin water tower revealed the new tower to be a water spheroid . The water tower in Braman , Oklahoma , built by the Kaw Nation and completed in 2010 , is 220.6 ft ( 67.2 m ) tall and can hold 350,000 US gallons ( 1,300 m ) . Slightly taller than the Union Watersphere , it is also a spheroid . Another tower in Oklahoma , built in 1986 and billed as the `` largest water tower in the country '' , is 218 ft ( 66 m ) tall , can hold 500,000 US gallons ( 1,900 m ) , and is located in Edmond . The Earthoid , a perfectly spherical tank located in Germantown , Maryland is 100 ft ( 30 m ) tall and holds 2,000,000 US gallons ( 7,600 m ) of water . The name is taken from it being painted to resemble a globe of the world . The golf ball - shaped tank of the water tower at Gonzales , California is supported by three tubular legs and reaches about 125 ft ( 38 m ) high . The Watertoren ( or Water Towers ) in Eindhoven , Netherlands contain three spherical tanks , each 10 m ( 33 ft ) in diameter and capable of holding 500 cubic metres ( 130,000 US gal ) of water , on three 43.45 m ( 142.6 ft ) spires were completed in 1970 . Alternatives ( edit ) Mechelen - Zuid water tower , one of the tallest in the world Alternatives to water towers are simple pumps mounted on top of the water pipes to increase the water pressure . This new approach is more straightforward , but also more subject to potential public health risks ; if the pumps fail , then loss of water pressure may result in entry of contaminants into the water system . Most large water utilities do not use this approach , given the potential risks . Tallest ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Tower Year Country Town Pinnacle height Remarks Swisscom - Sendeturm St. Chrischona 1984 Switzerland St. Chrischona 250 m ( 820 ft ) Kuwait Towers , Tower A 1979 Kuwait Kuwait City 187 m ( 613 ft ) Kuwait Towers , Tower B 1979 Kuwait Kuwait City 146 m ( 479 ft ) Waldenburg TV Tower 1959 Germany Waldenburg 145 m ( 475 ft ) partially guyed tower consisting of water tower and antenna mast guyed to the ground as pinnacle , antenna mast was dismantled in 2008 Mechelen - Zuid water tower 1978 Belgium Mechelen 143 m ( 469 ft ) combined water and telecommunications tower Ginosa Water Tower 1915 Italy Ginosa 122 m ( 400 ft ) Notable ( edit ) Austria ( edit ) Wolfersberg Water Tower ( de ) ( Water tower with transmission antenna ) Belgium ( edit ) Mechelen - Zuid Watertoren Brazil ( edit ) Nave Espacial de Varginha in Varghina Canada ( edit ) Guaranteed Pure Milk bottle in Montreal , Quebec , Canada Croatia ( edit ) Vukovar water tower in Vukovar . Germany ( edit ) Mannheim 's landmark Lüneburg Water Tower Heidelberg TV Tower ( TV tower with water reservoir ) Mannheim Water Tower ( de ) ( built 1886 -- 1889 ) Italy ( edit ) Ginosa Water Tower , 122 metres ( 400 ft ) tall Netherlands ( edit ) Eindhoven Water Towers in Eindhoven Poldertoren in Emmeloord Water Tower Simpelveld in Simpelveld Water Tower Hellevoetsluis in Hellevoetsluis Slovenia ( edit ) Brežice Water Tower in Brežice United Kingdom ( edit ) Cardiff Central Station Water Tower Dock Tower in Grimsby House in the Clouds in Thorpeness , Suffolk Jumbo in Colchester , Essex Norton Water Tower in Norton , Cheshire Tilehurst Water Tower in Reading Tower Park in Poole , Dorset Cranhill , Garthamlock and Drumchapel in Glasgow , and Tannochside just outside the city United States ( edit ) Paul Bunyan 's Bobber Water Tower in Pequot Lakes , Minnesota Brooks Catsup Bottle Water Tower near Collinsville , Illinois Chicago Water Tower in Chicago , Illinois Earful Tower at Disney 's Hollywood Studios Florence Y'all Water Tower in Florence , Kentucky Leaning Water Tower in Groom , Texas Peachoid next to I - 85 on the edge of Gaffney , South Carolina Union Watersphere in Union Township , New Jersey Volunteer Park Water Tower in Capitol Hill , Seattle , Washington Warner Bros. Studios Water Tower in Burbank , California ( In the animated TV series Animaniacs , it was used to incarcerate the characters Yakko , Wakko , and Dot , as well as to serve as their home . ) Weehawken Water Tower in Weehawken , New Jersey Ypsilanti Water Tower ( Winner of the Most Phallic Building contest in 2003 ) Standpipe ( edit ) There were originally over 400 standpipe water towers in the United States , but very few remain today , including : Belton Standpipe in Belton , South Carolina Bellevue Standpipe ( actually a water tank , not a tower ) , in Boston , Massachusetts Chicago Water Tower , in Chicago , Illinois Cochituate standpipe , in Boston , Massachusetts Eden Park Stand Pipe , in Cincinnati Evansville Standpipe ( a steel tower ) , in Evansville , Wisconsin Fall River Waterworks , in Fall River , Massachusetts Forbes Hill Standpipe , in Quincy , Massachusetts Louisville Water Tower , in Louisville , Kentucky North Point Water Tower , in Milwaukee , Wisconsin Reading Standpipe ( demolished in 1999 and replaced by a modern steel tower ) , in Reading , Massachusetts St. Louis , Missouri has three standpipe water towers which are on the National Register of Historic Places . Bissell Tower ( also known as the Red Tower ) Compton Hill Tower Grand Avenue Water Tower Thomas Hill Standpipe , in Bangor , Maine Ypsilanti Water Tower , in Ypsilanti , Michigan Bremen Historic Standpipe in Bremen , Indiana Gallery ( edit ) Tower Hill Water Tower ( 1853 -- 4 ) , Ormskirk , Lancashire , UK The Hague water tower and pumping station ( 1874 ) , the Netherlands Beaumont St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad Water Tank ( 1875 , restored 2012 ) , Kansas , USA Water tower in Melbourne , Florida , USA Water tower ( 1971 ) in Mississauga , Ontario , Canada Kuwait Towers ( 1979 ) , Kuwait Mizpe Hayam , Netanya , Israel See also ( edit ) Water portal American and Canadian Water Landmark Caldwell Tanks Gas holder , a similar utility storage structure Hyperboloid structure Pittsburgh - Des Moines Steel Co . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : New England Water Supplies -- A Brief History , Marcis Kempe , MWRA , NEWWA Journal , September 2006 , pages 96 - 99 Jump up ^ The water supply of towns and the construction of waterworks , William Kinninmond Burton , 1894 Jump up ^ 10 Industrial Water Towers Converted Into Awesome , Modern Homes Jump up ^ Tabern , Robert ; Tabern , Kandace . Outside the Rails : A Rail Route Guide from Chicago to Carbondale , IL . Lulu.com . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 365 - 21429 - 5 . Jump up ^ Banner Engineering ( November 2009 ) , Application Notes Jump up ^ `` Hot and Cold Water Tower '' . Ohiobarns.com . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ New Scientist 20 July 1961 Jump up ^ Water tower slogans . Jump up ^ http://grammarist.com/usage/antennae-antennas/ ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Debbie ( 2 December 2006 ) . `` Wondering About Water Towers '' . All Things Considered . National Public Radio . ^ Jump up to : Charles , Jacoba ( 3 June 2007 ) . `` Longtime Emblems of City Roofs , Still Going Strong '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ New York Times article of 11 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Waterspheroid '' ( PDF ) . CBI . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Water Sphere versus Water Spheroid '' . World 's Tallest Water Sphere . June 2009 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Westerggaard , Barbara , New Jersey A guide to the state , Rutgers University Press , ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3685 - 5 Jump up ^ Rose , Lisa ( 22 February 2012 ) , `` Despite challenge , Union Township water tower remains a Jersey landmark '' , The Star - Ledger , retrieved 21 February 2012 Jump up ^ Philliops , Gregor ( 11 May 2011 ) . `` Erwin 's new water tower will be among tallest on East Coast '' . The Fayetteville Observer . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Tallest Water Sphere Title Safe for Now '' . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Water Tower -- Braman , Oklahoma '' . waymarking.com . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Tallest Water Sphere ? '' . worldstallestwatersphere.com. 22 December 2010 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Edmond Huskies '' . waymarking.com . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Largest Water Tower '' . Center for Land Use Interpretation . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Gaines , Danielle ( 2 March 2011 ) . `` Germantown 's Earthoid water tower could be up for a makeover WSSC to choose new painted design for tank next month '' . Gazette . Net . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Earthoid '' Water Storage Tank -- Germantown MD `` . Waymarking. 7 September 2009 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Makeover The Earthoid gets a refresh '' . Germantown Patch . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A whole new world Earthoid water tank makeover update '' . Germantown Patch . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzales Round Municipal Tank '' . waymarking.com. 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzales Water Tower '' . waymarking.com . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzales Water Tower '' . Wikimapia . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Water Tower Eindhoven '' . http://www.architectureguide.nl . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Water Tower '' . http://mimoa.eu/ . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ plantaardignieuwsbrief12010. pdf Jump up ^ Pumps to replace water towers Jump up ^ Pressure in the Distribution System Jump up ^ `` Ginosa Water Tower '' . Emporis . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Phallic Building in the World '' . Cabinet . Jump up ^ Harris , NiNi ( January 1980 ) . `` Treasured Towers '' . In Hannon , Robert E. St. Louis : Its Neighborhoods and Neighbors , Landmarks and Milestones . St. Louis , MO : Buxton & Skinner Printing Co . Check date values in : year = / date = mismatch ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Watertowers '' . builtstlouis.net . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water towers . World 's Largest Catsup Bottle Website International Watertower Archive Website about 1000 watertowers from Poland Water Storage Considerations Specifically CFR Title 21 Part 129 . US Government document LCCN : sh85145660 GND : 4064809 - 6 BNF : cb11979541f ( data ) BNE : XX556391 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_tower&oldid=814906924 '' Categories : Water towers Towers Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Incomplete lists from December 2014 Interlanguage link template link number Use dmy dates from June 2012 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 16 : 48 . 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3758513786161292595 | List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes | List of medical roots , suffixes and prefixes - wikipedia List of medical roots , suffixes and prefixes Jump to : navigation , search The citations in this article lack sufficient bibliographical information ( e.g. author , title , date of publication , publisher , ISBN , OCLC number , pages cited , etc . ) . Specific concerns can be found on the talk page . See Help : Referencing for beginners with citation templates for guidance about writing citations . ( September 2017 ) This is a list of roots , suffixes , and prefixes used in medical terminology , their meanings , and their etymology . Most of them are combining forms in New Latin and hence international scientific vocabulary . There are a few general rules about how they combine . First , prefixes and suffixes , most of which are derived from ancient Greek or classical Latin , have a droppable - o - . As a general rule , this - o - almost always acts as a joint - stem to connect two consonantal roots , e.g. arthr - + - o - + logy = arthrology . But generally , the - o - is dropped when connecting to a vowel - stem ; e.g. arthr - + itis = arthritis , instead of * arthr - o-itis . Second , medical roots generally go together according to language , i.e. , Greek prefixes occur with Greek suffixes and Latin prefixes with Latin suffixes . Although international scientific vocabulary is not stringent about segregating combining forms of different languages , it is advisable when coining new words not to mix different lingual roots . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prefixes and suffixes 1.3 C 1.4 D 1.5 E 1.6 F 1.7 G 1.8 H 1.9 I 1.10 J 1.11 K 1.12 L 1.13 M 1.14 N 1.15 O 1.16 P 1.17 Q 1.18 R 1.19 S 1.20 T 1.21 U 1.22 V 1.23 X 1.24 Y 1.25 Z 2 English meanings 2.1 Roots of the body 2.1. 1 Roots of bodily concepts 2.1. 2 Roots of body parts and components 2.2 Roots of color 2.3 Roots of description 2.4 Roots of position 2.5 Prefixes of quantity or amount 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography Prefixes and suffixes ( edit ) The following is an alphabetical list of medical prefixes and suffixes , along with their meanings , origin , and English examples . Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) a - , an - not , without Ancient Greek ἀ - / ἀν - ( a - / an - ) , not , without analgesic , apathy ab - from ; away from Latin abduction abdomin - Of or relating to the abdomen Latin abdōmen , abdomen , fat around the belly abdomen , abdominal - ac pertaining to Greek - ακός ( - akos ) cardiac , hydrophobiac acanth - thorn or spine Ancient Greek ἄκανθα ( ákantha ) , thorn acanthion , acanthocyte , acanthoma , acanthulus acou - Of or relating to hearing Greek ἀκούειν ( akoúein ) , ἀκουστικός ( akoustikós ) , of or for hearing acoumeter , acoustician , hyperacusis acr - extremity , topmost Greek ἄκρον ( akron ) , highest or farthest point acrocrany , acromegaly , acroosteolysis , acroposthia - acusis hearing Greek ἀκουστικός ( akoustikós ) , of or for hearing paracusis - ad toward , in the direction of dorsad ad - at , increase , on , toward Latin adduction aden - Of or relating to a gland Ancient Greek ἀδήν , ἀδέν - ( adēn , aden - ) , an acorn ; a gland adenocarcinoma , adenology , adenotome , adenotyphus adip - Of or relating to fat or fatty tissue Latin ( adeps , adip - ) , fat Adipocyte adren - Of or relating to adrenal glands Latin adrenal artery - emia ( BrE ) blood condition Greek ἀναιμία , without blood Anemia aer ( o ) - air , gas Greek ἀήρ , ἀέρος Aerosinusitis aesthesi - ( BrE ) sensation Greek αἴσθησις Anesthesia - al pertaining to Latin - alis abdominal , femoral alb - Denoting a white or pale color Latin albus , white Albino alge ( si ) - pain Greek ἄλγος Analgesic - algia , alg ( i ) o - pain Greek Myalgia all - Denoting something as different , or as an addition Ancient Greek ἄλλος ( allos ) , another , other Alloantigen , allopathy ambi - Denoting something as positioned on both sides ; describing both of two Latin ( ambi - , ambo ) , both , on both sides Ambidextrous amni - Pertaining to the membranous fetal sac ( amnion ) Greek ἄμνιον Amniocentesis amph ( i ) - , on both sides Greek ἀμφί ( amphi ) Amphicrania , amphismela , amphomycin amylo - starchy , carbohydrate - related Latin amylum ( starch ) Amylase , amylophagia an - not , without Greek Analgesia ana - back , again , up Greek Anaplasia an - anus Latin anal andr - pertaining to a man Greek ἀνήρ , ἀνδρ - Android , andrology , androgen angi - blood vessel Greek ἀγγεῖον angiogram , angioplasty aniso - Describing something as unequal Ancient Greek ἄνῑσος ( anīsos ) , unequal Anisocytosis , anisotropic ankyl - , ancyl - Denoting something as crooked or bent Ancient Greek ἀγκύλος ( ankýlos ) , crooked , curved Ankylosis ante - Describing something as positioned in front of another thing Latin ( āntē ) , before , in front of antepartum anti - Describing something as ' against ' or ' opposed to ' another Ancient Greek αντι ( anti ) , against Antibody , antipsychotic apo - away , separated from , derived from Ancient Greek ἀπό Apoptosis arch - first , primitive Ancient Greek archinephron arsen ( o ) - Of or pertaining to a male ; masculine Greek ( arsein ) arsenoblast arteri ( o ) - Of or pertaining to an artery Ancient Greek ἀρτηρία ( artēría ) , a wind - pipe , artery ( used distinctly versus a vein ) Arteriole , artery arthr - Of or pertaining to the joints , limbs Ancient Greek ἄρθρον ( árthron ) , a joint , limb Arthritis articul - joint Latin articulus Articulation - ary pertaining to Latin - arius biliary tract , coronary - ase enzyme Greek διάστασις , division Lactase - asthenia weakness Greek , ἀσθένεια Myasthenia gravis atel ( o ) - imperfect or incomplete development atelocardia ather - fatty deposit , soft gruel - like deposit ἀθάρη ( athárē ) Atherosclerosis - ation process Latin medication atri - an atrium ( esp . heart atrium ) Latin atrioventricular aur - Of or pertaining to the ear Latin ( auris ) , the ear Aural aut - self Greek αὐτο - Autoimmune aux ( o ) - increase ; growth Auxocardia : enlargement of the heart , auxology axill - Of or pertaining to the armpit ( uncommon as a prefix ) Latin ( axilla ) , armpit Axilla azo ( to ) - nitrogenous compound azothermia : raised temperature due to nitrogenous substances in blood Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) bacteri - Pertaining to bacteria Latin ( `` bacterium '' ) ; Greek βακτήριον ( `` baktḗrion '' ) , `` small staff '' bacteriophage , bactericide balan - Of the glans penis or glans clitoridis Greek βάλανος ( bálanos ) , acorn , glans balanitis bas - Of or pertaining to base Greek βάσις ( básis ) , `` foundation '' , `` base '' basolateral bi - twice , double Latin Binary bio - life Ancient Greek βίος ( bíos ) Biology blast - germ or bud Greek βλαστός ( blastós ) Blastomere blephar ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the eyelid Ancient Greek βλέφαρον ( blépharon ) , eyelid Blepharoplasty brachi ( o ) - Of or relating to the arm Latin ( bracchium ) , from Ancient Greek βραχίων ( brachiōn ) , arm Brachium of inferior colliculus brachy - Indicating ' short ' or less commonly ' little ' Ancient Greek βραχύς ( brachys ) , short , little , shallow brachycephalic brady - ' slow ' Ancient Greek βραδύς ( bradys ) , slow Bradycardia bronch ( i ) - of or relating to the bronchus Latin ( bronchus ) ; Ancient Greek βρόγχος ( brónkhos ) , windpipe Bronchitis , bronchiolitis obliterans bucc ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the cheek Latin ( bucca ) , cheek Buccolabial burs ( o ) - bursa ( fluid sac between the bones ) Latin ( bursa ) , purse ; Ancient Greek βύρσα ( búrsa ) , hide , wine - skin Bursa , bursitis Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) capill - Of or pertaining to hair Latin ( capillus ) , hair Capillus capit - Pertaining to the head ( as a whole ) Latin ( caput , capit - ) , the head capitation carcin - cancer Greek καρκίνος ( karkinos ) , crab carcinoma cardi - Of or pertaining to the heart Ancient Greek καρδία ( kardía ) , heart cardiology carp - Of or pertaining to the wrist Latin ( carpus ) < Ancient Greek καρπός ( karpós ) , wrist ; NOTE : This root should not be confused with the mirror root carp ( o ) - meaning fruit . carpopedal spasm cata - down , under Greek κατά ( kata ) Cataract , catabolism - cele pouching , hernia Ancient Greek κήλη ( kēlē ) Hydrocele , Varicocele - centesis surgical puncture for aspiration Ancient Greek κέντησις ( kentēsis ) amniocentesis cephal ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the head ( as a whole ) Ancient Greek κεφαλή ( képhalē ) , the head cephalalgy , hydrocephalus cerat ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the cornu ; a horn Ancient Greek κέρας , κερατ - ( kéras , kerat - ) , a horn Ceratoid cerebell ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the cerebellum Latin ( cerebellum ) , little brain Cerebellum cerebr - Of or pertaining to the brain Latin ( cerebrum ) , brain Cerebrology cervic - Of or pertaining to the neck , the cervix Latin ( cervix , cervīc - ) , neck , cervix cervicodorsal cheil - Of or pertaining to the lips Latin ( cheilitis ) angular cheilitis chem - chemistry , drug Greek χημεία chemotherapy chir - , cheir - Of or pertaining to the hand Ancient Greek χείρ , χειρο - ( cheir , cheiro - ) , hand chiropractor chlor - Denoting a green color Ancient Greek χλωρός ( chlōros ) , green , yellow - green chlorophyll chol ( e ) - Of or pertaining to bile Ancient Greek χολή ( cholē ) , bile Cholaemia ( UK ) / Cholemia ( US ) , Cholecystitis cholecyst ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the gallbladder Ancient Greek χοληκύστις ( cholēkýstis ) , gallbladder < χολή ( cholē ) , bile , gall + κύστις ( kýstis ) , bladder Cholecystectomy chondr ( i ) o - cartilage , gristle , granule , granular Ancient Greek χονδρός ( chondros ) Chondrocalcinosis chrom ( ato ) - color Ancient Greek χρῶμα ( chrōma ) Hemochromatosis - cidal , - cide killing , destroying Latin bacteriocidal cili - Of or pertaining to the cilia , the eyelashes ; eyelids Latin ( cilium ) , eyelash ; eyelid Ciliary circum - Denoting something as ' around ' another Latin ( circum ) , around circumcision cis - on this side Latin cis cisgender clast break Greek κλαστός `` broken '' osteoclast clostr - spindle Greek κλωστήρ ( klōstēr ) Clostridium co - with , together , in association Latin coenzymes col - , colo - , colono - colon κόλον ( kólon ) Colonoscopy colp ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the vagina Ancient Greek κόλπος ( kólpos ) , bosom , womb ; hollow , depth Colposcopy com - with , together Latin cum contra against Latin Contraindicate cor - with , together Latin corrective cor - Of or pertaining to eye 's pupil Ancient Greek κόρη ( kórē ) , girl , doll ; pupil of the eye Corectomy cord - Of or pertaining to the heart ( uncommon as a prefix ) Latin ( cor , cordi - ) , `` heart '' Commotio cordis cornu - Applied to processes and parts of the body describing them likened or similar to horns Latin cornū , `` horn '' Greater cornu coron ( o ) - pertaining to heart Latin corōna coronary heart disease cortic ( o ) Cortex , or outer region Latin cortex , `` Bark of a tree '' Corticosteriod cost - Of or pertaining to the ribs Latin ( costa ) , `` rib '' Costochondral cox - Of or relating to the hip , haunch , or hip - joint Latin ( coxa ) , hip Coxopodite crani ( o ) - Belonging or relating to the cranium Latin ( cranium ) < Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον ( krānion ) , the cranium , skull , bones enclosing the brain Craniology - crine , crin ( o ) to secrete εκκρίνει ecrine Endocrine cry ( o ) - cold Greek κρύος Cryoablation cutane - skin Latin cutis Subcutaneous cyan ( o ) - Denotes a blue color Ancient Greek κύανος , κυάνεος ( kýanos , kyáneos ) , blue Cyanopsia cycl - circle , cycle Greek κύκλος ( kuklos ) Cyclosis cyph ( o ) - Denotes something as bent ( uncommon as a prefix ) Ancient Greek κυφός ( kȳphós ) , bent , hunchback Cyphosis cyst ( o ) - , cyst ( i ) - Of or pertaining to the urinary bladder Ancient Greek κύστις κύστις ( kýstis ) ; bladder , cyst Cystotomy cyt ( o ) - , - cyte cell Greek κύτος Cytokine , leukocyte Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) dacry ( o ) - Of or pertaining to tears Greek δάκρυ , tear Dacryoadenitis , dacryocystitis - dactyl ( o ) - Of or pertaining to a finger , toe Ancient Greek δάκτυλος ( dáktylos ) , finger , toe dactylology , polydactyly de - from , down , or away from Latin de - dehydrate dent - Of or pertaining to teeth Latin ( dens , dentis ) , tooth Dentist dermat ( o ) - , derm ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the skin Ancient Greek δέρμα , δέρματος ( dérma , dérmat - ) , skin , human skin Dermatology , epidermis , hypodermic , xeroderma - desis binding Greek δέσις ( désis ) arthrodesis dextr ( o ) - right , on the right side Latin dexter Dextrocardia di - two Greek δι - Diplopia di - apart , separation Latin dilation , distal dia - through , during , across Ancient Greek διά ( diá ) , through , during , across dialysis dif - apart , separation Latin different digit - Of or pertaining to the finger ( rare as a root ) Latin ( digitus ) , finger , toe Digit diplo - twofold Greek διπλόος ( diplóos ) diploid , diplosis - dipsia suffix meaning `` ( condition of ) thirst '' ' Greek δίψα ( dípsa ) dipsomania , hydroadipsia , oligodipsia , polydipsia dis - separation , taking apart Latin dis - Dissection dors ( o ) - , dors ( i ) - Of or pertaining to the back Latin ( dorsum ) , back dorsal , dorsocephalad dromo - running , conduction , course Greek δρόμος ( drómos ) Dromotropic , syndrome duodeno - duodenum , twelve : upper part of the small intestine ( twelve inches long on average ) , connects to the stomach Latin duodeni Duodenal atresia dynam ( o ) - force , energy , power Greek δύναμις ( dúnamis ) Hand strength dynamometer - dynia pain Vulvodynia dys - bad , difficult , defective , abnormal Greek δυσ - ( dus - ) dysentery , dysphagia , dysphasia Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) - eal pertaining to Latin adenohypophyseal , corneal , esophageal , perineal ec - out , away Greek ἐκ - ( ek - ) Ectopia , ectopic pregnancy ect ( o ) - outer , outside Greek ἐκτός ( ektós ) Ectoblast , ectoderm - ectasia , - ectasis expansion , dilation Ancient Greek ἔκτασις ( éktasis ) Bronchiectasis , telangiectasia - ectomy Denotes a surgical operation or removal of a body part . Resection , excision Ancient Greek ἐκτομή ( ektomḗ ) , excision Mastectomy - emesis vomiting condition Greek ἕμεσις ( émesis ) Hematemesis - emia blood condition ( Am Engl ) Ancient Greek αἷμα , blood Anemia encephal ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the brain . Also see Cerebro . Ancient Greek ἐγκέφαλος ( enképhalos ) , the brain Encephalogram endo - Denotes something as ' inside ' or ' within ' ἐνδο - ( endo - ) , inside , internal Endocrinology , endospore eosin ( o ) - Red Ancient Greek Eos , the Greek word for ' dawn ' and the name of the Greek goddess of the dawn . Eosinophil granulocyte enter ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the intestine Ancient Greek ἔντερον ( énteron ) , intestine Gastroenterology epi - on , upon Ancient Greek ἐπι - ( epi - ) , before , upon , on , outside , outside of Epicardium , epidermis , epidural , episclera , epistaxis episi ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the pubic region , the loins Ancient Greek ἐπίσιον - ( epísion ) , the pubic area , loins ; vulva Episiotomy erythr ( o ) - Denotes a red color Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός ( erythrós ) , red Erythrocyte - esophageal , - esophago - gullet ( AmE ) Greek οἰσοφάγος ( oisophágos ) Esophagus esthesio - sensation ( AmE ) Greek αἴσθησις ( aisthēsis ) Esthesioneuroblastoma , esthesia eu - true , good , well , new εὖ ( eû ) Eukaryote ex - out of , away from Latin Excision exo - Denotes something as ' outside ' another Ancient Greek ἐξω - ( exo - ) , outside of , external Exophthalmos , exoskeleton extra - outside Latin Extradural hematoma Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) faci - Of or pertaining to the face Latin faciēs , the face , countenance Facioplegic fibr - fiber Latin fibra , fiber , filament , entrails fibril , fibrin , fibrinous pericarditis , fibroblast fil - fine , hair - like Latin ( filum ) , thread Filament , filum terminale foramen hole , opening , or aperature , particularly in bone Latin Foramen magnum - form Used to form adjectives indicating ' having the form of ' Latin ( forma ) , form , shape cruciform , cuneiform , falciform fore - before or ahead foregut fossa A hollow or depressed area ; trench or channel Latin ( fossa ) , ditch , pit fossa ovalis front - Of or pertaining to the forehead Latin ( frōns , front - ) , the forehead frontonasal Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) galact ( o ) - milk Greek γάλα , γαλακτ - Galactorrhea Galaxy gastr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the stomach Ancient Greek γαστήρ ( gastēr ) , γαστρ - , stomach , belly Gastric bypass - gen ( 1 ) Denotes the sense ' born in , from ' ( 2 ) Denotes the sense ' of a certain kind ' Ancient Greek - γενής ( - genēs ) , from γεν - νάειν ( gen - náein ) , to be born ( 1 ) Endogen ; ( 2 ) Heterogenous - genic Formative , pertaining to producing Greek Cardiogenic shock genu - Of or pertaining to the knee Latin ( genū ) , knee Genu valgum - geusia Taste Ancient Greek γεῦσις ( geusis ) Ageusia , dysgeusia , hypergeusia , hypogeusia , parageusia gingiv - Of or pertaining to the gums Latin gingīva , gum Gingivitis glauc ( o ) - Denoting a grey or bluish - grey colour Ancient Greek γλαυκός ( glaukos ) , grey , bluish - grey Glaucoma gloss ( o ) - , glott ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the tongue Ancient Greek γλῶσσα , γλῶττα ( glōssa , glōtta ) , tongue Glossology gluco - sweet Greek γλυκός , sweet Glucocorticoid glyc ( o ) - sugar Ancient Greek Glycolysis gnath ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the jaw Ancient Greek γνάθος ( gnáthos ) , jaw Gnathodynamometer - gnosis knowledge Greek diagnosis , prognosis gon ( o ) - seed , semen ; also , reproductive Ancient Greek γόνος Gonorrhea - gram , - gramme record or picture Greek γράμμα ( gramma ) Angiogram - graph instrument used to record data or picture Ancient Greek - γραφία ( - graphía ) , written , drawn , graphic interpretation Electrocardiograph - graphy process of recording Ancient Greek Angiography gyno - , gynaeco - ( BrE ) , gyneco - ( AmE ) woman Greek γυνή , γυναικ - Gynecomastia Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) halluc - to wander in mind Classical Latin to wander in mind Hallucinosis hemat - , haemato - ( haem - , hem - ) Of or pertaining to blood Latin ( hæma ) < Ancient Greek αἵμα , αἱματ - ( haima , haimat - ) , blood Hematology , older form Haematology hema - or hemo - blood ( AmE ) Greek Hemal , Hemoglobin hemangi or hemangio - blood vessels Hemangioma hemi - one - half Ancient Greek ἡμι - ( hēmi - ) , `` half '' Cerebral hemisphere hepat - ( hepatic - ) Of or pertaining to the liver Ancient Greek ἥπαρ , ἡπατο - ( hēpar , hēpato - ) , the liver Hepatology , Hepatitis heter ( o ) - Denotes something as ' the other ' ( of two ) , as an addition , or different Ancient Greek ἕτερος ( héteros ) , the other ( of two ) , another ; different Heterogeneous hidr ( o ) - sweat Greek ἱδρωτ - Hyperhidrosis hist ( o ) - , histio - tissue Greek ἱστός Histology home ( o ) - similar Ancient Greek ὅμοιος ( homoios ) Homeopathy hom ( o ) - Denotes something as ' the same ' as another or common Ancient Greek ὁμο - ( homo - ) , the same , common Homosexuality humer ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the shoulder ( or ( rarely ) the upper arm ) Latin ( umerus ) , shoulder Humerus hydr ( o ) - water Greek ὕδωρ Hydrophobe hyper - Denotes something as ' extreme ' or ' beyond normal ' Ancient Greek ὑπέρ ( hyper ) , over , above ; beyond , to the extreme Hypertension hyp ( o ) - Denotes something as ' below normal ' Ancient Greek ὑπ ( ο ) - ( hypo - ) , below , under Hypovolemia , hyster ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the womb , the uterus Ancient Greek ὑστέρα ( hystéra ) , womb Hysterectomy , Hysteria Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) - i - asis condition , formation , or presence of Greek - ίασις Mydriasis iatr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to medicine , or a physician ( uncommon as a prefix ; common as a suffix , see - iatry ) Ancient Greek ἰᾱτρός ( iātrós ) , healer , physician Iatrochemistry - iatry Denotes a field in medicine of a certain body component Ancient Greek ἰᾱτρός ( iātrós ) , healer , physician Podiatry , psychiatry - ic pertaining to Greek - ικός ( - ikos ) Hepatic artery - icle small Latin Ovarian follicle - ics organized knowledge , treatment Latin - ica < Greek < - ικά Obstetrics idio - self , one 's own Greek ἴδιος , idios , `` one 's own '' Idiopathic ileo - ileum Greek ἰλεός Ileocecal valve infra - below Latin Infrahyoid muscles inter - between , among Latin Interarticular ligament intra - within Latin intramural ipsi - same Latin Ipsilateral irid ( o ) - iris Greek ἴρις Iridectomy isch - restriction Greek ἴσχω Ischemia ischio - Of or pertaining to the ischium , the hip - joint Ancient Greek ἰσχιόν ( ischión ) , hip - joint , ischium Ischioanal fossa - ism condition , disease Dwarfism - ismus spasm , contraction Greek - ισμός Hemiballismus iso - Denoting something as being ' equal ' Ancient Greek ἴσος ( ísos ) , equal Isotonic - ist one who specializes in Greek - ιστής ( - istes ) Pathologist - ite the nature of , resembling Greek - ίτης Hermaphrodite - itis inflammation Tonsillitis - ium structure , tissue pericardium J ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) juxta ( iuxta ) Near to , alongside or next to Latin Juxtaglomerular apparatus Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) kal - potassium hyperkalemia kary - nucleus Greek κάρυον ( káruon ) , `` nut '' eukaryote kerat - cornea ( eye or skin ) Greek κέρας ( kéras ) , `` horn '' keratoscope kine - movement Greek κινέω akinetopsia , kinesthesia koil - hollow Greek κοῖλος ( koîlos ) koilocyte kyph - humped Greek κυφός ( kuphós ) kyphoscoliosis Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) labi - Of or pertaining to the lip Latin ( labium ) , lip labiodental lacrim ( o ) - tear Latin Lacrimal canaliculi lact ( i ) - , lact ( o ) milk Latin Lactation lapar ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the abdominal wall , flank Ancient Greek λαπάρᾱ ( lapárā ) , flank Laparotomy laryng ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the larynx , the lower throat cavity where the voice box is Ancient Greek λάρυγξ , λαρυγγ - ( lárynx , laryng - ) , throat , gullet Larynx latero - lateral Latin Lateral pectoral nerve lei ( o ) - smooth Greek λεῖος Leiomyoma - lepsis , - lepsy attack , seizure Greek λῆψις Epilepsy , narcolepsy lept ( o ) - light , slender Greek λεπτός ( leptos ) Leptomeningeal leuc ( o ) - , leuk ( o ) - Denoting a white color Ancient Greek λευκός ( leukos ) , white , bright Leukocyte lingu ( a ) - , lingu ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the tongue Latin ( lingua ) , tongue Linguistics lip ( o ) - fat Greek λίπος ( lipos ) Liposuction liss ( os ) - smooth Greek Λισσός ( lissos ) Lissencephaly lith ( o ) - stone , calculus Greek λίθος ( lithos ) Lithotripsy log ( o ) - speech Greek λόγος ( logos ) dialog , catalog , logos - logist Denotes someone who studies a certain field ( the field of _____ - logy ) ; a specialist ; one who treats Ancient Greek λογιστής ( logistēs ) , studier , practitioner Oncologist , pathologist - logy Denotes the academic study or practice of a certain field ; the study of Ancient Greek λόγoς ( logos ) study hematology , urology lumb ( o ) - , lumb ( a ) - Of or relating to the part of the trunk between the lowest ribs and the pelvis . Latin ( lumbus or lumbaris ) loin Lumbar vertebrae lymph ( o ) - lymph Latin lympha - water Lymphedema lys ( o ) - , - lytic dissolution Greek Lysosome - lysis Destruction , separation Greek λύσις Paralysis Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) macr ( o ) - large , long Greek μακρός Macrophage - malacia softening Greek μαλακία Osteomalacia mamm ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the breast Latin ( mamma ) , breast ; udder Mammogram mammill ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the nipple Latin mammilla , nipple Mammillaplasty , Mammillitis manu - Of or pertaining to the hand Latin ( manus ) , hand Manufacture mast ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the breast Ancient Greek μαστός ( mastós ) , breast , women 's breast ; man 's pectoral muscle Mastectomy meg ( a ) - , megal ( o ) - , - megaly enlargement , million Greek μέγας Splenomegaly , Megameter melan ( o ) - black color Ancient Greek μέλας , μελανο - ( melas , melano - ) , black ; dark Melanin melos extremity Ancient Greek μέλος Erythromelalgia mening ( o ) - membrane Greek μῆνιγξ , μηνιγγ - Meningitis men - month , menstrual cycle Ancient Greek μήν ( mḗn ) , month Menopause , Menorrhagia mer - part Greek μέρος ( meros ) , part Merocrine , Meroblastic mes - middle Ancient Greek μέσος ( mesos ) , `` middle '' Mesoderm met , meta - after , beside , beyond or change Greek μετά Metacarpal , Metacarpus , Metacromion , Metanephros , Metatheria - meter instrument used to measure or count Greek μέτρον Sphygmomanometer - metry process of measuring Greek - μετρία Optometry metr - Pertaining to conditions or instruments of the uterus Ancient Greek μήτρᾱ ( mētrā ) , womb , uterus Metrorrhagia micr - denoting something as small , or relating to smallness , millionth Ancient Greek μικρός ( mikros ) , small Microscope milli - thousandth Latin mille , thousand Milliliter mon - single Greek μονός ( monos ) Infectious Mononucleosis morph - form , shape Greek μορφή ( morphē ) Morphology muscul ( o ) - muscle Latin Musculoskeletal system my ( o ) - Of or relating to muscle Ancient Greek μῦς , μυ - ( mys , my - ) , muscle ; mouse ; mussel Myoblast myc ( o ) - fungus Greek μύκης , μυκητ - Onychomycosis myel ( o ) - Of or relating to bone marrow or spinal cord Ancient Greek μυελόν ( myelon ) , marrow ; bone - marrow Myeloblast myl ( o ) - Of or relating to molar teeth or lower jaw Greek ( myle ) Mylohyoid nerve myri - ten thousand Ancient Greek μύριοι ( mýrioi ) , myriad Myriad myring ( o ) - eardrum Latin myringa Myringotomy myx ( o ) - mucus Greek μύξα Myxoma Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) narc ( o ) - numb , sleep Greek νάρκη narcolepsy nas ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the nose Latin ( nāsum ) , nose nasal necr ( o ) - death Greek νεκρός Necrosis , necrotizing fasciitis neo - new Greek νέος Neoplasm nephr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the kidney Ancient Greek νεφρός ( nephrós ) , kidney Nephrology nerv - Of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system ( Uncommon as a root : neuro - mostly always used ) Latin ( nervus ) , tendon ; nerve ; Cognate with the Greek νευρον ( neuron ) ( see below ) Nerve , nervous system neur ( i ) - , neur ( o ) - Of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system Ancient Greek νεῦρον ( neuron ) , tendon , sinew ; nerve Neurofibromatosis noci - pain , injury , hurt Latin ( noceo ) Nociception normo - normal Latin Normocapnia O ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) ocul ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the eye Latin ( oculus ) , the eye Oculist odont ( o ) - Of or pertaining to teeth Ancient Greek ὀδούς , ὀδοντ - ( odoús , odont - ) , tooth orthodontist odyn ( o ) - pain Greek ὀδύνη stomatodynia - oesophageal , oesophago - ( BrE ) gullet Greek οἰσοφάγος oesophagus - oid resemblance to Greek - οειδής Sarcoidosis ole small or little Latin olig ( o ) - Denoting something as ' having little , having few ' Ancient Greek ὀλίγος ( oligos ) , few Oligotrophy om ( o ) - shoulder Ancient Greek ὠμός ( ōmos ) , shoulder Omoplate - oma ( singular ) , - omata ( plural ) tumor , mass , fluid collection Greek - ωμα Sarcoma , teratoma , Mesothelioma omphal ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the navel , the umbilicus Ancient Greek ὀμφαλός ( omphalós ) , navel , belly - button Omphalotomy onco - tumor , bulk , volume Greek ὄγκος Oncology - one hormone onych ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the nail ( of a finger or toe ) Ancient Greek ὄνυξ , ὀνυχο - ( ónyx , ónycho - ) , nail ; claw ; talon Onychophagy oo - Of or pertaining to an ( egg ) , a woman 's egg , the ovum Ancient Greek ᾠόν , ᾠο - ( ōón , ōo - ) , egg , ovum Oogenesis oophor ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the woman 's ( ovary ) Neoclassical Greek ᾠοφόρον ( ōophóron ) , ovary , egg - bearing Oophorectomy ophthalm ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the ( eye ) Ancient Greek ὀφθαλμός ( ophthalmós ) , the eye Ophthalmology opistho - back , behind , rear Greek roots , ὄπισθεν , opisthen meaning `` behind '' Opisthotonus - opsy Examination or inspection Ancient Greek ὄψις ( opsis ) , sight Biopsy , autopsy optic ( o ) - Of or relating to chemical properties of the eye Middle French ( optique ) < Greek ὀπτικός ( optikós ) ; ώψ ( opsi ) , vision . Cognate with Latin oculus , relating to the eye Opticochemical , biopsy or ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the mouth Latin ( ōs , or - ) , mouth Oral - or one who doctor orchi ( o ) - , orchid ( o ) - , orch ( o ) - testis Greek ὀρχις ( orkhis , orkhi - ) Orchiectomy , orchidectomy orth ( o ) - Denoting something as straight or correct Ancient Greek ὀρθός ( orthós ) , straight , correct , normal Orthodontist - osis a condition , disease or increase Greek - ωσις Harlequin type ichthyosis , psychosis , osteoporosis osse - bony Latin Osseous ossi - bone Latin Peripheral ossifying fibroma ost ( e ) - , oste ( o ) - bone Greek ὀστέον Osteoporosis , Osteoarthritis ot ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the ear Ancient Greek οὖς , ὠτ - ( ous , ōt - ) , the ear Otology - ous pertaining to Latin - osus porous ovari ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the ovaries Latin ( ōvarium ) , ovary Ovariectomy ovo - , ovi - , ov - Of or pertaining to the eggs , the ovum Latin ( ōvum ) , egg , ovum Ovogenesis oxo - addition of oxygen Greek ὀξύς oxy - sharp , acid , acute , oxygen Greek ὀξύς ( oxus ) Oxytocin , oxygenated , oxycodone Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) pachy - thick Greek παχύς pachyderma palpebr - Of or pertaining to the eyelid ( uncommon as a root ) Latin ( palpebra ) , eyelid palpebra pan - , pant ( o ) - Denoting something as ' complete ' or containing ' everything ' ; `` all '' Ancient Greek πᾶς , παν - ( pas , pan - ) , all , every panophobia , panopticon , pancytopenia ( deficiency in ' ALL ' blood cell types - erythrocytes , leukocytes , thrombocytes ) papill - Of or pertaining to the nipple ( of the chest / breast ) Latin ( papilla ) , nipple ; diminutive of papula ( see below ) papillitis papul ( o ) - Indicates papulosity , a small elevation or swelling in the skin , a pimple , swelling Latin ( papula ) , pimple , pustle ; a small elevation or swelling in the skin papulation para - alongside of Ancient Greek παρά ( para ) paracyesis - paresis slight paralysis Greek πάρεσις hemiparesis parvo - small Latin parvus Parvovirus path ( o ) - disease Greek πάθος Pathology - pathy Denotes ( with a negative sense ) a disease , or disorder Ancient Greek πάθος ( pathos ) , suffering , accident sociopathy , neuropathy pauci - Few Latin paucus Pauci - immune pector - breast or chest Latin pectus pectoralgia , pectoriloquy , pectorophony ped - , - ped - , - pes Of or pertaining to the foot ; - footed Latin pēs , pēd - , foot Pedoscope ped - , pedo - Of or pertaining to the child Ancient Greek παιδός , child pediatrics . pedophilia pelv ( i ) - , pelv ( o ) - hip bone Latin Pelvis - penia deficiency Greek πενία osteopenia peo - Of or pertaining to the penis Greek πέος ( peos ) Peotomy - pepsia Denotes something relating to digestion , or the digestive tract . Ancient Greek πεπτός ( peptós ) cooked , digested < πέσσω ( péssō ) I boil , cook ; digest Dyspepsia per - through Latin percutaneous peri - Denoting something with a position ' surrounding ' or ' around ' another Ancient Greek περί ( peri ) , around Periodontal - pexy fixation Greek πῆξις Nephropexy phaco - lens - shaped Greek φακός phacolysis , phacometer , phacoscotoma - phage , - phagia Forms terms denoting conditions relating to eating or ingestion Ancient Greek φαγία ( phagía ) eating < φαγεῖν ( phagein ) to eat Sarcophagia - phago - eating , devouring Greek - φάγος phagocyte phagist - Forms nouns that denote a person who ' feeds on ' the first element or part of the word Ancient Greek φαγιστής ( phagistēs ) eater ; see - phagia Lotophagi - phagy Forms nouns that denotes ' feeding on ' the first element or part of the word Ancient Greek φαγία ( phagia ) eating ; see - phagia hematophagy phall - phallus Greek φαλλός ( phallos ) Aphallia pharmac - drug , medication Greek φάρμακον pharmacology pharyng - Of or pertaining to the pharynx , the upper throat cavity Ancient Greek φάρυγξ , φαρυγγ - ( phárynx , pháryng - ) , throat , windpipe ; chasm pharyngitis , pharyngoscopy - phil ( ia ) attraction for Greek φιλία hemophilia phleb - Of or pertaining to the ( blood ) veins , a vein Ancient Greek φλέψ , φλεβ - ( phleps , phlebo - ) , blood - vessel , vein phlebography , phlebotomy - phobia exaggerated fear , sensitivity , aversion Greek φόβος arachnophobia phon - sound Greek φωνή phonograph , symphony phos - Of or pertaining to light or its chemical properties , now historic and used rarely . See the common root phot - below . Ancient Greek φῶς , φωτ - ( phōs , phōt - ) , light phosphene phot - Of or pertaining to light Ancient Greek φῶς , φωτ - ( phōs , phōt - ) , light photopathy phren - , phrenic - the mind Greek φρήν , φρεν - phrenic nerve , schizophrenia phyllo - leaf - like phyllodes tumour phyt - to grow hydrophyte pia - soft pia mater piri - Pear Latin pirum , pear Piriformis muscle - plasia formation , development Greek πλάσις Achondroplasia - plasty surgical repair , reconstruction Greek πλαστός rhinoplasty - plegia paralysis Greek πληγή paraplegia pleio - more , excessive , multiple Greek pleion pleiomorphism pleur - Of or pertaining to the ribs Latin ( pleura ) from Ancient Greek πλευρόν ( pleurón ) , rib , side of the body Pleurogenous - plexy stroke or seizure Greek πλῆξις Cataplexy pne - , pneum - air , breath , lung Ancient Greek πνεῖν ( pneîn ) , πνεῦμα , πνεύματος ( pneûma ) , πνεύμων ( pneúmōn ) apnea , pneumatology , pneumonocyte , pneumonia pod - , - pod - , - pus Of or pertaining to the foot , - footed Ancient Greek πούς , ποδ - ( poús , pod - ) , foot podiatry - poiesis production hematopoiesis polio - Denoting a grey color Ancient Greek πολιός ( poliós ) , `` grey '' poliomyelitis poly - Denotes a ' plurality ' of something Ancient Greek πολυς ( polys ) , `` much , many '' polymyositis por - pore , porous πόρος ( póros ) pore porphyr - Denotes a purple color Ancient Greek πορπύρα ( porphýra ) , `` purple '' porphyroblast post - Denotes something as ' after ' or ' behind ' another Latin ( post ) , after , behind postoperation , postmortem pre - Denotes something as ' before ' another ( in ( physical ) position or time ) Medieval Latin ( pre - ) < ( Classical ) Latin ( præ ) , before , in front of premature birth presby - old age Greek presbyopia , presbycusis prim - Denotes something as ' first ' or ' most - important ' Latin prīmus , first , most important primary pro - Denotes something as ' before ' another ( in ( physical ) position or time ) Ancient Greek προ ( pro ) , before , in front of procephalic proct - anus , rectum proctology prosop - face Greek ( prosopon ) , face , mask prosopagnosia prot - Denotes something as ' first ' or ' most important ' Ancient Greek πρωτος ( prōtos ) , first ; principal , most important protoneuron pseud - Denotes something false or fake Ancient Greek pseudoephedrine psor - Itching psoriasis psych - Of or pertaining to the mind Ancient Greek ψυχή ( psyché ) , breath , life , soul psychology , psychiatry pterygo - Pertaining to a wing Greek lateral pterygoid plate - ptosis falling , drooping , downward placement , prolapse apoptosis , nephroptosis - ptysis spitting Greek hemoptysis , the spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes pulmon - , pulmo - Of or relating to the lungs Latin ( pulmo , pulmōn - , usually used in plural ) , a lung pulmonary py - pus Greek πύον pyometra pyel - pelvis Ancient Greek ( pyelos ) pyelonephritis pykno - to thicken ( as the nucleus does in early stages of cell death ) Greek πυκνωνω , to thicken or condense pyknosis pylor - gate Greek pyloric sphincter pyr - fever Greek πῦρ , πυρετός antipyretic Q ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) quadr ( i ) - four Latin quadriceps Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) radi - radiation Latin radiowave radic - referring to the beginning , or the root , of a structure , usually a nerve or a vein Latin ( radix ) root radiculopathy re - again , back Latin relapse rect - rectum Latin rectal , rectum ren - Of or pertaining to the kidney Latin ( rēnes ) , kidney renal reticul ( o ) - net Latin reticulocyte retro - backward , behind Latin retroversion , retroverted rhabd ( o ) - rod shaped , striated Greek ῥάβδος rhabdomyolysis rhachi ( o ) - spine Greek ῥάχις rachial , rachialgia , rachidian , rachiopathy rhin ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the nose Ancient Greek ῥίς , ῥῑνο - ( rhīs , rhīno - ) , nose rhinoceros , rhinoplasty rhod ( o ) - Denoting a rose - red color Ancient Greek ῥόδον ( rhódon ) , rose rhodophyte - rrhage burst forth Greek - ρραγία Hemorrhage - rrhagia rapid flow of blood Greek - ρραγία menorrhagia - rrhaphy surgical suturing Greek ῥαφή neurorrhaphy - rrhea ( AmE ) flowing , discharge Greek - ρροια Galactorrhea , Diarrhea - rrhexis rupture Greek ῥῆξις Karyorrhexis - rrhoea ( BrE ) flowing , discharge Greek - ρροια diarrhoea rubr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the red nucleus of the brain Latin ( ruber ) , red Rubrospinal - rupt Break or burst Latin Erupt , Interrupt Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) salping ( o ) - Of or pertaining to tubes e.g. fallopian tubes Ancient Greek σάλπιγξ , σαλπιγγ - , ( sálpinx , salpingo - ) trumpet ( literally ) Salpingectomy , salpingopharyngeus muscle sangui - , sanguine - Of or pertaining to blood Latin ( sanguis , sanguin - ) , blood Sanguine sarco - muscular , fleshlike Greek σάρξ , σαρκ - sarcoma , sarcoidosis schist ( o ) - split , cleft Greek σχιστός ( schistos ) schistocyte schiz ( o ) - Denoting something ' split ' or ' double - sided ' Ancient Greek σχιζω ; irregular formation of the verb σχίζειν ( schizein ) , to cut , split Schizophrenia scler ( o ) - hard Greek σκληρός Scleroderma - sclerosis hardening Greek σκλήρωσις Atherosclerosis , multiple sclerosis scoli ( o ) - twisted Greek σκολιός ( skolios ) scoliosis - scope instrument for viewing Greek - σκόπος stethoscope - scopy use of instrument for viewing Greek - σκοπία endoscopy scoto - darkness Greek σκότος ( skotos ) scotopic vision semi - one - half , partly Latin semiconscious sial ( o ) - saliva , salivary gland Greek σίαλος ( sialos ) sialagogue sigmoid ( o ) - sigmoid , S - shaped curvature Greek σιγμοειδής sigmoid colon sinistr ( o ) - left , left side Latin sinus - Of or pertaining to the sinus Latin ( sinus ) , a curve , bend , bay Sinusitis sito - food , grain Greek σῖτος ( sitos ) Sitophobia somat ( o ) - , somatico - body , bodily Greek σῶμα ( sōma ) somatic somn ( o ) Sleep insomniac - spadias slit , fissure Greek σπάδων hypospadias , epispadias spasmo - spasm Greek σπασμός Spasmodic dysphonia sperma - , spermo - , spermato - semen , spermatozoa Greek σπέρμα ( sperma ) Spermatogenesis splanchn ( i ) - , splanchn ( o ) - viscera Greek σπλάγχνον splanchnology splen ( o ) - spleen Greek σπλήν , σπλην - Splenectomy spondyl ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the spine , the vertebra Greek σπόνδυλος / σφόνδυλος , ( spóndylos , sphóndylos ) , the spine Spondylitis squamos ( o ) - Denoting something as ' full of scales ' or ' scaly ' Latin sqāmōsus , full of scales ; scaly Squamous cell - stalsis contraction Greek στάλσις Peristalsis - stasis stopping , standing Greek στάσις Cytostasis , homeostasis - staxis dripping , trickling Greek στάξις , στακτός sten ( o ) - Denoting something as ' narrow in shape ' or pertaining to narrowness Ancient Greek στενός ( stenos ) ; narrow , short Stenography - stenosis abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure Ancient Greek στένωσις ( stenōsis ) restenosis , stenosis steth - Of or pertaining to the upper chest , chest , the area above the breast and under the neck Ancient Greek στῆθος ( stēthos ) , chest , cuirass stethoscope stheno - strength , force , power Greek σθένος stom - , stomat - Of or pertaining to the mouth ; an artificially created opening Ancient Greek στόμα , στοματ - ( stóma , stomat - ) , `` mouth '' stomatogastric , stomatognathic system - stomy creation of an opening Greek - στομία colostomy sub - beneath , under Latin subcutaneous tissue super - in excess , above , superior Latin superior vena cava supra - above , excessive Latin supraorbital vein sy , syl - , sym - , syn - , sys - Indicates similarity , likeness , or being together ; assimilates before some consonants : before l to syl - , s to sys - , before a labial consonant to sym - . Ancient Greek συν - ( syn ) , with , together symptom , synalgia , synesthesia , syssarcosis Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) tachy - Denoting something as fast , irregularly fast Ancient Greek ταχύς ( tachys ) , fast , quickly tachycardia - tension , - tensive pressure Latin Hypertension terato - Monster Ancient Greek teras ( s ) terata ( pl ) teratoma , teratogen tetan - rigid , tense Ancient Greek tetanos tetanus thec - case , sheath Ancient Greek θήκη ( thēkē ) Intrathecal thel - Of or pertaining to a nipple ( uncommon as a prefix ) Ancient Greek θηλή ( thēlē ) , a teat , nipple Theleplasty , thelarche thely - Denoting something as ' relating to a woman , feminine ' Ancient Greek θῆλυς ( thēlys ) , female , feminine Thelygenous therap - treatment Ancient Greek ( therapeía ) hydrotherapy , therapeutic therm ( o ) - heat Ancient Greek θερμός ( thermós ) Hypothermia thorac ( i ) - , thorac ( o ) - , thoracico - Of or pertaining to the upper chest , chest ; the area above the breast and under the neck Latin ( thōrāx ) < Ancient Greek θώραξ ( thōrax ) , chest , cuirass thoracic , thorax thromb ( o ) - Of or relating to a blood clot , clotting of blood Ancient Greek θρόμβος ( thrómbos ) , lump , piece , clot of blood Thrombus , thrombocytopenia thyr ( o ) - thyroid Greek θυρεο - ειδής thym - emotions Greek : `` thymos '' , spirit , soul ; courage ; breath , mind , emotions dysthymia - tic pertaining to Greek - τικός toco - childbirth Greek τόκος - tome cutting instrument Greek τομή ( tomē ) - tomy act of cutting ; incising , incision Greek - τομία Gastrotomy ton - tone , tension , pressure Greek τόνος ( tonos ) - tony tension Greek - τονία top ( o ) - place , topical Greek τόπος ( topos ) Topical anesthetic tort ( i ) - twisted Latin tortus Torticollis tox ( i ) - , tox ( o ) - , toxic ( o ) - toxin , poison Greek τοξικόν Toxoplasmosis trache ( a ) - trachea Greek τραχεία Tracheotomy trachel ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the neck Ancient Greek τράχηλος ( tráchēlos ) , neck tracheloplasty trans - Denoting something as moving or situated across or through Latin trāns , `` across , through '' Transfusion tri - three Latin triangle , triceps trich ( i ) - , trichia , trich ( o ) - Of or pertaining to hair , hair - like structure Ancient Greek θρίξ , τριχ ( ο ) - ( thríx , trich ( o ) - ) , hair Trichocyst - tripsy crushing Greek τρίψις Lithotripsy - trophy nourishment , development Greek - τροφία , τροφή Pseudohypertrophy tympan ( o ) - eardrum Greek τύμπανον Tympanocentesis U ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) - ula , - ule small Latin Nodule ultra - beyond , excessive Latin ultra Ultrasound , ultraviolet umbilic - Of or pertaining to the navel , the umbilicus Latin umbilīcus , navel , belly - button Umbilical ungui - Of or pertaining to the nail , a claw Latin unguis , nail , claw Unguiform , Ungual un ( i ) - one Latin unus Unilateral hearing loss ur - Of or pertaining to urine , the urinary system Greek οὐρεῖν ( oureîn ) ; οὖρον ( oûron ) , urine ; οὐρητήρ ( ourētḗr ) ; οὐρήθρα ( ourḗthra ) antidiuretic , diuresis , diuretic , dysuria , enuresis , polyurea , polyuria , uraemia / uremia , uremic , ureter , urethra , urology uric - uric acid Greek οὐρικός urin - Of or pertaining to urine , the urinary system Latin ūrīna , urine < Ancient Greek ουρον ( ouron ) , see above . Uriniferous uter ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the uterus or womb Latin ( uterus ) , womb , uterus Uterus V ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) vagin - Of or pertaining to the vagina Latin ( vāgīna ) , sheath , scabbard Vagina varic ( o ) - swollen or twisted vein Latin varix varicose vas ( o ) - duct , blood vessel Latin vasoconstriction vasculo - blood vessel Latin vāsculum ven - Of or pertaining to the veins , venous blood , and the vascular system Latin ( vēna ) , blood - vessel , vein Venule , Venospasm ventr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the belly ; the stomach cavities Latin ( venter ) , the belly , the stomach ; the womb Ventrodorsal ventricul ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the ventricles ; any hollow region inside an organ Latin ( venter ) , the ventricles of the heart , the ventricles of the brain Cardiac ventriculography - version turning Latin versiō anteversion , retroversion vesic ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the bladder Latin ( vēsīca ) , bladder ; blister vesical arteries viscer ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the internal organs , the viscera Latin ( viscus , pl . viscera ) , internal organ ( s ) Viscera X ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) xanth ( o ) - Denoting a yellow color , an abnormally yellow color Greek ξανθός ( xanthós ) , yellow Xanthopathy xen ( o ) - Foreign , different Greek ξένος ( xénos ) , stranger Xenograft xer ( o ) - dry , desert - like Greek ξηρός ( xērós ) , dry Xerostomia , xeroderma xiph - sword Greek ξίφος ( xíphos ) , sword xiphisternum , xiphoid , xiphoidalgia Y ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) - y condition or process of Latin - ia < Greek - ία Surgery Z ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) zo ( o ) - animal , animal life Greek ζῷον zoology zym ( o ) - fermentation Greek ζύμη enzyme , lysozyme English meanings ( edit ) This section contains lists of different root classification ( e.g. body components , quantity , description , etc . ) . Each list is alphabetized by English meanings , with the corresponding Greek and Latin roots given . Roots of the body ( edit ) Roots of bodily concepts ( edit ) Bodily concept Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root in English Digestion - pepsia - - Disease - pathy - - Eating - phagia - vory - Roots of body parts and components ( edit ) ( Internal anatomy , external anatomy , body fluids , body substances ) Body part or component Greek root Latin root Other root abdomen lapar - abdomin - - aorta aort ( o ) - aort ( o ) - - arm brachi - arm - - armpit maschal - axill - - artery arteri - -- - back not - dors - - big toe -- allic - , hallic - - bladder cyst - vesic - - blood haemat - , hemat - ( haem - , hem - ) sangui - , sanguin - - blood clot thromb - -- - blood vessel angi - vas - , vascul - - body somat - , som - corpor - - bone oste - ossi - - bone marrow , marrow myel - medull - - brain encephal ( o ) - cerebr - - breast mast - mamm ( o ) - - chest steth - pector - - cheek parei - bucc - - ear ot ( o ) - aur ( i ) - - eggs , ova oo - ov - - eye ophthalm ( o ) - ocul ( o ) - optic ( o ) - ( French ) eyelid blephar ( o ) - cili - , palpebr - - face prosop ( o ) - faci ( o ) - - fallopian tubes salping ( o ) - -- - fat , fatty tissue lip ( o ) - adip - - finger dactyl ( o ) - digit - - forehead - front ( o ) - - gallbladder cholecyst ( o ) - fell - - genitals , sexually undifferentiated gon ( o ) - , phall ( o ) - - - gland aden ( o ) - - - glans penis or clitoridis balan ( o ) - - - gums - gingiv - - hair trich ( o ) - capill - - hand cheir ( o ) - , chir ( o ) - manu - - head cephal ( o ) - capit ( o ) - - heart cardi ( o ) - cordi - - hip , hip - joint - cox - - horn cerat ( o ) - cornu - - intestine enter ( o ) - - - jaw gnath ( o ) - - - kidney nephr ( o ) - ren - - knee gon - genu - - lip cheil ( o ) - , chil ( o ) - labi ( o ) - - liver hepat ( o ) - , ( hepatic - ) jecor - - loins , pubic region episi ( o ) - pudend - - lungs pneumon - pulmon ( i ) - , ( pulmo - ) - marrow , bone marrow myel ( o ) - medull - - mind psych - ment - - mouth stomat ( o ) - or - - muscle my ( o ) - - - nail onych ( o ) - ungui - - navel omphal ( o ) - umbilic - - neck trachel ( o ) - cervic - - nerve ; the nervous system neur ( o ) - nerv - - nipple , teat thele - papill - , mammill - - nose rhin ( o ) - nas - - ovary oophor ( o ) - ovari ( o ) - - pelvis pyel ( o ) - pelv ( i ) - - penis pe ( o ) - - - pupil ( of the eye ) cor - , core - , coro - - - rib pleur ( o ) - cost ( o ) - - rib cage thorac ( i ) - , thorac ( o ) - - - shoulder om ( o ) - humer ( o ) - - sinus - sinus - - skin dermat ( o ) - , ( derm - ) cut - , cuticul - - skull crani ( o ) - - - stomach gastr ( o ) - ventr ( o ) - -- testis orchi ( o ) - , orchid ( o ) - - -- throat ( upper throat cavity ) pharyng ( o ) - - -- throat ( lower throat cavity / voice box ) ) laryng ( o ) - - -- thumb - pollic - -- tooth odont ( o ) - dent ( i ) - -- tongue gloss - , glott - lingu ( a ) - -- toe dactyl ( o ) - digit - -- tumour cel - , onc ( o ) - tum - -- ureter ureter ( o ) - ureter ( o ) - -- urethra urethr ( o ) - , urethr ( a ) - urethr ( o ) - , urethr ( a ) - -- urine , urinary system ur ( o ) - urin ( o ) - -- uterine tubes salping ( o ) - salping ( o ) - -- uterus hyster ( o ) - , metr ( o ) - uter ( o ) - -- vagina colp ( o ) - vagin - -- vein phleb ( o ) - ven - -- vulva episi ( o ) - vulv - -- womb hyster ( o ) - , metr ( o ) - uter ( o ) - -- wrist carp ( o ) - carp ( o ) - -- Roots of color ( edit ) Color Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root black melan - atr - , nigr - -- blue cyan - cerule - -- gold chrys - aur - -- gray , grey poli - can - -- green chlor - vir - -- purple porphyr - purpur - , purpureo - -- red erythr - , rhod - rub - , rubr - , ruf - -- red - orange cirrh - -- -- silver -- argent - -- white leuc - , leuk - alb - , cand - -- yellow xanth - flav - jaun - ( French ) Roots of description ( edit ) ( Size , shape , strength , etc . ) Description Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root bad , incorrect cac - , dys - mal - mis - bent , crooked ankyl - prav - -- big mega - , megal ( o ) - magn ( i ) - -- biggest megist - maxim - -- broad , wide eury - lat ( i ) - -- cold cry ( o ) - frig ( i ) - -- dead necr ( o ) - mort - -- equal is ( o ) - equ ( i ) - -- false pseud ( o ) - fals ( i ) - -- female , feminine thely - - -- flat platy - plan ( i ) - -- good , well eu - ben ( e ) - , bon ( i ) - -- great mega - , megal ( o ) - magn ( i ) - -- hard scler ( o ) - dur ( i ) - -- heavy bar ( o ) - grav ( i ) - -- hollow coel ( o ) - cav ( i ) - -- huge megal ( o ) - magn ( i ) - -- incorrect , bad cac ( o ) - , dys - mal ( e ) - mis - irregular poikil ( o ) -- -- large ; extremely large mega - magn ( i ) - -- largest megist - maxim - -- long macr ( o ) - long ( i ) - -- male , masculine arseno - vir - -- narrow sten ( o ) - angust ( i ) - -- new ne ( o ) - nov ( i ) - -- normal , correct orth ( o ) - rect ( i ) - -- old paleo - veter - -- sharp oxy - ac - -- short brachy - brev ( i ) - -- small micr ( o ) - parv ( i ) - ( rare ) -- smallest - minim - -- slow brady - tard ( i ) - -- fast tachy - celer - -- soft malac ( o ) - moll ( i ) - -- straight orth ( o ) - rect ( i ) - -- thick pachy - crass ( i ) - -- varied , various poikilo - vari - -- well , good eu - ben ( e ) - -- wide , broad eury - lat ( i ) - -- Roots of position ( edit ) Description Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root around , surrounding peri - circum - -- left levo - laev - , sinistr - -- middle mes - medi - -- right dexi - dextr - -- Prefixes of quantity or amount ( edit ) Description Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root double diplo - dupli - -- equal iso - equi - -- few oligo - pauci - -- half hemi - semi - demi - ( French ) many , much poly - multi - -- twice dis - bis - -- See also ( edit ) Medicine Glossary of medicine Classical compound International scientific vocabulary List of medical abbreviations Medical dictionary Medicine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ἀκούω Jump up ^ `` Latin Word Study Tool '' . Tufts.edu . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ κάρυον . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ κέρας in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ κινέω in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ κοῖλος in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ κύπτω in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ http://www.dictionary.com/browse/opistho - Jump up ^ Opisthotonus Jump up ^ http://www.memidex.com/opisthotonus Jump up ^ The Language of Medicine , 11th edition , Davi - Ellen Chabner Jump up ^ Stedman 's Online Jump up ^ The Language of Medicine 11th Edition , Davi - Ellen Chabner Jump up ^ Stanfield , Peggy S. ; Hui , Y.H. ; Cross , Nanna ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` Essential Medical Terminology '' . Jones & Bartlett Learning . Retrieved 25 February 2017 -- via Amazon . Bibliography ( edit ) `` Root Words : Quick Reference . '' LearnThatWord . N.p. , n.d. Web . 3 March 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_medical_roots,_suffixes_and_prefixes&oldid=838860170 '' Categories : Medical terminology Medical lists Word coinage Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی தமிழ் Lingua Franca Nova Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 19 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the prefix for new in medical terminology | [] | [] |
6454000464452252790 | 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification | 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Tournament details Dates 12 March 2015 -- 15 November 2017 Teams 210 ( from 6 confederations ) Tournament statistics Matches played 849 Goals scored 2,410 ( 2.84 per match ) Attendance 17,905,043 ( 21,090 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Robert Lewandowski Mohammad Al - Sahlawi Ahmed Khalil ( 16 goals each ) ← 2014 2022 → All statistics correct as of 10 October 2017 ( including any matches not played but awarded ) . The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification process is a series of tournaments organised by the six FIFA confederations to decide 31 of the 32 teams which will play in the 2018 FIFA World Cup , with Russia qualifying automatically as hosts . All 210 remaining FIFA member associations were eligible to enter the qualifying process , and for the first time in World Cup history , all eligible national teams registered for the preliminary competition , but Zimbabwe and Indonesia were disqualified before playing their first matches . Bhutan , South Sudan , Gibraltar and Kosovo made their FIFA World Cup qualification debuts . Myanmar , having successfully appealed against a ban from the competition for crowd trouble during a 2014 World Cup qualifying tie against Oman , were obliged to play all their home matches outside the country . While the main qualifying draw took place at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , on 25 July 2015 , a number of qualification matches were played before that . The first began in Dili , Timor Leste , on 12 March 2015 as part of the AFC 's qualification , with East Timorese player Chiquito do Carmo scoring the first goal of qualification . Matches were also played in CONCACAF prior to the main draw . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualified teams 2 Qualification process 2.1 Summary of qualification 3 Format 3.1 Tiebreakers 4 Confederation qualification 4.1 AFC 4.1. 1 Final positions ( third round ) 4.1. 2 Play - off for 5th place ( fourth round ) 4.2 CAF 4.2. 1 Current stage ( third round ) 4.3 CONCACAF 4.3. 1 Final positions ( fifth round ) 4.4 CONMEBOL 4.4. 1 Final positions 4.5 OFC 4.5. 1 Final positions ( third round ) 4.6 UEFA 4.6. 1 Final positions ( first round ) 4.6. 2 Next stage ( second round ) 5 Inter-confederation play - offs 5.1 CONCACAF v AFC 5.2 OFC v CONMEBOL 6 Top goalscorers 7 References 8 External links Qualified teams Team qualified for World Cup Team may qualify for World Cup Team failed to qualify for World Cup , but has matches left to play Team failed to qualify for World Cup , and all matches have been played Team expelled from the tournament by FIFA prior to playing a match Country not a FIFA member Team Method of qualification Date of qualification Finals appearance Last appearance Consecutive finals appearances Previous best performance Russia Host 01 2 December 2010 11th 2014 Fourth place ( 1966 ) Brazil CONMEBOL Round Robin winners 02 28 March 2017 21st 2014 21 Winners ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) Iran AFC Third Round Group A winners 03 12 June 2017 5th 2014 Group stage ( 1978 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 ) Japan AFC Third Round Group B winners 04 31 August 2017 6th 2014 6 Round of 16 ( 2002 , 2010 ) Mexico CONCACAF Fifth Round winners 05 1 September 2017 16th 2014 7 Quarter - finals ( 1970 , 1986 ) Belgium UEFA Group H winners 06 3 September 2017 13th 2014 Fourth place ( 1986 ) South Korea AFC Third Round Group A runners - up 07 5 September 2017 10th 2014 9 Fourth place ( 2002 ) Saudi Arabia AFC Third Round Group B runners - up 08 5 September 2017 5th 2006 Round of 16 ( 1994 ) Germany UEFA Group C winners 09 5 October 2017 19th 2014 17 Winners ( 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 ) England UEFA Group F winners 10 5 October 2017 15th 2014 6 Winners ( 1966 ) Spain UEFA Group G winners 11 6 October 2017 15th 2014 11 Winners ( 2010 ) Nigeria CAF Third Round Group B winners 12 7 October 2017 6th 2014 Round of 16 ( 1994 , 1998 , 2014 ) Costa Rica CONCACAF Fifth Round runners - up 13 7 October 2017 5th 2014 Quarter - finals ( 2014 ) Poland UEFA Group E winners 14 8 October 2017 8th 2006 Third place ( 1974 , 1982 ) Egypt CAF Third Round Group E winners 15 8 October 2017 3rd 1990 First round ( 1934 , 1990 ) Iceland UEFA Group I winners 16 9 October 2017 1st -- -- Serbia UEFA Group D winners 17 9 October 2017 12th Fourth place ( 1930 , 1962 ) Portugal UEFA Group B winners 18 10 October 2017 7th 2014 5 Third place ( 1966 ) France UEFA Group A winners 19 10 October 2017 15th 2014 6 Winners ( 1998 ) Uruguay CONMEBOL Round Robin runners - up 20 10 October 2017 13th 2014 Winners ( 1930 , 1950 ) Argentina CONMEBOL Round Robin third place 21 10 October 2017 17th 2014 12 Winners ( 1978 , 1986 ) Colombia CONMEBOL Round Robin fourth place 22 10 October 2017 6th 2014 Quarter - finals ( 2014 ) Panama CONCACAF Fifth Round third place 23 10 October 2017 1st -- -- Notes : This is the 4th appearance of Russia at the FIFA World Cup ; however , FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the Soviet Union who themselves qualified on 7 occasions . : Russia 's best result is group stage in 1994 , 2002 and 2014 ; however , FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the Soviet Union who achieved this result . : Germany between 1951 and 1990 is often referred to as `` West Germany '' , as a separate East German state and team existed then . : This is the 2nd appearance of Serbia at the FIFA World Cup . However , FIFA considers Serbia as the successor team of the Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro national teams , who between them qualified on 10 occasions . : No official third place match took place in 1930 and no official third place was awarded at the time ; both United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . However , FIFA lists the teams as third and fourth respectively . Qualification process The number of teams participating in the final tournament is 32 . Even though the qualification process began in March 2015 , the allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich after the FIFA Congress . It was decided that the same allocation as 2014 would be kept for the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Summary of qualification While all FIFA members entered the tournament , not all competed . Zimbabwe were expelled from the competition on 12 March 2015 for their failure to pay former coach José Claudinei a severance fee and Indonesia were excluded from the qualifying competition following the suspension of their football association by FIFA on 30 May 2015 . Kuwait had a number of their qualifiers cancelled for a similar suspension that began while their campaign was underway , which eventually resulted in their elimination . As of all matches played on 10 October 2017 Confederation Teams started Teams that have qualified Teams that can still qualify Teams that have been eliminated Remaining places in finals Total places in finals Next matchday Qualifying end date AFC 46 41 0 or 1 4 or 5 10 November 2017 15 November 2017 CAF 54 8 44 5 10 November 2017 14 November 2017 CONCACAF 35 31 0 or 1 3 or 4 10 November 2017 15 November 2017 CONMEBOL 10 5 0 or 1 4 or 5 11 November 2017 15 November 2017 OFC 11 0 10 0 or 1 0 or 1 11 November 2017 15 November 2017 UEFA 54 + 1 9 + 1 8 37 13 + 1 9 November 2017 14 November 2017 Total 210 + 1 22 + 1 20 168 9 31 + 1 9 November 2017 15 November 2017 Note : One team each from AFC , CONCACAF , CONMEBOL , and OFC will play in the inter-confederation play - offs , to be played between 6 -- 15 November 2017 ( CONCACAF v AFC and OFC v CONMEBOL ) . Note : UEFA total includes + 1 for Russia as hosts . Format The formats of the qualifying competitions depend on each confederation ( see below ) . Each round may be played in either of the following formats : League format , where more than two teams form groups to play home - and - away round - robin matches , or in exceptions permitted by the FIFA Organizing Committee , single round - robin matches hosted by one of the participating teams or on neutral territory . Knockout format , where two teams play home - and - away two - legged matches . Tiebreakers In league format , the ranking of teams in each group is based on the following criteria ( regulations Articles 20.6 and 20.7 ) : Points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) Overall goal difference Overall goals scored Points in matches between tied teams Goal difference in matches between tied teams Goals scored in matches between tied teams Away goals scored in matches between tied teams ( if the tie is only between two teams in home - and - away league format ) Fair play points first yellow card : minus 1 point indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points direct red card : minus 4 points yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee In cases where teams finishing in the same position across different groups are compared for determining which teams advance to the next stage , the criteria is decided by the confederation and require the approval of FIFA ( regulations Article 20.8 ) . In knockout format , the team that has the higher aggregate score over the two legs progresses to the next round . In the event that aggregate scores finish level , the away goals rule is applied , i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs progresses . If away goals are also equal , then thirty minutes of extra time are played , divided into two fifteen - minutes halves . The away goals rule is again applied after extra time , i.e. if there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level , the visiting team qualifies by virtue of more away goals scored . If no goals are scored during extra time , the tie is decided by penalty shoot - out ( regulations Article 20.9 ) . Confederation qualification AFC Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( AFC ) The AFC Executive Committee meeting on 16 April 2014 approved the proposal to merge the preliminary qualification rounds of the FIFA World Cup and the AFC Asian Cup , which will be expanded to 24 teams starting in 2019 : First round : A total of 12 teams ( teams ranked 35 -- 46 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The six winners advanced to the second round . Second round : A total of 40 teams ( teams ranked 1 -- 34 and six first round winners ) were divided into eight groups of five teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The eight group winners and the four best group runners - up advanced to the third round of FIFA World Cup qualification as well as qualified for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup finals . Third round : The 12 teams ( an increase from 10 for 2014 ) which advanced from the second round were divided into two groups of six teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The top two teams of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the two third - placed teams advanced to the fourth round . Fourth round : The two third - placed teams of each group from the third round played home - and - away over two legs . The winners advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the fourth - placed CONCACAF team . A total of 24 teams eliminated from World Cup qualification in the second round compete in the third round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification ( which is separate from the third round of 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ) , where they are divided into six groups of four teams and compete for the remaining slots of the 2019 AFC Asian Cup . The 24 teams consist of the 16 highest ranked teams eliminated in the second round , and the eight teams that advanced from the play - off round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification which are contested by the remaining 12 teams eliminated in the second round . Final positions ( third round ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC Third Round The draw for the third round was held on 12 April 2016 at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iran 10 6 0 10 + 8 22 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 South Korea 10 11 10 + 1 15 0 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 3 -- 2 Syria 10 9 8 + 1 13 Advance to fourth round 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 Uzbekistan 10 5 6 7 − 1 13 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 -- 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 5 China PR 10 8 10 − 2 12 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 6 Qatar 10 7 8 15 − 7 7 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Japan 10 6 17 7 + 10 20 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 Saudi Arabia 10 6 17 10 + 7 19 1 -- 0 -- 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Australia 10 5 16 11 + 5 19 Advance to fourth round 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 -- 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 United Arab Emirates 10 5 10 13 − 3 13 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 5 Iraq 10 5 11 12 − 1 11 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 -- 4 -- 0 6 Thailand 10 0 8 6 24 − 18 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Play - off for 5th place ( fourth round ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC Fourth Round The third - placed teams from each group in the third round played against each other home - and - away over two legs to determine which team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Syria 2 -- 3 Australia 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) CAF Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CAF ) The CAF Executive Committee approved the format for the qualifiers of the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 14 January 2015 . However , on 9 July 2015 FIFA officially announced that only three rounds will be played instead of four . First round : A total of 26 teams ( teams ranked 28 -- 53 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The 13 winners advanced to the second round . Second round : A total of 40 teams ( teams ranked 1 -- 27 and 13 first round winners ) played home - and - away over two legs . The 20 winners advanced to the third round . Third round : The 20 teams which advance from the second round were divided into five groups of four teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The winners of each group will qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Zimbabwe , even though they entered the competition , were expelled on 12 March 2015 for their failure to pay former coach José Claudinei a severance fee . Therefore , only 53 African teams were involved in the draw . Current stage ( third round ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- CAF Third Round The draw for the third round was held on 24 June 2016 at the CAF headquarters in Cairo , Egypt . Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Tunisia 5 0 11 + 7 13 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 11 Nov DR Congo 5 11 6 + 5 10 2 -- 2 -- 11 Nov 4 -- 0 Guinea ( E ) 5 0 5 11 − 6 1 -- 4 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 2 Libya ( E ) 5 0 10 − 6 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 7 October 2017 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers ( E ) Eliminated . Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Nigeria ( Q ) 5 0 11 + 8 13 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 3 -- 1 Zambia ( E ) 5 6 5 + 1 7 1 -- 2 -- 11 Nov 3 -- 1 Cameroon ( E ) 5 5 7 − 2 6 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 Algeria ( E ) 5 0 10 − 7 10 Nov 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 7 October 2017 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers ( E ) Eliminated ; ( Q ) Qualified to the phase indicated . Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Morocco 5 0 9 0 + 9 9 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 6 -- 0 Ivory Coast 5 7 + 4 8 11 Nov -- 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 Gabon ( E ) 5 7 − 5 5 0 -- 0 0 -- 3 -- 11 Nov Mali ( E ) 5 0 9 − 8 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 7 October 2017 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers ( E ) Eliminated . Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Senegal 0 6 + 4 8 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 14 Nov Burkina Faso 5 6 6 0 6 2 -- 2 -- 14 Nov 1 -- 1 Cape Verde 5 0 8 − 4 6 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 -- 2 -- 1 South Africa 6 6 0 10 Nov 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 7 October 2017 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Notes : Jump up ^ FIFA ordered a replay of the original South Africa v Senegal match after the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) upheld the lifetime ban of match referee Joseph Lamptey . Originally South Africa had defeated Senegal 2 -- 1 . Group E Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Egypt ( Q ) 5 0 7 + 4 12 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 Uganda ( E ) 5 + 1 8 1 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 Ghana ( E ) 5 6 + 2 6 12 Nov 0 -- 0 -- 1 -- 1 Congo ( E ) 5 0 11 − 7 1 -- 2 12 Nov 1 -- 5 -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 8 October 2017 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers ( E ) Eliminated ; ( Q ) Qualified to the phase indicated . CONCACAF Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONCACAF ) An amendment to the qualification process for this tournament had been suggested , which would see the first three rounds played as knockout rounds , with both the fourth round and the final round ( referred to as ' The Hex ' ) played as group stages . The first round would be played during the FIFA international dates of 23 -- 31 March 2015 . CONCACAF announced the full details on 12 January 2015 : First round : A total of 14 teams ( teams ranked 22 -- 35 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The seven winners advanced to the second round . Second round : A total of 20 teams ( teams ranked 9 -- 21 and seven first round winners ) played home - and - away over two legs . The ten winners advanced to the third round . Third round : A total of 12 teams ( teams ranked 7 -- 8 and ten second round winners ) played home - and - away over two legs . The six winners advanced to the fourth round . Fourth round : A total of 12 teams ( teams ranked 1 -- 6 and six third round winners ) were divided into three groups of four teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The top two teams of each group advanced to the fifth round . Fifth round : The six teams which advanced from the fourth round played home - and - away round - robin matches in one single group . The top three teams qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the fourth - placed team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the winner of the Asian Football Confederation play - off . Final positions ( fifth round ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- CONCACAF Fifth Round The draw for the fifth round ( to decide the fixtures ) was held on 8 July 2016 at the CONCACAF headquarters in Miami Beach , United States . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Mexico 10 6 16 7 + 9 21 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 Costa Rica 10 14 8 + 6 16 1 -- 1 -- 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 Panama 10 9 10 − 1 13 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 -- 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 Honduras 10 13 19 − 6 13 Advance to inter-confederation play - offs 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 5 United States 10 17 13 + 4 12 1 -- 2 0 -- 2 4 -- 0 6 -- 0 -- 2 -- 0 6 Trinidad and Tobago 10 0 8 7 19 − 12 6 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers CONMEBOL Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONMEBOL ) The qualification structure was the same as the previous five editions . The ten teams played in a league of home - and - away round - robin matches . The top four teams qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the fifth - placed team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the winners of the Oceania Football Confederation qualifying competition . Unlike previous qualifying tournaments where the fixtures were pre-determined , the fixtures were decided by a draw held on 25 July 2015 , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . Final positions Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 18 12 5 41 11 + 30 41 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 5 -- 0 3 -- 1 Uruguay 18 9 5 32 20 + 12 31 1 -- 4 -- 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 3 -- 0 Argentina 18 7 7 19 16 + 3 28 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 -- 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 Colombia 18 7 6 5 21 19 + 2 27 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 5 Peru 18 7 5 6 27 26 + 1 26 Advance to inter-confederation play - offs 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 -- 3 -- 4 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 6 Chile 18 8 8 26 27 − 1 26 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 -- 0 -- 3 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 7 Paraguay 18 7 8 19 25 − 6 24 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 4 2 -- 1 -- 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 8 Ecuador 18 6 10 26 29 − 3 20 0 -- 3 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 -- 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 9 Bolivia 18 12 16 38 − 22 14 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 3 0 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 -- 4 -- 2 10 Venezuela 18 6 10 19 35 − 16 12 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 4 0 -- 1 1 -- 3 5 -- 0 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Notes : ^ Jump up to : FIFA awarded Peru and Chile 3 -- 0 wins as a result of Bolivia fielding the ineligible player Nelson Cabrera . Originally Bolivia had defeated Peru 2 -- 0 and drawn 0 -- 0 with Chile . Nelson Cabrera had previously represented Paraguay and did not meet eligibility rules . OFC Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( OFC ) The qualification structure was as follows : First round : American Samoa , Cook Islands , Samoa , and Tonga played a round - robin tournament at a single country . The winners advanced to the second round . Second round ( OFC Nations Cup ) : A total of eight teams ( Fiji , New Caledonia , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands , Tahiti , Vanuatu , and the first round winner ) played the tournament at a single country . For the group stage , they were divided into two groups of four teams . The top three teams of each group advanced to the third round of World Cup qualifying . The top two teams of each group also advanced to the knockout stage ( semi-finals and final ) to decide the 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners which would play in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . Third round : The six teams which advanced from the second round were divided into two groups of three teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The two group winners met in a two - legged match with the winners advancing to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the fifth - placed South American team . The OFC had considered different proposals of the qualifying tournament . A previous proposal adopted by the OFC in October 2014 would have the eight teams divided into two groups of four teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches in the second round , followed by the top two teams of each group advancing to the third round to play in a single group of home - and - away round - robin matches to decide the winners of the 2016 OFC Nations Cup which would qualify to the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and advance to the inter-confederation play - offs . However , it was later reported in April 2015 that the OFC had reversed its decision , and the 2016 OFC Nations Cup was played as a one - off tournament similar to the 2012 OFC Nations Cup . Final positions ( third round ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- OFC Third Round The draw for the third round was held on 8 July 2016 at the OFC headquarters in Auckland , New Zealand . Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification New Zealand 0 6 0 + 6 10 Advance to OFC Final -- 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 New Caledonia 5 − 1 5 0 -- 0 -- 2 -- 1 Fiji 0 8 − 5 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Solomon Islands 0 6 6 0 9 Advance to OFC Final -- 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 Tahiti 0 7 + 3 6 3 -- 0 -- 1 -- 2 Papua New Guinea 0 6 9 − 3 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Notes : Jump up ^ FIFA awarded Tahiti a 3 -- 0 win as a result of the Solomon Islands fielding the ineligible player Henry Fa'arodo , after Tahiti had defeated the Solomon Islands 1 -- 0 . Fa'arodo failed to serve a one - game ban after receiving two yellow cards in the 2016 OFC Nations Cup . Final The draw for the final ( which decided the order of legs ) was held on 15 June 2017 at the OFC headquarters in Auckland , New Zealand . The winners of the final advanced to inter-confederation play - offs . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg New Zealand 8 -- 3 Solomon Islands 6 -- 1 2 -- 2 UEFA Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( UEFA ) Russia have qualified automatically as hosts . The qualifying format for the remaining FIFA - affiliated UEFA teams was confirmed by the UEFA Executive Committee meeting on 22 -- 23 March 2015 in Vienna . The draw for the UEFA zone took place on 25 July 2015 in St. Petersburg . First round ( group stage ) : The 52 UEFA teams affiliated with FIFA at the time of the draw were divided into nine groups ( seven groups of six teams and two groups of five teams ) to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The winners of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the eight best runners - up advanced to the second round ( play - offs ) . With the admission of Gibraltar and Kosovo as FIFA members in May 2016 , both national teams were eligible to make their debuts in World Cup qualifying . With initially two groups in the first round having only five teams , Kosovo was assigned to Group I as it was decided that Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia should not play against Kosovo for security reasons , and Gibraltar was then added to Group H , so that each of the nine groups then had six teams . Second round ( play - offs ) : The eight best runners - up from the first round play one other team over two legs , home and away , the draw being 17 October 2017 . The four winners will qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Final positions ( first round ) The draw for the first round was held on 25 July 2015 , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup Advance to Second round ( play - offs ) Group A Group B Group C Pos Team Pld Pts France 10 23 Sweden 10 19 Netherlands 10 19 Bulgaria 10 13 5 Luxembourg 10 6 6 Belarus 10 5 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Portugal 10 27 Switzerland 10 27 Hungary 10 13 Faroe Islands 10 9 5 Latvia 10 7 6 Andorra 10 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Germany 10 30 Northern Ireland 10 19 Czech Republic 10 15 Norway 10 13 5 Azerbaijan 10 10 6 San Marino 10 0 Source : FIFA Group D Group E Group F Pos Team Pld Pts Serbia 10 21 Republic of Ireland 10 19 Wales 10 17 Austria 10 15 5 Georgia 10 5 6 Moldova 10 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Poland 10 25 Denmark 10 20 Montenegro 10 16 Romania 10 13 5 Armenia 10 7 6 Kazakhstan 10 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts England 10 26 Slovakia 10 18 Scotland 10 18 Slovenia 10 15 5 Lithuania 10 6 6 Malta 10 Source : FIFA Group G Group H Group I Pos Team Pld Pts Spain 10 28 Italy 10 23 Albania 10 13 Israel 10 12 5 Macedonia 10 11 6 Liechtenstein 10 0 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Belgium 10 28 Greece 10 19 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 17 Estonia 10 11 5 Cyprus 10 10 6 Gibraltar 10 0 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Iceland 10 22 Croatia 10 20 Ukraine 10 17 Turkey 10 15 5 Finland 10 9 6 Kosovo 10 Source : FIFA Ranking of runners - up In deciding the eight best runners - up , the matches against the sixth - placed team in each group were discarded . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Switzerland 8 7 0 18 6 + 12 21 Advance to second round ( play - offs ) Italy 8 5 12 8 + 4 17 Denmark 8 13 6 + 7 14 Croatia 8 8 + 4 14 5 Sweden 8 18 9 + 9 13 6 Northern Ireland 8 10 6 + 4 13 7 Greece 8 9 5 + 4 13 8 Republic of Ireland 8 7 5 + 2 13 9 Slovakia 8 0 11 6 + 5 12 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Counting only matches against teams ranked first to fifth in the group , 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Goal difference ; 3 ) Goals scored ; 4 ) Fair play points ; 5 ) Drawing of lots . Next stage ( second round ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- UEFA Second Round The draw for the second round ( play - offs ) was held on 17 October 2017 at the FIFA headquarters in Zürich , Switzerland . The winners of each tie will qualify for the World Cup . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Northern Ireland Match 1 Switzerland 9 Nov 12 Nov Croatia Match 2 Greece 9 Nov 12 Nov Denmark Match 3 Republic of Ireland 11 Nov 14 Nov Sweden Match 4 Italy 10 Nov 13 Nov Inter-confederation play - offs Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( inter-confederation play - offs ) There are two inter-confederation playoffs to determine the final two qualification spots to the finals . The first legs will be played on 10 and 11 November 2017 , and the second legs will be played on 15 November 2017 . The matchups were decided at the preliminary draw which was held on 25 July 2015 , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . CONCACAF v AFC Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONCACAF -- AFC play - off ) Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Honduras Play - off 1 Australia 10 Nov 15 Nov OFC v CONMEBOL Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( OFC -- CONMEBOL play - off ) Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg New Zealand Play - off 2 Peru 11 Nov 15 Nov Top goalscorers As of all matches played on 10 October 2017 Note : Players in bold are still active in the qualification competition . 16 goals Robert Lewandowski Mohammad Al - Sahlawi Ahmed Khalil 15 goals Cristiano Ronaldo 11 goals Tim Cahill Romelu Lukaku Sardar Azmoun 10 goals Omar Kharbin Edinson Cavani 9 goals Carlos Ruiz André Silva Hassan Al - Haidos Ali Mabkhout 8 goals Yang Xu Christian Eriksen Mehdi Taremi Chris Wood Marcus Berg Jozy Altidore For each confederation and inter-confederation play - offs , see sections in each article : AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Inter-confederation play - offs References Jump up ^ `` Road to Russia with new milestone '' . FIFA.com. 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe expelled from the preliminary competition of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . FIFA.com. 12 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Impact of Football Association of Indonesia suspension '' . AFC. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Modest Bhutan begin World Cup adventure '' . FIFA.com. 11 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Sudan 's World Cup debut ended early by rain '' . bbc.co.uk. 7 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Congress drives football forward , first female secretary general appointed '' . FIFA.com. 13 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kosovo to play in Group I in European Qualifiers '' . uefa.org . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kosovo and Gibraltar assigned to 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying groups '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Myanmar appeal partially upheld '' . FIFA. 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Organising Committee for the FIFA World Cup extends its responsibilities to cover 2018 and 2022 '' . FIFA.com. 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Konstantinovsky Palace to stage Preliminary Draw of the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com. 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethics : Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018 / 2022 FIFA World Cup TM bidding process '' . FIFA.com. 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Long road to Russia begins in Dili '' . FIFA.com. 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA.com. 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup TM confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA.com. 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Suspension of the Kuwait Football Association '' . FIFA.com. 16 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` ExCo approves expanded AFC Asian Cup finals '' . AFC. 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup draw looms large in Asia '' . FIFA.com. 13 April 2015 . Completing the tournament 's qualifying contenders will be the next 16 highest ranked teams , with the remaining 12 sides battling it out in play - off matches to claim the last eight spots . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup : Asian Qualifying Round 3 line up complete '' . Asian Football Confederation . 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FORMAT OF 2017 AFCON QUALIFIERS AND 2018 WORLD CUP '' . CAFonline.com. 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary Draw procedures outlined '' . fifa.com. 9 July 2015 . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` June draw for third round of African Zone qualifiers '' . FIFA.com. 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa vs. Senegal World Cup qualifier to be replayed in November '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Concacaf estrenará formato de eliminatoria ; sigue el Hexagonal '' ( New format for Concacaf qualification - Hexagonal retained ) ( in Spanish ) . ESPN Mexico . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canada begins 2018 World Cup qualification in June '' . Sportsnet. 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF to Hold Preliminary FIFA World Cup Qualifying Draw in Miami on January 15 '' . CONCACAF. 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USMNT to start 2018 World Cup qualifying in November of 2015 '' . Sports Illustrated . 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Draw Scheduled for the Final Round of CONCACAF Qualifying for FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 '' . CONCACAF.com. 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A unanimous decision : A draw will determine the classifications for the World Cup and CONMEBOL Tournaments '' . CONMEBOL.com. 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bolivia sanctioned for fielding ineligible player '' . FIFA.com. 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary competition format outlined '' . Oceania Football Confederation . 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OFC Executive Committee decisions '' . OFC . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OFC Executive Committee outcomes '' . Oceania Football Confederation . 20 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Football : Heat goes on NZ after switch '' . New Zealand Herald . 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stage 3 draw complete '' . Oceania Football Confederation . Archived from the original on 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Several member associations sanctioned for incidents during FIFA World Cup qualifiers and friendlies '' . FIFA.com. 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand at home first in OFC play - off '' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Committee date in Vienna '' . UEFA.org. 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New distribution concept for club competitions approved '' . UEFA.org. 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA 2018 Qualifying Format '' . ESPN.co.uk. 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Focus switches to World Cup qualifying '' . UEFA.com. 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Competition format - FIFA World Cup - News - UEFA.com '' . uefa.com . UEFA . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As it stands : ranking of second - placed teams '' . UEFA.com. 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup European play - off draw to take place on 17 October '' . FIFA.com. 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dates set for Socceroos - Honduras World Cup qualifier '' . SBS the World Game . 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Whites to play first leg against Peru on Saturday afternoon '' . nzherald.co.nz . The New Zealand Herald . 15 October 2017 . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . External links Official FIFA World Cup website Qualifiers , FIFA.com 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification AFC First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round ( play - off ) CAF First Round Second Round Third Round CONCACAF First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round Fifth Round CONMEBOL Round Robin OFC First Round Second Round ( Nations Cup ) Third Round UEFA First Round Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Group I Second Round ( play - offs ) Play - offs CONCACAF v AFC OFC v CONMEBOL 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Qualification Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Marketing Mascot Officials Opening ceremony Preparations Seeding Squads Statistics Venues FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification&oldid=809253661 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup qualification 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use dmy dates from February 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 00 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-4605854716686423114 | Henry Mills (Once Upon a Time) | Henry Mills ( Once Upon a Time ) - wikipedia Henry Mills ( Once Upon a Time ) Henry Daniel Mills Promotional photograph of Andrew J. West as Henry Mills . Once Upon a Time character Portrayed by Jared S. Gilmore ( seasons 1 - 6 ) Andrew J. West ( season 7 ) Duration 2011 - 18 First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Leaving Storybrooke '' Created by Adam Horowitz Eddy Kitsis Classification Main character Profile Other names The Author The Truest Believer Occupation Writer Driver ( formerly ) Adventurer ( formerly ) Residence Hyperion Heights , Seattle Home Land Without Magic show Family Father Baelfire / Neal Cassidy ( deceased ) Mother Emma Swan Adoptive mother Regina Mills Stepfather Killian Jones Siblings Hope Swan - Jones Spouse Ella / Jacinda Vidrio Children Lucy Grandparents Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold ( deceased ) Milah ( deceased ) David Nolan Snow White Belle Gold ( step - grandmother ; deceased ) Henry Mills ( adoptive grandfather ; deceased ) Cora Mills ( adoptive grandmother ; deceased ) Aunts and uncles Gideon Neal Nolan Zelena ( adoptive aunt ) Prince James ( great - uncle ; deceased ) First cousins Robin / Margot ( adoptive cousin ) Other relatives Malcolm / Peter Pan ( great - grandfather ; deceased ) Fiona / The Black Fairy ( great - grandmother ; deceased ) Robert ( great - grandfather ; deceased ) Ruth ( great - grandmother ; deceased ) King George / Albert Spencer ( adoptive great - grandfather ) King Leopold ( great - grandfather ; deceased ) Queen Eva ( great - grandmother ; deceased Marcus Tremaine ( stepfather - in - law ; deceased ) Cecilia ( mother - in - law ; deceased ) Rapunzel Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey ( stepmother - in - law ; deceased ) Drizella / Ivy Belfrey ( stepsister - in - law ) Anastasia ( stepsister - in - law ) Henry Daniel Mills is a fictional character in ABC 's television series Once Upon a Time . Henry is the boy Emma Swan gave up to adoption ; Regina Mills adopted him . Henry was originally portrayed as a child by Jared S. Gilmore , who won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series -- Leading Young Actor in 2012 . For the show 's seventh and final season , Andrew J. West later took over the role of Henry as an adult and father to a eight - year - old girl named Lucy , with Gilmore also making three appearances as Henry during the season . Contents 1 Character Background 1.1 Seasons 1 -- 2 1.2 Seasons 3 -- 4 1.3 Season 5 1.4 Season 6 1.5 Season 7 2 Alternate form 2.1 Sir Henry 2.1. 1 Season 6 2.1. 2 Season 7 3 Character Development and Reception 4 References 5 External links Character background ( edit ) Seasons 1 -- 2 ( edit ) Henry Mills is Emma Swan and Neal Cassidy 's son , whom she gave up for adoption after giving birth following her release from a federal correctional facility in Phoenix , Arizona in 2001 . He is also Snow White , Prince Charming and Rumplestiltskin 's grandson , and the great - grandson of the latter 's father 's alias Peter Pan and latter 's mother 's alias the Black Fairy . He is adopted by Regina Mills ( the Evil Queen ) , after Mr. Gold ( Rumplestiltskin ) procures him , naming him after her late father . At first Regina had a little difficulty raising Henry but grew to love him , thus preventing Henry from being taken by the Darling Brothers , who wanted to take Henry to Neverland on orders from Peter Pan . As Henry gets older , his relationship with Regina became strained , and she sends him to regular therapy sessions . When he is ten , he receives his cherished book of fairy tales from his teacher Mary Margaret Blanchard ( Snow White ) , discovering that the residents of Storybrooke are characters from it after noticing he is the only one in town who ages . Henry finds his biological mother Emma Swan in Boston and brings her to Storybrooke . He eventually convinces her of the truth by consuming a sleeping curse intended for her by Regina , nearly resulting in him dying . However , he is awoken with true love 's kiss by Emma , which also breaks the curse . Emma and Mary Margaret are then dragged into a portal , leaving David ( Prince Charming ) to look after him . Following the death of Regina 's mother Cora , and her vowing to avenge Mary Margaret , Henry seeks to remove magic from Storybrooke . When Emma and Regina stop the trigger enacted by Greg Mendell and Tamara from destroying the town , he is kidnapped by the pair and taken to Neverland , where it is revealed that Peter Pan ( Henry 's great - grandfather ) wants possession of him as he owns `` the heart of the truest believer '' . Seasons 3 -- 4 ( edit ) Pan eventually persuades Henry to give him his heart , telling him it will save magic . Regina reclaims the heart and resurrects Henry . However , Pan inhabits Henry 's body in Storybrooke , enacting Regina 's original curse once more . Mr. Gold returns Henry to his body , and Emma and Henry escape to New York City whilst the remaining residents return to the Enchanted Forest . A year later , Hook restores Emma 's memories , leading her to return to Storybrooke with Henry to save their family from another curse . Henry is confused about Emma 's decision to relocate , until his past memories are restored with his book . Once his memories are restored , Regina gives him true love 's kiss breaking the curse . Henry then moves back to Storybrooke where he splits his time living with Regina and the Charmings . Henry later helps Regina to search for his storybook 's author , Isaac . Upon discovering the writer 's manipulative actions , Henry being the only one born in the Land Without Magic is left behind in Storybrooke and goes to find Isaac and enters his new storybook `` Heroes and Viilains '' to fix reality and after saving Emma who remembers everything they both try to help Regina get her happy ending to fix reality but fail . Then Henry takes the pen and becomes the next author and using Regina 's blood to write a new ending to fix reality . With Henry being the new author and he breaks the pen deeming it too powerful for anyone to use . Henry then watches Emma sacrificing herself to save Regina and Storybrooke by becoming the new Dark One . Season 5 ( edit ) With his family and a few of the other residents , Henry transports to the Enchanted Forest to find Emma and to take her to Camelot in order to find Merlin and remove her darkness . However , six weeks later , they return to Storybrooke with missing memories as to how they all failed to get the darkness out of Emma except Henry . Revealed in a flashback , Henry has fallen in love with a girl named Violet ; due to needing a tear from the pain of losing a first love to help free Merlin , Emma tearfully manipulates Violet into breaking Henry 's heart . Due to Emma 's curse , Henry gets another chance with Violet , as neither remembered each other from before . After Emma restored his memory , Henry helps Emma rescue Hook after he is sent to the Underworld for sacrificing himself to save everyone . When he arrived with his family , he comes up with a new plan called `` Operation Firebird , '' this after learning that they have a chance to save the souls and help them move forward . However , when he comes across Cruella De Vil , he is offered a chance to help her return to the living as he is the Author , this after telling him that despite having broken the quill in two he still has the ability to use the quill and magically write her a new life while he was in the underworld and at the same time restore Emma 's soul as forgiveness , but this would put Henry in a situation that would force him to break his vow not to tamper with his family history . He then learns that he has the ability to bring others back from the dead when he came across the Apprentice , whose soul ca n't move on until Henry makes the right choice , which is to record the events in the book . Henry plans to re-write Hades ' story that was missing in the Underworld version of the `` Once Upon a Time '' book . He also starts experiencing visions that allows him to illustrate stories but can not explain why they 're coming to him . Before he returned to Storybrooke , he finished the unfinished businesses in the book , only to have Cruella hide it in Hades ' lair . Upon returning to Storybrooke , Henry began to experience a roguish streak as he believed magic is destroying his family in the wake of Robin Hood 's death . This prompts him and Violet to obtain the Olympian Crystal and flee to New York City , where magic can be destroyed . However , his actions also resulted in leaving Snow , David , Zelena , and Hook in the Land of Untold Stories when he used a holy grail to destroy it . Having regret what he did , Henry turned to a fountain and made a wish that he would reunite his family , and with the help of Emma , Regina , Violet , and Gold , along the New Yorkers who see him make this plea , the fountain succeeds in bringing Snow , David , Zelena , and Hook to New York and with that restored magic . Upon returning to Storybrooke , Henry learned that Violet , although born in Camelot , was actually from Connecticut , due to her father having slipped into an unknown portal . They then shared a kiss , implying that they are now a couple , as he has found his happy ending . Season 6 ( edit ) After Henry and Regina meet with Mr. Hyde who has arrived in Storybrooke with his friends from the Land of Untold Stories , he and his family devised a plan to imprison Hyde which succeeds and later welcomes the new residents with food and shelter at Granny 's . The next day Henry and Regina arrive at Granny 's with a new plan called `` Operation Cobra Part 2 '' , and as Henry begins to write the names of the people of the Land of Untold Stories , a mysterious man leaves a note beside him for Snow and David revealing his name as Edmond Dantès also known as the `` Count of Monte Cristo '' . Regina then reveals she hired him to kill them back in the Enchanted Forest and after he refuses to back down from trying to kill them Regina and Henry discover a girl named Charlotte who was Snow and David 's handmaiden and who also resembled Edmond 's dead fiancé . The Evil Queen then reveals herself to both Henry and Regina and reveals that she has been controlling Edmond the whole time . As soon as he is about to kill Snow and David , Regina steps in to save them and after Henry 's phone is frozen with magic Regina is forced to kill Edmond . Henry then realizes that this new operation will be harder as Part 1 was about giving people back their happy endings and now in Part 2 these people ran away from their stories , Afterwards , Henry has written down all the names of the new residents and he , Emma , and Hook find out Ashley 's ( Cinderella ) step - sister Clorinda is now in town and they believe she wants to hurt but really wants to help her . After Emma 's magic fails because of her hand trembling , the Evil Queen shows up and after Henry tells her to leave his mom alone she points out that she is his mother too and poofs the three of them onto a road somewhere in town to stop them from helping Ashley but they save her and her step - sister as well . After Henry and Violet start school together with Snow returning as a teacher . When Henry and his family learn about Emma 's secret they are shocked and hurt by it and for Emma not telling them and Henry then starts to blame himself for bringing her to Storybrooke for her to become the savior but she tells him that what he did gave her a better life despite that she might die . After they find Aladdin who reveals he use the `` Shears of Destiny '' to cut off his destiny as a savior , Emma wants to throw them away because she being the savior is what makes her special and she will not use them but Hook secretly keeps them and this causes the Evil Queen to try and cause a shift between Hook 's and Henry 's relationship but it fails when they both agree all they wanted to do is to protect and save Emma . When the Evil Queen teams up with Mr. Gold and threatens the town with water from the River of Lost Souls , Henry along with everyone is forced to watch the Queen rip out Snow White and David 's shared heart and put a twisted sleeping curse on it . After revealing that when one of them is awake and the other will be asleep , Henry agrees to lure the Evil Queen out for Emma and Regina to try to trap her and as a distraction from being nervous about taking Violet to the school dance believing she does n't like him anymore but really is having a hard time adjusting to school and after the Evil Queen fails to darken Henry 's heart by smashing the mirror instead of the Dragon 's heart to save Emma and Regina . Following his mother 's engagement to Killian Jones , he comes to accept the pirate as his stepfather , witnessing their marriage before the Black Fairy 's new dark curse consumes the town . This curse places him in the care of the Black Fairy , who in this reality is his adoptive mother . He visits Emma in a sanitarium , as the apple turnover from season 1 did not trigger Emma 's belief , and has been there for two years . He works to break this new curse , and once it does , the Final Battle results in him resuscitating Emma with True Love 's Kiss . With the story done , Henry resumes his education . Season 7 ( edit ) Season 7 begins with Henry as an adult living in Seattle , Washington . He is approached by a girl named Lucy who claims to be his daughter . Before the curse , Henry lived with Cinderella and his daughter Lucy , but he was kidnapped and poisoned by the witches , but when Regina created the new curse he survived and lived a fake life until Lucy found him and introduced him to Cinderella who also lived a fake life . Later , it turns out that if Henry and Jacinda share true love 's kiss , And break the curse , Henry will die . After wishing for her parents to be reunited for so long , only to find out the truth , Lucy tries to keep them apart , so that her father Henry will not die . Henry meets his mother Regina , who later wakes up from the curse and discovers that her son will die if the curse is removed . He falls in love with Jacinda and almost kisses her but he stops when Lucy runs into the room . Henry later regains his memories after he made a phone call that was answered by his younger self , as it turned out that the curse sent his squad back in time to before his high school graduation . He also broke the curse that restored the Hyperion Heights residents back to normal and prevented Gothel from destroying humanity . Alternate form ( edit ) Sir Henry Wish Realm character Portrayed by Jared S. Gilmore Duration 2017 - 18 First appearance `` Wish You Were Here '' Last appearance `` Leaving Storybrooke '' Created by Adam Horowitz Eddy Kitsis Profile Occupation Sheriff King Knight Prince ( formerly ) show Family Parents Baelfire ( deceased ) Princess Emma ( disappeared ) Grandparents King David ( deceased ) Queen Snow White ( deceased ) Sir Henry ( edit ) In season 6 episode `` Wish You Were Here '' , the Evil Queen used one of her genie wishes to wish that Emma Swan had never even tried to become the savior . The wish created a whole new duplicate realm , known as the Wish Realm , which consists of alternate versions of the Enchanted Forest characters that come with different backstories for the 28 years after the point in which Regina never got to cast her curse . This includes an alternate version of Henry , son of Princess Emma and the late Baelfire . He is known as Sir Henry after becoming knighted by his grandparents . Season 6 ( edit ) With a completely different backstory than his original counterpart , Henry has grown up as a member of the royal family of the Enchanted Forest , alongside his mother Princess Emma and grandparents King David and Queen Snow . When the original Emma assumes the place of her Wish Realm counterpart due to the Evil Queen 's genie wish , it is the day of her birthday and when she comes across the sword destined to kill her in her visions , Henry takes it for himself , as he is preparing to be knighted . A short while later on the day of Henry 's knighting ceremony , the original Regina storms the hall and kidnaps his grandparents . Regina then crushes their hearts in front of Emma to try and wake her up from her spell . Believing that Regina is actually his version of the Evil Queen who has escaped , Henry then shows up to the Evil Queen 's castle and throws his sword at Regina to protect his mother , who wakes up just in time to save Regina and prevent Henry from having to commit murder. but he still did . Emma and Regina then leave him as they prepare to return to the Land Without Magic but their plans are derailed when Regina gets distracted by the Wish Realm 's version of Robin and their portal home closes . Regina has to continue to avoid Sir Henry during her time in the realm , but she , Emma , and the wish Robin later manage to return home through the magical wardrobe , leaving Sir Henry behind without his grandparents or a mother . Sometime later , the wish Robin and the Evil Queen return to the Wish Realm where Sir Henry believes she 's the Evil Queen who killed his grandparents and tries to kill her but she and wish Robin managed to escape back to the real Enchanted Forest . Season 7 ( edit ) Some time later , Sir Henry has ventured outside of the Wish Realm and is about to rescue a sleeping princess from a dragon , until another guy shows up and gets to deliver True Love 's Kiss to her instead . As he exits the cave , he comes across Wish Rumple , who has followed him to this new realm and wants to strike a deal . He offers to help Sir Henry get his happy ending in return for the boy 's help . Knowing the man 's reputation , Sir Henry turns down the deal , but Rumple tells him that the offer remains standing , shall he ever change his mind . When Rumple has managed to lure the original Henry and his family over to the Wish Realm , it is revealed that Sir Henry did eventually take his deal and is willing to help him use the author 's pen to write new stories that spell out doom for the original characters . The first thing he writes is to void the Guardian 's powers and in exchange , Rumple leaves Regina behind after sending the others into a snowglobe so that Sir Henry can enact revenge for the death of his grandparents . Unfortunately , the deal Sir Henry made Wish Realm Rumpelstiltskin was also part of the latter 's plan to destroy all the realms by sending everyone to their eternal prison by allowing Sir Henry to use his emotions to create a portal that will send them to a variation of the `` Once Upon a Time '' books as their endless torture . Regina finally convinced Sir Henry that seeking vengeance and destroying everything he sees as a reason to ending everyone 's happiness is not worth giving in to evil , which leads to Sir Henry letting his emotions go and finally comes to his senses , effectively saving the realms and destroying the Wish Realm Rumpelstiltskin 's plans . Sir Henry and Regina bond as equals and became friends with his adult counterpart in helping Regina become the Queen of the United Realms . Character development and reception ( edit ) Gilmore , who had previously starred in Mad Men as the third Bobby Draper from 2009 to 2011 , was cast in Once Upon a Time as Henry Mills , the `` biological son of Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison 's character ) and Neal / Baelfire . He is the only resident of Storybrooke who is not under the spell of the Evil Queen ( Lana Parrilla ) . '' Series creators Adam Horowitz and Eddy Kitsis stated of the role , `` One of our emotional centers was an 11 - year - old boy who had to be precocious and vulnerable at the same time . '' Kitsis believed that Gilmore `` naturally brought ( these characteristics ) out ... We just knew he had to be our Henry ! '' Gilmore commented , `` I relate to Henry because I 'm 11 and also have a very good imagination . I enjoy making up and playing games in worlds with alternate realities myself . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/once-a-time-season-7-reboot-explained-1003456 Jump up ^ Busis , Hilary ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : It Takes Two '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Of Motherhood and Apple Turnovers '' by Hilary Busis , from Entertainment Weekly ( May 6 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Little Boy Lost '' from Entertainment Weekly ( May 12 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Season 3 premiere '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Mad Men ' recasting Bobby Draper for new season '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lane ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` Mad Men Replaces Bobby Draper , Again '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison Set As The Lead In ABC Pilot ' Once Upon A Time ' , 3 Others Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marechal , AJ ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Jared Gilmore : ' Mad Men ' moppet finds ' Time ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jared Gilmore as Henry -- Once Upon a Time Characters & Cast Bios '' ( Press release ) . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Henry Mills on IMDb Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Mills_(Once_Upon_a_Time)&oldid=853879119 '' Categories : Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Fictional characters from Arizona Fictional characters introduced in 2011 Fictional characters who use magic Fictional characters with precognition Fictional princes Fictional writers Fictional victims of kidnapping Fictional adoptees Child characters in television Teenage characters in television Fictional drivers Male characters in television Fictional storytellers Fictional revolutionaries Fictional prisoners of war Fictional victims of child abuse Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 14 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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8567441538067273186 | Criminal record | Criminal record - wikipedia Criminal record This article is about the crime term . For the record label , see Criminal Records . `` Rap sheet '' redirects here . For the DMX album , see Rap Sheet . A criminal record or police record is a record of a person 's criminal history . The information included in a criminal record and the existence of a criminal record varies between countries and even between jurisdictions within a country . In most cases it lists all non-expunged criminal offences and may also include traffic offences such as speeding and drunk - driving . In some countries the record is limited to actual convictions ( where the individual has pleaded guilty or been declared guilty by a qualified court ) , while in others it also includes arrests , charges dismissed , charges pending and charges of which the individual has been acquitted . A criminal history may be used by potential employers , lenders , and others to assess a person 's trustworthiness . Criminal records may also be relevant for international travel , and for the charging and sentencing of persons who commit additional criminal offenses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 Austria 3 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 5 Canada 5.1 Screening 5.2 Pardon 6 Chile 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 9 Czech Republic 10 Denmark 11 Estonia 12 European Union 13 Finland 14 France 14.1 Criminal records 14.2 Registering of sex offenders 15 Greece 16 Germany 17 Hong Kong 17.1 Spent records 18 Hungary 19 Ireland 20 Italy 21 Latvia 22 Lithuania 23 Luxembourg 24 Malta 25 Netherlands 25.1 Creating and destroying a criminal record 25.2 Consequences of a criminal record 25.3 Declaration about Behaviour 25.4 Public access 25.5 Length of time that are individuals on the criminal record system 25.6 Registration of sex offenders 26 New Zealand 27 Poland 28 Portugal 29 Romania 30 Slovakia 31 Slovenia 32 Spain 33 Sweden 34 United Kingdom 35 United States 35.1 Use and usage controversy 36 See also 37 References 38 External links 38.1 Australia 38.2 Canada 38.3 Hong Kong 38.4 United Kingdom Australia ( edit ) Individuals in Australia can obtain a national criminal history to check themselves , and certain organisations can apply for one on their behalf . A person may be required to undergo a criminal record check for a variety of reasons , including employment screening , volunteer work , preparing for a court appearance , visa applications , firearms licencing , or to satisfy a statutory requirement . Individuals can obtain a national criminal history through two ways : Their local police service . An Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission ( ACIC ) - accredited organisations such as employing institutions , or commercial background checking service providers . A list of ACIC accredited agencies is available from their website . Some of the commercial providers allow online application , real time responses , and online verification . The Working With Children Check , which is used to screen workers and volunteers in child - related work , is a specific check for those whose criminal records are deemed to pose a high risk to children . Austria ( edit ) In Austria , criminal records and `` Strafregisterbescheinigung '' ( criminal record certificate ) are maintained by the Register Division ( `` Strafregisteramt '' ) of Federal Police Bureau Vienna ( `` Bundespolizeidirektion Wien '' ) . In order to access a criminal record in Austria , a person must complete a form with relevant identification and pay a fee ( in July 2014 , currently 28.60 Euro , or 16.40 Euro if it is for the purposes of employment ) . Requests for a criminal record certificate can be taken to Police stations and will be processed and provided to the applicant immediately , or a person can request for a hard - copy to be posted to an address within Austria . In Austria , a request for a criminal record certificate can come in two forms -- restricted and unrestricted disclosure . An application at the request of a future employer will be issued a restricted disclosure , which only contains unexpunged convictions and may not include less serious convictions . An unrestricted disclosure certificate is exclusively for specific state agencies ( for example , firearms licensing bodies , military and law enforcement agencies ) , and , even then , is only issued in specific circumstances . This type of criminal record certificate contains details of all convictions . All criminal offences are recorded on the Criminal Register . Convictions are removed from the Criminal Register upon expiry of the penalty , which generally occurs when the penalty ends , but can extend to up fifteen years after the penalty has been completed . The only exception is life sentences which are not removed from the Criminal Register . Austria maintains a sex offender registry , however this is for law enforcement and intelligence purposes only . Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium , there is a national central criminal record system which records , keeps and modifies data related to penal decisions . The criminal record system is maintained by the Federal Public Service Justice . The criminal records held within the central system contain the following data : criminal record number ; name , surname and given name ; date and place of birth ; gender ; residence ; profession ; nationality ; court ; number of judges ; degree of jurisdiction ; reference , number and date of judgement ; date of transmission to central criminal record ; sentence pronounced , place and date of the criminal acts . The central system contains records of a ) Penal convictions for all types of offence ; b ) Penal convictions of guilt subjecting the convicted person to a probationary period ; c ) Decisions of revocation of the previous category ; d ) Penal decisions concerning confinement of mentally ill offenders ; e ) Deprivation of parental rights , and reintegration , as well as several measures regarding delinquent minors ; f ) Several decisions which quash prior judgements ; g ) Several decisions of retraction ; h ) Decisions that rectify or interpret the law on which the conviction has been decided ; i ) Decisions of rehabilitation ; j ) Decisions of pardon ; k ) Decisions of release on parole ; l ) Decisions from foreign jurisdictions regarding Belgian citizens ; m ) Sentences accompanying a main sentence , subsidiary sentences , ' security measures ' , and deferred sentences There is no record of dismissed cases or verdicts of not guilty . To access their own criminal record , a person can seek it from their local police authority or send a written request to the Federal Public Service Justice . In terms of public access to criminal records , the following persons and judicial and administrative bodies may be able to gain access to records through the Federal Public Service Justice . Corporations : corporations , association , etc . Individuals when the document should be used abroad Foreigners for the period of their stay in Belgium Specific categories ( e.g. diplomats ) Two kinds of erasure exist in the Belgian system : The real erasure is the disappearance of the conviction , and applies only to police sentences ( small fines and 8 days of imprisonment or less ) . For all other sentences , a system of `` no mention '' applies , whereby the conviction remains recorded in the central system but is no longer available for access by several categories of people . Bulgaria ( edit ) Disclosure of criminal records in Bulgaria is governed by Regulation No 8 / 26.02. 2008 for the Functions and Organisation of the Activity of the Criminal Records Offices . The criminal record system for citizens of Bulgaria are kept in the Criminal Records Office located at every Regional Court in Bulgaria , and the Central Office of Criminal Records at the Ministry of Justice . There are two types of criminal records disclosed in Bulgaria ; Conviction Status Certificate , and the Verification of Conviction Status . The Conviction Status Certificate contains personal information about the concerned individual ( full name , personal identification number , date and place of birth , nationality , names of parents ) , details of all the convictions and the purpose of the Certificate . This Certificate is valid for 6 months from the date it was issued , and can only be applied for by the concerned individual , relative of individual , legal heir of the concerned individual , or a power of attorney . The Verification of Conviction Status contains personal information about the concerned individual ( full name , personal identification number , date and place of birth , nationality , names of parents ) , details of all convictions , including whether rehabilitation was required , and information about all imposed administrative sanctions . There is no term of validity for this status , however it can only be issued for an official purpose by governmental or law enforcement authorities . These records can be accessed through application to the Central Office of Criminal Records . The cost is approximately EURO 2.60 . The Bulgarian Penal Code allows the removal of conviction data for individuals , known as the ' rehabilitation of individuals ' . This can be awarded by a court of law given that the individual has demonstrated good conduct , and has compensated any damages . A second type of rehabilitation is known as rehabilitation de jure which enacts new legislation . This can occur if the individually has been sentenced conditionally , the individual has been sentenced to up to three years imprisonment and has not committed any other crimes punishable by imprisonment , the individual was sentenced to a fine , public reprimand or deprivation of civil rights , and they have not committed another crime the year following . Additionally , judgments are removed from a criminal record after the sentence has been served and the following time has elapsed : For life imprisonment without substitution or life imprisonment : 20 years For imprisonment of over 10 years : 15 years Imprisonment between 3 and 10 years : 10 years Imprisonment between of less than 3 years : 5 years All remaining cases : 2 years Canada ( edit ) In Canada , criminal records are stored in Criminal Records Information Management Services , a centralized database operated by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police under the Canadian Police Information Centre ( CPIC ) since 1972 . The database includes all convictions for which a pardon has not been granted , all charges regardless of disposition , outstanding warrants and charges , all judicial orders and other information that might be of interest to police investigations . Screening ( edit ) There are two types of criminal record checks : standard and vulnerable sector . Vulnerable sector is defined under the Criminal Records Act as minor ( less than 18 years of age ) and persons who , because of their age , a disability or other circumstances , whether temporary or permanent , ( a ) are in a position of dependence on others ; or ( b ) are otherwise at a greater risk than the general population of being harmed by persons in a position of authority or trust relative to them There are 4 levels of standard criminal record checks - level 1 to 4 . Level 1 is the most basic check and level 4 being the most extensive . Criminal record checks can only be done with the consent of the individual . Due to the sensitive nature of CPIC , only police agencies are authorized to conduct a criminal record check , with the exception of BC Ministry of Justice . Level 1 : Records of criminal convictions for which a pardon has not been granted ( CPIC Level 1 Query ) Level 2 : Level 1 + outstanding charges that the police force is aware of ( CPIC Level 1 Query + Persons Query ) Level 3 : Level 2 + records of discharges which have not been removed ( all charges regardless of disposition ) ( CPIC Level 2 Query + Persons Query ) Level 4 : Level 3 + check on local police databases , court and law enforcement agency databases ( also known as `` Police Record Check '' ) The vulnerable sector screening includes a level 4 check plus any sexual offences and convictions which pardon was granted . In the event that the name and date of birth of the applicant matches any sexual offence record in the system , he / she is required to submit fingerprints to the RCMP for a physical confirmation . Criminal record check is an integral part of the process for obtaining security clearances regardless of level of access . Some provinces may require high - risk professions to be screened to ensure public safety . For example , the BC Ministry of Justice requires all healthcare professionals , practicum students in healthcare , childcare facilities staff and volunteers , school and hospital staff regardless of position to undergo a CRC via the Criminal Records Review Program . Many Canadian universities require a Criminal Records Check or other screening procedure ( e.g. Child Abuse Registry Check , Vulnerable Sector Screen ) as a condition of admission into its programs . Pardon ( edit ) Further information : Pardon in Canada Criminal offences can be pardoned either by the Governor General of Canada , Parole Board of Canada or through an order - in - council by the federal government , as determined by the crime involved under the Criminal Records Act . Pardon has been renamed as record suspension under Bill C - 10 , otherwise known as the omnibus crime bill or by its formal name Safe Streets and Communities Act , introduced by the Conservative government in 2011 . The change officially came into force on March 13 , 2012 . In 2017 , two provincial superior courts struck down the retroactive nature of these changes as unconstitutional . As a result , pardons are currently being granted to residents of BC and Ontario who were convicted prior to 2012 . Chile ( edit ) In Chile , citizens can request their own criminal records at the Civil Registrations office or the Registro Civil . According to the Article 19 N ° 16 of the Constitution of Chile , an employer can not discriminate based on anything else but personal capabilities to perform at the job offered . One can eliminate one 's criminal records by a voluntary checkup , providing your signature two years for first offenses , or five years for more . A person must be complaint of the requisites provided by the law No. 409 . Croatia ( edit ) The Criminal Code of Croatia : The Official Gazette of the Republic of Croatia `` Narodne novine '' entered into force on January 1 , 1998 . Under Article 86 , criminal record data may be given only to courts and State Attorney 's offices when a criminal case is brought against the person . Governmental bodies can access this data upon a reasonable request and must be related to specific tasks in public service to be entrusted to the person for whom such information is requested . The police can also gain access with the intention of discovering the perpetrator of a criminal act . Other members of the general public do not have the right to demand that citizens submit records concerning their convictions . A citizen retains the right to access data from their own criminal record , only under the condition that the purpose is to exercise his rights in another state . Certificates of criminal records are issued from the Department for Criminal Records . To be expunged of any conviction from one 's criminal record , Article 19 of the Law on Legal Consequences of Conviction , Rehabilitation and Criminal Records ( Official Gazette 143 / 12 ) needs to be referred to . Cyprus ( edit ) In Cyprus , criminal records are held by the Criminal Investigation Office of Cyprus Police which forms part of the Republic of Cyprus Minister of Justice and Public Order . A Clear Criminal Record Certificate or existing Criminal Record can be requested by individuals through application to the Criminal Investigation Office . Applications can be made in person at the Central Police Station in Nicosia . Criminal records in Cyprus are maintained for life . Cyprus introduced legislation in 2014 allowing for the creation of a sex offenders register . The legislation also provides for inclusion of a greater European Union sex offender registry . There are different procedures and protocols for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus . Czech Republic ( edit ) The Czech Republic took part in the Network of Judicial Registers pilot project , with 10 other countries , exchanging information on criminal records electronically . The criminal record system of the Czech Republic is a computerized system . Criminal record information is maintained at the Criminal Records Office in Prague -- which is state funded and can be found at the offices of the Ministry of Justice Individuals can request An Excerpt from the Penal Register for personal access only . Applications can be made from Czech Republic embassies , and also by prospective employers for people who have been a resident or citizen of the Czech Republic . Data on corporate criminal records are accessible by the general public . Length of time that individuals are on the criminal record system . Criminal convictions remain on record for an indefinite period . Under certain conditions , the Court will expunge convictions after 15 years in an exceptional sentence , 10 years if there conviction of the sentence does not exceed 5 years , 5 years if the sentence of imprisonment does not exceed one year . Denmark ( edit ) The Danish criminal record certificate is titled `` Privat Straffeattest '' and is the responsibility of the National Police Authority ( the Rigspolitiet ) . The Danish Data Protection Agency governs the legislation in relation to criminal records and provides certain restrictions . Criminal convictions on the certificate include all violations of the Denmark Criminal Code . There are varying time frames for which convictions remain on an individual 's criminal record . For example , fines remain on the record for 2 years from the date of payment , unconditional convictions for 5 years from date of release from prison , and suspended sentences for 3 years from the conviction date . Any older convictions will be struck from the record . In order to obtain a criminal record check in Denmark an individual or third party ( with written consent ) can apply in person at a local police station or by way of email to the National Police Authority . Available languages for the certificate include English , German , Danish , French and Spanish where there are no convictions . When there are convictions , the only available language for the certificate is Danish . The certificate is issue free of charge and the turnaround ranges from immediate access to 2 days . Denmark does not allow the transfer of criminal records to foreign authorities or to the Europol database for storage . In Denmark , child sex abuse information is contained in two registers , the National Patient Register and the Criminal Register . The National Patient Register contains all hospital contacts including inpatient , outpatient and emergency department contacts . The Danish National Criminal Register of child sex abuse contains data relating to cases reported to the Danish police . Any sexual relationship with an individual below the age of 15 is prohibited by law as the Danish age of sexual consent is 15 . Cases involving child sexual abuse are classified into three different categories according to the type of the offence involved . These groups include incest , sexual offences ( physical or attempted physical sexual assault ) and indecent exposure . Estonia ( edit ) The database that holds data about the criminal records of Estonian individuals is known as The Punishment Register , available for access through the Internet . It is owned and maintained by the Estonian Centre of Registers and Information Systems . Those records that are valid are made completely public . Some misdemeanour cases with the main punishment being less than 200 Euros , and cases involving minors are not published by The Punishment Register . Since the beginning of 2012 , the data providing for the criminal records of Estonian citizens is available online . Any individual with a criminal record can access the electronic version of the database to receive this information for free . In order to view information pertaining to a non-related individual , then a fixed fee must be paid to the Ministry of Justice of the Republic . The individual 's name and identification in number is also required to view their criminal record . However , there still remain some restrictions on access to this register , including protecting access to information on the criminal records of minors . Registering of sex offenders Estonia do not have a public register for sex offenders , as the Punishment Register which is available for public viewing is viewed to be sufficient by The Minister of Justice . The Minister , Hanno Pevkur , was quoted as saying : Every person has the right to request data on others from the Punishment Register , which has a separate search option for accessing information concerning crimes committed against minors ... ( anyone ) can check the registry to see if ( a ) person 's history is clean or not . Since 2009 , the police in Estonia have the power to check up on sex offenders who have completed their punishment . European Union ( edit ) The European Criminal Records Information System ( ECRIS ) is a computerised system that allows EU countries to access and exchange information regarding EU citizens ' criminal convictions in an efficient way . It was implemented in April 2012 . The ECRIS was brought about in order to simplify the exchange of information relating to the criminal records of European citizens . Intended to counterbalance the relatively new ease with which individuals can move between States , it is a mechanism of ensuring that individuals are not able to escape their criminal records by merely travelling across a border . The underlying rationale is that technological advancements in transport services which have given individuals the ability to easily move between European States should not amount to an ability to expunge their own criminal records . This is particularly important given that most domestic courts in European countries place significant weight on offenders ' past convictions during criminal sentencing ( for example , under s 151 ( 1 ) of the Powers of Criminal Courts ( Sentencing ) Act 2000 ( UK ) ) . The EU State to which an offender is a citizen is the central repository of all criminal information relating to that offender . Accordingly , the ECRIS is not a general IT architecture that centralises all criminal information relating to all offenders . Rather , it acts as a platform that connects the central database of each State . Developments allowing non-EU countries to utilise and contribute to the ECRIS are under current consideration . Finland ( edit ) The name of the certificate of criminal record in Finland is titled : `` Extract from the Criminal Record and Security Clearances '' . In Finland there is a variety of legislation governing the use and access to criminal records , some of which include The Penal Code of Finland 1889 , The Criminal Records Act 1993 , Act on Background Checks 2002 , and the Personal Data Act 1999 chapter 6 . Finnish criminal record checks can come in different forms by way of different types of certificates . An Extract from the Criminal Record can be applied for only by individuals . Commonly issued for those whom have regular contact with children , it contains information that is relevant to the specific type of employment . Another type of certificate which is issued for visa , work or permit applications is the Criminal Record Extract for a Visa Application . The final type of certificate is the Security Clearance Check whereby companies within the UK who have a branch office in Finland can apply for security clearance checks on prospective employees . Three levels of check are provided ( limited , basic and extended ) . Individuals can not apply for this certificate and certain conditions must first be met by employers before applying to the Finnish Police , including obtaining the written consent from the individual before application . The categories of criminal conviction contained within the Extract from the Criminal Record includes those involving offences against children , sexual offences , violent offences and narcotics offences . Any other convictions not relating to these categories will not be included on the certificate . The Criminal Record Extract for a Visa Applications contains information pertaining to custodial or suspended sentences , community service , fines , juvenile punishments , and overseas decisions against Finnish citizens or permanent residents . The length of time convictions are kept on the record varies according to type of conviction . Convictions will be removed from a criminal record after 5 years ( suspended sentences , fines , and community service supplementary to a suspended sentence ) , 10 years ( custodial sentences less than 2 years , community service ) or 20 years ( custodial sentences between 2 -- 5 years ) . If no recent convictions have been added to an individual 's records , judgments will be removed upon death or when the individual reaches 90 years old . There are multiple avenues in which an individual can obtain a criminal record check in Finland including applying online , by fax , post or email . An individual can also apply in person to the Legal Register Centre ( Oikeusrekisterikeskus ) , which is the department responsible for the criminal record . The certificate , issued in English , French , German , Spanish and Swedish costs approximately € 12 - € 15 . The certificate can be expected to be received within approximately seven working days , taking into account postage time . As proscribed by Finnish legislation , extracts from criminal records can be transmitted to police authorities of the International Criminal Police Organisation ( ICPO ) , to police authorities , or to non-ICPO states on the grounds that it is to uphold public law , investigate and prevent criminal activity or to serve justice and social order . France ( edit ) Criminal records ( edit ) The criminal records of all French citizens are maintained through an electronic register manned by the Ministry of Justice . The register is a collection of all sanctions and convictions from all penal courts since 1966 and remains the source for all aspects of criminal record disclosure in the state . Generally speaking , the disclosure of a criminal record is only released to the individual who committed the offense and only when that individual has handed power of attorney to another or they are declared legally incompetent may another successfully apply to receive the disclosure . Perspective employers are not allowed access to disclosure at any time . Applications must be made through the Casier Judiciare National ( National Judicial Record , CJN ) and are free of charge . Applications can be submitted online , via email , in person or by post of fax but are limited to the CJN . Criminal record certificates can not be accessed through a French consulate or embassy at any time . The three types of criminal bulletin : Bulletin 1 -- legislatively restricted to issuance only to judicial authorities Bulletin 2 -- restricted to French administrative authorities and various private organisations through the sanctions of the penal code Bulletin 3 -- criminal record available only to the individual it concerns , available primarily in French but translation services can be accessed Crimes that can be disclosed through the certificate of criminal record : Drug offences ( possession , trafficking , attempt to sell ) Violence against another individual ( murder , attempted murder , assault ) Sexual offences ( sexual assault , sexual coercion , rape ) Burglary and robbery Theft ( including possession of stolen property , attempt to sell stolen goods ) Fraud ( including counts of forgery ) Criminal damage ( vandalism ) Motoring offences and infractions Removal of Offences from the Record Judgements against an individual are not published on a Bulletin 3 certificate once the rehabilitation period has passed ( depending on the severity of the conviction either three years for misdemeanours or five years for felony crimes , after the sentence was completed ) . The records of the convictions will remain on the system but will not show on the request of a record . In the case of minors and children , these are removed from the Bulletin 3 once the individual concerned has reached 18 years and / or three years from the date the crime was committed . Registering of sex offenders ( edit ) France has a sex offenders registry , but unlike systems such as the United States , does not allow the public to access information regarding the information of cases and individuals who have been convicted of sex crimes , nor does France require the community to be notified of the presence of a sex offender in their neighbourhood as is obligatory in some other countries . France in particular takes into account the need for rehabilitation as well as the need for public safety . Justice Minister Dominique Perben stated `` On the one hand , we must improve medical - psychiatric follow - up for these individuals and on the other hand , we must put in place a system that allows us to know where they are so we can help investigators do their jobs '' in response to the soaring number of convictions for sexual offences in 2002 . Greece ( edit ) In Greece , criminal records are written certificates where entries are created according to the legal provisions provided for in Articles 573 - 580 of the Greek Code of Criminal Procedure ( CCrP ) . An Independent Department of Criminal Records exists within the Ministry of Justice and operates as the central authority , able to supervise the criminal record system in Greece . According to provisions contained within Article 573.2 of the CCrP , records will be kept for all nationals , regardless of country of birth and even including foreigners . Each criminal record certificate has two components : the first regarding the individuation of the person and the second consisting of the content of the person 's prior criminal acts . Every certificate must contain : information concerning the person 's identity including the paternal surname and if they are married , and the final judgement / s passed down by a court . Specifically , Article 574.2 CCrP states that certificates must record : the complete listing of any irrevocable convictions issued by a court where a custodial penalty or a pecuniary sanction has been imposed ; the complete list of any decisions sentencing a minor to confinement in an institution or educational measures ; the complete list of convictions handed down by foreign courts , if the act committed constitutes a felony or misdemeanour according to Greek criminal law ; the complete list of any decisions acquitting the accused due to the incapacity of the individual to stand trial because of lack of culpability or for reasons of practical repentance , given that the offence was punishable by a minimum penalty of three months imprisonment ; and any judicial decision suspending a custodial penalty . These certificates of criminal records will no longer be in effect , according to Article 578 , under the following conditions : when the person dies or is at least 80 years old ; in cases in which a criminal offence was committed as a minor , when the minor is 17 years old ; when the convicting order suspends the sentence and the suspension is omitted from the certificate five years after the ending of the suspension ; if a minor has served a sentence in a correctional institution less than one year , the certificate will cease to be in effect after five years . If the sentence served exceeds one year , eight years after the completion of the sentence will the criminal act / s be struck from the record , unless a new conviction has been imposed in the meantime ; if the judgement imposed a financial punishment or a sentence of imprisonment up to one month for an offence committed with intention , or a sentence of imprisonment for up to two months for an act committed by negligence , the criminal record ceases ten years after the sentence has been served . In the aforementioned cases , the certificates are destroyed upon the validity of the reasons provided . The full and detailed records of a one 's criminal past can be available to a certain range of individuals and authorities , under the terms ' general use ' and ' judicial use ' . Under Article 575 , general use dictates criminal records will and can be supplied for prospective members of the Bar , future notaries and chartered accountants as they are a prerequisite for registration . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , a criminal record certificate ( Führungszeugnis ) is issued by the Federal Office of Justice ( Germany ) ( de ) ( Bundesamt für Justiz ) . Germany has a criminal record system holding all the information regarding past offences and sentences . The information is maintained by the Federal Central Criminal Register ( Bundeszentralregister ) , which is in turn subordinate to the Federal Ministry of Justice . The registry is updated daily and holds information on approximately 6.3 million individuals . Once a person turns 14 , they are able to request their own criminal record . One 's criminal record can be viewed by any member of the public at request , as long as they provide ID and purpose of the disclosure . The information in the criminal record certificate includes prior offences , court citations and convictions . According to the severity of the committed crime and , more importantly , the received sentence , most entries are deleted after 5 , 10 , 15 or 20 years , respectively . The only sentences exempt from this rule are life imprisonment , preventive detention and commitment in a mental hospital . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , criminal records are maintained by the Hong Kong Police Force . Unlike other countries listed on this article , Hong Kong authorities do not allow for access to criminal records by employers or school purposes . The Chief Executive of Hong Kong has the sole power to pardon offences committed in Hong Kong under section 12 of article 48 Basic Law of Hong Kong . `` The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall exercise the following powers and functions ... To pardon persons convicted of criminal offences or commute their penalties '' . Spent records ( edit ) Criminal records are not purged regardless of time or seriousness of the case . However , under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Ordinance ( HK Laws . Chap 297 ) , a criminal record is considered ' spent ' if it was the first criminal offence , sentenced to less than 3 months in jail or fined less than $10,000 and a period of 3 years has elapsed since conviction and no new conviction is registered against the said person . Spent records are recorded as such with the exception to : Attempting to be licensed as a barrister , solicitor , accountant or insurance broker Applying to become a trustee or controller for Mandatory Provident Fund or a bank controller , executive or employee Disciplinary proceedings against any judicial officer , members of disciplined services , probation officer , employees of Hong Kong Monetary Authority , Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority , Office of the Commissioner of Insurance ( insurance officers ) and Securities and Futures Commission ( executive grade only ) Disciplinary proceedings against government officials who are paid on any Directorate or Directorate ( Judicial / Legal Group ) Pay Scale and those above point 27 on the Master Pay Scale All Hong Kong residents who plan to adopt children or travel / emigrate to another country can request for a Certificate of No Criminal Conviction - a document that is issued directly to the Consulate and / or government agencies and not to the requester . Spent records do appear on such certificates with annotations that such records are spent according to Hong Kong law . Hungary ( edit ) A criminal database exists in Hungary which is allowed for under the 85th Act of 1999 on the criminal database and the official certificate of criminal record . There are 5 different databases , the database of offenders , the database of those under coercive measures , database of those under criminal procedures , the database of fingerprint , palm prints and photographs and the database of DNA profiles . Therefore , there is not only information recorded for those who have had a criminal sanction place against them , covered by the database of offenders , but also for those that are in pre-trial detention ( database for those under coercive measures ) and those who are suspected and accused of a crime ( database for those under criminal procedures ) . The Central Office for Administrative and Electronic Public Services ( COAEPS ) of the Ministry of the Interior operates , managers and maintains the databases . Investigative authorities , public prosecutors offices and criminal courts all contribute to the databases . The amount of time a person 's information is held on these databases varies . For people imprisoned for an intentional offence , data will be removed 15 years after their release . If the offence was committed recklessly , then the data will be removed 5 years after release The data is not publicly accessible , but a person can obtain the data held about themselves upon request . Ireland ( edit ) The criminal record system for Ireland exists in the form an information database system which is held by the Garda Criminal Records Office as part of the Garda Síochána ( the national police force ) . The information is owned and maintained by the Gardaí as part of their main function in tackling crime and protecting civilians . The data held by the Gardaí is not openly available to the public . However , section 4 of the Data Protection Act allows individuals to make a formal request in writing to the Garda Criminal Records Office to access personal data held about them . In making this formal request , individuals must provide sufficient information to establish their identity and ensure that the Gardaí is both able to locate their file and make certain that the personal data is being given to the right person . Sufficient information would include : full name , correct date of birth , any other names used , current address and previous addresses in Ireland , a copy of your passport , driving licence or birth certificate and a fee of € 6.35 . Additionally , a third party may also be able to access your personal data on your behalf . However , this requires that the third party satisfy the Gardaí of their identity and that the individual provides written authorization to allow the third party to make this request . In Ireland , criminal convictions remain on the criminal record system for life if the offence was committed after the individual turned 18 , as there are currently no legislative provisions which provide for the expungement of criminal convictions . Ireland remains the only country in the EU and one of the only countries in the Council of Europe area to not have such legislation . However , under Section 258 of the Children Act 2001 , offences committed by those under eighteen years of age can be expunged from the record once certain conditions are met : where a person has been found guilty of an offence and : the offence was committed before they reached the age of eighteen years the offence is not one required to be tried by the Central Criminal Court ( such as murder or rape ) three years have elapsed since the conviction , and the person has not been dealt with for another offence in that three - year period then that person will be treated as a person who has not committed or been charged with or prosecuted for or found guilty of or dealt with for that offence . In other words , your conviction will become spent . Registering of sex offenders There is no official sex offender registry in Ireland . However , under the Sex Offenders Act 2001 which came into force in June 2001 , an unofficial registry exists and is held centrally by the Gardaí . The location of sex offenders in Ireland is provided by a certificate issued by the court , stating that the convicted person is subject to the requirements of the Sex Offenders Act 2001 and is now obliged to provide certain information including their name and address to the Gardaí . Therefore , this certificate system is commonly referred to as the Sex Offenders Register , as it allows the details of all sex offenders subject to the requirements of the Sex Offenders Act 2001 to be held centrally by the Gardaí . Italy ( edit ) Italy has a criminal record system held at the Criminal Records Bureau in Rome , governed by the department of Justice . It includes convicted criminals and those awaiting trials . Who can apply ? Anyone who is an Italian citizen or is a non-citizen but has resided in Italy for a significant period of time can apply to see the records at the criminal records bureau or at one of their offices located in Italy . They can also apply from the UK . What is included in the information in which they receive ? Penal Certificate -- details of all criminal offences , court hearings and outcomes Civil Certificate -- contains information regarding bankruptcy , mental competency , and information regarding expulsion from Italy . General Certificate - Similar to Penal Certificate but also includes any information regarding expulsion from Italy . Information that is included includes , full name , date of birth , place of birth , reason for request , type of request . Cost is 3.10 Euros . The certificates are only produced in Italian . Can someone get their record expunged ? Yes , Generally speaking , the record of an individual is expunged once the individual reaches 80 years of age or death . As the Italian system hold information regarding pending trails , once the guilty verdict is confirmed , it can take 3 -- 10 years for their record to be expunged . Latvia ( edit ) Information relating to the criminal records of Latvians is held at the Information Centre of the Ministry of the Interior . The aim of this Centre -- through the collection of information relating to crime -- is to facilitate and investigate the most effective ways in which crime can be prevented to ensure public safety . If a Latvian individual needs a certificate of their criminal history , they can electronically request this through www.latvija.lv . They may need this record of their criminal history to submit to employers , study overseas or enter into marriage . This record can only be obtained in person at the Ministry of Interior Information Centre or it can be received through registered mail . Therefore , information about an offender 's criminal history is not accessible to all members of the public . In accordance with Latvian law , most criminal records are terminated after several years . The amount of time for this to occur is dependent on the nature and scope of the legal sanction for that crime . These cancelled records are still held in Information Centre records , and are readily available if the individual involved authorises the disclosure of the entire record . Lithuania ( edit ) On 13 September 2004 , the National Register of Convictions of the Republic of Lithuania was established . The Departmental Register of Suspected , Accused and Convicted Persons is a central repository of criminal record data and related information in Lithuania . It is administered by the IT and Communications Department of the Lithuanian Ministry of the Interior which was appointed as the processing body in charge of ensuring the proper functioning and data management of the Register . The register maintains records provided by the courts , pre-trial investigation institutions , national and local prosecution services , the prison department and the police criminal investigations centre . The Department also collects and accumulates information received from foreign countries on the convictions of Lithuania in these countries . With the consent of the individual , the Ministry of the Interior provides individuals and third parties with two types of disclosure : a Personal Certificate , containing information about unspent convictions only ; and a Personal History Statement , comprising a full criminal record disclosure ( both spent and unspent convictions ) . In Lithuania , judgments will be removed from the Register immediately after the completion of the sentence , depending on the seriousness of the sentence . For high - risk recidivists ( 10 years from completion of sentence ) , very serious offences ( 8 years ) , serious offences ( 5 years ) , less serious offences ( 3 years ) , suspended sentences ( immediately on completion of sentence ) . In cases of minors , convictions incurring custodial sentences remain unspent for half the period of time stated above . Luxembourg ( edit ) The criminal record system in Luxembourg is maintained under the authority of the State Prosecutor General . It contains information about convictions from Luxembourg criminal courts and , under certain conditions , foreign courts . Criminal records have two parts , Bulletin no 1 which contains the complete statement of convictions of a person living or working in Luxembourg , and Bulletin no 2 which contains all convictions with the exception of suspended criminal sentences to prison for less than six months . For a person with a clear criminal record , access to it is free and they may access it by email or post . For those with convictions , a fee applies and should present personally to the City Criminal Court for their extract . Malta ( edit ) In Malta , criminal records are held by the Criminal Records Office which is maintained by the Malta Police . Individual criminal records can be obtained by requesting a Conduct Certificate from the Malta Police . Requests can be made in writing if outside the country or in person at the Malta Police Headquarters in Floriana . According to Conduct Certificate Ordinance , Chapter 77 of the Laws of Malta , a court order is required to issue a Conduct Certificate of someone other than the person which it refers to . Information contained in the Conduct certificate includes a declaration of whether the person is in good conduct or a declaration containing the convictions recorded against the person . In Malta there is provision under the Probation Act for conviction to be removed from the criminal record . Criminal records are kept for a maximum of 10 years . Malta has recently introduced a sex offenders register . The legislation which enacted the introduction of the register is the Protection of Minors Registration Act 2012 . Under the Act current and prospective employers can request information about employees contained in the register by application to the Attorney General . The application will then be heard in court . The Act states that it is a criminal offence to employ a registered person into an entity which deals with education , care , custody , welfare or upbringing of minors . Netherlands ( edit ) Technically spoken all Dutch people do have an empty criminal record . A criminal record ( Dutch : strafblad ) is stored at Justitiële Informatiedienst in Almelo . By sending an e-mail with required data , scan of individual 's passport or ID card , and paying € 4.54 it is possible to have access to their own criminal record . Creating and destroying a criminal record ( edit ) A criminal record will be created after sentencing because of a violation or crime . The record will exist for 5 years in case of violations or 20 years for crimes . If the sentence is three years of imprisonment or longer , 30 years will be added at the time the criminal record will be stored . A traffic violation ( according to the Mulder law ) will not be stored in a criminal record , unless there will be a trial . Normally the traffic fine is given by a police officer , and the payment is generally done by banking . There wo n't be a trial , nor an addition in a criminal record . In case of sexual crimes ( article 240b - 250 ) the criminal record will be destroyed after 80 years . ( article 4 ) Consequences of a criminal record ( edit ) For certain professions , it is required to not have a criminal record , or have an empty one . These professions can be : lawyer , teacher , executor , professional translator , police officer , etc . A criminal record can also prevent them to get a visa and certain permits Declaration about Behaviour ( edit ) Close to the opposite of a criminal record is a Declaration about Behaviour ( Dutch : Verklaring omtrent het Gedrag ) . This declaration will be given if the person : has no criminal record ; has data in the criminal record which is irrelevant for the person who requested it . Not in all cases , because for a police officer the individual may not have any data in the record . There is a criminal register for the Netherlands . The Netherlands took part in the Network of Judicial Registers pilot project , with 10 other countries , exchanging information on criminal records electronically . As of 2004 , the criminal record system of the Netherlands takes the form of a computerized system . This was brought about in order to reduce the manual labour associated with the previous system . The data is owned by the Judiciary Information Service Public access ( edit ) Judicial Documentation Data can be requested firstly by the individual involved . Within four weeks , the individual can be told verbally of the information included in the Judicial Documentation . The law prohibits the provision of written information . If necessary for state security purposes , the information can be refused . Judicial data can be given to : Court officials for use in court proceedings , staff members at the office of Public Prosecuter , the Board of Procurators General , individuals and agencies not involved with criminal procedure if they serve a public function and if it serves the public interest . Conduct Certificate is a statement by the Minister of Justice , that there are no objections to the individual in question practicing a certain profession or occupying a certain position . Length of time that are individuals on the criminal record system ( edit ) Judicial data on criminal offences are kept for 30 years after the criminal sentence has become irrevocable . Extensions can occur for non suspended prison sentences , mental hospital orders and youth detention . Data involving Minor offences are stored until five years after the irrevocable settlement of the case -- extended to ten years if the individual was sentenced to prison or community service . 80 years after the birth of the individual , all data is removed . Registration of sex offenders ( edit ) A sex offenders register under the name of ViCLAS ( Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System ) allows for links to be made between national and international crimes and possible offenders . Data is not removed until 20 years after death of individual in question . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , criminal records are administered by the Ministry of Justice . Under the Criminal Records ( Clean Slate ) Act 2004 , records are automatically hidden from the public for less serious offences , if the individual has had no convictions for at least seven years and meets the other criteria of the act . An individual can request either their current ( Clean Slate ) or complete criminal record through the Ministry of Justice , or provide authorisation for a third party ( e.g. employer ) to view the current record . It is illegal , with some exceptions , for a third party to request a complete criminal record . Poland ( edit ) The Polish Ministry for Justice administers the National Criminal Register ( KRK ) , and it is regulated by the Act on the National Criminal Register 2000 and the Act on the Protection of Personal Data 1997 ( The Act ) . The Act states that personal data is protected and can only be used for the public interest . Article 7 ( 1 ) further states that data is only accessible to persons who fit certain criteria . Data can only be transferred to other entities , such as other law enforcement agencies , if their data protection meets the same standards , and if it is necessary for the public interest , or for the establishment of a legal claim ( Article 47 ( 4 ) ) . The crimes included on the National Criminal Register cover the following categories : Sexual offences Burglary Robbery Theft Fraud / forgery Criminal damage Drug offences , and ; Driving offences . As per the Act on the National Criminal Register 2000 , the length of time an outcome remains on the National Criminal Register is as follows : Non-custodial sentences : 1 year from the date of decision Fines : 3 years from the date of decision Custodial sentences of up to 3 years : 5 years from the date of release ( at the Court 's discretion ) Custodial sentences of more than 1 month : 10 years from the date of release The exception to this is where an individual is convicted of a sexual offence against a minor under the age of 15 years ; in these circumstances , the conviction remains on the National Criminal Register permanently . The National Criminal Register also includes information on collective entities ( or publicly registered organisations ) . At present , Poland does not possess a separate database containing information on sex offenders ( such as the Australian National Child Offender Register , or ANCOR ) . A person can obtain a copy of their criminal history from the National Criminal Register , by contacting the central information office of the KRK in Warsaw , or information points of the KRK located within Polish common courts . In order to receive a copy of your criminal record , you must complete a form , stating the reasons for your request , and pay a fee ( in July 2014 : 50PLN for a person , or 100PLN for a collective entity ) . An employer may also apply directly for disclosure in relation to a prospective employee if this is permitted under Polish laws or regulations ( for example , in relation to employment in the security industry or employment involving contact with children ) . The written consent of the individual is not required . The National Criminal Register Information Office provides individuals and employers with disclosure in one of two formats : as an Inquiry about an Individual ( `` Zapytanie o udzielenie informacji o osobie '' ) in the event that no disclosable convictions are found ; or a National Criminal Register 's Information about an Individual ( `` Informacja o osobie z Krajowego Rejestru Karnego '' ) in the event that disclosable information exists . Poland also participated in the pilot project for ' Network of Judicial Registers ' , along with ten other EU member states , for the electronic exchange of criminal records among member states . Portugal ( edit ) Portugal 's criminal record system is an electronic database manned and maintained by Portugal 's Direcção Geral da Administração da Justiça ( General Direction for the Administration of Justice , DGAJ ) . The system contains the records of Portuguese citizens that reside in Portugal , Portuguese nationals that live abroad and any foreign citizens that reside within Portugal . Disclosure of an individual 's criminal record is allowed at the request of the individual ; themselves , or a third party with written consent of the individual . For example , an employer may request to see their possible employee 's criminal record with their consent . However , the application must be made in person . The certificate regarding criminal records in Portugal is called a `` certificado do registo criminal '' ( certificate of criminal registration ) which conveys whether an individual has a criminal record . An extension of this is a more detailed certificate regarding an individual 's criminal activities which provides evidence for an individual to be employed in a job where they have access to large sums of cash , need high security clearance or supervise children . This particular certificate is granted in a similar way to Australia 's Working With Children Check , which supplies an employer with information regarding any previous criminal activity and ensures that convicted criminals are not employed in the same areas where they may have previously committed crimes . Applications for the certificates can be made through several channels , there is a central repository for criminal records located in Lisbon , alongside a vast selection of regional courts and their administration services throughout Portugal that can provide individuals with certificates and for Portuguese nationals residing overseas , applications can be made through embassies and consulates . However , none of the channels through which the certificates are available provide translation services , and therefore the certificate produced is always written in Portuguese , even when produced by an embassy in a non-Portuguese - speaking state . The types of criminal convictions that can be exposed through the publishing of the certificate are very similar to that of the United Kingdom and are presented below : Drug offences ( possession , trafficking , attempt to sell ) Violence against another individual ( murder , attempted murder , assault ) Sexual offences ( sexual assault , sexual coercion , rape ) Burglary and robbery Theft ( including possession of stolen property , attempt to sell stolen goods ) Fraud ( including counts of forgery ) Criminal damage ( vandalism ) Portuguese legislation allows for all criminal convictions to be removed from an individual 's record once the rehabilitation period has passed . It is determined as follows : Custodial sentences of up to 5 years -- 5 years from the date of release Custodial sentences of between 5 and 8 years -- 7 years from the date of release Custodial sentences of over 8 years -- 10 years from the date of release Reprimands and warnings -- 5 years from the date of decision Essentially this legislation allows individuals to move on from their convictions and ensure that they are not socially and economically disadvantaged for the rest of their lives after serving their crimes . However , the governing legislation is only available in Portuguese . A very contentious aspect of this legislation is that those that commit heinous , sexually based crimes have their records expunged on the same time frame as all other individuals convicted . This legislation issue was brought into the spotlight during the 2007 media coverage of the Madeleine McCann case . Romania ( edit ) Law No 290 governs the disclosure of criminal records in Romania . The criminal records of all Romanian citizens are kept in a Central Criminal Records database by the General Inspectorate of the Romanian Police . Police stations gather and keep the records of conviction status of individuals born in Romania , and it is their responsibility to keep these records up - to - date . This type of criminal record disclosure is named the Criminal Records Certificate . These Certificates contain personal information including full name , unique identification number , date and place of birth , most recent address , name of parents , and the details of the committed offence , rehabilitation and extradition information . To obtain access to a criminal record , an individual must apply directly to the local county police station in person . If the application is approved , results are issued in the form of a Criminal Records Certificate by the Central Inspectorate of the Romanian Police . Only the individual person is allowed to apply for their own record , however a third - party individual may submit an application only if they have been authorised power of attorney . Judgements are able to be removed from an individual 's criminal record if the legislation decriminalising the act for which the person has been sentenced is passed , in the event of amnesty or court rehabilitation , and for imprisonment of up to 3 years after 20 years from the date of the final decision . Slovakia ( edit ) There is a centralised criminal record system , there is only one centralised database where the final criminal conviction issued by a Slovak criminal court is registered . This database is in electronic form and is maintained a unit within the General Prosecutors office of the Slovak Republic . The relevant legislation for this is governed by the Act on Criminal Records . As of 2008 there was a proposed bill that these criminal records could only be accessed by request to the General Prosecutors office when the person in question was up for a position which required a clean criminal record . Certain criminal records are not accessible at any time for instance the criminal record / record details of the President of the Republic of Slovakia are not available to anyone during his / her time in office . The criminal records and persona details of everyone held by the General Prosecutors office are lifelong , and continue to be updated throughout their life , every time they move address / change name etc . Slovenia ( edit ) Criminal record information in Slovenia is looked after by the Department for Criminal Records and Educational Measures ( DCREM ) , this is based at the Ministry of Justice . Among other things the DCREM maintains a database which holds information on convicted criminals . Although this database is not public , applications for a criminal records disclosure can be made to the DCREM , anyone who has lived in Slovenia for a significant amount of time may apply for the disclosure of a particular criminal record . Although perspective employers can not request a copy directly from the DCREM , they must request this from the perspective employee . The time in which a conviction remains on a person 's criminal record depends on the type of conviction received , i.e. The longer the prison sentence served the longer the conviction remains on the record , up to 15 years . If a conviction is 15 years imprisonment this shall never be removed from the criminal record . However , if the conviction is removed , then all rights are given back to the person in question , as if the conviction had never been received at all . Spain ( edit ) The criminal record system for Spain exists in the form of the `` Central Criminal Records Registry '' ( Registro Central de Penados ) . It contains convictions for all crimes and also for misdemeanors . The Central Criminal Records Registry is not publicly accessible and therefore very few public agencies and no private agencies have access to it . This has been confirmed by the New Penal Code ( 1995 ) Art. 136.4 . Therefore , the Central Criminal Records Registry is only accessible to judges , public prosecutors and the judicial police for investigative purposes . Other cases where direct access can be granted include : Guardia Civil for gun permits and border control police . Besides judges , prosecutors and some police agencies , only the recorded subject may request a copy of their personal Conviction Record . In Spain , conviction records are not ' expunged ' as they are not erased completely but rather are ' cancelled ' in a process known as ' cancelling a conviction record ' . Therefore , judges will still be aware of the records but they disregarded as an aggravating factor when sentencing . Once conviction records are cancelled , the individual will possess a clean criminal record . Therefore , the record of their convictions will be sealed in the Central Criminal Records Registry and is likely made unavailable to the police . To cancel a conviction record the following requirements under Penal Code 47 ( art. 136.2 ) must be met : 1 ) A period of time after having served the sentence must have elapsed ( 6 months , 2 years , 3 years or 5 years depending on the sentence ) ; 2 ) no further crime has been committed in the interim ; 3 ) civil compensation has been paid or the person has been declared without money . To cancel a criminal record , the individual either makes a free of charge formal request to the Ministry of Justice or the Central Criminal Records Registry cancels the record itself . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden , the police has a record of convictions ( `` Belastningsregistret '' ) . It does not contain arrests , and its information is not available for general public , even regarding serious crimes . Individuals can ask for a copy of their own record once per year , or against a fee anytime . For employment involving children or for security guards etc. , a check will be made against the criminal record . Regular employers more and more often require applicants to get a record copy themselves and give the employer . The number of requests for own copies increased from 40,000 to 199,000 between 2003 and 2012 . Sweden is one of the countries with the largest databases of criminal records , containing some of the oldest population statistics in the world . In the past , individuals were prohibited from retrieving information about themselves to prevent being forced by employers or landlords to hand over the information . Yet there have been two notable changes in Swedish regulation of criminal records . In 1989 , access was given to employers with the implementation of the ' subject access ' paragraph in Swedish criminal records legislation . In 2001 , it became mandatory for employers to check criminal records of teachers and childcare workers before they were hired , given the seriousness of sex offences against children . Individuals ' criminal history records are today more available to the public than ever before . The Swedish Criminal Records Registry is administered by the Swedish National Police Board which regulates access to criminal records and the use of criminal background checks by employers . The registry contains information on those who have been sentenced in criminal courts or summarily imposed a fine , who have had a restraining order issued against them , or in whose cases prosecution had been abstained from . Generally , the information is kept for five years if the offence was punishable by fine , and ten years if it called for other sentences and sanctions . For those aged under 18 at the time the crime was committed , information is kept for only three or five years depending on the type of punishment . In January 2014 , Swedish criminal records became available online with the launch of a new website Lexbase . People were able to search criminal records of their friends , colleagues and neighbours , showing the location of convicted criminals in the past 5 years in their neighbourhood by plotting red dots on the map . The user is able to then pay a fee to get more information about the crime committed . Lexbase has become the subject of intense criticism from Swedish media , government and the general public , given its alleged infringement on the right to privacy and increased social alienation of offenders . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , checks on a person 's criminal record are undertaken by the Disclosure and Barring Service ( in England and Wales ) , Disclosure Scotland ( Scotland and basic Disclosure for all the UK ) and Access Northern Ireland , all of which have partial access to the Police National Computer ( PNC ) which holds the definitive record . The ACPO criminal records office was founded in 2006 , and it has the role of managing criminal record information and improving links between criminal records and biometric information . These records are not publicly accessible and can not be viewed without the subject 's consent , although in some cases an employer might make such consent a condition of employment , especially if the employee is to work with children or other vulnerable people . The child sex offenders disclosure scheme allows parents and guardians to ask the police if someone with access to a child has a record for child sexual offences . Information supplied depends on the level of disclosure required . Low - level disclosures only reveal unspent convictions ( convictions which have not yet been expunged under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 ) , while enhanced disclosures normally include all convictions , cautions , reprimands and final warnings . An enhanced criminal record certificate may contain relevant information that need not relate solely to criminal matters . Arrests that do not lead to an official finding of guilt , i.e. a conviction or the acceptance of a caution , are not considered part of a person 's criminal record and are not typically disclosed as part of the process . However , an enhanced disclosure may include such additional information , which is supplied at the Chief Police Officer 's discretion . Enhanced disclosures are typically used to screen applicants for positions such as police officer , social worker , teacher which involve contact with vulnerable groups and children . Individuals and the self - employed can not apply for a DBS check of their own criminal record , as they can not ask an exempted question ( a valid request for a person to reveal their full criminal history , including spent convictions ) of themselves . Only organisations registered with the DBS can ask an exempted question and submit applications for criminal records checks . There are two types of registered organisation : a registered body , which is the employer ; and an umbrella body , a registered body that processes criminal record checks for non-registered organisations who can ask the exempted question . United states ( edit ) Main article : Criminal records in the United States In the United States , criminal records are compiled and updated on local , state , and federal levels by various law enforcement agencies . The primary purpose of a criminal record is to present a comprehensive criminal history for an individual . Criminal histories are maintained by law enforcement agencies in all levels of government . Local police departments , sheriffs ' offices , and speciality police agencies may maintain their own internal databases . On the state level , state police , troopers , highway patrol , correctional agencies , and other law enforcement agencies also maintain separate databases . Law enforcement agencies often share this information with other similar enforcement agencies and this information is usually made available to the public . All states have official `` statewide repositories '' of criminal history information , that includes information contributed by the various county and municipal courts and law enforcement agencies within the state . State repositories are usually accurate , but all states have provisions for the correction of errors that occur in the reporting and recording of criminal history information . Individuals may normally obtain their own records from the state , but to obtain the records of another person a private individual will normally need to obtain a release from the subject of the record search . The federal government maintains extensive criminal histories and acts as a central repository for all agencies to report their own data . The NCIC ( National Crime Information Center ) is a database of criminal history information that is maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . Use and usage controversy ( edit ) Criminal records may be used for many purposes , mostly for background checks including identification , employment , security clearance , adoption , immigration / international travel / visa , licensing , assistance in developing suspects in an ongoing criminal investigation , and for enhanced sentencing in criminal prosecutions . In the 21st century , there has been controversy about for - profit data mining companies that harvest much of the electronic booking blotter records from various police authorities nationwide and offer it free on the public internet and for sale to employers . Though frequently effective at identifying applicants with criminal backgrounds , the mined data does not usually reflect subsequent results of any criminal prosecution , acquittal or dismissal of charges , and the highly prejudicial nature of such records can damage applicant chances for jobs and other benefits when such records are not in proper context of subsequent prosecutorial result for a hiring manager or recruiter to evaluate . In many cases , records are available for seven years or more beyond acquittals or dismissal of charges . In addition , since arrest records can sometimes be mistakenly matched to individuals with the same or similar names , the prejudicial nature of the available records , particularly violent ones , can negatively affect applicants and candidates in a dramatic way when they otherwise have no actual criminal record . 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Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : KPMG LLP , Disclosure of Criminal Records in Overseas Jurisdictions , 2009 Jump up ^ Jacobs , J.B , & Blitsa , D , Major `` Minor '' Progress Under the Third Pillar : EU Institution Building in the Sharing of Criminal Record Information , Chicago - Kent Journal of International and Comparative Law , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Cpic-cipc.ca. 2015 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` How CPIC works Toronto Star '' . Thestar.com. 2008 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vancouver Police Department : Police Information Check '' ( PDF ) . Vancouver.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Records Act ( R.S.C. , 1985 , c. C - 47 ) '' . Justice Laws Website . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 . 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Cpni.gov.uk . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Towards a European Criminal Record '' . Books.google.it. 2008 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` A critical review of available data on sexual abuse of children in Denmark '' . Child Abuse & Neglect. 29 : 715 -- 724 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chiabu. 2004.11. 005 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Records Database RIK '' . Rik.ee . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Since January 2012 the register of Estonian criminal records will be available on - line . -- SA WEST , Global intelligence at your disposal '' . Backgroundscreeninginrussia.com. 2011 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ news.err.ee ( 17 April 2013 ) . `` Pevkur Says No to Sex Offender Registry '' . Estonian Public Broadcasting . Jump up ^ `` CH0600PAG1 '' ( PDF ) . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disclosure of Criminal Records in Overseas Jurisdictions '' ( PDF ) . Cpni.gov.uk . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` THE PROSPECT OF AN INTERNATIONAL SEX OFFENDER REGISTRY : WHY AN INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM MODELED AFTER UNITED STATES SEX OFFENDER LAWS IS NOT AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION TO STOP CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE '' ( PDF ) . Hosted.law.wisc.edu . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` France creates sex offenders registry '' . Lantern Project . 1 April 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Stefanou , C & Xanthaki , H ( eds . ) 2005 , Financial Crime in the EU : Criminal Records as Effective Tools or Missed Opportunities ? , Kluwer Law International , The Hague . Jump up ^ `` Federal Government Homepage '' . Bundesregierung.de . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Demand for law change after Lexbase launch - Radio Sweden Sveriges Radio '' . Sverigesradio.se. 2014 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ACRO Criminal Records Office '' . Acro.police.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 to 2015 government policy : crime prevention '' . GOV.UK. 2015 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` General Laws : CHAPTER 6 , Section 172 '' . Mass.gov. 2015 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` State Identification Bureau Listing '' . Criminal Justice Information Services . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron ( 10 August 2016 ) . `` How to Get a Copy of a Criminal Record '' . ExpertLaw.com . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Crime Information Center ( NCIC ) '' . Criminal Justice Information Services . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.myajc.com/news/local-govt--politics/record-restriction-bill-stalls-georgia-governor-deal-help-sought/gG22cxrDTRq9VR8yVhTs8M/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://ctlawhelp.org/en/criminal-record-keeping-you-from-working . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://ctlawhelp.org/en/criminal-record-keeping-you-from-working . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` When your criminal past is n't yours : Background check errors have devastating consequences '' . Bangor Daily News . 12 / 16 / 2011 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Traveling with a criminal history . Australia ( edit ) crimtrac.gov.au Canada ( edit ) Understanding Criminal Records Hong Kong ( edit ) Rehabilitation of Offenders Ordinance United Kingdom ( edit ) Criminal Records Bureau Disclosure Scotland Criminal Record Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_record&oldid=846074475 '' Categories : Criminal records Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 errors : dates Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 03 : 47 . About Wikipedia | when do you get a criminal record uk | [] | [] |
-6283801175684481272 | Canada Act 1982 | Canada Act 1982 - wikipedia Canada Act 1982 Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the Constitution of Canada Constitutional history Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) Act of Settlement ( 1701 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Royal Proclamation ( 1763 ) Quebec Act ( 1774 ) Constitutional Act ( 1791 ) Act of Union ( 1840 ) Constitution Act ( 1867 ) Constitution Act , 1886 British North America Acts ( 1867 -- 1975 ) Statute of Westminster ( 1931 ) Succession to the Throne Act ( 1937 ) Letters Patent ( 1947 ) Canada Act ( 1982 ) Constitution Act ( 1982 ) Document list Amendments Unsuccessful amendments Constitutional law Constitutional debate Patriation Charter of Rights and Freedoms Canadian federalism Law of Canada Canadian Bill of Rights Implied Bill of Rights Canadian Human Rights Act Politics of Canada portal Canada Act 1982 Parliament of the United Kingdom Long title An Act to give effect to a request by the Senate and House of Commons of Canada . Citation 1982 c. 11 Territorial extent Canada Dates Royal assent March 29 , 1982 Status : Current legislation Text of statute as originally enacted Revised text of statute as amended The Canada Act 1982 ( 1982 c. 11 ) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that was passed at the request of the Canadian federal government to `` patriate '' Canada 's constitution , ending the necessity for the British parliament to be involved in making changes to the Constitution of Canada . The Act also formally ended the `` request and consent '' provisions of the Statute of Westminster 1931 in relation to Canada , whereby the British parliament had a general power to pass laws extending to Canada at its own request . Annexed as Schedule B to the Act is the text of the Constitution Act , 1982 , in both of Canada 's official languages ( i.e. English and French ) . Because of the requirements of official bilingualism , the body of the Canada Act itself is also set out in French in Schedule A to the Act , which is declared by s . 3 to have `` the same authority in Canada as the English version thereof '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Enactment of the Act 3 Proclamation by the Queen of Canada 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Canada 's political history began with the British North America Act , 1867 ( currently officially called the Constitution Act , 1867 ) . This act created the modern state of Canada by combining the Province of Canada ( now Ontario and Quebec ) , Nova Scotia , and New Brunswick into a dominion within the British Empire . From this Canada adopted a Westminster style government with a Parliament of Canada . A Governor General fulfilled the constitutional duties of the British Sovereign on Canadian soil . Despite this , the United Kingdom still had the power to legislate for Canada . The Statute of Westminster 1931 removed this power of the British Parliament for Canada , as well as the other British Dominions ( Australia ( adopted 1942 ) , the Irish Free State , New Zealand ( adopted 1947 ) , the Union of South Africa , and the Dominion of Newfoundland ( never ratified , joined Canada in 1949 ) ) , except where the Dominion consented to Imperial legislation . Also , the British North America ( No. 2 ) Act , 1949 was passed by the British Parliament , giving the Parliament of Canada significant constitutional amending powers . However , after the Statute of Westminster , 1931 , Canada decided to allow the British Parliament to temporarily retain the power to amend Canada 's constitution , on request from the Parliament of Canada . In effect , an Act of the British Parliament ( as requested by the Parliament of Canada ) was required to make some amendments in the Canadian constitution . Delay in the patriation of the Canadian constitution was due in large part to the lack of agreement concerning a method for amending the constitution that would be acceptable to all of the provinces , particularly Quebec . Enactment of the Act ( edit ) The Canada Act 1982 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in response to the request from the Parliament of Canada to take over authority for amending its own constitution . After unpromising negotiations with the provincial governments , Pierre Trudeau proclaimed that the federal Parliament would unilaterally patriate the constitution . After numerous references by the provinces , the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in the Patriation Reference that provincial consent was not legally necessary , but to do so without substantial consent would be contrary to a longstanding constitutional convention . Trudeau succeeded in convincing nine provinces out of ten by agreeing to the addition of a Notwithstanding Clause to limit the application of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as a result of discussions during a First Ministers ' conference and other minor changes in November 1981 . In the UK , forty - four Members of Parliament voted against the Act , including 24 Tory and 16 Labour MP 's , citing concerns over Canada 's past mistreatment of Quebec and Aboriginal peoples ( as recalled with frustration by Jean Chrétien in his memoirs Straight from the Heart ) ; overall there was little opposition from the British government to passing the Act . However , new research into documents of the Thatcher government indicate that Britain had serious concerns about the inclusion of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms within the Canada Act . Part of this concern stemmed from letters of protest the British received about it from provincial actors , but also because the Charter undermined the principle of parliamentary supremacy , which until that time had always been a core feature of every government practising the Westminster system . Through section 2 of the Canada Act 1982 , the United Kingdom ended its involvement with further amendments to the Canadian constitution . The procedure for amending the Constitution Act , 1982 must comply with its Part V , instead of the usual parliamentary procedure requiring the monarch 's Royal Assent for enacting legislation . Proclamation by the Queen of Canada ( edit ) While the Canada Act 1982 received royal assent on March 29 , 1982 in London , it was not until the Queen visited Canada the following month that the Constitution Act , 1982 , its Canadian equivalent , was proclaimed by letters patent as a statutory instrument by the Queen during her presence in Canada . Canada 's Constitution Act , 1982 was signed into law by Elizabeth II as Queen of Canada on April 17 , 1982 on Parliament Hill in Ottawa . Queen Elizabeth 's constitutional powers over Canada were not affected by the Act , and she remains Queen and Head of State of Canada . Canada has complete sovereignty as an independent country , however , and the Queen 's role as monarch of Canada is separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms . See also ( edit ) History of Canada portal Canadian politics portal Australia Act 1986 New Zealand Constitution Act 1986 Patriation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Canada Act 1982 , s . 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada in the Making - Constitutional History '' ... canadiana.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Statute of Westminster , 1931 '' . Efc.ca . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` British North America ( No. 2 ) Act , 1949 '' . Solon.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of the Constitution Act , 1982 '' . Canada.ca . Government of Canada . May 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A statute worth 75 cheers '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto . March 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couture , Christa ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Canada is celebrating 150 years of ... what , exactly ? '' . CBC . CBC . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 ... the Constitution Act itself cleaned up a bit of unfinished business from the Statute of Westminster in 1931 , in which Britain granted each of the Dominions full legal autonomy if they chose to accept it . All but one Dominion -- that would be us , Canada -- chose to accept every resolution . Our leaders could n't decide on how to amend the Constitution , so that power stayed with Britain until 1982 . Jump up ^ Gérin - Lajoie , Paul ( 1951 ) . `` Constitutional Amendment in Canada '' . The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science . Blackwell Publishing on behalf of Canadian Economics Association . 17 : 6 . JSTOR 137699 . Jump up ^ `` Intellectuals for the Sovereignty of Quebec '' . Rocler.qc.ca. 1995 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of the Constitution Act , 1982 '' . Library and Archives , Government of Canada . Government of Canada . 2015 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution -- The Monarchist League of Canada '' . Monarchist.ca . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 CanLII 25 ( S.C.C. ) '' . CanLII . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter ( BP - 194E ) '' ... parl.gc.ca . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Siddiqui , Haroon ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Canada 's cherished Charter could not have happened without `` kitchen accord '' `` . Toronto Star . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Frédéric Bastien. 2010 . ― Britain , the Charter of Rights and the spirit of the 1982 Canadian Constitution. ‖ Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 48 ( 3 ) : 320 -- 347 . Jump up ^ Feasby , Colin ( 2006 ) . `` Constitutional Questions About Canada 's New Political Finance Regime '' ( PDF ) . Osgoode Hall Law School York University . p. 18 Volume 48 , Number 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of the Constitution Act , 1982 '' . Library and Archives , Government of Canada . Government of Canada . 2015 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . The signing of the proclamation on April 17 , 1982 , marked the end of efforts by many successive governments . The new Constitution was accompanied by The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , and an amending formula that would no longer require an appeal to the British Parliament . ^ Jump up to : Lauterpacht , E ( 1988 ) . International Law Reports . Cambridge University Press . p. 457 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46423 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of the Constitution Act , 1982 '' . Library and Archives , Government of Canada . Government of Canada . 2015 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . The signing of the proclamation on April 17 , 1982 , marked the end of efforts by many successive governments . The new Constitution was accompanied by The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , and an amending formula that would no longer require an appeal to the British Parliament . Jump up ^ Cyr , Hugo ( 2009 ) . Canadian Federalism and Treaty Powers : Organic Constitutionalism at Work . Bruxelles ; New York : P.I.E. Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5201 - 453 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Some Visual Aspects of the Monarchical Tradition '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Parliamentary Review 31 . 2004 . p. 17 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Proclamation of the Constitution Act 1982 Wikisource has original text related to this article : Canada Act 1982 Table of Constitutional Documents Constitution of Canada List of Constitutional Documents Pre-Confederation constitutional documents Iroquois constitution Mi'kmaq constitution Constitution of New France Royal Proclamation of 1763 Quebec Act of 1774 Constitutional Act of 1791 Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada ( 1838 ) Report on the Affairs of British North America ( 1839 ) Act of Union 1840 Confederation Charlottetown Conference , 1864 Quebec Conference , 1864 Quebec Resolutions London Conference , 1866 Fathers of Confederation Constitution Act , 1867 Canadian federalism Preamble Section 121 Section 125 Powers under Section 91 Peace , order , and good government Trade and commerce Criminal law Matters excepted from s . 92 Powers under Section 92 Licensing Works and undertakings Property and civil rights Administration of justice Fines and penalties for provincial laws Matters of a local or private nature ( hide ) Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867 -- 1982 British North America Acts , 1867 -- 1982 Manitoba Act , 1870 Alberta Act , 1905 Saskatchewan Act , 1905 Statute of Westminster , 1931 Newfoundland Act , 1949 Patriation Fulton -- Favreau formula Victoria Charter Kitchen Accord / Knight of the Long Knives Constitution Act , 1982 Part I -- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Preamble 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16.1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Part II -- Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada 35 Part III -- Equalization and regional disparities 36 Part VII -- General 52 59 Conventions At Her Majesty 's pleasure Cabinet collective responsibility Disallowance and reservation Equal authenticity rule Responsible government Fusion of powers Queen - in - Parliament Individual ministerial responsibility Interpellation Question Period Parliamentary privilege Parliamentary sovereignty Reserve power Royal prerogative Constitutional debate since 1982 Triple - E Senate Meech Lake Accord Charlottetown Accord Calgary Declaration Other unsuccessful amendments Interpretation of the Constitution Aboriginal self - government Pith and substance Double aspect Paramountcy Living tree Implied Bill of Rights Interjurisdictional immunity Purposive theory Dialogue principle Provincial constitutional law Constitution of Alberta Constitution of Quebec Constitution Act ( British Columbia ) WikiProject United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Acts of the Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Acts of the Parliament of Scotland Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders in Council for Northern Ireland Orders - in - Council Order in Council Secondary legislation United Kingdom Statutory Instruments Scottish Statutory Instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal Legislation relating to the European Union 1972 to date Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_Act_1982&oldid=800386353 '' Categories : 1982 in Canadian law Canada and the Commonwealth of Nations Constitution of Canada Political history of Quebec United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1982 1982 in international relations Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Canada Canada -- United Kingdom relations March 1982 events Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Čeština Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 06 : 16 . 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1812332824942019598 | Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2012 | Victoria 's Secret fashion show 2012 - wikipedia Victoria 's Secret fashion show 2012 Jump to : navigation , search Victoria 's Secret Angels 2012 Victoria 's Secrets 2012 Angels Campaign ( left to right in each row ) Adriana Lima , Alessandra Ambrosio , Miranda Kerr , Doutzen Kroes , Behati Prinsloo , Candice Swanepoel , Erin Heatherton , Lindsay Ellingson , and Lily Aldridge . The Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria 's Secret , a brand of lingerie and sleepwear . Victoria 's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high - profile settings . The show features some of the world 's leading fashion models , such as current Victoria 's Secret Angels Adriana Lima , Alessandra Ambrosio , Miranda Kerr , Doutzen Kroes , Behati Prinsloo , Candice Swanepoel , Erin Heatherton , Lily Aldridge , and Lindsay Ellingson . The show featured performances by Rihanna , Bruno Mars and Justin Bieber . Dates Locations Broadcaster Viewers ( millions ) Performers 000000002012 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2012 ( taped ) ; 000000002012 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 2012 New York City CBS 9.48 Rihanna , Justin Bieber , and Bruno Mars Contents ( hide ) 1 Fashion show segments 1.1 Segment 1 : AntiGravity Pop Circus ( Choreographed by Christopher Harrison ) 1.2 Segment 2 : Dangerous Liaisons 1.3 Segment 3 : Calendar Girls 1.4 Special Performance 1.5 Segment 4 : PINK Ball 1.6 Segment 5 : Silver Screen Angels 1.7 Segment 6 : Angels In Bloom 2 Finale Fashion show segments ( edit ) Segment 1 : AntiGravity Pop Circus ( Choreographed by Christopher Harrison ) ( edit ) Song List Performance Status Break On Through The Doors Remixed Recording Dick Dale Misirlou Remixed Recording Slam Pendulum Remixed Recording Get Ur Freak On Missy Elliott Remixed Recording Rebel Yell Billy Idol Remixed Recording Nationality Name Runway shows Notes Brazil Adriana Lima 1999 -- 2008 , 2010 -- present Current Angel ( 2000 - present ) South Africa Candice Swanepoel 2007 -- 2015 , 2017 -- present Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) USA Karlie Kloss 2011 -- 2014 , 2017 -- present Netherlands Doutzen Kroes 2005 - 2006 , 2008 - 2009 , 2011 - 2014 Current Angel ( 2008 - 2014 ) Australia Miranda Kerr 2006 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2012 Current Angel ( 2007 - 2013 ) Germany Toni Garrn 2011 -- 2013 USA Erin Heatherton 2008 -- 2013 Current Angel ( 2010 - 2013 ) Brazil Izabel Goulart 2005 -- 2016 Former Angel ( 2005 - 2008 ) Brazil Barbara Fialho 2012 -- present Newcomer / Fitting Model Brazil Alessandra Ambrosio 2000 -- 2017 Current Angel ( 2004 - 2017 ) People 's Republic Of China Liu Wen 2009 -- 2012 ; 2016 -- present Puerto Rico Joan Smalls 2011 -- 2016 Segment 2 : Dangerous Liaisons ( edit ) Song List Performance Status `` Diamonds '' Rihanna Live Performance Nationality Name Runway shows Notes Namibia Behati Prinsloo 2007 -- 2015 Current Angel ( 2009 - present ) ; Outfit originally worn by Lais Ribeiro Great Britain Lily Donaldson 2010 -- 2016 France Constance Jablonski 2010 -- 2015 Australia Miranda Kerr 2006 - 2009 , 2011 -- 2012 Current Angel ( 2007 - 2012 ) Australia Shanina Shaik 2011 -- 2012 , 2014 - 2015 Poland Magdalena Frackowiak 2010 , 2012 -- 2015 Brazil Isabeli Fontana 2003 , 2005 , 2007 - 2010 , 2012 , 2014 Netherlands Bregje Heinen 2011 -- 2014 People 's Republic Of China Sui He 2011 -- present Netherlands Doutzen Kroes 2005 - 2006 , 2008 - 2009 , 2011 - 2014 Current Angel ( 2008 - 2014 ) Segment 3 : Calendar Girls ( edit ) Song List Performance Status Locked Out of Heaven Bruno Mars Live Performance Nationality Name Runway shows Notes USA Erin Heatherton 2008 -- 2013 Current Angel ( 2010 - 2013 ) South Africa Candice Swanepoel 2007 -- 2015 , 2017 -- present Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) USA Hilary Rhoda 2012 -- 2013 Newcomer USA Cameron Russell 2011 -- 2012 Sweden Frida Gustavsson 2012 Newcomer USA Lindsay Ellingson 2007 -- 2014 Current Angel ( 2011 - 2014 ) USA Lily Aldridge 2009 -- present Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) Brazil Barbara Fialho 2012 -- present Newcomer / Fitting Model Brazil Izabel Goulart 2005 -- 2016 Former Angel ( 2005 - 2008 ) Namibia Behati Prinsloo 2007 -- 2015 Current Angel ( 2009 - present ) USA Karlie Kloss 2011 -- 2014 , 2017 -- present Outfit edited out of broadcast due to controversy Hungary Barbara Palvin 2012 Newcomer Special Performance ( edit ) Song List Performance Status As Long As You Love Me Justin Bieber Live Performance Segment 4 : PINK Ball ( edit ) Song List Performance Status Beauty and a Beat Justin Bieber Live Performance Nationality Name Runway shows Notes Australia Jessica Hart 2012 -- 2013 Newcomer / PINK Spokesmodel ( 2011 - 2013 ) Latvia Ieva Lagūna 2011 -- 2012 Sweden Elsa Hosk 2011 -- present PINK Spokesmodel ( 2011 - 2014 ) Sweden Dorothea Barth Jörgensen 2009 , 2012 People 's Republic Of China Shu Pei 2012 Newcomer Great Britain Cara Delevingne 2012 -- 2013 Newcomer Angola Sharam Diniz 2012 , 2015 Newcomer USA Jacquelyn Jablonski 2010 -- 2015 Netherlands Maud Welzen 2012 , 2014 - 2015 Great Britain Jourdan Dunn 2012 -- 2014 Newcomer Segment 5 : Silver Screen Angels ( edit ) Song List Performance Status Young Girls Bruno Mars Live Performance Nationality Name Runway shows Notes USA Lindsay Ellingson 2007 -- 2014 Current Angel ( 2011 - 2014 ) People 's Republic Of China Sui He 2011 -- present Netherlands Doutzen Kroes 2005 - 2006 , 2008 - 2009 , 2011 - 2014 Current Angel ( 2008 - 2014 ) USA Hilary Rhoda 2012 -- 2013 Netherlands Bregje Heinen 2011 -- 2012 , 2014 USA Cameron Russell 2011 -- 2012 Swarovski Outfit ; Originally worn by Magdalena Frackowiak Puerto Rico Joan Smalls 2011 -- 2016 Poland Magdalena Frackowiak 2010 , 2012 -- 2015 Outfit Originally worn by Cameron Russell Great Britain Lily Donaldson 2010 -- 2016 Australia Miranda Kerr 2006 - 2009 , 2011 -- 2012 Current Angel ( 2007 - 2012 ) Segment 6 : Angels In Bloom ( edit ) Song List Performance Status Phresh Out The Runway Rihanna Live Performance Nationality Name Runway shows Notes South Africa Candice Swanepoel 2007 -- 2015 , 2017 - present Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) Australia Shanina Shaik 2011 -- 2015 Outfit originally worn by Lais Ribeiro Brazil Alessandra Ambrosio 2000 -- 2017 Current Angel Wearing `` Floral Fantasy Bra & Gift Set '' ( Value : $ 2,500,000 ) USA Jasmine Tookes 2012 -- present Newcomer Brazil Isabeli Fontana 2003 , 2005 , 2007 - 2010 , 2012 , 2014 Brazil Adriana Lima 1999 - 2008 , 2010 -- present Current Angel ( 2000 - present ) USA Lily Aldridge 2009 -- present Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) USA Karlie Kloss 2011 -- 2014 Namibia Behati Prinsloo 2007 -- 2015 Current Angel ( 2009 - present ) France Constance Jablonski 2010 -- 2015 USA Erin Heatherton 2008 -- 2013 Finale ( edit ) Song List Performance Status Feel the Love Rudimental feat . John Newman Remixed Recording Doutzen Kroes and Candice Swanepoel led the finale . Name Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrósio Dorothea Barth Jörgensen Cara Delevingne Sharam Diniz ( pt ) Lily Donaldson Jourdan Dunn Lindsay Ellingson Barbara Fialho Isabeli Fontana Magdalena Frackowiak Toni Garrn Izabel Goulart Frida Gustavsson Jessica Hart Sui He Erin Heatherton Bregje Heinen Elsa Hosk Constance Jablonski Jacquelyn Jablonski Miranda Kerr Karlie Kloss Doutzen Kroes Ieva Laguna Adriana Lima Barbara Palvin Shu Pei Behati Prinsloo Hilary Rhoda Cameron Russell Shanina Shaik Joan Smalls Candice Swanepoel Jasmine Tookes Maud Welzen Liu Wen Victoria 's Secret Fashion Shows 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show models ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrosio Gracie Carvalho Shannan Click Katsia Damankova Lily Donaldson Selita Ebanks Lindsay Ellingson Isabeli Fontana Magdalena Frackowiak Izabel Goulart Héloïse Guérin Erin Heatherton Rosie Huntington - Whiteley Chanel Iman Constance Jablonski Jacquelyn Jablonski Karolína Kurková Adriana Lima Maryna Linchuk Flávia de Oliveira Emanuela de Paula Behati Prinsloo Lais Ribeiro Anja Rubik Fabiana Semprebom Jessica Stam Julia Stegner Martha Streck Candice Swanepoel Edita Vilkevičiūtė Anne Vyalitsyna Liu Wen Caroline Winberg 2011 Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrosio Jessica Clarke Shannan Click Lily Donaldson Lindsay Ellingson Toni Garrn Izabel Goulart Sui He Erin Heatherton Bregje Heinen Elsa Hosk Chanel Iman Constance Jablonski Jacquelyn Jablonski Miranda Kerr Karlie Kloss Doutzen Kroes Ieva Lagūna Adriana Lima Maryna Linchuk Anais Mali Caroline Brasch Nielsen Flávia de Oliveira Emanuela de Paula Karmen Pedaru Behati Prinsloo Lais Ribeiro Anja Rubik Cameron Russell Shanina Shaik Joan Smalls Julia Stegner Candice Swanepoel Anne Vyalitsyna Liu Wen Caroline Winberg 2012 Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrosio Cara Delevingne Sharam Diniz Lily Donaldson Jourdan Dunn Lindsay Ellingson Barbara Fialho Isabeli Fontana Magdalena Frackowiak Toni Garrn Izabel Goulart Frida Gustavsson Jessica Hart Sui He Erin Heatherton Bregje Heinen Elsa Hosk Constance Jablonski Jacquelyn Jablonski Dorothea Barth Jörgensen Miranda Kerr Karlie Kloss Doutzen Kroes Ieva Lagūna Adriana Lima Barbara Palvin Behati Prinsloo Shu Pei Hilary Rhoda Cameron Russell Shanina Shaik Joan Smalls Candice Swanepoel Jasmine Tookes Maud Welzen Liu Wen 2013 Sigrid Agren Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrosio Maria Borges Cindy Bruna Cara Delevingne Lily Donaldson Jourdan Dunn Lindsay Ellingson Barbara Fialho Malaika Firth Magdalena Frackowiak Kelly Gale Toni Garrn Izabel Goulart Jessica Hart Sui He Erin Heatherton Elsa Hosk Martha Hunt Constance Jablonski Jacquelyn Jablonski Monika Jagaciak Karlie Kloss Doutzen Kroes Ieva Lagūna Adriana Lima Maryna Linchuk Caroline Brasch Nielsen Behati Prinsloo Hilary Rhoda Lais Ribeiro Sara Sampaio Josephine Skriver Joan Smalls Kasia Struss Candice Swanepoel Jasmine Tookes Devon Windsor Ming Xi 2014 Sigrid Agren Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrosio Maria Borges Daniela Braga Cindy Bruna Lily Donaldson Jourdan Dunn Lindsay Ellingson Barbara Fialho Malaika Firth Isabeli Fontana Magdalena Frackowiak Kelly Gale Kate Grigorieva Izabel Goulart Imaan Hammam Sui He Bregje Heinen Taylor Hill Elsa Hosk Martha Hunt Constance Jablonski Jacquelyn Jablonski Monika Jagaciak Karlie Kloss Doutzen Kroes Ieva Lagūna Yumi Lambert Adriana Lima Grace Mahary Stella Maxwell Enikő Mihalik Blanca Padilla Behati Prinsloo Lais Ribeiro Sara Sampaio Shanina Shaik Irina Sharipova Josephine Skriver Joan Smalls Romee Strijd Kasia Struss Candice Swanepoel Jasmine Tookes Maud Welzen Devon Windsor Ming Xi 2015 Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrosio Leomie Anderson Maria Borges Daniela Braga Cindy Bruna Gracie Carvalho Lily Donaldson Barbara Fialho Magdalena Frackowiak Kate Grigorieva Izabel Goulart Gigi Hadid Sui He Rachel Hilbert Taylor Hill Pauline Hoarau Elsa Hosk Martha Hunt Constance Jablonski Jacquelyn Jablonski Monika Jagaciak Kendall Jenner Valery Kaufman Yumi Lambert Adriana Lima Bruna Lirio Bridget Malcolm Stella Maxwell Leila Nda Megan Puleri Behati Prinsloo Lais Ribeiro Sara Sampaio Shanina Shaik Vita Sidorkina Josephine Skriver Joan Smalls Romee Strijd Candice Swanepoel Jasmine Tookes Sanne Vloet Maud Welzen Devon Windsor Ming Xi 2016 Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrosio Leomie Anderson Alanna Arrington Maria Borges Daniela Braga Cindy Bruna Dilone Lily Donaldson Grace Elizabeth Barbara Fialho Georgia Fowler Lameka Fox Kelly Gale Izabel Goulart Kate Grigorieva Luma Grothe Bella Hadid Gigi Hadid Sui He Rachel Hilbert Taylor Hill Elsa Hosk Martha Hunt Kendall Jenner Xiao Wen Ju Valery Kaufman Maggie Laine Adriana Lima Keke Lindgard Flavia Lucini Bridget Malcolm Stella Maxwell Lais Oliveira Herieth Paul Brooke Perry Jourdana Phillips Lais Ribeiro Camille Rowe Sara Sampaio Irina Shayk Josephine Skriver Joan Smalls Romee Strijd Zuri Tibby Jasmine Tookes Sanne Vloet Liu Wen Megan Williams Devon Windsor Ming Xi 2017 Frida Aasen Lily Aldridge Alessandra 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3719778835311701963 | 2018 Commonwealth Games | 2018 Commonwealth Games - Wikipedia 2018 Commonwealth Games Jump to : navigation , search XXI Commonwealth Games Logo of 2018 Commonwealth Games Host city Gold Coast , Queensland Country Australia Motto Share the Dream Nations participating 71 Commonwealth Teams Athletes participating 4,426 Events 275 in 19 sports Opening ceremony 4 April Closing ceremony 15 April Officially opened by Charles , Prince of Wales Officially closed by Edward , Earl of Wessex Athlete 's Oath Karen Murphy Queen 's Baton Final Runner Sally Pearson Main venue Carrara Stadium Website GC2018.com < XX XXII > Part of a series on 2018 Commonwealth Games ( show ) Bids Venues ( Athletes ' Village ) Concerns and controversies Queen 's Baton Relay Opening ceremony ( Parade of Nations ) Participating teams Medal table Chronological summary Closing ceremony Mascot CGF CGA The 2018 Commonwealth Games , officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Gold Coast 2018 , were an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that were held on the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia , between 4 and 15 April 2018 . It was the fifth time Australia had hosted the Commonwealth Games and the first time a major multi-sport event achieved gender equality by having an equal number of events for males and female athletes . More than 4,400 athletes including 300 para-athletes from 71 Commonwealth Games Associations took part in the event . The Gambia which withdrew its membership from the Commonwealth of Nations and Commonwealth Games Federation in 2013 , was readmitted on 31 March 2018 and participated in the event . With 275 sets of medals , the games featured 19 Commonwealth sports , including beach volleyball , para triathlon and women 's rugby sevens . These sporting events took place at 14 venues in the host city , two venues in Brisbane and one venue each in Cairns and Townsville . These were the first Commonwealth Games to take place under the Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) presidency of Louise Martin , CBE . The host city Gold Coast was announced at the CGF General Assembly in Basseterre , Saint Kitts , on 11 November 2011 . Gold Coast became the seventh Oceanian city and the first regional city to host the Commonwealth Games . These were the eighth games to be held in Oceania and the Southern Hemisphere . The host nation Australia topped the medal table for the fourth time in the past five Commonwealth Games , winning the most golds ( 80 ) and most medals overall ( 198 ) . England and India finished second and third respectively . Vanuatu , Cook Islands , Solomon Islands , British Virgin Islands and Dominica each won their first Commonwealth Games medals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Administration 3 Preparation 3.1 Venues 3.1. 1 Venues in Gold Coast 3.1. 2 Venues outside Gold Coast 3.2 Financing 3.3 Medals 3.4 Athletes village 3.5 Queen 's baton relay 3.6 Transport 3.7 Anti-doping 4 Participating teams 4.1 Number of athletes by team 5 Calendar 6 Sports 7 Opening ceremony 7.1 Parade of Nations 8 Closing ceremony 9 Medal table 10 Broadcasting 11 Marketing 11.1 Motto 11.2 Emblem 11.3 Mascot 12 Concerns and controversies 12.1 Missing athletes 12.2 Criticism of the closing ceremony 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2018 Commonwealth Games Countdown clock at Surfers Paradise On 22 August 2008 , the Premier of Queensland , Anna Bligh , officially launched Gold Coast City 's bid to host the Commonwealth Games in 2018 . On 7 April 2009 , the ABC reported a land exchange deal between Gold Coast City and State of Queensland for Carrara Stadium . According to Mayor Ron Clarke , the land would aid a potential bid for the 2018 Commonwealth Games . The land exchanged would be used as the site of an aquatics centre . In the same article , Mayor Clarke raised the question of the Australian Federal Government 's commitment to a 2018 Commonwealth Games bid in light of the Government 's support for Australia 's 2018 FIFA World Cup Finals bid . On 16 April 2009 , Queensland Premier Anna Bligh told reporters that a successful Commonwealth Games bid by Gold Coast City could help the tourist strip win a role in hosting the World Cup . `` Some of the infrastructure that would be built for the Commonwealth Games will be useful for Gold Coast City to get a World Cup game out of the soccer World Cup if we 're successful as a nation , '' she said . However the decision on the venues for the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups were made eleven months prior to the bid decision for the 2018 Commonwealth Games , so the potential World Cup venues had already been chosen . On 3 June 2009 , Gold Coast City was confirmed as Australia 's exclusive bidder vying for the 2018 Commonwealth Games . `` Should a bid proceed , Gold Coast City will have the exclusive Australian rights to bid as host city for 2018 , '' Bligh stated . `` Recently I met with the president and CEO of the Australian Commonwealth Games Association and we agreed to commission a full and comprehensive feasibility study into the potential for the 2018 Commonwealth Games , '' she said . `` Under the stewardship of Queensland Events new chair , Geoff Dixon , that study is now well advanced . '' On 15 March 2010 , it was announced that the Queensland Government will provide initial funding of A $11 million for the 2018 Commonwealth Games bid . The Premier of Queensland has indicated the Government 's support for the bid to the Australian Commonwealth Games Association . On 31 March 2010 , the Australian Commonwealth Games Association officially launched the bid to host the 2018 Commonwealth Games . In October 2011 , Gold Coast City Mayor Ron Clarke stated that the games would provide a strong legacy for the city after the games have ended . On 31 March 2010 , a surprise bid was made for the 2018 Commonwealth Games by the Sri Lankan city of Hambantota . Hambantota was devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami , and is undergoing a major face lift . The first phase of the Port of Hambantota is nearing completion and it is funded by the government of China . The Mattala International Airport , which is the second international Airport of Sri Lanka is built close to Hambantota . A new Hambantota International Cricket Stadium had also been built , which had hosted matches in the 2011 Cricket World Cup . On 10 November 2011 , the Hambantota bidders claimed they had already secured enough votes to win the hosting rights . However , on 11 November it was officially announced Gold Coast City had won the rights to host the games . 2018 Commonwealth Games bidding results City Country Votes Gold Coast City Australia 43 Hambantota Sri Lanka 27 Administration ( edit ) The entire project was overseen by the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation ( GOLDOC ) . In February 2012 , Mark Peters was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Gold Coast City 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation . The Queensland Government Minister tasked with overseeing the Games was Kate Jones . Preparation ( edit ) Venues ( edit ) Main article : Venues of the 2018 Commonwealth Games One of the key technical aspects of Gold Coast City 's successful bid was the fact that the city had 80 percent of the planned venues in place before the bidding deadline . The vast majority of venues were located within 20 - minutes driving time of the Athletes Village in Parkwood . Venues in Gold Coast ( edit ) Carrara Stadium hosted the ceremonies and the athletics Carrara Stadium , located in the suburb of Carrara , was the main venue for Athletics , the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony . The seating capacity of the stadium was temporarily increased to 40,000 for the games by the installation of a large temporary North Stand . Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre hosted netball and the accredited media centre The Gold Coast City Convention and Exhibition Centre , located in the suburb of Broadbeach , hosted Basketball , Netball ( preliminaries ) and Weightlifting events , also serving as the Main Media Centre and International Broadcast centre hosting over 3000 members of the worlds press . The Broadbeach Bowls Club hosted the Bowls competition . The Hinze Dam , located in the suburb of Advancetown , was the location for the Mountain Bike competition . A new course was constructed to meet international competition requirements and temporary spectator seating for 2,000 spectators . The newly built Coomera Sport and Leisure Centre hosted Gymnastics and Netball ( finals ) . The existing sound stages of the Village Roadshow Studios complex in the suburb of Oxenford hosted the sports of Boxing , Table Tennis and Squash . During Games mode the venue was enhanced to provide for the International Sporting Federation technical venue requirements and provide spectator seating of 3,000 ( boxing ) and 3,200 ( table tennis ) . The Gold Coast Hockey Centre hosted the men 's and women 's Hockey events during the games . The Southport Broadwater Parklands hosted Triathlon and athletic events . The Optus aquatic centre hosted the swimming and diving events . Robina Stadium hosted the Rugby 7s competition and upgraded to meet World Rugby standards . The Elanora / Currumbin Valley area hosted the road racing elements of the cycling programme . Coolangatta Beachfront hosted the beach volleyball event . Venues outside Gold Coast ( edit ) Brisbane , along with the Gold Coast , forms part of the South East Queensland conurbation . Track Cycling was held at the Sleeman Sports Complex in the suburb of Chandler , where a new indoor cycling velodrome ( Anna Meares Velodrome ) was built . The Velodrome 's seat capacity was 4,000 during the games mode . The Shooting disciplines were held at the Belmont Shooting Centre . In Tropical North Queensland , the Cairns Convention Centre and Townsville Entertainment Centre hosted the preliminary rounds of both the men 's and women 's basketball competitions . Financing ( edit ) The Queensland state government spent A $ 1.5 billion ( US $ 1.2 billion ) to deliver the event . Out of this , A $ 550 million ( US $ 425 million ) were spent on the procurement programme . Procurement of the security and security infrastructure included contracts for four prime suppliers which delivered around 4,200 security guards . A $ 34 million ( US $ 26 million ) were spent on the deployment of the armed forces to provide rapid - response squads , bomb detectors , offshore patrols and surveillance . A $ 657 million ( US $ 509 million ) were spent for the construction of the venues and the Games Village . Medals ( edit ) At a charity gala held on 4 November 2017 , the medals for the games were officially unveiled . Australian Indigenous artist Delvene Cockatoo - Collins designed the medals , while they were produced by the Royal Australian Mint . The design of the medals was inspired by the coastline of Gold Coast along with Indigenous culture . Furthermore , Cockatoo - Collins mentioned , `` the medal design represents soft sand lines which shift with every tide and wave , also symbolic of athletic achievement , The continual change of tide represents the evolution in athletes who are making their mark , Records are made and special moments of elation are celebrated '' . Approximately 1,500 medals were created to be distributed to the medallists and each measures approximately 63 millimetres in diameter . The medals weigh between 138 and 163 grams . Athletes Village ( edit ) 2018 Commonwealth Games Village The 2018 Commonwealth Games Athletes Village was located on 59 hectares at Southport , Gold Coast. which provided accommodation and services to 6,600 athletes and officials in 1252 permanent dwellings . There are 1170 one and two bedroom apartments and 82 three bedroom townhouses which will serve as student accommodation to the nearby Griffith University . It offered services like laundry , refreshments and television and computer spaces and four residential pools . The village consisted a gym which was designed with guidance from the Australian Institute of Sport and equipment and the equipment were sponsored by Technogym . Adjoining the gym was the Athlete Recovery Area which provided services like plunge baths , including accessible baths , saunas , massage and consults from the Sports Medical personnel . The Main Dining served over 18,000 meals per day to the athletes during the games . The village also consisted of retail shops , Optus phone store , salon , bar and a games room which featured a number of arcade games , pool tables and game consoles . Queen 's Baton Relay ( edit ) Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Baton The Gold Coast 2018 Queen 's Baton Relay was launched on Commonwealth Day , 13 March 2017 , on the historic forecourt at Buckingham Palace , signalling the official countdown to the start of the Games . Accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh and Prince Edward The Earl of Wessex , Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II heralded the start of the relay by placing her ' message to the Commonwealth and its athletes ' into the distinctive loop - design Queen 's Baton which then set off on its journey around the globe . It traveled for 388 days , spending time in every nation and territory of the Commonwealth . The Gold Coast 2018 Queen 's Baton Relay was the longest in Commonwealth Games history . Covering 230,000 km over 388 days , the baton made its way through the six Commonwealth regions of Africa , the Americas , the Caribbean , Europe , Asia and Oceania . The baton landed on Australian soil in December 2017 and then spent 100 days travelling through Australia , finishing its journey at the Opening Ceremony on 4 April 2018 , where the message was removed from the Baton and read aloud by Charles , Prince of Wales . Transport ( edit ) Gold Coast light rail During the games period , free public transportation within Queensland region was provided to ticket and accreditation holders . The free transportation services were available on local buses , train and Gold Coast light rail ( G : link ) services in Gold Coast and on TransLink and Qconnect bus services in Cairns and Townsville . The Gold Coast light rail system , connected a number of the key games venues including the Optus Aquatic Centre , Broadwater Parklands and the Gold Coast Convention & Exhibition Centre with the major accommodation centres of Surfers Paradise and Broadbeach and the Athletes Village at Parklands . An extension to the system was announced in October 2015 , connecting the then current terminus at Gold Coast University Hospital to the railway line to Brisbane at Helensvale . The extension opened in December 2017 , in time for the games . Anti-doping ( edit ) The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority conducted an anti-doping drive in the months prior to the games , covering around 2500 tests of Australian athletes , as well as 500 tests against international athletes . Three Australians failed drug tests in this process , along with around 20 international athletes , subject to appeal . The Commonwealth Games Federation conducted in - competition testing and , matching protocol at the Olympic Games , launched a sample storage initiative to allow for future testing of samples up to ten years later , should detection technology improve . Participating teams ( edit ) There were 71 nations competing at 2018 Commonwealth Games . Maldives were scheduled to participate , but in October 2016 they withdrew from the Commonwealth . The Gambia returned to the Commonwealth Games after being readmitted as a Commonwealth Games Federation member on 31 March 2018 . Nations expected to compete at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast ( hide ) Participating Commonwealth Games Associations : country name ( number of participants ) Anguilla ( 12 ) Antigua and Barbuda ( 17 ) Australia ( 469 ) ( hosts ) Bahamas ( 31 ) Bangladesh ( 23 ) Barbados ( 45 ) Belize ( 12 ) Bermuda ( 8 ) Botswana ( 26 ) British Virgin Islands ( 10 ) Brunei ( 8 ) Cameroon ( 40 ) Canada ( 282 ) Cayman Islands ( 21 ) Cook Islands ( 18 ) Cyprus ( 46 ) Dominica ( 13 ) England ( 390 ) Falkland Islands ( 15 ) Fiji ( 96 ) The Gambia ( 6 ) Ghana ( 71 ) Gibraltar ( 22 ) Grenada ( 14 ) Guernsey ( 31 ) Guyana ( 23 ) India ( 216 ) Isle of Man ( 31 ) Jamaica ( 106 ) Jersey ( 33 ) Kenya ( 136 ) Kiribati ( 14 ) Lesotho ( 20 ) Malawi ( 19 ) Malaysia ( 177 ) Malta ( 24 ) Mauritius ( 54 ) Montserrat ( 7 ) Mozambique ( 26 ) Namibia ( 28 ) Nauru ( 16 ) New Zealand ( 251 ) Nigeria ( 88 ) Niue ( 19 ) Norfolk Island ( 18 ) Northern Ireland ( 90 ) Pakistan ( 56 ) Papua New Guinea ( 56 ) Rwanda ( 17 ) Saint Helena ( 9 ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( 7 ) Saint Lucia ( 13 ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( 20 ) Samoa ( 38 ) Scotland ( 226 ) Seychelles ( 25 ) Sierra Leone ( 24 ) Singapore ( 59 ) Solomon Islands ( 14 ) South Africa ( 194 ) Sri Lanka ( 79 ) Swaziland ( 10 ) Tanzania ( 15 ) Tonga ( 13 ) Trinidad and Tobago ( 51 ) Turks and Caicos Islands ( 7 ) Tuvalu ( 7 ) Uganda ( 69 ) Vanuatu ( 18 ) Wales ( 213 ) Zambia ( 36 ) Number of athletes by team ( edit ) ( show ) CGF Code Country Athletes AUS Australia 469 ENG England 390 CAN Canada 282 NZL New Zealand 251 SCO Scotland 226 IND India 216 WAL Wales 213 RSA South Africa 194 MAS Malaysia 177 KEN Kenya 136 JAM Jamaica 106 FIJ Fiji 96 NIR Northern Ireland 90 NGR Nigeria 88 SRI Sri Lanka 79 GHA Ghana 71 UGA Uganda 69 SIN Singapore 59 PAK Pakistan 56 PNG Papua New Guinea MRI Mauritius 54 TTO Trinidad and Tobago 51 CYP Cyprus 46 BAR Barbados 45 CMR Cameroon 40 SAM Samoa 38 ZAM Zambia 36 JEY Jersey 33 BAH Bahamas 31 GGY Guernsey IOM Isle of Man NAM Namibia 28 BOT Botswana 26 MOZ Mozambique SEY Seychelles 25 MLT Malta 24 SLE Sierra Leone BAN Bangladesh 23 GUY Guyana GIB Gibraltar 22 CAY Cayman Islands 21 LES Lesotho 20 SVG Saint Vincent and the Grenadines MAW Malawi 19 NIU Niue COK Cook Islands 18 NFI Norfolk Island VAN Vanuatu ANT Antigua and Barbuda 17 RWA Rwanda NRU Nauru 16 FAI Falkland Islands 15 TAN Tanzania GRN Grenada 14 KIR Kiribati SOL Solomon Islands DMA Dominica 13 LCA Saint Lucia TGA Tonga AIA Anguilla 12 BIZ Belize IVB British Virgin Islands 10 SWZ Swaziland SHN Saint Helena 9 BER Bermuda 8 BRU Brunei MNT Montserrat 7 SKN Saint Kitts and Nevis TCA Turks and Caicos Islands TUV Tuvalu GAM The Gambia 6 Calendar ( edit ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony April Wed 5 Thu 6 Fri 7 Sat 8 Sun 9 Mon 10 Tue 11 Wed 12 Thu 13 Fri 14 Sat 15 Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Aquatics Diving 10 Swimming 7 9 8 8 9 9 50 Athletics 5 6 8 7 10 9 9 58 Badminton 5 6 Basketball Beach volleyball Boxing 16 16 Cycling Mountain biking Road cycling Track cycling 6 6 20 Gymnastics Artistic 5 5 14 Rhythmic 6 Hockey Lawn bowls 10 Netball Powerlifting Rugby sevens Shooting 19 Squash 5 Table tennis 9 Triathlon 5 Weightlifting 16 Wrestling 12 Daily medal events 19 17 22 31 33 26 15 24 27 44 17 275 Cumulative total 19 36 58 89 122 148 163 187 214 258 275 April 4th Wed 5th Thu 6th Fri 7th Sat 8th Sun 9th Mon 10th Tue 11th Wed 12th Thu 13th Fri 14th Sat 15th Sun Total events Sports ( edit ) The regulations stated that from the 26 approved sports administered by Commonwealth Governing Bodies , a minimum of ten core sports and maximum of seventeen sports must be included in any Commonwealth Games schedule . The approved sports included the 10 core sports : athletics , badminton , boxing , hockey , lawn bowls , netball ( for women ) , rugby sevens , squash , swimming and weightlifting . Integrated disabled competitions were also scheduled for the Games in nine sports : swimming , athletics , cycling , table tennis , powerlifting and lawn bowls . Along with these events for the first time EAD events in triathlon were held , with the medals added to the final tally for each nation . A record 38 para events were contested at these games . On 8 March 2016 , beach volleyball was announced as the 18th sport . The program was broadly similar to that of the 2014 Commonwealth Games , with the major changes being the dropping of judo , the reintroduction of basketball , the debut of women 's rugby sevens and beach volleyball . On 7 October 2016 , it was announced seven new events for women were added to the sport program , meaning there are an equal number of events for men and women . This marks the first time in history that a major multi-sport event has equality in terms of events . In total 275 events in 18 sports are being contested . Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport . Aquatics Diving ( 10 ) ( details ) Swimming ( 50 ) ( details ) Athletics ( 58 ) ( details ) Badminton ( 6 ) ( details ) Basketball ( 2 ) ( details ) Beach volleyball ( 2 ) ( details ) Boxing ( 16 ) ( details ) Cycling ( details ) Mountain biking ( 2 ) Road ( 4 ) Track ( 20 ) Gymnastics ( details ) Artistic ( 14 ) Rhythmic ( 6 ) Hockey ( 2 ) ( details ) Lawn bowls ( 10 ) ( details ) Netball ( 1 ) ( details ) Rugby sevens ( 2 ) ( details ) Shooting ( 19 ) ( details ) Squash ( 5 ) ( details ) Table tennis ( 9 ) ( details ) Triathlon ( 5 ) ( details ) Weightlifting ( 16 ) ( details ) Powerlifting ( 4 ) ( details ) Wrestling ( 12 ) ( details ) Opening ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony The opening ceremony was held at Carrara Stadium in the Gold Coast , Australia , between 20 : 00 and 22 : 40 AEST , on 4 April 2018 . Tickets for the ceremony started at 100 Australian dollars with half price tickets available for children . The Head of the Commonwealth , Queen Elizabeth II , was represented by her son , Charles , Prince of Wales . Parade of nations ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games Parade of Nations Following tradition , the host of the previous games , Scotland entered first , followed by the rest of the European countries competing . Following this , all countries paraded in alphabetical order from their respective regions . After the European countries entered , countries from Africa , the Americas , Asia , the Caribbean , and lastly Oceania marched in . The host nation of Australia entered last . Each nation was preceded by a placard bearer carrying a sign with the country 's name . Closing ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony The closing ceremony was held at Carrara Stadium on Sunday 15th April and was produced by Jack Morton Worldwide at a cost of AU $30 million . Australian pop stars Guy Sebastian , Samantha Jade , Dami Im and The Veronicas were among the performers along with children 's entertainers , The Wiggles . Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex , declared the Games closed and passed the Commonwealth Games flag to Birmingham , England which will host the 2022 Games . Medal table ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table Only the top ten successful nations are displayed here . The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables . By default , the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won ( in this context , a `` nation '' is an entity represented by a Commonwealth Games Association ) . The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals . If nations are still tied , equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by their three - letter country code . Australia tops the medal table rank with 80 gold , second England with 45 gold and third India with 26 gold . Key * Host nation ( Australia ) 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table Rank CGA Gold Silver Bronze Total Australia ( AUS ) * 80 59 59 198 England ( ENG ) 45 45 46 136 India ( IND ) 26 20 20 66 Canada ( CAN ) 15 40 27 82 5 New Zealand ( NZL ) 15 16 15 46 6 South Africa ( RSA ) 13 11 13 37 7 Wales ( WAL ) 10 12 14 36 8 Scotland ( SCO ) 9 13 22 44 9 Nigeria ( NGR ) 9 9 6 24 10 Cyprus ( CYP ) 8 5 14 Total ( 43 CGAs ) 275 276 289 840 Broadcasting ( edit ) In Australia , the games were broadcast live on three Seven Network channels - 7HD , 7TWO and 7Mate . In the United Kingdom , BBC provided Commonwealth Games coverage of more than 200 hours across BBC One , BBC Two , BBC Red Button , BBC Sport website , BBC iPlayer and BBC radio . TVNZ channel broadcast the games for the viewers in New Zealand . Astro Arena provided the games coverage for the Malaysian viewers . ESPN provided the games coverage for viewers in the USA . Sony Pictures Networks India broadcast the games for the viewers in India on three channels - Sony Six , Sony Ten 2 in English and Sony Ten 3 in Hindi . Marketing ( edit ) Borobi , the mascot of the 2018 Commonwealth Games Motto ( edit ) The official motto for the 2018 Commonwealth Games was `` Share the Dream '' . It was chosen to highlight the dreams and experience at the games that were shared by participants of the games , ranging from athletes to volunteers and the host country Australia to the world including the Commonwealth nations . Emblem ( edit ) The emblem was launched on 4 April 2013 , which marked exactly five years until its opening ceremony . It was unveiled at the Southport Broadwater Parklands . It was designed by the New South Wales based brand consultancy WiteKite . The emblem of the 2018 Commonwealth Games was a silhouette of the skyline and landscape of Gold Coast , the host city of the games . Nigel Chamier OAM , who served as the Chairman of the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation till the end of the games , said that it was the result of months of market research . Mascot ( edit ) Main article : Borobi ( mascot ) Borobi was named as the mascot of the 2018 Commonwealth Games in 2016 . Borobi is a blue koala , with indigenous markings on its body . The term `` borobi '' means koala in the Yugambeh language , spoken by the indigenous Yugambeh people of the Gold Coast and surrounding areas . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) Missing athletes ( edit ) At least 13 athletes from four countries - Cameroon , Uganda , Rwanda , and Sierra Leone - absconded during or immediately after the Games . Some missed their competitions . Athletes regularly abscond during major sporting events , and many subsequently claim asylum in their host countries . Most hold nationalities that are deemed high - risk by immigration authorities and find it impossible to get visas outside of exceptional events , such as major games . A month after the games ended , officals estimated that fifty athletes had remained in Australia illegally , with another 200 staying in the country on visas . Criticism of the closing ceremony ( edit ) The organising committee decided to bring in the athletes before the start of the closing ceremony . This caused an uproar on social media as , contrary to public expectations , none of the athletes were shown entering the stadium during the ceremony . Broadcast rights holders Channel 7 complained on air about the decision and concluded that , `` it has n't really lived up to expectations '' . Many spectators and athletes left during the ceremony , resulting in a half - empty stadium for much of the event . Following this , the ABC claimed that Channel 7 was briefed on the closing ceremony schedule , a claim which Channel 7 later refuted . See also ( edit ) Gold Coast 2018 Queen 's Baton Relay 2018 Asian Games 2018 European Championships 2019 Pan American Games 2019 European Games 2019 Pacific Games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` This Commonwealth Games will be remembered as a year of ' firsts ' , on and off the field '' . ABC News . 2018 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Up to 300 Para athletes participated in the 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) . 16 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gambia to compete at Gold Coast 2018 after readmitted as CGF member '' . www.insidethegames.biz/ . Dunsar Media . 31 March 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ABOUT Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ sportscotland . `` Louise Martin elected as CGF President '' . sportscotland.org.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` CGF General Assembly 2011 '' . Commonwealth Games Federation . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Medal Standings - Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . results.gc2018.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` CGF President declares Commonwealth more relevant than ever before as `` Games of Firsts '' draw to a close on Gold Coast `` . Commonwealth Games Federation . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast eyes 2018 Games bid with land swap '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bligh pushes bids for Games , World Cup '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast gets sole right to bid for 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Brisbane Times . 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Lappeman , Sue ( 15 March 2010 ) . `` Coast Games bid up and running '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Lappeman , Sue ( 31 March 2010 ) . `` Coast Commonwealth Games bid backed '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Degun , Tom ( 23 October 2011 ) . `` Legacy benefits to Gold Coast of 2018 Commonwealth Games will be huge , says city 's Mayor '' . Inside the Games . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ardern , Lucy ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` Sri Lanka boasting of Games bid win '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate City Manual '' ( PDF ) . Commonwealth Games Federation . December 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ardern , Lucy ( 13 November 2011 ) . `` Coast wins 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Willoughby , , Shannon . `` Mark Peters named as Games CEO '' . Gold Coast News , 18 February 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Palaszczuk , Annastacia ( 10 February 2017 ) . `` Kate Jones appointed Minister for the Commonwealth Games '' ( Press release ) . Brisbane : Queensland Government . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carrara Stadium Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Broadbeach Bowls Club Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Coomera Indoor Sports Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Oxenford Studios Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast Hockey Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Southport Broadwater Parklands Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Optus Aquatic Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Robina Stadium Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Coolangatta Beachfront Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Anna Meares Velodrome Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Shooting Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cairns Convention Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ http://www.accaglobal.com , ACCA -. `` 2018 Commonwealth Games takes schedule and budget golds ACCA Global '' . www.accaglobal.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Crockford , Toby ( 4 November 2017 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games medals revealed '' . Brisbane Times . Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Pavitt , Michael ( 4 November 2017 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 reveal medal designs for Commonwealth Games at charity gala '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Games Village '' . Embracing 2018 . 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Commonwealth Games Village Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games Federation - Queen 's Baton Relay '' . www.thecgf.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Your Travel Options Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Stage two of Gold Coast light rail on track for Commonwealth Games '' . Queensland Government . 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth Games 2018 : Australia athletes banned for doping . The Australian ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 71 Nations and Territories. 6 Continents. 2 Billion citizens . 1 commonwealth family '' . www.gc2018.com/ . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Duncan ( 14 October 2016 ) . `` Maldives set to miss Gold Coast 2018 after resigning from Commonwealth '' . www.insidethegames.biz/ . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast 2018 to host largest Commonwealth para-sport programme '' . www.paralympic.org/ . International Paralympic Committee . 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Beach volleyball to be played at the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's rugby added to Commonwealth Games '' . www.sportsnet.ca/ . Rogers Media . 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Level playing field for women at 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh , Scotland . 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ McKay , Duncan ( 7 October 2016 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 to offer same amount of medals for men and women after seven events added '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Ceremony '' . www.gc2018.com/ . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation ( GOLDOC ) . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Gold Coast event starts with colourful opening ceremony '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Thomas ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` Team Scotland release Gold Coast 2018 parade tartan '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1063985/prince-edward-declares-gold-coast-2018-closed-as-flag-passed-to-birmingham-in-ordinary-closing-ceremony Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games 2018 live Stream Gold Coast TV Schedule '' . commonwealthgames2018. live . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games on the BBC - Media Centre '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` TVNZ announces Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games coverage New Zealand Olympic Team '' . New Zealand Olympic Team . 2018 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Astro.com.my . `` Get your GC2018 Season Pass and Cheer for Malaysian Athletes at the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Press Release Mediaroom Astro '' . www.astro.com.my . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN acquires Commonwealth Games rights in USA for first time in 2018 Featured News News Sportcal '' . www.sportcal.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca . `` SPN India gears up for Commonwealth Games coverage Programming News Rapid TV News '' . www.rapidtvnews.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Games '' . Jump up ^ `` Emblem unveiled for 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . 2013 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast Games logo unveiled - Mumbrella '' . Mumbrella. 2013 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Emblem '' . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games emblem revealed '' . Brisbane Times . 2013 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Larkins , Damien ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` Blue koala Borobi revealed as mascot for 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games '' . ABC News ( Australia ) . Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Still no sign of missing African Commonwealth Games athletes '' . NewsComAu . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Ben ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Cameroon athletes missing from Commonwealth Games '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Fifty athletes in Australia ' illegally ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Almost 200 Commonwealth Games athletes and officials seek asylum in Australia '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games closing ceremony slammed on social media as Channel Seven hosts open fire '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) . Sydney , Australia . 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Seven was briefed on closing ceremony '' . ABC News . 2018 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Melissa ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Griggs hits back at claims Channel Seven knew plan to snub athletes '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Gold Coast 2018 official website Embracing 2018 official website Official results Preceded by Glasgow Commonwealth Games Gold Coast XXI Commonwealth Games ( 2018 ) Succeeded by Birmingham Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games Federation Participating Nations Commonwealth Day Inter-Empire Championships Queen 's Baton Relay Medal Table Sports Records Games 1930 Hamilton 1934 London 1938 Sydney 1950 Auckland 1954 Vancouver 1958 Cardiff 1962 Perth 1966 Kingston 1970 Edinburgh 1974 Christchurch 1978 Edmonton 1982 Brisbane 1986 Edinburgh 1990 Auckland 1994 Victoria 1998 Kuala Lumpur 2002 Manchester 2006 Melbourne 2010 Delhi 2014 Glasgow 2018 Gold Coast 2022 Birmingham 2026 TBA Commonwealth Youth Games Commonwealth Winter Games Commonwealth Paraplegic Games ← 2018 in Australia → Governor - General -- Sir Peter Cosgrove Prime Minister -- Malcolm Turnbull Chief Justice -- Susan Kiefel Politics and elections Incumbents National Party of Australia leadership election South Australian state election Tasmanian state election Batman by - election Cottesloe state by - election Perth by - election Victorian state election People and culture Deaths Television Film Honours Australia Day Honours Special Honours Sports competitions Commonwealth Games Australian Open Cricket team in South Africa ball - tampering scandal Australia at multi-sport events Commonwealth Games Winter Olympics Winter Paralympics Summer Youth Olympics Big Bash League Women 's Australian Grand Prix Establishments and developments Australian Cycling Academy -- Ride Sunshine Coast Australian Space Agency The Bend Motorsport Park Electoral district of Badcoe Electoral district of Black Electoral district of Gibson Marshall Ministry Melbourne 400 NRL Touch Premiership NRL Women 's The Bend SuperSprint World Series Rugby Disasters Cyclone Kelvin Broome flood Cyclone Marcus Bushfire season Tathra bushfire 2018 in Australia Commonwealth Games portal 2010s portal Queensland portal Australia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=842803100 '' Categories : Commonwealth Games 2018 Commonwealth Games 2018 in multi-sport events Sports competitions on the Gold Coast , Queensland Commonwealth Games in Australia 2018 in Australian sport April 2018 sports events in Oceania Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Use Australian English from April 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 吴语 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 19 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many sports are there in the 2018 commonwealth games | [
"More than 4,400 athletes including 300 para-athletes from 71 Commonwealth Games Associations took part in the event.[2] The Gambia which withdrew its membership from the Commonwealth of Nations and Commonwealth Games Federation in 2013, was readmitted on 31 March 2018 and participated in the event .[3] With 275 sets of medals, the games featured 19 Commonwealth sports, including beach volleyball, para triathlon and women’s rugby sevens. These sporting events took place at 14 venues in the host city, two venues in Brisbane and one venue each in Cairns and Townsville.[4]"
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"19 Commonwealth sports"
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4836089473471203084 | Permanent Court of International Justice | Permanent Court of International Justice - wikipedia Permanent Court of International Justice Jump to : navigation , search `` PCIJ '' redirects here . For the Philippine media organization , see Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism . Permanent Court of International Justice Cour permanente de justice internationale The seal of the Permanent Court of International Justice . The successor International Court of Justice adopted the seal as well . Established 1920 Dissolved 1946 Country Netherlands Location The Hague Coordinates 52 ° 05 ′ 11.76 '' N 4 ° 17 ′ 43.80 '' E / 52.0866000 ° N 4.2955000 ° E / 52.0866000 ; 4.2955000 Coordinates : 52 ° 05 ′ 11.76 '' N 4 ° 17 ′ 43.80 '' E / 52.0866000 ° N 4.2955000 ° E / 52.0866000 ; 4.2955000 The Peace Palace in The Hague , Netherlands , home to the Permanent Court of International Justice The Permanent Court of International Justice , often called the World Court , existed from 1922 to 1946 . It was an international court attached to the League of Nations . Created in 1920 ( although the idea of an international court was several centuries old ) , the Court was initially well - received from states and academics alike , with many cases submitted to it for its first decade of operation . With the heightened international tension of the 1930s , the Court became less used . By a resolution from the League of Nations on 18 April 1946 , the Court and the League both ceased to exist and were replaced by the International Court of Justice and the United Nations . The Court 's mandatory jurisdiction came from three sources : the Optional Clause of the League of Nations , general international conventions and special bipartite international treaties . Cases could also be submitted directly by states , but they were not bound to submit material unless it fell into those three categories . The Court could issue either judgments or advisory opinions . Judgments were directly binding while advisory opinions were not . In practice , member states of the League of Nations followed advisory opinions anyway , as they feared that otherwise , they could undermine the moral and legal authority of the Court and League . On occasion , the Court was accused of extending its jurisdiction . Strictly speaking , it was allowed to intervene only in matters of international law , but became involved in municipal law during the Loans Cases . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding and early years 1.2 Increasing work 1.3 United States never joins 1.4 Growing international tension and dissolution of the court 2 Organisation 2.1 Judges 2.2 Procedure 2.3 Registrar and Registry 3 Cases 3.1 Cases 3.2 Advisories 4 Jurisdiction 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) Founding and Early years ( edit ) An international court had long been proposed ; Pierre Dubois suggested it in 1305 and Émeric Crucé in 1623 . An idea of an international court of justice arose in the political world at the First Hague Peace Conference in 1899 , where it was declared that arbitration between states was the easiest solution to disputes , providing a temporary panel of judges to arbitrate in such cases , the Permanent Court of Arbitration . At the Second Hague Peace Conference in 1907 , a draft convention for a permanent Court of Arbitral Justice was written although disputes and other pressing business at the Conference meant that such a body was never established , owing to difficulties agreeing on a procedure to select the judges . The outbreak of the First World War , and , in particular , its conclusion made it clear to many academics that some kind of world court was needed , and it was widely expected that one would be established . Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations , created after the Treaty of Versailles , allowed the League to investigate setting up an international court . In June 1920 , an Advisory Committee of jurists appointed by the League of Nations finally established a working guideline for the appointment of judges , and the Committee was then authorised to draft a constitution for a permanent court not of arbitration but of justice . The Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice was accepted in Geneva on December 13 , 1920 . The Court first sat on 30 January 1922 , at the Peace Palace , The Hague , covering preliminary business during the first session ( such as establishing procedure and appointing officers ) Nine judges sat , along with three deputies , since Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven , Ruy Barbosa and Wang Ch'ung - hui were unable to attend , the last being at the Washington Naval Conference . The Court elected Bernard Loder as President and Max Huber as Vice-President ; Huber was replaced by Charles Andre Weiss a month later . On 14 February the Court was officially opened , and rules of procedure were established on 24 March , when the court ended its first session . The court first sat to decide cases on 15 June . During its first year of business , the Court issued three advisory opinions , all related to the International Labour Organisation created by the Treaty of Versailles and collectively grouped into the International Labour Organisation Questions . The initial reaction to the Court was good , from politicians , practising lawyers and academics alike . Ernest Pollock , the former Attorney General for England and Wales said , `` May we not as lawyers regard the establishment of an International Court of Justice as an advance in the science that we pursue ? '' John Henry Wigmore said that the creation of the Court `` should have given every lawyer a thrill of cosmic vibration '' , and James Brown Scott wrote that `` the one dream of our ages has been realised in our time '' . Much praise was heaped upon the appointment of an American judge despite the fact that the United States had not become a signatory to the Court 's protocol , and it was thought that it would soon do so . Increasing work ( edit ) U.S. President Warren G. Harding , who had first suggested American involvement ; the U.S. demanded a veto , however , and never joined . The Court faced increasing work as it went on , allaying the fears of those commentators who had believed the Court would become like the Supreme Court of the United States , which was not presented with a case for its first six terms . The Court was given nine cases during 1922 and 1923 , however , with judgments called `` cases '' and advisory opinions called `` questions '' . Three cases were disposed of during the Court 's first session , one during an extraordinary sitting between 8 January and 7 February 1923 ( the Tunis - Morocco Nationality Question ) , four during the second ordinary sitting between 15 June 1923 and 15 September 1923 ( Eastern Carelia Question , S.S. `` Wimbledon '' case , German Settlers Question , Acquisition of Polish Nationality Question ) and one during a second extraordinary session from 12 November to 6 December 1923 ( Jaworznia Question ) . A replacement for Ruy Barbosa ( who had died on 1 March 1923 without hearing any cases ) was also found , with the election of Epitácio Lindolfo da Silva Pessoa on 10 September 1923 . The workload the following year was reduced , containing two judgments and one advisory opinion ; the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions Case , the Interpretation of the Treaty of Neuilly Case ( the first case of the Court 's Chamber of Summary Procedure ) and the Monastery of Saint - Naoum Question . During the same year , a new President and Vice-President were elected , since they were mandated to serve for a term of three years . At the elections on 4 September 1924 , Charles Andre Weiss was again elected Vice-President and Max Huber became the second President of the Court . Judicial pensions were created at the same time , with a judge being given 1 / 30th of his annual pay for every year he had served once he had both retired and turned 65 . 1925 was an exceedingly busy year for the court , which sat for 210 days , with four extraordinary sessions as well as the ordinary session , producing 3 judgments and 4 advisory opinions . The first judgment was given in the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations Case , the second ( by the Court of Summary Procedure ) was on the interpretation of the Interpretation of the Treaty of Neuilly Case , and the third in the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions Case . The 4 advisory opinions issued by the Court were in the Polish Postal Service in Danzig Question , the Expulsion of the Ecumenical Patriarch Question , the Treaty of Lausanne Question and the German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia Question. 1926 saw reduced business , with only one ordinary session and one extraordinary session ; it was , however , the first year that all 11 judges had been present to hear cases . The court heard two cases , providing one judgment and one advisory opinion ; a second question on German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia , this time a judgment rather than an advisory opinion , and an advisory opinion on the International Labour Organisation , grouped into the International Labour Organisation Questions . Despite the reduction of work in 1926 , 1927 was another busy year , the Court sitting continuously from 15 June to 16 December , handing down 4 orders , 4 judgments and 1 advisory opinion . The judgments were in the Belgium - China Case , the Case Concerning the Factory at Chorzow , the Lotus Case and a continuation of the Mavrommatis Jerusalem Concessions Case . 3 of the advisory opinions were on the Competence of the European Commission on the Danube , and the 4th was on the Jurisdiction of Danzig Courts . The 4 orders were on the German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia . This year saw another set of elections ; on 6 December , with Dionisio Anzilotti elected President and Charles Andre Weiss elected Vice-President . Weiss died the following year , and John Bassett Moore resigned ; Max Huber was elected Vice-President on 12 September 1928 to succeed Weiss , while a second death ( Lord Finlay ) left the Court increasingly understaffed . Replacements for Moore and Finlay were elected on 19 September 1929 ; Henri Fromageot and Cecil Hurst respectively . After the second round of elections in September 1930 , the Court was reorganised . On 16 January 1931 Mineichirō Adachi was appointed President , and Gustavo Guerrero Vice-President . United States never joins ( edit ) The United States never joined the World Court , primarily because enemies of the League of Nations in the Senate argued that the Court was too closely linked to the League of Nations . The leading opponent was Senator William Borah , Republican of Idaho . The United States finally recognised the Court 's jurisdiction , following a long and drawn out process . President Warren G. Harding had first suggested US involvement in 1923 , and on 9 December 1929 , three court protocols were signed . The U.S. demanded a veto over cases involving the U.S. but other nations rejected the idea . President Franklin Roosevelt did not risk his political capital and gave only passive support even though a two - thirds vote of approval was needed in the Senate . A barrage of telegrams flooded Congress , inspired by attacks made by Charles Coughlin and others . The treaty failed by seven votes on January 29 , 1935 . The United States finally accepted the Court 's jurisdiction on 28 December 1935 , but the treaty was never ratified , and the U.S. never joined . Francis Boyle attributes the failure to a strong isolationist element in the US Senate , arguing that the ineffectiveness shown by US nonparticipation in the Court and other international institutions could be linked to the start of the Second World War . Growing International tension and dissolution of the Court ( edit ) 1933 was a busy year for the court , which cleared its 20th case ( and `` greatest triumph '' ) ; the Eastern Greenland Case . This period was marked by growing international tension , however , with Japan and Germany announcing their withdrawal from the League of Nations , to come into effect in 1935 . That did not directly affect the Court , since the protocol accepting Court jurisdiction was separately ratified , but it influenced whether a nation would be willing to bring a case before it , as evidenced by Germany 's withdrawal from two pending cases . 1934 , the Court 's 13th year , `` has been in keeping with the traditions associated with that number '' , with few cases since the world 's governments were more concerned with the growing international tension . The Court 's business continued to be small in 1935 , 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , and 1939 although 1937 was marked by Monaco 's acceptance of the Court protocol . The Court 's judicial output in 1940 consisted entirely of a set of orders , completed in a meeting between 19 and 26 February , caused by an international situation , which left the Court with `` uncertain prospects for the future '' . Following the German invasion of the Netherlands , the Court was unable to meet although the Registrar and President were afforded full diplomatic immunity . Informed that the situation would not be tolerated after diplomatic missions from other nations left The Hague on 16 July , the President and Registrar left the Netherlands and moved to Switzerland , accompanied by their staff . The Court was unable to meet between 1941 and 1944 , but the framework remained intact , and it soon became apparent that the Court would be dissolved . In 1943 , an international panel met to consider `` the question of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' , meeting from 20 March to 10 February 1944 . The panel agreed that the name and functioning of the Court should be preserved but for some future court rather than a continuation of the current one . Between 21 August and 7 October 1944 , the Dumbarton Oaks Conference was held , which , among other things , created an international court attached to the United Nations , to succeed the Permanent Court of International Justice . As a result of these conferences and others , the judges of the Permanent Court of International Justice officially resigned in October 1945 and , via a resolution by the League of Nations on 18 April 1946 , the Court and the League both ceased to exist , being replaced by the International Court of Justice and the United Nations . Organisation ( edit ) The Permanent Court ( bottom left ) in the League of Nations organisation . Judges ( edit ) Main article : Judges of the Permanent Court of International Justice Max Huber , the first Vice-President and second President of the Permanent Court of International Justice The Court initially consisted of 11 judges and 4 deputy judges , recommended by member states of the League of Nations to the Secretary General of the League of Nations , who would put them before the Council and Assembly for election . The Council and Assembly were to bear in mind that the elected panel of judges was to represent every major legal tradition in the League , along with `` every major civilization '' . Each member state was allowed to recommend 4 potential judges , with a maximum of 2 from its own nation . Judges were elected by a straight majority vote , held independently in the Council and Assembly . The judges served for a period of nine years , with their term limits all expiring at the same time , necessitating a completely new set of elections . The judges were independent and rid themselves of their nationality for the purposes of hearing cases , owing allegiance to no individual member state , but it was forbidden to have more than one judge from the same state . As a sign of their independence from national ties , judges were given full diplomatic immunity when engaged in Court business . The only requirements for judges were `` high moral character '' and `` the qualifications required in their respective countries ( for ) the highest judicial offices '' or to be `` jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law '' . The first panel was elected on 14 September 1921 , with the 4 deputies being elected on the 16th . On the first vote , Rafael Altamira y Crevea of Spain , Dionisio Anzilotti of Italy , Bernard Loder of the Netherlands , Ruy Barbosa of Brazil , Yorozu Oda of Japan , Charles Andre Weiss of France , Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven of Cuba and Lord Finlay of the United Kingdom were elected by a majority vote of both the Council and Assembly on the first ballot taken . The second ballot elected John Bassett Moore of the United States , and the sixth Didrik Nyholm of Denmark and Max Huber of Switzerland . As the deputy judges , Wang Ch'ung - hui of China , Demetre Negulesco of Romania and Michaelo Yovanovich of Yugoslavia were elected . The Assembly and Council disagreed on the fourth deputy judge , but Frederik Beichmann of Norway was eventually appointed . Deputy judges were only substitutes for absent judges and were not afforded a vote in altering court procedure or contributing at other times . As such , they were allowed to act as counsel in international cases where they were not sitting as judges . In 1930 , the number of judges was increased to 15 , and a new set of elections were held . The election was held on 25 September 1930 , with 14 candidates receiving a majority on the first ballot and a 15th , Francisco José Urrutia , receiving a majority on the second . The full court was Urrutia , Mineichiro Adachi , Rafael Altamira y Crevea , Dionisio Anzilotti , Bustamante , Jonkheer van Eysinga , Henri Fromageot , José Gustavo Guerrero , Cecil Hurst , Edouard Rolin - Jaequemyns , Frank B. Kellogg , Negulesco , Michał Jan Rostworowski , Walther Schücking and Wang Ch'ung - hui . Judges were paid 15,000 Dutch florins a year , with daily expenses of 50 florins to pay for living expenses , and an additional 45,000 florins for the President , who was required to live at The Hague . Travelling expenses were also provided , and a `` duty allowance '' of 100 florins was provided when the court was sitting , with 150 for the Vice-President . This duty allowance was limited to 20,000 florins a year for the judges and 30,000 florins for the Vice-President ; as such , it provided for 200 days of court hearings , with no allowance provided if the court sat for longer . The deputy judges received no salary but , when called up for service , were provided with travel expenses , 50 florins a day for living expenses and 150 florins a day as a duty allowance . Procedure ( edit ) Under the Covenant of the League of Nations , all League members agreed that if there was a dispute between states they `` recognize to be suitable for submission to arbitration and which can not be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy '' , the matter would be submitted to the Court for arbitration , with suitable disputes being over the interpretation of an international treaty , a question on international law , the validity of facts , which , if true , would breach international obligations and the nature of any reparations to be made for breaching international obligations . The original Statutes of the Court provided that all 11 judges were required to sit in every case . There were three exceptions : when reviewing Labour Clauses from a peace treaty such as the Treaty of Versailles ( which was done by a special chamber of 5 judges , appointed every 3 years ) , when reviewing cases on communications or transport arising from a peace treaty ( which used a similar procedure ) and when hearing summary procedure cases , which were reviewed by a panel of 3 judges . To prevent the appearance of any bias in the court 's makeup , if there was a judge belonging to one member state on the panel and the other member state was not `` represented '' , they had the ability to select an ad hoc judge of their own nationality to hear the case . In a full court hearing , that increased the number to 12 ; in one of the 5 - man chambers , the new judge took the place of one of the original 5 . That did not apply to summary procedure cases . The ad hoc judge , selected by the member state , was expected to fulfil all the requirements of a normal judge ; the President of the Court had ultimate discretion over whether to authorise him to sit . The Court was mandated to open on 15 June each year and continue until all cases were finished , with extraordinary sessions if required ; by 1927 , there were more extraordinary sessions than ordinary ones . The Court 's business being conducted in English and French as official languages , and hearings were public unless it was otherwise specified . After receiving files in a case calculated to lead to a judgment , the judges would exchange their views informally on the salient legal points of the case , and a time limit for producing a judgment would then be set . Then , each judge would write an anonymous summary containing his opinion ; the opinions would be circulated among the Court for 2 or 3 days before the President drafted a judgment containing a summary of those submitted by individual judges . The Court would then agree on the decision that they wished to reach , along with the main points of argument they wished to use . Once this was done , a Committee of 4 , including the President , the Registrar and two judges elected by secret ballot , drafted a final judgment , which was then voted on by the entire Court . Once a final judgment was set , it was given to the public and the press . Every judgment contained the reasons behind the decision and the judges assenting ; dissenting judges were allowed to deliver their own judgment , with all judgments read in open court before the agents of the parties to the dispute . Judgments could not be revised except on the discovery of some fact unknown when the Court sat but not if the fact was known but not discussed because of negligence . The Court also issued `` advisory opinions '' , which arose from Article 14 of the Covenant creating the Court , which provided , `` The Court may also give an advisory opinion upon any dispute referred to it by the Council or Assembly '' . Goodrich interprets that as indicating that the drafters intended a purely advisory capacity for the Court , not a binding one . Manley Ottmer Hudson ( who sat as a judge ) said that an advisory opinion `` was what it purported to be . It is advisory . It is not in any sense a judgement ... hence it is not in any way binding on any state '' , but Charles De Visscher argued that in certain situations , an advisory opinion could be binding on the League of Nations Council and , under certain circumstances , some states ; M. Politis agreed , saying that the Court 's advisory opinions were equivalent to a binding judgment . In 1927 , the Court appointed a committee to look at this issue , and it reported that `` where there are in fact contending parties , the difference between contentious cases and advisory cases is only nominal ... so the view that advisory opinions are not binding is more theoretical than real '' . In practice , advisory opinions were usually followed , mostly due to the fear that if this `` revolutionary '' international court 's decisions were not followed , it would undermine its authority . The court retained the discretion to avoid giving an advisory opinion , which it used on occasion . Registrar and Registry ( edit ) Other than the judges , the Court also included a Registrar and his Secretariat , the Registry . When the Court met for its initial session , opened on 30 January 1922 to allow for the establishment of procedure and the appointment of Court officials , the Secretary - General of the League of Nations passed an emergency resolution through the Assembly , which designated an official of the League and his staff as the Registrar and Registry respectively , with the first Registrar being Åke Hammarskjöld . The Registrar , required to reside within The Hague , was initially tasked with drawing up a plan to create an efficient Secretariat , using the smallest number of staff possible and costing as little as possible . As a result , he decided to have each member of the Secretariat as the head of a particular Department , so the numbers of actual employees could be increased or decreased as necessary without impacting on the actual Registry . In 1927 , the post of Deputy - Registrar was created , tasked with dealing with legal research for the Court and answering all diplomatic correspondence received by the Registry . The first Deputy - Registrar was Paul Ruegger ; after his resignation on 17 August 1928 , Julio Lopez Olivan was selected to succeed him . Olivan resigned in 1931 to take over from Hammarskjöld as Registrar , and was replaced by M.L.J.H. Jorstad . The three principal officers of the Registry , after the Registrar and Deputy - Registrar , were the three Editing Secretaries . The first Editing Secretary , known as the Drafting Secretary , was tasked with drafting the Court 's publications ( including the Confidential Bulletin , a document exclusively received by judges of the court ) and Sections D and E of the official journal , comprising the legislative clauses conferring jurisdiction on the Court and the Court 's Annual Report . The second Editing Secretary , known as the Oral Secretary , was mainly responsible for the oral interpretation and translation of the Court 's discussions . For public hearings , he was assisted by interpreters , but for private meetings , only he , the Registrar and the Deputy - Registrar were admitted . As a result of this duty , the Oral Secretary was also tasked with writing Section C of the official journal , which comprised the oral interpretations of Court minutes , along with cases and questions put before the court . The third Secretary , known as the Written Secretary , was tasked with the written translations of the Court 's business , which were `` both numerous and voluminous '' . He was assisted in this by the other Secretaries and by translators for languages not his own ; all Secretaries were expected to speak English and French fluently and to have working knowledge of German and Spanish . The Registry was split into several Departments ; the Archives , the Accounting and Establishment , the Printing Service and the Copying Department . The Archives included a distribution service for the Court 's documents and the legal texts used by the Court itself and was described as one of the most difficult departments to organise . The Accounting and Establishment Department dealt with the requests for and allocation of the Court 's yearly budget , which was drawn up by the Registrar , approved by the Court and submitted to the League of Nations . The Printing Department , run from a single printing plant in Leiden , was created to allow the circulation of the Court 's publishings . The Copying Department comprised shorthand , typing and copying services , and included secretaries for the Registrar and judges , emergency reporters capable of taking notes down verbatim and copyists ; the smallest of the departments , it comprised between 12 and 40 staff depending on the business of the Court . Cases ( edit ) Cases ( edit ) S.S. `` Wimbledon '' case 1923 Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions 1924 Mavrommatis Jerusalem Concessions 1925 Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia 1926 Factory at Chorzów case 1927 The `` Lotus '' case 1927 Rights of Minorities in Upper Silesia ( Minority Schools ) 1928 Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex ( France v Switzerland ) Brazilian Loans case 1929 Serbian Loans case 1929 Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Commission of the Oder River Case 1929 Legal Status of the South - Eastern Territory of Greenland 1932 Lighthouses case between France and Greece 1934 Borchgrave case Oscar Chinn case 1934 Minority Schools in Albania case 1935 Losinger case 1936 Diversion of Water from the Meuse Case 1937 Phosphates in Morocco case 1938 Panevezys - Saldutiskis Railway case 1939 Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria case 1939 Société Commerciale de Belgique 1939 Interpretation of the Treaty of Neuilly Case 1924 Advisories ( edit ) Status of Eastern Carelia Question 1923 Nationality Decrees Issued in Tunis and Morocco 1923 German Settlers in Poland 1923 Jaworzina 1923 Monastery of Saint - Naoum Question 1924 Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations Question 1925 Polish Postal Service in Danzig Question 1925 the Expulsion of the Ecumenical Patriarch Question the Treaty of Lausanne Question Competence of the ILO to Regulate Incidentally the Personal Work of the Employer 1926 Jurisdiction of the European Commission of the Danube Jurisdiction of the Courts of Danzig Case 1928 Greco - Bulgarian `` Communities '' Question 1930 Interpretation of the Greco - Turkish Agreement 1928 Access to German Minority Schools in Upper Silesia 1931 Customs Regime between Germany and Austria Question 1931 Railway Traffic between Lithuania and Poland Question 1931 Interpretation of the Greco - Bulgarian Agreement 1932 Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex 1932 Interpretation of the Convention of 1919 concerning Employment of Women during the Night 1932 Jurisdiction ( edit ) The Court 's jurisdiction was largely optional , but there were some situations in which they had `` compulsory jurisdiction '' , and states were required to refer cases to them . That came from three sources : the Optional Clause of the League of Nations , general international conventions and `` special bipartite international treaties '' . The Optional Clause was a clause attached to the protocol establishing the court and required all signatories to refer certain classes of dispute to the court , with compulsory judgments resulting . There were approximately 30 international conventions under which the Court had similar jurisdiction , including the Treaty of Versailles , the Air Navigation Convention , the Treaty of St. Germain and all mandates signed by the League of Nations . It was also foreseen that there would be clauses inserted in bipartite international treaties , which would allow the referral of disputes to the Court ; that occurred , with such provisions found in treaties between Czechoslovakia and Austria , and between Czechoslovakia and Poland . Throughout its existence , the Court widened its jurisdiction as much as possible . Strictly speaking , the Court 's jurisdiction was only for disputes between states , but it regularly accepted disputes that were between a state and an individual if a second state brought the individual 's case to the Court . It argued that the second state assertsled its rights , and the cases therefore became one between two states . The proviso that the Court was for disputes that could not `` be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy '' never made it require evidence that diplomatic discussions had been attempted before bringing the case . In the Loan Cases , it asserted jurisdiction despite the fact that there was no alleged breach of international law , and it could not be shown that there was any international element to the claim . The Court justified itself by saying that the Covenant of the League of Nations allowed it to have jurisdiction in cases over `` the existence of any fact which , if established , would constitute a breach of international obligations '' and argued that since the fact `` may be of any kind '' , it had jurisdiction if the dispute is one of municipal law . It had been long established that municipal law may be considered as a side point to a dispute over international law , but the Loan Cases discussed municipal law without the application of any international points . See also ( edit ) Commissions of the Danube River Permanent Court of International Justice cases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1922 ) p. 245 Jump up ^ Scott ( 1920 ) p. 581 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1922 ) p. 246 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1922 ) p. 247 Jump up ^ Scott ( 1920 ) p. 582 Jump up ^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series , vol. 6 , pp. 380 - 413 . Jump up ^ Hudson ( January 1923 ) p. 15 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1925 ) p. 49 Jump up ^ Hudson ( January 1923 ) p. 16 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1923 ) p. 704 Jump up ^ Hudson ( January 1923 ) p. 19 Jump up ^ Hudson ( January 1923 ) p. 27 Jump up ^ Hudson ( January 1923 ) p. 28 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1924 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1924 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1924 ) p. 33 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1925 ) p. 55 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1925 ) p. 48 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1925 ) p. 57 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1925 ) p. 58 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1926 ) p. 6 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1926 ) p. 19 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1927 ) p. 26 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1927 ) p. 27 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1927 ) p. 30 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1928 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1928 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1928 ) p. 21 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1928 ) p. 22 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1928 ) p. 26 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1929 ) p. 28 Jump up ^ Hudson ( Jan 1930 ) p. 38 Jump up ^ Hudson ( Jan 1930 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1932 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ L. Ethan Ellis , Republican foreign policy , 1921 - 1933 ( 1968 ) pp 70 - 75 . Jump up ^ Gilbert N. Kahn , `` Presidential Passivity on a Nonsalient Issue : President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the 1935 World Court Fight . '' Diplomatic History 4.2 ( 1980 ) : 137 - 160 . Jump up ^ Michla Pomerance ( 1996 ) . The United States and The World Court as a `` Supreme Court of the Nations '' : Dreams , Illusions and Disillusion . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . pp. 132 -- 33 . Jump up ^ `` Signature and Ratification of the Protocol of the Permanent Court of International Justice ( PCIJ ) Member States '' . Archives of the League of Nations . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Boyle ( 1985 ) p. 54 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1933 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1934 ) p. 18 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1935 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( January 1936 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1939 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1940 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1938 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1941 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1941 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1945 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1957 ) p. 570 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1957 ) p. 571 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1957 ) p. 569 Jump up ^ Grandjean , Martin ( 2017 ) . `` Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia . L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni '' . Memoria e Ricerca ( 2 ) : 371 -- 393 . doi : 10.14647 / 87204 . See also : French version ( PDF ) and English summary . Jump up ^ Scott ( 1921 ) p. 556 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1930 ) p. 719 Jump up ^ Moore ( 1922 ) p. 504 Jump up ^ Scott ( 1921 ) p. 557 Jump up ^ Scott ( 1921 ) p. 558 Jump up ^ Moore ( 1922 ) p. 508 Jump up ^ Moore ( 1922 ) p. 509 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1931 ) p. 21 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1931 ) p. 22 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1931 ) p. 23 Jump up ^ Moore ( 1922 ) p. 506 Jump up ^ Moore ( 1922 ) p. 500 Jump up ^ Moore ( 1922 ) p. 501 Jump up ^ Moore ( 1922 ) p. 506 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1931 ) p. 673 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 328 Jump up ^ Moore ( 1922 ) p. 507 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 330 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 334 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 331 Jump up ^ Goodrich ( 1938 ) p. 738 Jump up ^ Goodrich ( 1938 ) p. 739 Jump up ^ Goodrich ( 1938 ) p. 740 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 338 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 329 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 340 Jump up ^ Hudson ( January 1923 ) p. 17 Jump up ^ Bustamante ( 1923 ) p. 132 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 341 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1929 ) p. 29 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1937 ) p. 15 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1932 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 342 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 343 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 344 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 345 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 347 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 350 Jump up ^ Hudson ( July 1923 ) p. 121 Jump up ^ Hudson ( January 1923 ) p. 24 Jump up ^ Hudson ( July 1923 ) p. 122 Jump up ^ Jacoby ( 1936 ) p. 234 Jump up ^ Jacoby ( 1936 ) p. 237 Bibliography ( edit ) Accinelli , Robert D . `` The Roosevelt Administration and the World Court Defeat , 1935 . '' Historian 40.3 ( 1978 ) : 463 - 478 . Boyle , Francis Anthony ( 1985 ) . World politics and international law . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 0655 - 9 . Bustamante Y Sirven , Antonio S. de ( 1923 ) . `` The Permanent Court of International Justice '' . Minnesota Law Review . University of Minnesota Law School ( 9 ) . ISSN 0026 - 5535 . Dunne , Michael . `` Isolationism of a Kind : Two Generations of World Court Historiography in the United States . '' Journal of American Studies 21 # 3 ( 1987 ) : 327 - 351 . Dunne , Michael . The United States and the World Court , 1920 - 1935 ( 1988 ) . Goodrich , Leland M. ( 1938 ) . `` The Nature of the Advisory Opinions of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 32 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hammarskjold , A. ( 1927 ) . `` Sidelights on the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . Harvard Law Review . 25 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0026 - 2234 . Hammarskjold , A. ( 1923 ) . `` The Early Work of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . Michigan Law Review . 36 ( 6 ) . ISSN 0017 - 811X . Hill , Norman L. ( 1931 ) . `` National Judges in the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 25 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1922 ) . `` The Permanent Court of International Justice '' . Harvard Law Review . 35 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0026 - 2234 . JSTOR 1329614 . Hudson , Manley O. ( January 1923 ) . `` The First Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . Harvard Law Review . 17 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0017 - 811X . Hudson , Manley O. ( July 1923 ) . `` The Work and the Jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York . Academy of Political Science . 10 ( 3 ) . ISSN 1548 - 7237 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1924 ) . `` The Second Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 18 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1925 ) . `` The Third Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 19 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1926 ) . `` The Fourth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 20 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1927 ) . `` The Fifth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 21 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1928 ) . `` The Sixth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 22 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1929 ) . `` The Seventh Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 23 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( Jan 1930 ) . `` The Eighth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 24 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1930 ) . `` The Election of Members of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 25 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1931 ) . `` The Ninth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 25 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1932 ) . `` The Tenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 26 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1933 ) . `` The Eleventh Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 27 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1934 ) . `` The Twelfth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 28 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1935 ) . `` The Thirteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 29 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( January 1936 ) . `` The Fourteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 30 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Jacoby , Sidney B. ( 1936 ) . `` Some Aspects of the Jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 30 ( 2 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1937 ) . `` The Fifteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 31 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1938 ) . `` The Sixteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 32 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1939 ) . `` The Seventeenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 33 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1940 ) . `` The Eighteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 34 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1941 ) . `` The Nineteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 35 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1945 ) . `` The Twenty - Third Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 36 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1957 ) . `` The Succession of the International Court of Justice to the Permanent Court of International '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 51 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Kahn , Gilbert N. `` Presidential Passivity on a Nonsalient Issue : President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the 1935 World Court Fight . '' Diplomatic History 4.2 ( 1980 ) : 137 - 160 . Moore , John Bassett ( 1922 ) . `` The Organization of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 22 ( 6 ) . ISSN 0010 - 1958 . Pomerance , Michla ( 1996 ) . The United States and The World Court as a `` Supreme Court of the Nations '' : Dreams , Illusions and Disillusion . Martinus Nijhoff . pp. 132 -- 33 . Scott , James Brown ( 1920 ) . `` A Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 14 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Scott , James Brown ( 1921 ) . `` The Election of Judges for the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 15 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . World Peace Foundation ( 1925 ) . World Peace Foundation pamphlet series . World Peace Foundation . 580 . OCLC 426522229 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Permanent Court of International Justice ( PCIJ ) 1922 - 1946 Judgments , Advisory Opinions and Orders in PDF Decisions of the World Court Relevant to the UNCLOS ( 2010 ) and Contents & Indexes Searchable text of Judgments , Advisory Opinions and PCIJ documentation GND : 37776 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice&oldid=814369800 '' Categories : Permanent Court of International Justice Organisations based in The Hague Defunct courts Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata Pages with citations lacking titles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 11 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | important cases decided by the permanent court of international justice | [] | [] |
4795105754337794468 | Queer Eye | Queer Eye - wikipedia Queer Eye This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Noah5151 ( talk contribs ) at 10 : 38 , 11 August 2017 ( → Revival : Link ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 10 : 38 , 11 August 2017 by Noah5151 ( talk contribs ) ( → Revival : Link ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Queer Eye Created by David Collins Starring Ted Allen Kyan Douglas Thom Filicia Carson Kressley Jai Rodriguez Country of origin United States No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 100 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 54 minutes Release Original network Bravo Original release July 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 15 ) -- October 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 30 ) Queer Eye is an American reality television series that premiered on the cable television network Bravo during July 2003 . The program 's original name Queer Eye for the Straight Guy was changed after the third season to generalize the scope of its content . The series was created by executive producers David Collins and Michael Williams along with their producing partner David Metzler ; it was produced by their production company , Scout Productions . The series is premised on and uses the stereotypes that homosexual ( `` queer '' ) men are superior in matters of fashion , style , personal grooming , interior design and culture . In each episode , the team of five homosexual men known collectively as the `` Fab Five '' perform a `` makeover '' ( in the parlance of the show , a `` make - better '' ) on a person , usually a heterosexual ( `` straight '' ) man , revamping his wardrobe , redecorating his home and offering advice on grooming , lifestyle and food . Queer Eye for the Straight Guy debuted during 2003 , and quickly became a surprise success . The success of the series resulted in merchandising , franchising of the concept internationally , and a woman - oriented spin - off , Queer Eye for the Straight Girl . Queer Eye won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program during 2004 . The series ' name was abbreviated to Queer Eye at the beginning of its third season to represent the show 's change from making over only heterosexual men to including women and homosexual men . Queer Eye ended production during 2006 June and the final ten episodes were broadcast during October 2007 . The series ended October 30 . During September 2008 , the Fine Living Network briefly aired Queer Eye in syndication . On January 24 , 2017 , Netflix announced it has ordered a new season of Queer Eye with eight episodes , with the original Fab Five set to be replaced by new members . Contents ( hide ) 1 The `` Fab Five '' 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Format 5 Popular and critical response 6 Spin - off series 7 International adaptations 8 Merchandising 8.1 Soundtrack 8.1. 1 Track listing 8.2 Books 8.3 DVD releases 9 Revival 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links The `` Fab Five '' ( edit ) Cast of Queer Eye , from left to right : Kyan , Jai , Carson , Ted and Thom Ted Allen : `` Food and Wine Connoisseur '' , expert on alcohol , beverages , food preparation and presentation Kyan Douglas : `` Grooming Guru '' , expert on hair , grooming , personal hygiene , and makeup Thom Filicia : `` Design Doctor '' , expert on interior design and home organization Carson Kressley : `` Fashion Savant '' , expert on clothing , fashion and personal styling Jai Rodriguez : `` Culture Vulture '' , expert on popular culture , relationships and social interaction Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Queer Eye episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 1 25 July 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 15 ) December 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 16 ) Bravo 2 30 June 1 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 01 ) April 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 12 ) 3 19 June 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 07 ) February 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 07 ) 4 16 June 6 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 06 ) September 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 19 ) 5 10 October 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 02 ) October 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 30 ) Production ( edit ) Producers Collins and Metzler were given approval by Bravo to develop Queer Eye after the ratings success the network experienced when it counterprogrammed a marathon of its 2002 series Gay Weddings at the same time as Super Bowl XXXVII during 2003 January . The pilot episode was filmed in Boston , Massachusetts during June 2002 . Of the eventual Fab Five , only Kressley and Allen appeared . The culture , design and grooming roles were filled by James Hannaham , Charles Daboub , Jr. and Sam Spector , respectively . The pilot was delivered to Bravo during September 2002 , and was well received in audience testing . Soon thereafter NBC purchased Bravo and ordered 12 episodes of the series . NBC promoted the show extensively , including billboard campaigns and print advertisements in national magazines . Kyan Douglas and Thom Filicia joined the show for these episodes , along with Blair Boone in the role of `` culture guy . '' Boone filmed two episodes ( which were broadcast as the second and third episodes and for which he was credited as a `` guest culture expert '' ) but was replaced by Rodriguez beginning with production of the third episode . Each episode was shot over a span of four days and edited to create the perception that the events of the episode took place in a single day . Format ( edit ) The majority of Queer Eye episodes use the same basic format . The episode begins with the Fab Five in an SUV ( usually in New York City , where the series was based ) discussing their heterosexual subject . The Five review details of the subject 's personal life and note problems in their various areas of expertise . The Five usually have a specific event for which they plan to prepare the subject . These included everything from throwing a backyard barbecue for friends to preparing to ask for a salary increase to proposing marriage . Upon arriving at the subject 's home , the Fab Five go through his belongings , performing a running commentary of catty remarks about the state of his wardrobe , home decor , cleanliness and grooming . They also speak with the subject and family members to get an idea of the sort of style they like and their goals for the experience and to discuss the planned event . Series logo for the first and second season The remainder of the first half of the episode follows the Fab Five as they escort the subject to various locales to select new furniture and clothes . Often , Ted demonstrates how to select and prepare food for a particular dish that the subject will prepare for the special event , and Kyan takes him for spa treatments and a new haircut . Each such segment includes a style tip superimposed on the screen , summarizing the style issues addressed in the segment . Interspersed with this are interview segments in which friends and family members of the subject discuss his style issues . In the next section , the subject returns to a completely redecorated home and models articles of his new wardrobe for the Fab Five . Each of the Five offer final words of advice and encouragement , accompanied by supplies of grooming products , food and kitchenware , and in some cases expensive electronics items such as entertainment centers and computers . The final section follows the subject as he prepares for the special event , with the Fab Five watching edited footage of his preparations and critiquing how well or how poorly he followed their advice . Finally , the subject is followed through the event itself , with the Five again performing a running commentary and the subject often expressing his deep gratitude to the Fab Five for their counsel . A final tip from each of the Fab Five , usually relating to one of the topics covered in the episode , plays just before the credits . Special episodes of Queer Eye that deviated from this formula included episodes in which the Fab Five journeyed outside the greater New York area , including shows filmed in England , Texas , and Las Vegas . In two episodes , the Fab Five made over homosexual men ( both of which aired during June , Gay Pride Month , during 2004 and 2006 ) and in one episode made over a transgender man . The show also featured makeovers of members of the Boston Red Sox after their 2004 World Series victory , several holiday specials , and , in the final season , a `` Mister Straight Guy '' pageant featuring subjects from the series ' history . Popular and critical response ( edit ) Queer Eye for the Straight Guy debuted on July 15 , 2003 and the series quickly attained high ratings , peaking during September of that year with 3.34 million viewers per episode . The popularity of the series established the Fab Five as media celebrities , with high - profile appearances at the Emmys and a `` make - better '' of Jay Leno and his The Tonight Show set in August of that year . Fab Five members parlayed their celebrity into endorsement deals , notably Thom Filicia 's becoming the spokesperson for Pier 1 Imports . The American press almost universally complimented the series and the Fab Five . Out magazine listed the Fab Five in its `` OUT 100 '' , the `` greatest gay success stories '' of 2003 . Instinct magazine declared Kressley one of the `` Leading Men '' of 2004 . The series attracted criticism for making generalizations about sexual identity , namely that homosexual men are inherently more fashionable and stylish than heterosexuals . Among those making this critique were Tom Shales in the Washington Post ( `` stereotypes on parade '' ) , Richard Goldstein in Village Voice ( `` Have n't fags always been consigned to the role of body servant ? '' ) and United States Congressman Barney Frank speaking to the New York Post . With the success of the first season , original `` culture guy '' Blair Boone sued the show for breach of contract , claiming he should be paid not just for two episodes but for the season that he had been contracted to film . The popularity of the series inspired a number of parodies . Comedy Central hosted a satirical television series named Straight Plan for the Gay Man , which featured four heterosexual men teaching homosexual men how to be more stereotypically straight , redecorating their homes with neon beer signs and teaching them about sports . South Park spoofed the show and its hosts in the episode `` South Park Is Gay ! '' , in which the protagonists learn that the Fab Five are actually evil Crab People trying to control the world by converting heterosexual men into metrosexuals . Queer Eye won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program during 2004 and was nominated for another Emmy in the same category during 2005 . The series also received GLAAD Media Awards for Outstanding Reality Program during 2004 and 2005 , and was nominated for a third during 2006 . In the second season , ratings decreased , averaging about 1.8 million viewers per episode with an average of 804,000 viewers in the important 18 - 40 demographic . New episodes continued to be broadcast for two more seasons . Bravo confirmed in early 2007 that Queer Eye had been cancelled . The remaining fifth - season episodes were billed as Queer Eye : The Final Season and aired twice weekly beginning October 2 , 2007 . Spin - off series ( edit ) During January 2005 , Scout Productions premiered a spin - off series titled Queer Eye for the Straight Girl , set in Los Angeles . It featured a cast of four lifestyle experts ( three men and a woman , known as the `` Gal Pals '' ) who performed makeovers for women . The show was cancelled after one season . International adaptations ( edit ) Queer Eye 's American success caused television networks in several countries to syndicate the American episodes , with a number of countries creating their own local versions of Queer Eye for broadcast in their countries . However , few of these homegrown versions have proven as successful as the original , and most did not last long before cancellation . Licensing of the format is managed by NBCUniversal . NBCU licensed television producer David Hedges and his UK production house vialondon.tv to produce local versions for Europe , with Flextech 's Living channel doing the same to produce the United Kingdom 's version after a first attempt at a UK production by Making Time was abandoned . The first episode of the Finnish version , Sillä silmällä , created controversy , not for the homosexual content but for the blatant product placement considered to be a transgression of a Finnish law against `` hidden advertising '' . Country Channel Program name Seasons Episodes First aired Australia Network Ten Aussie Queer Eye for the Straight Guy 1 6 9 February 2005 -- 23 February 2005 NB : Three episodes were broadcast later in the year . Belgium KanaalTwee De heren maken de man 2 2005 Chile Mega Ojo con Clase ( Classy Eye ) 1 5 April 2013 Finland Channel 4 Sillä silmällä 2 24 30 March 2005 France TF1 Queer , Cinq Experts dans le Vent 1 8 2004 Germany RTL 2 Schwul macht cool ( Gay makes you cool ) 1 8 10 November 2003 Greece Antenna 1 ( ANT1 ) Fab 5 1 10 2011 Italy La7 I Fantastici Cinque 2 22 2004 Portugal SIC Esquadrão G 1 8 11 September 2005 Spain Antena 3 El Equipo G 1 10 2005 Sweden TV3 Fab 5 Sverige 1 12 2003 UK ITV1 Queer Eye For The Straight Guy UK 2 14 2004 Norway TV3 Homsepatruljen ( The Gay Patrol ) 3 36 2004 & 2012 Merchandising ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Queer Eye for the Straight Guy Soundtrack album by various artists Released 2004 Genre Pop , dance Label Capitol Records Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic The soundtrack for Queer Eye for the Straight Guy was released February 10 , 2004 , in the USA . It reached number one on the electronic music chart , number two on the soundtrack charts and the top 40 in the Billboard 200 album chart . In Australia , the soundtrack was released for the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras , and the popularity of the series in Australia resulted in the soundtrack scoring in the top 10 of the Australian album chart on March 8 , 2004 . It was certified gold in Australia in March 2004 . The song `` Superstar '' by Jamelia from the soundtrack also went to number one on the Australian singles charts in the same week , and the theme song of the show , `` All Things ( Just Keep Getting Better ) '' by Widelife , went to the top 20 that month . `` All Things '' scored a 2005 Juno Award for `` Dance Recording of the Year '' for Widelife ( Rachid Wehbi & Ian Nieman ) . Rob Eric was the executive producer for the album . Track listing ( edit ) `` All Things ( Just Keep Getting Better ) '' -- Widelife with Simone Denny `` Good Luck '' -- Basement Jaxx featuring Lisa Kekaula `` Slow '' ( Chemical Brothers Mix ) -- Kylie Minogue `` Move Your Feet '' -- Junior Senior `` You Promised Me ( Tu Es Foutu ) '' -- In - Grid `` Superstar '' -- Jamelia `` Everybody Wants You to Emerge '' -- Fischerspooner / Billy Squier `` Sunrise '' ( Jason Nevins Remix ) -- Duran Duran `` Never Coming Home '' ( Gonna Live My Life Remix ) -- Sting `` An Area Big Enough to Do It In '' -- Prophet Omega `` You 're So Damn Hot '' -- OK Go `` Extraordinary '' -- Liz Phair `` Are You Ready for Love '' -- Elton John `` Five Gay Men in One House '' -- Jai Rodriguez and Ted Allen `` All Things ( Just Keep Getting Better ) '' ( music video ) Books ( edit ) A tie - in book titled Queer Eye for the Straight Guy : The Fab 5 's Guide to Looking Better , Cooking Better , Dressing Better , Behaving Better and Living Better was published during 2004 by Clarkson Potter / Publishers , an imprint of Random House . DVD releases ( edit ) Several DVDs were released in conjunction with the series . Kressley , Filicia and Allen each had individual releases emphasizing their topics of expertise . Douglas and Rodriguez were featured together in a single DVD focused on grooming . Additional DVD releases include Queer Eye for the Red Sox ( featuring the team makeover episode ) and a multi-disc box set . Revival ( edit ) In January of 2017 , Netflix ordered 8 new episodes of Queer Eye , to feature a new Fab Five . Scout Productions continues to be involved in the revival , which promises to venture beyond New York City , presenting tough challenges for the new cast . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andy Dehnart ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` Queer Eye Shortens its Name , will include `` Compelling Personal Stories . '' `` . Reality Blurred . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Giltz , Michael ( September 2 , 2003 ) . `` Queer Eye Confidential '' . The Advocate . pp. 40 -- 4 ; issue 897 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Queer Eye for the Straight Guy '' . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grogan , Leigh ( 2007 - 10 - 02 ) . `` What one `` Queer Eye '' guy has learned from the show `` . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Mike ( September 17 , 2008 ) . `` Fine Living Lands ' Loser , ' ' Queer Eye ' Syndication Pacts '' . Multichannel.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Revives ' Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Engstrom , p. 346 Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database . `` Blair Boone '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Vary , Adam B. ( June 22 , 2004 ) . `` Pride , Patriotism , and Queer Eye '' . The Advocate . pp. 120 -- 36 ; issue 917 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen ( 2003 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Jay Leno to get `` Queer Eye '' treatment `` . People . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( March 11 , 2004 ) . `` ' Queer Eye ' Thom is hot , Kirstie Alley is not '' . USAToday . Jump up ^ `` usatoday.com '' . USA Today . 2004 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Jeffrey ( December 2003 ) . `` Kyan Douglas , Ted Allen , Thom Filicia , Carson Kressley , Jai Rodriguez '' . Out magazine : 90 . Jump up ^ Ray , Parker ( November 2004 ) . `` The Ambassador '' . Instinct : 48 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Greim , Katrin . `` Crossroads of Culture : Studies look at roots of the `` down low '' , LGBT - focused television shows `` . American Sexuality magazine . Katrin Greim . Jump up ^ Haberman , Lia ( 2003 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Former Fabber sues `` Queer Eye '' `` . E ! Online . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Dossi , Joel ( 2005 - 01 - 03 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of Queer Eye for the Straight Guy '' . AfterElton.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Melanie ( 2007 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Hello Pasadena , Goodbye `` Queer Eye '' `` . TV Gal . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's Emmy - Award Winning Series ' Queer Eye ' Kicks - Off Final Season '' ( Press release ) . NBC . 2007 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Steve ( 2003 - 08 - 10 ) . `` U.K Indie ViaLondon To Produce Local Queer Eye '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Steve ( 2003 - 08 - 10 ) . `` UK Queer Eye stops production '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Ten takes Aussie Queer Eye off air '' . B&T. 2005 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Vijf homo 's maken van hetero een betere man '' . 2005 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Staff writers ( December 15 , 2004 ) . `` I 5 fantastici gay fanno già discutere '' . Arcigay . Associazione Lesbica e Gay Italiana . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Queer Eye at AllMusic Jump up ^ Allmusic . `` Queer Eye for the Straight Guy Charts and Awards - Billboard '' . Retrieved 2001 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Official Tie - in Book for Queer Eye for the Straight Guy to be Published by Random House , Inc. 's Clarkson Potter '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . NBC . 2003 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ( 2003 ) '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Rebooting ' Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ' for Red State Tour '' . EW.com. 2017 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Netflix Revives ' Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . References ( edit ) Engstrom , Erika . `` The ' Reality ' of Reality Television Wedding Programs '' . Based on `` Engstrom 's `` Hegemony in Reality - Based TV Programming : The World According to A Wedding Story ( Media Report to Women ( 2003 ) 31 ( 1 ) 10 -- 14 ) and `` Hegemony and Counterhegemony in Bravo 's Gay Weddings ( Popular Culture Review ( 2004 ) 15 ( 2 ) 34 -- 35 ) . Collected as chapter 13 in Galician , Mary - Lou and Debra L. Merskin ( 2007 ) . Critical Thinking about Sex , Love , and Romance in the Mass Media : Media Literacy Applications . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 5615 - 3 . pp. 335 -- 53 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | queer eye for the straight guy catch phrase | [
"Queer Eye is an American reality television series that premiered on the cable television network Bravo during July 2003. The program's original name Queer Eye for the Straight Guy was changed after the third season to generalize the scope of its content.[1] The series was created by executive producers David Collins and Michael Williams along with their producing partner David Metzler; it was produced by their production company, Scout Productions.[2]"
] | [
"American reality television series"
] |
7174351902374156079 | Cello Sonata No. 3 (Beethoven) | Cello sonata No. 3 ( Beethoven ) - wikipedia Cello sonata No. 3 ( Beethoven ) Ludwig van Beethoven 's Cello Sonata No. 3 in A major , Op. 69 was written in 1808 , during his middle period . The sonata was composed in the same year as the Piano Trios Op. 70 and the Choral Fantasy , and the same year the Fifth and Sixth Symphonies , which were begun earlier , premiered . It was first performed in March 1809 by cellist Nikolaus Kraft and pianist Dorothea von Ertmann , and dedicated to Baron Ignaz von Gleichenstein , who was a cellist himself . In the course of his life Beethoven composed five sonatas for cello and piano . The Op. 69 was the first he had written since his Op. 5 over a decade earlier . Mark Kaplan writes : `` In general , the writing in op . 69 is thinner than in the early cello sonatas ... greater compositional technique allowed Beethoven the possibility of using fewer notes with confidence . '' The contemporary cellist Steven Isserlis describes it as the first cello sonata in history to give the two instruments equal importance . A typical performance takes about 25 minutes . 1st movement 3rd movement Problems playing these files ? See media help . Form ( edit ) The work is in three movements , with an 18 - bar slow introduction before the third movement : Allegro ma non tanto Scherzo . Allegro molto ( in A minor ) Adagio cantabile -- Allegro vivace . The first movement opens with an expansive melody in the cello alone , as follows : The piano then plays a cadenza - like flourish , which leads into a repetition of the opening theme , this time played in octaves by the piano . A bridge passage follows , leading to a second theme , which is also repeated . The development gives greater emphasis to the first theme . The movement is in sonata form . The scherzo which follows is in the tonic minor , A minor , and makes prominent use of off - beat accents . The trio is in the major and is heard twice . The slow introduction to the finale is in time and the dominant key , E major . The finale is in sonata form and ends with an expressive coda . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Mangum . `` Sonata for Cello and Piano No. 3 in A , Op. 69 '' . LA Phil . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew Rye ( 1996 ) . `` Cello Sonata in A major , Op 69 '' . Hyperion Records . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Glenn . The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven . Cambridge University Press , 2000 . p. 140 . Jump up ^ Isserlis , Steven ( 12 January 2007 ) , `` How I fell in love with Ludwig '' , The Guardian , retrieved 25 August 2015 External links ( edit ) Cello Sonata No. 3 : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Cello Sonata No. 3 ( Beethoven ) at the Mutopia Project -- Allegro , ma non tanto Cello Sonata No. 3 ( Beethoven ) at the Mutopia Project -- Scherzo Cello Sonata No. 3 ( Beethoven ) at the Mutopia Project -- Adagio cantabile -- Finale Duo sonatas by Ludwig van Beethoven Violin No. 1 in D major , Op. 12 No. 1 No. 2 in A major , Op. 12 No. 2 No. 3 in E-flat major , Op. 12 No. 3 No. 4 in A minor , Op. 23 No. 5 in F major , Op. 24 ( Spring ) No. 6 in A major , Op. 30 No. 1 No. 7 in C minor , Op. 30 No. 2 No. 8 in G major , Op. 30 No. 3 No. 9 in A minor , Op. 47 ( Kreutzer ) No. 10 in G major , Op. 96 Cello No. 1 in F major , Op. 5 No. 1 No. 2 in G minor , Op. 5 No. 2 No. 3 in A major , Op. 69 No. 4 in C major , Op. 102 No. 1 No. 5 in D major , Op. 102 No. 2 Horn Horn Sonata in F major , Op. 17 Flute Flute Sonata in B - flat major , Anh. 4 ( doubtful ) WorldCat Identities BNF : cb13908236m ( data ) GND : 300016999 LCCN : n85027035 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cello_Sonata_No._3_(Beethoven)&oldid=840705445 '' Categories : Cello sonatas by Ludwig van Beethoven 1808 compositions Stefan Zweig Collection Compositions in A major Music dedicated to nobility or royalty Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 16 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | beethoven sonata for cello and piano in a major | [] | [] |
-1093983744566258180 | Foul ball | Foul ball - wikipedia Foul ball Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nook Logan , of the Erie SeaWolves , hitting a foul ball during a game against the Reading Phillies on July 2 , 2006 . In baseball , a foul ball is a batted ball that : Settles on foul territory between home and first base or between home and third base , or Bounds past first or third base on or over foul territory , or First falls on foul territory beyond first or third base , or While on or over foul territory , touches the person of an umpire or player , or any object foreign to the natural ground . By interpretation , a batted ball that touches a batter while in his batter 's box is foul regardless of whether it is over foul territory . A foul fly shall be judged according to the relative position of the ball and the foul line , including the foul pole , and not as to whether the fielder is on foul or fair territory at the time he touches the ball . Additionally , ballpark ground rules may specify that batted balls striking certain fixed objects such as railings , nets , or a roof if present are foul balls . Foul territory or foul ground is defined as that part of the playing field outside the first and third base lines extended to the fence and perpendicularly upwards . Note : the foul lines and foul poles are not part of foul territory . In general , when a batted ball is ruled a foul ball , the ball is dead , all runners must return to their time - of - pitch base without liability to be put out , and the batter returns to home plate to continue his turn at bat . A strike is issued for the batter if he had fewer than two strikes . If the batter already has two strikes against him when he hits a foul ball , a strike is not issued unless the ball was bunted to become a foul ball , in which case a third strike is issued and a strikeout recorded for the batter and pitcher . A strike is , however , recorded for the pitcher for every foul ball the batter hits , regardless of the count . If any member of the fielding team catches a foul ball before it touches the ground or lands outside the field perimeter , the batter is out . A foul ball is different from a foul tip , in which the ball makes contact with the bat , travels directly to the catcher 's hands , and is caught . In this case , the ball remains live , a strike is added to the batter 's count , and runners may attempt to advance . If a foul tip is strike three , the batter is ruled out , unless the ball is not caught , in such a case the ball remains a foul . Strategies ( edit ) Umpire Bill Miller gives the hand signal for a foul ball On rare occasions , such as in extra innings or the ninth inning of a tie game when a runner is on third base , fielders have been known to let long foul flies drop rather than risk losing the game on a sacrifice fly . Sometimes , in that situation , a fielder will not try to catch a ball that is close to the foul line in the hope that the ball will go foul at the last second -- neither catching the ball nor letting it drop would prevent a defeat . In different situations , a foul ball may be considered a positive or negative outcome of a pitch or swing . When there are zero or one strikes , a foul ball counts as a strike , benefiting the pitcher . However , a foul ball may reveal to the batter that he has timed a pitch well and need only make adjustment to the location of his swing on the next such pitch ; this is often called a good cut or simply a good swing . Foul balls with two strikes are generally considered positive for the batter , since he thus avoids strike three on a potentially difficult pitch . Also , foul balls with two strikes increase the pitcher 's pitch count , adding to his / her fatigue , thus providing some small advantage to the offense . A strategy of swinging on any ball to try to produce additional fouls and prolong an at - bat is often used against strong pitchers to try to drive them from the game sooner ( and also the possibility of the pitcher throwing a pitch a hitter can get a hit on ) ; this does , however , have the disadvantage of generating more strikeouts . References ( edit ) Baseball portal Jump up ^ Rule 2.00 . Definition of terms ( PDF ) , Major League Baseball , retrieved 2009 - 06 - 13 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://mlb.mlb.com/documents/0/4/0/224919040/2017_Official_Baseball_Rules_dbt69t59.pdf Baseball concepts Outline , Glossary Rules Rules of baseball Ground rules Infield fly rule Interference Pitch clock Park / Field Backstop Baseball diamond Batter 's box Batter 's eye Bullpen Dugout Foul pole Foul territory Infield On - deck circle Outfield Warning track Equipment Ball Bat Batting cage Batting glove Batting helmet Cap Doughnut Glove ( defense ) Pitching machine Protective cup Shin guard Stirrups Uniform Uniform number Game process Batting order Extra innings Innings On - deck Out Positions Run Seventh - inning stretch Pace of play Batting At bat Baltimore chop Bat flip Chinese home run Batting count Bunt sacrifice bunt slap bunt squeeze play Checked swing Cleanup hitter Designated hitter Double Double switch Foul ball Foul tip Golden sombrero Grand slam Ground rule double Hat trick Hit Hit and run Hit by pitch Hitting for the cycle Home run Infield hit Inside - the - park home run Leadoff hitter Lefty - righty switch Line drive Moonshot Plate appearance Platoon system Pull hitter Sacrifice fly Single Strikeout Strike zone Sweet spot Switch hitter Triple Walk Walk - off home run Pitching Balk Beanball Breaking ball Brushback pitch Changeup Curveball Eephus Fastball Full count Immaculate inning Inside pitching Intentional walk Knuckleball No - hitter Perfect game Pitch count Pitchout Quick pitch Screwball Shutout Slider Spitball Strikeout Striking out the side Time of pitch Wild pitch Base running Balk Bases loaded Caught stealing Contact play Hit and run Left on base Obstruction Safe Scoring position Slide Small ball Squeeze play Stolen base Tag up Fielding ( positioning ) Appeal play Assist Blocking the plate Catch Defensive indifference Double play Error Fielder 's choice Fifth infielder Force play Fourth out Hidden ball trick In - between hop Infield fly rule Infield shift Interference Passed ball Pickoff Putout Rundown Tag out Triple play unassisted Uncaught third strike Wall climb Wheel play Miscellaneous Baseball statistics Bench jockey Bench - clearing brawl Dead ball Jargon In flight Pepper Scorekeeping Series Shagging Slump Streak ( losing ) Streak ( winning ) Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foul_ball&oldid=835645878 '' Categories : Baseball rules Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 22 : 52 . About Wikipedia | catching a foul ball at a baseball game | [] | [] |
-1506216433589249877 | Lapse rate | Lapse rate - wikipedia Lapse rate Jump to : navigation , search Lapse rate is the rate at which Earth 's atmospheric temperature decreases with an increase in altitude , or increases with the decrease in altitude . Lapse rate arises from the word lapse , in the sense of a gradual change . Although this concept is most often applied to Earth 's troposphere , lapse rate can be extended to any gravitationally supported parcel of gas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Convection and adiabatic expansion 3 Moist adiabatic lapse rate 4 Environmental lapse rate 5 Effect on weather 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Additional reading 10 External links Definition ( edit ) A formal definition from the Glossary of Meteorology is : The decrease of an atmospheric variable with height , the variable being temperature unless otherwise specified . In general , a lapse rate is the negative of the rate of temperature change with altitude change , thus : Γ = − d T d z ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma = - ( \ frac ( dT ) ( dz ) ) ) where Γ ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma ) is the lapse rate given in units of temperature divided by units of altitude , T = temperature , and z = altitude . Convection and adiabatic expansion ( edit ) Emagram diagram showing variation of dry adiabats ( bold lines ) and moist adiabats ( dash lines ) according to pressure and temperature The temperature profile of the atmosphere is a result of an interaction between radiation and convection . Sunlight hits the ground and heats it . The ground then heats the air at the surface . If radiation were the only way to transfer heat from the ground to space , the greenhouse effect of gases in the atmosphere would keep the ground at roughly 333 K ( 60 ° C ; 140 ° F ) , and the temperature would decay exponentially with height . However , when air is hot , it tends to expand , which lowers its density . Thus , hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward . This is the process of convection . Convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as the other air at the same elevation . When a parcel of air expands , it pushes on the air around it , doing work ( thermodynamics ) . Since the parcel does work but gains no heat , it loses internal energy so that its temperature decreases . The process of expanding and contracting without exchanging heat is an adiabatic process . The term adiabatic means that no heat transfer occurs into or out of the parcel . Air has low thermal conductivity , and the bodies of air involved are very large , so transfer of heat by conduction is negligibly small . The adiabatic process for air has a characteristic temperature - pressure curve , so the process determines the lapse rate . When the air contains little water , this lapse rate is known as the dry adiabatic lapse rate : the rate of temperature decrease is 9.8 ° C / km ( 5.38 ° F per 1,000 ft ) ( 3.0 ° C / 1,000 ft ) . The reverse occurs for a sinking parcel of air . Note that only the troposphere ( up to approximately 12 kilometres ( 39,000 ft ) of altitude ) in the Earth 's atmosphere undergoes convection : the stratosphere does not generally convect . However , some exceptionally energetic convection processes -- notably volcanic eruption columns and overshooting tops associated with severe supercell thunderstorms -- may locally and temporarily inject convection through the tropopause and into the stratosphere . The mathematics of the adiabatic lapse rate can be derived from thermodynamics , which defines an adiabatic process via : P d V = − V d P / γ ( \ displaystyle PdV = - VdP / \ gamma ) the first law of thermodynamics can be written as m c v d T − V d p / γ = 0 ( \ displaystyle mc_ ( v ) dT - Vdp / \ gamma = 0 ) Also , since α = V / m ( \ displaystyle \ alpha = V / m ) and γ = c p / c v ( \ displaystyle \ gamma = c_ ( p ) / c_ ( v ) ) , we can show that : c p d T − α d P = 0 ( \ displaystyle c_ ( p ) dT - \ alpha dP = 0 ) where c p ( \ displaystyle c_ ( p ) ) is the specific heat at constant pressure and α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) is the specific volume . Assuming an atmosphere in hydrostatic equilibrium : d P = − ρ g d z ( \ displaystyle dP = - \ rho gdz ) where g is the standard gravity and ρ ( \ displaystyle \ rho ) is the density . Combining these two equations to eliminate the pressure , one arrives at the result for the dry adiabatic lapse rate ( DALR ) , Γ d = − d T d z = g c p = 9.8 ∘ C / k m ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma _ ( d ) = - ( \ frac ( dT ) ( dz ) ) = ( \ frac ( g ) ( c_ ( p ) ) ) = 9.8 \ ^ ( \ circ ) \ mathrm ( C ) / \ mathrm ( km ) ) Moist adiabatic lapse rate ( edit ) The presence of water within the atmosphere complicates the process of convection . Water vapor contains latent heat of vaporization . As a parcel of air rises and cools , it eventually becomes saturated ; that is , the vapor pressure of water in equilibrium with liquid water has decreased ( as temperature has decreased ) to the point where it is equal to the actual vapor pressure of water . With further decrease in temperature the water vapor in excess of the equilibrium amount condenses , forming cloud , and releasing heat ( latent heat of condensation ) . Before saturation , the rising air follows the dry adiabatic lapse rate . After saturation , the rising air follows the moist adiabatic lapse rate . The release of latent heat is an important source of energy in the development of thunderstorms . While the dry adiabatic lapse rate is a constant 9.8 ° C / km ( 5.38 ° F per 1,000 ft , 3 ° C / 1,000 ft ) , the moist adiabatic lapse rate varies strongly with temperature . A typical value is around 5 ° C / km , ( 9 ° F / km , 2.7 ° F / 1,000 ft , 1.5 ° C / 1,000 ft ) . The formula for the moist adiabatic lapse rate is given by : Γ w = g 1 + H v r R s d T c p d + H v 2 r R s w T 2 = g R s d T 2 + H v r T c p d R s d T 2 + H v 2 r ε ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma _ ( w ) = g \ , ( \ frac ( 1 + ( \ dfrac ( H_ ( v ) \ , r ) ( R_ ( sd ) \ , T ) ) ) ( c_ ( pd ) + ( \ dfrac ( H_ ( v ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , r ) ( R_ ( sw ) \ , T ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) = g \ , ( \ frac ( R_ ( sd ) \ , T ^ ( 2 ) + H_ ( v ) \ , r \ , T ) ( c_ ( pd ) \ , R_ ( sd ) \ , T ^ ( 2 ) + H_ ( v ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , r \ , \ epsilon ) ) ) where : Γ w ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma _ ( w ) ) = Wet adiabatic lapse rate , K / m g ( \ displaystyle g ) = Earth 's gravitational acceleration = 9.8076 m / s H v ( \ displaystyle H_ ( v ) ) = Heat of vaporization of water , = 2501000 J / kg R s d ( \ displaystyle R_ ( sd ) ) = Specific gas constant of dry air = 287 J kg K R s w ( \ displaystyle R_ ( sw ) ) = Specific gas constant of water vapour = 461.5 J kg K ε = R s d R s w ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon = ( \ frac ( R_ ( sd ) ) ( R_ ( sw ) ) ) ) = The dimensionless ratio of the specific gas constant of dry air to the specific gas constant for water vapour = 0.622 e ( \ displaystyle e ) = The water vapour pressure of the saturated air p ( \ displaystyle p ) = The pressure of the saturated air r = ε e / ( p − e ) ( \ displaystyle r = \ epsilon e / ( p-e ) ) = The mixing ratio of the mass of water vapour to the mass of dry air T ( \ displaystyle T ) = Temperature of the saturated air , K c p d ( \ displaystyle c_ ( pd ) ) = The specific heat of dry air at constant pressure , = 1003.5 J kg K Environmental lapse rate ( edit ) The environmental lapse rate ( ELR ) , is the rate of decrease of temperature with altitude in the stationary atmosphere at a given time and location . As an average , the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) defines an international standard atmosphere ( ISA ) with a temperature lapse rate of 6.49 K / km ( 3.56 ° F or 1.98 ° C / 1,000 ft ) from sea level to 11 km ( 36,090 ft or 6.8 mi ) . From 11 km up to 20 km ( 65,620 ft or 12.4 mi ) , the constant temperature is − 56.5 ° C ( − 69.7 ° F ) , which is the lowest assumed temperature in the ISA . The standard atmosphere contains no moisture . Unlike the idealized ISA , the temperature of the actual atmosphere does not always fall at a uniform rate with height . For example , there can be an inversion layer in which the temperature increases with altitude . Effect on weather ( edit ) The latent heat of vaporization adds energy to clouds and storms . The varying environmental lapse rates throughout the Earth 's atmosphere are of critical importance in meteorology , particularly within the troposphere . They are used to determine if the parcel of rising air will rise high enough for its water to condense to form clouds , and , having formed clouds , whether the air will continue to rise and form bigger shower clouds , and whether these clouds will get even bigger and form cumulonimbus clouds ( thunder clouds ) . As unsaturated air rises , its temperature drops at the dry adiabatic rate . The dew point also drops ( as a result of decreasing air pressure ) but much more slowly , typically about − 2 ° C per 1,000 m . If unsaturated air rises far enough , eventually its temperature will reach its dew point , and condensation will begin to form . This altitude is known as the lifting condensation level ( LCL ) when mechanical lift is present and the convective condensation level ( CCL ) when mechanical lift is absent , in which case , the parcel must be heated from below to its convective temperature . The cloud base will be somewhere within the layer bounded by these parameters . The difference between the dry adiabatic lapse rate and the rate at which the dew point drops is around 8 ° C per 1,000 m . Given a difference in temperature and dew point readings on the ground , one can easily find the LCL by multiplying the difference by 125 m / ° C . If the environmental lapse rate is less than the moist adiabatic lapse rate , the air is absolutely stable -- rising air will cool faster than the surrounding air and lose buoyancy . This often happens in the early morning , when the air near the ground has cooled overnight . Cloud formation in stable air is unlikely . If the environmental lapse rate is between the moist and dry adiabatic lapse rates , the air is conditionally unstable -- an unsaturated parcel of air does not have sufficient buoyancy to rise to the LCL or CCL , and it is stable to weak vertical displacements in either direction . If the parcel is saturated it is unstable and will rise to the LCL or CCL , and either be halted due to an inversion layer of convective inhibition , or if lifting continues , deep , moist convection ( DMC ) may ensue , as a parcel rises to the level of free convection ( LFC ) , after which it enters the free convective layer ( FCL ) and usually rises to the equilibrium level ( EL ) . If the environmental lapse rate is larger than the dry adiabatic lapse rate , it has a superadiabatic lapse rate , the air is absolutely unstable -- a parcel of air will gain buoyancy as it rises both below and above the lifting condensation level or convective condensation level . This often happens in the afternoon mainly over land masses . In these conditions , the likelihood of cumulus clouds , showers or even thunderstorms is increased . Meteorologists use radiosondes to measure the environmental lapse rate and compare it to the predicted adiabatic lapse rate to forecast the likelihood that air will rise . Charts of the environmental lapse rate are known as thermodynamic diagrams , examples of which include Skew - T log - P diagrams and tephigrams . ( See also Thermals ) . The difference in moist adiabatic lapse rate and the dry rate is the cause of foehn wind phenomenon ( also known as `` Chinook winds '' in parts of North America ) . The phenomenon exists because warm moist air rises through orographic lifting up and over the top of a mountain range or large mountain . The temperature decreases with the dry adiabatic lapse rate , until it hits the dew point , where water vapor in the air begins to condense . Above that altitude , the adiabatic lapse rate decreases to the moist adiabatic lapse rate as the air continues to rise . Condensation is also commonly followed by precipitation on the top and windward sides of the mountain . As the air descends on the leeward side , it is warmed by adiabatic compression at the dry adiabatic lapse rate . Thus , the foehn wind at a certain altitude is warmer than the corresponding altitude on the windward side of the mountain range . In addition , because the air has lost much of its original water vapor content , the descending air creates an arid region on the leeward side of the mountain . See also ( edit ) Adiabatic process Atmospheric thermodynamics Fluid dynamics Foehn wind Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Note : In some cases , Γ ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma ) or α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) can be used to represent the adiabatic lapse rate in order to avoid confusion with other terms symbolized by γ ( \ displaystyle \ gamma ) , such as the specific heat ratio or the psychrometric constant . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mark Zachary Jacobson ( 2005 ) . Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83970 - X . Jump up ^ C. Donald Ahrens ( 2006 ) . Meteorology Today ( 8th ed . ) . Brooks / Cole Publishing . ISBN 0 - 495 - 01162 - 2 . Jump up ^ Todd S. Glickman ( June 2000 ) . Glossary of Meteorology ( 2nd ed . ) . American Meteorological Society , Boston . ISBN 1 - 878220 - 34 - 9 . ( Glossary of Meteorology ) Jump up ^ Salomons , Erik M. ( 2001 ) . Computational Atmospheric Acoustics ( 1st ed . ) . Kluwer Academic Publishers . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0390 - 0 . Jump up ^ Stull , Roland B. ( 2001 ) . An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology ( 1st ed . ) . Kluwer Academic Publishers . ISBN 90 - 277 - 2769 - 4 . Jump up ^ Goody , Richard M. ; Walker , James C.G. ( 1972 ) . `` Atmospheric Temperatures '' ( PDF ) . Atmospheres . Prentice - Hall . Jump up ^ Danielson , Levin , and Abrams , Meteorology , McGraw Hill , 2003 Jump up ^ `` The stratosphere : overview '' . UCAR . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Landau and Lifshitz , Fluid Mechanics , Pergamon , 1979 Jump up ^ Kittel ; Kroemer ( 1980 ) . `` 6 '' . Thermal Physics . Freeman . problem 11 Jump up ^ `` Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate '' . tpub.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Minder , JR ; Mote , PW ; Lundquist , JD ( 2010 ) . `` Surface temperature lapse rates over complex terrain : Lessons from the Cascade Mountains '' . J. Geophys . Res. 115 : D14122 . Bibcode : 2010JGRD ... 11514122M . doi : 10.1029 / 2009JD013493 . Jump up ^ `` Saturation adiabatic lapse rate '' . Glossary . American Meteorological Society . Jump up ^ `` Mixing ratio '' . Glossary . American Meteorological Society . Jump up ^ Manual of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere ( extended to 80 kilometres ( 262 500 feet ) ) ( Third ed . ) . International Civil Aviation Organization . 1993 . ISBN 92 - 9194 - 004 - 6 . Doc 7488 - CD . Jump up ^ Whiteman , C. David ( 2000 ) . Mountain Meteorology : Fundamentals and Applications . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513271 - 8 . Additional reading ( edit ) Beychok , Milton R. ( 2005 ) . Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion ( 4th ed . ) . author - published . ISBN 0 - 9644588 - 0 - 2 . www.air-dispersion.com R.R. Rogers and M.K. Yau ( 1989 ) . Short Course in Cloud Physics ( 3rd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 3215 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Definition , equations and tables of lapse rate from the Planetary Data system . National Science Digital Library glossary : Lapse Rate Environmental lapse rate Absolute stable air An introduction to lapse rate calculation from first principles from U. Texas ( hide ) Meteorological data and variables General Adiabatic processes Advection Buoyancy Lapse rate Lightning Surface solar radiation Surface weather analysis Visibility Vorticity Wind Wind shear Condensation Cloud Cloud condensation nuclei ( CCN ) Fog Convective condensation level ( CCL ) Lifted condensation level ( LCL ) Precipitation Water vapor Convection Convective available potential energy ( CAPE ) Convective inhibition ( CIN ) Convective instability Convective momentum transport Convective temperature ( T ) Equilibrium level ( EL ) Free convective layer ( FCL ) Helicity K Index Level of free convection ( LFC ) Lifted index ( LI ) Maximum parcel level ( MPL ) Bulk Richardson number ( BRN ) Temperature Dew point ( T ) Dew point depression Dry - bulb temperature Equivalent temperature ( T ) Forest fire weather index Haines Index Heat index Humidex Humidity Relative humidity ( RH ) Mixing ratio Potential temperature ( θ ) Equivalent potential temperature ( θ ) Sea surface temperature ( SST ) Thermodynamic temperature Vapor pressure Virtual temperature Wet - bulb temperature Wet - bulb potential temperature Wind chill Pressure Atmospheric pressure Baroclinity Barotropicity Pressure gradient Pressure - gradient force ( PGF ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapse_rate&oldid=815595689 '' Categories : Atmospheric thermodynamics Climate feedbacks Fluid mechanics Spatial gradient Temperature Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 20 : 36 . 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-4426782010652995844 | Sawyer Sweeten | Sawyer Sweeten - wikipedia Sawyer Sweeten Jump to : navigation , search Sawyer Sweeten Sawyer Storm Sweeten ( 1995 - 05 - 12 ) May 12 , 1995 Brownwood , Texas , United States April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) ( aged 19 ) Austin , Texas , United States Cause of death Suicide by gunshot Occupation Actor Years active 1996 -- 2015 Relatives Madylin Sweeten ( sister ) Sullivan Sweeten ( twin brother ) Sawyer Storm Sweeten ( May 12 , 1995 -- April 23 , 2015 ) was an American child actor . He was best known for playing Geoffrey Barone on the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Death 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Sweeten was born in Brownwood , Texas , to Timothy Sweeten and Elizabeth Millsap . He had a twin brother , Sullivan . The Sweeten family moved to California when the twins were six months old . When they were 16 months old they began working on Everybody Loves Raymond , along with their sister Madylin . Sawyer and Sullivan owned a house in Riverside , California . Death ( edit ) On April 23 , 2015 , Sweeten died in Austin , Texas , at the age of 19 . The cause of death was a self - inflicted gunshot wound to the head . The cast of Everybody Loves Raymond sent their condolences to the Sweeten family . His on - screen father Ray Romano was shocked by the news and said he was a `` wonderful and sweet kid to be around '' . Sweeten 's on - screen mother Patricia Heaton said `` a funny and exceptionally bright young man . He is gone from us far too soon . '' Brad Garrett , who portrayed Sweeten 's on - screen Uncle Robert , released a statement that `` The Sweeten family was our family for those nine years on Raymond . My deepest condolences and love go out to them during this unimaginable time . '' Sweeten 's on - screen grandmother Doris Roberts remembered Sawyer as `` a very sweet young man '' and `` Make sure your loved ones know how much you care about them . It 's very important to keep in touch . '' Phil Rosenthal , creator of Everybody Loves Raymond and husband of co-star Monica Horan , remembers Sawyer and his twin brother Sullivan and his older sister Madylin as `` children that never failed to make us laugh , or remind us of how we feel about our own children '' . His on - screen / real life sister Madylin released a statement regarding her brother 's death and pleaded for everyone `` to reach out to the ones you love '' . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 Frank McKlusky , C.I. Young Frank McKlusky Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1996 -- 2005 Everybody Loves Raymond Geoffrey Barone Main cast 2000 Even Stevens Milton Episode : `` All About Yvette '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Williamson , Marcus ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Sawyer Sweeten : Actor who made his name playing one of the cute twins on the comedy show ' Everyone Loves Raymond ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Steiner , Amanda ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sawyer Sweeten 's Family Speaks Out Following His Suicide : ' He Will Live On in Shared Moments Forever ' '' . People . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://pgoaamericanprofile2.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/sawyer-sweeten.jpg%3Fw%3D670%26h%3D405%26crop%3D1 ^ Jump up to : `` Sawyer Sweeten : ' Raymond ' Mom Patricia Heaton Speaks Out On Tragic Death '' . hollywoodlife.com. 2015 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Everybody Loves Raymond ' Star Sawyer Sweeten Dead at 19 of Apparent Suicide '' . ETOnline.com. 2015 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Everybody Loves Raymond ' cast pays tribute to Sawyer Sweeten : ' He is gone from us far too soon ' '' . NYDailyNews.com. 2015 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://img2.timeinc.net/people/i/2015/news/150511/sawyer-sweeten-02-435.jpg External links ( edit ) Sawyer Sweeten on IMDb VIAF : 100739722 LCCN : no2009137851 ISNI : 0000 0000 7136 9914 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sawyer_Sweeten&oldid=801610014 '' Categories : 1995 births 2015 deaths American male film actors American male television actors American male identical twin child actors 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male actors who committed suicide Twin people from the United States People from Brownwood , Texas Male actors from Texas Suicides by firearm in Texas Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Nederlands Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 18 : 51 . About Wikipedia | who played the twins in everybody loves raymond | [] | [] |
8691806777436468120 | Britain's Got Talent (series 6) | Britain 's Got Talent ( series 6 ) - wikipedia Britain 's Got Talent ( series 6 ) Britain 's Got Talent Series 6 Broadcast from 24 March ( 2012 - 03 - 24 ) -- 12 May 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 12 ) Judges Simon Cowell Amanda Holden Alesha Dixon David Walliams Carmen Electra ( guest ) Presenter ( s ) Anthony McPartlin ( ITV ) Declan Donnelly ( ITV ) Co-presenter ( s ) Stephen Mulhern ( ITV2 ) Broadcaster ITV ITV2 ( BGMT ) Winner Ashleigh and Pudsey Origin Wellingborough , England Genre ( s ) Dog trick act Runner - up Jonathan and Charlotte Chronology ◀ 2012 ▶ Series Six of Britain 's Got Talent , a British talent competition series , began broadcasting in the UK during 2012 , from 24 March to 12 May on ITV - many media outlets criticised the series ' premiere date , believing it was a deliberate attempt to start a `` ratings war '' with the BBC , which was launching The Voice UK at the same time . Following the previous year , Simon Cowell returned to the programme to oversee auditions for the sixth series , while the departure of both David Hasselhoff and Michael McIntyre after the fifth series , led to the producers replacing them with Alesha Dixon and David Walliams . Because of her pregnancy , Amanda Holden had to miss some of the auditions , leading to Carmen Electra standing in for her as a guest judge . Apart from retaining the use of four judges following the previous series , the sixth series is most notable for three significant changes made in the show 's format - the prize money was increased to £ 500,000 ; the number of semi-finalists per semi-final was increased to 9 ; and the judges could now choose any semi-finalist that was eliminated and re-instate them into the live final as the `` Judges ' Wildcard '' . In addition , the series introduced a second means of voting for viewers in the form of mobile short codes - each participant received one during the show would could be called from any phone , with a small portion of the phone - in fee being donated to charity . Unlike The X Factor , text voting via this method was not incorporated , due to the potential risk of delays within the mobile text networks at busy times . The sixth series was won by dancing dog act Ashleigh and Pudsey , with opera duo Jonathan and Charlotte finishing in second place and Welsh choir Only Boys Aloud in third place . During its broadcast , the series averaged around 10.6 million viewers . In an interview they took part in , hosts Ant & Dec felt that this year 's semi-finalists were the best they had seen since the show began . Contents 1 Series overview 1.1 Semi-finals summary 1.1. 1 Semi-final 1 ( 6 May ) 1.1. 2 Semi-final 2 ( 7 May ) 1.1. 3 Semi-final 3 ( 8 May ) 1.1. 4 Semi-final 4 ( 9 May ) 1.1. 5 Semi-final 5 ( 10 May ) 1.2 Final ( 12 May ) 2 Ratings 3 Criticism , controversies & incidents 3.1 Unsuitable content complaint 3.2 `` Conflict of interest '' audition 3.3 Voting app mishap 4 References Series overview ( edit ) The departure of McIntyre and Hasselhoff , led to Dixon and Walliams being made as their replacements at the start of 2012 Because of Holden 's pregnancy , Electra had to stand in for her during the Blackpool auditions Following open auditions held the previous year , the Judges ' auditions were held during January and February 2012 , within Manchester , Blackpool , Cardiff , London , Edinburgh and Birmingham . Like the previous series , a number of acts were invited to audition between 6 and 22 January , after being found via their videos on YouTube . Twenty - five participants from this were picked by the producers and revealed by Britain 's Got More Talent host Stephen Mulhern via a live YouTube stream from backstage at the London auditions , in which the YouTube community voted on their favourites between 6 and 13 February , with the winning acts later performing before the judges after the results of the vote on 18 February . Between 25 and 31 January , the sponsors of the show for this series , Virgin Media , ran addition auditions for the show via videos made on YouTube and / or Vimeo , which , while adhering to the same rules , were restricted to only Virgin Media customer , with the five winning acts later performing for the judges during the Birmingham auditions . Following the previous series , both David Hasselhoff and Michael McIntyre announced that they would n't be returning for another year of the competition . Their decision led to the producers seeking out their replacements , after deciding to maintain the use of four judges in the programme following Cowell 's announcement in December 2011 that he would be returning to oversee auditions for the sixth series . Both Hasselhoff and McIntyre were eventually replaced by comedian David Walliams , and singer and TV presenter Alesha Dixon , the latter having previously been a judge on BBC 's Strictly Come Dancing . Owing to her pregnancy entering its late stages , Holden was forced to be absent from the Blackpool auditions . As a result , the production team brought in Carmen Electra as a guest judge and oversee these in her place , until Holden was cleared by doctors to return to overseeing the remainder of the auditions . Apart from a change in the judging panel , the producers decided to increase the prize money offered to the winner of the series to £ 500,000 , with Cowell pledging half of the prize money . Of the participants that took part , only forty five made it past this stage and into the five live semi-finals , with nine appearing in each one ; this was a significant change after the last four series of the programme . In a change with the format , the live final featured ten acts that made it through the semi-finals , and one additional act dubbed `` the Judges ' wildcard '' - if a semi-finalist was eliminated in their semi-final , they became eligible to be picked as a wildcard act for the final by the judges , with the choice made prior to the live final 's broadcast . The wildcard for this series was boyband The Mend , after they lost out in the tied Judges ' vote in the first semi-final . The following below lists the results of each participant 's overall performance in this series : Winner Runner - up Third place Finalist Semi-finalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semi-finalist ( eliminated ) Judges ' wildcard ( previously eliminated act reinstated into the final by the judges ) Participant Age ( s ) Genre Act Semi-final Result Analiza Ching 29 Music Violinist Eliminated Aquabatique 21 -- 28 Acrobatics Synchronised swimmers 5 Finalist ( Won Judges ' vote ) Area 51 23 -- 44 Dance Pyrotechnic dance troupe Eliminated Ashleigh and Pudsey 17 & 6 Animals Dancing dog act Winner Ashley Elliot 16 Music Xylophonist Eliminated Be Minor 13 -- 14 Singing Girlband Eliminated Beatrix von Bourbon 27 Dance Burlesque dancer Eliminated Billy George 20 Acrobatics Cyr wheel performer 5 Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Brynolf & Ljung 35 & 36 Magic Card magicians Eliminated Callum Oakley 16 Comedy Comedian 5 Eliminated Cascade 22 -- 35 Danger Action - stunt team Eliminated Chica Latina 44 Singing / Variety Entertainer / singer Eliminated Dennis Egel 41 Singing / Variety Singer / entertainer Eliminated Face Team 19 -- 28 Acrobatics Basketball stunt team 5 Eliminated Fish on Percussion 24 Music Drummer / performer Eliminated Four Corners 17 -- 25 Dance Dance troupe Eliminated Gatis Kandis 31 Comedy Stand - up comedian Eliminated Graham Blackledge 42 Singing / Music Organist / singer Eliminated Greig Stewart 27 Music Laser harpist 5 Eliminated Honey Shazad 21 Singing Singer Eliminated Hope Murphy 16 Singing Singer 5 Eliminated Jive Aces 34 -- 49 Music Performance instrumental band Eliminated Jonathan and Charlotte 17 & 16 Singing Opera duo Runner - up Kai & Natalia 15 & 16 Dance Ballroom dancers Finalist ( Won Judges ' vote ) Karizma Krew 14 -- 38 Dance Dance troupe Eliminated Lauren Thalia 12 Singing / Music Singer / guitarist Eliminated Loveable Rogues 18 -- 20 Singing Acoustic band Finalist ( Won Public vote ) Lucky 26 Variety Contortionist Eliminated Malaki Paul 9 Singing Singer Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Martyn Crofts 42 Comedy Dalek impersonator 5 Eliminated Molly Rainford 11 Singing Singer Finalist ( Won Judges ' vote ) Nu Sxool 10 -- 17 Dance Dance troupe Finalist ( Won Judges ' vote ) Only Boys Aloud 14 -- 19 Singing Male choir Third place Paige Turley 14 Singing Singer Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Rachel Knowland 25 Singing Singer Eliminated Ryan O'Shaughnessy 19 Singing / Music Singer - songwriter / guitarist 5 Finalist ( Won Public vote ) Sam Kelly 19 Singing / Music Singer / guitarist Finalist ( Won Public vote ) Strictly Wheels 39 & 41 Dance Ballroom dance duo 5 Eliminated The Mend 21 -- 22 Singing Boyband Finalist ( Won Judges ' Wildcard ) The Showbears 34 -- 53 Singing Singers / entertainers Eliminated The Sugar Dandies 40 & 40 Dance Ballroom dancers Eliminated The Zimmers 66 -- 88 Music Performance rappers Eliminated Twist and Pulse Dance Company 12 -- 20 Dance Dance troupe Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' vote ) United We Stand 17 -- 25 Dance Dance troupe Eliminated Zipparah Tafari ( ' Mr Zip ' ) 49 Music Rapper Eliminated Semi-finals summary ( edit ) Buzzed out Judges ' vote Won the public vote Won the judges ' vote ; won by public vote in the event of a tie Lost the judges ' vote ; lost by public vote in the event of a tie Eliminated Semi-final 1 ( 6 May ) ( edit ) Guest performer : Tulisa ( `` Young '' ) Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result Cowell Holden Dixon Walliams Zipparah Tafari Comedy Rapper 4th - Eliminated The Jive Aces Swing Jazz Band 7th - Eliminated Lauren Thalia Singer And Guitarist 5th - Eliminated United We Stand Street Dance Troupe 9th - Eliminated Analiza Ching 5 Violinist 8th - Eliminated The Mend 6 Boy Band 3rd ( Judges ' vote tied - Lost on Public Vote ) Rachel Knowland 7 Singer 6th - Eliminated Ashleigh & Pudsey 8 Dog Act 1st ( Won Public vote ) Only Boys Aloud 9 Male Vocal Choir 2nd ( Judges ' vote tied - Won on Public vote ) ^ 1 The Mend were later sent through to the final as a wildcard after the semi-finals . Semi-final 2 ( 7 May ) ( edit ) Guest performer : The Wanted ( `` Chasing the Sun '' ) Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result Cowell Holden Dixon Walliams Cascade Martial Arts Stunt Team 8th - Eliminated Paige Turley Singer 3rd ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Karizma Krew Dance Troupe 5th - Eliminated The Showbears Entertainers 7th - Eliminated Fish on Percussion 5 Percussionist 9th - Eliminated Graham Blackledge 6 Singer And Organist 6th - Eliminated Kai and Natalia 7 Latin Ballroom Couple 2nd ( Won Judges ' vote ) Four Corners 8 Dance Troupe 4th - Eliminated Jonathan and Charlotte 9 Opera Duo 1st ( Won Public vote ) Semi-final 3 ( 8 May ) ( edit ) Guest performer : LMFAO ( Medley of `` Party Rock Anthem '' and `` Sexy and I Know It '' ) Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result Cowell Holden Dixon Walliams The Zimmers Comedy Rappers 6th - Eliminated Area 51 Pyrotechnic Dance Troupe 8th - Eliminated Ashley Elliot Xylophonist 5th - Eliminated Molly Rainford Singer 2nd ( Judges ' vote tied - Won on Public vote ) Lucky 5 Contortionist 7th - Eliminated Loveable Rogues 6 Acoustic Group 1st ( Won Public vote ) Honey Shazad 7 Singer 9th - Eliminated Twist and Pulse Dance Company 8 Street Dance Troupe 3rd ( Judges ' vote tied - Lost on Public vote ) Dennis Egel 9 Entertainer 4th - Eliminated Semi-final 4 ( 9 May ) ( edit ) Guest performer : Labrinth ( `` Express Yourself '' ) Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result Cowell Holden Dixon Walliams Chica Latina Entertainer 9th - Eliminated Brynolf and Ljung Illusionists 5th - Eliminated Malaki Paul Singer 3rd ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Gatis Kandis Comedian 6th - Eliminated The Sugar Dandies 5 Ballroom Dancers 7th - Eliminated Nu Sxool 6 Dance Troupe 2nd ( Won Judges ' vote ) Beatrix von Bourbon 7 Burlesque Dancer 8th - Eliminated Sam Kelly 8 Singer And Guitarist 1st ( Won Public vote ) Be Minor 9 Girl Band 4th - Eliminated Semi-final 5 ( 10 May ) ( edit ) Guest performer : Rebecca Ferguson ( `` Teach Me How to Be Loved '' ) Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result Cowell Holden Dixon Walliams Face Team Basketball Stunt Team 6th - Eliminated Greig Stewart Laser Harpist 9th - Eliminated Billy George Cyr Wheel Acrobat 3rd ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Martyn Crofts Dalek Voice Impersonator 8th - Eliminated Callum Oakley 5 Comedian 4th - Eliminated Hope Murphy 6 Singer 5th - Eliminated Strictly Wheels 7 Wheelchair Ballroom Dancers 7th - Eliminated Aquabatique 8 Synchronised Swimmers 2nd ( Won Judges ' vote ) Ryan O'Shaughnessy 9 Singer And Guitarist 1st ( Won Public vote ) ^ 2 Aquabatique performed outside the studio , with the judges watching from inside . Final ( 12 May ) ( edit ) Guest performers : Susan Boyle ( `` You 'll See '' ) ; Diversity & Paul Gbegbaje ; The Show Bears featuring David Walliams ( `` It 's Raining Men '' ) Winner Runner - up 3rd place Finalist Order Act Finished The Mend Boy Band 7th Sam Kelly Singer / guitarist 9th Nu Sxool Dance Troupe 8th Molly Rainford Singer 6th Loveable Rogues 5 Acoustic Group 4th Kai and Natalia 6 Latin Ballroom Dancers 11th Aquabatique 7 Synchronised Swimmers 10th Ryan O'Shaughnessy 8 Singer And Guitarist 5th Only Boys Aloud 9 Male Vocal Choir 3rd Ashleigh and Pudsey 10 Dog act 1st Jonathan and Charlotte 11 Opera Duo 2nd ^ 3 Aquabatique performed outside the studio , with the judges watching from inside . Ratings ( edit ) Main article : List of Britain 's Got Talent episodes Episode Date Total viewers ( millions ) Weekly rank Share ( % ) Auditions 1 24 March 11.57 39.2 Auditions 2 31 March 12.17 41.3 Auditions 3 7 April 11.95 38.7 Auditions 4 14 April 12.18 39.5 Auditions 5 21 April 11.60 38.2 Auditions 6 28 April 11.97 41.8 Auditions 7 5 May 11.27 38.9 Semi-final 1 6 May 11.01 35.5 Semi-final 2 7 May 10.77 35.6 Semi-final 2 results 9.44 9 32.4 Semi-final 3 8 May 9.12 12 33.5 Semi-final 3 results 7.91 15 27.8 Semi-final 4 9 May 10.15 37.6 Semi-final 4 results 7.95 14 27.3 Semi-final 5 10 May 9.90 7 36.6 Semi-final 5 results 8.83 13 30.2 Live final 12 May 13.12 46.4 Criticism , controversies & incidents ( edit ) Unsuitable content complaint ( edit ) After the second audition episode had been aired , around over 70 complaints were made to Ofcom in regards to the performance of burlesque performer Beatrix Von Bourbon . Their criticism was over her audition , which involved stripping down until she wore only nipple tassels and a corset , which these viewers had felt to be unsuitable for a family show , especially as it had been shown before the 9pm watershed . In its defence to this criticism , ITV released a statement in which they pointed out that the footage that was aired had been `` carefully edited to ensure it was suitable '' . Ofcom launched an investigation into the matter which ran until 23 July 2012 , in which , based on their findings , the regulator ruled that the broadcaster had not breached broadcasting codes that concerned the protection of children from unsuitable material , stating that the measures taken by the broadcaster had been within acceptable parameters of these codes . `` Conflict of interest '' audition ( edit ) As part of the show 's terms and conditions , stated in Section 23 regarding audition forms , all participants who audition for Britain 's Got Talent must provide truthful information about themselves . Such disclosure includes information about any other show they are contracted to appear on , which would prohibit them from progressing beyond the auditions stage of the competition . While checking his background , researchers discovered that when singer / guitarist Ryan O'Shaughnessy had auditioned , he was already in a contract with Universal Music and had a place on the first series of The Voice of Ireland that was airing the same year as the sixth series of the show . This discovery led to Simon Cowell having to talk to O'Shaughnessy on his own and pointing out the researcher 's findings to him , to which the singer stated in his defence that he wanted the freedom to express his own music that the competition show could give him , which The Voice of Ireland restricted . However , Cowell did not agree with his argument : `` All you 're doing is taking the place of somebody else , who is n't in your position on two shows . I 'll be absolutely blunt with you , we were going to give you a yes , but I ca n't ... you understand that ? '' O'Shaughnessy , while accepting this decision , insisted he would do what he could to get out of The Voice of Ireland and out of his contract with Universal Music , which he successfully completed before the live semi-finals began on 6 May . Voting app mishap ( edit ) For this series of Britain 's Got Talent , the show 's production team decided to incorporate a second new method of voting that viewers could use , in the form of a mobile app . The concept for this idea was that viewers could purchase a set of three votes for a small fee and then use them , via the app , for any act that they liked in the semi-finals ; any votes not used in one show would be carried forward to the next , and once all three votes had been used , the viewer would have to buy another set to place further votes . However , when this voting method was implemented for the first live semi-final , technical difficulties arose that led to use of the app being halted ; as the problems could not be fixed after they arose , the decision was made to discontinue its use for the rest of the series . Ofcom later investigated the incident , after thousands of viewers who bought the app later complained to the regulator of their difficulties in using it to make votes , as over the half of the votes did not go through as a result of the technical fault . In their findings , the regulator reprimanded ITV for having failed to ensure that the app worked smoothly upon its activation , adding : `` We were therefore concerned that the application was unable to handle demand when voting opened . This meant that a significant proportion of viewers who had responded to the programme 's invitation to purchase voting credits via the app were unable to use them and that therefore viewers were effectively misled - albeit unintentionally . We expect licensees to take all steps and efforts that are reasonably practicable to ensure the integrity and robustness of the systems they use . '' However , Ofcom acknowledged that the concept of voting via smartphones was an original idea and that ITV was not at fault for the technical issues that arose from its use , while commending the broadcaster for providing sufficient action to deal with the aftermath of the fault . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Littlejohn , Georgina ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` Let the TV talent show battle commence ! The Voice and Britain 's Got Talent set to launch on the same night '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Tobin , Christian ( 7 December 2011 ) . `` Simon Cowell to return to ' Britain 's Got Talent ' , confirms ITV boss '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Tobin , Christian ( 20 November 2011 ) . `` Michael McIntyre quits ' Britain 's Got Talent ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Daniel ( 29 November 2011 ) . `` David Hasselhoff confirms ' Britain 's Got Talent ' exit '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Hallett ( 2 January 2012 ) . `` Alesha Dixon quits Strictly Come Dancing for Britain 's Got Talent '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bull , Sarah ( 26 January 2012 ) . `` Pregnant Amanda 's two nights in hospital after pulling out of Britain 's Got Talent auditions '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carmen Electra confirmed as ' Britain 's Got Talent ' guest judge '' . DigitalSpy . UK . 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( 3 January 2012 ) . `` Simon Cowell added 250,000 of his own money to Britain 's Got Talent - prize '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Britain 's Got Talent - Short Codes Jump up ^ Darvill , Josh ( 30 April 2012 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent 2012 semi-finalists ' the best in years ' say Ant and Dec '' . tellymix . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's Got Talent to hold first ever ' open audition ' at London 's Oval on January 22 '' . tellymix. 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BGT holds first ever Open Audition '' . ITV . itv.com. 4 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell ' finds a star ' on day one of Britain 's Got Talent auditions in Manchester '' . menmedia.co.uk. 22 January 2012 . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Audition NOW through YouTube ! '' . itv.com. 5 January 2012 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Colin ( 27 November 2011 ) . `` Dannii Minogue , David Walliams ' join Britain 's Got Talent ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ McGarry , Lisa ( 26 February 2012 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent 2012 semi finalists all chosen '' . Unreality TV . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Britain 's Got Talent 2012 voting results revealed '' . ITV. 12 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ @ BGT ( 8 May 2012 ) . `` RT @ polydorrecords : yo ! @ LMFAO are on @ GotTalent tonight at 9.30 pm on ITV ... Come Party Rock with us Party Rockerrrrrrrs ! ! ! Woop ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Britain 's Got Talent 2012 : Wildcard revealed and Diversity perform ! Unreality TV ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` ' The Voice ' UK , ' Britain 's Got Talent ' launch with colossal ratings '' . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 1 April 2012 ) . `` ' The Voice ' UK , ' Britain 's Got Talent ' ratings soar in second week '' . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 8 April 2012 ) . `` ' The Voice ' UK closes ratings gap on ' Britain 's Got Talent ' '' . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 15 April 2012 ) . `` ' The Voice ' UK overtakes ' Britain 's Got Talent ' in ratings '' . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 22 April 2012 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent pips The Voice as ratings battle intensifies '' . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 29 April 2012 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' extends lead over ' The Voice ' UK '' . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 6 May 2012 ) . `` ' The Voice ' UK anchored BBC One 's night with 8.16 m '' . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 7 May 2012 ) . `` ' Homeland ' first season bows out in style with nearly 3m for C4 '' . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ben ( 8 May 2012 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' secures 9.4 million for ITV1 '' . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ben ( 9 May 2012 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' dips in ratings for third semi-final '' . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ben ( 10 May 2012 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' results show beats ' The Apprentice ' '' . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Millar , Paul ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' last semi-final results show rebounds to 8.2 m '' . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 13 May 2012 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' final is most watched show of 2012 '' . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Wrenn , Eddie ( 23 April 2012 ) . `` Ofcom to investigate Britain 's Got Talent after raunchy burlesque act goes out before watershed '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ofcom clears Britain 's Got Talent burlesque act '' . BBC News . 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's Got Talent news : Ryan O'Shaughnessy to be axed from show after The Voice refuse to release him from contract '' . The Sun . London . Jump up ^ `` BGT 's latest find Ryan O'Shaughnessy may be axed because he has contract with The Voice '' . Daily Mirror. 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell drops Ryan O'Shaughnessy from ' Britain 's Got Talent ' ? '' . Digital Spy. 5 May 2012 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Fahy , Colette ( 23 July 2012 ) . `` ITV rapped by Ofcom over BGT voting fiasco after smartphone app failed to cope with demand '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Britain 's Got Talent Episodes Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Paul Potts George Sampson Diversity Spelbound Jai McDowall Ashleigh and Pudsey Attraction Collabro Jules O'Dwyer & Matisse Richard Jones Tokio Myers Lost Voice Guy Other notable contestants Series 1 Damon Scott Bessie Cursons Connie Talbot Bar Wizards Jake Pratt Series 2 Signature Andrew Johnston Escala Faryl Smith Kate and Gin Charlie Green Charlie Wernham Series 3 Susan Boyle Julian Smith Stavros Flatley Aidan Davis Hollie Steel Shaheen Jafargholi DJ Talent Flawless John Farnworth Sue Son Megan McKenna Elliot Evans Series 4 Twist and Pulse Paul Burling ReConnected Myles and Connor Kev Orkian Stevie Starr Cheeky Girls and Darius Matthew Ahmet Series 5 Ronan Parke Out of the Blue Series 6 Jonathan and Charlotte Only Boys Aloud Loveable Rogues Ryan O'Shaughnessy The Mend The Zimmers Colin Cloud Series 7 Jack Carroll Richard & Adam Steve Hewlett Luminites Gabz Francine Lewis Asanda James More Aaron Crow MckNasty Freelusion AJ & Chloe Series 8 Bars and Melody Jon Clegg Paddy & Nico Ed Drewett Light Balance Series 9 Côr Glanaethwy Old Men Grooving Isaac Waddington Calum Scott Lorraine Bowen Ruby Red Performers Alison Jiear Series 10 Alex Magala Beau Dermott Rachael Wooding Series 11 Daliso Chaponda Destiny Chukunyere Jess Robinson Series 12 Ray Kelly Ben Pridmore B Positive Choir Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Britain%27s_Got_Talent_(series_6)&oldid=851521371 '' Categories : 2012 British television seasons Britain 's Got Talent 2012 in British television Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Use British English from January 2012 Use dmy dates from January 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 21 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won britain's got talent 2012 winner | [
"Britain's Got TalentSeries 6Broadcast from\n24 March (2012-03-24) – 12 May 2012 (2012-05-12)Judges\nSimon CowellAmanda HoldenAlesha DixonDavid WalliamsCarmen Electra (guest)Presenter(s)\nAnthony McPartlin (ITV)Declan Donnelly (ITV)Co-presenter(s)\nStephen Mulhern (ITV2)Broadcaster\nITVITV2 (BGMT)Winner\nAshleigh and Pudsey\nOrigin\nWellingborough, EnglandGenre(s)\nDog trick act\nRunner-up\nJonathan and CharlotteChronology\n◀\n2012\n▶\n"
] | [
"Ashleigh and Pudsey"
] |
-2181541697182609323 | Constitution of Virginia | Constitution of Virginia - wikipedia Constitution of Virginia An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy1063.html Triggered by \ beconlib \. org \ b on the local blacklist The Virginia Constitutional Convention , 1830 , by George Catlin The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia is the document that defines and limits the powers of the state government and the basic rights of the citizens of the U.S. Commonwealth of Virginia . Like all other state constitutions , it is supreme over Virginia 's laws and acts of government , though it may be superseded by the United States Constitution and U.S. federal law as per the Supremacy Clause . The original Virginia Constitution of 1776 was enacted in conjunction with the Declaration of Independence by the first thirteen states of the United States of America . Virginia was an early state to adopt its own Constitution on June 29 , 1776 , and the document was widely influential both in the United States and abroad . In addition to frequent amendments , there have been six major subsequent revisions of the constitution ( by Conventions for the constitutions of 1830 , 1851 , 1864 , 1870 , 1902 , and by commission for 1971 amendments ) . These new constitutions have been part of , and in reaction to , periods of major regional or social upheaval in Virginia . For instance , the 1902 constitution included provisions to disfranchise African Americans , who in 1900 made up nearly 36 % of the state 's population . They did not regain suffrage until after passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s . Contents 1 Historic constitutions 1.1 1776 1.2 1830 1.3 1851 1.4 1864 1.5 1870 1.6 1902 2 Current constitution ( 1971 ) 2.1 Article I -- Bill of Rights 2.2 Article II -- Franchise and Officers 2.3 Article III -- Division of Powers 2.4 Article IV -- Legislature 2.5 Article V -- Executive 2.6 Article VI -- Judiciary 2.7 Article VII -- Local Government 2.8 Article VIII -- Education 2.9 Article IX -- Corporations 2.10 Article X -- Taxation and Finance 2.11 Article XI -- Conservation 2.12 Article XII -- Future changes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Historic constitutions ( edit ) See also : Virginia Conventions George Mason , one of the principal architects of the 1776 Virginia Constitution 1776 ( edit ) The preparation of the first Virginia Constitution began in early 1776 , in the midst of the early events of the American Revolution . Among those who drafted the 1776 Constitution were George Mason and James Madison . Thomas Jefferson was Virginia 's representative to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia at the time , and his drafts of the Virginia constitution arrived too late to be incorporated into the final document . James Madison 's work on the Virginia Constitution helped him develop the ideas and skills that he would later use as one of the main architects of the United States Constitution . The 1776 Constitution declared the dissolution of the rule of Great Britain over Virginia and accused England 's King George III of establishing a `` detestable and insupportable tyranny '' . It also established separation of governmental powers , with the creation of the bicameral Virginia General Assembly as the legislative body of the state and the Governor of Virginia as the `` chief magistrate '' or executive . The accompanying Virginia Declaration of Rights , written primarily by Mason , focuses on guarantees of basic human rights and freedoms and the fundamental purpose of government . It , in turn , served as a model for a number of other historic documents , including the United States Bill of Rights . Critically , the 1776 Constitution limited the right to vote primarily to property owners and men of wealth . This effectively concentrated power in the hands of the landowners and aristocracy of Southeastern Virginia . Dissatisfaction with this power structure would come to dominate Virginia 's constitutional debate for almost a century . 1830 Virginia Constitution , page one 1830 ( edit ) By the 1820s , Virginia was one of only two states that limited voting to landowners . In addition , because representation was by county rather than population , the residents of increasingly populous Western Virginia ( the area that would become West Virginia in 1863 ) had grown discontented at their limited representation in the legislature . Pressure increased until a constitutional convention was convened in 1829 -- 1830 . This convention became largely a contest between eastern Virginia planters of the slaveholding elite and the less affluent yeomen farmers of Western Virginia . Issues of representation and suffrage dominated the debate . Delegates to the convention included such prominent Virginians as James Madison , James Monroe , John Tyler , and John Marshall . The convention ultimately compromised by loosening suffrage requirements . It also reduced the number of delegates and senators to the Virginia General Assembly . The resulting constitution was ratified by a popular majority , though most of the voters in the western part of the state ended up voting against it . Thus , the underlying intrastate tensions remained , and would have to be addressed later . 1851 ( edit ) As of the 1840 census , the majority of the white residents of the state lived in western Virginia , but they were underrepresented in the legislature because of the continued property requirement for voting ; not all held sufficient property to vote . This compounded their dissatisfaction with the apportionment scheme adopted in 1830 , which was based on counties rather than population , thus giving disproportionate power to the fewer , but propertied whites who lived in the eastern part of the state and kept a grip on the legislature . As the state legislature also elected the governor and the United States senators , Western Virginians felt they had little influence on state leadership . Their attempts to win electoral reform in the Virginia legislature were defeated each time . Some began to openly discuss the abolition of slavery or secession from the state . Ultimately , the eastern planters could not continue to ignore their discontent , and a new constitutional convention was called to resolve the continuing tensions . The most significant change adopted in the 1851 Constitution was elimination of the property requirement for voting , resulting in extension of the suffrage to all white males of voting age . The 1851 Constitution established popular election for the governor , the newly created office of lieutenant governor , and all Virginia judges , rather than the election of the top two state officers by the legislature , or political appointment for judges . Because of these changes , the 1851 Virginia Constitution became known as the `` Reform Constitution '' . Portrait of Francis H. Pierpont , governor and driving force behind the 1864 Constitution 1864 ( edit ) When in 1861 , the Virginia legislature voted for secession in the events leading up to the American Civil War , all of the western and several of the northern counties dissented They set up a separate government with Francis H. Pierpont as governor . During the Civil War , this separate or `` restored '' government approved the creation of West Virginia as a separate state ( which was admitted to the Union in 1863 ) and in 1864 it approved a new Constitution . The constitution was the product of a divided state and government ; it was the first since the original 1776 Constitution to be adopted by the legislature without a popular vote . The 1864 Constitution abolished slavery in Virginia , disfranchised men who had served in the Confederate government , recognized the creation of the State of West Virginia , and adjusted the number and terms of office of the members of the Virginia Assembly . The foreword to the current Virginia Constitution does not include the 1864 Constitution in its list of previous constitutions . It notes that the 1864 Constitution was drafted under wartime conditions and was of uncertain legal status . John C. Underwood . He so dominated the 1867 -- 1868 constitutional convention that the resulting document became known as the `` Underwood Constitution '' . 1870 ( edit ) After the end of the Civil War , Virginia came briefly under military rule during Reconstruction , with the district commanded by John M. Schofield . Pursuant to federal Reconstruction legislation , Schofield called for a new constitutional convention to meet in Richmond from December 1867 to April 1868 . In protest of freedmen 's suffrage , many of Virginia 's conservative whites refused to participate in voting for delegates . As a result , Republicans led by Judge John Curtiss Underwood dominated the convention . Opponents called the result the `` Underwood Constitution '' or the `` Negro Constitution '' , as it gave freedmen suffrage . Significant provisions included expanding the suffrage to all male citizens over the age of 21 , which included freedmen ; establishing a state public school system for the first time , with mandatory funding and attendance ; and providing for judges to be elected by the General Assembly rather than by popular vote . Controversy over clauses that continued the temporary disfranchisement of former Confederate government members delayed the adoption of the Constitution . An eventual compromise provided for separate voting on the disfranchisement clauses and the rest of the Constitution ; the former failed to win approval . The remainder of the Underwood Constitution was ratified by a popular vote of 210,585 to 9,136 , and went into effect in 1870 . 1902 ( edit ) In the late nineteenth century , white Democrats regained power in state legislatures across the South . They passed Jim Crow laws establishing racial segregation in public facilities and restricting the lives of blacks . Beginning with Mississippi in 1890 , legislatures began to ratify new constitutions , amendments or electoral laws that disfranchised African - American voters , devising means such as poll taxes , literacy tests and residential requirements that passed Supreme Court review but worked against poor blacks and many poor whites . By the turn of the 20th century , six Southern states had essentially eliminated the black vote , and pressure mounted among whites in Virginia to do the same , ostensibly as a way to stop electoral fraud and corruption . The 1901 constitutional convention met in this climate . Members were focused on restricting black voting rights without violating the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution or disfranchising poor whites . Led by the future Senator Carter Glass , the convention created requirements that all prospective voters had to pay poll taxes or pass a literacy test administered by white registrars . An exemption was granted , in a kind of grandfather clause , for military veterans and sons of veterans , who were virtually all white . The changes effectively disfranchised black voters , though many illiterate whites were also unable to meet the new requirements . In 1900 blacks made up nearly 36 percent of the population . In succeeding elections , the Virginia electorate was reduced by nearly half as a result of the changes . When adjusted for the Nineteenth Amendment , voter turnout would not return to 1900 levels until 1952 within a statewide population almost twice the size . The small electorate was key to maintaining the dominant Democratic Organization in power for sixty years . Other significant provisions of the 1902 Constitution imposed racial segregation in public schools ( which already existed on a de facto basis ) and abolished the county court system . The Constitution provided for the creation of the State Corporation Commission to regulate the growing power of the railroads . Because of concern over African - American opposition , the convention did not honor its pledge to have the proposed constitution put to popular vote . Like the 1864 Constitution by the Loyalist government during the Civil War , the legislature adopted the 1902 Constitution without ratification by the electorate . It was in effect far longer than any previous Virginia constitution . Current Constitution ( 1971 ) ( edit ) As a result of the Civil Rights Movement challenging the restrictions and discrimination practiced against blacks exercise of constitutional rights , a series of US Supreme Court cases , beginning with Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 , the 24th Amendment , and federal legislation : the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 had overturned the most controversial aspects of the 1902 Constitution -- the provisions restricting voting by African Americans and mandating school segregation . Combined with the election of Governor Mills Godwin in 1965 , there was impetus for governmental change . Godwin strongly advocated the loosening of the strict constitutional restrictions on state - issued bonds and borrowing , and used his power and popularity to push for a new constitution . In 1968 a joint resolution of the Virginia General Assembly approved a new commission , chaired by former Governor Albertis Harrison , to revise the constitution . The Commission on Constitutional Revision presented its report and recommendations to Governor Godwin and the General Assembly in January 1969 , and continued to work with them to draft a final consensus version . The proposed Constitution was overwhelmingly approved by the voters of Virginia ( who by then included African - American men and women , following passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s ) and took effect on July 1 , 1971 . Since 1971 , additional amendments have been passed by the General Assembly and approved by the voter to conform to provisions in the U.S. Constitution , rulings from the U.S. Supreme Court and Congressional statute . The voting age has been reduced to eighteen , voting residency requirements have been removed , and voter registration conforms to the Motor Voter Act . Additionally , the Virginia Constitution now provides for a General Assembly session following a governor 's veto , and the right of the people to hunt , fish and harvest game is guaranteed . In 2006 , Virginians passed an amendment limiting marriage to `` unions between one man and one woman '' . That has since been overturned by Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) . The current Constitution of Virginia consists of twelve Articles : Article I -- Bill of Rights ( edit ) Article I contains the entire original Virginia Declaration of Rights from the 1776 Constitution . Several of the sections have been expanded to incorporate concepts from the United States Bill of Rights , including the right to due process , the prohibition against double jeopardy , and the right to bear arms . Like the Federal Constitution , the Virginia Bill of Rights , in § 17 , states that the listing of certain rights is not to be construed to exclude other rights held by the people . In 1997 , a Victims ' Rights Amendment was added to the Virginia Bill of Rights as § 8 - A . In Nobrega v. Commonwealth , the only case so far to interpret this amendment , the Virginia Supreme Court used the Victims 's Rights Amendment to support its ruling that an alleged rape victim could not be compelled to submit to a psychiatric evaluation . On November 7 , 2006 , Virginia voters ratified an amendment , previously approved by the General Assembly , prohibiting same - sex marriage , to be added to the Bill of Rights . This amendment also prohibits the recognition of any `` union , partnership , or other legal status '' between unmarried people that intends to approximate marriage or which confers the `` rights , benefits , obligations , qualities , or effects of marriage . '' The Virginia Attorney General issued an opinion stating that the amendment does not change the legal status of documents such as contracts , wills , or Advanced Medical Directives between unmarried people . The amendment was declared to be in violation the United States Constitution by a U.S. District Court Judge on February 13 , 2014 . ( In 2015 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that the failure to provide for same - sex marriage by any U.S. state had the effect of violating the rights of homosexuals to equal protection of law required under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . ) Article ii -- franchise and officers ( edit ) The second Article of the Constitution sets out the procedures and mechanisms for voting , elections and holding office . Pursuant to Section 1 , any Virginia resident over age 18 may vote in state elections ; the voting age was reduced from 21 by a 1972 amendment to the federal constitution . However , § 1 denies the vote to people who have been determined to be mentally incompetent or anyone convicted of a felony . Disfranchising convicted felons has been found to be consistent with the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution . The General Assembly , pursuant to § 4 , is given wide power to regulate the time place and manner of all elections . Section Five establishes that the only qualifications to hold office in Virginia are that a person must have been a Virginia resident for at least one year and eligible to vote . Any statute or rule requiring other qualifications is constitutionally invalid under this section . But , the General Assembly can impose local residency requirements for election to local governmental bodies or for election to the Assembly in representation of particular districts . Article III -- Division of powers ( edit ) Article III has one section , confirming the principle of separation of powers between the legislative , executive and judicial branches of government . Unlike the U.S. federal Constitution , the Virginia Constitution explicitly provides that no branch may exercise powers that properly belong to the others . Separation between the branches of government is also listed as a right of the people in § 5 of Article I . Article IV -- legislature ( edit ) Article IV establishes the basic structure and authority of the Virginia legislature . The legislative power of the state is vested in the Virginia General Assembly , which consists of the Virginia Senate and the Virginia House of Delegates. § 17 of Article IV gives the legislature the power to impeach members of the executive and judicial branches . The original § 14 of Article IV forbade the incorporation of churches , though the Virginia Commission on Constitutional Revision , in its 1969 report , had recognized that the prohibition was probably invalid . The federal district court for the Western District of Virginia ruled in April 2002 that this provision of the Virginia Constitution was in fact unconstitutional , because it violates the federal constitutional right to the free exercise of religion . The court found that it is unconstitutional to deny a church the option to incorporate under state law when other groups can incorporate . An amendment striking the ban on church incorporation was approved by Virginia voters in November 2006 . Article v. -- executive ( edit ) The fifth Article similarly defines the structure and powers of the executive branch . The Governor of Virginia is invested as the chief executive , though § 1 of Article V , provides that the governor may not run for successive terms . The offices of lieutenant governor and attorney general are established as supporting elected constitutional positions . The constitutional powers of the governor include the ability to sign legislation , veto bills ( which veto may then be overridden by a two - thirds majority of both houses of the assembly ) , and issue pardons . Article VI -- judiciary ( edit ) Article VI vests judicial power in the Supreme Court of Virginia , along with the subordinate courts created by the General Assembly . Judges are appointed by a majority vote in the General Assembly to terms of 12 years for Supreme Court Justices and 8 years for other judges . The Supreme Court , pursuant to § 5 , has the authority to make rules governing the practice of law and procedures in the courts of the commonwealth ( see rules ) , and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is established as the administrative head of the Virginia judicial system . Article VII -- local government ( edit ) Article VII of the Constitution sets up the basic framework for the structure and function of local government in Virginia . Local government may be established at the town ( population over 1000 ) , city ( population over 5000 ) , county or regional government level . Article VII gives the General Assembly the power to create general laws for the organization and governing of these political subdivisions , except that regional governments can not be created without the consent of the majority of the voters who vote on the issue in the region . Section 4 establishes the constitutional offices of treasurer , sheriff , Commonwealth 's Attorney , clerk of court and Commissioner of the Revenue to be elected within each city and county in Virginia . Article VIII -- Education ( edit ) A compulsory and free primary and secondary public education for every Virginia child is the focus of Article VIII . The General Assembly is empowered to determine the funding for the educational system and apportion the cost between state and local government . A state Board of Education is established to create school divisions and effectuate the overall educational policies . Supervision of the individual schools is delegated to local school boards , provided for in § 7 . Article IX -- corporations ( edit ) The primary purpose of Article IX is to create the Virginia State Corporation Commission , which is charged with administering the laws that regulate corporations . The State Corporation Commission also issues charters for Virginia corporations and licenses to do business for `` foreign '' ( non-Virginia ) corporations . Section 5 of Article IX prohibits such foreign corporations from doing anything in Virginia that a Virginia corporation could not do . Article X -- taxation and finance ( edit ) Article X establishes the basic structure for taxation of personal property in Virginia . Pursuant to this Article , all non-exempt real and personal property is subject to taxation at its fair market value . Section 6 sets out a lengthy list of exempt property , which includes church property , cemeteries , and non-profit school property . Significant additions to Article X include § 7 , a budget amendment , which became effective in 1986 , and § 7 - A , which establishes the `` Lottery Proceeds Fund '' , requiring that all proceeds from the lottery be set aside for educational purposes . Article XI -- conservation ( edit ) Article XI states that it is the general policy of the Commonwealth to preserve , protect and conserve the state 's natural and historic resources . The General Assembly is permitted to further these policies by entering into public - private partnerships or partnerships with federal agencies . A 2001 amendment added § 4 , which establishes hunting and fishing as constitutional rights of Virginians , though the legislature may enact appropriate regulations and restrictions on these rights . Article xii -- future changes ( edit ) The last Article creates the mechanism for future changes to the Constitution . Any amendment to the Constitution must first be passed by a majority in each of the two legislative houses . The proposed amendment must then be held over for consideration by the succeeding elected legislature , where it must again be passed by a majority in each house . The amendment then goes on the general ballot and becomes enacted into the Constitution if approved by a majority of the voters . Alternatively , a two - thirds majority of both Virginia houses may call for the creation of a constitutional convention . Any revisions or amendments proposed by the constitutional convention are presented to the citizens of Virginia and become law upon approval by a majority of voters . There is a perennial discussion over Virginia 's unique Constitutional status restricting its governor to one consecutive term , and its distinctive method of selecting both trial and appellate judges by state legislature , shared only with South Carolina . See also ( edit ) Law of Virginia Virginia Conventions References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Lieberman , Jethro ( 1987 ) . The Enduring Constitution : A Bicentennial Perspective . West Publishing Co. pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 0 - 314 - 32025 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Historical Census Browser , 1900 Federal Census , University of Virginia Archived 2007 - 08 - 23 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed 15 Mar 2008 Jump up ^ `` ONE OF THE MOST INTRIGUING MIGHT - HAVE - BEENS IN AMERICAN HISTORY '' . Colonial Williamsburg Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Stephan A. ( May 2000 ) . `` George Mason : Forgotten Founder , He Conceived the Bill of Rights '' . Smithsonian ( 31.2 ) : 142 . ^ Jump up to : Dabney , Virginius ( 1971 ) . Virginia , The New Dominion . University Press of Virginia . pp. 213 -- 216 . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1015 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 1830 Virginia Constitution '' . West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Virginia ; Becoming Southerners '' . Virginia Historical Society . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Dabney ( 1971 ) , p. 218 Jump up ^ Wilentz , Sean ( 2005 ) . The Rise of American Democracy , Jefferson to Lincoln . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 587 -- 588 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05820 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of 1851 '' . West Virginia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Salmon ( 1994 ) , pp. 45 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cyclopaedia of Political Science ; Virginia '' . Library of Economics and Liberty . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Virginia ; Foreword '' ( PDF ) . Virginia General Assembly . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Lynda ( 1992 ) . Emancipation in Virginia 's Tobacco Belt , 1850 -- 1870 . University of Georgia Press . pp. 160 -- 166 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 1415 - 3 . Jump up ^ Salmon ( 1994 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ `` Views of a Changing Landscape ; Historical Background for Sudley Post Office '' . University of Maryland . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Moger , Allen ( 1968 ) . Virginia : Bourbonism to Byrd , 1870 -- 1925 . University Press of Virginia . pp. 181 -- 183 . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 0182 - 0 . OCLC 435376 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia 's Constitutional Convention of 1901 -- 1902 '' . Virginia Historical Society . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dabney ( 1971 ) , pp. 436 -- 437 Jump up ^ Heinemann , Ronald L. , et.al. , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : a history of Virginia 1607 - 2007 . University of Virginia Press 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2609 - 4 , p. 277 - 278 Jump up ^ Maddex , Robert ( 1998 ) . State Constitutions of the United States . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 406 . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 373 - 1 . Jump up ^ Moger ( 1968 ) , pp. 192 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Dabney ( 1971 ) , pp. 439 -- 440 . Jump up ^ Salmon ( 1994 ) , pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ `` Register of the Papers of A.E. Dick Howard for the Virginia Commission for Constitutional Revision ; 1969 -- 71 '' . University of Virginia . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Dinan , John . The Virginia State Constitution : a reference guide . Praeger ( 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 313 - 33208 - 8 p. 24 , 216 . Jump up ^ Peaslee , Liliokanaio , and Swartz , Nicholas J. , `` Virginia Government : Institutions and Policy '' ( 2014 ) SAGE Congressional Quarterly Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 0589 - 2 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Article and section references are to the articles and sections of the `` Constitution of Virginia ( 1971 , as amended ) '' . Commonwealth of Virginia . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Nobrega v. Commonwealth , 271 Va 508 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Virginia Code Commission ( 2008 ) . Code of Virginia , 1950 : Constitutions . Matthew Bender & Company . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4224 - 5072 - 7 . Jump up ^ Op . Atty. Gen. , Opinion No. 06 - 003 ( Sept. 14 , 2006 ) , 2006 WL 4286442 Jump up ^ Baratko , Trevor ( 13 February 2014 ) . `` Virginia 's same - sex marriage ban unconstitutional , federal judge says '' . Loudon Times . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Virginia Code Commission ( 2008 ) , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Perry v. Beamer , 933 F. Supp. 556 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Moore v. Pullem , 150 S.E. 415 ( 1928 ) . Jump up ^ Gwaltmey v. Lyons , 166 Va . 872 ( 1914 ) . Jump up ^ Maddex ( 1998 ) , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Falwell v. Miller , 203 F. Supp. 2d 624 ( W.D. Va . 2002 ) . Jump up ^ `` Proposed Constitutional Amendment ; Ballot Question Number 2 '' ( PDF ) . Virginia State Board of Elections . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Dinan ( 2006 ) . p. 24 Bibliography Salmon , Emily ; Edward D.C. Campbell , Jr. , eds. ( 1994 ) . The Hornbook of Virginia History . The Library of Virginia . ISBN 0 - 88490 - 177 - 7 . 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"The fifth Article similarly defines the structure and powers of the executive branch. The Governor of Virginia is invested as the chief executive, though §1 of Article V, provides that the governor may not run for successive terms. The offices of lieutenant governor and attorney general are established as supporting elected constitutional positions.\n"
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-4108066547113454901 | Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice | Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice - Wikipedia Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Jump to : navigation , search `` Dawn of Justice '' redirects here . For the Colombian film `` Dawn of Justice '' , see Garras de oro . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Theatrical release poster Directed by Zack Snyder Produced by Charles Roven Deborah Snyder Written by Chris Terrio David S. Goyer Based on Characters from DC Comics Starring Ben Affleck Henry Cavill Amy Adams Jesse Eisenberg Diane Lane Laurence Fishburne Jeremy Irons Holly Hunter Gal Gadot Music by Hans Zimmer Junkie XL Cinematography Larry Fong Edited by David Brenner Production companies RatPac - Dune Entertainment DC Entertainment Atlas Entertainment Cruel and Unusual Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date March 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 19 ) ( Auditorio Nacional ) March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 151 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $300 million ( gross ) $250 million ( net ) Box office $873.6 million Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice is a 2016 American superhero film featuring the DC Comics characters Batman and Superman . Directed by Zack Snyder , it is the second installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) , following 2013 's Man of Steel . It was written by Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer , and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck , Henry Cavill , Amy Adams , Jesse Eisenberg , Diane Lane , Laurence Fishburne , Jeremy Irons , Holly Hunter , and Gal Gadot . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice is the first live - action film to feature Batman and Superman together , as well as the first live - action cinematic portrayal of Wonder Woman . In the film , criminal mastermind Lex Luthor ( Eisenberg ) manipulates Batman ( Affleck ) into a preemptive battle with Superman ( Cavill ) , whom Luthor is obsessed with defeating . The film was announced at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con after the release of Man of Steel . Snyder stated that the film would take inspiration from the Batman comic book series The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller , but clarified that it would follow an original premise . The incarnation of Batman in the film is different from the character 's previous portrayal in The Dark Knight Trilogy , serving as a cinematic reboot of the character . The film is also inspired by narrative elements from the `` Death of Superman '' story arc . Pre-production began at East Los Angeles College in October 2013 , with principal photography starting in May 2014 in Detroit . Additional filming also took place in Illinois and New Mexico , concluding that December . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice premiered at the Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City on March 19 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on March 25 , 2016 in 2D , 3D , IMAX 3D , 4DX , premium large formats , and 70 mm prints by Warner Bros. Pictures . Following a strong debut that set new box office records , the film experienced a historic drop in its second weekend and never recovered . Despite turning a profit , it was deemed a box office disappointment and received generally unfavorable reviews from critics for its tone , screenplay , and pacing , though some praised its visual style and acting performances . An extended cut dubbed the `` Ultimate Edition '' , which features 31 minutes of additional footage , was released digitally on June 28 , 2016 , and on Blu - ray on July 19 , 2016 . A follow - up sequel titled Justice League was released in November 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music and soundtrack 4 Marketing 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Home media 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Eighteen months after the battle between Superman and General Zod in Metropolis , Superman has become a controversial figure . Billionaire Bruce Wayne , who has operated in Gotham City as the vigilante Batman for two decades , sees Superman as an existential threat to humanity . After learning of Batman 's form of justice , Clark Kent ( Superman 's civilian identity ) seeks to expose him via Daily Planet articles . Wayne learns that Russian weapon trafficker Anatoli Knyazev has been contacting LexCorp mogul Lex Luthor . Meanwhile , Luthor unsuccessfully tries to persuade Senator June Finch to allow him to import kryptonite retrieved from the Indian Ocean following Zod 's terraforming attempt , claiming he wants to maintain it as a `` deterrent '' against future Kryptonian threats . He instead makes alternative plans with Finch 's subordinate and gains access to Zod 's body and the Kryptonian scout ship . Bruce attends a gala at LexCorp to steal encrypted data from the company 's mainframe , where he also encounters with Clark , but has it taken from him by an antiquities dealer named Diana Prince ; she eventually returns it to Bruce . While decrypting the drive , Bruce dreams of a post-apocalyptic world , where he leads a group of rebels against a fascist Superman . He is awoken from his vision by an unidentified person , appearing through a portal , who warns him of Lois Lane 's crucial role in the future , and urges him to find `` the others '' before vanishing . Wayne later discovers that Luthor is also investigating metahumans . One of them is Prince herself , who is shown in a photo taken during World War I. Wayne admits to Alfred Pennyworth that he plans to steal the kryptonite to weaponize it , should it become necessary to fight Superman . At a congressional hearing , as Finch questions Superman on the validity of his actions , a bomb goes off and kills everyone present but Superman . Believing he should have detected the bomb , and frustrated by his failure to save them , Superman goes into self - imposed exile . Batman breaks into LexCorp and steals the kryptonite , planning to use it to battle Superman by building a powered exoskeleton , creating a kryptonite grenade launcher , and a kryptonite - tipped spear . Meanwhile , Luthor enters the Kryptonian ship and accesses a vast technology database accumulated from over 100,000 worlds . Later , Luthor kidnaps Lois and Martha Kent , Clark 's adoptive mother , to bring Superman out of exile . He reveals to him that he manipulated Superman and Batman by fueling their distrust for each other . Luthor demands that Superman kill Batman in exchange for Martha 's life . Superman tries to explain the situation to Batman , but instead Batman fights Superman and eventually subdues him . Before he could kill Superman , he urges him to `` save Martha '' , who is confusing him long enough before Lois arrives , sharing the same name of Bruce 's mother . Realizing that Superman is not a threat , Batman throws the spear and promises him to save his mother . Meanwhile , Batman is also heading to the place where Clark 's mother has been taken hostage , and finally managed to save him from Luthor 's henchmen . Luthor , realizing that his plan has failed , executes his backup plan , resulting in creation of his own creature , codenamed `` Doomsday '' , encoded by Zod 's body and his own DNA . Eventually , Luthor 's creature has gone into rampage , and Batman is going back to the abandoned building to get the kryptonite spear . Diana arrives unexpectedly , revealing her metahuman nature , and joins forces with Batman and Superman to fight the creature . After a lengthy battle , the creature also outmatched Diana , Superman and Batman during the fight . Realizing the creature is vulnerable to kryptonite , Diana and Batman distract it long enough until Superman retrieve the spear . Finally , Superman is able to impale the creature with the spear , killing it . However , in its last moments , the creature kills a weakened Superman by one of its bone protrusions , killing him . Luthor is arrested by the SWAT police for caused of his crimes and also involved with Superman 's death . A memorial is held for Superman in Metropolis . Clark is also declared dead , with various friends and family members including Diana Prince and Bruce attending his funeral in Smallville . Martha gives an envelope to Lois , which contains an engagement ring from Clark . After the funeral , Bruce expresses his regrets to Diana about how he overestimated Superman . Bruce reveals to her that he plans to form a team of metahumans , starting with those from Luthor 's files , to help protect the world in Superman 's absence . Batman , who warns Luthor that he will always watching him , and Luthor 's gloat that Superman 's death has become a trigger to a powerful alien threat . After they leave , the dirt atop Clark 's coffin levitates . Cast ( edit ) Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman A billionaire socialite and owner of Wayne Enterprises who dedicates himself to protecting Gotham City from its criminal underworld as a highly trained , masked vigilante . The Batsuit in this film is made of fabric as opposed to the armored suits in previous portrayals , and a mechanical suit is also featured which Batman uses in his fight against Superman . On Batman 's suit , Zack Snyder commented `` I had a really strong idea about what I wanted to do -- I really wanted to do sort of a fabric - based Batman ; not what 's become the more normal , armored Batman . That 's how we evolved it . '' Unlike previous versions who spoke in a deeper voice as Batman , this version uses a voice modulator to distort his real voice , with Affleck stating a well known billionaire would likely have his voice recognized . When asked what makes this Batman different from the previous portrayals , Affleck said this Batman `` is a little older , he 's a little more world weary . He 's been around the block once or twice so he 's a little wiser but he 's definitely more cynical and a little darker and more jaded '' , adding that Batman has gotten `` more exposed to the violence and the criminal element of that world over time . '' The film 's Batman was influenced by Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns , which shows Batman in his 50s . Snyder said , `` I definitely wanted an older Batman . I wanted a war - weary Batman . That 's why , in a lot of ways , Ben was really perfect for me - we kind of aged him a little bit . It worked really great . I 'm really excited about the Batman we created . '' On Affleck 's casting as Batman , Snyder said , `` Ben provides an interesting counterbalance to Henry 's Superman . He has the acting chops to create a layered portrayal of a man who is older and wiser than Clark Kent and bears the scars of a seasoned crime fighter , but retain the charm that the world sees in billionaire Bruce Wayne . '' Affleck praised Snyder for tackling the impact of the destruction caused in Metropolis in the previous installment , saying , `` One of the things I liked was Zack 's idea of showing accountability and the consequences of violence and seeing that there are real people in those buildings '' , adding , `` And in fact , one of those buildings was Bruce Wayne 's building so he knew people who died in that Black Zero event '' . Brandon Spink portrays a young Bruce Wayne . Henry Cavill as Clark Kent / Superman : A Metropolis - based Kryptonian survivor and a journalist for the Daily Planet who uses his extraterrestrial abilities to protect humanity . Superman 's suit in Batman v Superman is somewhat similar to that in Man of Steel , but with enhanced , high - tech - style surface detail and a shinier , more metallic - looking cape . A quote written in Kryptonian was added into Superman 's symbol which says `` Where we had thought to stand alone , we will be with all the world '' . As to how Superman has embraced his role as a hero since the previous installment , Cavill said `` He 's more used to this gig , doing his best to save as many lives as he can '' , further explaining , `` He is no longer frantic . He 's no longer a wet - behind - the - ears kind of superhero . '' And as to how Superman views Batman 's approach to crime fighting , Cavill said `` He does n't agree with his form of justice . For this farm boy , who tries to do things the right way , justice at any cost is not something he can come to terms with '' hoping to use his position as a journalist for the Daily Planet to `` show the world what this Batman dude is doing . '' The film addresses the destruction caused by Superman and Zod in Metropolis , a part of Man of Steel that was criticized for being too extensive for Superman , to which Snyder responded `` I was surprised because that 's the thesis of Superman for me , that you ca n't just have superheroes knock around and have there be no consequences '' . On what the public perception of Superman is in the film , Cavill said `` In this movie , everyone has split into different directions as to how they feel about this alien '' , adding , `` Some people love him , some hate him . Other people fear him . Is he a tyrant ? '' When asked how Superman has evolved since Man of Steel , Cavill said `` Superman himself is n't that different . He does , however , have to deal with a new set of problems because he 's now been revealed to the world . This film is more about how the world in general -- and Batman in particular -- sees this alien , and less about the evolution of Superman . '' Cavill described Superman and Batman as being the `` two sides of the same coin . They have the same goal , but use very different methods to achieve it . Understandably , that leads them to clash with one another , and their conflict is an historic moment . '' Amy Adams as Lois Lane : A reporter for the Daily Planet and love interest of Clark Kent . About her role , Adams stated that `` Lois is still sort of like the key to the information . She 's the girl going out and getting it and figuring it out and putting it together and all of that , so she 's very much involved . '' When asked on her thoughts on portraying Lois Lane in the film , Adams replied `` I love that she 's fearless . I 'm not that way so it 's really fun that she really is not afraid of the consequences . '' On Lois Lane and Clark Kent 's relationship in the film , Adams said , `` What 's great about this is that , as far as the relationship with Lois and Clark goes , when we meet them you can tell that they 've been in a relationship for while , '' further explaining , `` So it was great to get to develop that sort of intimacy and that sort of friendship that I 've developed with Henry , to get to bring that to the screen . '' She also described Clark Kent as being Lois Lane 's connection to humanity and said , `` She may have some tunnel vision , but she 's got a job and moral standards . ( When ) we met her before , she would do anything to get the story -- now Clark has instilled some faith in humanity in her . Her relationship with Clark is the closest thing she has to anything faith - based , you know ? Although moving in with Clark brings issues . '' Jesse Eisenberg as Lex Luthor : An eccentric young businessman and hereditary CEO of LexCorp who is obsessed with defeating Superman . Luthor is usually depicted as bald in the comics while the film 's version of Luthor depicts him with hair throughout the majority of the film . When speaking about his portrayal of Luthor compared to previous portrayals , Eisenberg said , `` When you 're doing a movie like this and playing a character that 's already been played , the further away it is from those previous incarnations the better '' , adding , `` Because chances are , especially with a guy like Gene Hackman or Kevin Spacey , you 're not going to get favorably compared . '' Eisenberg explained his character 's background as having `` a core of reality '' , saying , `` ( Luthor ) has a backstory that 's tragic and an emotional inner life that 's authentic . That 's in the movie . It was my interest in playing the character with a real emotional core , and this writer , Chris Terrio 's interest in creating a character that seemed viable in reality . '' On Luthor 's behavior and attitude towards Superman , Eisenberg said , `` He is a narcissist of the first order but complicated in that way as well in that he is terribly troubled and competitive and vengeful . He looks at Superman not as somebody to destroy but as genuine threat to humanity . '' Eisenberg described his role as Lex Luthor as his most advantageous role yet , saying , `` In a lot of ways Luthor is more of a stretch than any character you would do in an independent movie , which is normally the place you stretch . So in that way it was not at all compromised . If anything it was the best , most advantageous role I 've ever been given . The opportunity to do an interesting character on a movie of that scale is incredibly rare . '' Eisenberg describes a theme in the film , saying `` It raises the question of how one man can have so much power . These are the kind of things that we talk about authoritarian states . They 're addressing geopolitics in this movie and not in a way that 's pretentious or esoteric '' . Diane Lane as Martha Kent : Clark 's adoptive mother . On her role as Superman 's mother , Lane stated , `` I always said if I had a son that would be the ultimate test . Raise a good man -- there 's something noble about that . '' When asked on her experience working with Zack Snyder on Batman v Superman , Lane said she was impressed by Snyder 's imagination and added , `` Who gets offered the opportunity to bring such things to the screen for millions of people ? That 's tremendous . It 's an honor and a burden , and I ca n't imagine shouldering that load . '' On Martha Kent 's support for her son Superman , Lane stated , `` I think that she 's reminding him he does have a choice '' , further explaining , `` He does n't have to be yoked to this destiny . He can actually feel the pleasure of making the choice . '' Laurence Fishburne as Perry White : The editor - in - chief of the Daily Planet and Clark and Lois ' boss . When asked about reprising his role in the film , Fishburne said , `` I was happy to come back to the character . I got really excited when I read it and I saw what was at the center at the movie , which was this huge fight between these two titans . '' On Perry White 's role in the film , Fishburne said , `` He 's dealing with the fact that his medium looks like it 's going the way of the dinosaurs , so that 's a difficult position to be in '' , adding , the `` good news is he 's got a great reporter like Lois Lane and a new great reporter like Clark Kent who are interested and hungry to do the job . '' Describing Perry White 's working relationship with Lois Lane , Fisburne stated , `` She 's my favorite child and she 's my problem child . '' On his experience filming and his character 's interactions , Fishburne said , `` It was really just a couple of days in the beginning with Lois , Clark , and Perry . And the rest was just me with Lois , figuring out how to get her where she needed to go . But the relationships I think were established really well in Man of Steel . '' Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth : Bruce Wayne 's butler , chief of security and trusted confidant . Irons described his take on Alfred Pennyworth as being `` quite a different Alfred than we have seen so far . Zack Snyder had very clear views about what he wanted . I would just say he 's more hands - on perhaps than just a butler . '' When asked what makes his Alfred different than from previous portrayals , Irons said , `` Zack Snyder , the director , wanted to create a completely different Alfred . So I felt I did n't have to carry any baggage from previous ones . It 's sort of a reincarnation , if you 'd like . I had a feeling I was creating my own Alfred , more of a man who can actually do anything if he has to . '' According to Irons , Alfred is `` a bit of a grease monkey , and he 's very involved in the decisions Bruce makes . '' On how Alfred would be in the film , Irons stated , `` He has an interesting history . He 's a very competent man . He 's the sort of man I think anyone would like to be married to . He can sort of do everything : change light bulbs , blow up bridges if he has to . '' Holly Hunter as June Finch : United States Senator from Kentucky who heads the political argument on Superman and his actions . Describing her experience on being in the film , Hunter said , `` It was really fun to be part of a giant , massive piece of machinery , headed up by Zack Snyder , who is thoroughly at home in that uber mega environment . Most people would have a nervous breakdown with that kind of pressure , and he 's enthralled . '' When asked how she got involved in the film , Hunter said , `` Zack asked me . He came to me with an offer , and I was like , ' Yeah , that would be fun . ' It 's fun to mix it up . I have scenes with Superman . He looks phenomenal . And to see Ben ( Affleck , who plays Batman ) and Henry ( Cavill , who plays Superman ) together is quite formidable . '' On acting in a superhero film , Hunter stated , `` Being somebody who 's like a theater geek that I am , I can just go right back to Aeschylus and Euripides and Sophocles . They were writing about gods and goddesses versus humans , and how gods could distort , pervert or help people get what they want . And so , for me , this did n't feel foreign because that was the translation that it went through for me ; that was my filter . '' On her character 's views on Superman , Hunter stated , `` What is her problem with Superman ? That absolute power corrupts absolutely . When power is acting autonomously , unilaterally with no legislation , with no boundaries , with no law , except for the ones that he deems in his own mind , that can be detrimental . '' Describing her character , Hunter said , `` I thought that , you know , as a senator , she brought her female - ness to the job in how she listened , in her curiosity , in her ability to evaluate '' , adding , `` ( It ) felt very female to me . '' Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman : An immortal Amazonian warrior who is the crown princess of Themyscira . Wonder Woman 's suit is made out of chrome - painted polyurethane , and she uses her hand wraps and sword harnesses . Gadot described her character as having `` many strengths and powers , but at the end of the day , she 's a woman with a lot of emotional intelligence '' . Describing Wonder Woman 's compassion , Gadot stated , `` It 's all her heart -- that 's her strength . I think women are amazing for being able to show what they feel . I admire women who do . '' On her thoughts on portraying Wonder Woman , Gadot said , `` You know Wonder Woman ; she 's amazing . I love everything that she represents and everything that she stands for . She 's all about love and compassion and truth and justice and equality , and she 's a whole lot of woman . For me , it was important that people can relate to her . '' Describing her role in the film , Gadot said , `` In this movie you get a glimpse of who Wonder Woman is -- she 's being introduced into this DC Comics universe . But we were talking about her strengths , her façade , her attitude . Why is she acting the way she is ? '' On Wonder Woman 's battle scene with Doomsday , Gadot stated , `` I remember after we did that take , Zack came to me and he said , ' Did you just have a smirk ? ' I said , ' Yeah . ' And he asked , ' Why ? I think I like it , but why ? ' ' Well , if he 's gon na mess with her , then she 's gon na mess with him . And she knows she 's gon na win . ' At the end of the day , Wonder Woman is a peace seeker . But when fight arrives , she can fight . She 's a warrior and she enjoys the adrenaline of the fight . '' Gadot also stated `` I do n't want people to think she is perfect '' , further explaining , `` She can be naughty . '' On Gadot 's casting as Wonder Woman , Snyder said `` Wonder Woman is arguably one of the most powerful female characters of all time and a fan favorite in the DC Universe . Not only is Gal an amazing actress , but she also has that magical quality that makes her perfect for the role . '' Gadot underwent a diet and training regimen , practiced different martial arts and gained 17 pounds of muscle for the role . Gadot was previously offered the role as Faora Hu - Ul in Man of Steel but declined because she was pregnant at that time ; this allowed her to be later cast as Wonder Woman in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Scoot McNairy as Wallace Keefe : An amputee employee of Wayne Enterprises who is crippled during the destruction of Metropolis and holds Superman responsible . McNairy describes his character as a type of character who he has never played before and stated `` getting into that thing was definitely something I had to wrap my head around emotionally in order to play that character . '' When asked if the character was being kept as a surprise until the film 's release , McNairy said `` I do n't know if I 'd call it necessarily a surprise . I would say it 's a character that lends itself to the story being told . '' On his thoughts on being in the film , McNairy stated `` Playing in that world with comic books you 've been reading since you were a kid , being someone in that world , it 's awesome . '' Callan Mulvey as Anatoli Knyazev : A Russian terrorist who works for Luthor . On casting Mulvey in the film , Zack Snyder stated , `` I just had the good fortune to work with Callan on 300 : Rise of an Empire and was very impressed with his incredible talent , '' further adding , `` He 's a fantastic actor and I 'm looking forward to having the chance to work with him again . '' On working with Snyder again , Mulvey stated `` Zack is such a visionary , so I know it 's going to be an amazing project . Talent as a director aside , people really love working for Zack and being on his sets , which says it all really . '' Tao Okamoto as Mercy Graves : Assistant to Luthor . On her role in the film , Okamoto said `` It was so fascinating . I did n't have a big speaking role . I used to act as sassy girls all the time as a model so that was n't so challenging to me . But I enjoyed it so much , being mean . I tried to be mean . '' On Okamoto 's casting , Snyder said `` Tao is a striking presence whose beauty is aptly rivaled by her amazing abilities as an actress . I 'm really excited to have her joining us on this adventure . '' Additionally , Robin Atkin Downes performed the motion - capture and voice work for Doomsday , although never named in the film , a monstrous creature created by Kryptonian technology after Luthor mixes his own blood with General Zod 's DNA . The role was kept under such heavy secrecy that Downes did not know who he was playing until the second trailer was released . On his role , Downes stated that he was proud to be part of the film and expressed his admiration in helping bring Doomsday to life in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . When asked why Doomsday was chosen to be in the film , Zack Snyder stated `` To go up against heroes like Batman and Superman , we wanted to introduce one of the DC Universe 's most iconic and powerful villains '' , further explaining , `` He is essentially an unstoppable force . He poses a real threat to the world within the film . '' Snyder has confirmed Doomsday will return in the DCEU , stating `` Well , you have Doomsday , right ? He does n't just crawl out of the ground . He has his own mythology , right ? So that has to be explored . '' Downes has previously provided voice roles for various DC animated films and shows as well as DC video games . Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Lauren Cohan portray Thomas and Martha Wayne , Bruce Wayne 's deceased parents , Patrick Wilson portrays the President of the United States in a voice role , and Michael Cassidy portrays Jimmy Olsen , a CIA agent . Reprising their roles from Man of Steel are Harry Lennix as Secretary Calvin Swanwick , Christina Wren as Major Carrie Farris , Kevin Costner as Jonathan Kent , Rebecca Buller as Jenny Jurwich , Chad Krowchuk as Glen Woodburn , and Carla Gugino as the Kryptonian A.I. Kelor . The corpse of General Zod also appears in the film in a crucial role ; however , Michael Shannon did not film any scenes for the film and the corpse was created using the physique of fitness model Greg Plitt and a head - shot of Shannon . Mark Edward Taylor portrays Jack O'Dwyer , an executive of Wayne Enterprises . Ezra Miller , Jason Momoa , and Ray Fisher appear as Barry Allen / Flash , Arthur Curry / Aquaman , and Victor Stone / Cyborg respectively in brief appearances , which led to their inclusion in the Justice League film . Joe Morton appears in a role as Silas Stone , Victor 's father . U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy makes a cameo appearance as Senator Purrington , whilst U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow also makes a cameo as the Governor of New Jersey . Neil deGrasse Tyson , Soledad O'Brien , Anderson Cooper , Nancy Grace and Charlie Rose appear as themselves . Jena Malone was cast as S.T.A.R. Labs scientist Jenet Klyburn , but her scenes were cut from the theatrical release , along with Man of Steel characters Coburn Goss as Father Leone and Joseph Cranford as Pete Ross ; they were restored for the Ultimate Edition home media release . Talk show host Jon Stewart has a cameo in the extended cut . To further establish the interconnection between the films of the shared universe , Chris Pine appears on Diana Prince 's photo as Steve Trevor , which he reprised in Wonder Woman . Production ( edit ) Further information : Batman in film § Batman vs. Superman , and Superman in film § Batman vs. Superman ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Development ( edit ) `` ... after Man of Steel finished and we started talking about what would be in the next movie , I started subtly mentioning that it would be cool if he faced Batman ... You 're in a story meeting talking about , like , who should ( Superman ) fight if he fought this giant alien threat Zod who was basically his equal physically , from his planet , fighting on our turf ... You know , who to fight next ? ... But I 'm not gon na say at all that when I took the job to do Man of Steel that I did it in a subversive way to get to Batman . I really believe that only after contemplating who could face ( Superman ) did Batman come into the picture . '' -- Snyder , on how Batman came into the film In June 2013 , Warner Bros. announced that director Zack Snyder and screenwriter David S. Goyer would return for a Man of Steel sequel , with the studio considering the release for the film in 2015 . The following month , Snyder confirmed at San Diego Comic - Con International that the sequel to Man of Steel would feature Superman and Batman meeting for the first time on film . Goyer and Snyder would co-write the story , with Goyer authoring the script , and Christopher Nolan involved in an advisory role as executive producer . According to Snyder , the film would take inspiration from the comic The Dark Knight Returns . In November 2013 , Snyder clarified his film would not be based upon the aforementioned graphic novel . `` If you were going to do that , you would need a different Superman . We 're bringing Batman into the universe that now this Superman lives in . '' Batman v Superman marks the first appearance of Wonder Woman in a live - action , theatrical film , which Warner Bros. had been developing as far back as 1996 . In December 2013 , Chris Terrio was hired to rewrite the script , due to Goyer 's commitments to other projects . Further commenting on the influences , Terrio revealed in an article published by the Wall Street Journal that the movie would draw inspiration from Nolan 's Batman trilogy , Italian semiotician Umberto Eco 's 1972 essay `` The Myth of Superman '' , and the W.H. Auden poem `` Musée des Beaux Arts '' which contrasts the quotidian details of normal people 's lives with the epic struggles of mythological figures . According to him , `` In superhero stories , Batman is Pluto , god of the underworld , and Superman is Apollo , god of the sky . That began to be really interesting to me -- that their conflict is not just due to manipulation , but their very existence . '' The Joker and the Riddler were supposed to appear in the film , but Snyder ultimately decided to cut them from the final script . The film 's official title , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , was revealed in May 2014 . Snyder stated that having the `` v '' in the title instead of `` vs . '' was a way `` to keep it from being a straight ' versus ' movie , even in the most subtle way '' . Henry Cavill later stated , `` I would n't call this a Superman sequel ( ... ) This is Batman versus Superman . It 's a separate entity altogether . It 's introducing the Batman character and expanding upon the universe , which was kicked off by Man of Steel . '' Forbes noted that although the film originated as a sequel to Man of Steel , it was `` revamped into a backdoor pilot for Justice League and / or an eventual stand - alone Batman movie . '' As part of a settlement with his heirs , this is the first Batman production that lists Bill Finger as a co-creator . Casting ( edit ) From left : Zack Snyder ( director ) , Holly Hunter , Jeremy Irons , Gal Gadot , Jesse Eisenberg , Amy Adams , Henry Cavill and Ben Affleck at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con Henry Cavill , Amy Adams , Kevin Costner , Diane Lane , Laurence Fishburne , Harry Lennix and Christina Wren reprise their roles from Man of Steel . Joining the cast are Ben Affleck as Batman , Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman , Jesse Eisenberg as Lex Luthor , Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth , Ray Fisher as Cyborg , Jason Momoa as Aquaman , and Tao Okamoto as Luthor 's assistant Mercy Graves . Scoot McNairy and Callan Mulvey were cast as Wallace Keefe and Anatoli Knyazev , while Jena Malone was cast as Jenet Klyburn , a character that was featured exclusively in the Ultimate Edition home media release . Dawn of Justice is Affleck 's second film as a comic book superhero ; he played Daredevil in the 2003 film of the same name , and was initially reluctant to accept playing Batman , citing that he `` felt ( he ) did n't fit the traditional mold . But once Zack ( Snyder ) showed ( him ) the concept , and that it would be both different from the great movies that Chris ( topher Nolan ) and Christian ( Bale ) made , but still in keeping with tradition , ( he ) was excited . '' Affleck previously stated in 2006 that Daredevil had `` inoculated ( him ) from ever playing another superhero '' . Snyder cast an older Batman to be a layered juxtaposition against a younger Superman ; while `` bear ( ing ) the scars of a seasoned crime fighter , but retain ( ing ) the charm that the world sees in billionaire Bruce Wayne . '' Nolan was involved with the casting of Affleck and he was the first actor Snyder approached for the part . The director had also discussed the part with Josh Brolin . Bale admitted he wanted to play Batman again after The Dark Knight Rises , though he stated that his Batman does not belong in any other film and he was never approached by Warner Bros. to play the role again . On casting Eisenberg as Lex Luthor , Snyder offered , `` Having Jesse in the role allows us to explore that interesting dynamic , and also take the character in some new and unexpected directions '' . Bryan Cranston was considered for the role before Eisenberg was cast . Producer Charles Roven revealed that this incarnation of Wonder Woman would use the character 's origins from 2011 's The New 52 reboot of the DC continuity , wherein the character would be a demigoddess , and the daughter of Zeus . This deviates from the character 's original origins , where she was `` a clay figure brought to life by the gods '' . Olga Kurylenko was considered for the role of Wonder Woman before Gadot was cast . Dawn of Justice is Ray Fisher 's feature film debut , and the first live - action film to feature Cyborg , whose role will become more significant in future DC Comics films . It is also the live - action theatrical debut of Aquaman . The casting of Affleck , Gadot , and Eisenberg was criticized . Affleck 's casting caused significant backlash from comic book fans , with multiple online petitions demanding his removal from the role ; unlike previous Batman actors , he was not considered intimidating enough for the role by the protesters . Conversely , PopMatters journalist J.C. Maçek III supported Affleck 's casting as Batman , stating , `` Way back when the news was new I wrote a PopMatters article defending the choice of Ben Affleck as Batman . I 'll let that one speak for itself . '' Via social media , fans criticized Gadot 's small frame in contrast to Wonder Woman 's warrior - like build in the comics . Responding to this , Gadot stated that she had been participating in various training regimens to achieve a body that stays closer to the source material . Fans also criticized Eisenberg 's casting , feeling that the then - 30 - year - old was too young for the role , and not physically imposing enough . Upon the film 's release , both Affleck and Gadot received considerable praise for their performances , despite the overall negative reception of the film itself . Design ( edit ) Michael Wilkinson reprised his duties as costume designer . He updated the Superman suit from Man of Steel so that it `` feels fresh and right for this installment of Zack Snyder 's comic - book universe '' . The first Batsuit featured in the film is influenced by The Dark Knight Returns ; unlike the suits seen in previous live - action Batman films , it is made of cloth instead of armor and is a cast of the physique of fitness model Rossano Rea . An image of the Wonder Woman costume was revealed at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con , in which the costume desaturates the red , blue , and gold colors that make up the costume of most versions of the character . A second Batsuit was also unveiled at Comic - Con , and unlike the first , it is armored . Aquaman 's look in this film shows him `` tattooed in Maori - like patterns '' , and wearing a suit `` decked out in shades of gold , black and silver armor '' . According to the Warner Bros. Studios lot , the next generation Batmobile combined inspiration from both the sleek , streamlined design of classic Batmobiles and the high - suspension , military build from the more recent Tumbler from The Dark Knight Trilogy . Designed by production designer Patrick Tatopoulos , the Batmobile is about 20 feet long and 12 feet wide . The glasses Cavill wears as Clark Kent are made by British spectacle designer Tom Davies . Filming ( edit ) In September 2013 , Larry Fong joined the crew as cinematographer , having previously worked with Zack Snyder on 300 , Watchmen , and Sucker Punch . Initial filming commenced on October 19 , 2013 , at East Los Angeles College , to shoot an American football game between Gotham City University and rival Metropolis State University . At the end of the month , construction began on the Kent farm seen in Man of Steel for the film . Principal photography involving the main cast of the film began on May 19 , 2014 , in Detroit , Michigan , with scenes featuring Gal Gadot as Diana Prince being filmed early on May 16 . While filming in Michigan , the production spent a total of $199 million in the state . The scene of a state funeral at the Arlington National Cemetery , a tribute by the United States Army , was actually filmed in Michigan as well , using green screen . Additional filming began in Chicago , Illinois in November 2014 . Other locations included the Michigan Motion Picture Studios , the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum at Michigan State University , Yorkville , Illinois , and New Mexico . Sequences of the film , including a scene depicting the murder of Bruce Wayne 's parents , were filmed using IMAX cameras . The planned shoot in Morocco was shifted to New Mexico due to incidents related to the 2014 Ebola outbreak . Principal photography wrapped on December 5 , 2014 . Music and soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( soundtrack ) Hans Zimmer composed the film score , emphasizing a challenge not to reuse the themes he established with the Batman character from Christopher Nolan 's trilogy . Junkie XL , who provided additional music in Man of Steel , also returned for this film , helping to compose the theme for Batman . Originally , Zimmer enlisted Junkie XL to compose the Batman material , with Zimmer planning to focus solely on the Superman side of the score , but the final Batman theme was written by both composers as a collaboration . Zimmer noted that he had significant trouble in finding a new angle from which to tell the story and after the release of the film , Zimmer announced that he was retired from superhero films . The soundtrack album of the film was released on March 18 , 2016 by WaterTower Music . Songs featured in the film include : `` Kang Ling ( An Instrument Made From A Human Thigh Bone ) '' , a traditional song performed by the monks of the Dip Tse Chok Ling Monastery , Dharamshala ; `` Night and Day '' and `` Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye '' written by Cole Porter and performed by Richard Cheese ; `` Shostakovich : Waltz II ( Jazz Suite No. 2 ) '' written by Dmitri Shostakovich performed by the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra conducted by Riccardo Chailly ; and `` Amazing Grace '' arranged and performed by John Allan and again performed by the Canadian Scottish Regiment Pipes and Drums and the United States Third Marine Aircraft Wing Band . Marketing ( edit ) The Batman and Superman costumes from the film at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con An estimated $165 million marketing effort helped promote Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . At the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con International , Snyder introduced the film 's first footage intended to be exclusive to the event . A teaser trailer was scheduled to be screened in selected cinemas on April 20 , 2015 . However , on April 16 , the trailer leaked online , and within a few hours Snyder officially released the trailer to Twitter . At the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International , Snyder and the cast attended to present an initial trailer of the film . The trailer was , unlike the teaser , which received mixed response , positively received by attendees , who gave the trailer a standing ovation . Mark Hughes of Forbes said the trailers `` both set the stage for a story about the world 's distrust and fear of Superman , Batman 's rage at Superman and intention to duke it out with the Man of Steel , and Wonder Woman 's participation in a big fight featuring the ' Trinity . ' '' Warner Bros. Consumer Products partnered - up with `` a powerhouse slate of global licensees for a broad , multi-category licensing and merchandising program '' , including Mattel , Lego , Rubies , Funko , Thinkway Toys , Hot Toys , Junkfood , Bioworld , Pez , Seiko , Converse and among many other licensees to sell merchandise related to the film . Fiat Chrysler Automobiles was also a licensee for the film , offering a special edition Jeep Renegade in exchange for a near - exclusive product placement deal ; aside from Bruce Wayne 's Aston Martin , all vehicles in the film were either from Chrysler , Dodge , Jeep , Ram , or Iveco . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice -- Cross Fire , an original companion novel tied to the film , telling a tie - in story set before the events of the movie , was published by Scholastic Corporation . A five - issue comic - book prelude exploring what happened in the weeks and months leading up to the events of the film was released as a tie - in with Dr Pepper 's character - branded bottles . Also , there are a series of four minicomics found in Batman v Superman - branded General Mills cereals . Additionally , those who purchased Batman v Superman - themed Doritos Family Fun Mix at Walmart received the comic book prequel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice -- Upstairs / Downstairs . Rocksteady Studios released a downloadable content for the video game Batman : Arkham Knight that featured the Batmobile and Batsuit from the film . The third trailer debuted on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on December 3 , 2015 . It received positive responses , with Scott Mendelson of Forbes calling the trailer a `` Saturday morning cartoon nerd 's wildest dreams . '' Molly Driscoll of CS Monitor stated that it looks like the film `` will continue the trend of adapting comic book stories as timely tales . '' Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter noted that based on the trailer 's content , the film might be the anti-Civil War , referring to Marvel 's Captain America : Civil War as `` Superman and Batman complete the comic book trope by overcoming their differences to fight a common foe , alongside a third hero , who saves them both -- that feels the most fresh , especially in light of the Civil War trailer . While that ended with a showdown between three heroes , this trailer moves beyond that to show three heroes standing united . '' However , it was criticized for revealing that , with Rob Tornoe of NewsWorks pointing out that this trailer was targeting the `` broadest audience '' rather than just fans , as studios try to `` maximize a film 's opening day box office . '' An advertisement for the film on Turkish Airlines ' Boeing 777 - 300ER at Istanbul Atatürk Airport Warner Bros. did not buy a Super Bowl 50 commercial ; instead , they worked with Turkish Airlines to put together a pair of Batman v Superman - themed airline commercials . McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter stated that the spots `` inform interested parties about the culture , geography and history of Batman and Superman 's individual stomping grounds , each one filled with Easter eggs for the comic book faithful and newcomer alike . '' Jesse Eisenberg 's part as Lex Luthor in these commercials was praised , as Dirk Libbey of CinemaBlend noted that `` he matches up well with Bruce Wayne by playing the welcoming billionaire business man . It 's a far cry from the somewhat cartoonish villain we 've seen in the clips from the film . '' The final trailer was released to the public on February 11 , 2016 , which was described as `` intense '' by Kwame Opam of The Verge . Mendelson of Forbes felt that Warner Bros. `` probably would n't have even dropped this one had the prior trailer back in December been received better . So now we have this fourth and final sell , and at least they are going out on a high note . '' Jonathon Dornbush of Entertainment Weekly said that the footage `` works to establish Batman as his own independent crime fighting force , while also providing a deeper look at his existential struggle against Superman . '' In February 2016 , Warner Bros. and Doritos formed a partnership , creating a website offering fans the opportunity to enter codes found on Doritos purchases branded with the film 's logo , and enter to win movie tickets , tech toys , and a trip the premiere in New York City . Warner Bros also partnered with Omaze to give fans who donated a chance to win `` The Ultimate Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Experience '' , while benefiting three nonprofit organizations nominated by Ben Affleck , Henry Cavill and Jesse Eisenberg . `` The Ultimate Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Experience '' offered a fan and their friend the chance to win tickets to the premiere of the film , as well as fly on a helicopter with Cavill or ride in the Batmobile with Affleck . Hendrick Motorsports drivers Jimmie Johnson and Dale Earnhardt , Jr. drove cars based on Superman and Batman respectively , at Auto Club Speedway on March 20 , 2016 . A tie - in endless runner video game to the film , entitled Batman vs Superman -- Who Will Win ? , debuted March 16 , 2016 , released by Warner Bros. International Enterprises . Release ( edit ) In November 2013 , Warner Bros. announced that Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice would be released on July 17 , 2015 . In January 2014 , however , the studio announced that it was delayed from its original release date of July 17 , 2015 , and moved to May 6 , 2016 , in order to give the filmmakers `` time to realize fully their vision , given the complex visual nature of the story . '' The release date was moved once again in August 2014 from May 6 , 2016 , to March 25 , 2016 , with a Warner Bros. insider saying the studio was `` not flinching '' in regards to the previous opening date being on the same day as Marvel Studios ' Captain America : Civil War , but instead stating that March 2016 was a `` fantastic corridor '' for them . According to sources obtained by The Hollywood Reporter , Warner Bros. considered the possibility of having a 70mm release for the film , which was partially shot in the 65mm IMAX format . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice premiered at Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City on March 19 , 2016 , followed by a New York City premiere on March 20 at Radio City Music Hall . Following the Brussels attacks , Warner Bros. originally cancelled the red carpet of the London premiere , but decided to carry on with the premiere for the fans . The film was released in the United States and the United Kingdom on March 25 in 3D . It opened simultaneously in North America , China and Japan , the world 's three largest film markets , as well as additional international territories , with the exception of Poland , where theaters do not open on Good Friday . The film debuted simultaneously across 30,000 screens in nearly every major foreign territory across 61 markets , including China , with domestic open across roughly 4,242 locations of which 3,500 theaters ( 85 % ) were in 3D , 390 IMAX screens , 470 PLF locations , 150 D - Box theaters and ten 70 mm prints . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed $166 million in the USA & Canada in its opening weekend , the eighth - biggest opening of all time , ahead of The Dark Knight Rises ' $160.9 million . The film had a worldwide opening of $422.5 million , which stands as the second - biggest for Warner Bros. and the fifth - biggest of all time . It became the fourth film to have a global opening above $400 million . It also had an IMAX worldwide opening weekend total of $36 million from 945 IMAX screens , the third - biggest ever , behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( $48 million ) and Jurassic World ( $44 million ) . However , both inside and outside of the United States , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice experienced a notable poor Friday - to - Sunday hold and set a new record for the worst Friday - to - Sunday drop for a superhero movie release in modern box office history with a 58 % decline , which was previously held by Fantastic Four . In its second weekend , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice experienced a `` historic '' box - office drop , with an 81.2 % decline on Friday that was `` one of the biggest Friday - to - Friday drops any blockbuster has ever seen '' , and an overall 68.4 % drop for the weekend despite not `` facing any big competition at the box office '' , making it the second largest decline for a marquee superhero title , behind only 2003 's Hulk . Brad Brevet , writing for Box Office Mojo , reported that `` it appeared Batman v Superman was looking at a drop anywhere from 58 -- 68 % and it ended up settling in on the wrong side of those expectations . '' Scott Mendelson , writing for Forbes , said `` Whether or not the movie is any good , and whether or not audiences respond to the picture , is best measured by the second and third weekends ... Yes , we 're still talking about a $15.35 million second Friday and a $50 m+ second weekend , but in terms of legs , this film sadly does n't seem to have any . '' Continuing this trend , in its third weekend , the film dropped by 54.3 % in which Brad Brevet concluded in a follow - up for Box Office Mojo that `` the legs on this one are proving quite short . '' In the weeks leading up to the film 's release , advance ticket sales outpaced The Dark Knight Rises , The Avengers , and Furious 7 . Worldwide , it was estimated to gross between $300 -- 340 million in over 35,000 screens in its opening weekend . It passed the $50 million mark in IMAX ticket sales on its second weekend , grossing a total of $53.4 million from 571 IMAX screens . Warner Bros. domestic distribution chief Jeff Goldstein described the film 's box office performance as a `` fantastic result , by any measure . '' Box office analyst Jeff Bock said `` Still , outside of Christopher Nolan 's two Dark Knight movies , and Tim Burton 's Batman films when you adjust for inflation , this is the highest - grossing property in DC 's bullpen thus far . It tops Man of Steel by more than $200 million , '' and that `` overall , BvS successfully relaunched DC 's cinematic universe . The film needed to reach $800 million in revenue at the box office to `` recoup its investment '' according to financial analysts . Despite surpassing this amount , it was considered `` a disappointment '' for failing to reach $1 billion , This resulted in Warner Bros. , in May 2016 , creating DC Films , giving a dedicated executive team responsibility for films based on DC Comics , similar to the dedicated Marvel Comics focus of Marvel Studios within the larger Walt Disney Studios group . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice grossed $330.4 million in North America and $543.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $873.6 million , making it the seventh - highest - grossing film of 2016 behind Captain America : Civil War , Rogue One : A Star Wars Story , Finding Dory , Zootopia , The Jungle Book , and The Secret Life of Pets . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $105.7 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . North America ( edit ) Following reports of pre-tickets sales in both the United States and Canada on February 29 , many insiders and analysts predicted an opening weekend haul between $120 -- 140 million for Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , with projections as high as $185 million . However , Warner Bros. insiders were more conservative in their estimates projecting in the lower range of $110 million . According to Deadline.com , an undisclosed rival studio box office analyst indicated that if the film is truly pacing in tandem with The Dark Knight Rises , then Dawn of Justice could possibly be looking at a $180 million+ debut . The film also became Fandango 's top pre-selling superhero film ever , beating The Dark Knight Rises and Avengers : Age of Ultron , representing 90 % of the site 's weekend 's ticket sales . A survey carried out showed that the introduction of Wonder Woman is a primary draw for moviegoers . It pre-sold around $20 -- 25 million worth of advance tickets . Dawn of Justice made $27.7 million in Thursday previews from around 3,800 theaters which is the biggest of 2016 , the biggest Easter weekend preview , the second - biggest for a superhero film ( behind The Dark Knight Rises ) , and the seventh - biggest of all time of which $3.0 million came from IMAX showings , also a new record for Easter weekend . On its opening day , it earned $81.59 million from 4,242 theaters , including previews , marking the biggest pre-summer opening day of all time , the second - biggest superhero Friday opening and the fourth - biggest opening - day and fourth - biggest single - day gross , with $9 million coming from IMAX showings . Excluding the Thursday previews , it earned $53.89 million on Friday which is the fifth - biggest ever . It fell 37.8 % on Saturday , which is the second - worst superhero opening Friday - to - Saturday drop , only behind the 40 % drop of The Dark Knight Rises . In total , it earned $166 million for its debut weekend , setting records for the biggest March and pre-summer openings , the biggest Easter opening , the second - biggest opening for Warner Bros. , the biggest for a DC Comics property , and the eighth - biggest opening of all time . ( Some of these records have since been broken by Beauty and the Beast . ) Conversely , the film holds the record for the worst superhero Friday - to - Sunday drop with a 58 % decline , eclipsing the previous 48 % decline record held by Fantastic Four in 2015 . IMAX comprised 11 % or $18 million of the weekend 's gross from 388 theaters which is the fifth - biggest of all time ( a record it shares with Age of Ultron ) and 3D represented 40 % ( $68 million ) of the total ticket sales . RealD 3D comprised $47 million of the opening gross . Premium large formats generated $17.6 million ( 10 % ) , with $3.6 million of that coming from Cinemark XD auditoriums from 475 theaters . Following its record breaking opening weekend , it posted the biggest March Monday with $15.05 million , a drop of 55 % from its Sunday gross . This broke The Hunger Games ' previous record of $10.8 million , and also the biggest March Tuesday with $12.2 million . It made $209 million in its first week full which stands at the eleventh - biggest opening week of all time and surpassed the lifetime total Batman Begins . Despite earning $15.35 million in its second Friday , the film dropped 81.2 % and broke the record for the biggest Friday - to - Friday drop for a comic book adaptation film , not including $27.7 million worth of previews which represented an even larger decline . It fell precipitously by 69.1 % in its second weekend , grossing $51.3 million from 4,256 theaters ( an addition of 14 cinemas ) due to poor reviews and mixed word of mouth , establishing itself an infamous record for the seventh steepest drop for a superhero / comic book adapted film and the steepest decline since the - 69 % posted by X-Men Origins : Wolverine in 2009 , despite facing little to no competition or new wide - releases and having the added benefit of 30 % K -- 12 schools off , and 9 % of colleges on break , per ComScore . The steep drop also marks the fourth - biggest for a film that opened above $100 million ( tied with The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ) . In its third weekend it was overtaken by the comedy The Boss after falling 54 % with $23.3 million . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice proved to be front - loaded , failing to generate significant revenue after its opening weekend / week release . It earned just 1.99 times ( $330 million ) its opening weekend numbers ( $166 million ) , which is lower than Man of Steel 's 2.28 multiplier . Like other DC films , such as Watchmen , Green Lantern and Man of Steel , it opened to record breaking numbers but then dropped the following weekend onward due largely to bad critical reception and mixed word of mouth from audiences . It earned just 1.99 times its opening weekend , the worst ( multiplier ) for a film opening above $100 million . A similar result was followed by DC 's third superhero film , Suicide Squad released in August 2016 , although Suicide Squad became less front loaded than Dawn of Justice . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , it was projected to open between $180 -- 200 million ; however , Deadline.com pointed out that these figures were only early predictions pegged to the performance of similar films in their respective territories . It opened in ten countries on Wednesday , March 23 , 2016 , earning $7 million and debuting at No. 1 in all markets on approximately 5,900 screens . The following day , the film was released in 38 additional countries , earning $33.1 million on 19,700 screens for a two - day total of $44 million . On March 25 , it opened in the remaining 17 countries delivering $67.2 million in revenue , for a three - day total of $115.3 million in 62 countries on more than 30,000 screens . Through Sunday , March 27 , it earned an opening - weekend total of $256.5 million from 66 countries on over 40,000 screens , making it the biggest superhero opening weekend of all time , the biggest overall March opening , the second - biggest opening ever for Warner Bros. , and the fifth - biggest international opening on record . The film 's accomplishements also included the second - biggest IMAX opening record of $18 million , behind only Jurassic World which tallied $23.5 million . 3D accounted 59 % or $149.86 million of the weekend gross led by China ( 98 % ) , Germany ( 88 % ) , Brazil ( 81 % ) , Russia ( 55 % ) , and France ( 51 % ) . As with North America , the film witnessed a steep decline in its second Friday internationally , falling 72 % to $19.2 million , with the biggest decline in the U.K. ( 77 % ) and China ( 87 % ) . Its second weekend earnings fell 66 % overall to $85.25 million . Despite the decline , the film topped the box office for three consecutive weekends . In Mexico , it had the biggest opening day for Warner Bros. and the second - biggest of all time with $5.8 million , including record - breaking midnight showings . It also scored the biggest opening day of all time in Brazil ( $3.5 million ) and the biggest opening day for a superhero film in Germany ( $2.8 million ) . Elsewhere , it opened in the United Kingdom and Ireland ( $9 million ) , Australia ( $2.5 million ) , India ( $2.54 million ) , Russia ( $1.9 million ) , South Korea ( $1.7 million ) , Japan ( $1.2 million ) , the United Arab Emirates and Hong Kong ( $1.1 million respectively ) . In China , it earned $21.22 million on its opening day , including around $1.34 million worth of previews , which is the biggest for Warner Bros. and the sixth - biggest Hollywood opening day of all time . However , other Chinese sources have the film open to around $20 million . In terms of opening weekends , the biggest openings were recorded in China ( $57.2 million ) , the United Kingdom and Ireland ( $20.7 million ) , Mexico ( $18.2 million ) , Brazil ( $12 million ) , South Korea ( $10.2 million ) , Australia ( $9.9 million ) , France ( $8.6 million ) , Germany ( $8.1 million ) , Russia ( $7.7 million ) , India ( $6.6 million ) , Spain ( $6.1 million ) and Japan ( $4.5 million ) . It broke all - time opening record in Brazil and Warner Bros. opening records in Mexico , Hong Kong , India , Malaysia , Singapore , Vietnam , Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Peru , Puerto Rico and Venezuela . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it benefited from the long Easter weekend holiday and despite a distinctly mixed bag of reviews in the U.K. press , it posted an opening £ 14.62 million or $20.7 million from 612 theaters , a record for 2016 so far and for a superhero title on straight Friday to Sunday , but fell short of The Avengers and Avengers : Age of Ultron , when accounting for previews . In Japan , it opened in third place , behind two local films , Assassination Classroom : Graduation and Doraemon : Nobita and the Birth of Japan 2016 . In South Korea , it scored the biggest March opening after opening on a Tuesday and dominating 68.3 % of the market share with $10.2 million . In China , after scoring the biggest Hollywood opening Friday ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction ) , it earned an estimated $57.2 million from approximately 16,000 screens in its opening weekend , besting all other DC Comics adaption film just by its weekend haul except for Man of Steel and gave Warner Bros. its biggest three day opening there with $7 million coming from 557 IMAX screens . However , the opening figure fell below analysts projections of $70 -- 80 million . It held the top spot for its first seven days only , after which it faced stiff competitions from local productions , and fell dramatically from then onwards in accruing revenue . As a result , it fell to third place in its second weekend after falling enormously by 78 % to $12.7 million , a record for a superhero film . It became the Warner Bros . ' highest - grossing film of all time in India , Indonesia , Malaysia , the Philippines and Vietnam . It also crossed $100 million Latin American markets , making it Warner Bros . ' second highest - grossing film there . In total earnings , its biggest markets outside of North America are China ( $95 million ) , followed by the UK ( $52.1 million ) , Mexico ( $36 million ) and Brazil ( $35.5 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice received generally unfavorable reviews from film critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 27 % based on 379 reviews , with an average rating of 4.9 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice smothers a potentially powerful story -- and some of America 's most iconic superheroes -- in a grim whirlwind of effects - driven action . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average to critics ' reviews , gave the film an average score of 44 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . It earned `` B -- '' from men , `` B '' from women , a `` B '' from those under 25 and a `` B -- '' from those over 25 . According to comScore , 73 % of audiences graded the film `` very good '' or `` excellent '' , with a 60 % definite recommend . BBC News reported that , `` the film had been widely praised by fans after its first screening in New York '' . Critics generally reacted more harshly to the film . Lindy West in The Guardian described it as `` 153 minutes of a grown man whacking two dolls together '' , asking `` ( h ) as the definition of ' movie ' changed from ' motion picture story that a human wrote on purpose ' to ' 700 only tangentially related 12 - second grey and red vignettes ' ? '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote : `` The point of Batman v Superman is n't fun , and it is n't thinking , either . It 's obedience . The theology is invoked ... to buttress a spectacle of power . And in that way the film serves as a metaphor for its own aspirations . The corporations that produce movies like this one , and the ambitious hacks who sign up to make them , have no evident motive beyond their own aggrandizement . '' Writing in The Telegraph , Robbie Collin called the film `` humourless '' and `` the most incoherent blockbuster in years '' . Cynthia Fuchs of PopMatters said , `` As you 're watching this movie , you might also contemplate your own part , in being swayed into consuming so much of what you 've consumed before . '' Adding , `` Wonder Woman 's remains Batman v Superman 's most compelling story , precisely because it 's untold . '' Matt Patches of Thrillist wrote `` what Batman v Superman can do , it does , at the cost of coherency and thrills . The movie is bat - shit crazy . A dour , disdainful demeanor , plus a gluttony of complex plot twists , dissipates most of the contact high . '' Michael Philips of Chicago Tribune wrote , `` A near - total drag , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice plays like a loose , unofficial quarter - billion - dollar remake of The Odd Couple , in which Oscar and Felix are literally trying to kill each other . '' On his podcast Hollywood Babble - On , film director Kevin Smith , a long - time friend and collaborator of Affleck , praised Affleck 's performance but panned the film , commenting that it `` did n't really have a heart '' and was `` humorless '' , arguing that `` there seems to be a fundamental lack of understanding of what those characters are about . It 's almost like Zack Snyder did n't read a bunch of comics , he read one comic once , and it was Dark Knight Returns , and his favorite part was the last part where Batman and Superman fight . '' On a second viewing , however , Smith via his Instagram lightened his stance . Jeremy Irons expressed displeasure with the film , feeling it was `` deservedly so '' savaged by critics and calling the feature `` very muddled '' while expressing hope that the forthcoming Justice League ( 2017 ) would be better due to its story being `` ... a lot smaller , it 's more linear '' . Taking a softer tone , David Betancourt of The Washington Post and Scott Mendelson of Forbes praised the film 's visual spectacle and performances from Affleck and Gadot , though Mendelson also called the film `` an utter mess of thinly sketched characters , haphazard plotting , surprisingly jumbled action '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called the film `` better than Man of Steel but below the high bar set by Nolan 's Dark Knight , '' adding that `` Dawn of Justice is still a colossus , the stuff that DC Comics dreams are made of for that kid in all of us who yearns to see Batman and Superman suit up and go in for the kill . '' Jake Coyle of Associated Press wrote , `` it hurtles not with the kinetic momentum of Mad Max : Fury Road nor the comparatively spry skip of a Marvel movie , but with an operatic grandeur it sometimes earns and often does n't . '' Mark Hughes of Forbes called it `` the follow - up to The Dark Knight that many viewers and fans wanted or hoped for '' , adding that it 's `` visually stunning , with powerful emotional storytelling and awe - inspiring action spectacle . '' Andrew Barker of Variety said `` as a pure visual spectacle ... Batman V Superman ably blows the hinges off the multiplex doors . '' Charles Koplinski of the Illinois Times called it `` a brooding , but most importantly intelligent take on the seminal figures of our 20th century pop culture mythology , a movie that at once pays tribute to these characters ' roots while offering up modern incarnations of them that ring true for our times . '' Nicolas Barber of the BBC called the film `` a four - star epic '' praising Affleck 's performance as Batman and the visual grandeur of Fong 's cinematography . Jordan Hoffman of The Guardian gave an ambivalent review ; he especially criticized the `` very bad writing '' , but conceded `` there are a lot of moments ... that work '' and praised Affleck and Gadot 's performances , calling Gadot as Wonder Woman the best thing in the film . Multiple commentators criticized Eisenberg on the grounds that his interpretation of Lex Luthor hewed too close to character traits associated with another DC Comics villain , the Joker . Even before the film was released , Affleck compared Eisenberg 's performance to that of Heath Ledger in The Dark Knight . Once the film came out , critics lambasted Eisenberg 's take on Luthor . Sonny Bunch of The Washington Post lamented that `` As the film progresses , Lex degenerates into a gibbering mad man , some strange mix of the Riddler and the Joker with a little bit of Mark Zuckerberg added for flair . '' Charlie Jane Anders of Gizmodo wrote that `` Someone clearly told Jesse Eisenberg that this movie is the Dark Knight to Man of Steel 's Batman Begins , and he 's doing his damndest to give a Heath Ledger-esque performance ... Watching the trailers , I had thought Eisenberg 's loopy acting might be this movie 's saving grace -- but a concentrated dose of his faux mania actually turns out to be the worst thing . '' Andy Scott of Grunge , in an article titled `` How Jesse Eisenberg Ruined Batman v Superman , '' wrote that `` Eisenberg 's speech patterns and mannerisms felt almost entirely lifted from Ledger 's iconic performance , to the point where he walked the dangerous grey line between respectful homage and downright thievery . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Critics ' Choice Awards Best Actress in an Action Movie Gal Gadot Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Charles Roven and Deborah Snyder Nominated Worst Director Zack Snyder Nominated Worst Screenplay Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer Won Worst Actor Ben Affleck Nominated Henry Cavill Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Jesse Eisenberg Won Worst Screen Combo Ben Affleck and Henry Cavill Won Worst Prequel , Remake , Ripoff or Sequel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Won Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Amy Adams Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Ben Affleck Nominated Henry Cavill Nominated Favorite Butt - Kicker Ben Affleck Nominated Henry Cavill Nominated Favorite Frenemies Ben Affleck and Henry Cavill Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Action Movie Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Nominated Teen Choice Awards Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie - Sci - Fi / Fantasy Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Henry Cavill Nominated Ben Affleck Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Amy Adams Nominated Choice Movie : Scene Stealer Gal Gadot Nominated Choice Movie : Villain Jesse Eisenberg Nominated Choice Movie : Liplock Henry Cavill and Amy Adams Nominated Jupiter Awards Best International film Zack Snyder Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Most Original Poster Warner Bros. Pictures Won Home media ( edit ) An extended cut of the film dubbed the Ultimate Edition was released on home media platforms , alongside the theatrical cut . This version received an R rating from the Motion Picture Association of America , for more violence than the PG - 13 rated theatrical cut , and is longer by 31 minutes . With the release of the Ultimate Edition , which was the director 's original version of the film before additional editing , critics noted that the film would have likely been better received with the additional footage . Ben Kendrick of ScreenRant stated that while it was more `` intelligible '' , character portrayal was not `` fundamentally changed '' and `` for viewers who did n't like Man of Steel or Batman v Superman for larger reasons , such as tone , approach , and the darker characterization of DC 's most iconic heroes , the Ultimate Edition is only a longer ... version of a film that ... is likely to remain divisive , even if the final product is a better film . '' Phil Owens of TheWrap called it an improvement upon the original cut , writing , `` Lo and behold somehow Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice has become something that approaches a functional movie . In the process , it only makes the original cut even more inexplicable and terrible . '' The film debuted in first place on the home video sales chart for the week ending July 24 , 2016 . As of November 25 , 2017 , it has made $21.2 million in DVD sales and $54.8 million in Blu - Ray sales , totaling nearly $76 million . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As depicted in Man of Steel ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Even though the film never explicitly identifies the mysterious man who warns Bruce nor where he comes from , producer Deborah Snyder has confirmed that he is The Flash , played by Ezra Miller , who is traveling back in time . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : FilmL. A. ( May 2017 ) . `` 2016 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. Feature Film Study . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ' Could Soar to $140 M Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Comic - Book Movie Debate - ' Batman v Superman ' is just the start of a complex battleplan . Is there room for DC ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Umberto ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Puts ' Man of Steel ' Sequel Into Active Development ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Warner Bros. Eyeing Matthew Vaughn to Direct ' Man of Steel 2 ' '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Deborah Snyder on The Flash ' Batman v Superman ' Cameo , ' Wonder Woman ' Connection '' . Collider . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ben Affleck Revealed As Batman in Warner Bros. Picture ' New Super Hero Feature Film , Now Slated to Open July 17 , 2015 '' ( Press release ) . DC Comics . August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zack Snyder ' Really Excited ' About the Dark Knight of `` Batman v Superman '' `` . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Begley , Chris ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Affleck talks ' Batman v Superman ' and what it was like in the `` heavy '' armored Batsuit ( video ) `` . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man of Steel 2 ′ : Director & Producer Explain Ben Affleck Batman Casting '' . August 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zack Snyder defends ' Man of Steel ' ending : You ca n't have superheroes knock around with no consequences '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Free , Erin ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Brandon Spink : The Other New Batman '' . Filmink.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fawnia Soo Hoo ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` How the ' Batman v Superman ' costume designer updated their iconic supersuits '' . Fashionista . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` There 's a genius detail added to Superman 's suit in ' Batman v Superman ' that you would never notice '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman V Superman : 8 Major Reveals From The New Images '' . January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Semlyen , Phil de . `` Empire 's Batman V Superman : Dawn Of Justice Cover Revealed '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Begley , Chris ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` French ' Batman v Superman ' magazine features new interviews with Ben Affleck and Henry Cavill '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Superman and Batman Film Set for Comic - Con Reveal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Amy Adams Says Lois Lane Is Key to Finding Information in BATMAN V SUPERMAN : DAWN OF JUSTICE ; Will She Have a Scene with Jason Momoa ? '' . Collider . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Amy Adams Says Lois Lane Is Key to Finding Information in BATMAN V SUPERMAN : DAWN OF JUSTICE ; Will She Have a Scene with Jason Momoa ? '' . Collider . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amy Adams on Playing Lois Lane , Shirtless Scenes With Henry Cavill '' . ABC News . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman V Superman : Amy Adams Teases Lois ' ' Big Moment ' With Batman '' . January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Breaking News : Lex Luthor and Alfred Pennyworth Cast in Upcoming Man of Steel Sequel '' . DC Comics . January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lex Luthor Jr. : Not Just His Father 's LexCorp '' . Fortune . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Times , Los Angeles . `` A ' super-scary ' Jesse Eisenberg ? Meet the new Lex Luthor ( with hair ) in ' Batman v Superman ' '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . 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Pictures Pushes Batman vs. Superman Back to 2016 '' . ComingSoon.net . January 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ; Cunningham , Todd ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros. Blinks in Marvel Showdown : ' Batman v Superman ' Avoids ' Captain America 3 ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Hateful Eight ' : Meeting the Challenge of a 70mm Roadshow Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Zack Snyder Announces Batman V. Superman Red Carpet Premiere In Mexico City '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v. Superman : Dawn of Justice ' Premiere : Watch the Live Stream '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice London Premiere Still On Despite Brussels Attacks , Red Carpet Canceled '' . E ! Online . March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman V Superman : Dawn of Justice '' . Film Dates.co.uk . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Scores Coveted Day - And - Date China Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ' Eyes Massive $140 Million Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V. Superman ' Targets Second - Best Pre-Summer Global Opening With $350 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brevet , Brad ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' ... Dawn of a New March Opening Weekend Record ? '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Debuts Lower Than Projected With $166.1 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brevet , Brad ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Dominates the Box Office , Opening With $420 Million Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritz , ben ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman ' Fails to Ride Debut Momentum '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Lassoes $254 M Offshore For Biggest Superhero & March International Opening Ever -- Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Sets Record With Worst Friday - Sunday Drop For A Superhero Pic '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Inside ' Batman v Superman 's ' Historic Drop - off '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Alex Osborn ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v Superman Breaks New Record , and It 's Not a Good One '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` What Should We Expect from ' Batman v Superman 's Second Weekend ? '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman Box Office Drop Is a Record 81 % in 2nd Weekend '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Batman v Superman ' Drops Big While Crossing $680 Million Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Friday Box Office : ' Batman V Superman ' Plunges Record 81 % '' . Forbes . April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Melissa McCarthy 's ' The Boss ' Narrowly Tops ' Batman v Superman ' for Weekend # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Advance Ticket Sales Suggest Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice will Hit $1 bn '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V. Superman ' Hits Tracking Boards : Looks To Rule World With $300 M - $340 M Opening -- Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' At $422.5 M Offshore ; ' Zootopia ' Crosses $500 M ; ' Deadpool ' Tops $750 M WW -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brad Brevet ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Drops Big While Crossing $680 Million Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : The Verdict for ' Batman v. Superman : Dawn of Justice ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Doty , Meriah ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Wo n't Be Joining $1 Billion Box Office Club '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rainey , James ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Why ' Batman v Superman ' Is Still a High - Stakes Bet '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : As ' Batman V Superman ' Tops $800 M , Here 's One Big Advantage Marvel Had Over DC '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Warner Brothers Has Taken Exactly the Wrong Message From the Box Office Disappointment of ' Batman v Superman ' '' . Flavorwire . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v. Superman ' Fallout : Warner Bros. Shakes Up Executive Roles ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` No. 13 ' Batman V. Superman ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Advance Ticket Sales Pacing Ahead Of ' Deadpool ' , ' Avengers ' & ' Furious 7 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Main Reason Why Audiences Want To See ' Batman V Superman ' ? It 's Wonder Woman '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' : Estimated $160 M+ U.S. Opening Super-Powered By Social Media , Billion - Plus Viewed Ads & Gal Gadot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cavasutto , Maria ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Early ' Batman v Superman ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' KOs ' Avengers ' & ' Ultron ' In Thursday Previews '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Soars to Huge $27.7 Million Thursday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Box Office : ' Dawn Of Justice ' Zooms To $82 M Friday For Possible $185 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH ( MARCH ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EASTER OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WARNER BROS '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DC Comics '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Kicks ' Avengers ' For Best Superhero Global Debut & Beats ' Hunger Games ' For Pre-Summer Opening U.S. Title -- Sunday B.O. '' Deadline . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Opening Taking Pre-Summer , Easter & March & Warner Bros. Records -- Early Sunday B.O. Update '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Box Office : ' Dawn Of Justice ' Opens With Relatively Super $170.1 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Posts Best March Monday ; ' Deadpool ' Becomes 2nd Highest R - Rated Pic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Box Office : A Surprising Super $15 M Monday For $181 M Four - Day Total '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Super Tuesday : Superhero Smackdown Flies Past $500 M Worldwide '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Counts $209.1 M In First Week At Box Office , Pacing Behind ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Box Office : ' Dawn Of Justice ' Tops ' Batman Begins , ' Ends First Week With $209 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman V Superman ' Plunges Record 81 % For $15.35 M Friday '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman V Superman ' Plummets 68 % For $52 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman 's Knock - Down , Drag - Out Fight With The Box Office : 2nd Weekend At $52 M+ , - 68 % : Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Melissa McCarthy 's ' The Boss , ' With $23.5 Million , Squeezes Ahead of ' Batman v Superman ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Boss ' Fires Batman & Superman -- Monday Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` The DC Film Franchise May Not Have To Make Good Movies To Score Big Hits '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Suicide Squad ' Scores Record - Crushing , But Front - Loaded , $135 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Set for August Opening Record Despite Negative Reviews '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Is A Bigger Disaster Than ' Batman V Superman ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Suicide Squad ' Is Now Leggier Than ' Batman V Superman ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Superpowers To $115.3 M 3 - Day Overseas Cume -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ' Flies to Early $7 M Overseas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OVERSEAS TOTAL ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman v. Superman ' Plunging 70 Percent in Second Weekend to $50 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' At $363.4 M Offshore ; Faces China Fight As Local Pics Storm Ring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' At $487.7 M Offshore ; ' Jungle Book ' Swings With $31.7 M ; ' Huntsman ' Misses Mark ; ' Zootopia ' Sets Dis China Record -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Overseas Box Office : $44 M In Two Days , Nearing $100 M Global '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guanzon , Michelle ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Is China Box Office Hit : ' Dawn Of Justice ' Nets $21 M On Friday '' . China Christian Daily . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE DATA FOR FRIDAY , 25TH MARCH 2016 ( ESTIMATES AS OF 21 : 30 CST ) '' . Box Office China . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' China Box Office : ' Dawn Of Justice ' Nets Strong $20 M Friday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Dominates the Box Office , Opening With $420 Million Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Batman v. Superman ' Smashes Superhero Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v Superman sets superpowered record at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Beaten by Two Local Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyo - won ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` South Korea Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Has Biggest March Opening Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Has Okay $56 Million Opening Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Opens Well Behind Marvel 's ' Avengers ' Franchise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Fails to Pack a Punch '' . China Box Office . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman v. Superman ' Plunges 69 Percent in Second Weekend to $51.8 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Sinks 78 Percent in Second Weekend , Lands in Third Place '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Packs $136.1 M Offshore As WW Cume Nears $300 M ; ' Batman V Superman ' At $516 M Overseas -- Intl B.O. '' Deadline.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Blasts Off With $200.2 M In First Overseas Frame ; ' Jungle Book ' Still A Beast -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wareing , Charlotte ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v Superman review roundup as film gets lukewarm reception from critics '' . Mirror . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sharkov , Damien ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Batman V Superman Sets Box Office Record Despite Poor Reviews '' . Newsweek . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early ' Batman v Superman ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman disappoints with ' lukewarm ' response after European premiere '' . Independent.ie . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Batman V Superman ' Looks To Punch Out ' Hunger Games ' For Best Pre-Summer Debut With $157 M - $170 M '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` How ' Batman V Superman ' Will Turn A Profit Despite Critical Kryptonite '' . Deadline.com . March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mixed reviews for Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ West , Lindy ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v Superman is 153 minutes of a grown man whacking two dolls together '' . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Batman v Superman ' ... v Fun ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Batman V Superman : Dawn of Justice is the most incoherent blockbuster in years '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Fuchs , Cynthia ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Boys Are Oversharing in ' Batman v Superman Dawn of Justice ' '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ Patches , Matt ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` I Saw ' Batman v Superman ' and Only Want to Talk About Wonder Woman '' . Thrillist . Jump up ^ Philips , Michael ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' review : Yawn of justice '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Smith : Batman v Superman shows ' fundamental misunderstanding ' of both superheroes '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Michael Briers . `` Kevin Smith Offers Second Take On Batman V Superman : Dawn Of Justice '' . We Got This Covered . Jump up ^ Moreton , Cole ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jeremy Irons says he 'd never accept a knighthood because he already has more money and fame than he deserves '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Betancourt , David ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` The fanboy review : ' Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ' is flawed yet fearless '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Batman V Superman : Dawn Of Justice ' Is A Beautiful Disaster '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v. Superman : Dawn of Justice '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Worlds collide in ' Batman v Superman ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Batman V Superman ' Triumphant '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Koplinski , Chuck ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Intelligent script grounds Justice '' . Illinois Times . Jump up ^ Barber , Nicholas ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ignore the backlash -- Batman v Superman is a four - star epic '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' There 's a lot to be worried about ' : a comics geek 's verdict on Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why fans are slamming Jesse Eisenberg 's Lex Luthor '' . Looper.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ EnStars ( 2015 - 12 - 28 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Movie News : Ben Affleck Compares Jesse Eisenberg 's Lex Luthor To Heath Ledger In ' The Dark Knight ' ( VIDEO ) '' . Enstarz . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bunch , Sonny ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) . `` ' Batman v. Superman ' copied the worst thing about Marvel movies : Their villains '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Scott , Andy . `` How Jesse Eisenberg ruined Batman v Superman '' . Grunge.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land Leads with 12 Nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Critics ' Choice . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Razzies staff ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` 37th Razzie Nominations Press Release '' . Razzies . The Golden Raspberry Awards LLC . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Razzie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations led by ' Zoolander 2 ' Goldderby '' . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Captain America : Civil War , '' `` Batman v Superman '' Top Noms for Nickelodeon 's Kids Choice Awards `` . abcnewsradioonline . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v Superman will be R - rated in extended cut '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v. Superman ' : Married Creative Duo on That R - Rated DVD , Plans for DC Superhero Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Ultimate Edition Early Buzz , Plus Watch the First 10 Minutes Right Now '' . Slash Film . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Batman V Superman : Ultimate Edition ' Expands Story And Wins Praise '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , Ben ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Is Batman V Superman Ultimate Edition Better Than the Theatrical Cut ? '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Ultimate Edition Review Roundup : R - Rated Extended Cut an Improvement Over the Theatrical Cut '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Latchem , John ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Shoots to Top of Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . 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-416113768393877592 | Don't Dream It's Over | Do n't Dream It 's Over - Wikipedia Do n't Dream It 's Over Jump to : navigation , search `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' Cover of the 1986 Australian single Single by Crowded House from the album Crowded House B - side `` That 's What I Call Love '' Released October 1986 ( 1986 - 10 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1986 Capitol Recording Studios Sunset Sound Factory ( Los Angeles , California ) Genre Rock pop Length 3 : 55 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Neil Finn Producer ( s ) Mitchell Froom Crowded House singles chronology `` Now We 're Getting Somewhere '' ( 1986 ) `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' ( 1986 ) `` Something So Strong '' ( 1987 ) `` Now We 're Getting Somewhere '' ( 1986 ) `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' ( 1986 ) `` Something So Strong '' ( 1987 ) Audio sample file help `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' is a song by the Australian rock band Crowded House , recorded for their 1986 self - titled debut studio album . The song was written by band member Neil Finn , and released in October 1986 as the fourth single from the album . The song , described by AllMusic as a `` majestic ballad '' , became the band 's biggest international hit , reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States in April 1987 . `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' was also a great success in Neil Finn 's native country New Zealand where it peaked at No. 1 ; it also topped the charts in Canada , while in Australia it peaked at No. 8 . In Continental Europe , it reached No. 6 in Norway , No. 7 in the Netherlands , and No. 13 in Germany . In America the single was topped only by `` I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) '' by Aretha Franklin and George Michael . In May 2001 , the Australasian Performing Rights Association ( APRA ) celebrated its 75th anniversary by naming the Best New Zealand and Best Australian songs of all time , as decided by APRA members and an industry panel . `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' was ranked second on the New Zealand list and seventh on the Australian list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Track listing 3 Personnel 4 Release history 5 Chart performance 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Paul Young version 6.1 Track listing 6.2 Charts 7 Sixpence None the Richer version 7.1 Track listing 7.2 Charts 8 Other cover versions and uses 9 References Music video ( edit ) The music video , directed by Alex Proyas , features some surreal special effects such as household objects -- including shattering crockery -- and film reels that float in the air , with lead singer Finn playing a guitar and walking through the same house during different time periods while his bandmates are either performing household chores or playing various backing instruments . It was nominated for Best Group Video , and Best Direction at the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards , and earned the group a Best New Artist award . Track listing ( edit ) `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' written by Neil Finn . `` That 's What I Call Love '' written by Neil Finn and Paul Hester . 7 - inch vinyl `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' -- 4 : 03 `` That 's What I Call Love '' -- 4 : 22 12 - inch vinyl `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' ( Extended version ) -- 6 : 10 ( only in 12 - inch vinyl single ) `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' -- 4 : 03 `` That 's What I Call Love '' -- 4 : 22 7 - inch US vinyl ( American Pie label ) `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' -- 4 : 03 `` Something So Strong '' -- 2 : 51 1995 UK CD1 1995 Netherlands CD `` Weather with You '' ( live ) -- 4 : 35 The only B - side track in other UK editions `` Into Temptation '' ( live ) -- 4 : 48 `` Locked Out '' ( live ) -- 2 : 04 1995 UK CD2 `` Four Seasons in One Day '' ( live ) -- 3 : 08 `` In My Command '' ( live ) -- 4 : 14 `` Pineapple Head '' ( live ) -- 3 : 40 Personnel ( edit ) Neil Finn : vocals and guitar Nick Seymour : bass guitar Paul Hester : drums and backing vocals Mitchell Froom : keyboards Release history ( edit ) Region Date Australia October 1986 United Kingdom January 1987 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 -- 87 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Canada ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) 19 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 9 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 11 Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Rank Australia 54 Canada 34 New Zealand US Billboard Hot 100 13 Preceded by `` Funkytown '' by Pseudo Echo New Zealand Singles Chart 19 April 1987 Succeeded by `` Lean on Me '' by Club Nouveau Preceded by `` Lean on Me '' by Club Nouveau Canadian Singles Chart 2 May 1987 Succeeded by `` With or Without You '' by U2 Paul Young version ( edit ) `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' Single by Paul Young from the album From Time to Time -- The Singles Collection Released 19 September 1991 Format 7 '' vinyl , 12 '' vinyl , CD Recorded Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 56 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Neil Finn Producer ( s ) Dan Hartman Paul Young singles chronology `` Both Sides , Now '' ( 1991 ) `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' ( 1991 ) `` Come On In '' ( 1991 ) `` Both Sides , Now '' ( 1991 ) `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' ( 1991 ) `` Come On In '' ( 1991 ) In 1991 , Paul Young covered `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' on his compilation From Time to Time -- The Singles Collection . Young 's version featured Paul Carrack . Track listing ( edit ) `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' ( Neil Finn ) -- 3 : 56 `` I Need Somebody '' ( Paul Young ) -- 4 : 00 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 20 Irish Singles Chart 13 German Singles Chart 71 French Singles Chart 27 Dutch Top 40 67 Norwegian Singles Chart 6 Swedish Singles Chart 25 Sixpence None the Richer version ( edit ) `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' Single by Sixpence None the Richer from the album Divine Discontent Released 2003 Format CD Recorded Genre Pop rock Length 4 : 03 Label Reprise Squint Songwriter ( s ) Neil Finn Producer ( s ) Rob Cavallo Sixpence None the Richer singles chronology `` Breathe Your Name '' ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' ( 2003 ) `` My Dear Machine '' ( 2008 ) `` Breathe Your Name '' ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' ( 2003 ) `` My Dear Machine '' ( 2008 ) `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' was the second radio single released in promotion of the album Divine Discontent by Sixpence None the Richer . The commercial single release features the B - side `` Do n't Pass Me By , '' which was recorded during the sessions for Divine Discontent . Their version was also included in the 2003 compilation album Smallville : The Talon Mix . Track listing ( edit ) US Commercial Single `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' ( Radio Edit ) : 3 : 39 `` Do n't Pass Me By '' : 3 : 26 Radio Promo Single `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' ( Radio Edit ) : 3 : 39 `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' ( LP Version ) : 4 : 04 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 37 US Billboard Hot 100 78 US Billboard Adult Top 40 9 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 12 Other Cover versions and uses ( edit ) Other artists who have covered it include Donny Osmond , Teddy Thompson , Faith No More , Paul Shaffer , Stacy & The Kid on an episode of Kids Incorporated , Howie Day , Aiden Grimshaw , Susan Boyle , Hitomi Yaida , G4 , Diana Krall , Miley Cyrus and Ariana Grande , Chris Martin and Eddie Vedder , Sarah Blasko , Flock of Dimes with Sylvan Esso and the cast of Glee . Rapper Classified sampled the riff on the song `` It Ai n't Over '' , as did Irish R&B trio Dove on their hit `` Do n't Dream '' . Italian singer Antonello Venditti recorded a re-written version of the song -- `` Alta Marea '' -- in 1991 , with a then - unknown Angelina Jolie playing a seductress in the video . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Do n't Dream It 's Over ( 7 - inch vinyl ) . Crowded House . Capitol Records . CP 1842 . Jump up ^ White , Caitlin ( 14 May 2015 ) . `` Watch Miley Cyrus & Ariana Grande Cover Crowded House 's `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' `` . Stereogum . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crowded House ( Capitol ) '' . Torque . United Kingdom : SPH Magazines . February 2007 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Marck ; Comprehensive discography of Crowded House including track listings for all albums and singles . Released 28 March 1995 . Retrieved 5 July 2007 . Site offline after 2008 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Crowded House - Crowded House - Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Crowded House Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Our top song - but vote kept a secret '' . The New Zealand Herald . 3 November 2001 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The final list : APRA 'S Ten best Australian Songs '' . APRA. 28 May 2001 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2008 . Retrieved 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ rvdgu2006 . `` Music video in '' . Dailymotion.com . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards '' . Mtv. 11 September 1987 . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Crowded House -- Do n't Dream It 's Over '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Crowded House -- Do n't Dream It 's Over '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do n't Dream It 's Over '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Crowded House -- Do n't Dream It 's Over '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Crowded House -- Do n't Dream It 's Over '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Crowded House -- Do n't Dream It 's Over '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crowded House : Artist Chart History '' Official Charts Company . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crowded House -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Crowded House . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crowded House -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Crowded House . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crowded House -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Crowded House . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1996 - 11 - 09 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1987 / Top 100 Songs of 1987 '' . Jump up ^ Phares , Heather . Smallville : The Talon Mix at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` This Is The Best Cover Of Crowded House 's ' Do n't Dream It 's Over ' You 'll Hear Today '' . UPROXX. 2015 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 : Editia 27 , saptamina 14.07 - 20.07 , 2003 '' . Web.archive.org. 14 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2005 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sixpence None the Richer -- Do n't Dream It 's Over ( Billboard chart history ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Donny Osmond '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Teddy Thompson '' . Coverlaydown.com . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ 5 Apr 2010 , 6 : 51 pm Idolator ( 5 April 2010 ) . `` Kids Inc '' . Elbo.ws . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Emily Sheridan ( 15 November 2010 ) . `` Aiden Grimshaw '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle '' . Daily Mirror. 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 矢井田 瞳 、 移籍 第 2 弾 シングル は 「 同情 みたい な LOVE 」 '' . Natalie. 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Do n't Dream It 's Over G4 Jump up ^ `` Wallflower - Diana Krall Songs , Reviews , Credits AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Finn Salutes Miley Cyrus and Ariana Grande 's Crowded House Cover '' , Yahoo Music , May 16 , 2015 ; and `` Watch Miley Cyrus and Ariana Grande Cover ' Do n't Dream It 's Over ' '' , Time Magazine , May 14 , 2015 Jump up ^ Global Citizen ( 2016 - 09 - 24 ) , Chris Martin & Eddie Vedder Do n't Dream It 's Over Live at Global Citizen Festival 2016 , retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 Jump up ^ Various : She Will Have Her Way : The Songs of Tim & Neil Finn Jump up ^ ( Neil Finn on writing music for The Hobbit ) Jump up ^ Quinlan , Thomas . `` Classified '' . Exclaim.ca . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dove '' . Members.tripod.com. 23 April 1998 . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Nadia ( 6 May 2008 ) . `` Angelina Jolie Alta Marea '' . The Sun . UK . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Crowded House Neil Finn Nick Seymour Mark Hart Matt Sherrod Paul Hester Tim Finn Peter Jones Studio albums Crowded House Temple of Low Men Woodface Together Alone Time on Earth Intriguer Compilations Recurring Dream Afterglow Classic Masters The Very Very Best of Crowded House Live albums Farewell to the World Videos and DVDs Spring Break ' 87 I Like to Watch Dreaming : The Videos Farewell to the World Singles `` Mean to Me '' `` World Where You Live '' `` Now We 're Getting Somewhere '' `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' `` Something So Strong '' `` Better Be Home Soon '' `` Sister Madly '' `` When You Come '' `` Into Temptation '' `` I Feel Possessed '' `` Chocolate Cake '' `` Fall at Your Feet '' `` Weather with You '' `` Four Seasons in One Day '' `` It 's Only Natural '' `` Distant Sun '' `` Nails in My Feet '' `` Locked Out '' `` Fingers of Love '' `` Pineapple Head '' `` Private Universe '' `` Everything Is Good for You '' `` Instinct '' `` Not the Girl You Think You Are '' `` Do n't Stop Now '' `` She Called Up '' `` Pour Le Monde '' `` Saturday Sun '' `` Help Is Coming '' Related articles Discography Split Enz Tarmac Adam Finn Brothers The Mullanes Roundhead Studios He Will Have His Way She Will Have Her Way List of awards Paul Young Studio albums No Parlez The Secret of Association Between Two Fires Other Voices Compilation albums From Time to Time -- The Singles Collection Singles `` Wherever I Lay My Hat ( That 's My Home ) '' `` Come Back and Stay '' `` Love of the Common People '' `` Love Will Tear Us Apart '' `` I 'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down '' `` Everytime You Go Away '' `` Softly Whispering I Love You '' `` Oh Girl '' `` Calling You '' `` Senza una donna ( Without a Woman ) '' `` Both Sides Now '' `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' Songs `` I 've Been Lonely for So Long '' `` Pale Shelter '' Related topics Discography Q - Tips Band Aid Live Aid Book : Paul Young Sixpence None the Richer Leigh Nash Matt Slocum Justin Cary Rob Mitchell Dale Baker Tess Wiley Joel Bailey James Arhelger J.J. Plasencio Sean Kelly Jerry Dale McFadden Studio albums The Fatherless and the Widow This Beautiful Mess Sixpence None the Richer Divine Discontent The Dawn of Grace Lost in Transition EPs Tickets for a Prayer Wheel My Dear Machine Compilation albums The Best of Sixpence None the Richer Leigh Nash releases Blue on Blue Wishing for This Singles `` Kiss Me '' `` There She Goes '' `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' Related articles Discography Squint Entertainment Reprise Records The La 's Crowded House Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Dream_It%27s_Over&oldid=801855856 '' Categories : 1980s ballads 1986 songs 1986 singles 1991 singles 2003 singles APRA Award winners ARIA Award winners Crowded House songs Paul Young songs Sixpence None the Richer songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Neil Finn Song recordings produced by Dan Hartman Song recordings produced by Mitchell Froom Columbia Records singles Reprise Records singles Capitol Records singles Rock ballads Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from October 2013 Use Australian English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using infobox song with unknown parameters Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 09 : 45 . 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4282964687720874942 | Substitute (association football) | Substitute ( association football ) - wikipedia Substitute ( association football ) Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The substitute bench of the national team of Argentina . In association football , a substitute is a player who is brought on to the pitch during a match in exchange for an existing player . Substitutions are generally made to replace a player who has become tired or injured , or who is performing poorly , or for tactical reasons ( such as bringing a striker on in place of a defender ) . Unlike some sports ( such as American football or ice hockey ) , a player who has been substituted during a match may take no further part in it . Most competitions only allow each team to make a maximum of three substitutions during a game , although more substitutions are often permitted in non-competitive fixtures such as friendlies . Allowing a fourth substitution in extra time is currently being trialed at several tournaments , including the 2016 Summer Olympic Games , the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup final . Each team nominates a number of players ( typically between five and seven , depending on the competition ) who may be used as substitutes ; these players typically sit in the technical area with the coaches , and are said to be `` on the bench '' . When the substitute enters the field of play it is said they have come on or have been brought on , while the player they are substituting is coming off or being brought off . A player who is noted for frequently making appearances , or scoring important goals , as a substitute is often informally known as a `` super sub '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 English and Scottish leagues 3 Relevant laws 4 Super-sub 5 References History ( edit ) The origin of football substitutes goes back to at least the early 1860s as part of English public school football games . The original use of the term `` substitute '' in football was to describe the replacement of players who failed to turn up for matches . For example , in 1863 , a match reports states : `` The Charterhouse eleven played a match in cloisters against some old Carthusians but in consequence of the non-appearance of some of those who were expected it was necessary to provide three substitutes . The substitution of absent players happened as early as the 1850s , for example from Eton College where the term `` emergencies '' is used . Numerous references to players acting as a `` substitute '' occur in matches in the mid-1860s where it is not indicated whether these were replacements of absent players or of players injured during the match . The first use of a substitute in international football was on 15 April 1889 , in the match between Wales and Scotland at Wrexham . Wales 's original goalkeeper , Jim Trainer , failed to arrive ; local amateur player Alf Pugh started the match and played for some 20 minutes until the arrival of Sam Gillam , who took over from him . Substitution during games was first permitted in 1958 . ( Although as early as the qualifying phase for the 1954 World Cup , Horst Eckel of Germany is recorded as having been replaced by Richard Gottinger in their match with the Saarland on 11 October 1953 . ) The use of substitutes in World Cup Finals matches was not allowed until the 1970 tournament . The number of substitutes usable in a competitive match has increased from zero -- meaning teams were reduced if players ' injuries could not allow them to play on -- to one ( plus another for an injured goalkeeper ) in 1958 ; to two out of a possible five in 1988 ; to two plus one ( injured goalkeeper ) in 1994 , to three in 1995 ; and most recently to a fourth substitute in certain competitions in extra time . English and Scottish leagues ( edit ) Substitutions during matches in the English Football League were first permitted in the 1965 -- 66 season . During the first two seasons after the law was introduced , each side was permitted only one substitution during a game . Moreover , the substitute could only replace an injured player . From the 1967 -- 68 season , this rule was relaxed to allow substitutions for tactical reasons . On 21 August 1965 , Keith Peacock of Charlton Athletic became the first substitute used in the Football League when he replaced injured goalkeeper Mike Rose eleven minutes into their away match against Bolton Wanderers . On the same day , Bobby Knox became the first ever substitute to score a goal when he scored for Barrow against Wrexham . Archie Gemmill of St Mirren was the first substitute to come on in a Scottish first - class match , on 13 August 1966 in a League Cup tie against Clyde when he replaced Jim Clunie after 23 minutes . The first official substitute in a Scottish League match was Paul Conn for Queen 's Park vs Albion Rovers in a Division 2 match on 24 August 1966 . Previously , on 20 January 1917 , a player called Morgan came on for the injured Morrison of Partick Thistle after 5 minutes against Rangers at Firhill , but this was an isolated case and the Scottish League did not authorise substitutes until 1966 . In later years , the number of substitutes permitted in Football League matches has gradually increased ; at present each team is permitted to name either five or seven substitutes depending on the country and competition , of which a maximum of three may be used . In England , the Premier League increased the number of players on the bench to five in 1996 , and it was announced that the number available on the bench would be seven for the 2008 -- 09 season . Relevant Laws ( edit ) The assistant referee indicating a substitution Fourth official notifying the referee of the details of the substitution According to the Laws of the Game ( 2014 / 15 ) : A player may only be substituted during a stoppage in play and with the permission of the referee . The player to be substituted ( outgoing player ) must have left the field of play before the substitute ( incoming player ) may enter the field of play ; at that point the substitute becomes a player and the person substituted ceases to be a player . The incoming player may only enter the field at the half - way line . Failure to comply with these provisions may be punished by a caution ( yellow card ) . A player that has been substituted may take no further part in a match , except where return substitutions are permitted . Unused substitutes still on the bench , as well as players who have been already substituted , remain under the authority of the referee . These are liable for misconduct , though can not be said to have committed a foul . For example , in the 2002 FIFA World Cup , Claudio Caniggia was shown the red card for cursing at the referee from the bench . Under the Laws , the referee has no specific power to force a player to be substituted , even if the team manager or captain has ordered their player to be substituted . If a player refuses to be substituted play may simply resume with that player on the field . However , in some situations players may still be liable to punishment with a caution ( yellow card ) for time wasting or unsporting behaviour . A player who has been sent off ( red card ) may not be substituted ; the team will have to make do with the remaining players . In the case of a goalkeeper who is sent off , such as in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final , when Arsenal midfielder Robert Pirès was replaced by second - choice goalkeeper Manuel Almunia to replace Jens Lehmann , who received a red card less than 20 minutes into the match , the coach will usually ( but is not required to ) substitute an outfield player so that the backup goalkeeper can enter the game . If all substitutions have been used , or if no goalkeeper is available , an outfield player will take up the role of the goalkeeper . A famous example of this is when Chelsea goalkeepers Petr Čech and Carlo Cudicini were both injured in the same game , which led to defender John Terry spending the remainder of the match in goal wearing third - choice goalkeeper Hilário 's shirt . According to the Laws of the Game , `` up to a maximum of three substitutes may be used in any match played in an official competition organised under the auspices of FIFA , the confederations or the member associations . '' Also : In national A team matches , up to a maximum of six substitutes may be used . In all other matches , a greater number of substitutes may be used provided that : the teams concerned reach agreement on a maximum number ; the referee is informed before the match . If the referee is not informed , or if no agreement is reached before the match , no more than six substitutes are allowed . Super-sub ( edit ) The term `` super-sub '' refers to a substitution made by the manager that subsequently saves the game , generally by scoring a late equalising or winning goal . Players regarded as `` super-subs '' include Azar Karadas for Brann , Santiago Solari for Real Madrid , Nwankwo Kanu for Arsenal , David Fairclough for Liverpool , Adam Le Fondre for Reading , Ole Gunnar Solskjær and Javier Hernández for Manchester United , Mikael Forssell for Chelsea , Leon Clarke for Wigan Athletic , Brendon Santalab for Western Sydney Wanderers Henrique for Brisbane Roar , Archie Thompson , Joshua Kennedy and Tim Cahill for Australia . and Stevie Kirk for Motherwell , References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/mar/18/fifa-trial-fourth-substitute-extra-time-olympics Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/jul/27/fa-cup-announce-four-substitutes-extra-time-martin-glenn Jump up ^ https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2016/m=3/news=fifa-executive-committee-approves-key-priorities-to-restore-trust-in-f-2771049.html Jump up ^ http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/85/41/57/fcc2017regulationsen_neutral.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.concacaf.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/170301_GC-Regulations-Final_EN.pdf Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle ( London , England ) , Sunday , February 22 , 1863 ; pg. 7. New Readerships Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle ( London , England ) , Sunday , November 11 , 1855 ; p. 7 . Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle ( London , England ) , Saturday , December 17 , 1864 ; Issue 2,226 . Jump up ^ `` Wales 0 Scotland 0 '' . www.londonhearts.com. 15 April 1889 . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Laws of the Game '' . Fifa.com . Archived from the original on 4 June 2007 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland 1954 : World Cup Football Host '' . Topendsports.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Milestones , facts & figures . Statistical Kit 7 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor Rash ( 3 July 2014 ) . `` FIFA World Cup : FIFA Considering Fourth Substitution in Extra Time '' . Guardian Liberty Voice . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Mark Mitchener ( 17 June 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2014 : Golden goals , golf carts and other innovations '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Phillips ( 5 November 2007 ) . `` Substitute the subs rule ? '' . Reuters Soccer Blog . Reuters . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ History of the Laws of the Game - 1990 - 2000 , FIFA.com . Jump up ^ http://www.concacaf.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/170301_GC-Regulations-Final_EN.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Football Trivia '' . Soccerhistory.org.uk . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ingle , Sean ( 25 July 2001 ) . `` What ever happened to Len Shackleton 's old club ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Batty , Clive ( 2010 ) . The Vision Book of Football Records 2011 . Vision Sports . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905326 - 99 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League ratifies more subs '' . BBC Sport. 7 February 2008 . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/footballdevelopment/refereeing/02/36/01/11/27_06_2014_new--lawsofthegameweben_neutral.pdf Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/5415980.stm Jump up ^ `` Liverpool FC super-sub David Fairclough suffers heart scare '' . Liverpool Echo. 4 October 2010 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Le Fondre named Barclays player of the month without starting a game '' . 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sizzling super subs '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2001 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Tongue , Steve ( 12 November 2012 ) . `` Javier Hernandez replaces Ole Gunnar Solskjaer as Manchester United 's super-sub '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super sub Forssell just Champion for Chelsea '' . Irish Independent . 7 March 2002 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 21 October 2012 ) . `` Edin Dzeko rejects ' super sub ' tag after rescuing Manchester City '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Greco , John . `` Santa 's secret to his super-sub success '' . A-League . Football Federation Australia . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.a-league.com.au/article/mulvey-lauds-super-sub-henrique/zqg1amor5oiu15nfb3o8g7wrv Jump up ^ http://theworldgame.sbs.com.au/news/1156317/Thompson-relishes-super-sub-role Jump up ^ http://www.bordermail.com.au/story/43970/super-sub-josh-kennedy-has-socceroos-headed-for-world-cup/ Jump up ^ http://theworldgame.sbs.com.au/article/2013/06/18/super-sub-kennedy-sends-australia-brazil Jump up ^ http://www.goal.com/en-au/news/4020/australia/2013/11/20/4418870/tim-cahill-happy-to-be-anges-super-sub Jump up ^ http://www.sportal.com.au/football/socceroos/tim-cahill-happy-to-be-socceroos-super-sub/ghsq97x4eju01epjbs5vd3ju0/ Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/tim-cahill-happy-to-play-role-of-impact-sub-after-coming-on-to-score-against-costa-rica/story-fni2wcjl-1226764604058 Jump up ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-11-01/super-sub--tim-cahill-celebrates-scoring-the/712890 Jump up ^ http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/local-sport/stevie-kirk-recalls-finest-hour-2570895 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Substitute_(association_football)&oldid=808468310 '' Categories : Association football terminology Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 United Kingdom - centric Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 01 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | if you get subbed out in soccer can you come back in | [] | [] |
-4572996490534078570 | Lana Parrilla | Lana Parrilla - wikipedia Lana Parrilla Jump to : navigation , search Lana Parrilla Parrilla at the 2014 Comic - Con International Lana Maria Parrilla ( 1977 - 07 - 15 ) July 15 , 1977 ( age 40 ) Brooklyn , New York , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1999 -- present Spouse ( s ) Fred Di Blasio ( m . 2014 ) Parent ( s ) Sam Parrilla Dolores Dee Azzara Relatives Candice Azzara ( maternal aunt ) Awards Alma Award , Imagen Award Lana Maria Parrilla ( born July 15 , 1977 ) is an American actress . Parrilla is best known for her roles on television and radio . She was a regular cast member in the fifth season of the ABC sitcom Spin City from 2000 to 2001 . She later starred in Boomtown ( 2002 - 2003 ) , Windfall ( 2006 ) , Swingtown ( 2008 ) and as Doctor Eva Zambrano in the short - lived medical drama Miami Medical ( 2010 ) . She also played the role of Sarah Gavin during the fourth season of the Fox series 24 in 2005 . In 2011 , Parrilla began starring as The Evil Queen / Regina Mills in the ABC fantasy drama series , Once Upon a Time . In 2016 Parrilla won a Teen Choice Award for Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1999 -- 2010 2.2 2011 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Parrilla was born in Brooklyn . Her father , Sam Parrilla ( 1943 -- 94 ) , was a Puerto Rican - born baseball player who played professionally for 11 seasons ( 1963 -- 73 ) , including one season with the Major League Philadelphia Phillies in 1970 as an outfielder . Her mother is an American painter of Sicilian descent who works in banking . Parrilla has one older sister , Deena , and a nephew named Sammy . She is also the niece of character actress Candice Azzara . Parrilla 's parents divorced when she was three years old . She spent her first ten years living with her mother , and then lived with her father . Lana Parrilla was attacked at ten years old by a dog , which left her a visible scar on the right side of her upper lip . During the time she lived with her father , he was too protective to allow her to attend a performing arts school , which delayed her acting career . Parrilla lived with her father until his murder in 1994 , when she was 16 and he was 50 . Her father was shot once in the chest by a 15 - year - old female assailant at point blank range and later died from the wound . After the death of her father , Parrilla moved in with her mother to Burbank , California . Parrilla visited Granada in 2007 to learn Spanish . After high school she moved to Los Angeles and attended Beverly Hills Playhouse to study acting . She also studied voice for ten years . Parrilla then began to be cast in small parts and later on , larger ones . Career ( edit ) 1999 -- 2010 ( edit ) Parrilla in March 2012 In her early career , Parrilla appeared in several movies , including Very Mean Men ( 2000 ) , Spiders ( 2000 ) , and Frozen Stars ( 2003 ) . She made her television debut in 1999 , on the UPN sitcom Grown Ups . In 2000 , she joined the cast of the ABC comedy series Spin City , playing Angie Ordonez for one season . She left the show in 2001 . After that she joined Donnie Wahlberg and Neal McDonough in the short lived crime drama Boomtown , for which she received the Imagen Award for Best Supporting Actress , for her portrayal of Teresa , a paramedic . Initially a success , Boomtown began to struggle , and Parrilla 's character became a police academy rookie , to tie her more closely to the rest of the show . `` Boomtown '' was cancelled just two episodes into its second season . Parrilla guest - starred in a number of television dramas , including JAG , Six Feet Under , Covert Affairs , Medium , The Defenders and Chase . She had a recurring role in 2004 as Officer Janet Grafton in NYPD Blue . In 2005 , Parrilla took a recurring guest role on the fourth season of the Fox series 24 as Sarah Gavin , a Counter Terrorist Unit agent . After just six episodes , Lana was made a regular cast member ; but in the thirteenth episode , her character was written out after she tried to thwart another character 's promotion from temporary to permanent CTU head Michelle Dessler ( Reiko Aylesworth ) . In 2006 , Parrilla starred in the NBC summer series Windfall alongside Luke Perry , fellow former 24 cast member Sarah Wynter , and Parilla 's former Boomtown castmate Jason Gedrick . In 2007 , she guest starred as Greta during the third season of ABC 's Lost in the episodes `` Greatest Hits '' and `` Through the Looking Glass '' In 2008 , she had a leading role on the Lifetime movie The Double Life of Eleanor Kendall , in which she played Nellie , a divorcee whose identity has been stolen . Also in 2008 , she starred in the CBS summer series Swingtown as Trina Decker , a woman who is part of a Swinging couple . In 2010 , Parrilla had a female lead role in the Jerry Bruckheimer - produced Miami Medical on CBS , which had a short run towards the end of the 2009 -- 10 television season before it was canceled in July 2010 . Windfall , Swingtown and Miami Medical were all canceled after 13 episodes . 2011 -- present ( edit ) Parrilla in 2012 In February 2011 , she was cast as Mayor Regina Mills / The Evil Queen , in the ABC adventure fantasy drama pilot , Once Upon a Time created by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz . The series debuted in October 2011 . The pilot episode was watched by 12.93 million viewers and achieved an adult 18 -- 49 rating / share of 4.0 / 10 during the first season , receiving generally favorable reviews from critics . Parrilla 's performance also received positive reviews from critics . In 2012 and 2013 , she was regarded as a promising contender for an Emmy Award in the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series category , though she did not receive a nomination . She won the TV Guide Award for Favorite Villain and the ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series in 2012 . Parrilla also received a nomination for Best Supporting Actress on Television from the 38th Saturn Awards . Personal Life ( edit ) Parrilla with her husband Fred Di Blasio in 2014 Parrilla became engaged to boyfriend Fred Di Blasio on April 28 , 2013 , while in Israel . The two were married July 5 , 2014 , shortly before Parrilla began filming the fourth season of Once Upon a Time . Parrilla confirmed the news on her Twitter account on August 1 , 2014 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Very Mean Men Teresa 2000 Spiders Marci Eyre 2003 Frozen Stars Lisa Vasquez 2005 One Last Ride Antoinette Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Grown Ups Waitress Episodes : `` Truth Be Told '' , `` J Says '' 2000 Rude Awakening Nurse Lorna Episode : `` Telltale Heart pt. 1 '' 2000 -- 01 Spin City Angie Ordonez Series regular , 21 episodes 2002 JAG Lt. Stephanie Donato Episode : `` Head to Toe '' The Shield Sedona Tellez Episode : `` Circles '' 2002 -- 03 Boomtown Teresa Ortiz Imagen Award for Best Supporting Actress NYPD Blue Officer Janet Grafton Recurring role , 3 episodes Six Feet Under Maile Episodes : `` Terror Starts at Home '' , `` The Dare '' 2005 24 Sarah Gavin Series regular , 12 episodes 2006 Windfall Nina Schaefer Series regular , 13 episodes Lost Greta Episodes : `` Greatest Hits '' , `` Through the Looking Glass '' 2008 Swingtown Trina Decker Series regular , 13 episodes The Double Life of Eleanor Kendall Nellie Givens Television film Miami Medical Dr. Eva Zambrano Series regular , 13 episodes Covert Affairs Julia Suarez Episode : `` South Bound Suarez '' Medium Lydia Halstrom Episode : `` The Match Game '' The Defenders Betty Episode : `` Las Vegas vs. Johnson '' 2011 Chase Isabella Episode : `` Narco : Part 1 '' 2011 -- present Once Upon a Time Regina Mills The Evil Queen Roni Main Role Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy ALMA Award for Outstanding TV Actress - Drama TV Guide Award for Favorite Villain Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Villain Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Villain Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television Nominated -- TV Guide Award for Favorite Villain Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result 2003 Imagen Award for Best Supporting Actress Boomtown Won 2008 ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Television Series Swingtown Nominated 2012 TV Guide Award for Favorite Villain Once Upon a Time Won Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television Once Upon a Time Nominated Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Villain Once Upon a Time Nominated ALMA Award for Outstanding TV Actress - Drama Once Upon a Time Won 2013 NHMC Impact Award Once Upon a Time Won Teen Choice Awards for Choice TV Villain Once Upon a Time Nominated Imagen Foundation Award for Best Actress / Television Once Upon a Time Nominated 2016 Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Once Upon a Time Won 2017 Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Once Upon a Time Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sam Parrilla Statistics and History - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference . ^ Jump up to : `` Lana Parrilla and her sister Deena '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography Lana Parrilla Daily - Your newest 24 / 7 Source For All Things Lana Parrilla '' . Lana Parrilla Daily . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : BIO : Evil Queen Played by Lana Parrilla Archived 2011 - 10 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ MOVIES The Double Life of Eleanor Kendall Archived 2012 - 01 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Miami Medical canceled , no season two canceled + renewed TV shows '' . TV Series Finale. 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Several Actors Board Broadcast Pilots '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Paula Hendrickson ( 2012 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Lana Parrilla in ' Once Upon a Time ' : Road to the Emmys 2012 : The Supporting Actor & Actress - Chicago Tribune '' . Variety . Articles.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ 07 / 19 / 2013 2 : 48 pm EDT ( 2013 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Emmy Latino Snubs For Lana Parrilla , Jimmy Smits , and More '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Marc Cuenco ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) . `` 14 Emmy - Worthy GIFs of ' Once Upon a Time ' Star Lana Parilla '' . Tv.aol.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Team TVLine / June 6 , 2012 , 6 : 25 AM PDT ( 2012 - 06 - 06 ) . `` ( PHOTOS ) Emmy Nominations 2012 -- Awards Show 's Supporting Actress In Drama Contenders '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( 2012 - 07 - 18 ) . `` 2012 Emmy Awards Nominees : Our Predictions ! TV News '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Parrilla , Once Upon a Time from Emmy Contenders : Supporting Actress , Drama E ! Online UK '' . Uk.eonline.com. 2012 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine Fan Favorites Awards Winners Revealed ! - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com. 2012 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ 09 / 21 / 2012 10 : 18 pm ( 2012 - 09 - 21 ) . `` ALMA Awards 2012 : Winners And Show Highlights ( VIDEO , PHOTOS ) '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt . `` Saturn Award Nominations 2012 Collider Page 148931 '' . Collider . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Saad , Nardine ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time 's ' Lana Parrilla engaged to Fred Di Blasio '' . latimes.com . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ McRady , Rachel ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Lana Parrilla Is Married : Once Upon a Time Star Secretly Weds '' . Us Weekly Magazine . Jump up ^ Parrilla , Lana ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Well , @ fred_diblasio I think this says it all ... Signed , # MrsDiBlasio '' . twitter.com . Twitter . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lana Parrilla . Lana Parrilla on Twitter Lana Parrilla on IMDb Lana Parrilla at TVGuide.com ( hide ) Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress Fantasy / Sci - Fi Nina Dobrev ( 2010 ) Nina Dobrev ( 2011 ) Nina Dobrev ( 2012 ) Nina Dobrev ( 2013 ) Nina Dobrev ( 2014 ) Nina Dobrev ( 2015 ) Lana Parrilla ( 2016 ) Kat Graham ( 2017 ) VIAF : 7163098 LCCN : no2007026606 ISNI : 0000 0000 5416 7632 GND : 1065764111 SUDOC : 191316911 BNF : cb167663988 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lana_Parrilla&oldid=815683480 '' Categories : 1977 births Actresses from New York City American television actresses American film actresses American people of Puerto Rican descent American people of Sicilian descent Living people People from Brooklyn 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses of Italian descent Hispanic and Latino American actresses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 11 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the evil queen on once upon a time | [
"Lana Maria Parrilla (born July 15, 1977) is an American actress. Parrilla is best known for her roles on television and radio. She was a regular cast member in the fifth season of the ABC sitcom Spin City from 2000 to 2001. She later starred in Boomtown (2002-2003), Windfall (2006), Swingtown (2008) and as Doctor Eva Zambrano in the short-lived medical drama Miami Medical (2010). She also played the role of Sarah Gavin during the fourth season of the Fox series 24 in 2005. In 2011, Parrilla began starring as The Evil Queen/Regina Mills in the ABC fantasy drama series, Once Upon a Time. In 2016 Parrilla won a Teen Choice Award for Choice Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress."
] | [
"Lana Maria Parrilla"
] |
1351882031658947738 | The Flying Machine (short story) | The flying machine ( short story ) - Wikipedia The flying machine ( short story ) Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Flying Machine '' is a short story written by Ray Bradbury in 1953 . Bradbury also adapted the tale into a short play that same year . Plot summary ( edit ) This story is set in China many centuries ago , where a servant to the emperor Yuan notices a man that has created a contraption for flying . Emperor Yuan is not at all happy when he asks the inventor his purpose in creating such a device and the inventor replies that his motivation was merely the desire for innovation . Thus Yuan orders that the inventor shall be executed because , while his flying machine may be a beautiful creation , the emperor sees the devastating potential for those who `` have an evil face and an evil heart '' and will seek to use it for purposes other than the enjoyment of flight , namely flying over the Great Wall of China ( which he himself created ) and destroying it . For this reason , the inventor is executed , the flying machine burned , and all who saw it are silenced . But in the last line the Emperor mourns the loss of the machine , the marvel of which he appreciates but the danger of which is too great to allow its survival . This story can be used to weight pros and cons , as a theme . External links ( edit ) The Flying Machine title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Golden Apples of the Sun , a short story collection by Ray Bradbury The Flying Machine : A One - Act Play for Three Men by Ray Bradbury Ray Bradbury Bibliography Novels The Martian Chronicles ( 1950 ) Fahrenheit 451 ( 1953 ) Dandelion Wine ( 1957 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1962 ) The Halloween Tree ( 1972 ) Death Is a Lonely Business ( 1985 ) A Graveyard for Lunatics ( 1990 ) Green Shadows , White Whale ( 1992 ) From the Dust Returned ( 2001 ) Let 's All Kill Constance ( 2002 ) Farewell Summer ( 2006 ) Short stories `` The Scythe '' ( 1943 ) `` The Lake '' ( 1944 ) `` Frost and Fire '' ( 1946 ) `` The Million Year Picnic '' ( 1946 ) `` The Small Assassin '' ( 1946 ) `` I See You Never '' ( 1947 ) `` Fever Dream '' ( 1948 ) `` The Fruit at the Bottom of the Bowl '' ( 1948 ) `` The Long Years '' ( 1948 ) `` Mars Is Heaven ! '' ( 1948 ) `` Dark They Were , and Golden - Eyed '' ( 1949 ) `` The Exiles '' ( 1949 ) `` Marionettes , Inc . '' ( 1949 ) `` The Long Rain '' ( 1950 ) `` The Rocket '' ( 1950 ) `` There Will Come Soft Rains '' ( 1950 ) `` The Veldt '' ( 1950 ) `` Ylla '' ( 1950 ) `` Embroidery '' ( 1951 ) `` The Fog Horn '' ( 1951 ) `` Here There Be Tygers '' ( 1951 ) `` The Pedestrian '' ( 1951 ) `` The April Witch '' ( 1952 ) `` A Sound of Thunder '' ( 1952 ) `` The Wilderness '' ( 1952 ) `` The Flying Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` The Golden Kite , the Silver Wind '' ( 1953 ) `` The Meadow '' ( 1953 ) `` The Murderer '' ( 1953 ) `` Sun and Shadow '' ( 1953 ) `` All Summer in a Day '' ( 1954 ) `` The Dragon '' ( 1955 ) `` The Aqueduct '' ( 1979 ) `` Banshee '' ( 1984 ) `` The Toynbee Convector '' ( 1984 ) `` Is That You , Herb ? '' ( 2003 ) Collections Dark Carnival ( 1947 ) The Illustrated Man ( 1951 ) The Golden Apples of the Sun ( 1953 ) The October Country ( 1955 ) A Medicine for Melancholy ( 1959 ) The Day It Rained Forever ( 1959 ) The Small Assassin ( 1962 ) R Is for Rocket ( 1962 ) The Machineries of Joy ( 1964 ) The Autumn People ( 1965 ) The Vintage Bradbury ( 1965 ) Tomorrow Midnight ( 1966 ) S Is for Space ( 1966 ) Twice 22 ( 1966 ) I Sing the Body Electric ( 1969 ) Ray Bradbury ( 1975 ) Long After Midnight ( 1976 ) The Fog Horn & Other Stories ( 1979 ) The Last Circus and the Electrocution ( 1980 ) The Stories of Ray Bradbury ( 1980 ) The Fog Horn and Other Stories ( 1980 ) Dinosaur Tales ( 1983 ) A Memory of Murder ( 1984 ) The Toynbee Convector ( 1988 ) Classic Stories 1 ( 1990 ) Classic Stories 2 ( 1990 ) The Parrot Who Met Papa ( 1991 ) Selected from Dark They Were , and Golden - Eyed ( 1991 ) Quicker Than the Eye ( 1996 ) Driving Blind ( 1997 ) Ray Bradbury Collected Short Stories ( 2001 ) One More for the Road ( 2002 ) Bradbury Stories : 100 of His Most Celebrated Tales ( 2003 ) The Cat 's Pajamas : Stories ( 2004 ) A Sound of Thunder and Other Stories ( 2005 ) The Dragon Who Ate His Tail ( 2007 ) Summer Morning , Summer Night ( 2007 ) A Pleasure to Burn ( 2010 ) The Collected Stories of Ray Bradbury ( 2011 , 2014 ) Plays The Meadow ( 1947 ) The Flying Machine : A One - Act Play for Three Men ( 1953 ) The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit and Other Plays ( 1972 ) Pillar of Fire and Other Plays ( 1975 ) The Martian Chronicles ( 1986 ) The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit ( 1986 ) Fahrenheit 451 ( 1986 ) Dandelion Wine ( 1988 ) The Veldt ( 1988 ) Adaptations It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) Moby Dick ( 1956 screenplay ) `` I Sing the Body Electric '' ( 1962 ) The Picasso Summer ( 1969 ) The Illustrated Man ( 1969 ) The Martian Chronicles ( 1980 miniseries ) The Electric Grandmother ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Bradbury 13 ( radio series , 1983 - 84 ) The Ray Bradbury Theater ( TV series , 1985 - 86 , 1988 - 92 ) The Halloween Tree ( 1993 ) Dandelion Wine ( 1997 ) The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit ( 1998 ) A Sound of Thunder ( 2005 ) Ray Bradbury 's Chrysalis ( 2008 ) The Whispers ( 2015 ) Miscellaneous Futuria Fantasia ( 1939 - 1940 ) The Mummies of Guanajuato ( 1978 ) Zen in the Art of Writing ( 1990 ) It Came from Outer Space ( 2003 book ) Related Spaceship Earth Bradbury Landing Ray Bradbury Award Fuck Me , Ray Bradbury This short story -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Flying_Machine_(short_story)&oldid=781101561 '' Categories : 1953 short stories Short stories by Ray Bradbury Aviation media Story stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 May 2017 , at 02 : 13 . About Wikipedia | plot of the flying machine by ray bradbury | [] | [] |
-7532504034977071592 | A Doll's House | A Doll 's House - wikipedia A Doll 's House `` Dr. Rank '' redirects here . For the Austrian psychoanalyst , see Otto Rank . For other uses , see A Doll 's House ( disambiguation ) . A Doll 's House Original manuscript cover page , 1879 Written by Henrik Ibsen Characters Nora Torvald Helmer Krogstad Mrs. Linde Dr. Rank Children Anne - Marie Helene Date premiered 21 December 1879 ( 1879 - 12 - 21 ) Place premiered Royal Theatre in Copenhagen , Denmark Original language Danish Subject The awakening of a middle - class wife and mother . Genre Naturalistic / realistic problem play Modern tragedy Setting The home of the Helmer family in an unspecified Norwegian town or city , circa 1879 . A Doll 's House ( Bokmål : Et dukkehjem ; also translated as A Doll House ) is a three - act play written by Norway 's Henrik Ibsen . It premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 21 December 1879 , having been published earlier that month . The play is set in a Norwegian town circa 1879 . The play is significant for the way it deals with the fate of a married woman , who at the time in Norway lacked reasonable opportunities for self - fulfillment in a male - dominated world . It aroused a great sensation at the time , and caused a `` storm of outraged controversy '' that went beyond the theatre to the world newspapers and society . In 2006 , the centennial of Ibsen 's death , A Doll 's House held the distinction of being the world 's most performed play that year . UNESCO has inscribed Ibsen 's autographed manuscripts of A Doll 's House on the Memory of the World Register in 2001 , in recognition of their historical value . The title of the play is most commonly translated as A Doll 's House , though some scholars use A Doll House . John Simon says that A Doll 's House is `` the British term for what ( Americans ) call a ' dollhouse ' '' . Egil Törnqvist says of the alternative title : `` Rather than being superior to the traditional rendering , it simply sounds more idiomatic to Americans . '' Contents 1 List of characters 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act One 2.2 Act Two 2.3 Act Three 2.4 Alternative ending 3 Composition and publication 3.1 Real - life inspiration 3.2 Composition 3.3 Publication 4 Production history 5 Analysis and criticism 6 Adaptations 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Radio 6.4 Re-staging 7 References 8 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links List of characters ( edit ) Nora Helmer -- wife of Torvald , mother of three , is living out the ideal of the 19th - century wife , but leaves her family at the end of the play . Torvald Helmer -- Nora 's husband , a newly promoted bank manager , professes to be enamoured of his wife but their marriage stifles her . Dr Rank -- a rich family friend , he is secretly in love with Nora . He is terminally ill , and it is implied that his `` tuberculosis of the spine '' originates from a venereal disease contracted by his father . Kristine Linde -- Nora 's old school friend , widowed , is seeking employment ( sometimes spelled Christine in English translations ) . She was in a relationship with Krogstad prior to the play 's setting . Nils Krogstad -- an employee at Torvald 's bank , single father , he is pushed to desperation . A supposed scoundrel , he is revealed to be a long - lost lover of Kristine . The Children -- Nora and Torvald 's children : Ivar , Bobby and Emmy ( in order of age ) . Anne Marie -- Nora 's former nanny , who gave up her own daughter to `` strangers '' when she became , as she says , the only mother Nora knew . She now cares for Nora 's children . Helen -- the Helmers ' maid The Porter -- delivers a Christmas tree to the Helmer household at the beginning of the play . Synopsis ( edit ) Act one ( edit ) The play opens at Christmas time as Nora Helmer enters her home carrying many packages . Nora 's husband Torvald is working in his study when she arrives . He playfully rebukes her for spending so much money on Christmas gifts , calling her his `` little squirrel . '' He teases her about how the previous year she had spent weeks making gifts and ornaments by hand because money was scarce . This year Torvald is due a promotion at the bank where he works , so Nora feels that they can let themselves go a little . The maid announces two visitors : Mrs. Kristine Linde , an old friend of Nora 's , who has come seeking employment ; and Dr. Rank , a close friend of the family , who is let into the study . Kristine has had a difficult few years , ever since her husband died leaving her with no money or children . Nora says that things have not been easy for them either : Torvald became sick , and they had to travel to Italy so he could recover . Kristine explains that when her mother was ill she had to take care of her brothers , but now that they are grown she feels her life is `` unspeakably empty . '' Nora promises to talk to Torvald about finding her a job . Kristine gently tells Nora that she is like a child . Nora is offended , so she teases the idea that she got money from `` some admirer , '' so they could travel to Italy to improve Torvald 's health . She told Torvald that her father gave her the money , but in fact she managed to illegally borrow it without his knowledge because women could n't do anything economical like signing checks without their husband . Over the years , she has been secretly working and saving up to pay it off . Krogstad , a lower - level employee at Torvald 's bank , arrives and goes into the study . Nora is clearly uneasy when she sees him . Dr. Rank leaves the study and mentions that he feels wretched , though like everyone he wants to go on living . In contrast to his physical illness , he says that the man in the study , Krogstad , is `` morally diseased . '' After the meeting with Krogstad , Torvald comes out of the study . Nora asks him if he can give Kristine a position at the bank and Torvald is very positive , saying that this is a fortunate moment , as a position has just become available . Torvald , Kristine , and Dr. Rank leave the house , leaving Nora alone . The nanny returns with the children and Nora plays with them for a while until Krogstad creeps into the living room and surprises her . Krogstad tells Nora that Torvald intends to fire him at the bank and asks her to intercede with Torvald to allow him to keep his job . She refuses , and Krogstad threatens to blackmail her about the loan she took out for the trip to Italy ; he knows that she obtained this loan by forging her father 's signature . Krogstad leaves and when Torvald returns , Nora tries to convince him not to fire Krogstad . Torvald refuses to hear her pleas , explaining that Krogstad is a liar and a hypocrite and that he committed a terrible crime : he forged someone 's name . Torvald feels physically ill in the presence of a man `` poisoning his own children with lies and dissimulation . '' Act two ( edit ) Kristine arrives to help Nora repair a dress for a costume function that she and Torvald plan to attend the next day . Torvald returns from the bank , and Nora pleads with him to reinstate Krogstad , claiming she is worried Krogstad will publish libelous articles about Torvald and ruin his career . Torvald dismisses her fears and explains that , although Krogstad is a good worker and seems to have turned his life around , he must be fired because he is not deferential enough to Torvald in front of other bank personnel . Torvald then retires to his study to work . Dr. Rank , the family friend , arrives . Nora asks him for a favor , but Rank responds by revealing that he has entered the terminal stage of tuberculosis of the spine and that he has always been secretly in love with her . Nora tries to deny the first revelation and make light of it but is more disturbed by his declaration of love . She tries clumsily to tell him that she is not in love with him but that she loves him dearly as a friend . Desperate after being fired by Torvald , Krogstad arrives at the house . Nora convinces Dr. Rank to go into Torvald 's study so he will not see Krogstad . When Krogstad confronts Nora , he declares that he no longer cares about the remaining balance of Nora 's loan , but that he will instead preserve the associated bond to blackmail Torvald into not only keeping him employed but also promoting him . Nora explains that she has done her best to persuade her husband , but he refuses to change his mind . Krogstad informs Nora that he has written a letter detailing her crime ( forging her father 's signature of surety on the bond ) and put it in Torvald 's mailbox , which is locked . Nora tells Kristine of her difficult situation . Having had a relationship with Krogstad in the past before her marriage , Kristine says that they are still in love and promises to try to convince him to relent . Torvald enters and tries to retrieve his mail , but Nora distracts him by begging him to help her with the dance she has been rehearsing for the costume party , feigning anxiety about performing . She dances so badly and acts so childishly that Torvald agrees to spend the whole evening coaching her . When the others go to dinner , Nora stays behind for a few minutes and contemplates killing herself to save her husband from the shame of the revelation of her crime and to pre-empt any gallant gesture on his part to save her reputation . Act three ( edit ) Kristine tells Krogstad that she only married her husband because she had no other means to support her sick mother and young siblings and that she has returned to offer him her love again . She believes that he would not have stooped to unethical behavior if he had not been devastated by her abandonment and been in dire financial straits . Krogstad changes his mind and offers to take back his letter to Torvald . However , Kristine decides that Torvald should know the truth for the sake of his and Nora 's marriage . After literally dragging Nora home from the party , Torvald goes to check his mail but is interrupted by Dr. Rank , who has followed them . Dr. Rank chats for a while , conveying obliquely to Nora that this is a final goodbye , as he has determined that his death is near . Dr. Rank leaves , and Torvald retrieves his letters . As he reads them , Nora steels herself to take her life . Torvald confronts her with Krogstad 's letter . Enraged , he declares that he is now completely in Krogstad 's power ; he must yield to Krogstad 's demands and keep quiet about the whole affair . He berates Nora , calling her a dishonest and immoral woman and telling her that she is unfit to raise their children . He says that from now on their marriage will be only a matter of appearances . A maid enters , delivering a letter to Nora . The letter is from Krogstad , yet Torvald demands to read the letter and takes it from Nora . Torvald exults that he is saved , as Krogstad has returned the incriminating bond , which Torvald immediately burns along with Krogstad 's letters . He takes back his harsh words to his wife and tells her that he forgives her . Nora realizes that her husband is not the strong and gallant man she thought he was , and that he truly loves himself more than he does Nora . Torvald explains that when a man has forgiven his wife , it makes him love her all the more since it reminds him that she is totally dependent on him , like a child . He dismisses the fact that Nora had to make the agonizing choice between her conscience and his health , and ignores her years of secret efforts to free them from the ensuing obligations and the danger of loss of reputation . He preserves his peace of mind by thinking of the incident as a mere mistake that she made owing to her foolishness , one of her most endearing feminine traits . We must come to a final settlement , Torvald . During eight whole years ... we have never exchanged one serious word about serious things . Nora , in Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( 1879 ) Nora tells Torvald that she is leaving him , and in a confrontational scene expresses her sense of betrayal and disillusionment . She says he has never loved her , they have become strangers to each other . She feels betrayed by his response to the scandal involving Krogstad , and she says she must get away to understand herself . She has lost her religion . She says that she has been treated like a doll to play with for her whole life , first by her father and then by him . Concerned for the family reputation , Torvald insists that she fulfill her duty as a wife and mother , but Nora says that she has duties to herself that are just as important , and that she can not be a good mother or wife without learning to be more than a plaything . She reveals that she had expected that he would want to sacrifice his reputation for hers and that she had planned to kill herself to prevent him from doing so . She now realizes that Torvald is not at all the kind of person she had believed him to be and that their marriage has been based on mutual fantasies and misunderstandings . Torvald is unable to comprehend Nora 's point of view , since it contradicts all that he has been taught about the female mind throughout his life . Furthermore , he is so narcissistic that it is impossible for him to understand how he appears to her , as selfish , hypocritical , and more concerned with public reputation than with actual morality . Nora leaves her keys and wedding ring , and as Torvald breaks down and begins to cry , baffled by what has happened , Nora leaves the house , slamming the door behind her . Whether or not she ever comes back is never made clear . Alternative ending ( edit ) Ibsen 's German agent felt that the original ending would not play well in German theatres . Therefore , for it to be considered acceptable , Ibsen was forced to write an alternative ending for the German premiere . In this ending , Nora is led to her children after having argued with Torvald . Seeing them , she collapses , and the curtain is brought down . Ibsen later called the ending a disgrace to the original play and referred to it as a `` barbaric outrage '' . Virtually all productions today use the original ending , as do nearly all of the film versions of the play . Composition and publication ( edit ) Real - life inspiration ( edit ) A Doll 's House was based on the life of Laura Kieler ( maiden name Laura Smith Petersen ) , a good friend of Ibsen . Much that happened between Nora and Torvald happened to Laura and her husband , Victor . Similar to the events in the play , Laura signed an illegal loan to save her husband . She wanted the money to find a cure for her husband 's tuberculosis . She wrote to Ibsen , asking for his recommendation of her work to his publisher , thinking that the sales of her book would repay her debt . At his refusal , she forged a check for the money . At this point she was found out . In real life , when Victor discovered about Laura 's secret loan , he divorced her and had her committed to an asylum . Two years later , she returned to her husband and children at his urging , and she went on to become a well - known Danish author , living to the age of 83 . Ibsen wrote A Doll 's House at the point when Laura Kieler had been committed to the asylum , and the fate of this friend of the family shook him deeply , perhaps also because Laura had asked him to intervene at a crucial point in the scandal , which he did not feel able or willing to do . Instead , he turned this life situation into an aesthetically shaped , successful drama . In the play , Nora leaves Torvald with head held high , though facing an uncertain future given the limitations single women faced in the society of the time . Kieler eventually rebounded from the shame of the scandal and had her own successful writing career while remaining discontented with sole recognition as `` Ibsen 's Nora '' years afterwards . Composition ( edit ) Ibsen started thinking about the play around May 1878 , although he did not begin its first draft until a year later , having reflected on the themes and characters in the intervening period ( he visualised its protagonist , Nora , for instance , as having approached him one day wearing `` a blue woollen dress '' ) . He outlined his conception of the play as a `` modern tragedy '' in a note written in Rome on 19 October 1878 . `` A woman can not be herself in modern society , '' he argues , since it is `` an exclusively male society , with laws made by men and with prosecutors and judges who assess feminine conduct from a masculine standpoint . '' Publication ( edit ) Ibsen sent a fair copy of the completed play to his publisher on 15 September 1879 . It was first published in Copenhagen on 4 December 1879 , in an edition of 8,000 copies that sold out within a month ; a second edition of 3,000 copies followed on 4 January 1880 , and a third edition of 2,500 was issued on 8 March . Production history ( edit ) A Doll 's House received its world premiere on 21 December 1879 at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen , with Betty Hennings as Nora , Emil Poulsen as Torvald , and Peter Jerndorff as Dr. Rank . Writing for the Norwegian newspaper Folkets Avis , the critic Erik Bøgh admired Ibsen 's originality and technical mastery : `` Not a single declamatory phrase , no high dramatics , no drop of blood , not even a tear . '' Every performance of its run was sold out . Another production opened at the Royal Theatre in Stockholm , on 8 January 1880 , while productions in Christiania ( with Johanne Juell as Nora and Arnoldus Reimers as Torvald ) and Bergen followed shortly after . In Germany , the actress Hedwig Niemann - Raabe refused to perform the play as written , declaring , `` I would never leave my children ! '' Since the playwright 's wishes were not protected by copyright , Ibsen decided to avoid the danger of being rewritten by a lesser dramatist by committing what he called a `` barbaric outrage '' on his play himself and giving it an alternative ending in which Nora did not leave . A production of this version opened in Flensburg in February 1880 . This version was also played in Hamburg , Dresden , Hanover , and Berlin , although , in the wake of protests and a lack of success , Niemann - Raabe eventually restored the original ending . Another production of the original version , some rehearsals of which Ibsen attended , opened on 3 March 1880 at the Residenz Theatre in Munich . In Great Britain , the only way in which the play was initially allowed to be given in London was in an adaptation by Henry Arthur Jones and Henry Herman called Breaking a Butterfly . This adaptation was produced at the Princess Theatre , 3 March 1884 . Writing in 1896 in his book The Foundations of a National Drama , Jones says : `` A rough translation from the German version of A Doll 's House was put into my hands , and I was told that if it could be turned into a sympathetic play , a ready opening would be found for it on the London boards . I knew nothing of Ibsen , but I knew a great deal of Robertson and H.J. Byron . From these circumstances came the adaptation called Breaking a Butterfly . '' H.L. Mencken writes that it was A Doll 's House `` denaturized and dephlogisticated. ... Toward the middle of the action Ibsen was thrown to the fishes , and Nora was saved from suicide , rebellion , flight and immortality by making a faithful old clerk steal her fateful promissory note from Krogstad 's desk. ... The curtain fell upon a happy home. `` Before 1899 there were two private productions of the play in London ( in its original form as Ibsen wrote it ) -- one featured George Bernard Shaw in the role of Krogstad . The first public British production of the play in its regular form opened on 7 June 1889 at the Novelty Theatre , starring Janet Achurch as Nora and Charles Charrington as Torvald . Achurch played Nora again for a 7 - day run in 1897 . Soon after its London premiere , Achurch brought the play to Australia in 1889 . The play was first seen in America in 1883 in Louisville , Kentucky ; Helena Modjeska acted Nora . The play made its Broadway premiere at the Palmer 's Theatre on 21 December 1889 , starring Beatrice Cameron as Nora Helmer . It was first performed in France in 1894 . Other productions in the United States include one in 1902 starring Minnie Maddern Fiske , a 1937 adaptation with acting script by Thornton Wilder and starring Ruth Gordon , and a 1971 production starring Claire Bloom . A new translation by Zinnie Harris at the Donmar Warehouse , starring Gillian Anderson , Toby Stephens , Anton Lesser , Tara FitzGerald and Christopher Eccleston opened in May 2009 . In August 2013 , Young Vic , London , Great Britain , produced a new adaptation of A Doll 's House directed by Carrie Cracknell based on the English language version by Simon Stephens . In September 2014 , in partnership with Brisbane Festival , La Boite located in Brisbane , Australia , hosted an adaptation of A Doll 's House written by Lally Katz and directed by Stephen Mitchell Wright . In June 2015 , Space Arts Centre in London staged an adaptation of A Doll 's House featuring the discarded alternate ending . ' Manaveli ' Toronto is preparing to stage a Tamil version of A Doll 's House ( ஒரு பொம்மையின் வீடு ) on 30 June 2018 , Directed by Mr P Wikneswaran . Analysis and Criticism ( edit ) A Doll 's House questions the traditional roles of men and women in 19th - century marriage . To many 19th - century Europeans , this was scandalous . The covenant of marriage was considered holy , and to portray it as Ibsen did was controversial . However , the Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw found Ibsen 's willingness to examine society without prejudice exhilarating . The Swedish playwright August Strindberg criticised the play in his volume of essays and short stories Getting Married ( 1884 ) . Strindberg questioned Nora 's walking out and leaving her children behind with a man that she herself disapproved of so much that she would not remain with him . Strindberg also considers that Nora 's involvement with an illegal financial fraud that involved Nora forging a signature , all done behind her husband 's back , and then Nora 's lying to her husband regarding Krogstad 's blackmail , are serious crimes that should raise questions at the end of the play , when Nora is moralistically judging her husband . And Strindberg points out that Nora 's complaint that she and Torvald `` have never exchanged one serious word about serious things , '' is contradicted by the discussions that occur in act one and two . The reasons Nora leaves her husband are complex , and various details are hinted at throughout the play . In the last scene , she tells her husband she has been `` greatly wronged '' by his disparaging and condescending treatment of her , and his attitude towards her in their marriage -- as though she were his `` doll wife '' -- and the children in turn have become her `` dolls , '' leading her to doubt her own qualifications to raise her children . She is troubled by her husband 's behavior in regard to the scandal of the loaned money . She does not love her husband , she feels they are strangers , she feels completely confused , and suggests that her issues are shared by many women . George Bernard Shaw suggests that she left to begin `` a journey in search of self - respect and apprenticeship to life , '' and that her revolt is `` the end of a chapter of human history . '' Ibsen was inspired by the belief that `` a woman can not be herself in modern society , '' since it is `` an exclusively male society , with laws made by men and with prosecutors and judges who assess feminine conduct from a masculine standpoint . '' Its ideas can also be seen as having a wider application : Michael Meyer argued that the play 's theme is not women 's rights , but rather `` the need of every individual to find out the kind of person he or she really is and to strive to become that person . '' In a speech given to the Norwegian Association for Women 's Rights in 1898 , Ibsen insisted that he `` must disclaim the honor of having consciously worked for the women 's rights movement , '' since he wrote `` without any conscious thought of making propaganda , '' his task having been `` the description of humanity . '' Because of the departure from traditional behavior and theatrical convention involved in Nora 's leaving home , her act of slamming the door as she leaves has come to represent the play itself . One critic noted , `` That slammed door reverberated across the roof of the world . '' Adaptations ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Film ( edit ) A Doll 's House has been adapted for the cinema on many occasions , including : A 1922 lost silent film A Doll 's House starring Alla Nazimova as Nora . A 1923 German silent film Nora was directed by Berthold Viertel . Nora was played by Olga Chekhova , who was born Olga Knipper , and was the niece and namesake of Anton Chekhov 's wife . She was also Mikhail Chekhov 's wife . A 1943 Argentine film , Casa de muñecas , starring Delia Garcés , which modernizes the story and uses the alternative ending . Two film versions were released in 1973 : one was directed by Joseph Losey , starring Jane Fonda , David Warner and Trevor Howard ; and the other by Patrick Garland with Claire Bloom , Anthony Hopkins , and Ralph Richardson . Dariush Mehrjui 's film Sara ( 1993 ) is based on A Doll 's House , with the plot transferred to Iran . Sara , played by Niki Karimi , is the Nora of Ibsen 's play . In 2012 the Young Vic theatre in London released a short film called Nora with Hattie Morahan portraying what a modern - day Nora might look like . A scheduled 2018 film adaptation is set against the backdrop of the current economic crisis and stars Ben Kingsley as Doctor Rank and Michele Martin as Nora . Television ( edit ) A live version for American TV was broadcast in 1959 which was directed by George Schaefer . This version featured Julie Harris , Christopher Plummer , Hume Cronyn , Eileen Heckart and Jason Robards . In 1973 Norwegian TV produced an adaptation of A Doll 's House ( Et dukkehjem ) directed by Arild Brinchmann and with Lise Fjeldstad as Nora Helmer . A 1974 West German television adaptation , titled Nora Helmer was directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder and starred Margit Carstensen in the title role . In 1992 , David Thacker directed a British television adaptation with Juliet Stevenson , Trevor Eve and David Calder . Radio ( edit ) A June 6 , 1938 Lux Radio Theatre production starred Joan Crawford as Nora and Basil Rathbone as Torvald . A later version by the Theatre Guild on the Air on January 19 , 1947 , featured Rathbone again as Torvald with Dorothy McGuire as Nora . In 2012 , BBC Radio 3 broadcast an adaptation by Tanika Gupta transposing the setting to India in 1879 where ' Nora ' , now Niru , is an Indian woman married to ' Torvald ' , now Tom , an English man working for the British Colonial Administration in Calcutta ; this production starred Indira Varma as Niru and Toby Stephens as Tom . Re-staging ( edit ) In 1989 , film and stage director Ingmar Bergman staged and published a shortened reworking of the play , now entitled Nora , which entirely omitted the characters of the servants and the children , focusing more on the power struggle between Nora and Torvald . It was widely viewed as downplaying the feminist themes of Ibsen 's original . The first staging of it in New York was reviewed by the Times as heightening the play 's melodramatic aspects . The Los Angeles Times stated that `` Nora shores up A Doll 's House in some areas but weakens it in others . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 477 ) . Jump up ^ Krutch , Joseph Wood ( 1953 ) . `` Modernism '' in Modern Drama , A Definition and an Estimate . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . p. 9 . OCLC 176284 . ^ Jump up to : Walter , McFarlane , James ; Jens , Arup ( 1998 ) . Four Major Plays . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0192833871 . OCLC 39674082 . Jump up ^ `` Henrik Ibsen 's psychodramas still grip the world 100 years after his death '' . Pravda Report . 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Henrik Ibsen : A Doll 's House '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bapuage = en '' . Jump up ^ Törnqvist , Egil ( 1995 ) . Ibsen : A Doll 's House . Cambridge University Press . p. 54 . ISBN 9780521478663 . OCLC 635006762 . ^ Jump up to : Byatt , A.S. ( 1 May 2009 ) . `` Blaming Nora '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The alternative ending of A Doll 's House '' . National Library of Norway . 30 May 2005 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ A.S. Byatt ( 2 May 2009 ) . `` Blaming Nora '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Törnqvist , Egil ( 1995 ) . Ibsen : A Doll 's House . Cambridge University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 9780521478663 . OCLC 635006762 . Jump up ^ Worthen , William B ( 2011 ) . The Wadsworth anthology of drama . Wadsworth . p. 667 . ISBN 9781428288157 . OCLC 610205542 . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 463 -- 467 , 472 ) . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 466 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ibsen , `` Notes for a Modern Tragedy '' ; quoted by Meyer ( 1967 , 466 ) ; see also Innes ( 2000 , 79 -- 81 ) . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 474 ) . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 475 ) . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 477 ) and Moi ( 2006 , 227 , 230 ) . Jump up ^ Quoted by Meyer ( 1967 , 477 ) . ^ Jump up to : Meyer ( 1967 , 480 ) . ^ Jump up to : Meyer ( 1967 , 479 ) . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Jerilyn ( 2003 ) . `` The slammed door that still reverberates '' . In Fisher , Jerilyn ; Silber , Ellen S. Women in literature : reading through the lens of gender . Greenwood Press . pp. 99 -- 101 . ISBN 9780313313462 . OCLC 50638821 . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 480 -- 481 ) . ^ Jump up to : Meyer ( 1967 , 481 ) . Jump up ^ text Jones , Henry Arthur . Herman , Henry . Breaking a butterfly : a play in three acts . Printed for private use only : not published . 76 pages . Jump up ^ Jones , Henry Arthur . The Foundations of a National Drama : a collection of lectures , essays and speeches , delivered and written in the years 1896 - 1912 . ( January 1 , 1913 ) . 1 January 1913 . Reprinted : Wentworth Press ( 26 Aug. 2016 ) ISBN 978 - 1362548942 . Page 208 . Jump up ^ Mencken , H.L. The Collected Drama of H.L. Mencken : Plays and Criticism . Scarecrow Press , 2012 . ISBN 9780810883703 . page 185 . Jump up ^ Ibsen , Henrik ( 1889 ) . A Doll 's House ( Illustrated with photographs ) . William C. Archer translator . London : T Fisher Unwin . OCLC 29743002 . ^ Jump up to : Moses , Montrose J. ( 1920 ) . `` Doll 's House , A '' . In Rines , George Edwin . Encyclopedia Americana . Jump up ^ Gilman , D.C. ; Peck , H.T. ; Colby , F.M. , eds. ( 1905 ) . `` Herman , Henry '' . New International Encyclopedia ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Dodd , Mead . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 353 ) . Jump up ^ `` Opening Night Production Credits : A Doll 's House ( 1889 ) '' . The Internet Broadway Database. 2008 . Retrieved 18 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Bassett , Kate ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` The Donmar 's new Ibsen is n't so much a clever interpretation as a bit of questionable rewriting '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Homepage '' . Young Vic website . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Soloski , Alexis ( 6 February 2014 ) . `` Carrie Cracknell Adds a 21st - Century Flavor to Ibsen '' -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ `` A Doll 's House by Henrik Ibsen in a new version by Lally Katz '' . La Boite Theatre Company . 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2014 . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : . `` A Doll 's House at The Space '' . Jump up ^ James , McFarlane ( 1994 ) . Cambridge Companion to Ibsen . Cambridge University Press . p. 167 . ISBN 9780521423212 . OCLC 869601716 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Gareth ( 21 December 1995 ) . Superior Brains : Political Thought of Bernard Shaw . Routledge . pp. 164 -- 165 . ISBN 9780415124737 . OCLC 528524661 . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 476 ) . Jump up ^ Sandbach , Mary , trans . Strindberg , August , author . 1972 . Getting Married Parts I and II . London : Victor Gollancz. ( 1972 ) ISBN 0 - 575 - 00629 - 3 Jump up ^ Shaw , Bernard . `` A Doll 's House Again '' . Dramatic Opinions and Essays . Volume II . Brentanos ( 1916 ) p. 258 Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 478 ) . Jump up ^ Ibsen , `` Speech at the Festival of the Norwegian Women 's Rights League , Christiana '' , 26 May 1898 ; in Dukore ( 1974 , 563 ) ; see also Moi ( 2006 , 229 -- 230 ) . Jump up ^ Hornby , Richard ( 1995 ) . Script into performance : a structuralist approach . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 237 - 5 . Jump up ^ Törnqvist , Egil ( 1995 ) . Ibsen : A Doll 's House . Cambridge University Press . p. 150 . ISBN 9780521478663 . OCLC 635006762 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Lawrence S. ; Reich , John J. ( 2009 ) . Culture & Values , Volume II : A Survey of the Humanities with Readings . Cengage Learning . p. 492 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 56926 - 8 . Jump up ^ Progressive Silent Film List : A Doll 's House at silentera.com Jump up ^ The Library of Congress American Silent Feature Film Survival Catalog : A Doll 's House Jump up ^ Holledge , Julie . Bollen , Jonathan . Helland , Frode . Tompkins , Joanne . A Global Doll 's House : Ibsen and Distant Visions . Springer , 2016 . ISBN 9781137438997 . Page 217 . Jump up ^ Plazaolapage , Luis Trelles . South American Cinema / Cine De America Del Sur : Dictionary of Film Makers / Diccionario De Los Productores De Peliculas . Publisher : La Editorial , UPR ( 1989 ) . ISBN 9780847720118 . Page 10 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( 31 December 1972 ) . `` Review : A Doll 's House '' . www.variety.com . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 23 May 1973 ) . `` Claire Bloom 's ' Doll 's House on Film : The Cast '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Sloan , Jane . Reel Women : An International Directory of Contemporary Feature Films about Women . Scarecrow Press , 2007 . ISBN 9781461670827 . Page 125 . Jump up ^ `` Nora : a short film responding to Ibsen 's A Doll 's House '' . The Guardian . 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David . `` Ben Kingsley , Julian Sands , And Jena Malone Sign On For A Doll 's House '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Mottram , James ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Sir Ben Kingsley interview '' . Independent . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 3 - Drama on 3 , A Doll 's House '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` A Doll 's House '' . Ingmar Bergman . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Walter ( 24 February 1988 ) . `` Stage : Bergman Version Of Ibsen 's ' Doll 's House ' '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Shirley , Don ( 26 May 1998 ) . `` Bergman Adaptation Restructures ' A Doll 's House ' '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Brockett , Oscra G ; Hildy , Franklin J ( 2002 ) . History of the theatre . Boston : Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 9780205410507 . OCLC 228061773 . Dukore , Bernard F. , ed. 1974 . Dramatic Theory and Criticism : Greeks to Grotowski . Florence , KY : Heinle & Heinle . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 091152 - 1 . Innes , Christopher ( 2000 ) . A sourcebook of naturalist theatre . London : Routledge . ISBN 0415152291 . OCLC 896687433 . Meyer , Michael ( 1974 ) . Ibsen : a biography . Penguin . ISBN 9780140217728 . OCLC 223316018 . Moi , Toril ( 2006 ) . Henrik Ibsen and the Birth of Modernism : Art , Theater , Philosophy . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0199295875 . Further reading ( edit ) Ibsen , Henrick ( trans McLeish ) . A Doll 's House , Nick Hern Books , London , 1994 Unwin , Stephen . Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( Page to Stage Study Guide ) Nick Hern Books , London , 1997 William L. Urban . `` Parallels in A Doll 's House . '' Festschrift in Honor of Charles Speel . Ed. by Thomas J. Sienkewicz and James E. Betts . Monmouth College , Monmouth , Illinois , 1997 . Merriam , Eve . After Nora Slammed the Door : From Doll 's House to Paper Doll Lives ? Merriam looks at the `` Women 's Revolution '' in America . World Publishing Company , Cleveland , 1964 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : A Doll 's House Norwegian Wikisource has original text related to this article : Et dukkehjem Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Doll 's House . Texts and other resources at the National Library of Norway A Doll 's House at the Internet Broadway Database A Doll 's House at the Internet Off - Broadway Database A Doll 's House at the Internet Movie Database A Doll 's House : A Study Guide A Doll 's House at Project Gutenberg A Doll 's House at Project Gutenberg ( alternate edition ) A Doll 's House public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Social Significance of the Modern Drama , a book by Emma Goldman , contains a chapter on A Doll 's House . 1946 Theatre Guild on the Air radio adaptation at Internet Archive A Doll 's House review for the London production of the play by Simon Stephens . Henrik Ibsen Dramas Catiline The Burial Mound Norma , or A Politician 's Love St. John 's Eve Lady Inger of Ostrat The Feast at Solhaug Olaf Liljekrans The Vikings at Helgeland The Mountain Bird Love 's Comedy The Pretenders Brand Peer Gynt The League of Youth Emperor and Galilean The Pillars of Society A Doll 's House Ghosts An Enemy of the People The Wild Duck Rosmersholm The Lady from the Sea Hedda Gabler The Master Builder Little Eyolf John Gabriel Borkman When We Dead Awaken Poetry Digte `` Terje Vigen '' Related Ibsen quotes , Oslo The Oxford Ibsen Centre for Ibsen Studies Ibsen Studies Ibsen Museum , Oslo Peer Gynt Sculpture Park Norwegian Ibsen Award International Ibsen Award Ibsen Year The Death of Little Ibsen ( 2006 play ) Henrik Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( 1879 ) Films A Doll 's House ( 1917 silent ) A Doll 's House ( 1918 silent ) A Doll 's House ( 1922 silent ) A Doll 's House ( 1973 Garland film ) A Doll 's House ( 1973 Losey film ) Sara ( 1993 Persian - English ) Television A Doll 's House ( 1959 ) A Doll 's House ( 1992 ) Other Nora A Doll 's Life A Doll 's House , Part 2 New Woman of the late 19th century ( born before 1880 ) 19th - century feminism First - wave feminism Women 's history Artists Louise Abbéma Elenore Abbott Nina E. Allender Sophie Gengembre Anderson Cornelia Barns Cecilia Beaux Enella Benedict Rosa Bonheur Jennie Augusta Brownscombe Mary Cassatt Minerva J. Chapman Émilie Charmy Alice Brown Chittenden Elizabeth Coffin Emma Lampert Cooper Susan Stuart Frackelton Wilhelmina Weber Furlong Elizabeth Shippen Green Ellen Day Hale Anna Lea Merritt Rose O'Neill Elizabeth Nourse Violet Oakley Elizabeth Okie Paxton Emily Sartain Jessie Willcox Smith Annie Swynnerton Anne Whitney Writers Elizabeth Barrett Browning Mona Caird Kate Chopin Annie Sophie Cory Ella D'Arcy Ella Hepworth Dixon Maria Edgeworth George Egerton ( Mary Chavelita Dunne Bright ) Sarah Grand Amy Levy Olive Schreiner Educators Alice Freeman Palmer Literature about the New Woman Isabel Archer in Henry James 's The Portrait of a Lady ( serialized 1880 -- 81 ) Elizabeth Barrett 's Aurora Leigh ( 1856 ) Kate Chopin 's The Awakening ( 1899 ) Victoria Cross ' Anna Lombard ( 1901 ) Ella Hepworth Dixon 's The Story of a Modern Woman Maria Edgeworth 's Belinda ( 1801 ) Gustave Flaubert 's Madame Bovary ( 1856 ) Henrik Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( 1879 ) Henry Arthur Jones 's The Case of Rebellious Susan ( 1894 ) Henry James ' novella Daisy Miller ( serialized 1878 ) Amy Levy 's The Romance of a Shop ( 1888 ) George Bernard Shaw 's Mrs. Warren 's Profession ( 1893 ) George Bernard Shaw 's Candida ( 1898 ) H.G. Wells ' Ann Veronica ( 1909 ) See also : 19th - century women artists 19th - century women writers Awards for A Doll 's House Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play Anna Christie ( 1993 ) An Inspector Calls ( 1994 ) The Heiress ( 1995 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1996 ) A Doll 's House ( 1997 ) A View from the Bridge ( 1998 ) Death of a Salesman / The Iceman Cometh ( 1999 ) The Real Thing ( 2000 ) The Best Man ( 2001 ) Private Lives ( 2002 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2003 ) Henry IV ( 2004 ) Twelve Angry Men ( 2005 ) Awake and Sing ! ( 2006 ) Journey 's End ( 2007 ) Boeing - Boeing ( 2008 ) The Norman Conquests ( 2009 ) A View from the Bridge / Fences ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2011 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2012 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 2013 ) Twelfth Night ( 2014 ) The Elephant Man ( 2015 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2016 ) Jitney ( 2017 ) Angels in America ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play An Inspector Calls ( 1994 ) The Heiress ( 1995 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1996 ) A Doll 's House ( 1997 ) A View from the Bridge ( 1998 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1999 ) The Real Thing ( 2000 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 2001 ) Private Lives ( 2002 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2003 ) Henry IV ( a combination of Part 1 and Part 2 ) ( 2004 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 2005 ) Awake and Sing ! ( 2006 ) Journey 's End ( 2007 ) Boeing - Boeing ( 2008 ) The Norman Conquests ( 2009 ) Fences ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2011 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2012 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 2013 ) A Raisin in the Sun ( 2014 ) Skylight ( 2015 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2016 ) Jitney ( 2017 ) Angels in America ( 2018 ) GND : 4099245 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Doll%27s_House&oldid=862765962 '' Categories : 1879 plays Plays by Henrik Ibsen Memory of the World Register Norwegian plays adapted into films West End plays Broadway plays Off - Broadway plays Drama Desk Award - winning plays Tony Award - winning plays Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles containing Bokmål - language text Articles with trivia sections from December 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 15 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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3872379736772099813 | North Wilkesboro Speedway | North Wilkesboro Speedway - wikipedia North Wilkesboro Speedway Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North Wilkesboro Speedway View from Turn 1 in April 2011 Location Wilkesboro Township , Wilkes County , near North Wilkesboro , North Carolina Capacity 40,000 Owner Speedway Motorsports , Inc . Broke ground 1945 Opened May 18 , 1947 Closed May 9 , 2011 Major events Wilkes 200 ( 1949 -- 1953 and 1961 ) Wilkes 160 ( 1953 -- 1959 ) Wilkes 320 ( 1960 and 1962 ) Wilkes 400 ( 1963 -- 1976 ) Gwyn Staley 160 ( 1959 -- 1960 ) First Union 400 ( 1961 -- 1996 ) Tyson Holly Farms 400 ( 1979 -- 1996 ) Lowe 's 250 ( 1995 - 1996 ) King 's Ranson 300 ( 2010 ) PASS Labor Day Classic 200 ( 2010 ) USARacing Pro Cup 250 ( 2010 ) Oval Length 0.625 mi ( 1.006 km ) Banking Turns : 14 degrees Straights : 3 degrees Lap record 0 : 18.905 ( Ernie Irvan , Yates Racing , 1994 , NASCAR Cup Series ) layout of the circuit North Wilkesboro Speedway was a short track that held races in NASCAR 's top three series , including 93 Winston Cup Series races . The track , a NASCAR original , operated from 1949 , NASCAR 's inception , until the track 's closure in 1996 . The speedway briefly reopened in 2010 and hosted several Stock Car Series races , including the now - defunct ASA Late Model Series , USARacing Pro Cup Series , and PASS Super Late Models , before closing forever in the spring of 2011 . The track is located on U.S. Route 421 , about five miles east of the town of North Wilkesboro , North Carolina . It measured 0.625 miles ( 1.006 km ) and featured a unique uphill backstretch and downhill frontstretch . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before the Speedway 1.2 Early Years 1.3 The 1950s 1.4 The 1960s 1.5 The 1970s 1.6 The 1980s 1.7 The 1990s 1.8 Past Cup winners 1.8. 1 Multiple Winners ( drivers ) 1.8. 2 Multiple winners ( owners ) 1.8. 3 Manufacturer wins 1.9 Past Xfinity Series Winners 1.10 Past Truck Series Winners 1.11 Past Convertible Series Winners 1.12 Junior Johnson 's Purchase Attempt 1.13 Community Petition 1.14 Race for the Ride 1.15 Save the Speedway 1.16 Speedway for Public Sales 1.17 Highway Historical Marker 1.18 Return of Racing 1.19 Labor Day Classic 200 1.20 Brushy Mountain 250 1.21 King 's Ranson 300 1.22 `` The Race '' 1.23 In Popular Culture 1.24 Records 2 Further reading 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Before the Speedway ( edit ) Years before the 1948 founding of NASCAR , Wilkes County and the surrounding areas were known as the Moonshine Capital of America . The local economy was pushed toward liquor after the Great Depression had stripped the profitability of farming and the region 's undulating topography offered places to hide liquor stills during the Prohibition Era . Its location in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains was also convenient for distillers and distributors of moonshine . North Wilkesboro native & NASCAR driver Benny Parsons recalled of the era `` Trust me , there was nothing to do in the mountains of North Carolina back in the 30 's , 40 's , and 50 's . You either worked at a hosiery mill , a furniture factory , or you made whiskey . '' Early years ( edit ) In 1945 , Enoch Staley attended a stock car race in South Carolina sponsored by Bill France . Enoch was inspired by the races and was impressed by the large crowds attending the new sport . So he decided to build a track in his native Wilkes County , and he asked Bill France to promote the races and assist with their operation . Enoch and his partners , Lawson Curry , Jack Combs , and Charlie Combs , purchased farmland near North Wilkesboro and began building an oval racetrack . When their initial investment of $1,500 was exhausted , they were forced to amend the original design of the track , hence the completed track was not a perfect oval . The front stretch was left with a downhill slope , and the backstretch had an uphill slope . Construction was completed in late 1946 . North Wilkesboro Speedway opened its doors on May 18 , 1947 as a dirt track . Bill France promoted the first official event as a Modified race , including heat races and a feature race . While an attendance of about 3,000 people was expected , a crowd in excess of 10,000 was in attendance to see one of the famous Flock brothers win the race . On October 16 , 1949 , North Wilkesboro Speedway held the eighth and final race of the 1949 NASCAR Strictly Stock Division . Kenneth Wagner won the first Cup Pole at the track with a speed of 57.563 mph on the dirt surface . A total of 22 drivers competed in the race . Bob Flock , in his Bob Christian - owned 1949 Oldsmobile , passed Bill Blair 's fading Cadillac with 20 laps to go and won by about 100 yards over Lee Petty . At the end of the day Robert `` Red '' Byron walked away as the first NASCAR champion . The 1950s ( edit ) North Wilkesboro carried a reputation as one of the fastest short - tracks in auto racing in the late 1940s and 1950s . In 1950 , speeds reached 73 mph at the track , compared to the next fastest short - track , Charlotte Speedway , where top speeds only reached 66 mph . Most of the fans in the early years of the sport saw the track as notorious for being a great venue to watch races between the legendary racers of the time . Racing at North Wilkesboro was intense and physical . The 1950 Wilkes 200 was the second Grand National Series race held at North Wilkesboro Speedway . Twenty - six cars entered the race . Twenty - one - year - old Fireball Roberts qualified with a lap speed of 73.266 mph on the dirt track for his first ever Grand National pole , but engine problems dropped him out of the running . Fonty Flock started in the third position and led the most laps in the race with 104 , but engine troubles also ended his day . Ultimately , Leon Sales led eight of the 200 laps to become the victor , the fourth NASCAR driver to win an event in his debut race . Jack Smith finished second after leading 55 laps in the race . After hosting only one NASCAR event in 1949 and one in 1950 , the track began running two Grand National Series events per year in 1951 ( with the exception of 1956 , when only one race was held ; the track was being prepared for pavement ) . One race was held in the spring , normally in late March or early April , and another was held in the fall , normally in late September or early October . In 1957 , owner Enoch Stanley had the 5 / 8 - mile track paved . The Wilkes 200 in 1952 turned into a battle between brothers . Two sets of brothers competed in the race , and they took the top four spots at the finish . The Flock Brothers ( Fonty Flock and Tim Flock ) were strong , but the Thomas brothers ( Herb Thomas and Donald Thomas ) had the better outcome . Herb Thomas , driving his 1952 `` Fabulous '' Hudson Hornet , won the pole , led 192 of the 200 laps , and grabbed the victory . Fonty Flock led the first eight laps and finished the race second . Donald Thomas , also in a 1952 `` Fabulous '' Hudson Hornet , finished third , and Tim Flock finished fourth . Eleven of the 27 cars entered in the race finished . Six of the top nine positions were driving Hudson Hornets . Herb Thomas started on the pole for the 1953 Wilkes 200 with his record - setting qualifying speed of 78.424 mph on the dirt surface . Outside pole sitter Tim Flock led the first 100 laps before experiencing engine problems . Curtis Turner took the lead on Lap 101 and continued the lead until his car also succumbed to engine troubles nine laps later . Thomas in his Number 92 Hudson Hornet only lead 18 laps in the race but ended the race by taking his third consecutive win at North Wilkesboro . Starting from the third spot , Dick Rathmann led 70 laps and finished behind Herb Thomas . Fonty Flock managed to work his way up from the fourth starting position to the front and led three laps before dropping back and finishing third . Pole sitter Buck Baker ran 78.288 mph to gap the pole for the 1953 Wilkes 160 . Baker ran strong and led the most laps in the race with 80 out front before falling back into sixth position at the finish . Speedy Thompson led 25 laps , and Fonty Flock led 37 . Curtis Turner led a total of 18 laps . At the end of the race , Thompson finished two laps ahead of second - place Flock. Thompson 's win ended Herb Thomas and his Hudson Hornet 's three - race winning streak at North Wilkesboro . At the 1954 Wilkes County 160 , Gober Sosebee won the pole with a lap speed of 78.698 mph . Sosebee led a race - high 112 laps but finished in 12th position , eight laps down . The only other leader was Dick Rathmann , who led 48 laps . Rathmann blew a tire while leading , with three laps to go , and still managed to finish and win the race . Herb Thomas finished some 20 seconds behind in second place . In the 1954 Wilkes 160 , Hershel McGriff won the pole with a qualifying speed of 77.612 mph . He and Dick Rathman were the only leaders of the race ; McGriff led 74 laps , and Rathman led 83 . The race was called three laps early because of a serious crash involving Lou Figaro ; his car flipped , and the roof caved in . Figaro was transported to a hospital in Winston - Salem , but he died the following day from a skull fracture and brain damage suffered in the crash . McGriff was declared the winner . It was his final victory and his last Grand National race for 17 years . Dink Widenhouse won his only career Grand National Series pole at the 1955 Wilkes County 160 . Engine problems , however , landed Widenhouse out of the race . Outside pole sitter Buck Baker led all 160 laps , but by the last lap Dick Rathmann was glued to Baker 's bumper , still charging . Rathmann 's final charge off of Turn Four came up three feet short of stealing the victory . It was the closest finish in series history up to that time . Local native Junior Johnson ran in his first Grand National race at North Wilkesboro . In 1956 , the Wilkes County 160 was the only Grand National Series race of the season , and it was the last race on dirt at North Wilkesboro . Junior Johnson 's 1956 Pontiac started from the pole and led the first 17 laps before engine problems sidelined him . Outside pole qualifier Speedy Thompson took over the lead from there until fuel line problems on Lap 114 forced him out of the race . Tim Flock led the final 46 laps , earning his first win at North Wilkesboro . After the race , Flock announced to Carl Kiekhafer that this would be the last time he would drive one of Kiekhafer 's cars . Billy Myers was the runner - up . The Wilkes County 160 in 1957 was dominated by the Pete DePaolo Fords . DePaolo entered five 1957 Fords in the race , and they all finished in the top six positions . Fireball Roberts put his DePaolo Ford on the pole with a qualifying speed of 81.5 mph . It was the first time the pole sitter had a speed over 80 mph . Roberts was the only driver to lead during the race , leading all 160 laps . Roberts won the race without making a single pit stop . DePaolo 's other drivers were second - place finisher Paul Goldsmith , third place Ralph Moody , fourth place Marvin Panch , and sixth place Allen Adkins . Buck Baker 's was the only non-Depaolo car in the top six . He finished in fifth place . The Wilkes 160 of 1957 was Junior Johnson 's first race after spending 11 months in jail for his moonshining activities . It was also his only start of the 1957 Grand National Series season . Fireball Roberts won the pole with a lap speed of 81.64 mph . Jack Smith passed Banjo Matthews with ten laps to go , holding off Lee Petty for the victory . Tragedy struck on Lap 47 when Tiny Lund 's axle snapped . One of the wheels broke loose , hitting spectators . One spectator was injured , and another , William R. Thomasson , was killed . The NASCAR Convertible Series ran two races at North Wilkesboro . In 1957 , Ken Rush won the pole and led the first 21 laps before Glen Wood took the lead for the next 42 laps . Paul Goldsmith took the lead on Lap 64 and led the rest of the 160 - lap race . In 1958 , Roz Howard won the pole but never led a lap . Billy Myers took the lead on Lap One and continued until Lap 82 when he was passed by Gwyn Staley . Billy Myers retook the lead on Lap 119 and lead the rest of the race . In 1959 North Wilkesboro 's spring race , the Wilkes County 160 , was renamed the Gwyn Staley 160 in memory of Enoch Staley 's younger brother . Gwyn Staley was killed in a convertible race at Richmond 12 days before the running of the Wilkes County 160 . The race remained in Gwyn Staley 's name until 1978 . Lee Petty won the inaugural Gwyn Staley 160 , His first North Wilkesboro win , driving a Petty Enterprises # 43 car . It was his only victory driving a # 43 car , a number later made famous by his son Richard Petty . The 1960s ( edit ) Through the 1960s and 1970s the NASCAR Grand National Series began focusing on bigger , faster , and longer tracks . Like other short tracks in NASCAR at the time , crowd capacity and purses were small compared to the larger tracks . Over time , Enoch Staley and Jack Combs attempted to keep the facility modern and on pace with the growth of the sport . The West Grandstand was rebuilt with chair - type seats rather than the old bare concrete slabs . New larger restroom facilities were built , and the South Grandstand was expanded . A garage facility was also built within the track , which at the time was rare for short - track venues . But the main focus was on keeping ticket prices affordable . Food and beverage prices were kept low , and event parking and camping were always free . As long as profits covered maintenance costs , Staley was satisfied with the income of the track . In the Gwyn Staley 160 of 1960 , Junior Johnson beat 21 other drivers for the pole position with a lap speed of 83.860 mph . Glen Wood overtook Johnson to lead the first lap , but Johnson had the race under control and led the next 145 laps. Lee Petty moved up from the eighth starting position to challenge Johnson late in the race . With 14 laps remaining , Johnson and Petty made contact . Johnson 's car was sent spinning into the guardrail . Petty lead the final 14 laps to win his third straight race at North Wilkesboro . The crowd of 9,200 pelted Petty with bottles , rocks , and debris after his win ; he had done their local hero wrong . When Petty took the microphone in Victory Lane to explain his side of the story , the crowd began jeering . Rex White finished second , and Wood placed third . Ned Jarrett finished fourth under the alias John Lentz . The length of the fall race in 1960 was increased from its usual 160 laps / 100 miles to 320 laps / 200 miles , this it became known as the Wilkes 320 . Speeds increased immensely from the previous record , 1.83 seconds quicker than any previous qualifying lap ( 86.806 to 93.399 mph ) . Rex White posted the fastest qualifying lap and dethroned Lee Petty from his three - race winning streak at North Wilkesboro . Junior Johnson finished about half a lap behind White in second place . In the 1961 running of the Gwyn Staley 400 , Junior Johnson recorded another pole , this time by 0.57 seconds better than the previous track record , with his qualifying time of 23.52 ( 95.660 mph ) . Johnson led all of the 62 laps he ran before transmission problems forced him out of the race . Fred Lorenzen led the next 61 laps until engine problems took him out of the running . And Curtis Turner led 56 laps before experiencing problems as well . 1960 Grand National Champion Rex White , who started on the outside pole , led the remaining 221 laps and won the race . Tommy Irwin started the race in sixth position and finished the Gwyn Staley 400 two laps behind White . Richard Petty followed in third place . Fireball Roberts , in a Pontiac owned by Smokey Yunick , finished fourth ( ten laps down ) , and Johnny Allen , who crashed out of the race on his 387th lap , still finished in fifth place . Only 12 of the 25 cars that entered the race were running at the finish of the first 400 - lap edition of the Gwyn Staley race . In the 1963 Wilkes 400 , Fred Lorenzen captured his third straight pole at the track by breaking his own record with a lap time of 23.30 seconds / 96.566 mph . Richard Petty entered the race in an attempt to become the first driver to win four consecutive races at North Wilkesboro . But he experienced engine problems and lasted only 45 laps into the race . Lorenzen led 58 laps , but came up short of victory , six seconds behind winner Marvin Panch . Panch did not start the 1963 season until halfway through because he had nearly lost his life in a crash while testing a Maserati at Daytona that February . Panch , in a Wood Brothers car , started third and led 131 laps in the race . Holman - Moody took the next three spots in the final rundown , with Lorenzen second , Nelson Stacy third , and Fireball Roberts fourth . Stacy started fourth and led 56 laps , while Roberts started from the outside pole and led the most laps with 155 . The track was repaved just prior to the Gwyn Staley 400 in 1964 , and the resulting lack of traction wreaked havoc . Fireball Roberts , Buck Baker , Buddy Arrington , and G.C. Spencer all crashed through the wooden guardrail in the first and second turns in Saturday 's practice and qualifying . Roberts was unable to start the race because his Ford had been so heavily damaged . Fred Lorenzen won the pole and led 368 laps on the way to the win . Junior Johnson was the pole sitter for the 1965 Gwyn Staley 400 , with a qualifying time and speed of 22.27 seconds / 101.033 mph , breaking his own record by 0.06 seconds . Marvin Panch was leading the race when a blown tire caused him to crash with 11 laps remaining . Johnson assumed the lead from there and won his third of 13 wins in 1965 . Johnson lead during most of the race , 356 laps in total . Bobby Johns in a Holman - Moody Ford finished in the runner - up position , seven seconds behind Johnson . Finishing third , one lap down , was Ned Jarrett . Jarrett had led 20 laps early in the race . Dick Hutcherson , in his Holman - Moody Ford , finished seven laps off the pace in fourth place , and Panch finished fifth . Panch led on three occasions during the race for a total of 24 laps . In the Wilkes 400 of 1965 , Fred Lorenzen won the pole and led the first 190 laps before engine problems forced him out of the race on Lap 219 . Junior Johnson took the lead from the fading Lorenzen to pick up his 50th and final Grand National Series victory by two laps over Cale Yarborough . Only 16 of the 35 cars that entered the race were running at the finish . Jim Paschal started the 1966 Gwyn Staley 400 from the pole position with a record lap time and speed of 21.91 sec / 102.693 mph . Paschal led 308 laps and won by six laps over G.C. Spencer , the largest margin of victory at North Wilkesboro in a Grand National Series race . David Pearson started on the outside pole , and despite losing an engine with 18 laps to go he finished third . Wendell Scott finished fourth ( 22 laps down ) , and Clarence Henly Gray finished fifth ( 25 laps down ) . Only 14 of the 37 cars entered in the race were running at the finish . Richard Petty was the only driver besides Paschal to lead any laps in the race . He led 92 laps before falling back to finish 11th ( 53 laps down ) . Darel Dieringer completely dominated the 1967 Gwyn Staley 400 , driving for Junior Johnson . Dieringer got the pole with a lap of 21.50 seconds / 104.693 mph and lead all 400 laps . He was the first driver to run a Grand National Series race of over 250 miles while leading from start to finish . He lapped the whole field twice at one point . Dieringer took the checked flag after he ran out of gas in Turn Four of the last lap and coasted to the finish line . This was Dieringer 's last Grand National victory . Cale Yarborough , driving the No. 21 Wood Brothers Ford , finished second , one lap behind Dieringer . A 20 - lap qualifying race to make the field was won by Clyde Lynn . In the Wilkes 400 of 1967 , Richard Petty achieved an historic tenth straight win , his 27th win of the season , at North Wilkesboro . Prior to the start of the race , Petty 's car had a flat tire , but he was able to recover and win by two laps over pole winner Dick Hutcherson . Only 15 of the 35 cars that started the race were able to finish . The 1970s ( edit ) Three drivers entered the 1970 Wilkes 400 in a very close points race . Bobby Isaac was just ahead of James Hylton , and Bobby Allison was close behind . But Richard Petty , who was out of the points because of a shoulder injury suffered at Darlington in May , was considered the favorite to win the race . Isaac started from the pole for a record - tying fourth consecutive time , matching Fred Lorenzen and Herb Thomas with a qualifying lap time of 21.346 seconds / 105.406 mph . Fans were given quite a show as Isaac and Petty exchanged the lead a total of 11 times throughout the race . Isaac , in the Nord Krauskopf 's K&K Insurance Dodge , led 179 laps and took the win by six car lengths over Petty . Petty , who had started the race in third position led the most laps in the race with 216 . Bobby Allison started fourth and finished fourth behind his brother , Donnie Allison . And Hylton finished fifth at the end of day . Isaac advanced to become the 1970 Winston Cup Champion at season 's end , with Allison being the runner - up in points . Bad weather in 1971 caused the Wilkes 400 to be postponed to November 21 . Due to the Grand National Series ' struggling car counts , cars from NASCAR 's Grand American Series were allowed to run in this race . Charlie Glotzbach broke the track record in qualifying at 20.919 seconds / 107.558 mph . It was the first lap ever run under 21 seconds at North Wilkesboro , ending Bobby Isaac 's run of five consecutive poles at the track . Tiny Lund , driving a 1970 Camaro , qualified sixth and led just seven laps on his way to the victory . Lund also won another race driving the Camaro that season at Hickory . Glotzbach finished second , six seconds behind Lund , after leading 76 laps in the race . Richard Petty started from the outside pole and led 306 laps to finish third . Dave Marcis finished fourth , two laps down , and Benny Parsons rounded out the top five . Bobby Allison was the only other driver to lead , running 11 laps out front before losing an engine prior to the half . The Wilkes 400 in 1972 was one of the wildest finishes in NASCAR Cup Series history . Buddy Baker won the pole in the No. 71 K&K Insurance Dodge owned by Nord Krauskopf , but he only led the first lap of the race . Richard Petty and Bobby Allison swapped the lead for the rest of the race , beating and banging each other for the win . At times was more of a demolition derby than a race . Both cars were destroyed by the end , with Allison 's car noticeably smoking . This was the peak of the Petty - Allison rivalry . Petty was declared the winner , but in Victory Lane , a fan tried to attack him . But he was defended by his helmet - wielding brother , Maurice Petty . This was Richard Petty 's last of 137 wins in a Plymouth . In the Gwyn Staley 400 of 1973 , Bobby Allison landed on the pole with a qualifying lap of 21.077 seconds / 106.750 MPH . Richard Petty qualified on the outside pole , and in dominating fashion he led 386 laps , winning by over four laps . It was Petty 's tenth career win at North Wilkesboro and his 151st career NASCAR victory . Benny Parsons led six laps and finished second . Buddy Baker finished third in the No. 71 K&K Insurance Dodge owned by Nord Krauskopf . Allison lead seven laps and finished fourth in the race . Cecil Gordon rounded out the top five finishers . Yvon DuHamel , a top AMA road racer from Quebec , drove a Mercury prepared by Junie Donlavey and finished in tenth place in his only career Cup race . Twenty of the 30 cars that entered the race were running at the finish . In the Wilkes 400 of 1973 Bobby Allison , driving for his own No. 12 Coca - Cola team , won the pole position . He and Richard Petty led most of the race , Allison with 161 and Petty with 222 . As Petty led the race late , Allison pitted and got fresh tires on a late pit stop , running down Petty and passing him on the final lap . It was considered as one of the most exciting races ever at North Wilkesboro Speedway . In 1975 the NASCAR Baby Grand Series , later known as Goody 's Dash Series , ran its first race at North Wilkesboro , with a win by Dean Combs . Thirty - seven races were run at the track from 1975 - 1984 , 1986 - 1987 , and 1995 - 1996 . Dean Combs had the most wins at the track with 15 victories . In the Gwyn Staley 400 of 1977 , Cale Yarborough became the first driver to win a NASCAR Cup Series race on his birthday . Neil Bonnett beat Yarborough for the pole , but in the race Yarborough led 320 laps on the way to his birthday victory . Only the top three , Yarborough , Richard Petty and Benny Parsons finished on the lead lap . In the Wilkes 400 of 1978 , Darrell Waltrip won the pole in his No. 88 Gatorade DiGard team Chevrolet . Waltrip led the first 381 laps of the 400 - lap race . But with 19 laps remaining , Cale Yarborough passed Waltrip and took the win . Yarborough and Waltrip were the only drivers to finish on the lead lap in the 27 - car field . This ninth win of the season for Yarborough virtually locked his third straight NASCAR Cup Series championship driving for car owner Junior Johnson . In the Northwestern Bank 400 of 1979 , Benny Parsons won the pole . Richard Petty led the most laps with 211 , but it was Bobby Allison who passed Petty and led the final 47 laps . The suspension on Allison 's No. 15 Ford collapsed as he crossed the finish line on the final lap of the race , leading to a smokey victory lap as the car threw sparks . But by that time he had already won and was headed to Victory Lane . Dale Earnhardt tied for fourth , his best finish at that point in his career . He won his first race in the very next event at Bristol . The Holly Farms 400 in 1979 was the first time the fall race had a sponsor . Holly Farms would be the name of the track 's fall races from this event until the track 's final race in 1996 . The race was scheduled to be run September 30 , but heavy rains and worms seeping onto the track surface plagued the entire weekend . So the race was rescheduled for the next available weekend , October 14 . Dale Earnhardt broke the 20 - second barrier during qualifying and claimed the pole position . With a new asphalt surface on the track , 14 drivers ended up topping the previous qualifying record . Bobby Allison led the most laps in the race with 175 , and Darrell Waltrip led 104 . After Waltrip bumped Allison out of the lead , Waltrip was wrecked on Lap 311 , when Allison put him into the wall . Waltrip began crowding out Allison under the caution before officials black - flagged him . Wilkes County local , Benny Parsons , ended the day in Victory Lane after leading the final 92 laps . It was Parsons ' first and only win at his hometown track . The 1980s ( edit ) During the 1980s the track was noticeably lagging behind other speedways on the NASCAR circuit , but the fans were more interested in the great racing action between the legendary drivers . Enoch 's focus was more on the fans ' enjoyment rather than on building large suites and new facilities . Attendance and total purse for races at the track were the lowest in NASCAR , but the events continued to sell out and attract more fans each year . In the 1981 Northwestern Bank 400 , Dave Marcis , driving an unpainted car , won the pole with a lap record of 19.483 sec / 115.485 mph on the newly repaved track . The lap was 0.241 seconds faster than the previous record set by Dale Earnhardt one year earlier . A 22 - year - old newcomer , Mark Martin , made his NASCAR Cup Series debut with a quick qualifying run , starting fifth . But he ended up dropping out 166 laps into the race with rear end problems and finished 27th . Bobby Allison was up front , leading the most laps with 186 . Marcis stayed up front and led 123 laps but fell off the pace late in the race when his tires wore out . Richard Petty took the lead and led the final 62 laps for his 194th career win . This was Petty 's 15th and final win at North Wilkesboro , the most Cup wins at the track . It was also Petty 's 107th and final win on a short track . The top five finishers behind Petty were Allison , Darrell Waltrip , Marcis , and Harry Gant . Darrell Waltrip dominated the Holly Farms 400 of 1981 . He started on the pole , leading 318 . He lapped the field on the way to the win , beginning a streak of five straight wins at the track . Bobby Allison finished second , one lap down after leading 76 laps . Other leaders in the race were Jody Ridley leading four laps , Dave Marcis with one lap , and Richard Petty with one . The Northwestern Bank 400 of 1982 was ESPN 's first broadcast at North Wilkesboro Speedway . Bob Jenkins and Ned Jarrett called the race , with Ron Kendrick as the pit reporter . They broadcast every North Wilkesboro race afterward until the final race there in the fall of 1996 . Bobby Hillin Jr. , at 17 years old , made his first career start and set the record for the youngest driver ( A 1998 rule change raised the minimum age in NASCAR to 18 , meaning this record is unlikely to be broken ) to start a NASCAR Winston Cup race . Darrell Waltrip won the race from the pole , leading 345 laps . The 1982 Holly Farms 400 was a total domination by Darrell Waltrip and the Junior Johnson team . Waltrip started the weekend by gaining his third straight pole at the track with a qualifying lap of 19.761 sec / 113.860 mph . He led 329 laps in the race . Bobby Allison was the only driver who could stay close to the No. 11 team . As the only other leader in the race , Allison led 71 laps but was forced out by engine problems after 141 laps . Only Waltrip and Harry Gant finished the race on the lead lap . It was Waltrip 's third straight NASCAR Cup Series win at North Wilkesboro . In the spring of 1983 , NASCAR ran its first Busch race at North Wilkesboro . Tommy Ellis won the pole with a qualifying speed of 116.692 mph . Ellis led the first 15 laps before being passed by Butch Lindley . Sam Ard got the lead from Lindley on Lap 34 and led the rest of the 200 - lap race . Only ten of the 23 cars finished the race . That fall , Phil Parsons won the pole for the second Busch race . Jack Ingram led a race - high 126 laps , but Tommy Ellis took the win . Only one event was held in 1984 , with Sam Ard winning his final Busch race . Tommy Houston won the pole in 1985 for the last Busch race , with Jack Ingram taking the win . Darrell Waltrip and Junior Johnson enjoyed a big win in the 1983 Holly Farms 400 . It was Waltrip 's fifth straight win at the track and Johnson 's 100th career NASCAR Cup Series win as an owner , which just happened to take place at his home track within ten miles of his home and farm . Waltrip got the pole and led 252 laps on the way to victory . Dale Earnhardt was runner - up in the race with 134 laps out front . The Northwestern Bank 400 of 1984 was dominated by Ricky Rudd , who got the pole and led 290 laps . But at the end of the race , Tim Richmond had a better pit stop to beat Ricky Rudd out of the win . Richmond 's victory broke Darrell Waltrip 's five - race winning streak at North Wilkesboro . In the 1986 First Union 400 , Geoffrey Bodine started on the pole . On Lap 85 , Trevor Boys crashed out of the race and blocked the entrance to Pit Road , but no caution flag was thrown . Instead , a wrecker was sent out on the bottom of the track to haul Boys out of the way under green - flag conditions . Dale Earnhardt won the race and led 195 laps , followed by Ricky Rudd in second place with 102 . The Holly Farms 400 of 1988 was a rough race . Ricky Rudd led 154 laps , and Dale Earnhardt led 107 . A beating and banging match started between them , and NASCAR sent them both to the rear of the field with less than 40 laps to go . For the remainder of the race they continued to beat and bang on each other . On the last lap , Geoffrey Bodine gave Rusty Wallace a shot and drove around him in Turn One . But when the two got around to Turn Three , Wallace returned the shot and passed Bodine for the win . The 1989 First Union 400 was the first NASCAR Cup Series race for Goodyear radial tires . Dale Earnhardt won the race on the Goodyear tires after Rusty Wallace grabbed the pole on Hoosier bias ply tires . Earnhardt led 296 out of 400 laps . In the end , Earnhardt and Alan Kulwicki battled it out hard for the last couple of laps until Kulwicki ran up the track trying to pass Earnhardt on the outside with four laps left . In the 1989 Holly Farms 400 , Dale Earnhardt entered the race only 35 points behind Rusty Wallace for the NASCAR Cup Series championship with four races left . The race was originally scheduled for October 1 , but rain caused a two - week postponement . Earnhardt got the pole position because inclement weather had washed out the qualifying runs . This is the only Cup race at North Wilkesboro to start without qualifiers . Earnhardt dominated the race , leading 343 laps . On the final restart on Lap 398 , Earnhardt led Ricky Rudd , Geoff Bodine , Terry Labonte , and Mark Martin . Rudd was in pursuit of Earnhardt on the last lap going into the first turn . He went low , and Earnhardt tried to keep a tight line through the corner to hold the lead . They made contact and both cars went spinning , as Geoff Bodine went around to gap the win by leading only the last lap in the race . The last - lap contact also produced some of the most memorable broadcasting quotes in NASCAR history . After the race , Dick Berggren asked Earnhardt , `` How will this affect your championship ? You 've got three more to go . '' Earnhardt responded , `` What do ya think ? They oughta fine that son of a bitch and make him sit out the rest of the year , I dunno . '' Earnhardt ended up losing the championship by 12 points to Wallace . The 1990s ( edit ) By the 1990s , North Wilkesboro was like a part of the past . Enoch had always had the fans ' interests at heart , and he was reluctant to raise ticket and concession prices or charge spectators additional fees to make facility improvements . Track amenities were seen as out - of - date and lagging behind the other more modern facilities . Parking was overcrowded and tight , traffic jams plagued the two - lane roads leading to the facility , and hotel and motel rooms were hard to find in the area . NASCAR crowds and TV contracts had outgrown the Speedway . NASCAR had continued to expand and grow more in the economy . Bigger TV deals and larger coverage of the races and new , bigger sponsors were growing in the sport , as North Wilkesboro races continued with the lowest crowd capacity , 60,000 in its best years , in all of the Winston Cup Series . Winners purses were normally still under $100,000 . Controversy erupted at the end of the 1990 First Union 400 . Mark Martin had started the race from the pole , and Darrell Waltrip was in the lead when a caution came out late for Kenny Wallace right as the last round of green flag pit stops was completed . Brett Bodine was on the tail - end of the lead lap . Since NASCAR did n't have electronic scoring until 1993 , the pace car picked Brett Bodine up as the leader . The next 17 laps were run under the yellow , while the officials checked the lap charts and tried to sort everything out . By the time NASCAR realized its mistake and waved the rest of the field around the pace car to fall in behind race leader Bodine , Bodine had already pitted and gotten four fresh ties under yellow during all the confusion . Bodine was able to stay out front with the freshest tires . He led the rest of the race after the green came back out and picked up the win . Darrell Waltrip was very upset after the race and protested Bodine 's win , but NASCAR declined the protest and Bodine keep the win . It turned out to be Bodine 's only career win and Larry McReynold 's first oval track win as a crew chief after two road course victories with Ricky Rudd in the late 1980s . It was also the last Winston Cup Series win for Buick . Dale Earnhardt dominated the 1990 Tyson Holly Farms 400 , leading 291 laps . At one point , Earnhardt even passed Mark Martin for the lead down Pit Road to beat him out of the pits . No Pit Road speed limit was in place at the time . Kyle Petty had won the pole and led 64 laps early in the race . But in the end , Martin made a key adjustment on his last pit stop . He took off and ran away to gain the victory . Just hours after the race , rookie Rob Moroso was killed in a highway crash on the way home . Moroso became the only rookie to win the Winston Cup Series Rookie of the Year honors posthumously . In the 1991 First Union 400 , Brett Bodine beat Alan Kulwicki for the pole . This was the first Winston Cup race held with a Pit Road speed limit . Dale Earnhardt spun early due to contact from Ricky Rudd , but he was able to make his way back to the front . Brett Bodine ran a very strong race and looked to be in contention for a second consecutive First Union 400 until he was spun in Turn Three by Ricky Rudd . Geoff Bodine was black - flagged for making contact with Davey Allison after the two had spun in Turn Four . Allison had escaped without damage in the first incident , but contact from Bodine after the caution damaged his right front fender . Jimmy Spencer seemed to have the car to beat , at one point leading 70 laps . Darrell Waltrip ended the long day in Victory Lane , winning his first race as a driver / owner since his early days in the 1970s . It was his 80th career win . This race had the record for most cautions in a Cup race at North Wilkesboro Speedway , with 17 cautions . Harry Gant was looking to make history in the 1991 Tyson Holly Farms 400 . After winning four straight Cup wins at Darlington , Richmond , Dover , and Martinsville , a win at North Wilkesboro would be a modern - era record of five straight wins in the Winston Cup Series . He had also won both Busch races that he had run in that period . Gant beat Davey Allison for the pole and also had a chance to earn the Unocal bonus , totaling $144,400 , if he could win from the pole . Gant looked like he would get the record all day , staying out front and leading 350 laps until late in the race when he began experiencing brake problems . With nine laps to go , Dale Earnhardt passed Gant on the high side and went on to take the checkered flag . Gant still held on to a second - place finish , but his chance at making history was over . In the 1992 First Union 400 , Davey Allison beat Rusty Wallace and drove to victory with broken ribs . He had broken his ribs in a hard crash at Bristol the week before . Alan Kulwicki won the pole and led the most laps with 182 . Davey Allison maintained his early Winston Cup Series season points lead . The 1992 Tyson Holly Farms 400 was the last time a Winston Cup Series race went without a single caution flag on a track less than one mile in length . It was the last caution - free race until 1997 at Talladega . The race was run on a Monday after rain showers had postponed it on Sunday . Alan Kulwicki won the pole again , sweeping both poles at the track for the season . Geoffrey Bodine won the race that ended with only two drivers on the lead lap , Bodine and Terry Labonte . Bodine led 312 laps in the race driving the Number 15 Bud Moore Ford . In the First Union 400 in 1994 , Terry Labonte got his first Winston Cup Series win since 1989 and his first win driving for Rick Hendrick in the Number Five Kellogg Chevy . Ernie Irvan started from the pole with a track record speed of 119.016 mph and dominated most of the day , leading 320 laps in the 400 - lap race before a pit stop miscue cost him the win . He was only able to make it back up to third position , and Labonte beat Rusty Wallace for the win . The Tyson Holly Farms 400 that fall was a runaway for Geoffrey Bodine , who is the last Winston Cup Series driver to win by lapping the entire field . Jimmy Spencer started on the pole and led the first five laps . Bodine started 18th and cut through the field and into the Top Ten by Lap Five . Bodine led 334 out of 400 laps . This was the last win for Hoosier 's Tire in the Winston Cup Series ; they withdrew from the series after NASCAR made new rules for the 1995 season with more requirements from tire companies . Enoch Staley died of a stroke on May 22 , 1995 . Less than one month later , Speedway Motorsports , Inc . CEO Bruton Smith purchased fifty percent of the shares of the speedway from the Combs family . Smith had approached the Staley family prior to and after the death of Enoch in 1995 . The family declined to sell to him because Enoch had distrusted Smith and had instructed the family never to sell the track to him . After this , it was decided that Smith and Mike Staley , Enoch 's son , would have equal representation on the track . Mike Staley was installed as President and Chief Operating Officer of the Speedway for a one - year term . The 1995 fall race weekend included the first NASCAR Supertrack race at the track and the return of Ernie Irvan to the Cup racing . Irvan had not raced since his near fatal crash at Michigan in 1994 . He made his first start in a truck on Saturday , starting on the outside front row . He led 24 laps before suspension problems forced him to pull out of the race just after the halfway break . Kenny Wallace , Jack Sprague , and Geoff Bodine all ran strong up front at some point , but Mike Bliss went on to score his first - ever truck win . On Sunday in the Tyson Holly Farms 400 , Irvan , driving a Number 88 Robert Yates Racing Ford , started seventh and finished sixth with a 31 - lap lead . Mark Martin picked up his second win at the track . This was the first Winston Cup Series race since 1959 with all the cars running at the finish . There were 28 lead changes in this race , a record for North Wilkesboro Cup races . On January 1 , 1996 , the fifty - percent interest in North Wilkesboro Speedway owned by the Staley family was sold to racetrack developer and promoter Bob Bahre , owner of New Hampshire Motor Speedway . Mike Staley said that selling the track was very painful , but it was the only choice he had . Both Bahre and Bruton Smith already owned several NASCAR circuits . They announced their intent to use the spring and fall race dates for their own tracks , citing North Wilkesboro Speedway 's age and lack of modern amenities . They said , `` cash rules everything around us . '' In the 1996 First Union 400 , Terry Labonte won the pole , led the most laps , and won the race while tying Richard Petty 's Iron - man streak of 513 consecutive starts . He also collected a bonus of $129,200 from the Unocal 76 Challenge Award for the race by winning from the pole . His car was painted silver to commemorate his record streak . The race attracted over 60,000 race fans . Many of them thought this would be the last race held at the Speedway since Bahre had enough time to organize a race at his New Hampshire International Speedway . The 1996 Tyson Holly Farms 400 was the last Winston Cup Series race held at the track . Junior Johnson refused to attend the last race weekend stating `` I 'm not going . It would be more of a sad deal for me to go out and just stand around and look at something disappear , something I can remember almost since I 've been around . '' Bruton Smith needed extra security for the weekend for own protection . Most of the hostile race fans viewed him as the reason for the track 's closure . Ted Musgrave got the last pole with a lap speed of 118.054 mph . This was the last Cup race to have fewer than 40 cars start until the 2016 Folds of Honor QuikTrip 500 at Atlanta , where only 39 cars showed up . Eight drivers led laps in the race , with Jeff Gordon leading most of the event with 207 laps up front . Gordon won the race in front of a record crowd over runner - up Dale Earnhardt . Every car that started this race was running at the finish . Most of the fans remained in the stands long after the race was over , holding on to memories of the track . The track was closed after the fall race of 1996 . North Wilkesboro 's spring date was moved to Smith 's new Texas Motor Speedway . The fall date was taken over by Bahre 's New Hampshire track and moved to early September as part of a schedule realignment . Since the sale to Bahre and Smith , there have been attempts to buy the track and reopen it . Some long - time fans still meet at the track on former race weekends to reminisce and renew old acquaintances . Past Cup winners ( edit ) Year Date Driver Team Manufacturer Race Distance Race Time Average Speed ( mph ) Report Miles Laps 1949 10 / 16 Bob Flock Frank Christian Oldsmobile 100 200 1 : 52 : 26 53.364 Report 1950 9 / 24 Leon Sales Hubert Westmoreland Plymouth 125 200 n / a n / a Report 1951 4 / 29 Fonty Flock Frank Christian Oldsmobile 94 150 n / a n / a 10 / 21 Fonty Flock Ted Chester Oldsmobile 125 200 1 : 50 : 38 67.791 1952 3 / 30 Herb Thomas Herb Thomas Hudson 125 200 2 : 08 : 00 58.597 Report 10 / 26 Herb Thomas Herb Thomas Hudson 125 200 1 : 51 : 52 67.044 1953 3 / 29 Herb Thomas Herb Thomas Hudson 125 200 1 : 44 : 18 71.907 10 / 11 Speedy Thompson Buckshot Morris Oldsmobile 100 160 1 : 24 : 16 71.202 Report 1954 4 / 4 Dick Rathman John Ditz Hudson 100 160 1 : 27 : 32 68.545 Report 10 / 24 Hershel McGriff Frank Christian Oldsmobile 98 157 1 : 30 : 20 65.175 1955 4 / 3 Buck Baker Bob Griffin Oldsmobile 100 160 1 : 22 : 03 73.126 Report 10 / 23 Buck Baker Pete DePaolo Ford 100 160 1 : 21 : 16 72.347 Report 1956 4 / 8 Tim Flock Carl Kiekhaefer Chrysler 100 160 1 : 24 : 28 71.034 Report 1957 4 / 7 Fireball Roberts Pete DePaolo Ford 100 160 1 : 19 : 59 75.015 10 / 20 Jack Smith Jack Smith Chevrolet 100 160 1 : 29 : 10 69.902 1958 5 / 18 Junior Johnson Paul Spaulding Ford 100 160 1 : 16 : 18 78.636 10 / 19 Junior Johnson Paul Spaulding Ford 100 160 1 : 10 : 40 84.906 Report 1959 4 / 5 Lee Petty Petty Enterprises Oldsmobile 100 160 1 : 23 : 21 71.985 10 / 18 Lee Petty Petty Enterprises Plymouth 100 160 1 : 20 : 11 74.829 1960 3 / 27 Lee Petty Petty Enterprises Plymouth 100 160 1 : 30 : 26 66.347 Report 10 / 2 Rex White Rex White Chevrolet 200 320 2 : 34 : 57 77.444 1961 4 / 16 Rex White Rex White Chevrolet 250 400 3 : 00 : 11 83.248 10 / 1 Rex White Rex White Chevrolet 200 320 2 : 21 : 43 84.675 Report 1962 4 / 15 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises Plymouth 250 400 2 : 57 : 01 84.737 9 / 30 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises Plymouth 200 320 2 : 19 : 14 86.186 1963 4 / 28 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises Plymouth 161 257 1 : 57 : 06 83.301 9 / 29 Marvin Panch Wood Brothers Ford 250 400 2 : 47 : 44 89.428 1964 4 / 19 Fred Lorenzen Holman - Moody Ford 250 400 3 : 03 : 05 81.930 10 / 11 Marvin Panch Wood Brothers Ford 250 400 2 : 44 : 07 91.398 Report 1965 4 / 18 Junior Johnson Junior Johnson Ford 250 400 2 : 37 : 49 95.047 Report 10 / 3 Junior Johnson Junior Johnson Ford 250 400 2 : 48 : 55 88.801 Report 1966 4 / 17 Jim Paschal Tom Friedkin Plymouth 250 400 2 : 50 : 22 89.045 10 / 2 Dick Hutcherson Holman - Moody Ford 250 400 2 : 48 : 31 89.012 1967 4 / 16 Darel Dieringer Junior Johnson Ford 250 400 2 : 40 : 16 93.594 Report 10 / 1 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises Plymouth 250 400 2 : 38 : 10 94.837 Report 1968 4 / 21 David Pearson Holman - Moody Ford 250 400 2 : 45 : 33 90.425 9 / 29 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises Plymouth 250 400 2 : 39 : 24 94.103 1969 4 / 20 Bobby Allison Mario Rossi Dodge 250 400 2 : 37 : 27 95.268 10 / 5 David Pearson Holman - Moody Ford 250 400 2 : 40 : 32 93.429 1970 4 / 18 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises Plymouth 250 400 2 : 38 : 41 94.246 10 / 4 Bobby Isaac Nord Krauskopf Dodge 250 400 2 : 46 : 20 90.162 1971 4 / 18 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises Plymouth 250 400 2 : 32 : 19 98.479 11 / 21 Tiny Lund Ronnie Hopkins Camaro 250 400 2 : 35 : 58 96.174 1972 4 / 23 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises Plymouth 250 400 2 : 53 : 19 86.381 10 / 1 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises Plymouth 250 400 2 : 36 : 33 95.816 1973 4 / 8 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises Dodge 250 400 2 : 34 : 17 97.224 Report 9 / 23 Bobby Allison Bobby Allison Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 37 : 34 95.198 4 / 21 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises Dodge 250 400 2 : 20 : 20 96.200 9 / 22 Cale Yarborough Junior Johnson Chevrolet 250 400 3 : 05 : 41 80.782 4 / 6 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises Dodge 250 400 2 : 46 : 39 90.009 9 / 21 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises Dodge 250 400 2 : 48 : 34 88.986 1976 4 / 4 Cale Yarborough Junior Johnson Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 34 : 52 96.858 Report 10 / 3 Cale Yarborough Junior Johnson Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 35 : 38 96.380 1977 3 / 27 Cale Yarborough Junior Johnson Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 48 : 38 88.950 10 / 2 Darrell Waltrip DiGard Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 52 : 59 86.713 Report 1978 4 / 16 Darrell Waltrip DiGard Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 42 : 26 92.345 10 / 1 Cale Yarborough Junior Johnson Oldsmobile 250 400 2 : 43 : 18 97.847 1979 3 / 25 Bobby Allison Bud Moore Ford 250 400 2 : 49 : 41 88.400 Report 10 / 14 Benny Parsons M.C. Anderson Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 44 : 01 91.454 1980 4 / 20 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 37 : 04 95.501 9 / 21 Bobby Allison Bud Moore Ford 250 400 3 : 18 : 39 75.510 Report 1981 4 / 5 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises Buick 250 400 2 : 55 : 41 85.381 10 / 4 Darrell Waltrip Junior Johnson Buick 250 400 2 : 41 : 08 93.091 1982 4 / 18 Darrell Waltrip Junior Johnson Buick 250 400 2 : 33 : 37 97.646 10 / 3 Darrell Waltrip Junior Johnson Buick 250 400 2 : 32 : 57 98.071 4 / 17 Darrell Waltrip Junior Johnson Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 44 : 03 91.436 10 / 2 Darrell Waltrip Junior Johnson Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 28 : 56 100.716 1984 4 / 8 Tim Richmond Raymond Beadle Pontiac 250 400 2 : 33 : 19 97.830 10 / 14 Darrell Waltrip Junior Johnson Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 45 : 42 90.525 1985 4 / 21 Neil Bonnett Junior Johnson Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 39 : 53 93.818 9 / 29 Harry Gant Hal Needham Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 37 : 44 95.077 1986 4 / 20 Dale Earnhardt Richard Childress Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 49 : 40 88.408 9 / 28 Darrell Waltrip Junior Johnson Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 36 : 53 95.612 4 / 5 Dale Earnhardt Richard Childress Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 39 : 24 94.103 10 / 4 Terry Labonte Junior Johnson Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 36 : 09 96.051 Report 4 / 17 Terry Labonte Junior Johnson Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 31 : 24 99.075 10 / 16 Rusty Wallace Raymond Beadle Pontiac 250 400 2 : 39 : 15 94.192 4 / 16 Dale Earnhardt Richard Childress Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 46 : 47 89.937 10 / 15 Geoffrey Bodine Rick Hendrick Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 46 : 08 90.269 Report 4 / 22 Brett Bodine Kenny Bernstein Buick 250 400 2 : 58 : 46 83.908 9 / 30 Mark Martin Jack Roush Ford 250 400 2 : 39 : 53 93.818 1991 4 / 21 Darrell Waltrip Darrell Waltrip Chevrolet 250 400 3 : 08 : 26 79.604 9 / 29 Dale Earnhardt Richard Childress Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 39 : 23 94.113 4 / 12 Davey Allison Yates Racing Ford 250 400 2 : 45 : 28 90.653 10 / 5 Geoffrey Bodine Bud Moore Ford 250 400 2 : 19 : 43 107.360 4 / 18 Rusty Wallace Roger Penske Pontiac 250 400 2 : 41 : 59 92.602 Report 10 / 3 Rusty Wallace Roger Penske Pontiac 250 400 2 : 34 : 46 96.920 4 / 17 Terry Labonte Rick Hendrick Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 36 : 33 95.816 10 / 2 Geoffrey Bodine Geoffrey Bodine Ford 250 400 2 : 32 : 15 98.522 1995 4 / 9 Dale Earnhardt Richard Childress Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 26 : 27 102.424 10 / 1 Mark Martin Jack Roush Ford 250 400 2 : 25 : 38 102.998 4 / 14 Terry Labonte Rick Hendrick Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 35 : 39 96.370 9 / 29 Jeff Gordon Rick Hendrick Chevrolet 250 400 2 : 34 : 54 96.837 Report Multiple Winners ( drivers ) ( edit ) Wins Driver 15 Richard Petty 10 Darrell Waltrip 5 Dale Earnhardt 5 Cale Yarborough Terry Labonte Bobby Allison Junior Johnson Rusty Wallace Geoffrey Bodine Rex White Lee Petty Herb Thomas Mark Martin David Pearson Marvin Panch Buck Baker Fonty Flock Multiple winners ( owners ) ( edit ) Wins Driver 18 Petty Enterprises 18 Junior Johnson 5 Richard Childress Rick Hendrick Holman - Moody Bud Moore Rex White Herb Thomas Frank Christian Jack Roush Roger Penske Raymond Beadle DiGard Wood Brothers Paul Spaulding Pete DePaolo Manufacturer wins ( edit ) Wins Manufacturer 30 Chevrolet 19 Ford 13 Plymouth 8 Oldsmobile 6 Dodge 5 Buick Pontiac Hudson Chrysler Camaro Past Xfinity Series Winners ( edit ) Year Date Driver Team Manufacturer Race Distance Race Time Average Speed ( mph ) Report Miles Laps 4 / 3 Sam Ard Howard Thomas Oldsmobile 125 200 n / a 82.690 9 / 11 Tommy Ellis Marilyn Smith Pontiac 125 200 1 : 21 : 15 92.308 1984 9 / 16 Sam Ard Howard Thomas Oldsmobile 94 150 0 : 51 : 48 108.591 1985 9 / 15 Jack Ingram Jack Ingram Pontiac 94 150 1 : 08 : 41 81.898 Past Truck Series Winners ( edit ) Year Date Driver Team Manufacturer Race Distance Race Time Average Speed ( mph ) Report Miles Laps 1995 9 / 30 Mike Bliss Jim Smith Ford 94 150 0 : 58 : 31 96.126 9 / 28 Mark Martin Jack Roush Ford 156 250 1 : 50 : 02 85.201 Past Convertible Series Winners ( edit ) Year Date Driver Team Manufacturer Race Distance Race Time Average Speed ( mph ) Report Miles Laps 1957 9 / 22 Paul Goldsmith Slim Rominger Ford 100 160 1 : 22 : 49 72.449 1958 3 / 16 Billy Myers Petty Engineering Oldsmobile 100 160 1 : 15 : 27 79.529 Junior Johnson 's purchase attempt ( edit ) In early 2003 , Junior Johnson and a group of investors considered purchasing the speedway . Johnson speculated that the track could be used for all levels of NASCAR minor - league racing series . A driving school and a test track for the Cup series were others proposed uses for the track . However , in 2004 due to disputes between the two owners , numerous repairs needed , and economic obstacles , Johnson deemed any track purchase highly unlikely . Community petition ( edit ) In October 2003 , local realtor Robert Glen started a petition to return racing to North Wilkesboro Speedway . Glen asserted that the speedway 's absence was hurting the local economy . `` People are losing their jobs , and they 're losing their homes . You mention the speedway , and you see a glimmer of hope in their eyes . That racetrack is a crown jewel of Wilkes County ... this as a catalyst for bringing in new business and jobs to Wilkes . '' The petition asked county commissioners to condemn the Speedway and , through power of eminent domain , sell to an investor that would repurpose the facility for auto racing . There were 3,313 signatures on the petition . However , county officials decided condemnation of the property was not the best option . Race for the ride ( edit ) During the fall of 2004 , Roush Racing had its `` Race for the Ride '' testing session for its Roush Racing : Driver X television show . Twenty - six drivers , including Justin Allgaier , Erik Darnell , Matt McCall , Danny O'Quinn , and David Ragan , competed for a chance to earn a ride in the 2005 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series . The Roush Racing team asserted that North Wilkesboro Speedway would be a great place for testing young talent because `` it 's a driver 's track '' and because none of the drivers had ever raced there , everyone would have an equal shot . Save the Speedway ( edit ) STS Motorsports , Inc. , a group founded in 2005 by Rob Marsden , has been trying to bring racing back to North Wilkesboro Speedway . The group began a petition and caught the attention of current owners , Smith and Bahre . The track was valued by county tax assessors at $4.83 million . The owners eventually agreed to sell for $12 million . No sale was made . Save the Speedway spent the fall and winter of 2005 attempting to find a buyer or buyers for the track as well as proving that there was still interest in racing at the facility . Over a dozen touring series had written letters of intent to hold events should the Speedway be reopened . Three driving schools and several NASCAR teams showed interest in using the facility for testing . In 2006 Save The Speedway worked with a New York real estate developer in an attempt to rally investors , but parted ways when neither party could come to an agreement . As of 2007 , the group had not yet found investors to purchase the track . Speedway for public Sales ( edit ) In January 2007 during the NASCAR NEXTEL Cup Media Tour , Bruton Smith announced that he and co-owner Bob Bahre had agreed to let a real estate company attempt to sell the track for the asking price of $12 million . On September 28 , 2007 , Worth Mitchell , a land developer , announced plans to purchase the speedway . However , Worth Mitchell estimated his odds at 50 -- 50 of completing the deal , and since that time there has been no further information . Speedway Motorsports officials had no comment on the negotiations . On November 8 , 2007 , Bahre sold his share of North Wilkesboro Speedway to Smith as part of Smith 's deal to buy Bahre 's New Hampshire Motor Speedway . Highway historical marker ( edit ) Save the Speedway applied for a highway history marker . It was approved at the May meeting of the NC Highway Historical Marker Advisory Committee . North Carolina Office of Archives and History dedicated the placement of the marker on May 24 , 2008 at 2 : 00 pm . The plaque reads : NORTH WILKESBORO SPEEDWAY Pioneer NASCAR dirt track . Built 1946 ; paved in 1958 . Hosted sanctioned events , 1949 - 96 . 5 / 8 mile oval 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) . W . Return of racing ( edit ) On October 31 , 2009 , Jayski.com announced that the USAR ProCup Series would host an event at North Wilkesboro Speedway on October 3 , 2010 . Also in 2010 , the track hosted the ASA Late Model Series for the King 's Ranson 300 and the PASS Late Models . In 2009 it was announced that Save The Speedway would partner with Speedway Associates to work on the speedway during their lease . On January 7 , 2010 , the track announced that there would be a PASS Super Late Models race April 7 -- 9 , 2011 , which would be a 300 - lap race for $153,000 in winnings . They also announced that the Buck Baker Driving School would be the official driving school of NWS . The track announced sponsorship from Goodyear . Labor day Classic 200 ( edit ) At the Labor Day Classic 200 on September 4 , 2010 Chase Elliott , son of Bill Elliott , won his second PASS victory of his career . This was the first race at the track since 1996 . Chase led twice for a total of 69 laps in the 200 - lap green flag event . Donnie and Bobby Allison returned to the track as Grand Marshalls for the event , which also held races for Stadium Stock , Limited Late Models , and Allison Legacy . Brushy Mountain 250 ( edit ) The Brushy Mountain 250 was the 12th USAR Pro Cup event of the 2010 season . The race was ran on October 3 , 2010 . Jeff Agnew won the pole with a 110.996 mph lap . 20 cars started the event that was the first major race held at North Wilkesboro since the track was dropped from the Cup schedule after 1996 . Jeff Agnew led 104 of the 250 laps and won the race over runner up Clay Rogers by 0.775 of a second . A modified race was also ran at the event with Jason Myers winning . King 's Ranson 300 ( edit ) The ASA Late Model Series ran the King 's Ranson 300 on October 31 , 2010 . Jeff Choquette won the pole , but Kyle Beattie started on the pole for the 150 - lap Kings Ransom event after a full - field inversion to start the race . Brian Ortiz beat Beattie to the lead and led the first 11 laps until Brent Downey caught and passed him on Lap 12 . Choquette had flown through the field and eventually passed Downey for the lead on Lap 20 . Choquette held the lead until the halfway break . Drivers came down Pit Road for a ten - minute break to make adjustments and get new tires for the second half of the race . The lineup for the second segment of the race had the top six cars inverted , putting Ortiz as the leader for the start of the second half . Ortiz led until Lap 107 , when Choquette ran back up through the field and took the lead . Choquette led the rest of the way to the victory , as Sean Bass and Tanner Berryhill came in second and third respectively . This was Choquette 's third win in the last four Sunoco National Tour races . In the other races , Becca Kasten was black - flagged for jumping the final restart , giving the win to Matt McCall in the 150 - lap Late Model Stock race . Justin Sorrow held off Gary Davis in a thrilling photo finish to win the 100 - lap Limited Late Model race , and Wayne Harrington won the UCAR 40 - lap race . The Short Track Shootout was held the day before with Cale Gale winning the Rolling Thunder Modifieds Series race . Alan Carter won the USST Super Trucks Series race , and Tyler Hill won the Allison Legacy Series race . Ryan Blaney on pit lane at the 2011 PASS race `` The race '' ( edit ) The 2011 season - opener , the Pro All Stars Series ( PASS ) South , presented by J.E. Pistons and Roush Yates Performance Products , `` The Race '' was the country 's richest short - track race ever . Seventy - seven drivers showed up to try to make the 44 - car field and try to win the $75,000 winner 's purse . It was the first - ever race held under the lights at the track , but severe storms forced postponement of the race , which resulted in the race not ending under the lights . Qualifying , heat races , and a couple of last chance events were used to set the 44 - car field . Drivers from 21 states and five Canadian provinces had showed up to try to make the field . On Friday , Stephen Nasse won the fast time with a new track record of 18.700 seconds . The fastest 15 during qualifying locked themselves into the field . The top ten drivers then had to redraw for their starting positions in the race . Five 25 - lap heat races were run that evening , with the top three drivers in each race transferring into the race . On Saturday , two 40 - lap last chance races were run , with only the winners transferring into the race . Ten provisionals were given from the PASS series , and Geoff Bodine and Sterling Marlin were added to the field as North Wilkesboro Speedway track provisionals . Before `` The Race , '' a 100 - lap modified race was run . Jimmy Zacharias dominated the first half of the event . Zacharias had a half - lap lead over the field by the first yellow flag on Lap 16 . Jason Myers moved up and challenged Zacharias hard for the lead before the competition caution flew at halfway . After the teams made adjustments during the break , Zacharias and Jason Myers led the field to the green , when Zacharias again took off with the lead . On Lap 75 , the yellow flag flew again , and all the leaders pitted to make final adjustments and set up for a 25 - lap dash to the finish . Randy Butner and Gary Putnam led the field on the restart with Zacharias in the back after his pit stop . Junior Miller would soon take over the lead as Zacharias ' car appeared to be losing grip after running hard to charge back up to the front . After a yellow on Lap 90 , Zacharias and Jason Myers pitted for more adjustments . Miller took the restart and never looked back , taking the 100 - lap Modified victory . The main race started with Johnny Clark and Jay Fogleman on the front row . Clark was able get out front and lead the first lap of the race . Andy Loden , Augie Grill , Bubba Pollard , and Jody Lavender led in the first segment of the race . An eight - minute break was given for teams to work on their cars and change four tires to prep them for the second segment . Pollard took the lead on the restart and continued to lead until just prior to the Lap 200 end - of - segment break , when Chris Eggleston worked his way to the lead . At the break , team once again put four new tires on and made adjustments for the last segment . Pollard jumped to the lead quickly at the start the last segment . With 50 laps remaining , Pollard and Eggleston ran hard - nose to tail through lapped traffic . On Lap 276 , Pollard appeared to try to get under Clark off Turn Four and got sideways , allowing Eggleston to drive around on the high side and take the lead . Over the final laps of the caution - free segment , Eggleston was able to pull away from Pollard . At the end of 300 laps of racing , Eggleston took the checkered flag to win the historic event . Pollard had finished runner - up but was disqualified after post race technical inspection . Jeff Choquette was bumped up to second place , with T.J. Reaid , Ben Rowe , and Andy Loden filling out the top five . Other notable drivers in the field were Ryan Blaney ( sixth ) , Ross Kenseth ( seventh ) , Cale Gale ( 12th ) , Erik Darnell ( 18th ) , Geoff Bodine ( 36th ) , Kenzie Ruston ( 37th ) , Gray Gaulding ( 39th ) , and Sterling Marlin ( 43rd ) . However , after the April 2011 race at the Speedway , Save The Speedway said it would cease working with Speedway Associates and would no longer assist with the Speedway . In Popular Culture ( edit ) North Wilkesboro Speedway has been featured in several NASCAR - related video games , including NASCAR Racing , NASCAR Racing 2 , NASCAR Racing 3 , NASCAR Racing 4 , NASCAR Racing 2003 Season , and NASCAR Heat as an add - on track that can be downloaded . It has also been featured in GeneRally and Top Gear ( BBC ) Series 16 Special Episode , `` East Coast Road Trip '' . North Wilkesboro Speedway , along with other dirt tracks such as Occoneechee Speedway , is one of the inspirations for the Thomasville Speedway in the Pixar movie Cars 3 Records ( edit ) Most NASCAR Cup Wins in Track History : 15 - Richard Petty Most NASCAR Cup Poles in Track History : 9 - Darrell Waltrip Most NASCAR Cup Top Fives in Track History : 33 - Richard Petty Most NASCAR Cup Top Tens in Track History : 42 - Richard Petty The last time a winning driver totally lapped the field on the way to a win was October 1994 at North Wilkesboro Speedway , NC , when Geoffrey Bodine won , completing 400 laps , while second place was Terry Labonte , who completed 399 . The youngest driver ever to start a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race at age 17 was Bobby Hillin , Jr. , who made his start on April 18 , 1982 at the Northwestern Bank 400 at North Wilkesboro Speedway . This is no longer possible , as NASCAR , per request of the Master Settlement Agreement signed with the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company in 1998 , was forced to mandate a minimum age of 18 . Cale Yarborough was the first Cup driver to win a points - paying race on his birthday , March 27 , 1977 at North Wilkesboro Speedway . Further reading ( edit ) A. Baker , When the Engines No Longer Roar : A Case Study Of North Wilkesboro , N.C. And the North Wilkesboro Speedway , Ohio University , 2005 . A thesis looking at the loss of North Wilkesboro Speedway . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` North Wilkesboro Speedway , Defunct Pillar of NASCAR '' . March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fonty Flock Profile Archived May 12 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ First Race at North Wilkesboro Speedway Archived May 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ October 16 , 1949 - Wilkes 200 Archived September 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Zeller , Bob ( September 28 , 1996 ) . `` The Last Lap NASCAR 's Growing Pains Felt Acutely in Wilkes County , N.C. , Where the Winston Cup Series is Saying Farewell to North Wilkesboro Speedway After Nearly a Half - Century '' . The Virginian - Pilot . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Jule ( September 30 , 1996 ) . `` Added race security steps included warning to Smith '' . The Journal - Patriot . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Winston - Salem Journal Lighten Up : Smith says NASCAR has gotten carried away with polishing its marketing image ^ Jump up to : Jayski 's Silly Season Site - MISC Track News / Rumors Archived March 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Culver , Tommy ( September 28 , 2007 ) . `` North Wilkesboro Speedway : New life on horizon ? '' . GoBlueRidge.net . High County ADventures . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2009 . Retrieved September 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Save North Wilkesboro Speedway ! Archived May 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mark Vaughn ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Cars 3 ' will pay tribute to abandoned ' ghost ' tracks '' . AutoWeek . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Wilkesboro Speedway . North Wilkesboro Speedway race results at Racing - Reference North Wilkesboro Speedway information at jayski.com Coordinates : 36 ° 8 ′ 32 '' N 81 ° 4 ′ 21 '' W / 36.14222 ° N 81.07250 ° W / 36.14222 ; - 81.07250 Links to related articles NASCAR Xfinity Series race venues Current Ovals Atlanta Bristol California Charlotte Chicagoland Darlington Daytona Dover Indianapolis Iowa Kansas Kentucky Las Vegas Loudon Miami Michigan Phoenix Pocono Richmond Talladega Texas Road courses Mid-Ohio Road America Watkins Glen Former Ovals Asheville Caraway Gateway Greenville - Pickens Hickory Indianapolis ( LOR ) Langley Lanier Louisville Martinsville Memphis Milwaukee Motor Mile Myrtle Beach Nashville ( short ) Nashville ( superspeedway ) Nazareth North Wilkesboro Orange County Oxford Plains Peach State Pikes Peak Rockingham South Boston Volusia Road courses Mexico City Montreal Road Atlanta NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race venues Current Ovals Atlanta Bristol Charlotte Chicagoland Daytona Dover Eldora Gateway Homestead - Miami Iowa Kansas Kentucky Las Vegas Martinsville Michigan New Hampshire Phoenix Pocono Talladega Texas Road courses Bowmanville Former Ovals Chicago Colorado Darlington Evergreen Flemington Fontana I - 70 IRP Louisville Mansfield Memphis Mesa Marin Milwaukee Nashville Fairgrounds Nashville Superspeedway Nazareth North Wilkesboro Pikes Peak Portland ( oval ) Richmond Rockingham Saugus South Boston Tucson Walt Disney World Road courses Portland ( road course ) Sonoma Topeka Watkins Glen PASS Super Late Model racetracks Current North Beech Ridge Chaudiere Epping Hermon Lee Montmagny Oxford Plattsburgh Thunder Road South Anderson Caraway Concord Dillon Greenville Hickory Kenly Kingsport Myrtle Beach South Boston National Anderson Greenville Hickory Loudon Oxford Plattsburgh Future North Thompson South Robersonville Former North Canaan Geary Groveton Riverside Scotia Seekonk Spud Stafford Unity White Mountain Wiscasset South ACE Cordele Florence Hudson Jacksonville Jefferson Lanier Nashville Newport North Wilkesboro Radford Rougemont Senoia Wake County National Auburndale Beech Ridge Caraway Chaudiere Concord Greenville Kenly Nashville Newport New Smyrna Radford Rougemont South Boston Stafford Thompson White Mountain Circuits of the CARS Pro Cup Series ( 1997 - 2014 ) Ovals ACE Adirondack Anderson Birmingham Bristol Caraway Cayuga Chemung Concord Dillon Greenville Hickory Holland Hudson Illiana Iowa IRP Jacksonville Jefferson Jennerstown Kenly Kil - Kare Kingsport Lake Erie Lakeland Langley Lanier Lonesome Pine Louisville Madison Mansfield Memphis Milwaukee Mobile Montgomery Motordrome Motor Mile Myrtle Beach Nashville New Smyrna North Wilkesboro Pensacola Rockingham Rougemont Salem Shenandoah South Boston South Georgia Southampton St. Augustine Thompson Winchester Sports venues in Western North Carolina Current ASU Soccer Stadium ( Boone ) Beaver Field at Smith Stadium ( Boone ) Brevard Memorial Stadium ( Brevard ) E.J. Whitmire Stadium ( Cullowhee ) George M. Holmes Convocation Center ( Boone ) Greenwood Baseball Field ( Asheville ) Hennon Stadium ( Cullowhee ) Hickory Motor Speedway ( Hickory ) Justice Center ( Asheville ) Kidd Brewer Stadium ( Boone ) Kimmel Arena ( Asheville ) L.P. 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-67433375323124000 | Sawai Man Singh Medical College | Sawai Man Singh Medical College - wikipedia Sawai Man Singh Medical College Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sawai Man Singh Medical College Type Public Established 1947 Principal Uma Shanker Agarwal Location Jaipur , Rajasthan , India 26 ° 54 ′ 20.83 '' N 75 ° 49 ′ 8.92 '' E / 26.9057861 ° N 75.8191444 ° E / 26.9057861 ; 75.8191444 Coordinates : 26 ° 54 ′ 20.83 '' N 75 ° 49 ′ 8.92 '' E / 26.9057861 ° N 75.8191444 ° E / 26.9057861 ; 75.8191444 Affiliations Rajasthan University of Health Sciences Website www.education.rajasthan.gov.in/smsmcjaipur Sawai Man Singh Medical College , also known as SMS Medical College , is a medical college in Jaipur , Rajasthan state , India . It was established in 1947 and was the 15th centre for medical education in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Attached hospitals 3 Notable alumni 4 Rankings 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The SMS Medical College marks his start with the establishment of a maternity hospital , a dispensary and a medical school in Jaipur in 1855 , officially inaugurated in 1861 . However , this medical school was closed in 1864 . It was only in 1945 that Mirza Ismail , the Diwan ( Prime Minister ) of the Jaipur State , started working on the project of establishing a medical college in the state , which was to be the 15th centre for medical education in India . The foundation stone was laid down by Lord Wavell , the Governor - General and Viceroy of India , in 13 March 1946 and the Sawai Man Singh Medical College was officially opened in 1947 . The first principal of the college was G.N. Sen which was replaced by Dr. S.C. Mehta shortly afterwards , until 1951 when S.K. Menon took over as principal . In 1952 the college was recognized by the Medical Council of India and postgraduate courses started in 1952 . Attached hospitals ( edit ) Here 's a list of hospitals attached to the SMS Medical College . This list does n't include the satellite hospitals in Jaipur . Sawai Man Singh Hospital Mahila Chikitsalaya Respiratory Institute Psychiatric Center Gangori Hospital JK Lone ( SPMCHI - Sir Padampad Mother and Child Health Center ) Zanana Hospital Isolation Hospital ( for infectious diseases ) HB Kanwatia Hospital Notable alumni ( edit ) This article 's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia 's verifiability or notability policies . Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they are notable AND alumni , or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( July 2017 ) Samin K. Sharma , currently an interventional cardiologist at Mount Sinai Hospital , New York , holds the American record for the highest number of complex coronary interventions performed annually S.P. Sudrania , a renowned paediatrician of national and international fame , deputed in 29 countries during his tenure at SMS Medical College . Farooq Abdullah , Statesman and Renowned Politician , Former Union Minister for New and Renewable Energy , GOI and 3 time Chief Minister of Jammu & Kashmir , Currently President Jammu & Kashmir National Conference SS Agarwal , national president of the Indian Medical Association Rankings ( edit ) University and college rankings Medical - India Careers360 36 Sawai ManSingh Medical College was ranked 36 among medical colleges in India by Careers360 's `` Top Medical Colleges in India 2017 '' , 24 among government institutes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About The Principal '' . www.education.rajasthan.gov.in . SMS Medical College & Attached Hospitals . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . www.education.rajasthan.gov.in . SMS Medical College & Attached Hospitals . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Official website of the SMS Medical College ^ Jump up to : `` Top Medical Colleges in India 2017 '' . Careers360. 2017 . 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-3866513169102281764 | Holes (novel) | Holes ( novel ) - Wikipedia Holes ( novel ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 October 2018 . 1998 mystery comedy novel by Louis Sachar Holes Author Louis Sachar Language English Genre Adventure , Satire Publisher Farrar , Straus and Giroux ( US ) Bloomsbury ( UK ) Ediciones SM ( Spain ) Publication date August 20 , 1998 ISBN 978 - 0 - 786 - 22186 - 8 OCLC 3800257333232 Dewey Decimal ( Fic ) 21 LC Class PZ7. S1185 Ho 1998 Holes is a 1998 young adult mystery comedy novel written by Louis Sachar and first published by Farrar , Straus and Giroux . The book centers around an unlucky teenage boy named Stanley Yelnats , who is sent to Camp Green Lake , a juvenile corrections facility in a desert in Texas , after being falsely accused of theft . The plot explores the history of the area and how the actions of several characters in the past have affected Stanley 's life in the present . These interconnecting stories touch on themes such as racism , homelessness , illiteracy , and arranged marriage . The book was both a critical and commercial success . Much of the praise for the book has centered around its complex plot , interesting characters , and representation of people of color and incarcerated youth . It won the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People 's Literature and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year 's `` most distinguished contribution to American literature for children '' . In 2012 it was ranked number six among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal . Holes was adapted as a feature film of the same name by Walt Disney Pictures , which was released in 2003 . It received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $71 million . The film was released in conjunction with the book companion Stanley Yelnats 's Survival Guide to Camp Green Lake . A sequel to Holes entitled Small Steps was published in 2006 , and centers on one of the secondary characters in the novel , Armpit . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Present day 1.2 19th - century curse 1.3 Kissin ' Kate Barlow 1.4 Camp Green Lake 2 Characters 2.1 Camp Green Lake 2.2 Town of Green Lake 2.3 Mid-1800s Latvia 2.4 Minor characters 3 Setting 4 Literary Elements 4.1 Fairy Tales 4.2 Names 5 Themes 5.1 Labor 6 Public Reception 7 Film adaptation 8 Sequels 8.1 Stanley Yelnats 's Survival Guide to Camp Green Lake 8.2 Small Steps 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Present day ( edit ) Date is October of 2016 Stanley Yelnats IV is a 14 - year - old boy from a hard - working but poor family that is allegedly affected by a curse of bad luck , which they blame on Stanley 's `` no - good - dirty - rotten pig - stealing - great - great - grandfather '' . Stanley 's latest stroke of misfortune occurs when he is wrongly convicted of the theft of a pair of athletic shoes once owned by famous baseball player Clyde `` Sweet Feet '' Livingston , which had been donated to a homeless shelter to raise money . Stanley is sent to Camp Green Lake , a juvenile corrections facility which is ironically located in the middle of a sterile desert . As punishment , the camp inmates are assigned to dig one hole each day five feet wide and five feet deep in order to ' build character ' . Stanley soon begins to suspect that they are really digging to find something hidden beneath the ground . The treasure is revealed later as his suitcase . When the case is cracked open only a few cheap gems are found . 19th - century curse ( edit ) Stanley 's great - great - grandfather , Elya Yelnats , is in love with a fifteen - year - old girl named Myra Menke . However , a much older pig farmer named Igor Barkov also wants to marry her , offering Myra 's father his heaviest pig in exchange for Myra 's hand in marriage . Desperate to impress Myra and her father , Elya goes to his friend Madame Zeroni for help . Despite not approving of Myra as a partner , she gives him a tiny piglet , telling him to carry it up a mountain every day , and let it drink from a stream while singing to it . Every day the water will make it grow bigger , and Elya will grow stronger . On the last day , after he carries the pig one last time , he must carry Madame Zeroni herself up the mountain to do the same , as he will then be strong enough to carry her . However , Zeroni warns him that if he does not carry her up the mountain , his family will be cursed . Elya follows her directions , and the piglet grows to a large size , but he does not carry it up on the final day in order to have time to clean up . After the pigs weigh the same , Myra uses an arbitrary number selection tactic to choose , and Elya leaves in disgust . Forgetting his promise to Madame Zeroni , he moves to America to start a new life , falls in love , and marries , but he is beset by Zeroni 's curse . The song that he sang to the piglet becomes a lullaby that is passed down among Elya 's descendants , who are all named Stanley due to its palindromic relation to the name Yelnats . Kissin ' Kate Barlow ( edit ) In the year 1888 , the town of Green Lake is a flourishing lakeside community . Katherine Barlow , the white local schoolteacher , falls in love with Sam , an African - American onion seller , while rejecting advances from wealthy resident Charles Walker ( nicknamed `` Trout '' due to the smell of his feet ) . There is an uproar in the town after Kate and Sam are seen kissing in an alley . After a mob burns down the schoolhouse , Katherine recognizes that Sam is in grave danger . She finds Sam and they attempt an escape across the lake in Sam 's rowboat , but Walker and the mob intercept them with Walker 's motorboat , ramming the smaller vessel and sinking it . Sam is ruthlessly shot and killed in the water , while Kate is `` rescued '' against her wishes . Following these actions , no rain falls upon Green Lake ever again . The next day , Kate murders the sheriff and leaves a lipstick print on his cheek before departing to become a prominent outlaw , earning her the nickname `` Kissin ' Kate Barlow . '' Kate robs Stanley 's great - grandfather , Stanley Yelnats I , of his entire fortune , but instead of killing him , she abandons him in the desert that was previously Green Lake . Miraculously , he survives after he is found by lizard and snake hunters , who believe him to be crazy . Stanley I is subsequently taken to the hospital . During his stay , he falls in love with the nurse that is caring for him , and the two later marry . Twenty years later , Kate returns to an old cabin on the former lakeside and is tracked down by Trout and his wife Linda , who are bankrupt and desperate for money . They try to force her to reveal where she buried her loot , but she is bitten by a yellow - spotted lizard and dies . As she dies , she taunts them by saying , `` Start digging '' . The Walkers are left to dig the entire area in order to find the buried treasure . Camp Green Lake ( edit ) The inmates at Camp Green Lake are forced to dig cylindrical holes five feet deep and five feet wide , which the warden says `` builds their character . '' They are promised the rest of their day off if they find anything that the Warden considers `` interesting '' . Stanley finds a fossil , but Mr. Pendanski tells him that the Warden `` is n't interested in fossils '' , leading Stanley to suspect they are looking for something in particular . During one dig , Stanley finds one of Barlow 's lipstick tubes ( though he does not recognize it for what it is ) . X-Ray , the ringleader of Tent D , asks Stanley to give him the lipstick tube so he could have the day off as he has been there the longest and deserves it . After initially refusing , Stanley obliges , and the Warden is excited by the discovery . Meanwhile , Stanley and Zero , the smallest inmate in Tent D , who got his nickname because `` he has nothing in his head '' , become friends . Stanley agrees to teach Zero how to read , and in return , Zero digs Stanley 's hole part of the time . The camp staff discover this , and confront the boys . The argument culminates in Zero angrily hitting Mr. Pendanski with a shovel and running away , and the camp staff decide to erase their records of him and let him die in the desert . A few days later , Stanley follows Zero and finds him living under the remains of Sam 's boat , eating very old jars of Kate 's spiced peaches , which he calls `` Sploosh '' . Stanley notices a mountain resembling a human fist giving the thumbs up sign , and recalls that Stanley Yelnats I claimed to find `` refuge on God 's thumb '' . On the mountain , Zero admits that he was the one who stole `` Sweet Feet '' Livingston 's shoes . Atop the mountain , Stanley discovers a field of onions that was once Sam 's . The boys eat the onions and find water by digging in the ground , and Stanley sings Madame Zeroni 's song to Zero , Zeroni 's descendant , unknowingly breaking the curse . They return to camp and unearth the treasure . Stanley 's attorney appears at the camp , explaining that Stanley is innocent due to the emergence of an alibi . The Warden tries to claim they stole the suitcase from her , but Zero reveals that the name ' Stanley Yelnats ' is written on it , as the suitcase had belonged to Stanley 's great - grandfather . Fearing that the warden will kill Zero if he leaves him behind , Stanley refuses to leave the camp unless Zero can come along . The attorney orders the Warden to get Zero 's file , but the camp staff are naturally unable to find it , and Zero is also released . Stanley 's family open the case , discovering the jewels , deeds , stocks and promissory notes stolen from Stanley Yelnats I. Using the money raised from the bonds , Stanley 's family buys a new house and Zero hires a team of investigators to find his missing mother ; meanwhile , the drought at Green Lake is brought to an end by rainfall . The family 's luck seems to change as if in response to Stanley 's fulfillment of his ancestor 's promise ( a suggestion left purposely ambiguous by the narration ) . In a final scene , Clyde Livingston and his wife , along with the Yelnats and Zeroni families , celebrate the success of Stanley 's father 's antidote to foot odor , composed of preserved and fermented spiced peaches and onions and named `` Sploosh '' by Zero . The Warden is forced to sell Green Lake to `` a national organization dedicated to the well - being of young girls '' , which turns it into a Girl Scout camp . Characters ( edit ) Camp Green Lake ( edit ) Stanley Yelnats IV ( also known as `` Caveman '' by the rest of the campers , but referred to in the book by his proper name ) : Stanley is a 14 - year - old boy who does not have any friends from school and is often picked on by his classmates and the school bully . Stanley 's family is cursed with bad luck , and although they do not have much money , they always try to remain hopeful and look on the bright side of things . Stanley shares these traits with his family and , although he does not have a lot of self - confidence , he is not easily depressed , a characteristic that helps him adjust to the horrendous conditions of Camp Green Lake . However , he has a bad habit of blaming his great great grandfather when he gets in trouble . This habit made him impudent . As the book progresses , Stanley slowly gains strength . He identifies the people who threaten him , like the Warden , and while he tries not to get in trouble he also stands up for himself and his friends and family . Stanley rebels for the rights of his friends when he steals Mr. Sir 's truck to look for his friend Zero in the dry lake bed . Zero ( Hector Zeroni ) : Zero is known to be the best digger at Camp Green Lake . So often , he is considered to be `` stupid '' or a mere nothing by the other boys and the counselors at the lake . He lacks an education , meaning he can not really read nor write . However , he is smart and manages to stand for himself in the face of adversity , breaking Mr. Pendanski 's nose with a shovel after one too many snide remarks . Typically he is noted as the character that hardly speaks due to the fact that he is wary of those who mock him . He is said to always have a scowl on his face and does not like to answer questions . Zero is shown to be an honest character after becoming close friends with Stanley . Zero is the one who stole the shoes that Stanley was arrested for and accused of stealing . He is the great - great - great - grandson of Madame Zeroni , the woman who put a curse on Stanley 's family . He has been homeless for most of his life , as well as being abandoned by his mother at a very young age . Although he suffers quite a bit , he always seems to persevere and come out on top . X-Ray ( Rex Washburn ) : X-Ray is the unofficial head of the boys in Group D. X-Ray decides that Stanley will be called Caveman and fixes the order of the line for water . X-Ray maintains his position as the leader of the boys even though he is one of the smallest and can barely see without his glasses . He convinces Stanley to give him the lipstick tube that Stanley finds in his hole so that he can have the day off instead of Stanley . X-Ray is able to maintain his position at the head of the group through a system of rewards and allies . Every time that Stanley does something nice for X-Ray , X-Ray is nice to Stanley and stands up for him when the other boys pick on him . When Stanley becomes friends with Zero , however , X-Ray's system is threatened and he becomes hostile towards Stanley . His nickname X-ray comes from it being pig Latin of his actual name , Rex . Squid ( Alan ) : Squid is a member of Group D at Camp Green Lake . He is often the one for taunting Stanley for sending and receiving letters to his mother . Just like X-Ray , Squid is very tough but very subservient to X-Ray's rules and directions . Magnet ( José ) : Another member of Group D. Magnet earned his nickname because of his ability to steal , he got into Camp Green Lake for stealing animals from the zoo and refers to his fingers as `` little magnets '' . Armpit ( Theodore Johnson ) : One of X-Ray's close friends at camp , he pushes Stanley when Stanley calls him Theodore . Zig Zag ( Ricky ) : Zigzag is described as being the tallest kid of Group D , constantly looking like he has been electrocuted , with frizzy hair . Stanley often thinks he is the weirdest and craziest kid at Camp Green Lake . Zigzag is the one who hit Stanley on the head with a shovel and did not apologize for doing so . Zigzag suffers from paranoia , highlighting his displayed `` craziness '' . The Warden ( Ms. Walker ) : Running Camp Green Lake , she is known to be violent , abusive , and quite mean . She uses her power and privilege to get what she wants and make members of the camp do as she pleases . She has hidden cameras , using them to spy on the members of the camp . She is often thought to have hidden cameras in the showers , causing Stanley to be paranoid whenever he takes a shower , rushing out as fast as possible . She wears nail polish traced with rattlesnake venom , and scratches those who displease or go against what she says . She has the members of Camp Green Lake digging holes to look for Kate Barlow 's hidden treasure . She is the granddaughter of Charles `` Trout '' Walker . Her family had been digging the treasure out since her birth , but to no success . Mr. Sir ( Marion Sevillo ) : One of the counselors at Camp Green Lake , he is constantly eating sunflower seeds . He took up this habit after deciding to quit smoking . He is known to be mean and tough . Mr. Pendanski : In Group D at Camp Green Lake Mr. Pendanski is in charge . Mr. Pendanski may seem friendly , but he is just as mean as the Warden and Mr. Sir . He never stops making fun of Zero ever since he has been at the camp , which comes back to bite him when the boy cracks him in the face with a shovel . Town of Green Lake ( edit ) Katherine Barlow ( Kissin ' Kate Barlow ) : Katherine Barlow is a sweet and intelligent woman who teaches in a one - room school house on Green Lake one hundred and ten years before Stanley arrives at Camp Green Lake . She falls in love with Sam , a man who sells onions in the town . Although the rest of the white people in the town are racist and enforce rules that prohibit black people from going to school , Kate , who is white , does not care about the color of a person 's skin and she loves Sam for the person that he is . When Kate and Sam kiss , the angry townsfolk kill Sam and destroy her beloved schoolhouse . Kate is devastated by Sam 's death and becomes Kissin ' Kate Barlow , one of the most feared outlaws in the West . She always leaves her mark by kissing someone when she finishes killing them ; if she had only robbed them , she would leave them in the hot desert . She is the outlaw responsible for robbing Stanley Yelnats I ( Stanley 's ancestor ) . Kate dies when a yellow spotted lizard bites her foot , but dies laughing because the Walker family will never find her treasure . The lipstick tube that Stanley finds during his second week at Camp Green Lake was owned by Kate Barlow . Sam : Sam is an African - American farmer in the town Green Lake , Texas who grows onions . He believes onions are the cure to everything and makes many remedies from onions . He also has an immense love for his donkey , Mary Lou . His relationship with Kate begins when he exchanges his onions for some jars of peaches . He is murdered in cold blood by Charles `` Trout '' Walker . Charles `` Trout '' Walker : Charles `` Trout '' Walker is an extremely spoiled son of a rich family in Green Lake . He gets upset when Kate denies his request to date her . This adds on to the reason of causing him to lead the townspeople to burn down the schoolhouse and kill Sam . His nickname Trout comes from his foot fungus that causes his feet to smell like dead fish . After Kate leaves to become an outlaw , he marries Linda Miller but his family loses everything after the lake dries up . He is The Warden 's grandfather , who upon his death , opens up the juvenile detention camp to increase the efficiency of finding Kate Barlow 's hidden treasure . Stanley Yelnats I : Stanley Yelnats I is the son of Elya Yelnats as well as the great - grandfather of Stanley Yelnats IV . He was the one whose treasure was stolen by Kate Barlow while he was moving from New York to California . He is known to have survived by climbing to the top of a thumb - shaped mountain ( God 's Thumb ) which happens to be Sam 's old onion field . Mid-1800s Latvia ( edit ) Elya Yelnats : Elya is the great - great - grandfather of Stanley . He is often referred to as his `` no - good - dirty - rotten - pig - stealing - great - great - grandfather '' , constantly being blamed for everything that goes wrong in Stanley 's life . He is considered to be the reason why the Yelnats family has such bad luck . After he fell in love with the woman in Latvia , he travels to America , forgetting to go through with the promise he made to an old woman named Madame Zeroni . This causes generations of bad luck to trickle down the Yelnats family tree . However , he does pass down an important song that Madame Zeroni taught him in Latvia . Madame Zeroni : Madame Zeroni is the great - great - great - grandmother of Hector Zeroni ( Zero ) . She is great friends with Elya Yelnats , and she gives him a pig . Because Elya breaks his promise of carrying her to the top of the mountain , she is considered to be the one who put a `` curse '' on the Yelnats family . Myra Menke : Myra is the most beautiful girl in the Latvian village of Elya and Madame Zeroni . Madame Zeroni compares her to a flowerpot . Myra 's father promised to award her hand in marriage to whichever suitor can raise the fattest pig . When the pigs were the same size , Myra asked Elya and Igor Barkov to guess a number between 1 and 10 , showing her inability to make her own decisions . Igor Barkov : Igor was Elya 's competitor for the hand of Myra Menke . He was already old and fat , but was a successful pig farmer . Minor characters ( edit ) Mr. Yelnats ( Stanley Yelnats III ) : Mr. Yelnats is Stanley 's father . He is an inventor and quite smart , but extremely unlucky . He attempts to discover a way to recycle old sneakers and because of this , the Yelnats ' apartment smells bad . However , he eventually discovers a cure to ridding foot odor and is able to hire a lawyer , Ms. Morengo , to get Stanley out of Camp Green Lake . Mrs. Yelnats : Mrs. Yelnats is Stanley 's mother . She does not believe in curses but always points out the terrible luck that the Yelnats go through . Setting ( edit ) Camp Green Lake is located on a dried - up lake in the U.S. state of Texas . The area is not green and there is no lake , besides the fact that there is such a little amount of shade ( two oak trees ) which are owned by the Warden . Camp Green Lake is a parched barren place with the scorching sun above them with hardly any clouds , so the sun is always shining , making the environment much hotter . Camp Green Lake is a juvenile detention center , where inmates spend most of their time digging holes . The majority of the book takes place between the past and present . Protagonists deal with flashbacks existing from pre-dried up Green Lake to Latvia ( mid-1800s ) back to modern day Camp Green Lake . The town of Green Lake was named for the eponymous lake which also made it a prosperous town , but the townsfolk 's murder of Sam curses the town with an eternal drought causing the lake to dry up . Literary elements ( edit ) Fairy tales ( edit ) The themes typical of a folk or fairy tale are present throughout the novel , notable in both Stanley and Elya 's narratives . Elya must go on an adventure to win his love 's approval and prove his own worth and he is eventually placed under a witch 's curse . Stanley 's bad luck is blamed on the curse left on his great - great - grandfather and the Yelnats family easily believes in the power of this curse . Both Stanley and Elya are similar to fairy tale characters and are morally good , heroic protagonists who must overcome the challenges predestined for them . Both story lines are accompanied by a magic that is seen in the mountain stream , Madame Zeroni 's song , and the healing power of the onions . Each of these elements in Holes mirror elements frequently found in fairy tales . Names ( edit ) Throughout the novel , names act as a theme that allows the characters to disassociate their lives at Camp Green Lake from their lives back in the real world . Names also demonstrate irony -- Camp Green Lake is not actually a camp , it 's located in a desert , and there is no lake . The `` campers '' all label themselves differently and identify with names such as Armpit and X-Ray and the guards are referred to as counselors . One of the counselors is referred to by the boys as `` Mom '' , representing the absent parents at Camp Green Lake . Only the woman in charge is referred to in a prison - like way and is called `` Warden '' . The different names allow the boys to bond and form a team based in their hatred for their work and the counselors . Many of the characters also have names that connect them to their family history , like the passing down of `` Stanley Yelnats '' and Zero 's last name of Zeroni , and remind them how the actions of their ancestors affect their modern - day lives . Stanley is the fourth `` Stanley Yelnats '' in his family , a name that is passed down due to its palindromic nature and adds to the connection to family history . Themes ( edit ) Labor ( edit ) Labor is seen throughout the novel as the children as forced to dig holes while at Camp Green Lake . This theme is unusual in children 's literature as many authors portray children as carefree and without responsibility . If they do engage in work , it is synonymous with play . Critic Maria Nikolajeva contends that Holes is set apart through the not just manual , but forced labor Stanley and the other campers do daily . This is first referenced at the beginning of the book when the purpose of the camp is stated : `` If you take a bad boy and make him dig a hole every day in the hot sun , it will turn him into a good boy '' . Public reception ( edit ) Holes has won numerous awards , most notably the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People 's Literature and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year 's `` most distinguished contribution to American literature for children '' . It also won the William Allen White Children 's Book Award in 2001 . It continues to be well received by critics and was ranked number 6 among all - time children 's novels by School Library Journal in 2012 . Betsy Hearne of the New York Times applauded the novel 's integration of mystery and humor that manages to keep Holes light and fresh , and she characterizes it as a `` family read - aloud . '' Roger Sutton of The Horn Book Magazine called Sachar 's declarative style effective , and argues that it helped make the novel more poignant . Sutton appreciated the positive ending and the suspense that leads the reader to it . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Holes ( film ) In 2003 , Walt Disney Pictures released a film version of Holes , which was directed by Andrew Davis and written by Louis Sachar . Sequels ( edit ) Two companion novels have followed Holes : Stanley Yelnats ' Survival Guide to Camp Green Lake ( 2003 ) and Small Steps ( 2006 ) . Stanley Yelnats 's Survival Guide to Camp Green Lake ( edit ) As Louis Sachar states : `` Should you ever find yourself at Camp Green Lake -- or somewhere similar -- this is the guide for you . '' Written from Stanley 's point of view , the book offers advice on everything from scorpions , rattlesnakes , yellow - spotted lizards , etc . Small Steps ( edit ) In this sequel to Holes , former inmate Armpit is now 17 and struggling with the challenges facing an African American teenager with a criminal history . A new friendship with Ginny , who has cerebral palsy , a reunion with former friend X-Ray , a ticket - scalping scheme , a beautiful pop singer , and a frame - up all test Armpit 's resolve to `` Just take small steps and keep moving forward '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sachar , Louis ( 2000 ) . Holes . New York : Yearling Books . p. 7 . ISBN 0440414806 . Jump up ^ `` Holes Q & A '' . www.Louissachar.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sachar , Louis ( 1998 ) . `` Holes '' , p. 103 . Farrar , Straus and Giroux , New York 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sachar , Louis ( 2000 ) . Holes . New York : Yearling . p. 1 . ISBN 0440414806 . ^ Jump up to : Mascia , Elizabeth G. ( 2001 ) . `` Holes : Folklore Redux '' . The ALAN Review . 28 , no . 2 : 51 . ^ Jump up to : Pinsent , Pat ( 2002 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Fate and Fortune in a Modern Fairy Tale : Louis Sachar 's Holes '' . Children 's Literature in Education . 33 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 212 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1019682032315 . ISSN 0045 - 6713 . Jump up ^ Møllegaard , Kirsten ( 2010 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Haunting and History in Louis Sachar 's Holes '' . Western American Literature. 45 ( 2 ) : 138 -- 161 . doi : 10.1353 / wal. 0.0117 . ISSN 1948 - 7142 . Jump up ^ Wallin , Marie ( January 2008 ) . `` Literacy and the Power of the Law : Louis Sachar 's Holes and Lemony Snicket 's A Bad Beginning '' . Angles on the English Speaking World . 8 : 101 -- 110 -- via EBSCOhost . ^ Jump up to : Nikolajeva , Maria ( 2002 ) . `` '' A Dream of Complete Idleness `` : Depiction of Labor in Children 's Fiction '' . The Lion and the Unicorn. 26.3 : 305 -- 321 . Jump up ^ Sachar , Louis ( 1998 ) . Holes . New York : Dell Yearling . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 National Book Awards Winners and Finalists , The National Book Foundation '' . www.nationalbook.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Author Louis Sachar wins 1999 Newbery Medal ; Illustrator Mary Azarian wins Caldecott Medal '' . News and Press Center . 2007 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners - William Allen White Children 's Book Awards Emporia State University '' . www.emporia.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` School Library Journal Top 100 Children 's Novels , 2012 Poll Book awards LibraryThing '' . www.librarything.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hearne , Betsy ( 1998 ) . `` He Did n't Do It '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Sutton , Roger ( September 1 , 1998 ) . `` Review of Holes '' . The Horn Book . Jump up ^ Holes at the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Small Steps : Summary and book reviews of Small Steps by Louis Sachar Jump up ^ Sachar , Louis . `` Stanley Yelnats 's Survival Guide to Camp Green Lake '' . Louis Sachar . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sachar , Louis . `` Louis Sachar : Booklist '' . Louis Sachar . Louis Sachar . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Novels portal Holes at publisher Scholastic Corporation Awards Preceded by Out of the Dust Newbery Medal recipient 1999 Succeeded by Bud , Not Buddy Preceded by New category Winner of the William Allen White Children 's Book Award Grades 6 -- 8 Succeeded by Bud , Not Buddy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holes_(novel)&oldid=866476094 '' Categories : 1998 American novels Novels by Louis Sachar American young adult novels Newbery Medal - winning works Family saga novels National Book Award for Young People 's Literature winning works Novels set in Texas Novels set in Latvia Satirical novels Farrar , Straus and Giroux books American novels adapted into films Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles with short description Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 15 : 34 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what children's book was set in camp green lake texas | [
"Holes is a 1998 young adult mystery comedy novel written by Louis Sachar and first published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. The book centers around an unlucky teenage boy named Stanley Yelnats, who is sent to Camp Green Lake, a juvenile corrections facility in a desert in Texas, after being falsely accused of theft. The plot explores the history of the area and how the actions of several characters in the past have affected Stanley's life in the present. These interconnecting stories touch on themes such as racism, homelessness, illiteracy, and arranged marriage.\n"
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"Holes"
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2425120303745560344 | College football | College football - wikipedia College football Jump to : navigation , search This article is about gridiron football played at a collegiate level in the United States . For other uses , see College football ( disambiguation ) . `` NCAA football '' redirects here . For the video game series , see NCAA Football series . For the current season of Bowl Subdivision play , see 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season . For the current season of Championship Subdivision play , see 2017 NCAA Division I FCS football season . The 2005 Army -- Navy college football game . College football is American football played by teams of student athletes fielded by American universities , colleges , and military academies , or Canadian football played by teams of student athletes fielded by Canadian universities . It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States . Unlike most other sports in North America , no minor league farm organizations exist in American or Canadian football . Therefore , college football is generally considered to be the second tier of American football in the United States and Canadian football in Canada ; one step ahead of high school competition , and one step below professional competition . However , in some areas of the country , college football is more popular than professional football , and for much of the early 20th Century , college football was seen as more prestigious than professional football . It is in college football where a player 's performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football . The best collegiate players will typically declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition , with the NFL holding its annual draft every spring in which 256 players are selected annually . Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as an undrafted free agent . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Rugby Football in England and Canada 1.2 American college football 1.2. 1 Early games 1.2. 2 Harvard -- McGill ( 1874 ) 1.2. 3 Harvard -- Tufts , Harvard -- Yale ( 1875 ) 1.2. 4 Walter Camp : Father of American football 1.3 Scoring table 1.4 Expansion 1.4. 1 East 1.4. 2 Mid West 1.4. 3 South 1.4. 4 Southwest 1.4. 5 Pacific Coast 1.4. 6 Mountain West 1.5 Violence , formation of NCAA 1.6 Modernization and innovation ( 1906 -- 1930 ) 1.6. 1 Rise of the South 1.6. 1.1 Heisman shift 1.6. 1.2 Notable intersectional games 1.6. 2 Coaches of the era 1.6. 2.1 Glenn `` Pop '' Warner 1.6. 2.2 Knute Rockne 1.7 From a regional to a national sport ( 1930 -- 1958 ) 1.8 Modern college football ( since 1958 ) 1.8. 1 Growth of bowl games 1.8. 2 Bowl Championship Series 1.8. 3 College Football Playoff 2 Official rules and notable rule distinctions 3 Organization 4 Coaching 5 National championships 6 Team maps 7 Playoff games 8 Bowl games 8.1 Division I FBS National Championship Games 9 Controversy 10 College football outside the United States 11 Awards 11.1 Division I FBS 11.2 Division I FCS 12 See also 13 References 14 Further notes 15 External links 15.1 Statistics 15.2 Rules 15.3 Maps History ( edit ) See also : History of American football and History of Canadian football A college football game between Texas Tech and Navy Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League ( NFL ) , college football remained extremely popular throughout the U.S. Although the college game has a much larger margin for talent than its pro counterpart , the sheer number of fans following major colleges provides a financial equalizer for the game , with Division I programs -- the highest level -- playing in huge stadiums , six of which have seating capacity exceeding 100,000 . In many cases , college stadiums employ bench - style seating , as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests ( although many stadiums do have a small number of chairback seats in addition to the bench seating ) . This allows them to seat more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium , which tends to have more features and comforts for fans . ( Only three stadiums owned by U.S. colleges or universities -- Papa John 's Cardinal Stadium at the University of Louisville ( Georgia State Stadium ) at Georgia State University and FAU Stadium at Florida Atlantic University -- consist entirely of chairback seating . ) College athletes , unlike players in the NFL , are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries . Colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition , housing , and books . Rugby football in England and Canada ( edit ) Modern North American football has its origins in various games , all known as `` football '' , played at public schools in England in the mid-19th century . By the 1840s , students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it , a sport later known as Rugby football . The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges . The first documented gridiron football match was played at University College , a college of the University of Toronto , November 9 , 1861 . One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was ( Sir ) William Mulock , later Chancellor of the school . A football club was formed at the university soon afterward , although its rules of play at this stage are unclear . In 1864 , at Trinity College , also a college of the University of Toronto , F. Barlow Cumberland and Frederick A. Bethune devised rules based on rugby football . Modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal , in 1865 , when British Army officers played local civilians . The game gradually gained a following , and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868 , the first recorded non-university football club in Canada . American college football ( edit ) Early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional `` mob football '' played in England . The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century , when intramural games of football began to be played on college campuses . Each school played its own variety of football . Princeton University students played a game called `` ballown '' as early as 1820 . A Harvard tradition known as `` Bloody Monday '' began in 1827 , which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes . In 1860 , both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go . The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a mock figure called `` Football Fightum '' , for whom they conducted funeral rites . The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was once again played at Harvard . Dartmouth played its own version called `` Old division football '' , the rules of which were first published in 1871 , though the game dates to at least the 1830s . All of these games , and others , shared certain commonalities . They remained largely `` mob '' style games , with huge numbers of players attempting to advance the ball into a goal area , often by any means necessary . Rules were simple , violence and injury were common . The violence of these mob - style games led to widespread protests and a decision to abandon them . Yale , under pressure from the city of New Haven , banned the play of all forms of football in 1860 . American football historian Parke H. Davis described the period between 1869 and 1875 as the ' Pioneer Period ' ; the years 1876 -- 93 he called the ' Period of the American Intercollegiate Football Association ' ; and the years 1894 -- 1933 he dubbed the ' Period of Rules Committees and Conferences ' . Early games ( edit ) Main article : 1869 college football season On November 6 , 1869 , Rutgers University faced Princeton University ( then known as the College of New Jersey ) in the first - ever game of intercollegiate football . It was played with a round ball and , like all early games , used a set of rules suggested by Rutgers captain William J. Leggett , based on the Football Association 's first set of rules , which were an early attempt by the former pupils of England 's public schools , to unify the rules of their public schools games and create a universal and standardized set of rules for the game of football and bore little resemblance to the American game which would be developed in the following decades . It is still usually regarded as the first game of college football . The game was played at a Rutgers field . Two teams of 25 players attempted to score by kicking the ball into the opposing team 's goal . Throwing or carrying the ball was not allowed , but there was plenty of physical contact between players . The first team to reach six goals was declared the winner . Rutgers won by a score of six to four . A rematch was played at Princeton a week later under Princeton 's own set of rules ( one notable difference was the awarding of a `` free kick '' to any player that caught the ball on the fly , which was a feature adopted from the Football Association 's rules ; the fair catch kick rule has survived through to modern American game ) . Princeton won that game by a score of 8 -- 0 . Columbia joined the series in 1870 , and by 1872 several schools were fielding intercollegiate teams , including Yale and Stevens Institute of Technology . Columbia University was the third school to field a team . The Lions traveled from New York City to New Brunswick on November 12 , 1870 and were defeated by Rutgers 6 to 3 . The game suffered from disorganization and the players kicked and battled each other as much as the ball . Later in 1870 , Princeton and Rutgers played again with Princeton defeating Rutgers 6 - 0 . This game 's violence caused such an outcry that no games at all were played in 1871 . Football came back in 1872 , when Columbia played Yale for the first time . The Yale team was coached and captained by David Schley Schaff , who had learned to play football while attending Rugby school . Schaff himself was injured and unable to the play the game , but Yale won the game 3 - 0 nonetheless . Later in 1872 , Stevens Tech became the fifth school to field a team . Stevens lost to Columbia , but beat both New York University and City College of New York during the following year . By 1873 , the college students playing football had made significant efforts to standardize their fledgling game . Teams had been scaled down from 25 players to 20 . The only way to score was still to bat or kick the ball through the opposing team 's goal , and the game was played in two 45 minute halves on fields 140 yards long and 70 yards wide . On October 20 , 1873 , representatives from Yale , Columbia , Princeton , and Rutgers met at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City to codify the first set of intercollegiate football rules . Before this meeting , each school had its own set of rules and games were usually played using the home team 's own particular code . At this meeting , a list of rules , based more on the Football Association 's rules than the rules of the recently founded Rugby Football Union , was drawn up for intercollegiate football games . Harvard -- McGill ( 1874 ) ( edit ) Main article : 1874 Harvard vs. McGill football game Harvard vs. McGill Old `` Football Fightum '' had been resurrected at Harvard in 1872 , when Harvard resumed playing football . Harvard , however , preferred to play a rougher version of football called `` the Boston Game '' in which the kicking of a round ball was the most prominent feature though a player could run with the ball , pass it , or dribble it ( known as `` babying '' ) . The man with the ball could be tackled , although hitting , tripping , `` hacking '' ( shin - kicking ) and other unnecessary roughness was prohibited . There was no limit to the number of players , but there were typically ten to fifteen per side . A player could carry the ball only when being pursued . As a result of this , Harvard refused to attend the rules conference organized by Rutgers , Princeton and Columbia at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City on October 20 , 1873 to agree on a set of rules and regulations that would allow them to play a form of football that was essentially Association football ; and continued to play under its own code . While Harvard 's voluntary absence from the meeting made it hard for them to schedule games against other American universities , it agreed to a challenge to play the rugby team of McGill University , from Montreal , in a two - game series . It was agreed that two games would be played on Harvard 's Jarvis baseball field in Cambridge , Massachusetts on May 14 and 15 , 1874 : one to be played under Harvard rules , another under the stricter rugby regulations of McGill . Jarvis Field was at the time a patch of land at the northern point of the Harvard campus , bordered by Everett and Jarvis Streets to the north and south , and Oxford Street and Massachusetts Avenue to the east and west . Harvard beat McGill in the `` Boston Game '' on the Thursday and held McGill to a 0 - 0 tie on the Friday . The Harvard students took to the rugby rules and adopted them as their own , The games featured a round ball instead of a rugby - style oblong ball . This series of games represents an important milestone in the development of the modern game of American football . In October 1874 , the Harvard team once again traveled to Montreal to play McGill in rugby , where they won by three tries . Inasmuch as Rugby football had been transplanted to Canada from England , the McGill team played under a set of rules which allowed a player to pick up the ball and run with it whenever he wished . Another rule , unique to McGill , was to count tries ( the act of grounding the football past the opposing team 's goal line ; it is important to note that there was no end zone during this time ) , as well as goals , in the scoring . In the Rugby rules of the time , a try only provided the attempt to kick a free goal from the field . If the kick was missed , the try did not score any points itself . Harvard -- Tufts , Harvard -- Yale ( 1875 ) ( edit ) Harvard quickly took a liking to the rugby game , and its use of the try which , until that time , was not used in American football . The try would later evolve into the score known as the touchdown . On June 4 , 1875 , Harvard faced Tufts University in the first game between two American colleges played under rules similar to the McGill / Harvard contest , which was won by Tufts . The rules included each side fielding 11 men at any given time , the ball was advanced by kicking or carrying it , and tackles of the ball carrier stopped play . Further elated by the excitement of McGill 's version of football , Harvard challenged its closest rival , Yale , to which the Bulldogs accepted . The two teams agreed to play under a set of rules called the `` Concessionary Rules '' , which involved Harvard conceding something to Yale 's soccer and Yale conceding a great deal to Harvard 's rugby . They decided to play with 15 players on each team . On November 13 , 1875 , Yale and Harvard played each other for the first time ever , where Harvard won 4 - 0 . At the first The Game ( as the annual contest between Harvard and Yale came to be named ) the future `` father of American football '' Walter Camp was among the 2000 spectators in attendance . Walter , who would enroll at Yale the next year , was torn between an admiration for Harvard 's style of play and the misery of the Yale defeat , and became determined to avenge Yale 's defeat . Spectators from Princeton also carried the game back home , where it quickly became the most popular version of football . On November 23 , 1876 , representatives from Harvard , Yale , Princeton , and Columbia met at the Massasoit House in Springfield , Massachusetts to standardize a new code of rules based on the rugby game first introduced to Harvard by McGill University in 1874 . Three of the schools -- Harvard , Columbia , and Princeton -- formed the Intercollegiate Football Association , as a result of the meeting . Yale initially refused to join this association because of a disagreement over the number of players to be allowed per team ( relenting in 1879 ) and Rutgers were not invited to the meeting . The rules that they agreed upon were essentially those of rugby union at the time with the exception that points be awarded for scoring a try , not just the conversion afterwards ( extra point ) . Incidentally , rugby was to make a similar change to its scoring system 10 years later . Walter Camp , the `` Father of American Football '' , pictured here in 1878 as the captain of the Yale Football team Walter Camp : father of American football ( edit ) Walter Camp is widely considered to be the most important figure in the development of American football . As a youth , he excelled in sports like track , baseball , and association football , and after enrolling at Yale in 1876 , he earned varsity honors in every sport the school offered . Following the introduction of rugby - style rules to American football , Camp became a fixture at the Massasoit House conventions where rules were debated and changed . Dissatisfied with what seemed to him to be a disorganized mob , he proposed his first rule change at the first meeting he attended in 1878 : a reduction from fifteen players to eleven . The motion was rejected at that time but passed in 1880 . The effect was to open up the game and emphasize speed over strength . Camp 's most famous change , the establishment of the line of scrimmage and the snap from center to quarterback , was also passed in 1880 . Originally , the snap was executed with the foot of the center . Later changes made it possible to snap the ball with the hands , either through the air or by a direct hand - to - hand pass . Rugby league followed Camp 's example , and in 1906 introduced the play - the - ball rule , which greatly resembled Camp 's early scrimmage and center - snap rules . In 1966 , rugby league introduced a four - tackle rule ( changed in 1972 to a six - tackle rule ) based on Camp 's early down - and - distance rules . Camp 's new scrimmage rules revolutionized the game , though not always as intended . Princeton , in particular , used scrimmage play to slow the game , making incremental progress towards the end zone during each down . Rather than increase scoring , which had been Camp 's original intent , the rule was exploited to maintain control of the ball for the entire game , resulting in slow , unexciting contests . At the 1882 rules meeting , Camp proposed that a team be required to advance the ball a minimum of five yards within three downs . These down - and - distance rules , combined with the establishment of the line of scrimmage , transformed the game from a variation of rugby football into the distinct sport of American football . Camp was central to several more significant rule changes that came to define American football . In 1881 , the field was reduced in size to its modern dimensions of 120 by 53 ⁄ yards ( 109.7 by 48.8 meters ) . Several times in 1883 , Camp tinkered with the scoring rules , finally arriving at four points for a touchdown , two points for kicks after touchdowns , two points for safeties , and five for field goals . Camp 's innovations in the area of point scoring influenced rugby union 's move to point scoring in 1890 . In 1887 , game time was set at two halves of 45 minutes each . Also in 1887 , two paid officials -- a referee and an umpire -- were mandated for each game . A year later , the rules were changed to allow tackling below the waist , and in 1889 , the officials were given whistles and stopwatches . After leaving Yale in 1882 , Camp was employed by the New Haven Clock Company until his death in 1925 . Though no longer a player , he remained a fixture at annual rules meetings for most of his life , and he personally selected an annual All - American team every year from 1889 through 1924 . The Walter Camp Football Foundation continues to select All - American teams in his honor . Scoring table ( edit ) Historical college football scoring Era Touchdown Field goal Conversion ( kick ) Conversion ( touchdown ) Safety Conversion safety Defensive conversion 1883 5 -- -- -- 1883 -- 1897 5 -- -- -- 1898 -- 1903 5 5 -- -- -- 1904 -- 1908 5 -- -- -- 1909 -- 1911 5 -- -- -- 1912 -- 1957 6 -- -- -- 1958 -- 1987 6 -- 1988 -- present 6 Note : For brief periods in the late 19th century , some penalties awarded one or more points for the opposing teams , and some teams in the late 19th and early 20th centuries chose to negotiate their own scoring system for individual games . Expansion ( edit ) College football expanded greatly during the last two decades of the 19th century . Several major rivalries date from this time period . November 1890 was an active time in the sport . In Baldwin City , Kansas , on November 22 , 1890 , college football was first played in the state of Kansas . Baker beat Kansas 22 -- 9 . On the 27th , Vanderbilt played Nashville ( Peabody ) at Athletic Park and won 40 -- 0 . It was the first time organized football played in the state of Tennessee . The 29th also saw the first instance of the Army -- Navy Game . Navy won 24 -- 0 . East ( edit ) Rutgers was first to extend the reach of the game . An intercollegiate game was first played in the state of New York when Rutgers played Columbia on November 2 , 1872 . It was also the first scoreless tie in the history of the fledgling sport . Yale football starts the same year and has its first match against Columbia , the nearest college to play football . It took place at Hamilton Park in New Haven and was the first game in New England . The game was essentially soccer with 20 - man sides , played on a field 400 by 250 feet . Yale wins 3 - 0 , Tommy Sherman scoring the first goal and Lew Irwin the other two . After the first game against Harvard , Tufts took its squad to Bates College in Lewiston , Maine for the first football game played in Maine . This occurred on November 6 , 1875 . Penn 's Athletic Association was looking to pick `` a twenty '' to play a game of football against Columbia . This `` twenty '' never played Columbia , but did play twice against Princeton . Princeton won both games 6 to 0 . The first of these happened on November 11 , 1876 in Philadelphia and was the first intercollegiate game in the state of Pennsylvania . Brown enters the intercollegiate game in 1878 . The first game where one team scored over 100 points happened on October 25 , 1884 when Yale routed Dartmouth 113 -- 0 . It was also the first time one team scored over 100 points and the opposing team was shut out . The next week , Princeton outscored Lafayette by 140 to 0 . The first intercollegiate game in the state of Vermont happened on November 6 , 1886 between Dartmouth and Vermont at Burlington , Vermont . Dartmouth won 91 to 0 . The first nighttime football game was played in Mansfield , Pennsylvania on September 28 , 1892 between Mansfield State Normal and Wyoming Seminary and ended at halftime in a 0 -- 0 tie . The Army - Navy game of 1893 saw the first documented use of a football helmet by a player in a game . Joseph M. Reeves had a crude leather helmet made by a shoemaker in Annapolis and wore it in the game after being warned by his doctor that he risked death if he continued to play football after suffering an earlier kick to the head . Mid West ( edit ) 1902 football game between the University of Minnesota and the University of Michigan University of Wisconsin football team , 1903 In 1879 , the University of Michigan became the first school west of Pennsylvania to establish a college football team . On May 30 , 1879 Michigan beat Racine College 1 -- 0 in a game played in Chicago . The Chicago Daily Tribune called it `` the first rugby - football game to be played west of the Alleghenies . '' Other Midwestern schools soon followed suit , including the University of Chicago , Northwestern University , and the University of Minnesota . The first western team to travel east was the 1881 Michigan team , which played at Harvard , Yale and Princeton . The nation 's first college football league , the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives ( also known as the Western Conference ) , a precursor to the Big Ten Conference , was founded in 1895 . Led by coach Fielding H. Yost , Michigan became the first `` western '' national power . From 1901 to 1905 , Michigan had a 56 - game undefeated streak that included a 1902 trip to play in the first college football bowl game , which later became the Rose Bowl Game . During this streak , Michigan scored 2,831 points while allowing only 40 . Organized intercollegiate football was first played in the state of Minnesota on September 30 , 1882 when Hamline was convinced to play Minnesota . Minnesota won 2 to 0 . It was the first game west of the Mississippi River . November 30 , 1905 , saw Chicago defeat Michigan 2 to 0 . Dubbed `` The First Greatest Game of the Century , '' broke Michigan 's 56 - game unbeaten streak and marked the end of the `` Point - a-Minute '' years . South ( edit ) 1895 football game between Auburn and Georgia . Organized intercollegiate football was first played in the state of Virginia and the south on November 2 , 1873 in Lexington between Washington and Lee and VMI . Washington and Lee won 4 -- 2 . Some industrious students of the two schools organized a game for October 23 , 1869 -- but it was rained out . Students of the University of Virginia were playing pickup games of the kicking - style of football as early as 1870 , and some accounts even claim it organized a game against Washington and Lee College in 1871 ; but no record has been found of the score of this contest . Due to scantness of records of the prior matches some will claim Virginia v. Pantops Academy November 13 , 1887 as the first game in Virginia . On April 9 , 1880 at Stoll Field , Transylvania University ( then called Kentucky University ) beat Centre College by the score of 133⁄4 -- 0 in what is often considered the first recorded game played in the South . The first game of `` scientific football '' in the South was the first instance of the Victory Bell rivalry between North Carolina and Duke ( then known as Trinity College ) held on Thanksgiving Day , 1888 , at the North Carolina State Fairgrounds in Raleigh , North Carolina . An 1894 football game in Staunton , Virginia between VMI and Virginia Tech . On November 13 , 1887 the Virginia Cavaliers and Pantops Academy fought to a scoreless tie in the first organized football game in the state of Virginia . Students at UVA were playing pickup games of the kicking - style of football as early as 1870 , and some accounts even claim that some industrious ones organized a game against Washington and Lee College in 1871 , just two years after Rutgers and Princeton 's historic first game in 1869 . But no record has been found of the score of this contest . Washington and Lee also claims a 4 to 2 win over VMI in 1873 . On October 18 , 1888 , the Wake Forest Demon Deacons defeated the North Carolina Tar Heels 6 to 4 in the first intercollegiate game in the state of North Carolina . On December 14 , 1889 , Wofford defeated Furman 5 to 1 in the first intercollegiate game in the state of South Carolina . The game featured no uniforms , no positions , and the rules were formulated before the game . January 30 , 1892 saw the first football game played in the Deep South when the Georgia Bulldogs defeated Mercer 50 -- 0 at Herty Field . The beginnings of the contemporary Southeastern Conference and Atlantic Coast Conference start in 1894 . The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) was founded on December 21 , 1894 , by Dr. William Dudley , a chemistry professor at Vanderbilt . The original members were Alabama , Auburn , Georgia , Georgia Tech , North Carolina , Sewanee , and Vanderbilt . Clemson , Cumberland , Kentucky , LSU , Mercer , Mississippi , Mississippi A&M ( Mississippi State ) , Southwestern Presbyterian University , Tennessee , Texas , Tulane , and the University of Nashville joined the following year in 1895 as invited charter members . The conference was originally formed for `` the development and purification of college athletics throughout the South '' . It is thought that the first forward pass in football occurred on October 26 , 1895 in a game between Georgia and North Carolina when , out of desperation , the ball was thrown by the North Carolina back Joel Whitaker instead of punted and George Stephens caught the ball . On November 9 , 1895 John Heisman executed a hidden ball trick utilizing quarterback Reynolds Tichenor to get Auburn 's only touchdown in a 6 to 9 loss to Vanderbilt . It was the first game in the south decided by a field goal . Heisman later used the trick against Pop Warner 's Georgia team . Warner picked up the trick and later used it at Cornell against Penn State in 1897 . He then used it in 1903 at Carlisle against Harvard and garnered national attention . Sewanee 's 1899 `` Iron Men . '' The 1899 Sewanee Tigers are one of the all - time great teams of the early sport . The team went 12 -- 0 , outscoring opponents 322 to 10 . Known as the `` Iron Men '' , with just 13 men they had a six - day road trip with five shutout wins over Texas A&M ; Texas ; Tulane ; LSU ; and Ole Miss . It is recalled memorably with the phrase `` ... and on the seventh day they rested . '' Grantland Rice called them `` the most durable football team I ever saw . '' Organized intercollegiate football was first played in the state of Florida in 1901 . A 7 - game series between intramural teams from Stetson and Forbes occurred in 1894 . The first intercollegiate game between official varsity teams was played on November 22 , 1901 . Stetson beat Florida Agricultural College at Lake City , one of the four forerunners of the University of Florida , 6 - 0 , in a game played as part of the Jacksonville Fair . 1904 Vanderbilt team in action . On September 27 , 1902 , Georgetown beat Navy 4 to 0 . It is claimed by Georgetown authorities as the game with the first ever `` roving center '' or linebacker when Percy Given stood up , in contrast to the usual tale of Germany Schulz . The first linebacker in the South is often considered to be Frank Juhan . On Thanksgiving Day 1903 , a game was scheduled in Montgomery , Alabama between the best teams from each region of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association for an `` SIAA championship game '' , pitting Cumberland against Heisman 's Clemson . The game ended in an 11 -- 11 tie causing many teams to claim the title . Heisman pressed hardest for Cumberland to get the claim of champion . It was his last game as Clemson head coach . 1904 saw big coaching hires in the south : Mike Donahue at Auburn , John Heisman at Georgia Tech , and Dan McGugin at Vanderbilt were all hired that year . Both Donahue and McGugin just came from the north that year , Donahue from Yale and McGugin from Michigan , and were among the initial inductees of the College Football Hall of Fame . The undefeated 1904 Vanderbilt team scored an average of 52.7 points per game , the most in college football that season , and allowed just four points . Southwest ( edit ) The first college football game in Oklahoma Territory occurred on November 7 , 1895 when the ' Oklahoma City Terrors ' defeated the Oklahoma Sooners 34 to 0 . The Terrors were a mix of Methodist college students and high schoolers . The Sooners did not manage a single first down . By next season , Oklahoma coach John A. Harts had left to prospect for gold in the Arctic . Organized football was first played in the territory on November 29 , 1894 between the Oklahoma City Terrors and Oklahoma City High School . The high school won 24 to 0 . Pacific Coast ( edit ) The first USC football squad ( 1888 ) . Before they were nicknamed the `` Trojans '' , they were known as the USC Methodists . The University of Southern California first fielded an American football team in 1888 . Playing its first game on November 14 of that year against the Alliance Athletic Club , in which USC gained a 16 -- 0 victory . Frank Suffel and Henry H. Goddard were playing coaches for the first team which was put together by quarterback Arthur Carroll ; who in turn volunteered to make the pants for the team and later became a tailor . USC faced its first collegiate opponent the following year in fall 1889 , playing St. Vincent 's College to a 40 -- 0 victory . In 1893 , USC joined the Intercollegiate Football Association of Southern California ( the forerunner of the SCIAC ) , which was composed of USC , Occidental College , Throop Polytechnic Institute ( Caltech ) , and Chaffey College . Pomona College was invited to enter , but declined to do so . An invitation was also extended to Los Angeles High School . The 1893 Stanford American football team In 1891 , the first Stanford football team was hastily organized and played a four - game season beginning in January 1892 with no official head coach . Following the season , Stanford captain John Whittemore wrote to Yale coach Walter Camp asking him to recommend a coach for Stanford . To Whittemore 's surprise , Camp agreed to coach the team himself , on the condition that he finish the season at Yale first . As a result of Camp 's late arrival , Stanford played just three official games , against San Francisco 's Olympic Club and rival California . The team also played exhibition games against two Los Angeles area teams that Stanford does not include in official results . Camp returned to the East Coast following the season , then returned to coach Stanford in 1894 and 1895 . On 25 December 1894 , Amos Alonzo Stagg 's Chicago Maroons agreed to play Camp 's Stanford football team in San Francisco in the first postseason intersectional contest , foreshadowing the modern bowl game . Future president Herbert Hoover was Stanford 's student financial manager . Chicago won 24 to 4 . Stanford won a rematch in Los Angeles on December 29 by 12 to 0 . The Big Game between Stanford and California was played as rugby union from 1906 to 1914 . The Big Game between Stanford and California is the oldest college football rivalry in the West . The first game was played on San Francisco 's Haight Street Grounds on March 19 , 1892 with Stanford winning 14 -- 10 . The term `` Big Game '' was first used in 1900 , when it was played on Thanksgiving Day in San Francisco . During that game , a large group of men and boys , who were observing from the roof of the nearby S.F. and Pacific Glass Works , fell into the fiery interior of the building when the roof collapsed , resulting in 13 dead and 78 injured . On December 4 , 1900 , the last victim of the disaster ( Fred Lilly ) died , bringing the death toll to 22 ; and , to this day , the `` Thanksgiving Day Disaster '' remains the deadliest accident to kill spectators at a U.S. sporting event . The University of Oregon began playing American football in 1894 and played its first game on March 24 , 1894 , defeating Albany College 44 -- 3 under head coach Cal Young . Cal Young left after that first game and J.A. Church took over the coaching position in the fall for the rest of the season . Oregon finished the season with two additional losses and a tie , but went undefeated the following season , winning all four of its games under head coach Percy Benson . In 1899 , the Oregon football team left the state for the first time , playing the California Golden Bears in Berkeley , California . American football at Oregon State University started in 1893 shortly after athletics were initially authorized at the college . Athletics were banned at the school in May 1892 , but when the strict school president , Benjamin Arnold , died , President John Bloss reversed the ban . Bloss 's son William started the first team , on which he served as both coach and quarterback . The team 's first game was an easy 63 - 0 defeat over the home team , Albany College . In May 1900 , Yost was hired as the football coach at Stanford University , and , after traveling home to West Virginia , he arrived in Palo Alto , California , on August 21 , 1900 . Yost led the 1900 Stanford team to a 7 -- 2 -- 1 , outscoring opponents 154 to 20 . The next year in 1901 , Yost was hired by Charles A. Baird as the head football coach for the Michigan Wolverines football team . On 1 January 1902 , Yost 's dominating 1901 Michigan Wolverines football team agreed to play a 3 -- 1 -- 2 team from Stanford University in the inaugural `` Tournament East - West football game what is now known as the Rose Bowl Game by a score of 49 -- 0 after Stanford captain Ralph Fisher requested to quit with eight minutes remaining . The 1905 season marked the first meeting between Stanford and USC . Consequently , Stanford is USC 's oldest existing rival . The Big Game between Stanford and Cal on November 11 , 1905 was the first played at Stanford Field , with Stanford winning 12 -- 5 . In 1906 , citing concerns about the violence in American Football , universities on the West Coast , led by California and Stanford , replaced the sport with rugby union . At the time , the future of American football was very much in doubt and these schools believed that rugby union would eventually be adopted nationwide . Other schools followed suit and also made the switch included Nevada , St. Mary 's , Santa Clara , and USC ( in 1911 ) . However , due to the perception that West Coast football was inferior to the game played on the East Coast anyway , East Coast and Midwest teams shrugged off the loss of the teams and continued playing American football . With no nationwide movement , the available pool of rugby teams to play remained small . The schools scheduled games against local club teams and reached out to rugby union powers in Australia , New Zealand , and especially , due to its proximity , Canada . The annual Big Game between Stanford and California continued as rugby , with the winner invited by the British Columbia Rugby Union to a tournament in Vancouver over the Christmas holidays , with the winner of that tournament receiving the Cooper Keith Trophy . During 12 seasons of playing rugby union , Stanford was remarkably successful : the team had three undefeated seasons , three one - loss seasons , and an overall record of 94 wins , 20 losses , and 3 ties for a winning percentage of . 816 . However , after a few years , the school began to feel the isolation of its newly adopted sport , which was not spreading as many had hoped . Students and alumni began to clamor for a return to American football to allow wider intercollegiate competition . The pressure at rival California was stronger ( especially as the school had not been as successful in the Big Game as they had hoped ) , and in 1915 California returned to American football . As reasons for the change , the school cited rule change back to American football , the overwhelming desire of students and supporters to play American football , interest in playing other East Coast and Midwest schools , and a patriotic desire to play an `` American '' game . California 's return to American football increased the pressure on Stanford to also change back in order to maintain the rivalry . Stanford played its 1915 , 1916 , and 1917 `` Big Games '' as rugby union against Santa Clara and California 's football `` Big Game '' in those years was against Washington , but both schools desired to restore the old traditions . The onset of American involvement in World War I gave Stanford an out : in 1918 , the Stanford campus was designated as the Students ' Army Training Corps headquarters for all of California , Nevada , and Utah , and the commanding officer , Sam M. Parker , decreed that American football was the appropriate athletic activity to train soldiers and rugby union was dropped . Mountain West ( edit ) Colorado 's First football team in 1890 . Kickoff during the 1916 Colorado -- Utah game The 1905 Utah football team The University of Colorado began playing American football in 1890 . Colorado found much success in its early years , winning eight Colorado Football Association Championships ( 1894 -- 97 , 1901 -- 08 ) . The following was taken from the Silver & Gold newspaper of December 16 , 1898 . It was a recollection of the birth of Colorado football written by one of CU 's original gridders , John C. Nixon , also the school 's second captain . It appears here in its original form : At the beginning of the first semester in the fall of ' 90 the boys rooming at the dormitory on the campus of the U. of C. being afflicted with a super-abundance of penned up energy , or perhaps having recently drifted from under the parental wing and delighting in their newly found freedom , decided among other wild schemes , to form an athletic association . Messrs Carney , Whittaker , Layton and others , who at that time constituted a majority of the male population of the University , called a meeting of the campus boys in the old medical building . Nixon was elected president and Holden secretary of the association . It was voted that the officers constitute a committee to provide uniform suits in which to play what was called `` association football '' . Suits of flannel were ultimately procured and paid for assessments on the members of the association and generous contributions from members of the faculty . ( ... ) The Athletic Association should now invigorate its base - ball and place it at par with its football team ; and it certainly has the material with which to do it . The U of C should henceforth lead the state and possibly the west in athletic sports . ( ... ) The style of football playing has altered considerably ; by the old rules , all men in front of the runner with the ball , were offside , consequently we could not send backs through and break the line ahead of the ball as is done at present . The notorious V was then in vogue , which gave a heavy team too much advantage . The mass plays being now barred , skill on the football field is more in demand than mere weight and strength . -- John C. Nixon , Silver & Gold , December 16 , 1898 In 1909 , the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference was founded , featuring four members : Colorado , Colorado College , Colorado School of Mines , and Colorado Agricultural College . The University of Denver and the University of Utah joined the RMAC in 1910 . For its first thirty years , the RMAC was considered a major conference equivalent to today 's Division I , before 7 larger members left and formed the Mountain States Conference ( also called the Skyline Conference ) . Violence , formation of NCAA ( edit ) College football increased in popularity through the remainder of the 19th and early 20th century . It also became increasingly violent . Between 1890 and 1905 , 330 college athletes died as a direct result of injuries sustained on the football field . These deaths could be attributed to the mass formations and gang tackling that characterized the sport in its early years . No sport is wholesome in which ungenerous or mean acts which easily escape detection contribute to victory . Charles William Eliot , President of Harvard University ( 1869 -- 1909 ) opposing football in 1905 . The 1894 Harvard - Yale game , known as the `` Hampden Park Blood Bath '' , resulted in crippling injuries for four players ; the contest was suspended until 1897 . The annual Army - Navy game was suspended from 1894 to 1898 for similar reasons . One of the major problems was the popularity of mass - formations like the flying wedge , in which a large number of offensive players charged as a unit against a similarly arranged defense . The resultant collisions often led to serious injuries and sometimes even death . Georgia fullback Richard Von Albade Gammon notably died on the field from concussions received against Virginia in 1897 , causing Georgia , Georgia Tech , and Mercer to suspend their football programs . The situation came to a head in 1905 when there were 19 fatalities nationwide . President Theodore Roosevelt reportedly threatened to shut down the game if drastic changes were not made . However , the threat by Roosevelt to eliminate football is disputed by sports historians . What is absolutely certain is that on October 9 , 1905 , Roosevelt held a meeting of football representatives from Harvard , Yale , and Princeton . Though he lectured on eliminating and reducing injuries , he never threatened to ban football . He also lacked the authority to abolish football and was , in fact , actually a fan of the sport and wanted to preserve it . The President 's sons were also playing football at the college and secondary levels at the time . Meanwhile , John H. Outland held an experimental game in Wichita , Kansas that reduced the number of scrimmage plays to earn a first down from four to three in an attempt to reduce injuries . The Los Angeles Times reported an increase in punts and considered the game much safer than regular play but that the new rule was not `` conducive to the sport '' . In 1906 , President Roosevelt organized a meeting among thirteen school leaders at the White House to find solutions to make the sport safer for the athletes . Because the college officials could not agree upon a change in rules , it was decided over the course of several subsequent meetings that an external governing body should be responsible . Finally , on December 28 , 1905 , 62 schools met in New York City to discuss rule changes to make the game safer . As a result of this meeting , the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States was formed in 1906 . The IAAUS was the original rule making body of college football , but would go on to sponsor championships in other sports . The IAAUS would get its current name of National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in 1910 , and still sets rules governing the sport . The rules committee considered widening the playing field to `` open up '' the game , but Harvard Stadium ( the first large permanent football stadium ) had recently been built at great expense ; it would be rendered useless by a wider field . The rules committee legalized the forward pass instead . Though it was underutilized for years , this proved to be one of the most important rule changes in the establishment of the modern game . Another rule change banned `` mass momentum '' plays ( many of which , like the infamous `` flying wedge '' , were sometimes literally deadly ) . Modernization and innovation ( 1906 -- 1930 ) ( edit ) 1906 St. Louis Post-Dispatch photograph of Brad Robinson , who threw the first legal forward pass and was the sport 's first triple threat As a result of the 1905 -- 1906 reforms , mass formation plays became illegal and forward passes legal . Bradbury Robinson , playing for visionary coach Eddie Cochems at Saint Louis University , threw the first legal pass in a September 5 , 1906 , game against Carroll College at Waukesha . Other important changes , formally adopted in 1910 , were the requirements that at least seven offensive players be on the line of scrimmage at the time of the snap , that there be no pushing or pulling , and that interlocking interference ( arms linked or hands on belts and uniforms ) was not allowed . These changes greatly reduced the potential for collision injuries . Several coaches emerged who took advantage of these sweeping changes . Amos Alonzo Stagg introduced such innovations as the huddle , the tackling dummy , and the pre-snap shift . Other coaches , such as Pop Warner and Knute Rockne , introduced new strategies that still remain part of the game . Besides these coaching innovations , several rules changes during the first third of the 20th century had a profound impact on the game , mostly in opening up the passing game . In 1914 , the first roughing - the - passer penalty was implemented . In 1918 , the rules on eligible receivers were loosened to allow eligible players to catch the ball anywhere on the field -- previously strict rules were in place allowing passes to only certain areas of the field . Scoring rules also changed during this time : field goals were lowered to three points in 1909 and touchdowns raised to six points in 1912 . Star players that emerged in the early 20th century include Jim Thorpe , Red Grange , and Bronko Nagurski ; these three made the transition to the fledgling NFL and helped turn it into a successful league . Sportswriter Grantland Rice helped popularize the sport with his poetic descriptions of games and colorful nicknames for the game 's biggest players , including Notre Dame 's `` Four Horsemen '' backfield and Fordham University 's linemen , known as the `` Seven Blocks of Granite '' . In 1907 at Champaign , Illinois Chicago and Illinois played in the first game to have a halftime show featuring a marching band . Chicago won 42 -- 6 . On November 25 , 1911 Kansas and Missouri played the first homecoming football game . The game was `` broadcast '' play - by - play over telegraph to at least 1,000 fans in Lawrence , Kansas . It ended in a 3 -- 3 tie . The game between West Virginia and Pittsburgh on October 8 , 1921 , saw the first live radio broadcast of a college football game when Harold W. Arlin announced that year 's Backyard Brawl played at Forbes Field on KDKA . Pitt won 21 -- 13 . On October 28 , 1922 , Princeton and Chicago played the first game to be nationally broadcast on radio . Princeton won 21 -- 18 in a hotly contested game which had Princeton dubbed the `` Team of Destiny . '' Rise of the South ( edit ) One publication claims `` The first scouting done in the South was in 1905 , when Dan McGugin and Captain Innis Brown , of Vanderbilt went to Atlanta to see Sewanee play Georgia Tech . '' Fuzzy Woodruff claims Davidson was the first in the south to throw a legal forward pass in 1906 . The following season saw Vanderbilt execute a double pass play to set up the touchdown that beat Sewanee in a meeting of unbeatens for the SIAA championship . Grantland Rice cited this event as the greatest thrill he ever witnessed in his years of watching sports . Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin in Spalding 's Football Guide 's summation of the season in the SIAA wrote `` The standing . First , Vanderbilt ; second , Sewanee , a might good second ; '' and that Aubrey Lanier `` came near winning the Vanderbilt game by his brilliant dashes after receiving punts . '' Bob Blake threw the final pass to center Stein Stone , catching it near the goal amongst defenders . Honus Craig then ran in the winning touchdown . Heisman shift ( edit ) Utilizing the `` jump shift '' offense , John Heisman 's Georgia Tech Golden Tornado won 222 to 0 over Cumberland on October 7 , 1916 , at Grant Field in the most lopsided victory in college football history . Tech went on a 33 - game winning streak during this period . The 1917 team was the first national champion from the South , led by a powerful backfield . It also had the first two players from the Deep South selected first - team All - American in Walker Carpenter and Everett Strupper . Pop Warner 's Pittsburgh Panthers were also undefeated , but declined a challenge by Heisman to a game . When Heisman left Tech after 1919 , his shift was still employed by protege William Alexander . Notable intersectional games ( edit ) In 1906 Vanderbilt defeated Carlisle 4 to 0 , the result of a Bob Blake field goal . In 1907 Vanderbilt fought Navy to a 6 to 6 tie . In 1910 Vanderbilt held defending national champion Yale to a scoreless tie . Tom Davies runs against undefeated and unscored upon Georgia Tech in the 1918 game at Forbes Field . Helping Georgia Tech 's claim to a title in 1917 , the Auburn Tigers held undefeated , Chic Harley - led Big Ten champion Ohio State to a scoreless tie the week before Georgia Tech beat the Tigers 68 to 7 . The next season , with many players gone due to World War I , a game was finally scheduled at Forbes Field with Pittsburgh . The Panthers , led by freshman Tom Davies , defeated Georgia Tech 32 to 0 . Tech center Bum Day was the first player on a Southern team ever selected first - team All - American by Walter Camp . 1917 saw the rise of another Southern team in Centre of Danville , Kentucky . In 1921 Bo McMillin - led Centre upset defending national champion Harvard 6 to 0 in what is widely considered one of the greatest upsets in college football history . The next year Vanderbilt fought Michigan to a scoreless tie at the inaugural game at Dudley Field ( now Vanderbilt Stadium ) , the first stadium in the South made exclusively for college football . Michigan coach Fielding Yost and Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin were brothers - in - law , and the latter the protege of the former . The game featured the season 's two best defenses and included a goal line stand by Vanderbilt to preserve the tie . Its result was `` a great surprise to the sporting world . '' Commodore fans celebrated by throwing some 3,000 seat cushions onto the field . The game features prominently in Vanderbilt 's history . That same year , Alabama upset Penn 9 to 7 . Vanderbilt 's line coach then was Wallace Wade , who in 1925 coached Alabama to the south 's first Rose Bowl victory . This game is commonly referred to as `` the game that changed the south . '' Wade followed up the next season with an undefeated record and Rose Bowl tie . Georgia 's 1927 `` dream and wonder team '' defeated Yale for the first time . Georgia Tech , led by Heisman protege William Alexander , gave the dream and wonder team its only loss , and the next year were national and Rose Bowl champions . The Rose Bowl included Roy Riegels ' wrong - way run . On October 12 , 1929 , Yale lost to Georgia in Sanford Stadium in its first trip to the south . Wade 's Alabama again won a national championship and Rose Bowl in 1930 . Coaches of the era ( edit ) Glenn `` Pop '' Warner ( edit ) Glenn `` Pop '' Warner coached at several schools throughout his career , including the University of Georgia , Cornell University , University of Pittsburgh , Stanford University , and Temple University . One of his most famous stints was at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School , where he coached Jim Thorpe , who went on to become the first president of the National Football League , an Olympic Gold Medalist , and is widely considered one of the best overall athletes in history . Warner wrote one of the first important books of football strategy , Football for Coaches and Players , published in 1927 . Though the shift was invented by Stagg , Warner 's single wing and double wing formations greatly improved upon it ; for almost 40 years , these were among the most important formations in football . As part of his single and double wing formations , Warner was one of the first coaches to effectively utilize the forward pass . Among his other innovations are modern blocking schemes , the three - point stance , and the reverse play . The youth football league , Pop Warner Little Scholars , was named in his honor . Knute Rockne ( edit ) Knute Rockne rose to prominence in 1913 as an end for the University of Notre Dame , then a largely unknown Midwestern Catholic school . When Army scheduled Notre Dame as a warm - up game , they thought little of the small school . Rockne and quarterback Gus Dorais made innovative use of the forward pass , still at that point a relatively unused weapon , to defeat Army 35 -- 13 and helped establish the school as a national power . Rockne returned to coach the team in 1918 , and devised the powerful Notre Dame Box offense , based on Warner 's single wing . He is credited with being the first major coach to emphasize offense over defense . Rockne is also credited with popularizing and perfecting the forward pass , a seldom used play at the time . The 1924 team featured the Four Horsemen backfield . In 1927 , his complex shifts led directly to a rule change whereby all offensive players had to stop for a full second before the ball could be snapped . Rather than simply a regional team , Rockne 's `` Fighting Irish '' became famous for barnstorming and played any team at any location . It was during Rockne 's tenure that the annual Notre Dame - University of Southern California rivalry began . He led his team to an impressive 105 -- 12 -- 5 record before his premature death in a plane crash in 1931 . He was so famous at that point that his funeral was broadcast nationally on radio . From a regional to a national sport ( 1930 -- 1958 ) ( edit ) In the early 1930s , the college game continued to grow , particularly in the South , bolstered by fierce rivalries such as the `` South 's Oldest Rivalry '' , between Virginia and North Carolina and the `` Deep South 's Oldest Rivalry '' , between Georgia and Auburn . Although before the mid-1920s most national powers came from the Northeast or the Midwest , the trend changed when several teams from the South and the West Coast achieved national success . Wallace William Wade 's 1925 Alabama team won the 1926 Rose Bowl after receiving its first national title and William Alexander 's 1928 Georgia Tech team defeated California in the 1929 Rose Bowl . College football quickly became the most popular spectator sport in the South . Several major modern college football conferences rose to prominence during this time period . The Southwest Athletic Conference had been founded in 1915 . Consisting mostly of schools from Texas , the conference saw back - to - back national champions with Texas Christian University ( TCU ) in 1938 and Texas A&M in 1939 . The Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , a precursor to the Pac - 12 Conference ( Pac - 12 ) , had its own back - to - back champion in the University of Southern California which was awarded the title in 1931 and 1932 . The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) formed in 1932 and consisted mostly of schools in the Deep South . As in previous decades , the Big Ten continued to dominate in the 1930s and 1940s , with Minnesota winning 5 titles between 1934 and 1941 , and Michigan ( 1933 , 1947 , and 1948 ) and Ohio State ( 1942 ) also winning titles . Don Hutson in 1940 . As it grew beyond its regional affiliations in the 1930s , college football garnered increased national attention . Four new bowl games were created : the Orange Bowl , Sugar Bowl , the Sun Bowl in 1935 , and the Cotton Bowl in 1937 . In lieu of an actual national championship , these bowl games , along with the earlier Rose Bowl , provided a way to match up teams from distant regions of the country that did not otherwise play . In 1936 , the Associated Press began its weekly poll of prominent sports writers , ranking all of the nation 's college football teams . Since there was no national championship game , the final version of the AP poll was used to determine who was crowned the National Champion of college football . The 1930s saw growth in the passing game . Though some coaches , such as General Robert Neyland at Tennessee , continued to eschew its use , several rules changes to the game had a profound effect on teams ' ability to throw the ball . In 1934 , the rules committee removed two major penalties -- a loss of five yards for a second incomplete pass in any series of downs and a loss of possession for an incomplete pass in the end zone -- and shrunk the circumference of the ball , making it easier to grip and throw . Players who became famous for taking advantage of the easier passing game included Alabama end Don Hutson and TCU passer `` Slingin '' Sammy Baugh . In 1935 , New York City 's Downtown Athletic Club awarded the first Heisman Trophy to University of Chicago halfback Jay Berwanger , who was also the first ever NFL Draft pick in 1936 . The trophy was designed by sculptor Frank Eliscu and modeled after New York University player Ed Smith . The trophy recognizes the nation 's `` most outstanding '' college football player and has become one of the most coveted awards in all of American sports . During World War II , college football players enlisted in the armed forces , some playing in Europe during the war . As most of these players had eligibility left on their college careers , some of them returned to college at West Point , bringing Army back - to - back national titles in 1944 and 1945 under coach Red Blaik . Doc Blanchard ( known as `` Mr. Inside '' ) and Glenn Davis ( known as `` Mr. Outside '' ) both won the Heisman Trophy , in 1945 and 1946 respectively . On the coaching staff of those 1944 -- 1946 Army teams was future Pro Football Hall of Fame coach Vince Lombardi . The 1950s saw the rise of yet more dynasties and power programs . Oklahoma , under coach Bud Wilkinson , won three national titles ( 1950 , 1955 , 1956 ) and all ten Big Eight Conference championships in the decade while building a record 47 - game winning streak . Woody Hayes led Ohio State to two national titles , in 1954 and 1957 , and won three Big Ten titles . The Michigan State Spartans were known as the `` football factory '' during the 1950s , where coaches Clarence Munn and Duffy Daugherty led the Spartans to two national titles and two Big Ten titles after joining the Big Ten athletically in 1953 . Wilkinson and Hayes , along with Robert Neyland of Tennessee , oversaw a revival of the running game in the 1950s . Passing numbers dropped from an average of 18.9 attempts in 1951 to 13.6 attempts in 1955 , while teams averaged just shy of 50 running plays per game . Nine out of ten Heisman Trophy winners in the 1950s were runners . Notre Dame , one of the biggest passing teams of the decade , saw a substantial decline in success ; the 1950s were the only decade between 1920 and 1990 when the team did not win at least a share of the national title . Paul Hornung , Notre Dame quarterback , did , however , win the Heisman in 1956 , becoming the only player from a losing team ever to do so . Modern college football ( since 1958 ) ( edit ) Following the enormous success of the 1958 NFL Championship Game , college football no longer enjoyed the same popularity as the NFL , at least on a national level . While both games benefited from the advent of television , since the late 1950s , the NFL has become a nationally popular sport while college football has maintained strong regional ties . The Virginia Cavaliers ( orange and blue home uniforms ) play against the Penn State Nittany Lions ( all - white away uniforms ) in 2012 in Scott Stadium . As professional football became a national television phenomenon , college football did as well . In the 1950s , Notre Dame , which had a large national following , formed its own network to broadcast its games , but by and large the sport still retained a mostly regional following . In 1952 , the NCAA claimed all television broadcasting rights for the games of its member institutions , and it alone negotiated television rights . This situation continued until 1984 , when several schools brought a suit under the Sherman Antitrust Act ; the Supreme Court ruled against the NCAA and schools are now free to negotiate their own television deals . ABC Sports began broadcasting a national Game of the Week in 1966 , bringing key matchups and rivalries to a national audience for the first time . New formations and play sets continued to be developed . Emory Bellard , an assistant coach under Darrell Royal at the University of Texas , developed a three - back option style offense known as the wishbone . The wishbone is a run - heavy offense that depends on the quarterback making last second decisions on when and to whom to hand or pitch the ball to . Royal went on to teach the offense to other coaches , including Bear Bryant at Alabama , Chuck Fairbanks at Oklahoma and Pepper Rodgers at UCLA ; who all adapted and developed it to their own tastes . The strategic opposite of the wishbone is the spread offense , developed by professional and college coaches throughout the 1960s and 1970s . Though some schools play a run - based version of the spread , its most common use is as a passing offense designed to `` spread '' the field both horizontally and vertically . Some teams have managed to adapt with the times to keep winning consistently . In the rankings of the most victorious programs , Michigan , Texas , and Notre Dame are ranked first , second , and third in total wins . Growth of Bowl games ( edit ) See also : Bowl game Growth of bowl games 1930 -- 2010 Year # of games 1930 1940 5 1950 8 1960 8 1970 8 1980 15 19 2000 25 35 2014 College football playoff consist of 2 bowls and a champ game In 1940 , for the highest level of college football , there were only five bowl games ( Rose , Orange , Sugar , Sun , and Cotton ) . By 1950 , three more had joined that number and in 1970 , there were still only eight major college bowl games . The number grew to eleven in 1976 . At the birth of cable television and cable sports networks like ESPN , there were fifteen bowls in 1980 . With more national venues and increased available revenue , the bowls saw an explosive growth throughout the 1980s and 1990s . In the thirty years from 1950 to 1980 , seven bowl games were added to the schedule . From 1980 to 2008 , an additional 20 bowl games were added to the schedule . Some have criticized this growth , claiming that the increased number of games has diluted the significance of playing in a bowl game . Yet others have countered that the increased number of games has increased exposure and revenue for a greater number of schools , and see it as a positive development . With the growth of bowl games , it became difficult to determine a national champion in a fair and equitable manner . As conferences became contractually bound to certain bowl games ( a situation known as a tie - in ) , match - ups that guaranteed a consensus national champion became increasingly rare . In 1992 , seven conferences and independent Notre Dame formed the Bowl Coalition , which attempted to arrange an annual No. 1 versus No. 2 matchup based on the final AP poll standings . The Coalition lasted for three years ; however , several scheduling issues prevented much success ; tie - ins still took precedence in several cases . For example , the Big Eight and SEC champions could never meet , since they were contractually bound to different bowl games . The coalition also excluded the Rose Bowl , arguably the most prestigious game in the nation , and two major conferences -- the Pac - 10 and Big Ten -- meaning that it had limited success . In 1995 , the Coalition was replaced by the Bowl Alliance , which reduced the number of bowl games to host a national championship game to three -- the Fiesta , Sugar , and Orange Bowls -- and the participating conferences to five -- the ACC , SEC , Southwest , Big Eight , and Big East . It was agreed that the No. 1 and No. 2 ranked teams gave up their prior bowl tie - ins and were guaranteed to meet in the national championship game , which rotated between the three participating bowls . The system still did not include the Big Ten , Pac - 10 , or the Rose Bowl , and thus still lacked the legitimacy of a true national championship . However , one positive side effect is that if there were three teams at the end of the season vying for a national title , but one of them was a Pac - 10 / Big Ten team bound to the Rose Bowl , then there would be no difficulty in deciding which teams to place in the Bowl Alliance `` national championship '' bowl ; if the Pac - 10 / Big Ten team won the Rose Bowl and finished with the same record as whichever team won the other bowl game , they could have a share of the national title . This happened in the final year of the Bowl Alliance , with Michigan winning the 1998 Rose Bowl and Nebraska winning the 1998 Orange Bowl . Without the Pac - 10 / Big Ten team bound to a bowl game , it would be difficult to decide which two teams should play for the national title . Bowl Championship series ( edit ) Main article : Bowl Championship Series See also : NCAA Division I Football Championship In 1998 , a new system was put into place called the Bowl Championship Series . For the first time , it included all major conferences ( ACC , Big East , Big 12 , Big Ten , Pac - 10 , and SEC ) and four major bowl games ( Rose , Orange , Sugar and Fiesta ) . The champions of these six conferences , along with two `` at - large '' selections , were invited to play in the four bowl games . Each year , one of the four bowl games served as a national championship game . Also , a complex system of human polls , computer rankings , and strength of schedule calculations was instituted to rank schools . Based on this ranking system , the No. 1 and No. 2 teams met each year in the national championship game . Traditional tie - ins were maintained for schools and bowls not part of the national championship . For example , in years when not a part of the national championship , the Rose Bowl still hosted the Big Ten and Pac - 10 champions . The system continued to change , as the formula for ranking teams was tweaked from year to year . At - large teams could be chosen from any of the Division I conferences , though only one selection -- Utah in 2005 -- came from a non-BCS affiliated conference . Starting with the 2006 season , a fifth game -- simply called the BCS National Championship Game -- was added to the schedule , to be played at the site of one of the four BCS bowl games on a rotating basis , one week after the regular bowl game . This opened up the BCS to two additional at - large teams . Also , rules were changed to add the champions of five additional conferences ( Conference USA ( C - USA ) , the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) , the Mountain West Conference ( MW ) , the Sun Belt Conference and the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) ) , provided that said champion ranked in the top twelve in the final BCS rankings , or was within the top 16 of the BCS rankings and ranked higher than the champion of at least one of the `` BCS conferences '' ( also known as `` AQ '' conferences , for Automatic Qualifying ) . Several times since this rule change was implemented , schools from non-AQ conferences have played in BCS bowl games . In 2009 , Boise State played TCU in the Fiesta Bowl , the first time two schools from non-BCS conferences played each other in a BCS bowl game . The last team from the non-AQ ranks to reach a BCS bowl game in the BCS era was Northern Illinois in 2012 , which played in ( and lost ) the 2013 Orange Bowl . College football playoff ( edit ) Main article : College Football Playoff The longtime resistance to a playoff system at the FBS level finally ended with the creation of the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) beginning with the 2014 season . The CFP is a Plus - One system , a concept that became popular as a BCS alternative following controversies in 2003 and 2004 . The CFP is a four - team tournament whose participants are chosen and seeded by a 13 - member selection committee . The semifinals are hosted by two of a group of six traditional bowl games often called the `` New Year 's Six '' , with semifinal hosting rotating annually among three pairs of games in the following order : Rose / Sugar , Orange / Cotton , and Fiesta / Peach . The two semifinal winners then advance to the College Football Playoff National Championship , whose host is determined by open bidding several years in advance . The establishment of the CFP followed a tumultuous period of conference realignment in Division I . The WAC , after seeing all but two of its football members leave , dropped football after the 2012 season . The Big East split into two leagues in 2013 ; the schools that did not play FBS football reorganized as a new non-football Big East Conference , while the FBS member schools that remained in the original structure joined with several new members and became the American Athletic Conference . The American retained the Big East 's automatic BCS bowl bid for the 2013 season , but lost this status in the CFP era . The 10 FBS conferences are formally and popularly divided into two groups : Power Five -- Five of the six AQ conferences of the BCS era , specifically the ACC , Big Ten , Big 12 , Pac - 12 , and SEC . Each champion of these conferences is assured of a spot in a New Year 's Six bowl , though not necessarily in a semifinal game . Notre Dame remains a football independent , but is counted among the Power Five because of its full but non-football ACC membership , including a football scheduling alliance with that conference . It has its own arrangement for access to the New Year 's Six games should it meet certain standards . Group of Five -- The remaining five FBS conferences -- American , C - USA , MAC , MW , and Sun Belt . The other three current FBS independents , Army , BYU , and Massachusetts , are also considered to be part of this group . One conference champion from this group receives a spot in a New Year 's Six game . In the first three seasons of the CFP , the Group of Five has yet to place a team in a semifinal . The first two Group of Five teams selected for New Year 's Six bowls ( Boise State in 2014 and Houston in 2015 ) won their games ; the third ( previously undefeated Western Michigan in 2016 ) did not . Official rules and notable rule distinctions ( edit ) See also : American football rules A night game between Harvard and Brown , September 25 , 2009 Although rules for the high school , college , and NFL games are generally consistent , there are several minor differences . The NCAA Football Rules Committee determines the playing rules for Division I ( both Bowl and Championship Subdivisions ) , II , and III games ( the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) is a separate organization , but uses the NCAA rules ) . A pass is ruled complete if one of the receiver 's feet is inbounds at the time of the catch . In the NFL both feet must be inbounds . A player is considered down when any part of his body other than the feet or hands touches the ground or when the ball carrier is tackled or otherwise falls and loses possession of the ball as he contacts the ground with any part of his body , with the sole exception of the holder for field goal and extra point attempts . In the NFL a player is active until he is tackled or forced down by a member of the opposing team ( down by contact ) . The clock stops after the offense completes a first down and begins again -- assuming it is following a play in which the clock would not normally stop -- once the referee says the ball is ready for play . In the NFL the clock does not explicitly stop for a first down . Overtime was introduced in 1996 , eliminating most ties except in the regular season . When a game goes to overtime , each team is given one possession from its opponent 's twenty - five yard line with no game clock , despite the one timeout per period and use of play clock . The team leading after both possessions is declared the winner . If the teams remain tied , overtime periods continue , with a coin flip determining the first possession . Possessions alternate with each overtime , until one team leads the other at the end of the overtime . Starting with the third overtime , a one - point PAT field goal after a touchdown is no longer allowed , forcing teams to attempt a two - point conversion after a touchdown . ( In the NFL overtime is decided by a modified sudden - death period of 10 minutes in preseason and regular - season games and 15 minutes in playoff games , and regular - season games can still end in a tie if neither team scores . Overtime for regular - season games in the NFL began with the 1974 season ; the overtime period for all games was 15 minutes until it was shortened for non-playoff games effective in 2017 . In the postseason , if the teams are still tied , teams will play additional overtime periods until either team scores . ) A tie game is still possible , per NCAA Rule 3 - 3 - 3 ( c ) and ( d ) . If a game is suspended because of inclement weather while tied , typically in the second half or at the end of regulation , and the game is unable to be continued , the game ends in a tie . Similar to baseball , if one team has scored in its possession and the other team has not completed its possession , the score during the overtime can be wiped out and the game ruled a tie . Extra point tries are attempted from the three - yard line . Kicked tries count as one point . Teams can also go for `` the two - point conversion '' which is when a team will line up at the three - yard line and try to score . If they are successful , they receive two points , if they are not , then they receive zero points . Starting with the 2015 season , the NFL uses the 15 - yard line as the line of scrimmage for placekick attempts , but the two - yard line for two - point attempts . The two - point conversion was not implemented in the NFL until 1994 , but it had been previously used in the old American Football League ( AFL ) before it merged with the NFL in 1970 . The defensive team may score two points on a point - after touchdown attempt by returning a blocked kick , fumble , or interception into the opposition 's end zone . In addition , if the defensive team gains possession , but then moves backwards into the end zone and is stopped , a one - point safety will be awarded to the offense , although , unlike a real safety , the offense kicks off , opposed to the team charged with the safety . This college rule was added in 1988 . The NFL , which previously treated the ball as dead during a conversion attempt -- meaning that the attempt ended when the defending team gained possession of the football -- adopted the college rule in 2015 . The two - minute warning is not used in college football , except in rare cases where the scoreboard clock has malfunctioned and is not being used . There is an option to use instant replay review of officiating decisions . Division I FBS schools use replay in virtually all games ; replay is rarely used in lower division games . Every play is subject to booth review with coaches only having one challenge . In the NFL , only scoring plays , turnovers , the final 2 : 00 of each half and all overtime periods are reviewed , and coaches are issued two challenges ( with the option for a 3rd if the first two are successful ) . Starting in the 2012 season , the ball is placed on the 25 - yard line following a touchback on a kickoff . At all other levels of football , plus all other touchback situations under NCAA rules , the ball is placed on the 20 . Among other rule changes in 2007 , kickoffs were moved from the 35 - yard line back five yards to the 30 - yard line , matching a change that the NFL had made in 1994 . Some coaches and officials questioned this rule change as it could lead to more injuries to the players as there will likely be more kickoff returns . The rationale for the rule change was to help reduce dead time in the game . The NFL returned its kickoff location to the 35 - yard line effective in 2011 ; college football did not do so until 2012 . Several changes were made to college rules in 2011 , all of which differ from NFL practice : If a player is penalized for unsportsmanlike conduct for actions that occurred during a play ending in a touchdown by that team , but before the goal line was crossed , the touchdown will be nullified . In the NFL , the same foul would result in a penalty on the conversion attempt or ensuing kickoff , at the option of the non-penalized team . If a team is penalized in the final minute of a half and the penalty causes the clock to stop , the opposing team now has the right to have 10 seconds run off the clock in addition to the yardage penalty . The NFL has a similar rule in the final minute of the half , but it applies only to specified violations against the offensive team . The new NCAA rule applies to penalties on both sides of the ball . Players lined up outside the tackle box -- more specifically , those lined up more than 7 yards from the center -- will now be allowed to block below the waist only if they are blocking straight ahead or toward the nearest sideline . On placekicks , no offensive lineman can now be engaged by more than two defensive players . A violation will be a 5 - yard penalty . Organization ( edit ) College teams mostly play other similarly sized schools through the NCAA 's divisional system . Division I generally consists of the major collegiate athletic powers with larger budgets , more elaborate facilities , and ( with the exception of a few conferences such as the Pioneer Football League ) more athletic scholarships . Division II primarily consists of smaller public and private institutions that offer fewer scholarships than those in Division I. Division III institutions also field teams , but do not offer any scholarships . Football teams in Division I are further divided into the Bowl Subdivision ( consisting of the largest programs ) and the Championship Subdivision . The Bowl Subdivision has historically not used an organized tournament to determine its champion , and instead teams compete in post-season bowl games . That changed with the debut of the four - team College Football Playoff at the end of the 2014 season . Teams in each of these four divisions are further divided into various regional conferences . Several organizations operate college football programs outside the jurisdiction of the NCAA : The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics has jurisdiction over more than 80 college football teams , mostly in the midwest . The National Junior College Athletic Association has jurisdiction over two - year institutions . ( California 's two - year institutions are not under NJCAA jurisdiction and only compete for state championships . ) Club football , a sport in which student clubs run the teams instead of the colleges themselves , is overseen by two organizations : the National Club Football Association and the Intercollegiate Club Football Federation . The two competing sanctioning bodies have some overlap , and several clubs are members of both organizations . The Collegiate Sprint Football League governs nine teams , all in the northeast . Its primary restriction is that all players must weigh less than the average college student ( that threshold is set , as of 2015 , at 172 pounds / 78 kg ) . A college that fields a team in the NCAA is not restricted from fielding teams in club or sprint football , and several colleges field two teams , a varsity ( NCAA ) squad and a club or sprint squad ( no schools , as of 2015 , field both club and sprint teams at the same time ) . Coaching ( edit ) Main article : Head coach § College football National championships ( edit ) College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS -- Overview of systems for determining national champions at the highest level of college football from 1869 to present . College Football Playoff -- 4 team playoff system for determining national champions at the highest level of college football beginning in 2014 . Bowl Championship Series -- The primary method of determining the national champion at the highest level of college football from 1998 -- 2013 ; preceded by the Bowl Alliance ( 1995 -- 1997 ) and the Bowl Coalition ( 1992 -- 1994 ) . NCAA Division I Football Championship -- playoff for determining the national champion at the second highest level of college football , Division I FCS , from 1978 to present . NCAA Division I FCS Consensus Mid-Major Football National Championship -- awarded by poll from 2001 - to 2007 for a subset of the second highest level of play in college football , FCS . NCAA Division II Football Championship -- playoff for determining the national champion at the third highest level of college football from 1973 to present . NCAA Division III Football Championship -- playoff for determining the national champion at the fourth highest level of college football from 1973 to present . NAIA National Football Championship - playoff for determining the national champions of college football governed by the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics . NJCAA National Football Championship -- playoff for determining the national champions of college football governed by the National Junior College Athletic Association . CSFL Championship -- Champions of the Collegiate Sprint Football League , a weight restricted football sport . Team maps ( edit ) Map of Division I ( A ) FBS Map of Division I ( AA ) FCS Map of NCAA Division II Map of NCAA Division III Map of NAIA Map of NJCAA Map of CCCAA Playoff games ( edit ) Started in the 2014 season , four Division I FBS teams are selected at the end of regular season to compete in a playoff for the FBS national championship . The inaugural champion was Ohio State University . The College Football Playoff replaced the Bowl Championship Series , which had been used as the selection method to determine the national championship game participants since in the 1998 season . At the Division I FCS level , the teams participate in a 24 - team playoff ( most recently expanded from 20 teams in 2013 ) to determine the national championship . Under the current playoff structure , the top eight teams are all seeded , and receive a bye week in the first round . The highest seed receives automatic home field advantage . Starting in 2013 , non-seeded teams can only host a playoff game if both teams involved are unseeded ; in such a matchup , the schools must bid for the right to host the game . Selection for the playoffs is determined by a selection committee , although usually a team must have a 8 - 4 record to even be considered . Losses to an FBS team count against their playoff eligibility , while wins against a Division II opponent do not count towards playoff consideration . Thus , only Division I wins ( whether FBS , FCS , or FCS non-scholarship ) are considered for playoff selection . The Division I National Championship game is held in Frisco , Texas . Division II and Division III of the NCAA also participate in their own respective playoffs , crowning national champions at the end of the season . The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics also holds a playoff . Bowl games ( edit ) Main articles : Bowl game and List of college bowl games Unlike other college football divisions and most other sports -- collegiate or professional -- the Football Bowl Subdivision , formerly known as Division I-A college football , has historically not employed a playoff system to determine a champion . Instead , it has a series of postseason `` bowl games '' . The annual National Champion in the Football Bowl Subdivision is then instead traditionally determined by a vote of sports writers and other non-players . This system has been challenged often , beginning with an NCAA committee proposal in 1979 to have a four - team playoff following the bowl games . However , little headway was made in instituting a playoff tournament until 2014 , given the entrenched vested economic interests in the various bowls . Although the NCAA publishes lists of claimed FBS - level national champions in its official publications , it has never recognized an official FBS national championship ; this policy continues even after the establishment of the College Football Playoff ( which is not directly run by the NCAA ) in 2014 . As a result , the official Division I National Champion is the winner of the Football Championship Subdivision , as it is the highest level of football with an NCAA - administered championship tournament . The first bowl game was the 1902 Rose Bowl , played between Michigan and Stanford ; Michigan won 49 - 0 . It ended when Stanford requested and Michigan agreed to end it with 8 minutes on the clock . That game was so lopsided that the game was not played annually until 1916 , when the Tournament of Roses decided to reattempt the postseason game . The term `` bowl '' originates from the shape of the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena , California , which was built in 1923 and resembled the Yale Bowl , built in 1915 . This is where the name came into use , as it became known as the Rose Bowl Game . Other games came along and used the term `` bowl '' , whether the stadium was shaped like a bowl or not . At the Division I FBS level , teams must earn the right to be bowl eligible by winning at least 6 games during the season ( teams that play 13 games in a season , which is allowed for Hawaii and any of its home opponents , must win 7 games ) . They are then invited to a bowl game based on their conference ranking and the tie - ins that the conference has to each bowl game . For the 2009 season , there were 34 bowl games , so 68 of the 120 Division I FBS teams were invited to play at a bowl . These games are played from mid-December to early January and most of the later bowl games are typically considered more prestigious . After the Bowl Championship Series , additional all - star bowl games round out the post-season schedule through the beginning of February . Division I FBS national Championship games ( edit ) Main articles : Bowl Championship Series and College Football Playoff Partly as a compromise between both bowl game and playoff supporters , the NCAA created the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) in 1998 in order to create a definitive national championship game for college football . The series included the four most prominent bowl games ( Rose Bowl , Orange Bowl , Sugar Bowl , Fiesta Bowl ) , while the national championship game rotated each year between one of these venues . The BCS system was slightly adjusted in 2006 , as the NCAA added a fifth game to the series , called the National Championship Game . This allowed the four other BCS bowls to use their normal selection process to select the teams in their games while the top two teams in the BCS rankings would play in the new National Championship Game . The BCS selection committee used a complicated , and often controversial , computer system to rank all Division 1 - FBS teams and the top two teams at the end of the season played for the national championship . This computer system , which factored in newspaper polls , online polls , coaches ' polls , strength of schedule , and various other factors of a team 's season , led to much dispute over whether the two best teams in the country were being selected to play in the National Championship Game . The BCS ended after the 2013 season and , since the 2014 season , the FBS national champion has been determined by a four - team tournament known as the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) . A selection committee of college football experts decides the participating teams . Six major bowl games ( the Rose , Sugar , Cotton , Orange , Peach , and Fiesta ) rotate on a three - year cycle as semifinal games , with the winners advancing to the College Football Playoff National Championship . This arrangement is contractually locked in until the 2026 season . Controversy ( edit ) College football is a controversial institution within American higher education , where the amount of money involved -- what people will pay for the entertainment provided -- is a corrupting factor within universities that they are usually ill - equipped to deal with . According to William E. Kirwan , chancellor of the University of Maryland System and co-director of the Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics , `` We 've reached a point where big - time intercollegiate athletics is undermining the integrity of our institutions , diverting presidents and institutions from their main purpose . '' Football coaches often make more than the presidents of their universities which employ them . Athletes are alleged to receive preferential treatment both in academics and when they run afoul of the law . Although in theory football is an extra-curricular activity engaged in as a sideline by students , it is widely believed to turn a substantial profit , from which the athletes receive no direct benefit . There has been serious discussion about making student - athletes university employees to allow them to be paid . In reality , the majority of major collegiate football programs operated at a financial loss in 2014 . College football outside the United States ( edit ) See also : List of college football games played outside the United States Canadian football , which parallels American football , is played by collegiate teams in Canada under the auspices of U Sports . ( Unlike in the United States , no junior colleges play football in Canada , and the sanctioning body for junior college athletics in Canada , CCAA , does not sanction the sport . ) However , amateur football outside of colleges is played in Canada , such as in the Canadian Junior Football League . Organized competition in American football also exists at the collegiate level in Mexico ( ONEFA ) , the UK ( British Universities American Football League ) , Japan ( Japan American Football Association , Koshien Bowl ) , and South Korea ( Korea American Football Association ) . Awards ( edit ) Division I FBS ( edit ) Heisman Trophy Maxwell Award Walter Camp Award Outland Trophy Associated Press Player of the Year Johnny Rodgers Award Fred Biletnikoff Award Lou Groza Award Lombardi Award Bronko Nagurski Trophy Dick Butkus Award Jim Thorpe Award Doak Walker Award Campbell Trophy Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award Home Depot Award Ray Guy Award John Mackey Award Burlsworth Trophy Jet Award Division I FCS ( edit ) Walter Payton Award Buck Buchanan Award Jerry Rice Award See also ( edit ) College football portal College Football Playoff College athletics in the United States College Football Hall of Fame College football on radio College football on television Helmet stickers Homosexuality in American football List of defunct college football teams List of defunct college football conferences List of historically significant college football games List of sports attendance figures Sports injury References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Electoral map of football : The NFL vs. college football '' . 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Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the NCAA '' . NCAA.org . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Vancil ( 2000 ) , pp 18 Jump up ^ John S. Watterson , `` Inventing Modern Football '' , American Heritage magazine , June 1988 Jump up ^ Vancil ( 2000 ) , pp 17 Jump up ^ Vancil ( 2000 ) pp 22 Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1911 -- 1920 '' . NFL.com. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Vancil ( 2000 ) pp 24 Jump up ^ `` Marching Band History '' . University of Illinois . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Homecoming '' . ACTIVE.com . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 100 years ago : Football fans enjoy mechanized reproduction of KU - MU game '' . Lawrence Journal - World . November 27 , 2011 . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sciullo Jr , Sam , ed. ( 1991 ) . 1991 Pitt Football : University of Pittsburgh Football Media Guide . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Sports Information Office . p. 116 . Jump up ^ `` Princeton - Chicago football game is broadcast across the country '' . Jump up ^ George Allen . How to Scout Football . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Grantland Rice Tells Of Greatest Thrill In Years Of Watching Sport '' . Boston Daily Globe . April 27 , 1924 . Jump up ^ Dan McGugin ( 1907 ) . `` Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association Foot Ball '' . The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide . National Collegiate Athletic Association : 71 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Davis , Parke H. ( 1916 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Yellow Jackets - Cumberland Score Was Record One ; Tops the List According to Statistics Compiled Showing All Scores Past the Century Mark '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . pp. A3 . Jump up ^ Alex Lynn ( November 25 , 1906 ) . `` Vandy 's Great Victory Will Live In History '' . Atlanta Constitution . p. 5 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Brown Calls Vanderbilt ' 06 Best Eleven South Ever Had '' . Atlanta Constitution . February 19 , 1911 . p. 52 . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Football Squads Begin practice '' . The Kingsport Times . September 14 , 1923 . Jump up ^ cf . Bill Traughber . `` CHC - Vandy Ties Michigan in 1922 '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama vs. Pennsylvania '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Football Game That Changed the South '' . The University of Alabama . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett ( 1976 ) , pp 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : Top N. American athletes of the century '' . ESPN . 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Vancil ( 2000 ) , pp 20 Jump up ^ `` WorldCat entry for Football for Coaches and Players '' . WorldCat.org . 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Jump up ^ Vancil ( 2000 ) , pp 39 Jump up ^ Vancil ( 2000 ) , pp 41 -- 45 Jump up ^ MacCambridge ( 1999 ) pp 172 Jump up ^ MacCambridge ( 1999 ) , pp 171 Jump up ^ Bennett ( 1976 ) pp 56 Jump up ^ Barnidge , Tom ( 2000 ) . `` 1958 Colts remember the ' Greatest Game ' '' . nfl.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . reprinted from Official Super Bowl XXXIII Game Program . Jump up ^ Vancil ( 2000 ) pp 46 -- 48 Jump up ^ Vancil ( 2000 ) , pp 56 Jump up ^ Bennett ( 1976 ) , Appendix pp 209 -- 217 ^ Jump up to : Call , Jeff ( December 20 , 2006 ) . `` Changing seasons : Y. reconnects with past , but bowl scene not the same '' . Deseret News . p . D5 . ^ Jump up to : `` College Bowl Games '' . Hickok Sports . 2006 . Archived from the original on 2002 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Celizic , Mike ( December 9 , 2006 ) . `` Too many bowl games ? Nonsense '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` BCS Chronology '' . FOX Sports on MSN . 2006 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Kickoffs from 30 yard line could create more returns , injuries '' . Associated Press . April 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Football Rules Committee Votes To Restore Plays While Attempting To Maintain Shorter Overall Game Time '' . NCAA . 2007 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Series of rules changes approved '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Division I Football Championship '' . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FBS College Football History '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Gordon ( January 8 , 1979 ) . `` N.C.A.A. Committee Urges Football Playoff '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Steven Salzberg , `` Football is corrupting America 's universities : it needs to go '' , Forbes , November 26 , 2011 , https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2011/11/26/football-is-corrupting-americas-universities-it-needs-to-go/ Jump up ^ Jay Schalin , `` Time for universities to punt football '' , Washington Times , September 1 , 2011 , http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/sep/1/time-for-universities-to-punt-football/?page=all Jump up ^ Laura Pappano , `` How Big - Time Sports Ate College Life '' , New York Times , January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jonah Newman , `` Coaches , Not Presidents , Top Public - College Pay List '' , Chronicle of Higher Education , May 16 , 2014 , http://chronicle.com/blogs/data/2014/05/16/coaches-not-presidents-top-public-college-pay-list/ Jump up ^ One reference among many : Walt Bogdanich , `` A Star Player Accused , and a Flawed Rape Investigation '' , New York Times , April 16 , 2014 , https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/16/sports/errors-in-inquiry-on-rape-allegations-against-fsu-jameis-winston.html Jump up ^ Gregg Doyel , `` Time to pay college football players -- changing times , money say so '' , CBS Sports , September 25 , 2013 , http://www.cbssports.com/general/writer/gregg-doyel/23838595/its-time-pay-college-football-players----changing-times-money-say-so Jump up ^ Rod Gilmore , `` College football players deserve pay for play '' , ESPN College Football , January 17 , 2007 , http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/columns/story?id=2733624 Jump up ^ Taylor Branch , `` The Shame of College Sports '' , The Atlantic , October , 2011 , https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/10/the-shame-of-college-sports/308643/ Jump up ^ Ben Strauss and Marc Tracy , `` N.C.A.A. Must Allow Colleges to Pay Athletes , Judge Rules '' , New York Times , August 8 , 2014 , https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/09/sports/federal-judge-rules-against-ncaa-in-obannon-case.html Jump up ^ Playing in the Red . Washington Post . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Further notes ( edit ) `` The Invention Of Football '' . Current Events , 00113492 , 11 / 14 / 2011 , Vol. 111 , Issue 8 Brian M. Ingrassia , The Rise of Gridiron University : Higher Education 's Uneasy Alliance with Big - Time Football . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to College football . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` College football '' dated 2006 - 05 - 29 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles NCAA football official site Composite television schedule of NCAA football games Statistics ( edit ) College Football at d1sportsnet.com College Football at Sports-Reference.com Stassen College Football , comprehensive college football database College Football Data Warehouse Gridiron History Rules ( edit ) NCAA Football 2011 and 2012 Rules and Interpretations Maps ( edit ) Google Map of Division II Football Programs Map of FBS Teams and Conferences National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . 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2365440485981877543 | List of battles of the Mexican–American War | List of battles of the Mexican -- American War - wikipedia List of battles of the Mexican -- American War The battles of the Mexican -- American War include all major engagements and most reported skirmishes , including Thornton 's Defeat , the Battle of Palo Alto , and the Battle of Resaca de la Palma , which took place prior to the official start of hostilities . Contents 1 Background 2 List of battles 3 1846 4 1847 5 1848 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The Mexican -- American War lasted from 1846 until 1848 . It grew out of unresolved border disputes between the Republic of Texas and Mexico after the United States annexed Texas nine years after the Texas Revolution . It ended in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in which Mexico was forced to sell a vast tract of land that amounted to over half its national territory to the United States . Depiction of the Battle of Chapultepec List of battles ( edit ) Key ( A ) -- American Victory ( M ) -- Mexican Victory ( I ) -- Inconclusive 1846 ( edit ) Battle Date Engagement remarks Result Thornton Affair April 25 / 26 Skirmishing in the disputed borderlands of South Texas . ( M ) Siege of Fort Texas May 3 -- 9 American forces withstand Mexican Army attacks . ( A ) Battle of Palo Alto May 8 Mexican Army under Mariano Arista in the disputed land between the Rio Grande ( Río Bravo ) and the Nueces River engage an American army attempting to lift the aforementioned Siege of Fort Texas . ( A ) Battle of Resaca de la Palma May 9 Arista is defeated by Zachary Taylor . ( A ) Occupation of Matamoros May 18 U.S. troops occupy Matamoros , Tamaulipas , with no resistance . More than 300 sick and wounded Mexicans captured in the hospitals . Also abandoned were 5 spiked guns . ( A ) Battle of Monterey July 7 U.S. Navy occupies Monterey , California . ( A ) Battle of Yerba Buena July 10 U.S. Navy occupies Yerba Buena ( present - day San Francisco , California ) . ( A ) Occupation of Camargo , Tamaulipas . July 14 -- ( A ) Battle of Cañoncito early August Stephen Watts Kearny defeats Manuel Armijo on the way to Santa Fe , New Mexico . ( A ) Battle of Santa Fe August 18 Kearny occupies Santa Fe , New Mexico . ( A ) Battle of Monterrey September 21 -- 23 Zachary Taylor forces Pedro de Ampudia to surrender Monterrey . ( A ) Siege of Los Angeles September 22 -- 30 Led by Gen José María Flores , Californios and Mexicans retake Los Angeles . ( M ) Battle of Chino September 26 -- 27 Californios defeat and capture 24 Americans , led by Benjamin D. Wilson , who were hiding in an adobe house in Rancho Santa Ana del Chino , near present - day Chino , California . ( M ) Battle of Dominguez Rancho October 7 Californios , led by José Antonio Carrillo , defeat 203 US Marines led by U.S. Navy Captain William Mervine . ( M ) First Battle of Tabasco October 24 -- 26 Commodore Matthew C. Perry is defeated in San Juan Bautista , Tabasco by Juan Bautista Traconis . ( M ) Occupation of Tampico , Tamaulipas November 14 Occupation by the U.S. Navy . ( A ) Occupation of Saltillo , Coahuila November 16 Occupation by the U.S. Army . ( A ) Battle of Natividad November 16 Rancho La Natividad located in the Salinas Valley of California . ( A ) Battle of San Pasqual December 6 American victory , Californios departed the battlefield . ( A ) Capture of Tucson ( 1846 ) December 16 The Mormon Battalion captures Tucson , Sonora and occupies her for a day or two . ( A ) Battle of El Brazito December 25 Also called the `` Battle of Temascalitos '' in Spanish . Mexican forces attack El Brazito , New Mexico . U.S. forces were led by Colonel Alexander William Doniphan . ( A ) 1847 ( edit ) Battle Date Engagement remarks Result Battle of Santa Clara January 2 Fought in 2 1 / 2 miles west of Mission Santa Clara de Asís , California . ( A ) Battle of Rio San Gabriel January 8 Part of a series of battles for control of Los Angeles . ( A ) Battle of La Mesa January 9 Last conflict before U.S. forces enter Los Angeles . ( A ) Battle of Cañada January 24 Sterling Price defeats insurgents in New Mexico . ( A ) First Battle of Mora January 24 A failed attack by American Forces on Mora , New Mexico led by Israel Hendley on January 24 . ( M ) Battle of Embudo Pass January 29 Last insurgent stand before the Siege of Pueblo de Taos . ( A ) Second Battle of Mora February 1 On February 1 , another American expedition armed with howitzers succeeded in razing the village of Mora in New Mexico . ( A ) Siege of Pueblo de Taos February 3 / 4 Rancheros and Mexican Militia surrender to U.S. forces thus ending the Taos Revolt . ( A ) Battle of Buena Vista February 22 / 23 Zachary Taylor fights Antonio López de Santa Anna south of Saltillo in one of the largest battles of the war . ( I ) Battle of the Sacramento February 28 Doniphan defeats a larger Mexican army at the Sacramento River Pass before the capture of Chihuahua . ( A ) Siege of Veracruz March 9 -- 29 Beginning with Marine landings , U.S. forces besiege and gradually encircle Mexican Marines and Coast Guard in vicious twenty - day siege . ( A ) Battle of Cerro Gordo April 18 Dubbed the `` Thermopylae of the West . '' ( A ) First Battle of Tuxpan April 18 Commodore Matthew C. Perry seizes the port city of Tuxpan on the Gulf coast . ( A ) Capture of Perote April 22 Perote Castle , considered the strongest fortress in Mexico after Vera Cruz , surrendered without resistance to General William J. Worth , following the battle of Cerro Gordo. 54 Guns and mortars , and 500 muskets captured . Annual Reports 1894 , War Department trophy guns lists 4 - 17 inch mortars . Battle of Red River Canyon May 26 New Mexican insurgents fight a skirmish with United States troops . ( A ) Second Battle of Tuxpan June Perry 's Mosquito Fleet engages Mexicans at Tuxpan for a second time . ( A ) Third Battle of Tuxpan June 30 Perry 's Mosquito Fleet engages Mexicans for a third time . ( A ) Second Battle of Tabasco June 16 Commodore Matthew C. Perry captures Villahermosa , Tabasco , the last port city on the Mexican Gulf coast . ( A ) Battle of Las Vegas July 6 New Mexican insurgents and United States soldiers fight at Las Vegas , New Mexico . ( A ) Battle of Cienega Creek July 9 New Mexicans and United States forces clash near Taos , New Mexico . ( A ) Battle of Contreras ( also known as Battle of Padierna ) August 19 Santa Anna fails to support the Mexican line at a critical moment ; turns victory into rout . ( A ) Battle of Churubusco August 20 Regular Mexican troops and Saint Patrick 's Battalion under Manuel Rincón hold a fortified monastery against Winfield Scott ; just over half of the San Patricios are killed or captured , the rest retreat with the rest of the Mexican forces in the area . ( A ) Battle of Molino del Rey September 8 Americans lose nearly 800 men in an attempt to take a suspected cannon foundry : `` They fell in platoons and companies . '' ( A ) Battle of Chapultepec September 13 Scott assaults Chapultepec Castle . Los Niños Héroes pass into legend . Some captured San Patricios members executed during the battle . ( A ) Battle for Mexico City September 13 / 14 Fierce fighting for Mexico City . ( A ) Siege of Puebla September 14 Mexican Light Corps forces under General Joaquín Rea begin the siege of Puebla , Puebla . ( A ) Fall of Mexico City September 15 U.S. forces enter Mexico City . ( A ) Battle of Mulegé October 2 Mexican forces led by Captain Manuel Pineda defeated a small detachment of American forces at Mulegé , Baja California Sur . ( M ) Battle of Huamantla October 9 A relief force under the command of General Joseph Lane marching to relieve Puebla defeated the Mexican reinforcements moving to Puebla under the command of Antonio López de Santa Anna . ( A ) Siege of Puebla October 12 General Lane 's U.S. relief column reaches Puebla , Siege of Puebla lifted . Skirmishes with Light Corps skirmishers and snipers as Lane 's forces entered the city . ( A ) Action of Atlixco October 19 Also known as the `` Atlixco Affair '' , fought at Atlixco between Mexican Light Corps forces under Gen. Rea and American forces under Gen. Joseph Lane . ( A ) Bombardment of Guaymas October 19 / 20 Threat of bombardment of the fort and city of Guaymas , Sonora by the 2 ships of Captain Elie A.F. La Vallette led to secret evacuation of the Mexican garrison and artillery on the night the 19th of November by Col. Antonio Campuzano . Following the morning bombardment of the fort and city , La Vallette landed to take possession , to find the city abandoned by its defenders and most its population . ( A ) Bombardment of Punta Sombrero October 31 United States Navy schooner Libertad silences Mexican shore batteries at Punta Sombrero , defending the anchorage of Mulege , Baja California Sur on the Gulf of California . ( I ) Occupation of Mazatlán November 11 With the guns of a U.S. Squadron under Commodore William Branford Shubrick trained on the city , a landing force of 730 marines , sailors and guns summoned Mazatlán to surrender , its garrison evacuated the previous night , the city capitulated and was occupied and held to the end of the war . ( A ) Battle of La Paz November 16 / 17 Mexicans under Manuel Pineda defeated in attack on American garrison at La Paz , Mexico ( A ) Affair at Guaymas November 17 An attempt to reoccupy Guaymas , Sonora , by Col. Antonio Campuzano was repulsed by a landing party of sailors and marines under Lieutenant W.T. Smith , supported by the guns of the USS Dale . ( A ) Skirmishes of Palos Prietos and Urias November 19 / 20 An American force from Mazatlan , attempting link up with a naval landing force to break up the close blockade of Mazatlán fought a skirmish at Palos Prietos . The Naval landing force from Mazatlan linked up with the land force after a hard fought skirmish with Mexican marines at Urias , to break up the close blockade of Mazatlán . ( A ) Battle of San José del Cabo November 20 / 21 Mexicans under José Antonio Mijares defeated by American forces at San José del Cabo ( A ) Skirmish at Matamoros November 23 American force under Gen. Lane surprised and defeated the Mexican garrison at Izúcar de Matamoros , capturing or destroying the materiel at the depot of Gen. Rea 's Light Corps that was in the town . ( A ) Affair at Galaxara Pass November 24 Mexican Light Corps cavalry under Gen. Rea was defeated after they blocked the withdrawal to Puebla of the American force under Gen. Lane at Galaxara Pass , after their successful attack on Izúcar de Matamoros . ( A ) Siege of La Paz November 27 / December 8 A second Mexican attack by Manuel Pineda on La Paz , Mexico ending in an American victory . ( A ) Action of San Sebastian December 13 Naval landing force making a night march from Mazatlan surprised and routed an entrenched post of Mexican cavalry at San Sebastian , breaking up the blockade of Mazatlan . ( A ) 1848 ( edit ) Battle Date Engagement remarks Result Capture of San Blas January 11 An unopposed landing party under Lieutenant Frederick Chatard , captured the coastal fort and brought off two pieces of artillery and two schooners , one belonging to the custom - house . With no force sufficient to defend it and the port made defenseless , no American occupation of the city took place . ( A ) Landing at Manzanillo January 18 Lieutenant Chatard landed a small party at Manzanillo and spiked three large guns defending the port , rendering it defenseless . ( A ) Siege of San José del Cabo January 22 / February 14 A Mexican siege of San José del Cabo that failed when the garrison with a U.S. Navy landing force attacked together to break it up . ( A ) Skirmish at Cochori January 30 Fabius Stanley 's surprise descent on the camp at the village of Cochori held by Mexican forces blockading Guaymas . ( A ) Skirmish at Bocachicacampo February 13 Fabius Stanley 's surprise night naval landing and assault against Campuzano 's main camp blockading Guaymas , at Bocachicacampo . ( A ) Action of Sequalteplan February 25 An American force under Gen. Lane defeated a Mexican guerrilla force under Padre Jarauta at Zacualtipan ( A ) Truce of March 6 , 1848 March 6 Truce ordered the official end of hostilities between Mexico and the United States , awaiting the ratification of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . From January to August Mexican partisans continued to resist the U.S. Army of Occupation . Formal fighting , however , had ceased by the terms of the truce on March 6 , 1848 . This truce also ended attacks by guerrilla units under the control of the government . Rebellious guerrilla units continued until to the end of the American occupation in July or , like that of Padre Jaruta , until crushed by the Mexican Army , as it was obligated to do under terms of the truce . ( - ) Battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales March 16 Sterling Price advances into Chihuahua after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed . He captured Chihuahua after being told by the Mexican Governor Angel Trias that the Truce of March 6 , was already signed . Price followed the Mexican garrison that fell back to Santa Cruz de Rosales and defeated it , before getting word from his chain of command of the cessation of hostilities . ( A ) Skirmish of Todos Santos March 31 The culminating clash of Lt. Col. Henry S. Burton 's campaign that defeated Mexican forces in Baja California Sur and subsequently dispersed them , after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and the truce of March 6 , was already signed . ( A ) See also ( edit ) James Polk Mexican -- American War campaigns Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : It is a common misconception to confuse `` Monterrey , Nuevo León '' with `` Monterey , California '' . These are , in fact , two very different battles . Jump up ^ John Wilson . `` The Shooting of James King '' . Stanford University School of Medicine and the Predecessor Schools : An Historical Perspective . Stanford University . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Although the Californians retreated and the Americans remained in possession of the battlefield , their victory was a pyrrhic one for their attack was ill - conceived and many American lives were recklessly and needlessly sacrificed . John C. Pinheiro ( 1 January 2007 ) . Manifest Ambition : James K. Polk and Civil - military Relations During the Mexican War . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98409 - 0 . Jump up ^ Throughout September , reports of guerrilla attacks on U.S. army hospitals , supply columns , and camps reached epidemic proportions . Jump up ^ The Occupation of Mexico - May 1846 - July 1848 , p. 39 Combined official Mexican losses and US estimates : Northern Campaign ( Palo Alto - Buena Vista ) : c1 , 031 Mexican killed . Valley Campaign ( Cerro Gordo - Mexico City ) : c2 , 854 Mexican killed . Or , c3 , 885 not including later died of wounds , died from disease or the losses in the West . The Mexican Cavalry Division ( Army of the South ) escaped the Valley Campaign largely intact ( 4,000 evacuated Mexico City ) . Of some 16,000 Infantry of the Armies of the East & North , only 5,000 evacuated Mexico City . References ( edit ) Bauer , K. Jack ( 1974 ) . The Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 6107 - 1 . Brooks , N.C. Complete History Of The Mexican War : Grigg , Elliot & Co. Philadelphia 1849 Listing of 1846 -- 1848 US Army Casualties Ramsey , Albert C. The Other Side or Notes For The History of The War Between Mexico And The United States John Wiley New York 1850 The Occupation of New Mexico ( Battle of Cañoncito ) External links ( edit ) A Continent Divided : The U.S. - Mexico War , Center for Greater Southwestern Studies , the University of Texas at Arlington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_battles_of_the_Mexican -- American_War&oldid = 839505426 '' Categories : Battles of the Mexican -- American War Lists of battles United States military - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 21 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4647944186738861494 | Latin American cuisine | Latin American cuisine - wikipedia Latin American cuisine Jump to : navigation , search See also : Cuisine of the Americas § South America , and Global cuisines This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A typical Brazilian Feijoada , a stew of beans with beef and pork Asado with achuras ( offal ) and sausages . Asado is a term used for a range of barbecue techniques and the social event of having or attending a barbecue in Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay , Chile , Colombia , Venezuela and southern Brazil . In these countries asado is the standard word for `` barbecue '' . Latin American cuisine is the typical foods , beverages , and cooking styles common to many of the countries and cultures in Latin America . Latin America is a highly diverse area of land that holds various cuisines that vary from nation to nation . Some items typical of Latin American cuisine include maize - based dishes arepas , pupusas , tacos , tamales , tortillas and various salsas and other condiments ( guacamole , pico de gallo , mole , chimichurri , chili , aji , pebre ) . These spices are generally what give the Latin American cuisines a distinct flavor ; yet , each country of Latin America tends to use a different spice and those that share spices tend to use them at different quantities . Thus , this leads for a variety across the land . Sofrito , a culinary term that originally referred to a specific combination of sautéed or braised aromatics , exists in Latin American cuisine . It refers to a sauce of tomatoes , roasted bell peppers , garlic , onions and herbs . Latin American beverages are just as distinct as their foods . Some of the beverages can even date back to the times of the Native Americans . Some popular beverages include coffee , mate , hibiscus tea , horchata , chicha , atole , cacao and aguas frescas . Desserts in Latin America are generally very sweet in taste . They include dulce de leche , alfajor , rice pudding , tres leches cake , teja and flan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cultural influences 1.1 Native American influence 1.2 African influence 1.3 European influence 1.4 Asian influence 2 Caribbean 2.1 Cuba 2.2 Haiti 2.3 Puerto Rico 3 Central America 3.1 Belize 3.2 Costa Rica 3.3 El Salvador 3.4 Guatemala 3.5 Honduras 3.6 Mexico 3.7 Nicaragua 3.8 Panama 4 South America 4.1 Argentina 4.2 Bolivia 4.3 Brazil 4.4 Chile 4.5 Colombia 4.6 Ecuador 4.7 Paraguay 4.8 Peru 4.9 Uruguay 4.10 Venezuela 5 Traditional eating customs 5.1 Traditions 6 See also 7 References Cultural influences ( edit ) Native American influence ( edit ) Main article : Native American cuisine Information about Native American cuisine comes from a great variety of sources . Modern - day Native peoples retain a rich body of traditional foods , some of which have become iconic of present - day Native American social gatherings ( for example , frybread ) . Foods like cornbread are known to have been adopted into the cuisine of the United States from Native American groups . In other cases , documents from the early periods of contact with European , African , and Asian peoples allow the recovery of food practices which passed out of popularity in the historic period ( for example , black drink ) . Archaeological techniques , particularly in the subdisciplines of zooarchaeology and paleoethnobotany , have allowed for the understanding of other culinary practices or preferred foods which did not survive into the written historic record . The main crops Native Americans used in Mexico and Central America were corn and beans , which are used in contemporary dishes such as pupusas , tamales , pozole , chuchitos , and corn tortillas . The main Native American crops used by Native Americans in South America were potatoes , corn and chuño , used mainly in modern - day Colombian , Ecuadorian , Peruvian , Bolivian and Paraguayan dishes such as arepas , papa a la huancaína , humitas , chipa guasu , locro and many more . African influence ( edit ) Main article : African cuisine Africans brought and preserved many of their traditions and cooking techniques . They were often given less desired cuts of meat , including shoulder and intestines . Menudo , for example , was derived from the habit of the Spaniards of giving the slaves cow 's intestines . Slaves developed a way to clean the offal and season it to taste . Slaves in the southern United States also did the same thing to the pig 's intestines given to them . In South America , the scraps of food the landlords did not eat , and by mixing what they got they usually ended coming up with new plates that nowadays have been adopted into the cuisine of their respective nation ( such being the case with the Peruvian tacu - tacu ) . European influence ( edit ) Main article : European cuisine Europeans brought their culinary traditions , but quickly adapted several of the fruits and vegetables native to the Americas into their own cuisines . Europe itself has been influenced by other cultures , such as with the Moors in Spain , and thus their food was already a mix of their world . The European influence for many Latin American cuisine mainly comes from Spain . Spain , Portugal , Italy , and to a lesser extent France , although some influences from cuisines as diverse as British , German and Eastern European are also evident in some countries ' cuisines such as Argentina and Uruguay which have Italian cuisine as a main influence , with great Spanish , British , German , Russian , French , and Eastern European influence as well . Asian influence ( edit ) Main article : Asian cuisine A wave of immigrants from Asia , such as China and Japan , also influenced the cuisine of Latin America . The Chinese brought with them their own spices and food - styles , something that the people of Latin America accepted into their tables . Not only that , but several Asian restaurants also adapted a whole lot of Latin American food - styles into their own . This case can clearly be seen in the Peruvian chifa . Other countries in Latin America such as Uruguay and Argentina have adapted Armenian and Israeli cuisine due to mass immigration from those countries to Argentina and Uruguay . Caribbean ( edit ) Main article : Caribbean cuisine Caribbean cuisine is a fusion of African , European , and Amerindian cuisine . These traditions were brought from the many homelands of this region 's population . In addition , the population has created from this vast wealth of tradition many styles that are unique to the region . Seafood is one of the most common cuisine types in the islands , though this is certainly due in part to their location . Each island will likely have its own specialty . Some prepare lobster , while others prefer certain types of fish . For example , the island of Barbados is known for its `` flying fish . '' Another Caribbean mainstay is rice , but the rice on each island may be a little different . Some season their rice , or add peas and other ingredients such as coconut . Sometimes the yellow rice is served as a side , but it is oftentimes part of a dish . Though it comes in many forms , it is a common side dish throughout the region . Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Cuban cuisine Authentic Cuban dish of ropa vieja , black beans , and yuca Cuban cuisine is a distinctive fusion of Spanish , African and Caribbean cuisines . Cuban recipes share their basic spice palette ( cumin , oregano , and bay leaves ) and preparation techniques with Spanish and African cooking. the black Caribbean rice influence is in the use of local foods such as tropical fruits , root vegetables , fish , etc . A small but noteworthy Chinese influence is the daily use of steamed white rice as the main carbohydrate in a traditional Cuban meal . Rice is essential to a Cuban meal . It is usually eaten during lunch and dinner almost everyday . Unlike nearby Mexico and Central America which have tortillas in their cuisines , the only resemblance to the use of tortillas is an item left from pre-Columbian indigenous times which is called Casave . This flat bread is produced by grinding the yuca ( cassava ) root to form a paste which , when mixed with water , becomes a dough . This is lightly cooked as a flat circular disk and air dried to preserve its consumption for a later time . It is traditionally reconstituted in salted water and eaten with roasted pork . The other culinary curiosity is a regional dish made up of a roasted rodent uniquely found in Cuba and called Jutia ( desmarest 's hutia ) . Haiti ( edit ) Main article : Haitian cuisine A table setting of Haitian food Haitian cuisine is a mixture of various cuisines , predominately of a similar nature with fellow Latin American countries . In addition to native Taino cooking , French and Spanish colonization in concordance with the introduction of African slaves heavily influenced the culinary practices of Haiti . For example , a staple food of major Haitian cities ( e.g. Port - au - Prince ) is French baguettes . The French and Spanish brought Roman Catholicism along with them , so the Haitian food calendar follows that of the Catholic tradition . For example , soup joumou ( also known as giraumon soup ) is served on New Year 's Day . Joumou is a pumpkin soup made with salt beef and seasoned with nutmeg and other species . Haitians eat traditional foods ( e.g. benye , white beans , kremas ) in excess on feast days . Poorer areas , which were more impacted by the immigration of Syrians and the Lebanese in the 19th century , popularized Pain Haitien . Slaves created various popular Haitian dishes such as pain patate , akra de mori , and thiaka . Other staple foods are rice ( diri ) , other grains , and millet ( piti mii ) for the poor . All of these foods are usually in every meal along with beans . Poultry is far more popular than pork or meat ; however , the majority of the protein provided in a Haitian diet is from rice and beans . Some foods are regional staples . Seafood , while popular everywhere , has a heavy cultural influence on coast towns . Fruits and nuts from the mountains of Haiti are exported across that region of the island , providing Haitians with delicious and healthy drinks and deserts . Though similar to other cuisine in the region , it carries a uniqueness native only to the country and an appeal to many visitors in the island . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Main article : Puerto Rican cuisine Although Puerto Rican cooking is somewhat similar to other Hispanic cuisines ; as in other Latin American countries , it has its own unique blend of influences . Puerto Rican cuisine has its roots in the cooking traditions and practices of Europe ( Spain ) , Africa , and the Amerindian Taínos . When in 1493 Spanish colonizers began a period of great change on the islands . The Spanish introduced foods from around the world including Europe , Asia , and Africa . They realized that not all the food they introduced to this new location were viable . So , while they had to abandon some of what was fundamental to their home country , they began to discover the local assets such as pigs and cattle . Still , some of what the Spaniards brought to Puerto Rico became of great importance to modern traditional dishes such as plantains , bananas , and coffee ; all of which are now prominent in current Puerto Rican food culture . In the latter part of the 19th century the cuisine of Puerto Rico was greatly influenced by the United States in the ingredients used in its preparation . Puerto Rican cuisine has transcended the boundaries of the island and can be found in several countries outside the archipelago . Many crops cultivated in Puerto Rico stem from New World origins like plaintains . Central America ( edit ) Main article : North American cuisine North American cuisine is a term used for foods native to or popular in countries of North America , as with Canadian cuisine , Cuisine of the United States , and Cuisine of Mexico . It has influences from many international cuisines , including Native American cuisine and European cuisine . The cuisines of nearby Central America and the Caribbean region -- sometimes grouped with the North American continent -- may be considered part of North American cuisine in the technical sense that they are not assigned to their own continents . Belize ( edit ) Main article : Belizean cuisine Traditional Belizean dinner Belizeans of all ethnicities eat a wide variety of foods . Breakfast consists of bread , flour tortillas , or fry jacks that are often homemade . They are eaten with various cheeses , refried beans , various forms of eggs or cereal , topped off by milk for younger ones and coffee or tea for adults . Eating breakfast is called `` drinking tea '' . Midday meals vary , from lighter foods such as rice and beans with or without coconut milk , tamales , panades , ( fried maize shells with beans or fish ) and meat pies , escabeche ( onion soup ) , chirmole ( soup ) , stew chicken and garnaches ( fried tortillas with beans , cheese , and sauce ) to various constituted dinners featuring some type of rice and beans , meat and salad or coleslaw . In the rural areas meals may be more simplified than in the cities ; the Maya use recaudo , corn or maize for most of their meals , and the Garifuna are fond of seafood , cassava ( particularly made into hudut ) and vegetables . The nation abounds with restaurants and fast food establishments selling food fairly cheaply . Local fruits are quite common , but raw vegetables from the markets less so . Mealtime is a communion for families and schools and some businesses close at midday for lunch , reopening later in the afternoon . Conversation during meals , unless the topic is important , is considered impolite . Costa Rica ( edit ) Main article : Costa Rican cuisine Gallo pinto of Costa Rica The main staple , known as gallo pinto ( or simply pinto ) , consists of rice and black beans , which in many households is eaten at all three meals during the day . Other Costa Rican food staples include corn tortillas , white cheese and picadillos . Tortillas are used to accompany most meals . Costa Ricans will often fill their tortillas with whatever they are eating and eat it in the form of a gallo ( direct translation : rooster , however , it resembles a soft Mexican taco ) . White cheese is non-processed cheese that is made by adding salt to milk in production . Picadillos are meat and vegetable combinations where one or more vegetables are diced , mixed with beef and garnished with spices . Common vegetables used in picadillos are potatoes , green beans , squash , ayote , chayote and arracache . Often , picadillos are eaten in the form of gallos . El Salvador ( edit ) Main article : Salvadoran cuisine Salvadorean pupusas Salvadorian cuisine is a style of cooking derived from the nation of El Salvador . The traditional cuisine consists of food from the Pipil people , with a European twist in most modern dishes . Many of the dishes are made with maize ( corn ) . El Salvador 's most notable dish is the pupusa , a thick hand - made corn flour or rice flour tortilla stuffed with cheese , chicharrón ( fried pork rinds ) , refried beans or loroco ( a vine flower bud native to Central America ) . There are also vegetarian options , often with ayote ( a type of squash ) , or garlic . Some adventurous restaurants even offer pupusas stuffed with shrimp or spinach . Two other typical Salvadoran dishes are yuca frita and panes rellenos . Yuca frita , which is deep fried cassava root served with curtido ( a pickled cabbage , onion and carrot topping ) and pork rinds with pescaditas ( fried baby sardines ) . The yuca is sometimes served boiled instead of fried . Panes con Pavo ( turkey sandwiches ) are warm turkey submarines . The turkey is marinated and then roasted with Pipil spices and handpulled . This sandwich is traditionally served with turkey , tomato , and watercress along with cucumber , onion , lettuce , mayonnaise , and mustard . A lot of Salvadoran food is served with French bread , or pan frances in Spanish . Guatemala ( edit ) Main article : Guatemalan cuisine Fiambre , a traditional dish eaten in November . It consists of over 50 ingredients . The cuisine of Guatemala reflects the multicultural nature of Guatemala , in that it involves food that differs in taste depending on the region . Guatemala has 22 departments ( or divisions ) , each of which has very different typical foodstuffs . Guatemalan cuisine is widely known for its candy originating from Antigua Guatemala . There are also foods that it is traditional to eat on certain days of the week - for example , by tradition it is known that on Thursday , the typical food is `` paches '' which is like a tamale made with a base of potato , and on Saturday it is traditional to eat tamales . Honduras ( edit ) Main article : Honduran cuisine Fried Yojoa Fish from Honduras Honduran Breakfast Spanish , Caribbean and pre-Columbian dishes Honduran Cuisine combines Spanish , Caribbean and pre-Columbian influences of the indigenous Maya - Lenca population . Its most notable feature is that it uses more coconut than any other Central American cuisine in both sweet and savory dishes . Regional specialties include pollo con tajadas ( fried fish with fried green banana chips ) fried fish , carne asada , and baleadas . Platano maduro fritos with sour creme are also a common dish . In addition to the baleadas , the following are also popular : meat roasted with chismol carne asada , chicken with rice and corn , fried fish ( Yojoa style ) with encurtido ( pickled onions and jalapeños ) . In the coastal areas and in the Bay Islands , seafood and some meats are prepared in many ways , some of which include coconut milk . Among the soups the Hondurans enjoy are : conch soup , bean soup , Mondongo soup , or soup of intestine , seafood soups , beef soups , all of which are mixed with plaintains , yuca , cabbage among other things , and complemented with corn tortillas . Other typical dishes are the montucas or corn tamale , stuffed tortillas , tamales wrapped up with banana leaves , among other types of food . Also part of the Honduran typical dishes are abundant selection of tropical fruits such as : papaya , pineapple , plums , epazotes , passionfruits , and a wide variety of bananas and platains which are prepared in many ways . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Mexican cuisine Chiles en Nogada Cheese counter at a market in Coyoacán Mexican cuisine is a style of food which is primarily a fusion of indigenous Mesoamerican cooking with European ( especially Spanish ) cooking developed after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire . The basic staples remain the native corn , beans and chili peppers but the Europeans introduced a large number of other foods , the most important of which were meat from domesticated animals ( beef , pork , chicken , goat and sheep ) , dairy products ( especially cheese ) and various herbs and spices . While the Spanish initially tried to superimpose their diet on the country , this was not possible thanks largely to Mexico 's highly developed indigenous cuisines . Instead , the foods and cooking techniques of both the indigenous Mexicans and the Spanish began to be mixed contributing to the development of an even more varied and rich cuisine . Over the centuries , this resulted in various regional cuisines , based on local conditions such as those in the north , Oaxaca , Veracruz and the Yucatán Peninsula . Mexican cuisine is highly tied to the culture , social structure and its popular traditions , the most important example of which is the use of mole for special occasions and holidays , particularly in the South region of the country . For this reason and others , Mexican cuisine was added by UNESCO to its list of the world 's `` intangible cultural heritage '' . Mexican cuisine is known for its intense and varied flavors , colorful decoration , and enormous variety of spices . Mexican culture and food is one of the richest in the world , both with respect to diverse and appealing tastes and textures ; and in terms of proteins , vitamins , and minerals . Most of today 's Mexican cuisine is based on pre-Hispanic traditions , including the Aztecs , Maya , and the Indigenous peoples of Mexico combined with culinary trends introduced by Spanish colonists . Mexican - Americans in the United States have developed regional cuisines largely incorporating the ingredients and cooking styles of authentic Mexican cuisines . Tex - Mex is a term describing a regional American cuisine that blends food products available in the United States and the culinary creations of Mexican - Americans influenced by Mexican cuisine . The cuisine has spread from border states such as Texas and those in the Southwestern United States to the rest of the country . Tex - Mex is very different from the Southwest cuisine found in Arizona , New Mexico , Colorado , and Utah . In these areas , the preferred southwest cuisine is New Mexican cuisine , also heavily influenced by authentic Mexican cuisine . The southwestern state of Nevada and West Coast state of California ( which is home to Cal - Mex cuisine ) tend to lie in the middle as far the preferred style of Mexican - American food . In some places , particularly outside of Texas , `` Tex - Mex '' is used to describe a localized version of Mexican cuisine . It is common for all of these foods to be referred to as `` Mexican food '' in Texas , other parts of the United States , and some other countries . In other ways , it is Southern cooking using the commodities from Mexican culture . In many parts of the U.S. outside of Texas the term is synonymous with Southwestern cuisine . Mexican cuisine is very well known outside of Mexico and features prominently in Latin America as a source of influence to many Latin American cuisines thanks enormously to the spread of crops originally from Mexico to other Latin American countries . Maize or corn , which originated in the highlands of the Mexican states of Oaxaca and Jalisco , is a staple in most Latin American cuisines today . The tomato , another crop with origins in Mexico is also widely consumed and incorporated in the cuisines of most Latin American countries . The Spanish are largely responsible for introducing indigenous Mexican crops to other regions worldwide . Mexican cuisine varies by region , because of local climate and geography and ethnic differences among the indigenous inhabitants and because these different populations were influenced by the Spaniards in varying degrees . There is also a variety of different chili peppers that are popular depending on region , as well as methods of preparation of other staple foods like corn and beans . Central Mexico 's cuisine is largely made up of influences from the rest of the country , but also has its authentics , such as barbacoa , pozole , menudo , tamales , and carnitas . Southeastern Mexico , on the other hand , is known for its spicy vegetable and chicken - based dishes . The cuisine of Southeastern Mexico also has quite a bit of Caribbean influence , given its geographical location . Veal is common in the Yucatán . Seafood is commonly prepared in the states that border the Pacific Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico , the latter having a famous reputation for its fish dishes , in particular à la veracruzana . In modern times , other cuisines of the world have become very popular in Mexico , thus adopting a Mexican fusion . For example , sushi in Mexico is often made with a variety of sauces based on mango or tamarind , and very often served with serrano - chili - blended soy sauce , or complemented with vinegar , habanero and chipotle peppers . The most internationally recognized dishes include chocolate , tacos , quesadillas , enchiladas , burritos , tamales and mole among several others . Regional dishes include mole poblano , chiles en nogada and chalupas from Puebla , cabrito and machaca from Monterrey , cochinita pibil from Yucatán , Tlayudas from Oaxaca , as well as barbacoa , chilaquiles , milanesas , and many others . Nicaragua ( edit ) Main article : Nicaraguan cuisine The Cuisine of Nicaragua is a fusion of Spanish , Caribbean and pre-Columbian dishes of the indigenous peoples . When the Spaniards first arrived in Nicaragua they found that the indigenous peoples had incorporated foods available in the area into their cuisine . Despite the blending and incorporation of pre-Columbian and Spanish influenced cuisine , traditional cuisine changes from the Pacific to the Caribbean coast . While the Pacific coast 's main staple revolves around fruits and corn , the Caribbean coast makes use of seafood and the coconut . As in many other Latin American countries , corn is a main staple . Corn is used in many of the widely consumed dishes , such as nacatamal , and indio viejo . Corn is also an ingredient for drinks such as pinolillo and chicha as well as in sweets and desserts . Nicaraguans do not limit their cuisine to corn , locally grown vegetables and fruits have been in use since before the arrival of the Spaniards and their influence on Nicaraguan cuisine . Many of Nicaragua 's dishes include fruits and vegetables such as jocote , grosella , mimbro , mango , papaya , tamarind , pipián , banana , avocado , yuca , and herbs such as cilantro , oregano and achiote . Gallo pinto is Nicaragua 's national dish , consisting of red beans and rice . The dish has several variations including the addition of coconut oil or grated coconut which is primarily prepared on Nicaragua 's Caribbean coast . It is thought to have originated in Nicaragua ; however , there is some controversy about the origins of this dish . Panama ( edit ) Main article : Panamanian cuisine Panamanian cuisine has its own unique and rich cuisine . As a land bridge between two continents , Panama is blessed by nature with an unusual variety of tropical fruits , vegetables and herbs that are used in native cooking . Also , as a crossroads of the world catalyzed by the Panama Canal , Panamanian cuisine is influenced by its diverse population of Hispanic , native Indian , European , African , Colombian , Jamaican , and Chinese migration . A common Panamanian diet includes seafood such as crab , lobster , and squid , many versions of chicken soup , and vast amounts of fruit such as papayas , coconuts , and bananas . They also drink chicha , a very common drink found in Panama . South America ( edit ) Main article : South American cuisine The richest products of South America come from the middle of the continent , the Amazonia Potatoes are frequently grown as a result of this , and also plants such as quinoa . Lima itself was declared the `` Gastronomic Capital of the Americas '' in 2006 . Costa Rica lies on the Pacific Ocean , which provides a large array of seafood . Many plains are also on this continent , which are rich for growing food in abundance . In the Patagonia south of Chile and Argentina , many people produce lamb and venison . King crab is typically caught at the southern end of the continent . Antarctic krill has been recently discovered and is now considered a fine dish . Tuna and tropical fish are caught all around the continent , but Easter Island is where they are found in abundance . Lobster is also caught in great quantities from the Juan Fernández Islands . Argentina ( edit ) Main article : Argentine cuisine Asado of Argentina , a style of barbecue The cuisine of Argentina is strongly influenced by Italian and Spanish cuisines and cooking techniques . Indigenous gastronomies derived from groups such as the Quechua , Mapuche , and Guarani have also played a role . Another determining factor in Argentine cuisine is that Argentina is one of the world 's major food producers . It is a major producer of meat ( especially beef ) , wheat , corn , milk , beans , and since the 1970s , soybeans . Given the country 's vast production of beef , red meat is an especially common part of the Argentine diet . Due to the very large number of Argentines of Italian ancestry , pizza and especially pasta are also very popular , but there are food traditions from other European nations as well , including the English afternoon tea . Bolivia ( edit ) Main article : Bolivian cuisine Bolivian cuisine is the result of Spanish cuisine with infusions of ancient Andean tradition and varies greatly due to the geography of Bolivia . People in the Altiplano region enjoy implementing lots of spices in their meals , while the dwellers of the Bolivian lowlands eat mainly yucca , fish , fruits , and vegetables . Brazil ( edit ) Main article : Brazilian cuisine Moqueca of Brazil The cuisine of Brazil , like Brazil itself , varies greatly by region . Brazilian cuisine can be divided into several distinct locations . From the north of Brazil through the Amazonian jungle , and directly down the Brazilian coastline . This diversity reflects the country 's mix of native Amerindians , Portuguese , Africans , Italians , Spaniards , Germans , Syrians , Lebanese and Japanese among others . This has created a national cooking style marked by the preservation of regional differences . Coffee , being one of the main agricultural products of Brazil , is an indispensable part of every Brazilian 's diet . `` Yerba mate , '' an herb coffee , and the super caffeinated `` cafezinho '' are commonly served at meals , between meals , and for snacks . The average Brazilian drinks 12 - 24 of these concoctions per day . Chile ( edit ) Main article : Chilean cuisine Caldillo de Congrio of Chile Chilean cuisine stems from the combination of traditional Spanish cuisine with indigenous ingredients . European immigrants also brought with them various styles and traditions in cooking , heavily influencing the cuisine of Chile , including Italian , German , and French influences as well as the English afternoon tea . These mixtures have created a unique fusion . Seafood is widely used and an array of produce which historically has grown throughout the region have been implemented into Chilean gastronomy . Many recipes are accompanied and enhanced by Chilean wine such as Curanto . Colombia ( edit ) Main article : Colombian cuisine Bandeja paisa of Colombia The cuisine of Colombia consists of a large variety of dishes that take into account the difference in regional climates . For example , in the city of Medellín the typical dish is the bandeja paisa . It includes beans , rice , ground meat or carne asada , chorizo , fried egg , arepa and chicharrón . It is usually accompanied by avocado , tomato and sauces . Inland , the plates resemble the mix of cultures , inherited mainly from Amerindian and European cuisine , and the produce of the land mainly agriculture , cattle , river fishing and other animals ' raising . Such is the case of the sancocho soup in Valledupar , the arepas ( a corn based bread like patty ) . Local species of animals like the guaratinaja , part of the wayuu Amerindian culture . Ecuador ( edit ) Main article : Ecuadorian cuisine See also : List of Ecuadorian dishes and foods Fanesca of Ecuador The food in Ecuador is diverse , varying with altitude and associated agricultural conditions . Ecuadorian cuisine is an amalgamation of Spanish , Andean , and Amazonian cuisines and to a lesser degree Italian , African , and Chinese . Most regions in Ecuador follow the traditional 3 course meal of sopa / soup and segundo / second dish which includes rice or pasta and a protein such as meat , poultry , pig or fish . Then dessert and a coffee are customary . Dinner is usually lighter and sometimes just coffee or agua de remedio / herbal tea with bread . Some of the typical dishes in the coastal region are : a variety of ceviches , pan de yuca , corviche , guatita , papas con queso , encebollado , empanada de viento ( deep fried flour cover and cheese / scallion filling , served sprinkled with sugar ) or empanada de verde ( green plantain cover and cheese filling ) , mangrove crab , arroz con menestra ( lentil or bean stew ) y carne asada , caldo de bola ( beef soup featuring a green plantain ball filled with meat , egg , and spices ) ; in the mountain region : hornado , fritada , humitas , tamales , llapingachos , lomo saltado , and churrasco . Pork , chicken , beef , and cuy ( guinea pig ) are popular in the mountain regions and are served with a variety of grains ( especially rice and corn or potatoes ) . A popular street food in mountain regions is hornado , consisting of potatoes served with roasted pig . Fanesca , a fish soup including several types of bean , is often eaten during Lent and Easter . During the week before the commemoration of the deceased or All Souls ' Day , the fruit beverage colada morada is typical , accompanied by t'anta wawa which is stuffed bread shaped like children . Paraguay ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2012 ) Main article : Paraguayan cuisine Sopa paraguaya Meat , especially beef , is a staple of the Paraguayan diet . This is reflected in the Asado , a series of barbecuing practices and the social event that are traditional to Argentina , Uruguay , and Paraguay . The cuisine of Paraguay also includes unique dishes such as sopa paraguaya , kiveve prepared using a pumpkin , also known as `` andai '' , or Chipa Guasú . Chipa Guasú , an original dish to Paraguay , is a cake made with corn grains that is now widely served in Northeastern Argentina as well . The national drink of Paraguay is known as terere , in addition to fruit juices and soft drinks being very common throughout the country . Yucca and corn are two important ingredients in Paraguayan cuisine Peru ( edit ) Main article : Peruvian cuisine Ceviche , a Peruvian dish that has grown rapidly in popularity . Peru has a varied cuisine with ingredients like potato , uchu or Ají ( Capsicum pubescens ) , oca , ulluco , avocado , fruits like chirimoya , lúcuma and pineapple , and animals like taruca ( Hippocamelus antisensis ) , llama and guinea pig ( called cuy ) . The combination of Inca and Spanish culinary traditions , resulted in new meals and ways of preparing them . The arrival of Africans and Chinese immigrants in the 19th century also resulted in the development of Creole cuisine in the city of Lima , where the vast majority of these immigrants settled . Some typical Peruvian dishes are ceviche ( fish and shellfish marinated in citrus juices ) , the chupe de camarones ( a soup made of shrimp ( Cryphiops caementarius ) ) , anticuchos ( cow 's heart roasted en brochette ) , the olluco con charqui ( a casserole dish made of ulluco and charqui ) , the Andean pachamanca ( meats , tubers and broad beans cooked in a stone oven ) , the lomo saltado ( meat fried lightly with tomato and onion , served with french fries and rice ) that has a Chinese influence , and the picante de cuy ( a casserole dish made of fried guinea pig with some spices ) . Peruvian food can be accompanied by typical drinks like the chicha de jora ( a chicha made of tender corn dried by the sun ) . There are also chichas made of peanuts or purple corn , known as chicha morada . Uruguay ( edit ) Main article : Uruguayan cuisine The cuisine of Uruguay is traditionally based on its European and Mediterranean roots , especially from Italy , Spain , France , Lebanon , Portugal , Germany and Britain . Many foods from those countries such as pasta , sausages , and desserts are common in the nation 's diet . The Uruguayan barbecue , asado , is one of the most exquisite and famous in the world . A sweet paste , Dulce de Leche is the national obsession , used to fill cookies , cakes , pancakes , milhojas , and alfajores . Venezuela ( edit ) Main article : Venezuelan cuisine Arepas with chicken schnitzel , avocado , mayonnaise and red onion . Due to its land , diversity of agricultural resources , and the cultural diversity of the Venezuelan people , Venezuelan cuisine often varies greatly from one region to another . Its cuisine , traditional as well as modern , is influenced by its European , West African and Native American traditions . Food staples include corn , rice , plantain , yams , beans and several meats . Potatoes , tomatoes , onions , eggplants , squashes , spinach and zucchini are also common sides in the Venezuelan diet . Traditional eating customs ( edit ) There are many different kinds of traditions associated with eating in Latin America . There are a variety of special days where certain foods are consumed , as well as many holidays that are celebrated in Latin America . Traditions ( edit ) There are many forms of gratitude that inhabitants of Latin America employ when they discard excess food . Some people kiss the bread while others cut it before discarding it . Other such traditions are upheld largely by the country , Argentina and Uruguay have one such tradition known as a `` es : Ñoquis del 29 '' or `` the Gnocchi 29 '' , where on the 29th of each month a family eats gnocchi , sometimes placing money under their plate to wish for abundance in the next month . There is a holiday celebrated in Latin America known as Three Kings Day ( otherwise known as Epiphany ) which is celebrated on January 6 of each year where families feast in honor of God 's manifestation in human form in Jesus . In many countries of Latin America families consume lentils on the first day of the New Year because they are thought to bring prosperity . See also ( edit ) Latin America portal Food portal Culture portal Latin American culture Native American cuisine Aztec cuisine Inca cuisine Maya cuisine North American cuisine South American cuisine Spanish cuisine List of cuisines Louisiana Creole cuisine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spivey , Diane M. ( 2006 ) . Palmer , Colin , ed . `` Latin American and Caribbean Food and Cuisine '' . Encyclopedia of African - American Culture and History . Detroit : Macmillan Reference. 2 : 838 -- 844 -- via Gale Virtual Reference Library . ^ Jump up to : Food cultures of the world encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , Calif. : Greenwood. 2011 . pp. 165 -- 171 , 476 . ISBN 9780313376276 . Retrieved 25 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Spivey , Diane M. `` Latin American and Caribbean Food and Cuisine . '' Encyclopedia of African - American Culture and History . Ed . Colin A. Palmer . 2nd ed . Vol. 2 . Detroit : Macmillan Reference USA , 2006 . 838 - 844 . Gale Virtual Reference Library . Web . 26 Sept. 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Albala , Ken ( 2011 ) . Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , CA : Greenwood . p. 255 . ISBN 9780313376276 -- via eBook . Jump up ^ `` KEY PLANTS PRESERVE ELEMENTS OF CULTURE : A STUDY OVER DISTANCE AND TIME OF FRESH CROPS IN PUERTO RICAN MARKETS IN HARTFORD , CONNECTICUT , `` A MOVEABLE FEAST '' `` . American Journal of Botany. 101 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 1300287 . Jump up ^ Albala , Ken ( 2011 ) . Food cultures of the world encyclopedia vol. 2 . Santa Barbara , Calif. : Greenwood . pp. 601 -- 602 . ISBN 9780313376276 . Jump up ^ `` Traditional Mexican cuisine - ancestral , ongoing community culture , the Michoacán paradigm - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` There 's more to Tex - Mex than meets the palate The Center for the Humanities Oregon State University '' . oregonstate.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Albala , Ken ( 2011 ) . Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia . Greenwood . p. 217 . ISBN 9780313376276 . ^ Jump up to : `` Try the culinary delights of Nicaragua cuisine '' . Nicaragua.com . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic Food of Panama '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide To Bolivia 's Most Mouthwatering Foods - Bolivia '' . www.bolivianlife.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The CIA World Factbook '' . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian cuisine '' . Vegetarian Journal . 21.2 . Jump up ^ Lamberto , Luciana . `` Customs and Traditions : How We Eat in Latin America '' . www.quericavida.com . Que Rico Vida . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Latin American cuisine Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago North America Mexico Central America Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies not included . Defined as a semi-autonomous territory . 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-5503848921535435370 | United States Holocaust Memorial Museum | United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - wikipedia United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Jump to : navigation , search United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Location in Washington , D.C. Location in Washington , D.C. Show map of Central Washington , D.C. Show map of the US Show all Established April 22 , 1993 Location 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place , SW Washington , D.C. 38 ° 53 ′ 13 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 59 '' W / 38.886992 ° N 77.033021 ° W / 38.886992 ; - 77.033021 Type Holocaust museum Visitors 15,000,000 ( 2006 ) Director Sara J. Bloomfield Curator Steven Luckert Public transit access Smithsonian Website www.ushmm.org The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ( USHMM ) is the United States ' official memorial to the Holocaust . Adjacent to the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , the USHMM provides for the documentation , study , and interpretation of Holocaust history . It is dedicated to helping leaders and citizens of the world confront hatred , prevent genocide , promote human dignity , and strengthen democracy . The museum has an operating budget , as of 2015 , of $104.6 million . In 2008 , the Museum had a staff of about 400 employees , 125 contractors , 650 volunteers , 91 Holocaust survivors , and 175,000 members . It had local offices in New York City , Boston , Boca Raton , Chicago , Los Angeles , and Dallas . Since its dedication on April 22 , 1993 , the Museum has had nearly 40 million visitors , including more than 10 million school children , 99 heads of state , and more than 3,500 foreign officials from over 211 countries . The Museum 's visitors came from all over the world , and less than 10 percent of the Museum 's visitors are Jewish . Its website had 25 million visits in 2008 from an average of 100 different countries daily . 35 % of these visits were from outside the United States . The USHMM 's collections contain more than 12,750 artifacts , 49 million pages of archival documents , 80,000 historical photographs , 200,000 registered survivors , 1,000 hours of archival footage , 84,000 library items , and 9,000 oral history testimonies . It also has teacher fellows in every state in the United States and almost 400 university fellows from 26 countries since 1994 . Researchers at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum have documented 42,500 ghettos and concentration camps erected by the Nazis throughout German - controlled areas of Europe from 1933 to 1945 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Attacks 2 Architecture 3 Exhibitions 3.1 Hall of Remembrance 3.2 Permanent Exhibition 3.3 Remember the Children : Daniel 's Story 3.4 Stephen Tyrone Johns Memorial 4 Collections 5 Operations 5.1 Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies 5.2 Committee on Conscience 5.3 National Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( DRVH ) 5.4 National Institute for Holocaust Education 5.5 Outreach technology 5.6 Traveling exhibitions 6 Governance 7 Controversy 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) 14th Street entrance of USHMM Exterior of the museum 's entrance On November 1 , 1978 , President Jimmy Carter established the President 's Commission on the Holocaust , chaired by Elie Wiesel , a prominent author and Holocaust survivor . Its mandate was to investigate the creation and maintenance of a memorial to victims of the Holocaust and an appropriate annual commemoration to them . The mandate was created in a joint effort by Elie Wiesel and Richard Krieger ( the original papers are on display at the Jimmy Carter Museum ) . On September 27 , 1979 , the Commission presented its report to the President , recommending the establishment of a national Holocaust memorial museum in Washington , D.C. with three main components : a national museum / memorial , an educational foundation , and a Committee on Conscience . After a unanimous vote by the United States Congress in 1980 to establish the museum , the federal government made available 1.9 acres ( 0.77 ha ) of land adjacent to the Washington Monument for construction . Under the original Director Richard Krieger , and subsequent Director Jeshajahu Weinberg and Chairman Miles Lerman , nearly $190 million was raised from private sources for building design , artifact acquisition , and exhibition creation . In October 1988 , President Ronald Reagan helped lay the cornerstone of the building , designed by the architect James Ingo Freed . Dedication ceremonies on April 22 , 1993 included speeches by American President Bill Clinton , Israeli President Chaim Herzog , Chairman Harvey Meyerhoff , and Elie Wiesel . On April 26 , 1993 , the Museum opened to the general public . Its first visitor was the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet . Attacks ( edit ) The museum has been the target of a planned attack and a fatal shooting . In 2002 , a federal jury convicted white supremacists Leo Felton and Erica Chase of planning to bomb a series of institutions associated with American black and Jewish communities , including the USHMM . On June 10 , 2009 , 88 - year - old James von Brunn , an anti-Semite , shot Museum Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns . Special Police Officer Johns and von Brunn were both seriously wounded and transported by ambulance to the George Washington University Hospital . Special Police Officer Johns later died of his injuries ; he is permanently honored in an official memorial at the USHMM . Von Brunn , who had a previous criminal record , had been disowned by his family . He was being tried in federal court when he died on January 6 , 2010 in Butner federal prison in North Carolina . Architecture ( edit ) Designed by the architect James Ingo Freed of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners , in association with Finegold Alexander + Associates Inc , the USHMM is created to be a `` resonator of memory '' . ( Born to a Jewish family in Germany , Freed came to the United States at the age of nine in 1939 with his parents , who fled the Nazi regime . ) The outside of the building disappears into the neoclassical , Georgian , and modern architecture of Washington , D.C. Upon entering , each architectural feature becomes a new element of allusion to the Holocaust . In designing the building , Freed researched post-World War II German architecture and visited Holocaust sites throughout Europe . The Museum building and the exhibitions within are intended to evoke deception , fear , and solemnity , in contrast to the comfort and grandiosity usually associated with Washington , D.C. public buildings . Other partners in the construction of the USHMM included Weiskopf & Pickworth , Cosentini Associates LLP , Jules Fisher , and Paul Marantz , all from New York City . The structural engineering firm that was chosen for this project was Severud Associates . The Museum 's Meyerhoff Theatre and Rubenstein Auditorium were constructed by Jules Fisher Associates of New York City . The Permanent Exhibition was designed by Ralph Appelbaum Associates . Raoul Wallenberg Place Entrance with Dwight Eisenhower Plaza in the Foreground Bridges in the USHMM . Blue glass etched with names and places lost during the Holocaust . Glass bridge over the Hall of Witness . Exhibitions ( edit ) The USHMM contains two exhibitions that have been open continuously since 1993 and numerous rotating exhibitions that deal with various topics related to the Holocaust and human rights . Hall of Remembrance ( edit ) Panoramic view of the Hall of Remembrance The Hall of Remembrance is the USHMM 's official memorial to the victims and survivors of the Holocaust . Visitors can memorialize the event by lighting candles , visiting an eternal flame , and reflecting in silence in the hexagonal hall . Permanent Exhibition ( edit ) Using more than 900 artifacts , 70 video monitors , and four theaters showing historic film footage and eyewitness testimonies , the USHMM 's Permanent Exhibition is the most visited exhibit at the Museum . Upon entering large industrial elevators on the first floor , visitors are given identification cards , each of which tells the story of a random victim or survivor of the Holocaust . Upon exiting these elevators on the fourth floor , visitors walk through a chronological history of the Holocaust , starting with the Nazi rise to power led by Adolf Hitler , 1933 - 1939 . Topics dealt with include Aryan ideology , Kristallnacht , Antisemitism , and the American response to Nazi Germany . Visitors continue walking to the third floor , where they learn about ghettos and the Final Solution , by which the Nazis tried to exterminate all the Jews of Europe , and they killed six million of them , many in gas chambers . The Permanent Exhibition ends on the second floor with the liberation of Nazi concentration camps by Allied forces ; it includes a continuously looped film of Holocaust survivor testimony . First - time visitors spend an average of two to three hours in this self - guided exhibition . Due to certain images and subject matter , it is recommended for visitors 11 years of age and older . To enter the Permanent Exhibition between March and August , visitors must acquire free timed passes from the Museum on the day of the visit , or online for a service fee . Remember the children : Daniel 's story ( edit ) Remember the Children : Daniel 's Story is an exhibition designed to explain the Holocaust to elementary and middle school children . Opened in 1993 , following its original inception at the Children 's Museum in Washington , D.C. in 1988 , and reviewed by psychiatrists , it tells the story of Daniel , a fictional child based on a collection of true stories about children during the Holocaust . Daniel is named after the son of Isaiah Kuperstein who was the original curator of the exhibit . He worked together with Ann Lewin and Stan Woodward to create the exhibit . Because of its popularity with families , it is still open to the public today . Stephen Tyrone Johns Memorial ( edit ) In October 2009 , the USHMM unveiled a memorial plaque in honor of Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns . In response to the outpouring of grief and support after the shooting on June 10 , 2009 , it has also established the Stephen Tyrone Johns Summer Youth Leadership Program . Each year , 50 outstanding young people from the Washington , D.C. area will be invited to the USHMM to learn about the Holocaust in honor of Johns ' memory . Collections ( edit ) `` State of Deception '' Nazi propaganda exhibition at the museum in 2011 Replica of a Holocaust train boxcar used by Nazi Germany to transport Jews and other victims during the Holocaust . Tower of Faces The Museum 's holdings included art , books , pamphlets , advertisements , maps , film and video historical footage , audio and video oral testimonies , music and sound recordings , furnishings , architectural fragments , models , machinery , tools , microfilm and microfiche of government documents and other official records , personal effects , personal papers , photographs , photo albums , and textiles . This information can be accessed through online databases or by visiting the USHMM . Researchers from all over the world come to the USHMM Library and Archives and the Benjamin and Vladka Meed Registry of Holocaust Survivors . Photo Wall at the Holocaust Memorial Museum Operations ( edit ) The USHMM operates on a mixed federal and private revenue budget . For the 2014 - 2015 fiscal year , the museum reported total revenues of $133.4 million ; $81.9 million and $51.4 million from private and public sources , respectively . Nearly the entirety of private funds come from donations . Expenses totaled of $104.6 million , with a total of $53.5 million used to pay 421 employees . Net assets tallied $436.1 million as of September 30 , 2015 , of which $319.1 million is classified as long - term investments , including the museum 's endowment . Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies ( edit ) In 1998 , the USHMM established the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies ( CAHS ) . Working with the Academic Committee of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council , the CAHS supports research projects and publications about the Holocaust ( including a partnership with Oxford University Press to publish the scholarly journal Holocaust and Genocide Studies ) , helps make accessible collections of Holocaust - related archival material , supports fellowship opportunities for pre - and post - doctoral researchers , and hosts seminars , summer research workshops for academics , conferences , lectures , and symposia . The CAHS 's Visiting Scholars Program and other events have made the USHMM one of the world 's principal venues for Holocaust scholarship . The slogan `` Arbeit Macht Frei '' displayed at the Holocause Memorial Museum in D.C Committee on Conscience ( edit ) The Museum contains the offices of the Committee on Conscience ( CoC ) , a joint United States government and privately funded think tank , which by presidential mandate engages in global human rights research . Using the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide , approved by the United Nations in 1948 and ratified by the United States in 1988 , the CoC has established itself as a leading non-partisan commenter on the Darfur Genocide , as well as the war - torn region of Chechnya in Russia , a zone that the CoC believes could produce genocidal atrocities . The CoC does not have policy - making powers and serves solely as an advisory institution to the American and other governments . National Days of Remembrance of the victims of the Holocaust ( DRVH ) ( edit ) Main article : Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust While standing inside The Hall of Remembrance , located within the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , a volunteer reads the names of Holocaust victims during the Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust . In addition to coordinating the National Civic Commemoration , ceremonies and educational programs during the week of the DRVH were regularly held throughout the country , sponsored by Governors , Mayors , veterans groups , religious groups , and military ships and stations throughout the world . Each year , the USHMM designated a special theme for DRVH observances , and prepares materials available at no charge to support observances and programs throughout the nation , and in the United States military . Days of Remembrance themes have included : 2014 -- Confronting the Holocaust : American Responses 2013 -- Never Again : Heeding the Warning Signs 2012 -- Choosing to Act : Stories of Rescue 2011 -- Justice and Accountability in the Face of Genocide : What Have We Learned ? 2010 -- Stories of Freedom : What You Do Matters 2009 -- Never Again : What You Do Matters 2008 -- Do Not Stand Alone : Remembering Kristallnacht 2007 -- Children in Crisis : Voices From the Holocaust 2006 -- Legacies of Justice 2005 -- From Liberation to the Pursuit of Justice 2004 -- For Justice and Humanity 2003 -- For Your Freedom and Ours 2002 -- Memories of Courage 2001 -- Remembering the Past for the Sake of the Future National institute for Holocaust education ( edit ) The USHMM conducted several programs devoted to improving Holocaust education . The Arthur and Rochelle Belfer Conference for Teachers , conducted in Washington , D.C. , attracted around 200 middle school and secondary teachers from around the United States each year . The Education Division offered workshops around the United States for teachers to learn about the Holocaust , to participate in the Museum Teacher Fellowship Program ( MTFP ) , and to join a national corps of educators who served as leaders in Holocaust education in their schools , communities , and professional organizations . Some MTFP participants also participated in the Regional Education Corps , an initiative to implement Holocaust education on a national level . Since 1999 , the USHMM also provided public service professionals , including law enforcement officers , military personnel , civil servants , and federal judges with ethics lessons based in Holocaust history . In partnership with the Anti-Defamation League , more than 21,000 law enforcement officers from worldwide and local law enforcement agencies such as the FBI and local police departments have been trained to act in a professional and democratic manner . Outreach technology ( edit ) A dedication plaque outside the Museum A large component of the USHMM was directed towards its website and associated accounts . With a majority of interest coming from the virtual world , the USHMM provided a variety of research tools online . On its website , online exhibitions , the Museum published the Holocaust Encyclopedia -- an online , multilingual encyclopedia detailing the events surrounding the Holocaust . It was published in all six of the official languages of the United Nations -- Arabic , Mandarin , English , French , Russian , and Spanish ; as well as in Greek , Portuguese , Persian , Turkish , and Urdu . It contained thousands of entries and includes copies of the identification card profiles that visitors receive at the Permanent Exhibition . The USHMM had partnered with Apple Inc. to publish free podcasts on iTunes about the Holocaust , anti-semitism , and genocide prevention . It also had its own channel on YouTube , an official account on Facebook , a Twitter page , and an e-mail newsletter service . The Genocide Prevention Mapping Initiative was a collaboration between the USHMM and Google Earth . It sought to collect , share , and visually present to the world critical information on emerging crises that may lead to genocide or related crimes against humanity . While this initiative focused on the Darfur Conflict , the Museum wishes to broaden its scope to all human rights violations . The USHMM wanted to build an interactive `` global crisis map '' to share and understand information quickly , to `` see the situation '' when dealing with human rights abuses , enabling more effective prevention and response by the world . Traveling exhibitions ( edit ) Since 1991 , the USHMM had created traveling exhibitions to travel all over the United States and the world . These exhibitions have been to over one hundred cities in more than 35 states . It is possible to request and host various subject matters including : `` The Nazi Olympics : Berlin 1936 '' , `` Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals '' , and others depending on what a community desires . Governance ( edit ) The museum is overseen by the United States Holocaust Memorial Council , which includes 55 private citizens appointed by the President of the United States , five members of the United States Senate , and five members of the House of Representatives , and three ex-officio members from the Departments of State , the Education , and the Interior . Since the museum opened , the council has been led by the following officers : Chairman Miles Lerman and Vice Chairman Ruth B. Mandel , appointed by President Bill Clinton in 1993 Chairman Rabbi Irving Greenberg , appointed by President Clinton in 2000 Chairman Fred S. Zeidman , appointed by President George W. Bush in 2002 ; and Vice Chairman Joel M. Geiderman , appointed by President Bush in 2005 The council has appointed the following as directors of the museum : Jeshajahu Weinberg , 1987 -- 94 Walter Reich , 1995 -- 98 Sara J. Bloomfield , 1999 -- Controversy ( edit ) The museum drew controversy in 2017 when it was reported that the museum had pulled a study of the Syrian Civil War . See also ( edit ) Armenian Genocide Museum of America Auschwitz - Birkenau State Museum Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service Canadian Museum for Human Rights Choeung Ek Culture of Remembrance Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos , 1933 -- 1945 Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania Ghetto Fighters ' House Holocaust Memorial Center House of Terror Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center Jewish Museum , Berlin Kigali Genocide Memorial Centre List of Holocaust memorials and museums List of museums in the United States List of museums in Washington , D.C. Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Montreal Holocaust Memorial Centre Museum of the Occupation of Latvia Museum of Tolerance Stephen Roth Institute Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education , Remembrance , and Research The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum Raoul Wallenberg , the Swedish diplomat that gave name to the address of the Museum Simon Wiesenthal Center Yad Vashem Yom HaShoah References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About the Museum '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report , 2015 - 16 '' ( PDF ) . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Press Kit '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric . `` The Holocaust Just Got More Shocking . '' The New York Times . March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` President 's Commission on the Holocaust '' . Ushmm.org . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum '' . Secure.ushmm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Haskell , Dave ( 2002 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Jury convicts white supremacists '' . UPI . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Wilgoren , Debbi ; Branigin , William ( 2009 - 06 - 10 ) . `` 2 People Shot at U.S. Holocaust Museum '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Associated Press January 6 , 2010 , 2 : 03 p.m. ( 2010 - 01 - 06 ) . `` LA Times article on von Brunn 's death '' . Latimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Art and Architecture '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Architecture of the Holocaust '' . Xroads.virginia.edu. 1985 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pei , Cobb , Freed and Partners . Karl Kaufman was the Director of Architecture . Pcfandp.com Jump up ^ `` Remarks by Joel Geiderman and Memorial Candle Lighting -- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum '' . www.ushmm.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Inside '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Plan a Visit '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibitions '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Collections '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Form 990 ( 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` About the Center '' . Ushmm.org. 2001 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` About the Committee on Conscience '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Professional Development '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Law Enforcement and Society '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Online Exhibitions '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Holocaust Encyclopedia '' . Ushmm.org. 1929 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` USHMM@iTunes '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` USHMM Channel '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook United States Holocaust Memorial Museum '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ HolocaustMuseum . `` HolocaustMuseum '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum '' . Jump up ^ `` Mapping Initiatives '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Traveling Exhibitions '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum '' . Encyclopaedia Judaica . Gale. 2007 . HighBeam Research . 14 Aprile 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Holocaust Museum Sought Lessons on Syria . What It Got Was a Political Backlash '' . mobile.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Holocaust Museum Pulls Study Absolving Obama Administration for Inaction in Face of Syrian Genocide '' . Tablet Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Belau , L.M. 1998 . `` Viewing the Impossible : The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum '' . Reference Librarian. ( 61 / 62 ) : 15 -- 22 . Berenbaum , Michael , and Arnold Kramer. 2006 . The world must know : the history of the Holocaust as told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Washington , D.C. : United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Freed , James Ingo. 1990 . The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum : what can it be ? Washington , D.C. ? : U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council . Hasian , Jr , Marouf. 2004 . `` Remembering and forgetting the `` Final Solution '' : a rhetorical pilgrimage through the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum `` . Critical Studies in Media Communication . 21 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 92 . Linenthal , Edward Tabor. 1995 . Preserving memory : the struggle to create America 's Holocaust Museum . New York : Viking . Pieper , Katrin. 2006 . Die Musealisierung des Holocaust : das Jüdische Museum Berlin und das U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington D.C. : ein Vergleich . Europäische Geschichtsdarstellungen , Bd. 9 . Köln : Böhlau . Strand , J. 1993 . `` Jeshajahu Weinberg of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum '' . Museum News -- Washington . 72 ( 2 ) : 40 . Timothy , Dallen J. 2007 . Managing heritage and cultural tourism resources : critical essays . Critical essays , v. 1 . Aldershot , Hants , England : Ashgate . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . 2001 . Teaching about the Holocaust : a resource book for educators . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . 2007 . You are my witnesses : selected quotations at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Washington , D.C. : United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Weinberg , Jeshajahu , and Rina Elieli. 1995 . The Holocaust Museum in Washington . New York , N.Y. : Rizzoli International Publications . Young , James E , and John R Gillis. 1996 . `` The Texture of Memory : Holocaust Memorials and Meaning '' . The Journal of Modern History . 68 ( 2 ) : 427 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . 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3000936887395041690 | Motown | Motown - Wikipedia Motown Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For the city nicknamed Motown , see Detroit . Motown Parent company Universal Music Group Founded January 12 , 1959 ; 59 years ago ( 1959 - 01 - 12 ) in Detroit , Michigan , U.S. Founder Berry Gordy Jr . Distributor ( s ) Capitol Music Group ( in the US ) Virgin EMI Records ( in the UK ) Universal Music Group ( worldwide ) Genre Various Country of origin United States Location Detroit New York City Los Angeles Official website Official website Motown is an American record company . The record company was founded by Berry Gordy Jr. as Tamla Records on January 12 , 1959 , and was incorporated as Motown Record Corporation on April 14 , 1960 , in Detroit , Michigan . The name , a portmanteau of motor and town , has also become a nickname for Detroit . Motown played an important role in the racial integration of popular music as an African American - owned record label that achieved significant crossover success . In the 1960s , Motown and its subsidiary labels ( including Tamla Motown , the brand used outside the US ) were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as the Motown Sound , a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence . During the 1960s , Motown achieved spectacular success for a small record company : 79 records in the Top Ten of the Billboard Hot 100 record chart between 1960 and 1969 . Following the events of the Detroit Riots of 1967 , and the loss of key songwriting / production team Holland - Dozier - Holland the same year over pay disputes , Gordy began relocating Motown to Los Angeles . The move was completed in 1972 and Motown expanded into television and film production , remaining an independent company until June 28 , 1994 . The company was then sold to MCA Inc . Motown was later sold to PolyGram in 1994 , before being sold again to MCA Records ' successor , Universal Music Group , when it acquired PolyGram in 1999 . Motown spent much of the 2000s as a part of the Universal Music subsidiaries Universal Motown , Universal Motown Republic Group , and headquartered in New York City . From 2011 to 2014 , Motown was a part of The Island Def Jam Music Group division of Universal Music . On April 1 , 2014 , Universal Music Group announced the dissolution of Island Def Jam ; subsequently Motown relocated back to Los Angeles to operate under the Capitol Music Group . It now operates out of the landmark Capitol Tower . For many decades , Motown was the highest - earning African American business in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 West Grand Boulevard 1.2 Detroit : 1959 -- 1972 1.3 Los Angeles : 1972 -- 1998 1.4 Final years of the Motown label : 1999 -- 2005 1.5 Universal Motown : 2005 -- 2011 1.6 Relaunch : 2011 -- present 2 Motown Sound 2.1 The Funk Brothers 3 Artist development 4 Motown subsidiary labels 4.1 Major divisions 4.2 Secondary R&B labels 4.3 Additional genre labels 4.3. 1 Country 4.3. 2 Hip hop / rap 4.3. 3 Jazz 4.3. 4 Rock 4.3. 5 Other 4.4 Independent labels distributed by Motown 4.5 Miscellaneous labels associated with Motown 5 British ( pre-Tamla Motown ) labels 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Berry Gordy got his start as a songwriter for local Detroit acts such as Jackie Wilson and the Matadors . Wilson 's single `` Lonely Teardrops '' , written by Gordy , became a huge success , but Gordy did not feel he made as much money as he deserved from this and other singles he wrote for Wilson . He realized that the more lucrative end of the business was in producing records and owning the publishing . The Hitsville U.S.A. Motown building , at 2648 West Grand Boulevard in Detroit , Motown 's headquarters from 1959 to 1968 , which became the Motown Historical Museum in 1985 In 1959 , Billy Davis and Berry Gordy 's sisters Gwen and Anna started Anna Records . Davis and Gwen Gordy wanted Berry to be the company president , but Berry wanted to strike out on his own . On January 12 , 1959 , he started Tamla Records , with an $800 loan from his family and royalties earned writing for Jackie Wilson . Gordy originally wanted to name the label Tammy Records , after the hit song popularized by Debbie Reynolds from the 1957 film Tammy and the Bachelor , in which Reynolds also starred . When he found the name was already in use , Berry decided on Tamla instead . Tamla 's first release , in the Detroit area , was Marv Johnson 's `` Come to Me '' in 1959 ( released nationally on United Artists ) . Its first hit was Barrett Strong 's `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' ( 1959 ) , which made it to number 2 on the Billboard R&B charts ( released nationally on Anna Records ) . Gordy 's first signed act was the Matadors , who immediately changed their name to the Miracles . ( They were not the Matadors who recorded for Sue . ) Their first release , `` Got a Job '' , was an answer record to the Silhouettes ' `` Get a Job '' ( issued on George Goldner 's End Records ) . The Miracles ' first , minor hit was their fourth single , 1959 's `` Bad Girl '' , released in Detroit as the debut record on the Motown imprint , and nationally on the Chess label . ( Most early Motown singles were released through other labels , such as End , Fury , Gone and Chess . ) Miracles lead singer William `` Smokey '' Robinson became the vice president of the company ( and later named his daughter `` Tamla '' and his son `` Berry '' ) . Several of Gordy 's family members , including his father Berry Sr. , brothers Robert and George , and sister Esther , were given key roles in the company . By the middle of the decade , Gwen and Anna Gordy had joined the label in administrative positions as well . West grand boulevard ( edit ) Also in 1959 , Gordy purchased the property that would become Motown 's Hitsville U.S.A. studio . The photography studio located in the back of the property was modified into a small recording studio , and the Gordys moved into the second - floor living quarters . Within seven years , Motown would occupy seven additional neighboring houses : Hitsville U.S.A. , 1959 -- ( ground floor ) administrative office , tape library , control room , Studio A ; ( upper floor ) Gordy living quarter ( 1959 -- 62 ) , artists and repertoire ( 1962 -- 72 ) Jobete Publishing office , 1961 -- sales , billing , collections , shipping , and public relations Berry Gordy Jr . Enterprise , 1962 -- offices for Berry Gordy Jr. and Esther Gordy Edwards Finance department , 1965 -- royalties and payroll Artist personal development , 1966 -- Harvey Fuqua ( head of artist development and producer of stage performances ) , Maxine Powell ( instructor in grooming , poise , and social graces for Motown artists ) , Maurice King ( vocal coach , musical director and arranger ) , Cholly Atkins ( house choreography ) , and rehearsal studios Two houses for administrative offices , 1966 -- sales and marketing , traveling and traffic , and mixing and mastering ITMI ( International Talent Management Inc . ) office , 1966 -- management Motown had hired over 450 employees and had a gross income of $20 million by the end of 1966 . Detroit : 1959 -- 1972 ( edit ) Early Tamla / Motown artists included Mable John , Eddie Holland and Mary Wells . `` Shop Around '' , the Miracles ' first number 1 R&B hit , peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1960 . It was Tamla 's first million - selling record . On April 14 , 1960 , Motown and Tamla Records merged into a new company called Motown Record Corporation . A year later , the Marvelettes scored Tamla 's first US number - one pop hit , `` Please Mr. Postman '' . By the mid-1960s , the company , with the help of songwriters and producers such as Robinson , A&R chief William `` Mickey '' Stevenson , Brian Holland , Lamont Dozier , and Norman Whitfield , had become a major force in the music industry . From 1961 to 1971 , Motown had 110 top 10 hits . Top artists on the Motown label during that period included the Supremes ( initially including Diana Ross ) , the Four Tops , and the Jackson 5 , while Stevie Wonder , Marvin Gaye , the Marvelettes , and the Miracles had hits on the Tamla label . The company operated several labels in addition to the Tamla and Motown imprints . A third label , which Gordy named after himself ( though it was originally called `` Miracle '' ) featured the Temptations , the Contours , and Martha and the Vandellas . A fourth , V.I.P. , released recordings by the Velvelettes , the Spinners , the Monitors , and Chris Clark . A fifth label , Soul , featured Jr . Walker & the All Stars , Jimmy Ruffin , Shorty Long , the Originals , and Gladys Knight & the Pips ( who had found success before joining Motown , as `` The Pips '' on Vee - Jay ) . Many more Motown - owned labels released recordings in other genres , including Workshop Jazz ( jazz ) Earl Washington Reflections and Earl Washington 's All Stars , Mel - o - dy ( country , although it was originally an R&B label ) , and Rare Earth ( rock ) , which featured the band Rare Earth themselves . Under the slogan `` The Sound of Young America '' , Motown 's acts were enjoying widespread popularity among black and white audiences alike . Smokey Robinson said of Motown 's cultural impact : Into the 1960s , I was still not of a frame of mind that we were not only making music , we were making history . But I did recognize the impact because acts were going all over the world at that time . I recognized the bridges that we crossed , the racial problems and the barriers that we broke down with music . I recognized that because I lived it . I would come to the South in the early days of Motown and the audiences would be segregated . Then they started to get the Motown music and we would go back and the audiences were integrated and the kids were dancing together and holding hands . Berry Gordy House , known as Motown Mansion in Detroit 's Boston - Edison Historic District In 1967 Berry Gordy purchased what is now known as Motown Mansion in Detroit 's Boston - Edison Historic District as his home , leaving his previous home to his sister Anna and then husband Marvin Gaye ( where photos for the cover of his album What 's Going On were taken ) . In 1968 , Gordy purchased the Donovan building on the corner of Woodward Avenue and Interstate 75 , and moved Motown 's Detroit offices there ( the Donovan building was demolished in January 2006 to provide parking spaces for Super Bowl XL ) . In the same year Gordy purchased Golden World Records , and its recording studio became `` Studio B '' to Hitsville 's `` Studio A '' . In the United Kingdom , Motown 's records were released on various labels : at first London ( only the Miracles ' `` Shop Around '' / `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' and `` Ai n't It Baby '' ) , then Fontana ( `` Please Mr. Postman '' by the Marvelettes was one of four ) and then Oriole American ( `` Fingertips '' by Little Stevie Wonder was one of many ) . In 1963 , Motown signed with EMI 's Stateside label ( `` Where Did Our Love Go '' by the Supremes and `` My Guy '' by Mary Wells were Motown 's first British top - 20 hits ) . Eventually EMI created the Tamla Motown label ( `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' by the Supremes was the first Tamla Motown release in March 1965 ) . Los Angeles : 1972 -- 1998 ( edit ) After the songwriting trio Holland -- Dozier -- Holland left the label in 1967 over royalty - payment disputes , Norman Whitfield became the company 's top producer , turning out hits for The Temptations , Marvin Gaye , Gladys Knight & the Pips and Rare Earth . In the meantime Berry Gordy established Motown Productions , a television subsidiary which produced TV specials for the Motown artists , including TCB , with Diana Ross & the Supremes and the Temptations , Diana ! with Diana Ross , and Goin ' Back to Indiana with the Jackson 5 . The company loosened its production rules , allowing some of its longtime artists the opportunity to write and produce more of their own material . This resulted in the recordings of successful and critically acclaimed albums such as Marvin Gaye 's What 's Going On ( 1971 ) and Let 's Get it On ( 1973 ) , and Stevie Wonder 's Music of My Mind ( 1972 ) , Talking Book ( 1972 ) , and Innervisions ( 1973 ) . Motown had established branch offices in both New York City and Los Angeles during the mid-1960s , and by 1969 had begun gradually moving more of its operations to Los Angeles . The company moved all of its operations to Los Angeles in June 1972 , with a number of artists , among them Martha Reeves , the Four Tops , Gladys Knight & the Pips , and Motown 's Funk Brothers studio band , either staying behind in Detroit or leaving the company for other reasons . By re-locating , Motown aimed chiefly to branch out into the motion - picture industry , and Motown Productions got its start in film by turning out two hit - vehicles for Diana Ross : the Billie Holiday biographical film Lady Sings the Blues ( 1972 ) , and Mahogany ( 1975 ) . Other Motown films would include Scott Joplin ( 1977 ) , Thank God It 's Friday ( 1978 ) , The Wiz ( 1978 ) and The Last Dragon ( 1985 ) . Ewart Abner , who had been associated with Motown since the 1960s , became its president in 1973 . Despite losing Holland -- Dozier -- Holland , Norman Whitfield , and some of its other hitmakers by 1975 , Motown still had a number of successful artists during the 1970s and 1980s , including Lionel Richie and the Commodores , Rick James , Teena Marie , the Dazz Band and DeBarge . By the mid-1980s Motown had started losing money , and Berry Gordy sold his ownership in Motown to MCA Records ( which began a US distribution deal with the label in 1983 ) and Boston Ventures in June 1988 for $61 million . In 1989 , Gordy sold the Motown Productions TV / film operations to Motown executive Suzanne de Passe , who renamed the company de Passe Entertainment and continues to run it as of 2012 . During the 1990s Motown was home to successful recording artists such as Boyz II Men and Johnny Gill , although the company itself remained in a state of turmoil . MCA appointed a revolving door of executives to run the company , beginning with Berry Gordy 's immediate successor , Jheryl Busby . Busby quarreled with MCA , alleging that the company did not give Motown 's product adequate attention or promotion . In 1991 , Motown sued MCA to have its distribution deal with the company terminated , and began releasing its product through PolyGram . PolyGram purchased Motown from Boston Ventures three years later . In 1994 , Busby was replaced by Andre Harrell , the entrepreneur behind Uptown Records . Harrell served as Motown 's CEO for just under two years , leaving the company after receiving bad publicity for being inefficient . Danny Goldberg , who ran PolyGram 's Mercury Records group , assumed control of Motown , and George Jackson served as president . Final years of the Motown label : 1999 -- 2005 ( edit ) By 1998 , Motown had added stars such as 702 , Brian McKnight , and Erykah Badu to its roster . In December 1998 , PolyGram was acquired by Seagram , and Motown was absorbed into the Universal Music Group . Seagram had purchased Motown 's former parent MCA in 1995 , and Motown was in effect reunited with many of its MCA corporate siblings ( Seagram had hoped to build a media empire around Universal , and started by purchasing PolyGram ) . Universal briefly considered shuttering the label , but instead decided to restructure it . Kedar Massenburg , a producer for Erykah Badu , became the head of the label , and oversaw successful recordings from Badu , McKnight , Michael McDonald , and new Motown artist India. Arie . Diana Ross , Smokey Robinson , Stevie Wonder , and the Temptations had remained with the label since its early days , although all except Wonder recorded for other labels for several years . Ross left Motown for RCA Records from 1981 to 1988 , but returned in 1989 and stayed until 2002 . Robinson left the label in the early 1990s , and the Temptations left a second time in 2004 ( the first time being in 1977 ) . As of 2018 , Wonder is the only artist from Motown 's early period still on the label . Universal Motown : 2005 -- 2011 ( edit ) Further information : Universal Motown Records In 2005 , Massenburg was replaced by Sylvia Rhone , former CEO of Elektra Records . Motown was merged with Universal Records to create the Universal Motown Records and placed under the newly created umbrella division of Universal Motown Republic Group . Notable artists on Universal Motown included Drake Bell , Ryan Leslie , Melanie Fiona , Forever the Sickest Kids , and Four Year Strong . In late 2008 , Motown began celebrating its fiftieth anniversary ( January 12 , 2009 ) , including the release of a The Complete No. 1 's box set containing Motown number - one hits from Billboard ′ s pop , R&B , and disco charts , reissues of classic - era Motown albums on CD , and other planned events , which were released in collaboration with Universal Music Group 's catalog division Universal Music Enterprises . Relaunch : 2011 -- present ( edit ) As of summer of 2011 , Universal Motown has been separated from Universal Motown Republic Group , has reverted to the original Motown brand , has hired Ethiopia Habtemariam as its Senior Vice President , and is now operated under The Island Def Jam Music Group . Artists from Universal Motown have been transferred to the newly revitalized Motown label . On January 25 , 2012 , it was announced that Ne - Yo would join the Motown label both as an artist as well as the new Senior Vice President of A&R . On April 1 , 2014 , it was announced that Island Def Jam will no longer be running following the resignation of CEO Barry Weiss . In a press release sent out by Universal Music Group , the label will now be reorganizing Def Jam Recordings , Island Records and Motown Records all as separate entities . Motown would then begin serving as a subsidiary of Capitol Records . Motown Sound ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Motown Sound . ( Discuss ) ( March 2016 ) Motown specialized in a type of soul music it referred to with the trademark `` The Motown Sound '' . Crafted with an ear towards pop appeal , the Motown Sound typically used tambourines to accent the back beat , prominent and often melodic electric bass - guitar lines , distinctive melodic and chord structures , and a call - and - response singing style that originated in gospel music . In 1971 , Jon Landau wrote in Rolling Stone that the sound consisted of songs with simple structures but sophisticated melodies , along with a four - beat drum pattern , regular use of horns and strings and `` a trebly style of mixing that relied heavily on electronic limiting and equalizing ( boosting the high range frequencies ) to give the overall product a distinctive sound , particularly effective for broadcast over AM radio '' . Pop production techniques such as the use of orchestral string sections , charted horn sections , and carefully arranged background vocals were also used . Complex arrangements and elaborate , melismatic vocal riffs were avoided . Motown producers believed steadfastly in the `` KISS principle '' ( keep it simple , stupid ) . Despite the growth of popular music being written and performed by black artists , the songs would not become popular or recognized unless the music was being performed by white performers . However , the Motown Sound became distinctly unique . The `` real '' Motown Sound became more favorable than the altered renditions . The Motown production process has been described as factory - like . The Hitsville studios remained open and active 22 hours a day , and artists would often go on tour for weeks , come back to Detroit to record as many songs as possible , and then promptly go on tour again . Berry Gordy held quality control meetings every Friday morning , and used veto power to ensure that only the very best material and performances would be released . The test was that every new release needed to fit into a sequence of the top five selling pop singles of the week . Several tracks that later became critical and commercial favorites were initially rejected by Gordy ; the two most notable being the Marvin Gaye songs `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' and `` What 's Going On '' . In several cases , producers would re-work tracks in hopes of eventually getting them approved at a later Friday morning meeting , as producer Norman Whitfield did with `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' and The Temptations ' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' . Many of Motown 's best - known songs , including all the early hits for the Supremes , were written by the songwriting trio of Holland -- Dozier -- Holland ( Lamont Dozier and brothers Brian and Eddie Holland ) . Other important Motown producers and songwriters included Norman Whitfield , William `` Mickey '' Stevenson , Smokey Robinson , Barrett Strong , Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson , Frank Wilson , Pamela Sawyer & Gloria Jones , James Dean & William Weatherspoon , Johnny Bristol , Harvey Fuqua , Gil Askey , Stevie Wonder , and Gordy himself . The style created by the Motown musicians was a major influence on several non-Motown artists of the mid-1960s , such as Dusty Springfield and the Foundations . In the United Kingdom , the Motown Sound became the basis of the northern soul movement . Smokey Robinson said the Motown Sound had little to do with Detroit : People would listen to it , and they 'd say , ' Aha , they use more bass . Or they use more drums . ' Bullshit . When we were first successful with it , people were coming from Germany , France , Italy , Mobile , Alabama . From New York , Chicago , California . From everywhere . Just to record in Detroit . They figured it was in the air , that if they came to Detroit and recorded on the freeway , they 'd get the Motown sound . Listen , the Motown sound to me is not an audible sound . It 's spiritual , and it comes from the people that make it happen . What other people did n't realize is that we just had one studio there , but we recorded in Chicago , Nashville , New York , L.A. -- almost every big city . And we still got the sound . The Funk Brothers ( edit ) Main article : The Funk Brothers In addition to the songwriting process of the writers and producers , one of the major factors in the widespread appeal of Motown 's music was Gordy 's practice of using a highly - select and tight - knit group of studio musicians , collectively known as the Funk Brothers , to record the instrumental or `` band '' tracks of a majority of Motown recordings . Among the studio musicians responsible for the `` Motown Sound '' were keyboardists Earl Van Dyke , Johnny Griffith , and Joe Hunter ; guitarists Joe Messina , Robert White , and Eddie Willis ; percussionists Eddie `` Bongo '' Brown and Jack Ashford ; drummers Benny Benjamin , Uriel Jones , and Richard `` Pistol '' Allen ; and bassists James Jamerson and Bob Babbitt . The band 's career and work is chronicled in the 2002 documentary film Standing in the Shadows of Motown , which publicised the fact that these musicians `` played on more number - one records than The Beatles , Elvis , The Rolling Stones , and The Beach Boys combined . '' Much of the Motown Sound came from the use of overdubbed and duplicated instrumentation . Motown songs regularly featured two drummers instead of one ( either overdubbed or in unison ) , as well as three or four guitar lines . Bassist James Jamerson often played his instrument with only the index finger of his right hand , and created many of the basslines apparent on Motown songs such as `` Up the Ladder to the Roof '' by The Supremes . Artist development ( edit ) Artist development was a major part of Motown 's operations instituted by Berry Gordy . The acts on the Motown label were fastidiously groomed , dressed and choreographed for live performances . Motown artists were advised that their breakthrough into the white popular music market made them ambassadors for other African - American artists seeking broad market acceptance , and that they should think , act , walk and talk like royalty , so as to alter the less - than - dignified image commonly held of black musicians by white Americans in that era . Given that many of the talented young artists had been raised in housing projects and lacked the necessary social and dress experience , this Motown department was not only necessary , it created an elegant style of presentation long associated with the label . The artist development department specialized primarily in working with younger , less - experienced acts ; experienced performers such as Jr . Walker and Marvin Gaye were exempt from artist - development classes . Many of the young artists participated in an annual package tour called the `` Motortown Revue '' , which was popular , first , on the `` chitlin ' circuit '' , and , later , around the world . The tours gave the younger artists a chance to hone their performance and social skills and learn from the more experienced artists . Motown subsidiary labels ( edit ) In order to avoid accusations of payola should DJs play too many records from the original Tamla label , Gordy formed Motown Records as a second label in 1960 . The two labels featured the same writers , producers and artists . Many more subsidiary labels were established later under the umbrella of the Motown parent company , including Gordy Records , Soul Records and VIP Records ; in reality the Motown Record Corporation controlled all of these labels . Most of the distinctions between Motown labels were largely arbitrary , with the same writers , producers and musicians working on all the major subsidiaries , and artists were often shuffled between labels for internal marketing reasons . All of these records are usually considered to be `` Motown '' records , regardless of whether they actually appeared on the Motown Records label itself . Major divisions ( edit ) Tamla Records. : Established 1959 , Tamla was a primary subsidiary for mainstream R&B / soul music . Tamla is actually the company 's original label : Gordy founded Tamla Records several months before establishing the Motown Record Corporation . The label 's numbering system was combined with those of Motown and Gordy in 1982 , and the label was merged with Motown in 1988 . Notable Tamla artists included Smokey Robinson & the Miracles , Marvin Gaye , Stevie Wonder , and the Marvelettes . Tamla was briefly re-activated in 1996 as a reggae label , but only released a 12 '' single by Cocoa Tea called `` New Immigration Law '' . Tamla also had a sub-label called Penny Records in 1959 ; artists on that label included Bryan Brent And The Cut Outs , who recorded a single for the label entitled `` Vacation Time '' b / w `` For Eternity '' ( 2201 ) . Tamla Records slogan : `` The Sound that Makes the World Go ' Round '' . Motown Records. : Established 1960 , Motown was and remains the company 's main label for mainstream R&B / soul music ( and , today , hip - hop music as well ) . The label 's numbering system was combined with those of Tamla and Gordy in 1982 , and the label ( and company ) was purchased by MCA in 1988 . Notable Motown artists have included Mary Wells , the Supremes , Four Tops , Michael Jackson , the Jackson 5 , Boyz II Men , Commodores , Lionel Richie , Dazz Band , Brian McKnight , 98 Degrees , and Erykah Badu . Motown Records slogan : `` The Sound of Young America '' . Gordy Records. : Established 1962 , Gordy was also a primary subsidiary for mainstream R&B / soul music . Originally known as Miracle Records ( slogan : `` If It 's a Hit , It 's a Miracle '' ) , the name was changed in 1962 to avoid confusion with the Miracles singing group . The label 's numbering system was combined with those of Motown and Tamla in 1982 , and the label was merged with Motown in 1988 . Notable Gordy artists included the Temptations , Martha and the Vandellas , the Contours , Edwin Starr , Rick James , the Mary Jane Girls , Teena Marie , Switch , and DeBarge . Gordy Records slogan : `` It 's What 's in the Grooves that Counts '' . Tamla Motown Records. : Motown 's non-US label , established in March 1965 and folded into the regular Motown label in 1976 . Distributed by EMI , Tamla Motown issued the releases on the American Motown labels , using its own numbering system . In some cases , Tamla Motown would issue singles and albums not released in the United States ( for example , the singles `` I Second That Emotion '' and `` Why ( Must We Fall in Love ) '' by Diana Ross & the Supremes with the Temptations , as well as the successful Motown Chartbusters series of albums ) . Secondary R&B labels ( edit ) Check - Mate Records. : Short - lived ( 1961 -- 1962 ) R&B / soul subsidiary , purchased from Chess Records . Notable artists included David Ruffin and The Del - Phis ( later Martha and the Vandellas ) . Miracle Records. : Short - lived ( 1961 ) R&B / soul subsidiary that lasted less than a year . Some pressings featured the infamous tagline , `` If it 's a hit , it 's a Miracle . '' Renamed Gordy Records in 1962 . Notable releases included early recordings by Jimmy Ruffin and the Temptations . MoWest Records. : MoWest was a short - lived ( 1971 -- 1973 ; 1976 in UK ) subsidiary for R&B / soul artists based on the West Coast . Shut down when the main Motown office moved to Los Angeles . Notable artists included G.C. Cameron , the Sisters Love , Syreeta Wright , the Four Seasons , Commodores ( their first two singles in 1972 and 1973 ) , and Los Angeles DJ Tom Clay . Unlike other Motown releases in the UK that were released by Tamla Motown , MoWest retained its US label design and logo for its UK releases as well . In fact , MoWest lasted longer in the UK up until 1976 . Motown Yesteryear. : a label created in late 1970s and used through the 1980s for the reissues of 7 - inch singles from all eras of the company 's history , after printing in the initial label has ceased . One Motown Yesteryear single made Billboard ′ s Top 40 -- the Contours ' `` Do You Love Me '' , in 1988 , when its inclusion in the film Dirty Dancing revived interest . Soul Records. : Established in 1964 , Soul was a R&B / soul subsidiary for releases with less of a jazz feel and / or more of a blues feel . Notable Soul artists included Jr . Walker & the All - Stars , Shorty Long , Gladys Knight & the Pips , the Originals , the Fantastic Four , and Jimmy Ruffin . The label was dissolved in 1978 . This label has no affiliation with the short - lived S.O.U.L. Records - an early 1990s imprint that was founded by the production team the Bomb Squad . V.I.P. Records : Established in 1964 , V.I.P. was an R&B / soul subsidiary . Notable artists included the Velvelettes , the Spinners , the Monitors , the Elgins and Chris Clark . The label was dissolved in 1974 . Weed Records. : A very short - lived subsidiary . Only one release , Chris Clark 's 1969 CC Rides Again album , was issued . This release featured the tongue - in - cheek tagline : `` Your Favorite Artists Are On Weed '' . The logo was a parody of the `` Snapping Fingers '' logo for Stax Records , but the hand in this case is holding up a peace sign . The name `` Weed Records '' is now owned by the Tokyo / New York - based Weed Records . Additional genre labels ( edit ) Country ( edit ) Mel - o - dy Records. : Established in 1962 as a secondary R&B / soul music subsidiary , Mel - o - dy later focused on white country music artists . Notable Mel - o - dy artists include Dorsey Burnette . The label was dissolved in 1965 . Triple Tigers Records. : Established in 2017 country music artists . Scotty McCreery . Hitsville Records. : Founded as Melodyland Records in 1974 . After the Melodyland Christian Center threatened legal action , the name was changed to Hitsville in 1976 . Like Mel - o - dy before it , Hitsville focused on country music . Run by Mike Curb and Ray Ruff , Hitsville 's notable artists included Ronnie Dove , Pat Boone , T.G. Sheppard and Jud Strunk . The label was dissolved in 1977 . In the UK , Melodyland / Hitsville material was released on MoWest . M.C. Records : Operated 1977 to 1978 as a continuation of the Hitsville label . A joint venture between Gordy and Mike Curb . The Mel - o - dy , Hitsville , and M.C. catalogs are now managed by Mercury Nashville Records . Hip hop / rap ( edit ) Wondirection Records. : A record label owned by Stevie Wonder , it had one 12 - inch dance release , the 10 ' 35 '' rap track `` The Crown '' by Gary Byrd and the G.B. Experience . Mad Sounds Recordings. : Short - lived hip - hop / rap subsidiary label , released five albums in the mid-1990s - including Zig Zag by Tha Mexakinz , Trendz by Trendz of Culture and Rottin ta da Core by Rottin Razkals . Jazz ( edit ) Workshop Jazz Records. : Motown 's jazz subsidiary , active from 1962 to 1964 . Notable Workshop Jazz artists included the George Bohannon Trio , Earl Washington All Stars , and Four Tops ( whose recordings for the label went unissued for 30 years ) . The Workshop Jazz catalog is currently managed by Verve Records . Blaze Records. : A short - lived label featuring Jack Ashford instrumental released in September 1969 , `` Do The Choo - Choo '' with b - side `` Do The Choo - Choo Pt II '' written by L. Chandler , E. Willis , J. Ashford , with label number 1107 . Mo Jazz Records. : Another jazz label created in the 1990s , this was Motown 's most successful jazz imprint . Notable artists included Norman Brown , Foley , Norman Connors , and J. Spencer . It also reissued instrumental albums like Stevie Wonder 's 1968 album Eivets Rednow and Grover Washington Jr. 's CTI / Kudu albums under the Classic Mo Jazz subsidiary . This label ( including its roster and catalog ) was folded into Verve Records after the PolyGram / Universal merger . Rock ( edit ) Rare Earth Records. : Established in 1969 after the signing of Rare Earth ( after whom the label was named ) , Rare Earth Records was a subsidiary focusing on rock music by white artists . Notable acts included Rare Earth , R. Dean Taylor , the Pretty Things , Love Sculpture , Kiki Dee , Toe Fat , The Cats and Shaun Murphy ( both solo and her collaborations with Meat Loaf ) . The label also was the subsidiary to house the first white band signed to Motown , the Rustix . Prodigal Records. : Purchased by Motown in 1974 , Motown used Prodigal Records as a second rock music subsidiary ; a sister label to Rare Earth Records . The Rare Earth band moved over to the label following the Rare Earth label 's demise . Pop singer Charlene 's # 3 pop single for Motown I 've Never Been To Me was originally released and charted on this label in 1977 ( # 97 ) . Prodigal was dissolved in 1978 . Morocco Records. : Acronym for `` MOtown ROCk COmpany '' . As the name suggests , Morocco was a rock music subsidiary . Active from 1983 to 1984 , it was a short - lived attempt to revive the Rare Earth Records concept . Only seven albums were released on the label . Its two most promising acts , Duke Jupiter and the black new wave trio Tiggi Clay ( via their lead singer , Fizzy Qwick ) eventually moved to the parent label . Other ( edit ) Divinity Records. : Short - lived ( 1962 -- 1963 ) gospel subsidiary . With five releases by artists - Wright Specials , Gospel Stars , Bernadettes , and Liz Lands . Label sequence starts at 99004 to 99008 , the final recording being `` We Shall Overcome '' ( for label number 99008 ) that was recorded in the Graystone Ballroom , was withdrawn and transferred to GORDY 7023B as `` I Have A Dream '' speech by Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr ... Black Forum Records. : A spoken - word subsidiary that focused mainly on albums featuring progressive political and pro-civil rights speeches / poetry . Black Forum issued recordings by the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Stokely Carmichael , Elaine Brown , Langston Hughes , Margaret Danner , and others from 1970 until 1973 . Natural Resources : This label was active from 1972 to 1973 and in 1976 as a minor subsidiary for white artists and instrumental bands . It served as a label for Motown , Tamla and Gordy reissues and Motown compilation albums in 1978 and 1979 . Motown Latino Records. : Short - lived ( 1982 ) subsidiary for Spanish - language Latin American music . Its only artist was Jose Feliciano . Ocean Front Records. : Catalog division , founded in company 's heyday . Closed in 1983 Gaiee Records. : Only one single was released on this label in 1975 ; Valentino 's `` Gay / Lesbian '' anthem `` I Was Born This Way '' , which was later covered by fellow Motown artist Carl Bean in 1977 . Independent labels distributed by Motown ( edit ) Biv 10 Records : A hip - hop / R&B label that was founded by Bell Biv Devoe / New Edition member Michael Bivins . The label operated throughout most of the 1990s . Its roster included Another Bad Creation , Boyz II Men , and 702 . Chisa Records : Motown released output for Chisa , a label owned by Hugh Masekela , from 1969 to 1972 ( prior to that , the label was distributed by Vault Records ) . CTI Records : Motown distributed output for CTI Records , a jazz label owned by Creed Taylor , from 1974 to 1975 . CTI subsidiaries distributed by Motown included Kudu Records , Three Brothers Records and Salvation Records . Three Brothers Records : A short - lived sublabel of CTI Records that had two single releases . One was by a Spike Jones influenced group called The Clams . With a few exceptions , the bulk of CTI 's recordings is now owned by Sony Music Entertainment . Ecology Records : A very short - lived label owned by Sammy Davis Jr. and distributed by Motown . Only release : single `` In My Own Lifetime '' / `` I 'll Begin Again '' , by Davis in 1971 . Gull Records : A UK - based label still in operation , Motown released Gull 's output in the US in 1975 . Gull had Judas Priest on its roster in 1975 , but their LP Sad Wings of Destiny , intended for release by Motown in the US , was issued after the Motown / Gull Deal had fallen through . Manticore Records : A record label created by the members of the rock group Emerson , Lake & Palmer . Manticore released albums by ELP and various other Progressive rock artists . Manticore was originally distributed in the U.S. by Atlantic Records from 1973 to 1975 but switched to Motown distribution until the label folded in 1977 . Miscellaneous labels associated with Motown ( edit ) Rayber Records IPG Records Rich Records Summer Camp Records Inferno Records Tabu Records Ric - Tic Records Groovesville Records British ( pre-tamla Motown ) labels ( edit ) London American Records issued the releases for Motown from 1960 to 1961 . Fontana Records issued the releases for Motown from 1961 to 1962 . Oriole American Records issued the releases for Motown from 1962 to 1963 . Stateside Records issued the releases for Motown from 1963 to 1964 , when the Tamla Motown label was created . See also ( edit ) Motown discography Hitsville USA Music of Detroit References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cruz , Gilbert ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` A Brief History of Motown '' . TIME . TIME Magazine . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History - Classic Motown '' . Motown Records . Motown Records . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Woodford , Arthur M. ( 2001 ) . This is Detroit , 1701 - 2001 ( 1 ed . ) . Detroit , Mich. : Wayne State Univ . Press . p. 198 . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 2914 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Sound of the City , Charlie Gillett , Sphere Books , 1971 , p. 247 ^ Jump up to : `` Ethiopia Habtemariam Named Senior Vice President of Motown Records '' . Billboard.biz . August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Sisario , `` A Young Music Executive Takes Over at Motown '' , New York Times , August 10 , 2011 . Archived January 17 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Brandon Creed Joins Universal Republic And Island Def Jam Motown '' . Universal Music . August 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A revitalized Capitol Records forges a new path forward '' . LA Times . 2015 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Motown Museum '' . Motown Museum . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ron Thibodeaux , `` My Smokey Valentine '' , The Times - Picayune ( New Orleans , La . ) , February 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Motown Mansion ! '' . Motownmansion.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brennan ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Ne - Yo Leaves Def Jam For Motown Records '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Rob Markham , `` Ne - Yo Leaves Def Jam To Become Motown Exec '' , MTV News , January 25 , 2012 `` . MTV News . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Island Def Jam Is Over '' . XXL . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency Magazine '' . Frequencynews.com . May 2014 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Motown Story '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Chin , Brian & David Nathan , `` Reflections Of ... '' The Supremes ( CD boxed - set liner notes ) ( New York : Motown Record Co. / Universal Music , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Williams , Otis & Patricia Romanowski , Temptations ( Lanham , MD : Cooper Square , 1988 ; updated 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1218 - 5 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Pitts , Leonard . `` The Motown Factor . '' Jazziz Magazine . December 2013 , Vol. 20 , No. 12 , pp. 60 - 62 . Print . Jump up ^ Yourse , Robyn - Denise ( May 19 , 2006 ) . `` Diana Ross : old wine in ' Blue ' bottles '' . The Washington Times . News World Communications . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 -- via HighBeam . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Hirshey , Gerri ( 1994 ( 1984 ) ) . Nowhere to Run : The Story of Soul Music . New York : Da Capo Press . p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80581 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Justman , Paul ( 2002 ) . Standing in the Shadows of Motown ( DVD ) . Santa Monica , California : Artisan Entertainment . Jump up ^ Pitts , Leonard , Jr . `` The Motown Factor '' . Jazziz . Issue 20.12 . Dec. 2003 . 60 - 62 . Print . Jump up ^ Laurie , Timothy ( 2012 ) . `` Crossover Fatigue : The Persistence of Gender at Motown Records '' . Feminist Media Studies . 14 ( 1 ) : 90 -- 105 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mike Callahan , Patrice Eyries , David Edwards . `` Gordy Album Discography , Part 1 ( 1962 - 1981 ) '' . bsnpubs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle Motown Junkies '' . article . motownjunkies.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Diana-web.com '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mike Callahan , David Edwards . `` Weed Album Discography '' . article . bsnpubs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Spencer ( October 4 , 2005 ) . `` Obituaries - Ray Ruff '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Callahan , David Edwards . `` M.C. Album Discography '' . article . bsnpubs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Sounds Recordings '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mike Callahan , David Edwards . `` Prodigal Album Discography '' . article . bsnpubs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Rickey Vincent , `` Louder Than a Bomb : On The Sounds of Black Power '' ( review of Pat Thomas , Listen , Whitey ! : the Sights and Sounds of Black Power 1965 - 1975 ) Archived April 19 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Los Angeles Review of Books , October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Clams '' . Petelevin.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official Motown Records website Official Classic Motown website The Motown Museum Complete discography of pre-1986 Motown singles Complete discography of pre-1986 Motown albums Motown artists interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Motown Labels Universal Motown Records The Island Def Jam Music Group People Cholly Atkins The Funk Brothers Harvey Fuqua Holland -- Dozier -- Holland Berry Gordy Esther Gordy Edwards Andre Harrell George Jackson Kedar Massenburg General Hitsville U.S.A. 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-6044617950029078811 | Ramones | Ramones - wikipedia Ramones Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ramones ( disambiguation ) . Ramones Ramones in 1976 . Left to right : Johnny Ramone , Tommy Ramone ( at back ) Joey Ramone , Dee Dee Ramone Background information Origin Forest Hills , Queens , New York , United States Genres Punk rock Years active 1974 -- 1996 Labels Sire Warner Bros . Philips Radioactive Chrysalis Website ramones.com Past members Johnny Ramone Joey Ramone Dee Dee Ramone Tommy Ramone Marky Ramone Richie Ramone C.J. Ramone The Ramones were an American punk rock band that formed in the New York City neighborhood of Forest Hills , Queens , in 1974 . They are often cited as the first band to define the punk rock sound . Despite achieving only limited commercial success , the band was a major influence on the 1970s punk movement in both the United States and United Kingdom . All of the band members adopted pseudonyms ending with the surname `` Ramone '' , although none of them were related . They performed 2,263 concerts , touring virtually nonstop for 22 years . In 1996 , after a tour with the Lollapalooza music festival , the band played a farewell concert and disbanded . By 2014 , all four of the band 's original members , lead singer Joey Ramone ( 1951 -- 2001 ) , bass guitarist Dee Dee Ramone ( 1951 -- 2002 ) , guitarist Johnny Ramone ( 1948 -- 2004 ) and drummer Tommy Ramone ( 1949 -- 2014 ) , had died . Recognition of the band 's importance built over the years , and they are now mentioned in many assessments of all - time great rock music , such as number 26 in the Rolling Stone magazine list of the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' and number 17 in VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock '' . In 2002 , the Ramones were ranked the second - greatest band of all time by Spin magazine , trailing only the Beatles . On March 18 , 2002 , the original four members and Tommy 's replacement on drums , Marky Ramone , were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . In 2011 , the group was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation : 1974 -- 1975 1.2 Spearheading punk : 1976 -- 1977 1.3 Recordings turn more pop : 1978 -- 1983 1.4 Shuffling members : 1983 -- 1989 1.5 Final years : 1990 -- 1996 1.6 Aftermath and deaths 2 Conflicts between members 3 Style 3.1 Musical style 3.2 Visual imagery 4 Influence 4.1 Tribute albums 5 Band members 6 Discography 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links History ( edit ) Formation : 1974 -- 1975 ( edit ) Forest Hills High School , attended by the four original members of the Ramones The original members of the band met in and around the middle - class neighborhood of Forest Hills in the New York City borough of Queens . John Cummings and Thomas Erdelyi had both been in a high - school garage band from 1965 to 1967 known as the Tangerine Puppets . They became friends with Douglas Colvin , who had recently moved to the area from Germany , and Jeffrey Hyman , who was the initial lead singer of the glam rock band Sniper , founded in 1972 . The Ramones began taking shape in early 1974 when Cummings and Colvin invited Hyman to join them in a band . The initial line - up featured Colvin on lead vocals , rhythm and bass guitars , Cummings on lead guitar , and Hyman on drums . Hyman soon switched from drums to vocals . Colvin was the first to adopt the name `` Ramone '' , calling himself Dee Dee Ramone . He was inspired by Paul McCartney 's use of the pseudonym Paul Ramon during his Silver Beetles days . Dee Dee convinced the other members to take on the name and came up with the idea of calling the band the Ramones . Hyman and Cummings became Joey and Johnny Ramone , respectively . A friend of the band , Monte A. Melnick ( later their tour manager ) , helped to arrange rehearsal time for them at Manhattan 's Performance Studios , where he worked . Johnny 's former bandmate Erdelyi was set to become their manager . Soon after the band was formed , Dee Dee realized that he could not sing and play his bass guitar simultaneously ; with Erdelyi 's encouragement , Joey became the band 's new lead singer . Dee Dee would continue , however , to count off each song 's tempo with his signature rapid - fire shout of `` 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 ! '' Joey soon similarly realized that he could not sing and play drums simultaneously and left the position of drummer . While auditioning prospective replacements , Erdelyi would often take to the drums and demonstrate how to play the songs . It became apparent that he was able to perform the group 's music better than anyone else , and he joined the band as Tommy Ramone . The Ramones played before an audience for the first time on March 30 , 1974 , at Performance Studios . The songs they played were very fast and very short ; most clocked in at under two minutes . Around this time , a new music scene was emerging in New York centered on two clubs in downtown Manhattan -- Max 's Kansas City and , more famously , CBGB ( usually referred to as CBGB 's ) . The Ramones made their CBGB debut on August 16 , 1974 . Legs McNeil , who cofounded Punk magazine the following year , later described the impact of that performance : `` They were all wearing these black leather jackets . And they counted off this song ... and it was just this wall of noise ... They looked so striking . These guys were not hippies . This was something completely new . '' The band swiftly became regulars at the club , playing there seventy - four times by the end of the year . After garnering considerable attention for their performances -- which averaged about seventeen minutes from beginning to end -- the group was signed to a recording contract in late 1975 by Seymour Stein of Sire Records . After they were seen by Sire A&R man Craig Leon he brought the band to the attention of the label . Stein 's wife , Linda Stein , saw the band play at Mothers ; she would later co-manage them along with Danny Fields . By this time , the Ramones were recognized as leaders of the new scene that was increasingly being referred to as `` punk '' . The group 's unusual frontman had a lot to do with their impact . As Dee Dee explained , `` All the other singers ( in New York ) were copying David Johansen ( of the New York Dolls ) , who was copying Mick Jagger ... But Joey was unique , totally unique . '' Spearheading punk : 1976 -- 1977 ( edit ) `` Blitzkrieg Bop '' The title of the Ramones ' debut single , writes critic Steve Huey , is a `` nice encapsulation of the group 's aesthetic : simple , bouncy , pre-British Invasion rock & roll played at top volume and twice the speed . Blaring the same three chords for most of its duration , the song was rock at its most basic '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . April 1976 issue of Punk . The cover image of Joey , by Punk cofounder John Holmstrom , was inspired by the work of comic book artist Will Eisner . Holmstrom would go on to do album art for Rocket to Russia and Road to Ruin . The Ramones recorded their debut album , Ramones , in April 1976 . Of the fourteen songs on the album , the longest , `` I Do n't Wanna Go Down to the Basement '' , barely surpassed two and a half minutes . While the songwriting credits were shared by the entire band , Dee Dee was the primary writer . The Ramones album was produced by Sire 's Craig Leon , with Tommy as associate producer , on an extremely low budget of about $6,400 and released in April . The now iconic front cover photograph of the band was taken by Roberta Bayley , a photographer for Punk magazine . Punk , which was largely responsible for codifying the term for the scene emerging around CBGB , ran a cover story on the Ramones in its third issue , the same month as the record 's release . The Ramones ' debut LP was greeted by rock critics with glowing reviews . The Village Voice 's Robert Christgau wrote , `` I love this record -- love it -- even though I know these boys flirt with images of brutality ( Nazi especially ) ... For me , it blows everything else off the radio '' . In Rolling Stone , Paul Nelson described it as `` constructed almost entirely of rhythm tracks of an exhilarating intensity rock & roll has not experienced since its earliest days . '' Characterizing the band as `` authentic American primitives whose work has to be heard to be understood '' , he declared , `` It is time popular music followed the other arts in honoring its primitives . '' Newsday 's Wayne Robbins simply anointed the Ramones as `` the best young rock ' n ' roll band in the known universe . '' Despite Sire 's high hopes for it , Ramones was not a commercial success , reaching only number 111 on the Billboard album chart . The two singles issued from the album , `` Blitzkrieg Bop '' and `` I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend '' , failed to chart . At the band 's first major performance outside of New York , a June date in Youngstown , Ohio , members of Cleveland punk legends Frankenstein aka the Dead Boys were present and struck up a friendship with the band . It was n't until they made a brief tour of England that they began to see the fruits of their labor ; a performance at the Roundhouse in London on July 4 , 1976 , second - billed to the Flamin ' Groovies , organized by Linda Stein , was a resounding success . T - Rex leader Marc Bolan was in attendance at the Roundhouse show and was invited on stage . Their Roundhouse appearance and a club date the following night -- where the band met members of the Sex Pistols and the Clash -- helped galvanize the burgeoning UK punk rock scene . The Flamin ' Groovies / Ramones double bill was successfully reprised at the Roxy Theatre in Los Angeles the following month , fueling the punk scene there as well . The Ramones were becoming an increasingly popular live act -- a Toronto performance in September energized yet another growing punk scene . Their next two albums , Leave Home and Rocket to Russia , were released in 1977 . Both were produced by Tommy and Tony Bongiovi , the second cousin of Jon Bon Jovi . Leave Home met with even less chart success than Ramones , though it did include `` Pinhead '' , which became one of the band 's signature songs with its chanted refrain of `` Gabba gabba hey ! '' Leave Home also included a fast - paced cover of the oldie `` California Sun '' , written by Henry Glover & Morris Levy , and originally recorded by Joe Jones , though the Ramones based their version on the remake by the Rivieras . Rocket to Russia was the band 's highest - charting album to date , reaching number 49 on the Billboard 200 . In Rolling Stone , critic Dave Marsh called it `` the best American rock & roll of the year '' . The album also featured the first Ramones single to enter the Billboard charts ( albeit only as high as number 81 ) : `` Sheena Is a Punk Rocker '' . The follow - up single , `` Rockaway Beach '' , reached number 66 -- the highest any Ramones single would ever reach in America . On December 31 , 1977 the Ramones recorded It 's Alive , a live concert double album , at the Rainbow Theatre , London , which was released in April 1979 ( the title is a reference to the 1974 horror film of the same name ) . Recordings turn more pop : 1978 -- 1983 ( edit ) Tommy , tired of touring , left the band in early 1978 . He continued as the Ramones ' record producer under his birth name of Erdelyi . His position as drummer was filled by Marc Bell , who had been a member of the early 1970s hard rock band Dust , Wayne County and the Backstreet Boys , and the pioneering punk group Richard Hell & the Voidoids . Bell became Marky Ramone . Later that year , the band released their fourth studio album , and first with Marky , Road to Ruin . The album , co-produced by Tommy with Ed Stasium , included some new sounds such as acoustic guitar , several ballads , and the band 's first two recorded songs longer than three minutes . It failed to reach the Billboard Top 100 . However , `` I Wanna Be Sedated '' , which appeared both on the album and as a single , would become one of the band 's best - known songs . The artwork on the album 's cover was done by Punk magazine cofounder John Holmstrom . After the band 's movie debut in Roger Corman 's Rock ' n ' Roll High School ( 1979 ) , renowned producer Phil Spector became interested in the Ramones and produced their 1980 album End of the Century . During the recording sessions in Los Angeles , Spector held Johnny at gunpoint , forcing him to repeatedly play a riff . Though it was to be the highest - charting album in the band 's history -- reaching number 44 in the United States and number 14 in Great Britain -- Johnny made clear that he favored the band 's more aggressive punk material : `` End of the Century was just watered - down Ramones . It 's not the real Ramones . '' This stance was also conveyed by the title and track selection of the compilation album Johnny later oversaw , Loud , Fast Ramones : Their Toughest Hits . Despite these reservations , Johnny did concede that some of Spector 's work with the band had merit , saying `` It really worked when he got to a slower song like ' Danny Says ' -- the production really worked tremendously . ' Rock ' N ' Roll Radio ' is really good . For the harder stuff , it did n't work as well . '' The string - laden Ronettes cover `` Baby , I Love You '' released as a single , became the band 's biggest hit in Great Britain , reaching number 8 on the charts . Joey and Dee Dee Ramone in concert , 1983 Pleasant Dreams , the band 's sixth album , was released in 1981 . It continued the trend established by End of the Century , taking the band further from the raw punk sound of its early records . As described by Trouser Press , the album , produced by Graham Gouldman of UK pop act 10cc , moved the Ramones `` away from their pioneering minimalism into heavy metal territory '' . Johnny would contend in retrospect that this direction was a record company decision , a continued futile attempt to get airplay on American radio . While Pleasant Dreams reached number 58 on the U.S. chart , its two singles failed to register at all . Subterranean Jungle , produced by Ritchie Cordell and Glen Kolotkin , was released in 1983 . According to Trouser Press , it brought the band `` back to where they once belonged : junky ' 60s pop adjusted for current tastes '' , which among other things meant `` easing off the breakneck rhythm that was once Ramones dogma . '' Billy Rogers , who had performed with Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers , played drums on the album 's second single , a cover of the Chambers Brothers ' `` Time Has Come Today '' , becoming the only song showing three different drummers : Rogers on recording , Marky on album credits and Richie on video clip . Subterranean Jungle peaked at number 83 in the United States -- it would be the last album by the band to crack the Billboard Top 100 . In 2002 , Rhino Records released a new version of it with seven bonus tracks . Shuffling members : 1983 -- 1989 ( edit ) After the release of Subterranean Jungle , Marky was fired from the band due to his alcoholism . He was replaced by Richard Reinhardt , who adopted the name Richie Ramone . Joey Ramone remarked that `` ( Richie ) saved the band as far as I 'm concerned . He 's the greatest thing to happen to the Ramones . He put the spirit back in the band . '' Richie is the only Ramones drummer to sing lead vocals on Ramones songs , including `` ( You ) Ca n't Say Anything Nice '' as well as the unreleased `` Elevator Operator '' . Joey Ramone commented , `` Richie 's very talented and he 's very diverse ... He really strengthened the band a hundred percent because he sings backing tracks , he sings lead , and he sings with Dee Dee 's stuff . In the past , it was always just me singing for the most part . '' Richie was also the only drummer to be the sole composer of Ramones songs including their hit `` Somebody Put Something in My Drink '' as well as `` Smash You '' , `` Humankind '' , `` I 'm Not Jesus '' , `` I Know Better Now '' and `` ( You ) Ca n't Say Anything Nice '' . Joey Ramone supported Richie 's songwriting contributions : `` I encouraged Richie to write songs . I figured it would make him feel more a part of the group , because we never let anybody else write our songs . '' Richie 's composition , `` Somebody Put Something in My Drink '' , remained a staple in the Ramones set list until their last show in 1996 and was included in the album Loud , Fast Ramones : Their Toughest Hits . The eight song bonus disc , The Ramones Smash You : Live ' 85 , is also named after Richie 's composition `` Smash You '' . The first album the Ramones recorded with Richie was Too Tough to Die in 1984 , with Tommy Erdelyi and Ed Stasium returning as producers . The album marked a shift to something like the band 's original sound . In the description of Allmusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine , the `` rhythms are back up to jackhammer speed and the songs are down to short , terse statements . '' `` Bonzo Goes to Bitburg '' Over a `` power - pop beat and melodic hooks galore '' , writes David Corn , Joey `` snarls '' the beginning of the refrain -- `` Bonzo goes to Bitburg / then goes out for a cup of tea / As I watched it on TV / somehow it really bothered me '' . In contrast , Salon.com arts editor Bill Wyman writes of `` Joey 's pained , pleading voice '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The band 's main release of 1985 was the British single `` Bonzo Goes to Bitburg '' ; though it was available in the United States only as an import , it was played widely on American college radio . The song was written , primarily by Joey , in protest of Ronald Reagan 's visit to a German military cemetery , which included graves of Waffen SS soldiers . Retitled `` My Brain Is Hanging Upside Down ( Bonzo Goes to Bitburg ) '' , the song appeared on the band 's ninth studio album , Animal Boy ( 1986 ) . Produced by Jean Beauvoir , formerly a member of the Plasmatics , the album was characterized by a Rolling Stone reviewer as `` nonstop primal fuzz pop '' . Making it his pick for `` album of the week '' , New York Times critic Jon Pareles wrote that the Ramones `` speak up for outcasts and disturbed individuals '' . The following year the band recorded their last album with Richie , Halfway to Sanity . Richie left in August 1987 , upset that after being in the band for five years , the other members would still not give him a share of the money they made selling T - shirts . Richie was replaced by Clem Burke from Blondie , which was disbanded at the time . According to Johnny , the performances with Burke -- who adopted the name Elvis Ramone -- were a disaster . He was fired after two performances ( August 28 & 29 , 1987 ) because his drumming could not keep up with the rest of the band . In September , Marky , now clean and sober , returned to the band . In December 1988 , the Ramones recorded material for their eleventh studio album , Brain Drain ; co-produced by Beauvoir , Rey , and Bill Laswell . However , the bass parts were done by Daniel Rey and the Dictators ' Andy Shernoff . Dee Dee Ramone would only record the additional vocals on the album citing that the other members of the band ( including himself ) were going through personal troubles and changes to the point where he did n't want to be in the band anymore . After the band finished their Halfway to Sanity tour in February 1989 , Dee Dee became sober and left the band . He was replaced by Christopher Joseph Ward ( C.J. Ramone ) , who performed with the band until they disbanded . Dee Dee initially pursued a brief career as a rapper under the name Dee Dee King . He quickly returned to punk rock and formed several bands , in much the same vein as the Ramones , for whom he also continued to write songs . Final years : 1990 -- 1996 ( edit ) After more than a decade and a half at Sire Records , the Ramones moved to a new label , Radioactive Records . Their first album for the label was 1992 's Mondo Bizarro , which reunited them with producer Ed Stasium . Acid Eaters , consisting entirely of cover songs , came out the following year . In 1993 , the Ramones were featured in the animated television series The Simpsons , providing music and voices for animated versions of themselves in the episode `` Rosebud '' . Executive producer David Mirkin described the Ramones as `` gigantic , obsessive Simpsons fans . '' In 1995 , the Ramones released ¡ Adios Amigos ! , their fourteenth studio album , and announced that they planned to disband if it was not successful . Its sales were unremarkable , garnering it just two weeks on the lower end of the Billboard chart . The band spent late 1995 on what was promoted as a farewell tour . However , they accepted an offer to appear in the sixth Lollapalooza festival , which toured around the United States during the following summer . After the Lollapalooza tour 's conclusion , the Ramones played their final show on August 6 , 1996 , at the Palace in Hollywood . A recording of the concert was later released on video and CD as We 're Outta Here ! . In addition to a reappearance by Dee Dee , the show featured several guests including Motörhead 's Lemmy , Pearl Jam 's Eddie Vedder , Soundgarden 's Chris Cornell , Numskull 's Ralph Foster and Rancid 's Tim Armstrong and Lars Frederiksen . Aftermath and deaths ( edit ) On July 20 , 1999 , Dee Dee , Johnny , Joey , Tommy , Marky , and C.J. appeared together at the Virgin Megastore in New York City for an autograph signing . This was the last occasion on which the original four members of the group appeared together . Joey , who had been diagnosed with lymphoma in 1995 , died of the illness on April 15 , 2001 , in New York . Session drummer Billy Rogers , who performed on `` Time Has Come Today '' from Subterranean Jungle , died from complications due to pneumonia on August 7 , 2001 . On March 18 , 2002 , the Ramones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , which specifically named Dee Dee , Johnny , Joey , Tommy , and Marky . At the ceremony , the surviving inductees spoke on behalf of the band . Johnny spoke first , thanking the band 's fans and blessing George W. Bush and his presidency . Tommy spoke next , saying how honored the band felt , but how much it would have meant for Joey . Dee Dee humorously congratulated and thanked himself , while Marky thanked Tommy for influencing his drum style . Green Day played `` Teenage Lobotomy '' , `` Rockaway Beach '' , and `` Blitzkrieg Bop '' as a tribute , demonstrating the Ramones ' continuing influence on later rock musicians . The ceremony was one of Dee Dee 's last public appearances ; on June 5 , 2002 , two months later , he was found at his Hollywood home , dead from a heroin overdose . On November 30 , 2003 , New York City unveiled a sign designating East 2nd Street at the corner of Bowery as Joey Ramone Place . The singer lived on East 2nd for a time , and the sign is near the former Bowery site of CBGB . The documentary film End of the Century : The Story of the Ramones came out in 2004 . Johnny , who had been privately suffering from prostate cancer , died on September 15 , 2004 in Los Angeles , shortly after the film 's release . On the same day as Johnny 's death , the world 's first Ramones Museum opened its doors to the public . Located in Berlin , Germany , the museum features more than 300 items of memorabilia , including a pair of stage - worn jeans from Johnny , a stage - worn glove from Joey , Marky 's sneakers , and C.J. 's stage - worn bass strap . The Ramones were inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame in 2007 . That October saw the release of a DVD set containing concert footage of the band : It 's Alive 1974 - 1996 includes 118 songs from 33 performances over the span of the group 's career . In February 2011 the group was honored with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Drummers Tommy , Marky , and Richie attended the ceremony . Marky declared , `` This is amazing . I never expected this . I 'm sure Johnny , Joey , and Dee Dee would never have expected this . '' Richie noted that it was the first time ever that all three drummers were under the same roof , and mused that he could n't `` help thinking that ( Joey ) is watching us right now with a little smile on his face behind his rose - colored glasses . '' On April 30 , 2014 , their first album , Ramones , became certified Gold by the Recording Industry of America after selling 500,000 copies , 38 years after its release . Arturo Vega , creative director from their formation in 1974 until their disbanding in 1996 and often considered the fifth Ramone , died on June 8 , 2013 , at the age of 65 . The final original member , Tommy Ramone , died on July 11 , 2014 after a battle with bile duct cancer . On October 30 , 2016 , the RAMONES WAY was unveiled at the intersection of 67th Avenue and 110th Street in front of the main entrance of Forest Hills High School in the borough of Queens . Conflicts between members ( edit ) There were strong tensions between Joey and Johnny , which colored much of the Ramones ' career . The pair were politically antagonistic , Joey being a liberal and Johnny a conservative . Their personalities also clashed : Johnny , who spent two years in military school , lived by a strict code of self - discipline , while Joey struggled with obsessive - compulsive disorder and alcoholism . In the early 1980s , Linda Ramone began a relationship with Johnny after having already been romantically involved with Joey . Consequently , despite their continued professional relationship , Joey and Johnny had become aloof . It was not until after Joey 's death that Johnny had admitted to not calling Joey prior to his passing , and in the documentary End of the Century Johnny claimed that Joey 's death had a profound impact on him emotionally and that he was depressed for `` the whole week '' after his death . Dee Dee 's bipolar disorder and repeated relapses into drug addiction also caused significant strains . Tommy would also leave the band after being `` physically threatened by Johnny , treated with contempt by Dee Dee , and all but ignored by Joey '' . As new members joined over the years , disbursement and the bands ' image frequently became matters of serious dispute . The tensions among the group members were not kept secret from the public as was heard on the Howard Stern radio show in 1997 , where during the interview Marky and Joey got into a fight about their respective drinking habits . Style ( edit ) Musical style ( edit ) `` Sheena Is a Punk Rocker '' Cultural critic Anders Johannsson uses this 1977 single as an example of how most Ramones songs `` work in the same way : the same hammering on the drums , the same distorted guitars , the same howling of an extremely short text , in a simple tune with an even simpler chorus '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Ramones ' loud , fast , straightforward musical style was influenced by pop music that the band members grew up listening to in the 1950s and 1960s , including classic rock groups such as the Beach Boys , the Who , the Beatles , the Kinks , Led Zeppelin , the Rolling Stones and Creedence Clearwater Revival ; bubblegum acts like the 1910 Fruitgum Company and Ohio Express ; and girl groups such as the Ronettes and the Shangri - Las . They also drew on the harder rock sound of the MC5 , Black Sabbath , the Stooges and the New York Dolls , now known as seminal protopunk bands . The Ramones ' style was in part a reaction against the heavily produced , often bombastic music that dominated the pop charts in the 1970s . `` We decided to start our own group because we were bored with everything we heard , '' Joey once explained . `` In 1974 everything was tenth - generation Elton John , or overproduced , or just junk . Everything was long jams , long guitar solos ... We missed music like it used to be . '' Ira Robbins and Scott Isler of Trouser Press describe the result : With just four chords and one manic tempo , New York 's Ramones blasted open the clogged arteries of mid - ' 70s rock , reanimating the music . Their genius was to recapture the short / simple aesthetic from which pop had strayed , adding a caustic sense of trash - culture humor and minimalist rhythm guitar sound . As leaders in the punk rock scene , the Ramones ' music has usually been identified with that label , while some have defined their characteristic style more specifically as pop punk and others as power pop . In the 1980s , the band sometimes veered into hardcore punk territory , as can be heard on Too Tough to Die . On stage , the band adopted a focused approach directly intended to increase the audience 's concert experience . Johnny 's instructions to C.J. when preparing for his first live performances with the group were to play facing the audience , to stand with the bass slung low between spread legs , and to walk forward to the front of stage at the same time as he did . Johnny was not a fan of guitarists who performed facing their drummer , amplifier , or other band members . Visual imagery ( edit ) The Ramones ' art and visual imagery complemented the themes of their music and performance . The band members adopted a uniform look of long hair , leather jackets , T - shirts , torn jeans , and sneakers . This fashion emphasized minimalism , which was a powerful influence on the New York punk scene of the 1970s and reflected the band 's short , simple songs . Tommy Ramone recalled that , both musically and visually , `` we were influenced by comic books , movies , the Andy Warhol scene , and avant - garde films . I was a big Mad magazine fan myself . '' The band 's logo , based on the Seal of the President of the United States The band 's logo was created by New York City artist Arturo Vega together with the Ramones . Vega was a longtime friend who had allowed Joey and Dee Dee to move into his loft . Vega produced the band 's T - shirts , their main source of income , basing most of the images on a black - and - white self - portrait photograph he had taken of his American bald eagle belt buckle which had appeared on the back sleeve of the Ramones ' first album . He was inspired to create the band 's logo after a trip to Washington , D.C. : I saw them as the ultimate all - American band . To me , they reflected the American character in general -- an almost childish innocent aggression ... I thought , ' The Great Seal of the President of the United States ' would be perfect for the Ramones , with the eagle holding arrows -- to symbolize strength and the aggression that would be used against whomever dares to attack us -- and an olive branch , offered to those who want to be friendly . But we decided to change it a little bit . Instead of the olive branch , we had an apple tree branch , since the Ramones were American as apple pie . And since Johnny was such a baseball fanatic , we had the eagle hold a baseball bat instead of the ( Great Seal ) 's arrows . The scroll in the eagle 's beak originally read `` Look out below '' , but this was soon changed to `` Hey ho let 's go '' after the opening lyrics of the band 's first single , `` Blitzkrieg Bop '' . The arrowheads on the shield came from a design on a polyester shirt Vega had bought . The name `` Ramones '' was spelled out in block capitals above the logo using plastic stick - on letters . Where the presidential emblem read `` Seal of the President of the United States '' clockwise in the border around the eagle , Vega instead placed the pseudonyms of the four band members : Johnny , Joey , Dee Dee , and Tommy . Over the years the names in the border would change as the band 's line - up fluctuated . Influence ( edit ) Johnny Ramone in concert , 1977 The Ramones had a broad and lasting influence on the development of popular music . Music historian Jon Savage writes of their debut album that `` it remains one of the few records that changed pop forever . '' As described by AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine , `` The band 's first four albums set the blueprint for punk , especially American punk and hardcore , for the next two decades . '' Trouser Press 's Robbins and Isler similarly wrote that the Ramones `` not only spearheaded the original new wave / punk movement , but also drew the blueprint for subsequent hardcore punk bands '' . Punk journalist Phil Strongman writes , `` In purely musical terms , the Ramones , in attempting to re-create the excitement of pre-Dolby rock , were to cast a huge shadow -- they had fused a blueprint for much of the indie future . '' Writing for Slate in 2001 , Douglas Wolk described the Ramones as `` easily the most influential group of the last 30 years . '' The Ramones ' debut album had an outsized effect relative to its modest sales . According to Generation X bassist Tony James , `` Everybody went up three gears the day they got that first Ramones album . Punk rock -- that rama - lama super fast stuff -- is totally down to the Ramones . Bands were just playing in an MC5 groove until then . '' The Ramones ' two July 1976 shows , like their debut album , are seen as having a significant impact on the style of many of the newly formed British punk acts -- as one observer put it , `` instantly nearly every band speeded up '' . The Ramones ' first British concert , at London 's Roundhouse concert hall , was held on July 4 , 1976 , the United States Bicentennial . The Sex Pistols were playing in Sheffield that evening , supported by the Clash , making their public debut . The next night , members of both bands attended the Ramones ' gig at the Dingwall 's club . Ramones manager Danny Fields recalls a conversation between Johnny Ramone and Clash bassist Paul Simonon ( which he mislocates at the Roundhouse ) : `` Johnny asked him , ' What do you do ? Are you in a band ? ' Paul said , ' Well , we just rehearse . We call ourselves the Clash but we 're not good enough . ' Johnny said , ' Wait till you see us -- we stink , we 're lousy , we ca n't play . Just get out there and do it . ' '' Another band whose members saw the Ramones perform , the Damned , played their first show two days later . The central fanzine of the early UK punk scene , Sniffin ' Glue , was named after the song `` Now I Wanna Sniff Some Glue '' , which appeared on the debut LP . Ramones concerts and recordings influenced many musicians central to the development of California punk as well , including Greg Ginn of Black Flag , Jello Biafra of the Dead Kennedys , Al Jourgensen of Ministry , Mike Ness of Social Distortion , Brett Gurewitz of Bad Religion , and members of the Descendents . Canada 's first major punk scenes -- in Toronto and in British Columbia 's Victoria and Vancouver -- were also heavily influenced by the Ramones . In the late 1970s , many bands emerged with musical styles deeply indebted to the band 's . There were the Lurkers from England , the Undertones from Ireland , Teenage Head from Canada , and the Zeros and the Dickies from southern California . The seminal hardcore band Bad Brains took its name from a Ramones song . The Riverdales emulated the sound of the Ramones throughout their career . Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong named his son Joey in homage to Joey Ramone , and drummer Tré Cool named his daughter Ramona . New Jersey 's horror punk / hardcore punk band the Misfits ( whose bassist Jerry Only was a longtime friend of the band ) were influenced by the `` Blitzkrieg '' tempo of the Ramones , infusing it into their already medium - fast tempo , R&B style of punk rock . The Ramones also influenced musicians associated with other genres , such as heavy metal . Their influence on metal gave birth to the punk - metal `` fusion '' genre of thrash . Metallica guitarist Kirk Hammett , one of the originators of thrash guitar , has described the importance of Johnny 's rapid - fire guitar playing style to his own musical development . Motörhead lead singer Lemmy , a friend of the Ramones since the late 1970s , mixed the band 's `` Go Home Ann '' in 1985 . The members of Motörhead later composed the song `` R.A.M.O.N.E.S. '' as a tribute , and Lemmy performed at the final Ramones concert in 1996 . In the realm of alternative rock , the song `` 53rd and 3rd '' lent its name to a British indie pop label cofounded by Stephen Pastel of the Scottish band the Pastels . Evan Dando of the Lemonheads , Dave Grohl of Nirvana and Foo Fighters , Mike Portnoy of Dream Theater , Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam ( who introduced the band members at their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ) and the Strokes are among the many alternative rock and metal musicians who have credited the Ramones with inspiring them . The band members were also individually influential . Johnny Ramone was named one of Time 's `` 10 Greatest Electric - Guitar Players '' in 2003 . That same year , he was number 16 on the `` 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time '' list in Rolling Stone . `` We think of the Ramones as a classic , iconic band , '' observed Gene Simmons . `` They have one gold record to their name . They never played arenas ; could n't sell them out . It was a failed band . It does n't mean they were n't great . It means the masses did n't care . '' Kevin Morby 's fourth album City Music features the track `` 1234 '' inspired by the singer 's childhood love of Ramones . It features the lyrics `` Joey , Johnny , Dee Dee , Tommy / They were all my friends , but they died . '' Tribute albums ( edit ) In April 2009 , Spin writer Mark Prindle observed that the Ramones had to date `` inspired a jaw - dropping 48 ( at least ! ) full - length tribute records . '' The first Ramones tribute album featuring multiple performers was released in 1991 : Gabba Gabba Hey : A Tribute to the Ramones includes tracks by such acts as the Flesh Eaters , L7 , Mojo Nixon , and Bad Religion . In 2001 , Dee Dee made a guest appearance on one track of Ramones Maniacs , a multi-artist cover of the entire Ramones Mania compilation album . The Song Ramones the Same , which came out the following year , includes performances by the Dictators , who were part of the early New York punk scene , and Wayne Kramer , guitarist for the influential protopunk band MC5 . We 're a Happy Family : A Tribute to Ramones , released in 2003 , features performers such as Rancid , Green Day , Metallica , Kiss , the Offspring , Red Hot Chili Peppers , U2 , and Rob Zombie ( who also did the album cover artwork ) . Also some other famous bands recorded tribute songs . Motörhead 's Phil Campbell tells in Jari - Pekka Laitio - Ramone 's book Ramones : Soundtrack Of Our Lives : `` We did a cover of Rockaway Beach with me on backing vocals , which was quite enjoyable . When Johnny Ramone heard it , he refused to put it on the tribute album . Lemmy and I thought we did a good version . '' Punk bands such as Screeching Weasel , the Vindictives , the Queers , Parasites , the Mr. T Experience , Boris the Sprinkler , Beatnik Termites , Tip Toppers , Jon Cougar Concentration Camp , McRackins , and Kobanes have recorded cover versions of entire Ramones albums -- Ramones , Leave Home , Rocket to Russia , It 's Alive , Road to Ruin , End of the Century , Pleasant Dreams , Subterranean Jungle , two versions of Too Tough to Die , and Halfway To Sanity respectively . The Huntingtons ' File Under Ramones consists of Ramones covers from across the band 's history . Shonen Knife , an all - woman trio band from Osaka , Japan , was formed in 1981 as a direct result of founder - lead singer - guitarist Naoko Yamano 's instant infatuation with the music of the Ramones . In 2012 , to observe the band 's 30th anniversary , Shonen Knife released Osaka Ramones , which featured thirteen Ramones songs covered by the band . There are also many other tribute albums listed on Jari - Pekka Laitio - Ramone 's site . ( 1 ) Band members ( edit ) Joey Ramone ( Jeffrey Hyman ) -- drums ( 1974 ) ; lead vocals ( 1974 -- 1996 ; died 2001 ) Johnny Ramone ( John Cummings ) -- guitar ( 1974 -- 1996 ; died 2004 ) Dee Dee Ramone ( Douglas Colvin ) -- bass guitar , vocals ( 1974 -- 1989 ; died 2002 ) Tommy Ramone ( Thomas Erdelyi ) -- drums ( 1974 -- 1978 ; died 2014 ) Marky Ramone ( Marc Bell ) -- drums ( 1978 -- 1983 , 1987 -- 1996 ) Richie Ramone ( Richard Reinhardt ) -- drums , backing vocals ( 1983 -- 1987 ) C.J. Ramone ( Christopher Joseph Ward ) -- bass guitar , vocals ( 1989 -- 1996 ) Elvis Ramone ( Clem Burke ) -- drums ( 1987 ) Timeline Discography ( edit ) Main article : Ramones discography Studio albums Ramones ( 1976 ) Leave Home ( 1977 ) Rocket to Russia ( 1977 ) Road to Ruin ( 1978 ) End of the Century ( 1980 ) Pleasant Dreams ( 1981 ) Subterranean Jungle ( 1983 ) Too Tough to Die ( 1984 ) Animal Boy ( 1986 ) Halfway to Sanity ( 1987 ) Brain Drain ( 1989 ) Mondo Bizarro ( 1992 ) Acid Eaters ( 1993 ) ¡ Adios Amigos ! ( 1995 ) See also ( edit ) Punk rock portal New York City portal 1970s portal 1980s portal 1990s portal List of Ramones concerts Gabba Gabba Hey Danny Says ( film ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Ramones '' . MTV . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame + Museum . September 15 , 2004 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schinder ( 2007 ) , pp. 559 -- 560 . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Ann ( April 17 , 2001 ) . `` Joey Ramone , Raw - Voiced Pioneer of Punk Rock , Dies at 49 '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Pareles , Jon ( June 7 , 2002 ) . `` Dee Dee Ramone , Pioneer Punk Rocker , Dies at 50 '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sisario , Ben ( September 16 , 2004 ) . `` Johnny Ramone , Signal Guitarist for the Ramones , Dies at 55 '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tommy Ramone dies aged 62 '' . The Guardian . Australian Associated Press . July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Artists '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock '' . VH1 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Greatest Bands Of All Time '' . Spin . February 2002 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( March 19 , 2002 ) . `` Vedder Rambles , Green Day Scramble As Ramones Enter Hall '' . VH1 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sterndan , Darryl ( February 13 , 2011 ) . `` Ramones Honoured with Lifetime Achievement Grammy '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ramone Family Acceptance at Special Merit Awards Ceremony '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Laitio - Ramone , Jari - Pekka ( 1997 ) . `` Tangerine Puppets ( Interview with Richard Adler ) '' . Jari - Pekka Laitio - Ramonen Henkilökohtainen Kotisivutuotos . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` End of the Century : The Ramones '' . Independent Lens . PBS . Retrieved November 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Enright , Michael ( April 20 , 2001 ) . `` Pal Joey '' . Time . Time Warner . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McNeil and McCain ( 1996 ) , pp. 181 , 496 . ^ Jump up to : Melnick and Meyer ( 2003 ) , p. 32 . 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( May 2006 ) . `` Explore and Not Explode '' . The Skinny . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Roach ( 2003 ) , pp. 60 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : Henderson , Alex . `` Overview : Gabba Gabba Hey : A Tribute to the Ramones '' . Allmusic . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tyrangiel , Josh ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` The 10 Greatest Electric - Guitar Players '' . Time . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Commando ( book ) , pg122 Jump up ^ Dey , Iain : ' Kiss and sell : rock 's giant cash machine ' , The Sunday Times , December 7 , 2014 , p9 ^ Jump up to : Prindle , Mark ( April 2009 ) . `` One Two Three Faux ! : A Tribute to Tributes to the Ramones '' . Spin . p. 63 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Torreano , Bradley . `` Overview : We 're a Happy Family : A Tribute to Ramones '' . Allmusic . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Laitio - Ramone , Jari - Pekka ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Ramones : Soundtrack Of Our Lives '' . Ramones : Soundtrack Of Our Lives . Jari - Pekka Laitio - Ramone . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobanes -- Halfway To Sanity @ Interpunk.com -- The Ultimate Punk Music Store '' . Interpunk.com . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` Overview : File Under Ramones '' . Allmusic . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Rick . `` Osaka Ramones : Tribute to the Ramones -- Shonen Knife Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards AllMusic '' . AllMusic . AllRovi . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Laitio - Ramone , Jari - Pekka ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Ramones ' tribute albums '' . Ramones ' tribute albums . Jari - Pekka Laitio - Ramone . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Bayles , Martha ( 1996 ) . Hole in Our Soul : The Loss of Beauty and Meaning in American Popular Music , University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 03959 - 5 Beeber , Steven Lee ( 2006 ) . The Heebie - Jeebies at CBGB 's : A Secret History of Jewish Punk , Chicago Review Press . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 613 - X Bessman , Jim ( 1993 ) . Ramones : An American Band , St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 09369 - 1 Colegrave , Stephen , and Chris Sullivan ( 2005 ) . Punk : The Definitive Record of a Revolution , Thunder 's Mouth Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 769 - 5 Edelstein , Andrew J. , and Kevin McDonough ( 1990 ) . The Seventies : From Hot Pants to Hot Tubs , Dutton . ISBN 0 - 525 - 48572 - 4 Isler , Scott , and Ira A. Robbins ( 1991 ) . `` Ramones '' , in Trouser Press Record Guide ( 4th ed . ) , ed . Ira A. Robbins , pp. 532 -- 34 , Collier . ISBN 0 - 02 - 036361 - 3 Johansson , Anders ( 2009 ) . `` Touched by Style '' , in The Hand of the Interpreter : Essays on Meaning after Theory , ed . G.F. Mitrano and Eric Jarosinski , pp. 41 -- 60 , Peter Lang . ISBN 3 - 03911 - 118 - 3 Keithley , Joe ( 2004 ) . I , Shithead : A Life in Punk , Arsenal Pulp Press . ISBN 1 - 55152 - 148 - 2 Leigh , Mickey , and Legs McNeil ( 2009 ) . I Slept With Joey Ramone : A Family Memoir , Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5216 - 0 McNeil , Legs , and Gillian McCain ( 1996 ) . Please Kill Me : The Uncensored Oral History of Punk ( 2d ed . ) , Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 026690 - 9 Melnick , Monte A. , and Frank Meyer ( 2003 ) . On The Road with the Ramones , Sanctuary . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 514 - 8 Miles , Barry , Grant Scott , and Johnny Morgan ( 2005 ) . The Greatest Album Covers of All Time , Collins & Brown . ISBN 1 - 84340 - 301 - 3 Ramone , Dee Dee , and Veronica Kofman ( 2000 ) . Lobotomy : Surviving the Ramones , Thunder 's Mouth Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 252 - 9 Ramone , Johnny ( 2004 ) . Commando , Abrams Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 9660 - 1 Roach , Martin ( 2003 ) . The Strokes : The First Biography of the Strokes , Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9601 - 6 Robb , John ( 2006 ) . Punk Rock : An Oral History , Elbury Press . ISBN 0 - 09 - 190511 - 7 Sandford , Christopher ( 2006 ) . McCartney , Century . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 602 - 7 Savage , Jon ( 1992 ) . England 's Dreaming : Anarchy , Sex Pistols , Punk Rock , and Beyond , St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 08774 - 8 Schinder , Scott , with Andy Schwartz ( 2007 ) . Icons of Rock : An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever , Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33847 - 7 Shirley , Ian ( 2005 ) . Can Rock & Roll Save the World ? : An Illustrated History of Music and Comics , SAF Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0946719808 Spicer , Al ( 2003 ) . `` The Lurkers '' , in The Rough Guide to Rock ( 3d ed . ) , ed . Peter Buckley , p. 349 , Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 105 - 4 Spitz , Mark , and Brendan Mullen ( 2001 ) . We Got the Neutron Bomb : The Untold Story of L.A. Punk , Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80774 - 9 Stim , Richard ( 2006 ) . Music Law : How to Run Your Band 's Business , Nolo . ISBN 1 - 4133 - 0517 - 2 Strongman , Phil ( 2008 ) . Pretty Vacant : A History of UK Punk , Chicago Review Press . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 752 - 7 Taylor , Steven ( 2003 ) . False Prophet : Field Notes from the Punk Underground , Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 0 - 8195 - 6668 - 3 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutRamonesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Ramones at DMOZ ( hide ) Ramones Joey Ramone Johnny Ramone Dee Dee Ramone Tommy Ramone Marky Ramone Richie Ramone C.J. Ramone Studio albums Ramones Leave Home Rocket to Russia Road to Ruin End of the Century Pleasant Dreams Subterranean Jungle Too Tough to Die Animal Boy Halfway to Sanity Brain Drain Mondo Bizarro Acid Eaters ¡ Adios Amigos ! Live albums It 's Alive Loco Live Greatest Hits Live We 're Outta Here ! You Do n't Come Close NYC 1978 Compilations Ramones Mania All the Stuff ( And More ! ) Vol. 1 All the Stuff ( And More ! ) Vol. 2 Hey ! Ho ! Let 's Go : The Anthology Ramones Mania 2 Masters of Rock Best of the Chrysalis Years The Chrysalis Years Loud , Fast Ramones The Best of the Ramones Weird Tales of the Ramones Greatest Hits Essential Songs `` Blitzkrieg Bop '' `` Beat on the Brat '' `` Judy Is a Punk '' `` I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend '' `` Now I Wanna Sniff Some Glue '' `` Havana Affair '' `` 53rd & 3rd '' `` Carbona Not Glue '' `` Rockaway Beach '' `` Sheena Is a Punk Rocker '' `` Teenage Lobotomy '' `` I Just Want to Have Something to Do '' `` I Wanna Be Sedated '' `` Do You Remember Rock ' n ' Roll Radio ? '' `` Danny Says '' `` The KKK Took My Baby Away '' `` Durango 95 '' `` Somebody Put Something in My Drink '' `` Bonzo Goes to Bitburg '' `` Something to Believe In '' `` Pet Sematary '' `` Poison Heart '' Films Rock ' n ' Roll High School Lifestyles We 're Outta Here ! Around the World End of the Century Raw It 's Alive 1974 -- 1996 Full tribute albums Ramones ( by Screeching Weasel ) Leave Home ( by The Vindictives ) Rocket to Russia ( by The Queers ) Pleasant Dreams ( by Beatnik Termites ) Road to Ruin ( by The Mr. T Experience ) End of the Century ( by Boris the Sprinkler ) Other tribute albums Gabba Gabba Hey Blitzkrieg Over You ! Ramones Maniacs We 're a Happy Family The Song Ramones the Same Brats on the Beat : Ramones for Kids File Under Ramones ( by The Huntingtons ) Osaka Ramones ( by Shonen Knife ) Related articles Discography List of Ramones concerts `` R.A.M.O.N.E.S. '' `` Rosebud '' ( Simpsons episode ) Gabba Gabba Gabba Hey Linda Ramone Ramones Museum Clem Burke Danny Fields Daniel Rey Ed Stasium The Ramainz Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2002 Performers Isaac Hayes Brenda Lee Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers ( Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , Tom Petty , Benmont Tench ) Gene Pitney Ramones ( Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , Tommy Ramone ) Talking Heads ( David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , Tina Weymouth ) Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Jim Stewart Sidemen Chet Atkins VIAF : 121316149 LCCN : n92021536 ISNI : 0000 0001 1550 9887 GND : 5345154 - 5 SUDOC : 081474741 BNF : cb139060446 ( data ) MusicBrainz : d6ed7887 - a401 - 47a8 - 893c - 34b967444d26 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramones&oldid=800886764 '' Categories : Ramones Punk rock groups from New York ( state ) Bands with fictional stage personas Chrysalis Records artists Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Kerrang ! Awards winners Musical groups disestablished in 1996 Musical groups established in 1974 Musical groups from Queens , New York Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Sire Records artists Philips Records artists 1974 establishments in New York ( state ) Musical quartets Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 08 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song hey ho let's go | [
"The scroll in the eagle's beak originally read \"Look out below\", but this was soon changed to \"Hey ho let's go\" after the opening lyrics of the band's first single, \"Blitzkrieg Bop\". The arrowheads on the shield came from a design on a polyester shirt Vega had bought. The name \"Ramones\" was spelled out in block capitals above the logo using plastic stick-on letters.[25] Where the presidential emblem read \"Seal of the President of the United States\" clockwise in the border around the eagle, Vega instead placed the pseudonyms of the four band members: Johnny, Joey, Dee Dee, and Tommy. Over the years the names in the border would change as the band's line-up fluctuated.[113]"
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-2076302101922144285 | Javier (name) | Javier ( name ) - wikipedia Javier ( name ) Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged into Xavier ( given name ) . ( Discuss ) Proposed since August 2017 . This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Xaver '' redirects here . For the cyclone of 2013 , see Cyclone Xaver . Javier Pronunciation ( xaˈβjeɾ ) Gender Male Origin Word / name Javier , Kingdom of Navarre , today part of Spain Meaning from a placename meaning New House Region of origin Latin Europe Other names Related names Xabier , Xavier Javier ( pronounced ( xaˈβjeɾ ) ) is the Spanish spelling of the masculine name Xavier . The name derives from the Catholic Saint called Francis de Xavier , where Xavier refers to the saint 's birthplace . This birthplace name , in turn , has Basque roots , etymologically originating in the word etxaberri ( etxe berri in standard spelling , meaning `` new house '' ) . The original place name went through a Romance phonetic change in Navarro - Aragonese , a Romance language spoken in the neighbouring Romanzado ( cf . Leire ) from the Early Middle Ages . Like examples can be found in Irunberri > Lumbier , Erronkari > Roncal . It was later borrowed by Castilian . Other variations of this name include Xaverius , Xever , Javiero , and Saverio . The feminine Javiera , Saveria , Zaviera , and Saverina are less common . Etxeberria , Echeverría , Echevarría , Etxebarri , Chávarri are Basque surnames related to the name by etymology . Its diffusion is due to the fame of Jesuit priest and missionary Saint Francis Xavier ( Spanish : San Francisco Javier ) . When he was canonized , places and people were named after him , which popularized the name . Contemporary use of the name Javier is found in Spain , Equatorial Guinea and Latin American countries , where it is popular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology : from Exaberri to Javier 2 Pronunciation 3 In other languages 4 External links Etymology : from exaberri to Javier ( edit ) Loss of the initial e Loss of the ending i Middle , accentuated , e became the diphthongized form ie Old Spanish X was pronounced / ʃ / as in Basque , like an English SH . Old Spanish / ʃ / then merged with J ( then pronounced the English and later the French way ) into / x / , which is now spelled J and pronounced like Scottish or German ch or , most commonly , as English h . Portuguese kept the pronunciation of `` x '' as the English `` sh '' . Therefore , in Portuguese the name is still spelled Xavier and maintains the original `` sh '' pronunciation . Pronunciation ( edit ) In the English - speaking world , especially in the British media , the pronunciation of `` Javier '' is frequently confused with the pronunciation of French words or names ending in `` - ier '' such as Xavier or Olivier . The resulting pronunciation `` HAV - ee - ay '' is a hybrid of Spanish , French and English . In Spanish , correctly spoken , the final syllable sounds much like the English word `` air '' , not the English word `` eh '' . English speakers , unfamiliar with names beginning with `` X '' , sometimes pronounce `` Xavier '' as `` ex-avier '' . This pronunciation is sometimes used for fictional characters , such as Charles Xavier , leader of the fictional X-Men . In other languages ( edit ) Asturian : Xabel Basque : Xabier Castilian : Javier Catalan Xavier English : Xavier / ˈzeɪviər / French : Xavier Gaeilge : Savy ( Reference needed ) Galician : Xabier German : Xaver ( pronounced ( ˈksaːfə ) ) Italian : Saviero or Saverio Latin : Xaverius Maltese : Saverju Leonese : Xabiere Philippine languages : Javier or Xavier Polish : Ksawery Portuguese : Xavier Russian : Ксаверий ( Ksavierij ) External links ( edit ) http://www.medievalscotland.org/problem/names/xavier.shtml Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javier_(name)&oldid=823390102 '' Categories : Spanish masculine given names Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from August 2017 All articles to be merged Articles lacking sources from December 2016 All articles lacking sources Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 23 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the last name javier come from | [] | [] |
-5480151088839915487 | Harry Potter | Harry Potter - wikipedia Harry Potter This article is about the series of novels . For other uses , including related topics and derivative works , see Harry Potter ( disambiguation ) . For the character in the series , see Harry Potter ( character ) . For the film adaptations , see Harry Potter ( film series ) . For the franchise as a whole , see Wizarding World . Harry Potter The Harry Potter logo , used first in American editions of the novel series and later in films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Author J.K. Rowling Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Fantasy , drama , young adult fiction , mystery , thriller , Bildungsroman Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing ( UK ) Scholastic ( US ) Published 26 June 1997 -- 21 July 2007 ( initial publication ) Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Audiobook E-book ( as of March 2012 ) No. of books 7 Website www.pottermore.com Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J.K. Rowling . The novels chronicle the lives of a young wizard , Harry Potter , and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . The main story arc concerns Harry 's struggle against Lord Voldemort , a dark wizard who intends to become immortal , overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic , and subjugate all wizards and Muggles ( non-magical people ) . Since the release of the first novel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , on 26 June 1997 , the books have found immense popularity , critical acclaim , and commercial success worldwide . They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers , and are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature . The series has also had its share of criticism , including concern about the increasingly dark tone as the series progressed , as well as the often gruesome and graphic violence it depicts . As of February 2018 , the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide , making them the best - selling book series in history , and have been translated into eighty languages . The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest - selling books in history , with the final instalment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty - four hours of its release . The series was originally published in English by two major publishers , Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States . A play , Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , based on a story co-written by Rowling , premiered in London on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , and its script was published by Little , Brown . The original seven books were adapted into an eight - part film series by Warner Bros. Pictures , which is the third highest - grossing film series of all time as of February 2018 . In 2016 , the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion , making Harry Potter one of the highest - grossing media franchises of all time . A series of many genres , including fantasy , drama , coming of age , and the British school story ( which includes elements of mystery , thriller , adventure , horror , and romance ) , the world of Harry Potter explores numerous themes and includes many cultural meanings and references . According to Rowling , the main theme is death . Other major themes in the series include prejudice , corruption , and madness . The success of the books and films has allowed the Harry Potter franchise to expand , with numerous derivative works , a travelling exhibition that premiered in Chicago in 2009 , a studio tour in London that opened in 2012 , a digital platform on which J.K. Rowling updates the series with new information and insight , and a pentalogy of spin - off films premiering in November 2016 with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , among many other developments . Most recently , themed attractions , collectively known as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , have been built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Early years 1.2 Voldemort returns 2 Supplementary works 2.1 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child 2.2 In - universe books 2.3 Pottermore website 3 Structure and genre 4 Themes 5 Origins 6 Publishing history 6.1 Translations 6.2 Completion of the series 6.3 Cover art 7 Achievements 7.1 Cultural impact 7.2 Commercial success 7.3 Awards , honours , and recognition 8 Reception 8.1 Literary criticism 8.2 Social impact 8.3 Controversies 9 Adaptations 9.1 Films 9.1. 1 Spin - off prequels 9.2 Games 9.3 Audiobooks 9.4 Stage production 10 Attractions 10.1 The Wizarding World of Harry Potter 10.2 The Making of Harry Potter 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot Further information : Fictional universe of Harry Potter The central character in the series is Harry Potter , a boy who lives in Surrey with his aunt , uncle , and cousin - the Dursleys - who discovers , at the age of eleven , that he is a wizard , though he lives in the ordinary world of non-magical people known as Muggles . The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world , albeit hidden and in secrecy . His magical ability is inborn , and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world . Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , a wizarding academy in Scotland , and it is here where most of the events in the series take place . As Harry develops through his adolescence , he learns to overcome the problems that face him : magical , social , and emotional , including ordinary teenage challenges such as friendships , infatuation , romantic relationships , schoolwork and exams , anxiety , depression , stress , and the greater test of preparing himself for the confrontation that lies ahead in wizarding Britain 's increasingly - violent second wizarding war . Each novel chronicles one year in Harry 's life during the period from 1991 to 1998 . The books also contain many flashbacks , which are frequently experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other characters in a device called a Pensieve . The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality . The British magical community of the Harry Potter books is inspired by 1990s British culture , European folklore , classical mythology and alchemy , incorporating objects and wildlife such as magic wands , magic plants , potions , spells , flying broomsticks , centaurs and other magical creatures , the Deathly Hallows , and the Philosopher 's Stone , beside others invented by Rowling . While the fantasy land of Narnia is an alternate universe and the Lord of the Rings ' Middle - earth a mythic past , the wizarding world of Harry Potter exists in parallel within the real world and contains magical versions of the ordinary elements of everyday life , with the action mostly set in Scotland ( Hogwarts ) , the West Country , Devon , London , and Surrey in southeast England . The world only accessible to wizards and magical beings comprises a fragmented collection of overlooked hidden streets , ancient pubs , lonely country manors , and secluded castles invisible to the Muggle population . Early years When the first novel of the series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) opens , it is apparent that some significant event has taken place in the wizarding world -- an event so very remarkable , even Muggles ( non-magical people ) notice signs of it . The full background to this event and Harry Potter 's past is revealed gradually throughout the series . After the introductory chapter , the book leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potter 's eleventh birthday , and it is at this point that his magical background begins to be revealed . Despite Harry 's aunt and uncle 's desperate prevention of Harry learning about his abilities , their efforts are in vain . Harry meets a half - giant , Rubeus Hagrid , who is also his first contact with the wizarding world . Hagrid reveals himself to be the Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts as well as some of Harry 's history . Harry learns that , as a baby , he witnessed his parents ' murder by the power - obsessed dark wizard Lord Voldemort , who subsequently attempted to kill him as well . Instead , the unexpected happened : Harry survived with only a lightning - shaped scar on his forehead as a memento of the attack , and Voldemort disappeared soon afterwards , gravely weakened by his own rebounding curse . As its inadvertent saviour from Voldemort 's reign of terror , Harry has become a living legend in the wizarding world . However , at the orders of the venerable and well - known wizard Albus Dumbledore , the orphaned Harry had been placed in the home of his unpleasant Muggle relatives , the Dursleys , who have kept him safe but treated him poorly , including confining him to a cupboard without meals and treating as their servant . Hagrid then officially invites Harry to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , a famous magic school in Scotland that educates young teenagers on their magical development for seven years , from age eleven to seventeen . With Hagrid 's help , Harry prepares for and undertakes his first year of study at Hogwarts . As Harry begins to explore the magical world , the reader is introduced to many of the primary locations used throughout the series . Harry meets most of the main characters and gains his two closest friends : Ron Weasley , a fun - loving member of an ancient , large , happy , but poor wizarding family , and Hermione Granger , a gifted , bright , and hardworking witch of non-magical parentage . Harry also encounters the school 's potions master , Severus Snape , who displays a conspicuously deep and abiding dislike for him , the rich brat Draco Malfoy whom he quickly makes enemies with , and the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , Quirinus Quirrell , who later turns out to be allied with Lord Voldemort . He also discovers a talent of flying on broomsticks and is recruited for his house 's Quidditch team , a sport in the wizarding world where players fly on broomsticks . The first book concludes with Harry 's second confrontation with Lord Voldemort , who , in his quest to regain a body , yearns to gain the power of the Philosopher 's Stone , a substance that bestows everlasting life and turns any metal into pure gold . The series continues with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , describing Harry 's second year at Hogwarts . He and his friends investigate a 50 - year - old mystery that appears uncannily related to recent sinister events at the school . Ron 's younger sister , Ginny Weasley , enrolls in her first year at Hogwarts , and finds an old notebook in her belongings which turns out to be an alumnus 's diary , Tom Marvolo Riddle , later revealed to be Voldemort 's younger self , who is bent on ridding the school of `` mudbloods '' , a derogatory term describing wizards and witches of non-magical parentage . The memory of Tom Riddle resides inside of the diary and when Ginny begins to confide in the diary , Voldemort is able to possess her . Through the diary , Ginny acts on Voldemort 's orders and unconsciously opens the `` Chamber of Secrets '' , unleashing an ancient monster , later revealed to be a basilisk , which begins attacking students at Hogwarts . It kills those who make direct eye contact with it and petrifies those who look at it indirectly . The book also introduces a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , Gilderoy Lockhart , a highly cheerful , self - conceited wizard with a pretentious facade , later turning out to be a fraud . Harry discovers that prejudice exists in the Wizarding World through delving into the school 's history , and learns that Voldemort 's reign of terror was often directed at wizards and witches who were descended from Muggles . Harry also learns about the innate ability of his to speak the snake language Parseltongue is rare and often associated with the Dark Arts . When Hermione is attacked and petrified , Harry and Ron finally piece together the puzzles and unlock the Chamber of Secrets , with Harry destroying the diary for good and saving Ginny , and also destroying a part of Voldemort 's soul . The end of the book reveals Lucius Malfoy , Draco 's father and rival of Ron and Ginny 's father , to be the culprit who slipped the book into Ginny 's belongings and introduced the diary into Hogwarts . The third novel , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , follows Harry in his third year of magical education . It is the only book in the series which does not feature Lord Voldemort in any form . Instead , Harry must deal with the knowledge that he has been targeted by Sirius Black , his father 's best friend , and , according to the Wizarding World , an escaped mass murderer who assisted in the murder of Harry 's parents . As Harry struggles with his reaction to the dementors -- dark creatures with the power to devour a human soul and feed on despair -- which are ostensibly protecting the school , he reaches out to Remus Lupin , a Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher who is eventually revealed to be a werewolf . Lupin teaches Harry defensive measures which are well above the level of magic generally executed by people his age . Harry comes to know that both Lupin and Black were best friends of his father and that Black was framed by their fourth friend , Peter Pettigrew , who had been hiding as Ron 's pet rat , Scabbers . In this book , a recurring theme throughout the series is emphasised -- in every book there is a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , none of whom lasts more than one school year . Voldemort returns The Elephant House was one of the cafés in Edinburgh where Rowling wrote the first part of Harry Potter . During Harry 's fourth year of school ( detailed in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ) , Harry is unwillingly entered as a participant in the Triwizard Tournament , a dangerous yet exciting contest where three `` champions '' , one from each participating school , must compete with each other in three tasks in order to win the Triwizard Cup . This year , Harry must compete against a witch and a wizard `` champion '' from overseas visiting schools Beauxbatons and Durmstrang , as well as another Hogwarts student , causing Harry 's friends to distance themselves from him . Harry is guided through the tournament by their new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor , Alastor `` Mad - Eye '' Moody , who turns out to be an impostor -- one of Voldemort 's supporters named Barty Crouch , Jr. in disguise . The point at which the mystery is unravelled marks the series ' shift from foreboding and uncertainty into open conflict . Voldemort 's plan to have Crouch use the tournament to bring Harry to Voldemort succeeds . Although Harry manages to escape , Cedric Diggory , the other Hogwarts champion in the tournament , is killed by Peter Pettigrew and Voldemort re-enters the Wizarding World with a physical body . In the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry must confront the newly resurfaced Voldemort . In response to Voldemort 's reappearance , Dumbledore re-activates the Order of the Phoenix , a secret society which works from Sirius Black 's dark family home to defeat Voldemort 's minions and protect Voldemort 's targets , especially Harry . Despite Harry 's description of Voldemort 's recent activities , the Ministry of Magic and many others in the magical world refuse to believe that Voldemort has returned . In an attempt to counter and eventually discredit Dumbledore , who along with Harry is the most prominent voice in the Wizarding World attempting to warn of Voldemort 's return , the Ministry appoints Dolores Umbridge as the High Inquisitor of Hogwarts and the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher . She transforms the school into a dictatorial regime and refuses to allow the students to learn ways to defend themselves against dark magic . With Ron and Hermione 's suggestion , Harry forms `` Dumbledore 's Army '' , a secret study group aimed to teach his classmates the higher - level skills of Defence Against the Dark Arts that he has learned from his previous encounters with Dark wizards . Through those lessons , Harry begins to develop a crush on the popular and attractive Cho Chang . Juggling schoolwork , Umbridge 's incessant and persistent efforts to land him in trouble and the defensive lessons , Harry begins to lose sleep as he constantly receives disturbing dreams about a dark corridor in the Ministry of Magic , followed by a burning desire . An important prophecy concerning Harry and Lord Voldemort is then revealed , and Harry discovers that he and Voldemort have a painful connection , allowing Harry to view some of Voldemort 's actions telepathically . In the novel 's climax , Harry is tricked into seeing Sirius tortured and races to the Ministry of Magic . He and his friends face off against Voldemort 's followers ( nicknamed Death Eaters ) at the Ministry of Magic . Although the timely arrival of members of the Order of the Phoenix saves the teenagers ' lives , Sirius Black is killed in the conflict . In the sixth book , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Voldemort begins waging open warfare . Harry and his friends are relatively protected from that danger at Hogwarts . They are subject to all the difficulties of adolescence -- Harry eventually begins dating Ginny , Ron establishes a strong infatuation with fellow Hogwarts student Lavender Brown , and Hermione starts to develop romantic feelings towards Ron . Near the beginning of the novel , lacking his own book , Harry is given an old potions textbook filled with many annotations and recommendations signed by a mysterious writer titled ; `` the Half - Blood Prince . '' This book is a source of scholastic success and great recognition from their new potions master , Horace Slughorn , but because of the potency of the spells that are written in it , becomes a source of concern . With war drawing near , Harry takes private lessons with Dumbledore , who shows him various memories concerning the early life of Voldemort in a device called a Pensieve . These reveal that in order to preserve his life , Voldemort has split his soul into pieces , creating a series of Horcruxes -- evil enchanted items hidden in various locations , one of which was the diary destroyed in the second book . On their way to collect a Horcrux , Draco , who has joined with the Death Eaters , attempts to attack Dumbledore , and the book culminates in the killing of Dumbledore by Professor Snape , the titular Half - Blood Prince . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the last original novel in the series , begins directly after the events of the sixth book . Lord Voldemort has completed his ascension to power and gained control of the Ministry of Magic . Harry , Ron and Hermione drop out of school so that they can find and destroy Voldemort 's remaining Horcruxes . To ensure their own safety as well as that of their family and friends , they are forced to isolate themselves . A ghoul pretends to be Ron ill with a contagious disease , Harry and the Dursleys separate , and Hermione wipes her parents ' memories . As they search for the Horcruxes , the trio learns details about an ancient prophecy about the Deathly Hallows , three legendary items that when united under one Keeper , would supposedly grant that person to be the Master of Death . Harry discovers his handy Invisibility Cloak to be one of those items , and Voldemort to be searching for another : the Elder Wand , the most powerful wand in history . At the end of the book , Harry and his friends learn about Dumbledore 's past , as well as Snape 's true motives -- he had worked on Dumbledore 's behalf since the murder of Harry 's mother . Eventually , Snape is killed by Voldemort out of paranoia . The book culminates in the Battle of Hogwarts . Harry , Ron and Hermione , in conjunction with members of the Order of the Phoenix and many of the teachers and students , defend Hogwarts from Voldemort , his Death Eaters , and various dangerous magical creatures . Several major characters are killed in the first wave of the battle , including Remus Lupin and Fred Weasley , Ron 's older brother . After learning that he himself is a Horcrux , Harry surrenders himself to Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest , who casts a killing curse ( Avada Kedavra ) at him . The defenders of Hogwarts do not surrender after learning of Harry 's presumed death and continue to fight on . Harry awakens and faces Voldemort , whose Horcruxes have all been destroyed . In the final battle , Voldemort 's killing curse rebounds off Harry 's defensive spell ( Expelliarmus ) , killing Voldemort . An epilogue `` Nineteen Years Later '' ( set on 1 September 2017 ) describes the lives of the surviving characters and the effects of Voldemort 's death on the Wizarding World . In the epilogue , Harry and Ginny are married with three children , and Ron and Hermione are married with two children . Supplementary works Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Main article : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two - part West End stage play . It was written by Jack Thorne , based on a story by J.K. Rowling , Thorne and director John Tiffany . The play opened on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , London , England . The script was released on 31 July 2016 . The story is set nineteen years after the ending of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter , now a Ministry of Magic employee , and his youngest son Albus Severus Potter . The play 's official synopsis was released on 23 October 2015 : It was always difficult being Harry Potter and it is n't much easier now that he is an overworked employee of the Ministry of Magic , a husband , and father of three school - age children . While Harry grapples with a past that refuses to stay where it belongs , his youngest son Albus must struggle with the weight of a family legacy he never wanted . As past and present fuse ominously , both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth : sometimes , darkness comes from unexpected places . In - universe books See also : J.K. Rowling § Philanthropy Rowling has expanded the Harry Potter universe with several short books produced for various charities . In 2001 , she released Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( a purported Hogwarts textbook ) and Quidditch Through the Ages ( a book Harry reads for fun ) . Proceeds from the sale of these two books benefited the charity Comic Relief . In 2007 , Rowling composed seven handwritten copies of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , a collection of fairy tales that is featured in the final novel , one of which was auctioned to raise money for the Children 's High Level Group , a fund for mentally disabled children in poor countries . The book was published internationally on 4 December 2008 . Rowling also wrote an 800 - word prequel in 2008 as part of a fundraiser organised by the bookseller Waterstones . All three of these books contain extra information about the wizarding world not included in the original novels . In 2016 , she released three new e-books : Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide , Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists and Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies . Pottermore website In 2011 , Rowling launched a new website announcing an upcoming project called Pottermore . Pottermore opened to the general public on 14 April 2012 . Pottermore allows users to be sorted , be chosen by their wand and play various minigames . The main purpose of the website was to allow the user to journey though the story with access to content not revealed by JK Rowling previously , with over 18,000 words of additional content . In September 2015 , the website was completely overhauled and most of the features were removed . The site has been redesigned and it mainly focuses on the information already available , rather than exploration . Structure and genre The Harry Potter novels are mainly directed at a young adult audience as opposed to an audience of middle grade readers , children , or adults . The novels fall within the genre of fantasy literature , and qualify as a type of fantasy called `` urban fantasy '' , `` contemporary fantasy '' , or `` low fantasy '' . They are mainly dramas , and maintain a fairly serious and dark tone throughout , though they do contain some notable instances of tragicomedy and black humour . In many respects , they are also examples of the bildungsroman , or coming of age novel , and contain elements of mystery , adventure , horror , thriller , and romance . The books are also , in the words of Stephen King , `` shrewd mystery tales '' , and each book is constructed in the manner of a Sherlock Holmes - style mystery adventure . The stories are told from a third person limited point of view with very few exceptions ( such as the opening chapters of Philosopher 's Stone , Goblet of Fire and Deathly Hallows and the first two chapters of Half - Blood Prince ) . The series can be considered part of the British children 's boarding school genre , which includes Rudyard Kipling 's Stalky & Co. , Enid Blyton 's Malory Towers , St. Clare 's and the Naughtiest Girl series , and Frank Richards 's Billy Bunter novels : the Harry Potter books are predominantly set in Hogwarts , a fictional British boarding school for wizards , where the curriculum includes the use of magic . In this sense they are `` in a direct line of descent from Thomas Hughes 's Tom Brown 's School Days and other Victorian and Edwardian novels of British public school life '' , though they are , as many note , more contemporary , grittier , darker , and more mature than the typical boarding school novel , addressing serious themes of death , love , loss , prejudice , coming - of - age , and the loss of innocence in a 1990s British setting . The Harry Potter stories feature much medieval imagery and motifs drawn from the King Arthur stories . Hogwarts resembles a medieval university - cum - castle with several professors who belonging to an Order of Merlin ; Old Professor Binns still lectures about the International Warlock Convention of 1289 ; and a real historical person , a 14th century scribe Sir Nicolas Flamel , is described as a holder of the Philosopher 's Stone . Other medieval elements in Hogwarts include coats - of - arms and medieval weapons on the walls , letters written on parchment and sealed with wax , the Great Hall of Hogwarts which is similar to the Great Hall of Camelot , the use of Latin phrases , the tents put up for Quidditch tournaments are similar to the `` marvelous tents '' put up for knightly tournaments , imaginary animals like dragons and unicorns which exist around Hogwarts , and the banners with heraldic animals for the four Houses of Hogwarts . Many of the motifs of the Potter stories such as the hero 's quest invoking objects that confer invisibility , magical animals and trees , a forest full of danger and the recognition of a character based upon scars are drawn from medieval French Arthurian romances . Other aspects borrowed from French Arthurian romances include the use of owls as messengers , werewolves as characters , and white deer . The American scholars Heather Arden and Kathrn Lorenz in particular argue that many aspects of the Potter stories are inspired by a 14th century French Arthurian romance , Claris et Laris , writing of the `` startling '' similarities between the adventures of Potter and the knight Claris . Arden and Lorenz noted that Rowling graduated from the University of Exeter in 1986 with a degree in French literature and spent a year living in France afterwards . Arnden and Lorenz wrote about the similarity between the Arthurian romances , where Camelot is a place of wonder and safety , and from the heroic knights must venture forth facing various perils , usually in an enchanted forest ; and Hogwarts , likewise a wondrous safe place , where Harry Potter and friends must periodically venture forth from to the magical forest that surrounds Hogwarts . In the same way that knights in the Arthurian romances usually have a female helper , who is very intelligent and has a connection with nature , Harry has Hermione who plays a similar role . Like an Arthurian knight , Harry receives advice and encouragement from his mentor , Albus Dumbldore , who resembles both Merlin and King Arthur , but must vanquish his foes alone . Arnden and Lorenz wrote that with Rowling 's books , the characters are `` ... not a simple reworking of the well - known heroes of romance , but a protean melding of different characters to form new ones ... '' . However , Lorenz and Arnden argue the main inspiration for Harry Potter was Sir Percival , one of the Knights of the Round Table who searches for the Holy Grail . Both Potter and Sir Percival had an `` orphaned or semi-orphaned youth , with inherent nobility and powers '' , being raised by relatives who tried to keep them away from the places where they really belong , Hogwarts and Camelot respectively . Both Percival and Potter are however outsiders in the places that they belong , unfamiliar with the rules of knighthood and magic , but both show extraordinary natural abilities with Percival proving himself an exceptional fighter while Potter is an excellent player of Quidditch . And finally , both Percival and Potter found love and acceptance from surrogate families , in the form of the Knights of the Round Table and the Weasley family respectively . Each of the seven books is set over the course of one school year . Harry struggles with the problems he encounters , and dealing with them often involves the need to violate some school rules . If students are caught breaking rules , they are often disciplined by Hogwarts professors . The stories reach their climax in the summer term , near or just after final exams , when events escalate far beyond in - school squabbles and struggles , and Harry must confront either Voldemort or one of his followers , the Death Eaters , with the stakes a matter of life and death -- a point underlined , as the series progresses , by characters being killed in each of the final four books . In the aftermath , he learns important lessons through exposition and discussions with head teacher and mentor Albus Dumbledore . The only exception to this school - centred setting is the final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , in which Harry and his friends spend most of their time away from Hogwarts , and only return there to face Voldemort at the dénouement . Themes According to Rowling , a major theme in the series is death : `` My books are largely about death . They open with the death of Harry 's parents . There is Voldemort 's obsession with conquering death and his quest for immortality at any price , the goal of anyone with magic . I so understand why Voldemort wants to conquer death . We 're all frightened of it . '' Rowling stated that `` Harry Potter books have always , in fact , dealt explicitly with religious themes and questions '' and that she did not reveal its Christian parallels in the beginning because doing so would have `` give ( n ) too much away to fans who might then see the parallels . '' In the final book of the series Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Rowling makes the book 's Christian imagery more explict , quoting both Matthew 6 : 19 and 1 Corinthians 15 : 26 when Harry visits his parents ' graves . Hermione Granger teaches Harry Potter that the meaning of these verses from the Christian Bible are `` living beyond death . Living after death '' , which Rowling states is `` one of the central foundations of resurrection theology '' and that these bible verses `` epitomize the whole series '' . Academics and journalists have developed many other interpretations of themes in the books , some more complex than others , and some including political subtexts . Themes such as normality , oppression , survival , and overcoming imposing odds have all been considered as prevalent throughout the series . Similarly , the theme of making one 's way through adolescence and `` going over one 's most harrowing ordeals -- and thus coming to terms with them '' has also been considered . Rowling has stated that the books comprise `` a prolonged argument for tolerance , a prolonged plea for an end to bigotry '' and that they also pass on a message to `` question authority and ... not assume that the establishment or the press tells you all of the truth '' . While the books could be said to comprise many other themes , such as power / abuse of power , violence and hatred , love , loss , prejudice , and free choice , they are , as Rowling states , `` deeply entrenched in the whole plot '' ; the writer prefers to let themes `` grow organically '' , rather than sitting down and consciously attempting to impart such ideas to her readers . Along the same lines is the ever - present theme of adolescence , in whose depiction Rowling has been purposeful in acknowledging her characters ' sexualities and not leaving Harry , as she put it , `` stuck in a state of permanent pre-pubescence '' . Rowling has also been praised for her nuanced depiction of the ways in which death and violence affects youth , and humanity as a whole . Rowling said that , to her , the moral significance of the tales seems `` blindingly obvious '' . The key for her was the choice between what is right and what is easy , `` because that ... is how tyranny is started , with people being apathetic and taking the easy route and suddenly finding themselves in deep trouble . '' Origins Main article : Harry Potter influences and analogues In 1990 , Rowling was on a crowded train from Manchester to London when the idea for Harry suddenly `` fell into her head '' . Rowling gives an account of the experience on her website saying : `` I had been writing almost continuously since the age of six but I had never been so excited about an idea before . I simply sat and thought , for four ( delayed train ) hours , and all the details bubbled up in my brain , and this scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did not know he was a wizard became more and more real to me . '' Rowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone in 1995 and the manuscript was sent off to several prospective agents . The second agent she tried , Christopher Little , offered to represent her and sent the manuscript to Bloomsbury . Publishing history The novelist , J.K. Rowling The logo used in British , Australian , and Canadian editions before 2010 , which uses the typeface Cochin Bold . After eight other publishers had rejected Philosopher 's Stone , Bloomsbury offered Rowling a £ 2,500 advance for its publication . Despite Rowling 's statement that she did not have any particular age group in mind when beginning to write the Harry Potter books , the publishers initially targeted children aged nine to eleven . On the eve of publishing , Rowling was asked by her publishers to adopt a more gender - neutral pen name in order to appeal to the male members of this age group , fearing that they would not be interested in reading a novel they knew to be written by a woman . She elected to use J.K. Rowling ( Joanne Kathleen Rowling ) , using her grandmother 's name as her second name because she has no middle name . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was published by Bloomsbury , the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom , on 26 June 1997 . It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic -- the American publisher of the books -- as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , after Rowling had received US $105,000 for the American rights -- a record amount for a children 's book by an unknown author . Fearing that American readers would not associate the word `` philosopher '' with magic ( although the Philosopher 's Stone is an ancient tradition in alchemy ) , Scholastic insisted that the book be given the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for the American market . The second book , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999 . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series , at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version . It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003 . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005 ; it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release . The seventh and final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was published on 21 July 2007 . The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release , breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US . Translations Main article : Harry Potter in translation The Russian translation of The Deathly Hallows goes on sale in Moscow , 2007 The series has been translated into 80 languages , placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history . The books have seen translations to diverse languages such as Korean , Armenian , Ukrainian , Arabic , Urdu , Hindi , Bengali , Bulgarian , Welsh , Afrikaans , Albanian , Latvian , Vietnamese and Hawaiian . The first volume has been translated into Latin and even Ancient Greek , making it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD . The second volume has also been translated into Latin . Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well - known authors before their work on Harry Potter , such as Viktor Golyshev , who oversaw the Russian translation of the series ' fifth book . The Turkish translation of books two to seven was undertaken by Sevin Okyay , a popular literary critic and cultural commentator . For reasons of secrecy , translation on a given book could only start after it had been released in English , leading to a lag of several months before the translations were available . This led to more and more copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries ; for example , such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English language edition became the first English - language book ever to top the best - seller list in France . The United States editions were adapted into American English to make them more understandable to a young American audience . Completion of the series In December 2005 , Rowling stated on her web site , `` 2006 will be the year when I write the final book in the Harry Potter series . '' Updates then followed in her online diary chronicling the progress of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , with the release date of 21 July 2007 . The book itself was finished on 11 January 2007 in the Balmoral Hotel , Edinburgh , where she scrawled a message on the back of a bust of Hermes . It read : `` J.K. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in this room ( 552 ) on 11 January 2007 . '' Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the final book ( in fact , the epilogue ) was completed `` in something like 1990 '' . In June 2006 , Rowling , on an appearance on the British talk show Richard & Judy , announced that the chapter had been modified as one character `` got a reprieve '' and two others who previously survived the story had in fact been killed . On 28 March 2007 , the cover art for the Bloomsbury Adult and Child versions and the Scholastic version were released . In September 2012 , Rowling mentioned in an interview that she might go back to make a `` director 's cut '' of two of the existing Harry Potter books . Cover art For cover art , Bloomsbury chose painted art in a classic style of design , with the first cover a watercolour and pencil drawing by illustrator Thomas Taylor showing Harry boarding the Hogwarts Express , and a title in the font Cochin Bold . The first releases of the successive books in the series followed in the same style but somewhat more realistic , illustrating scenes from the books . These covers were created by first Cliff Wright and then Jason Cockroft . Due to the appeal of the books among an adult audience , Bloomsbury commissioned a second line of editions in an ' adult ' style . These initially used black - and - white photographic art for the covers showing objects from the books ( including a very American Hogwarts Express ) without depicting people , but later shifted to partial colourisation with a picture of Slytherin 's locket on the cover of the final book . International and later editions have been created by a range of designers , including Mary GrandPré for U.S. audiences and Mika Launis in Finland . For a later American release , Kazu Kibuishi created covers in a somewhat anime - influenced style . Achievements `` Platform 93⁄4 '' sign on London King 's Cross railway station Cultural impact Further information : Harry Potter fandom Fans of the series were so eager for the latest instalment that bookstores around the world began holding events to coincide with the midnight release of the books , beginning with the 2000 publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The events , commonly featuring mock sorting , games , face painting , and other live entertainment have achieved popularity with Potter fans and have been highly successful in attracting fans and selling books with nearly nine million of the 10.8 million initial print copies of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince sold in the first 24 hours . The final book in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows became the fastest selling book in history , moving 11 million units in the first twenty - four hours of release . The series has also gathered adult fans , leading to the release of two editions of each Harry Potter book , identical in text but with one edition 's cover artwork aimed at children and the other aimed at adults . Besides meeting online through blogs , podcasts , and fansites , Harry Potter super-fans can also meet at Harry Potter symposia . The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins , becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English Dictionary . The Harry Potter fandom has embraced podcasts as a regular , often weekly , insight to the latest discussion in the fandom . Both MuggleCast and PotterCast have reached the top spot of iTunes podcast rankings and have been polled one of the top 50 favourite podcasts . Some lessons identified in the series include diversity , acceptance , political tolerance , and equality . Surveys of over 1,000 college students in the United States show that those who read the books were significantly different than those who had not . Readers of the series were found to be more tolerant , more opposed to violence and torture , less authoritarian , and less cynical . Although it is not known if this is a cause - and - effect relationship , there is a clear correlation , and it seems that Harry Potter 's cultural impact may be stronger than just a fandom bond . Many fan fiction and fan art works about Harry Potter have been made . In March 2007 , `` Harry Potter '' was the most commonly searched fan fiction subject on the internet . At the University of Michigan in 2009 , StarKid Productions performed an original musical parodying the Harry Potter series called A Very Potter Musical . The musical was awarded Entertainment Weekly 's 10 Best Viral Videos of 2009 . The sport Quidditch , played by characters in the Harry Potter series , was created in 2005 and is played worldwide . Characters and elements from the series have inspired scientific names of several organisms , including the dinosaur Dracorex hogwartsia , the spider Eriovixia gryffindori , the wasp Ampulex dementor , and the crab Harryplax severus . Commercial success See also : List of best - selling books Crowd outside a book store for the midnight release of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . The popularity of the Harry Potter series has translated into substantial financial success for Rowling , her publishers , and other Harry Potter related license holders . This success has made Rowling the first and thus far only billionaire author . The books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide and have also given rise to the popular film adaptations produced by Warner Bros. , all of which have been highly successful in their own right . The films have in turn spawned eight video games and have led to the licensing of more than 400 additional Harry Potter products . The Harry Potter brand has been estimated to be worth as much as $25 billion . The great demand for Harry Potter books motivated The New York Times to create a separate best - seller list for children 's literature in 2000 , just before the release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . By 24 June 2000 , Rowling 's novels had been on the list for 79 straight weeks ; the first three novels were each on the hardcover best - seller list . On 12 April 2007 , Barnes & Noble declared that Deathly Hallows had broken its pre-order record , with more than 500,000 copies pre-ordered through its site . For the release of Goblet of Fire , 9,000 FedEx trucks were used with no other purpose than to deliver the book . Together , Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble pre-sold more than 700,000 copies of the book . In the United States , the book 's initial printing run was 3.8 million copies . This record statistic was broken by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , with 8.5 million , which was then shattered by Half - Blood Prince with 10.8 million copies . 6.9 million copies of Prince were sold in the U.S. within the first 24 hours of its release ; in the United Kingdom more than two million copies were sold on the first day . The initial U.S. print run for Deathly Hallows was 12 million copies , and more than a million were pre-ordered through Amazon and Barnes & Noble . Awards , honours , and recognition The Harry Potter series has been recognised by a host of awards since the initial publication of Philosopher 's Stone including four Whitaker Platinum Book Awards ( all of which were awarded in 2001 ) , three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes ( 1997 -- 1999 ) , two Scottish Arts Council Book Awards ( 1999 and 2001 ) , the inaugural Whitbread children 's book of the year award ( 1999 ) , the WHSmith book of the year ( 2006 ) , among others . In 2000 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Novel , and in 2001 , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire won said award . Honours include a commendation for the Carnegie Medal ( 1997 ) , a short listing for the Guardian Children 's Award ( 1998 ) , and numerous listings on the notable books , editors ' Choices , and best books lists of the American Library Association , The New York Times , Chicago Public Library , and Publishers Weekly . In 2002 , British sociologist Andrew Blake named Harry Potter among the icons of British popular culture along with the likes of James Bond and Sherlock Holmes . In 2003 , four of the books were named in the top 24 of the BBC 's The Big Read survey of the best loved novels in the UK . A 2004 study found that books in the series were commonly read aloud in elementary schools in San Diego County , California . Based on a 2007 online poll , the U.S. National Education Association listed the series in its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Three of the books placed among the `` Top 100 Chapter Books '' of all time , or children 's novels , in a 2012 survey published by School Library Journal : Sorcerer 's Stone ranked number three , Prisoner of Azkaban 12th , and Goblet of Fire 98th . In 2012 , the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London featured a 100 - foot tall rendition of Lord Voldemort in a segment designed to show off the UK 's cultural icons . Reception Literary criticism Early in its history , Harry Potter received positive reviews . On publication , the first book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , attracted attention from the Scottish newspapers , such as The Scotsman , which said it had `` all the makings of a classic '' , and The Glasgow Herald , which called it `` Magic stuff '' . Soon the English newspapers joined in , with more than one comparing it to Roald Dahl 's work : The Mail on Sunday rated it as `` the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl '' , a view echoed by The Sunday Times ( `` comparisons to Dahl are , this time , justified '' ) , while The Guardian called it `` a richly textured novel given lift - off by an inventive wit '' . By the time of the release of the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the books began to receive strong criticism from a number of literary scholars . Yale professor , literary scholar , and critic Harold Bloom raised criticisms of the books ' literary merits , saying , `` Rowling 's mind is so governed by clichés and dead metaphors that she has no other style of writing . '' A.S. Byatt authored an op - ed article in The New York Times calling Rowling 's universe a `` secondary secondary world , made up of intelligently patchworked derivative motifs from all sorts of children 's literature ... written for people whose imaginative lives are confined to TV cartoons , and the exaggerated ( more exciting , not threatening ) mirror - worlds of soaps , reality TV and celebrity gossip '' . Michael Rosen , a novelist and poet , advocated the books were not suited for children , who would be unable to grasp the complex themes . Rosen also stated that `` J.K. Rowling is more of an adult writer . '' The critic Anthony Holden wrote in The Observer on his experience of judging Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban for the 1999 Whitbread Awards . His overall view of the series was negative -- `` the Potter saga was essentially patronising , conservative , highly derivative , dispiritingly nostalgic for a bygone Britain '' , and he speaks of `` a pedestrian , ungrammatical prose style '' . Ursula K. Le Guin said , `` I have no great opinion of it . When so many adult critics were carrying on about the ' incredible originality ' of the first Harry Potter book , I read it to find out what the fuss was about , and remained somewhat puzzled ; it seemed a lively kid 's fantasy crossed with a `` school novel '' , good fare for its age group , but stylistically ordinary , imaginatively derivative , and ethically rather mean - spirited . '' By contrast , author Fay Weldon , while admitting that the series is `` not what the poets hoped for '' , nevertheless goes on to say , `` but this is not poetry , it is readable , saleable , everyday , useful prose '' . The literary critic A.N. Wilson praised the Harry Potter series in The Times , stating : `` There are not many writers who have JK 's Dickensian ability to make us turn the pages , to weep -- openly , with tears splashing -- and a few pages later to laugh , at invariably good jokes ... We have lived through a decade in which we have followed the publication of the liveliest , funniest , scariest and most moving children 's stories ever written '' . Charles Taylor of Salon.com , who is primarily a movie critic , took issue with Byatt 's criticisms in particular . While he conceded that she may have `` a valid cultural point -- a teeny one -- about the impulses that drive us to reassuring pop trash and away from the troubling complexities of art '' , he rejected her claims that the series is lacking in serious literary merit and that it owes its success merely to the childhood reassurances it offers . Taylor stressed the progressively darker tone of the books , shown by the murder of a classmate and close friend and the psychological wounds and social isolation each causes . Taylor also argued that Philosopher 's Stone , said to be the most light - hearted of the seven published books , disrupts the childhood reassurances that Byatt claims spur the series ' success : the book opens with news of a double murder , for example . Stephen King called the series `` a feat of which only a superior imagination is capable '' , and declared `` Rowling 's punning , one - eyebrow - cocked sense of humor '' to be `` remarkable '' . However , he wrote that despite the story being `` a good one '' , he is `` a little tired of discovering Harry at home with his horrible aunt and uncle '' , the formulaic beginning of all seven books . King has also joked that `` Rowling 's never met an adverb she did not like ! '' He does however predict that Harry Potter `` will indeed stand time 's test and wind up on a shelf where only the best are kept ; I think Harry will take his place with Alice , Huck , Frodo , and Dorothy and this is one series not just for the decade , but for the ages '' . Sameer Rahim of The Daily Telegraph disagreed , saying `` It depresses me to see 16 and 17 year - olds reading the series when they could be reading the great novels of childhood such as Oliver Twist or A House for Mr Biswas . What that says about the adults who are fanatical fans I 'm not sure -- but I suspect in years to come people will make a link between our plump , comfortable , infantilising society and the popularity of Potter . '' There is ongoing discussion regarding the extent to which the series was inspired by Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings books . Social impact Although Time magazine named Rowling as a runner - up for its 2007 Person of the Year award , noting the social , moral , and political inspiration she has given her fandom , cultural comments on the series have been mixed . Washington Post book critic Ron Charles opined in July 2007 that the large numbers of adults reading the Potter series but few other books may represent a `` bad case of cultural infantilism '' , and that the straightforward `` good vs. evil '' theme of the series is `` childish '' . He also argued `` through no fault of Rowling 's '' , the cultural and marketing `` hysteria '' marked by the publication of the later books `` trains children and adults to expect the roar of the coliseum , a mass - media experience that no other novel can possibly provide '' . Librarian Nancy Knapp pointed out the books ' potential to improve literacy by motivating children to read much more than they otherwise would . The seven - book series has a word count of 1,083,594 ( US edition ) . Agreeing about the motivating effects , Diane Penrod also praised the books ' blending of simple entertainment with `` the qualities of highbrow literary fiction '' , but expressed concern about the distracting effect of the prolific merchandising that accompanies the book launches . However , the assumption that Harry Potter books have increased literacy among young people is `` largely a folk legend . '' Research by the National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA ) has found no increase in reading among children coinciding with the Harry Potter publishing phenomenon , nor has the broader downward trend in reading among Americans been arrested during the rise in the popularity of the Harry Potter books . The research also found that children who read Harry Potter books were not more likely to go on to read outside the fantasy and mystery genres . NEA chairman Dana Gioia said the series , `` got millions of kids to read a long and reasonably complex series of books . The trouble is that one Harry Potter novel every few years is not enough to reverse the decline in reading . '' Jennifer Conn used Snape 's and Quidditch coach Madam Hooch 's teaching methods as examples of what to avoid and what to emulate in clinical teaching , and Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first - year sociology class : `` sociological concepts including culture , society , and socialisation ; stratification and social inequality ; social institutions ; and social theory '' . From the early 2000s onwards several news reports appeared in the UK of the Harry Potter book and movie series driving demand for pet owls and even reports that after the end of the movie series these same pet owls were now being abandoned by their owners . This led J.K. Rowling to issue several statements urging Harry Potter fans to refrain from purchasing pet owls . Despite the media flurry , research into the popularity of Harry Potter and sales of owls in the UK failed to find any evidence that the Harry Potter franchise had influenced the buying of owls in the country or the number of owls reaching animal shelters and sanctuaries . Jenny Sawyer wrote in Christian Science Monitor on 25 July 2007 that the books represent a `` disturbing trend in commercial storytelling and Western society '' in that stories `` moral center ( sic ) have all but vanished from much of today 's pop culture ... after 10 years , 4,195 pages , and over 375 million copies , J.K. Rowling 's towering achievement lacks the cornerstone of almost all great children 's literature : the hero 's moral journey '' . Harry Potter , Sawyer argues , neither faces a `` moral struggle '' nor undergoes any ethical growth , and is thus `` no guide in circumstances in which right and wrong are anything less than black and white '' . In contrast Emily Griesinger described Harry 's first passage through to Platform 93⁄4 as an application of faith and hope , and his encounter with the Sorting Hat as the first of many in which Harry is shaped by the choices he makes . She also noted the `` deeper magic '' by which the self - sacrifice of Harry 's mother protects the boy throughout the series , and which the power - hungry Voldemort fails to understand . In an 8 November 2002 Slate article , Chris Suellentrop likened Potter to a `` trust - fund kid whose success at school is largely attributable to the gifts his friends and relatives lavish upon him '' . Noting that in Rowling 's fiction , magical ability potential is `` something you are born to , not something you can achieve '' , Suellentrop wrote that Dumbledore 's maxim that `` It is our choices that show what we truly are , far more than our abilities '' is hypocritical , as `` the school that Dumbledore runs values native gifts above all else '' . In a 12 August 2007 , review of Deathly Hallows in The New York Times , however , Christopher Hitchens praised Rowling for `` unmooring '' her `` English school story '' from literary precedents `` bound up with dreams of wealth and class and snobbery '' , arguing that she had instead created `` a world of youthful democracy and diversity '' . In 2010 , coinciding with the release of the film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 , a series of articles were written about Private Harry Potter of the British army . This real - life Harry Potter was killed in the Arab Revolt near Hebron in 1939 . His grave , located in the British cemetery in Ramla , Israel , began to receive curious visitors leading the Ramla Municipality to list it on their website . In 2016 , an article written by Diana C. Mutz compares the politics of Harry Potter to the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign . She states that 3 themes throughout the books are widely predominant ' 1 ) the value of tolerance and respect for difference ; 2 ) opposition to violence and punitiveness ; and 3 ) the dangers of authoritarianism . ' She suggests that these themes are also present in the presidential election and it may play a significant role in how Americans have responded to the campaign . Controversies Main articles : Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series , Religious debates over the Harry Potter series , Politics of Harry Potter , and Tanya Grotter The books have been the subject of a number of legal proceedings , stemming from various conflicts over copyright and trademark infringements . The popularity and high market value of the series has led Rowling , her publishers , and film distributor Warner Bros. to take legal measures to protect their copyright , which have included banning the sale of Harry Potter imitations , targeting the owners of websites over the `` Harry Potter '' domain name , and suing author Nancy Stouffer to counter her accusations that Rowling had plagiarised her work . Various religious conservatives have claimed that the books promote witchcraft and religions such as Wicca and are therefore unsuitable for children , while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas . The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds . From 1997 to 1998 , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone won almost all the UK awards judged by children , but none of the children 's book awards judged by adults , and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were popular among children . In 1999 , the winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year award children 's division was entered for the first time on the shortlist for the main award , and one judge threatened to resign if Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was declared the overall winner ; it finished second , very close behind the winner of the poetry prize , Seamus Heaney 's translation of the Anglo - Saxon epic Beowulf . In 2000 , shortly before the publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , the previous three Harry Potter books topped The New York Times fiction best - seller list and a third of the entries were children 's books . The newspaper created a new children 's section covering children 's books , including both fiction and non-fiction , and initially counting only hardback sales . The move was supported by publishers and booksellers . In 2004 , The New York Times further split the children 's list , which was still dominated by Harry Potter books into sections for series and individual books , and removed the Harry Potter books from the section for individual books . The split in 2000 attracted condemnation , praise and some comments that presented both benefits and disadvantages of the move . Time suggested that , on the same principle , Billboard should have created a separate `` mop - tops '' list in 1964 when the Beatles held the top five places in its list , and Nielsen should have created a separate game - show list when Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? dominated the ratings . Adaptations Films Main article : Harry Potter ( film series ) The locomotive that features as the `` Hogwarts Express '' in the film series . In 1998 , Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( $1,982,900 ) . Rowling demanded the principal cast be kept strictly British , nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . After many directors including Steven Spielberg , Terry Gilliam , Jonathan Demme , and Alan Parker were considered , Chris Columbus was appointed on 28 March 2000 as the director for Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( titled `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' in the United States ) , with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire and proven experience with directing children as influences for their decision . After extensive casting , filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London itself , with production ending in July 2001 . Philosopher 's Stone was released on 14 November 2001 . Just three days after the film 's release , production for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , also directed by Columbus , began . Filming was completed in summer 2002 , with the film being released on 15 November 2002 . Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter , doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise . Columbus declined to direct Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , only acting as producer . Mexican director Alfonso Cuarón took over the job , and after shooting in 2003 , the film was released on 4 June 2004 . Due to the fourth film beginning its production before the third 's release , Mike Newell was chosen as the director for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , released on 18 November 2005 . Newell became the first British director of the series , with television director David Yates following suit after he was chosen to helm Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Production began in January 2006 and the film was released the following year in July 2007 . After executives were `` really delighted '' with his work on the film , Yates was selected to direct Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , which was released on 15 July 2009 . A studio model of Hogwarts Castle as it appears in the films . In March 2008 , Warner Bros. President and COO Alan F. Horn announced that the final instalment in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , would be released in two cinematic parts : Part 1 on 19 November 2010 and Part 2 on 15 July 2011 . Production of both parts started in February 2009 , with the final day of principal photography taking place on 12 June 2010 . Rowling had creative control on the film series , observing the filmmaking process of Philosopher 's Stone and serving as producer on the two - part Deathly Hallows , alongside David Heyman and David Barron . The Harry Potter films have been top - rank box office hits , with all eight releases on the list of highest - grossing films worldwide . Philosopher 's Stone was the highest - grossing Harry Potter film up until the release of the final instalment of the series , Deathly Hallows , while Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the least . As well as being a financial success , the film series has also been a success among film critics . Opinions of the films are generally divided among fans , with one group preferring the more faithful approach of the first two films , and another group preferring the more stylised character - driven approach of the later films . Rowling has been constantly supportive of all the films and evaluated Deathly Hallows as her `` favourite one '' in the series . She wrote on her website of the changes in the book - to - film transition , `` It is simply impossible to incorporate every one of my storylines into a film that has to be kept under four hours long . Obviously films have restrictions novels do not have , constraints of time and budget ; I can create dazzling effects relying on nothing but the interaction of my own and my readers ' imaginations '' . At the 64th British Academy Film Awards in February 2011 , Rowling was joined by producers David Heyman and David Barron along with directors David Yates , Alfonso Cuarón and Mike Newell in collecting the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema on behalf of all the films in the series . Actors Rupert Grint and Emma Watson , who play main characters Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger , were also in attendance . Spin - off prequels A new series consisting of five films , beginning with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , will take place before the main series . The first film was released on 18 November 2016 and the next two are due to be released in 2018 and 2020 . Rowling wrote the screenplay for the first instalment , marking her first foray into screenwriting . Games Main article : Harry Potter video games A number of other non-interactive media games and board games have been released such as Cluedo Harry Potter Edition , Scene It ? Harry Potter and Lego Harry Potter models , which are influenced by the themes of both the novels and films . There are thirteen Harry Potter video games , eight corresponding with the films and books and five spin - offs . The film / book - based games are produced by Electronic Arts , as was Harry Potter : Quidditch World Cup , with the game version of the first entry in the series , Philosopher 's Stone , being released in November 2001 . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone went on to become one of the best - selling PlayStation games ever . The video games were released to coincide with the films , containing scenery and details from the films as well as the tone and spirit of the books . Objectives usually occur in and around Hogwarts , along with various other magical areas . The story and design of the games follow the selected film 's characterisation and plot ; EA worked closely with Warner Bros. to include scenes from the films . The last game in the series , Deathly Hallows , was split , with Part 1 released in November 2010 and Part 2 debuting on consoles in July 2011 . The two - part game forms the first entry to convey an intense theme of action and violence , with the gameplay revolving around a third - person shooter style format . The spin - off games Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 and Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 were developed by Traveller 's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . The spin - off games Book of Spells and Book of Potions were developed by SCE London Studio and use the Wonderbook , an augmented reality book designed to be used in conjunction with the PlayStation Move and PlayStation Eye . The Harry Potter universe is also featured in Lego Dimensions , with the settings and side characters featured in the Harry Potter Adventure World , and Harry , Voldemort , and Hermione as playable characters . In 2017 , Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment opened its own Harry Potter themed game design studio , by the name of Portkey Games ; before releasing Hogwarts Mystery in 2018 , developed by Jam City . Audiobooks All seven Harry Potter books have been released in unabridged audiobook versions , with Stephen Fry reading the UK editions and Jim Dale voicing the series for the American editions . Stage production Main article : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Harry Potter and the Cursed Child : Parts I and II is a play which serves as a sequel to the books , beginning nineteen years after the events of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . It was written by Jack Thorne based on an original new story by Thorne , Rowling and John Tiffany . It has run at the Palace Theatre in London 's West End since previews began on 7 June 2016 with an official premiere on 30 June 2016 . The first four months of tickets for the June -- September performances were sold out within several hours upon release . Forthcoming productions are planned for Broadway and Melbourne . The script was released as a book at the time of the premiere , with a revised version following the next year . Attractions The Wizarding world of Harry Potter Main article : The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogwarts Castle as depicted in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter , located in Universal Orlando Resort 's Island of Adventure After the success of the films and books , Universal and Warner Brothers announced they would create The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , a new Harry Potter - themed expansion to the Islands of Adventure theme park at Universal Orlando Resort in Florida . The land officially opened to the public on 18 June 2010 . It includes a re-creation of Hogsmeade and several rides . The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , which exists within a re-creation of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Other rides include Dragon Challenge , a pair of inverted roller coasters , and Flight of the Hippogriff , a family roller coaster . Four years later , on 8 July 2014 , Universal opened a Harry Potter - themed area at the Universal Studios Florida theme park . It includes a re-creation of Diagon Alley and connecting alleys and a small section of Muggle London . The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts roller coaster ride . Universal also added a completely functioning recreation of the Hogwarts Express connecting Kings Cross Station at Universal Studios Florida to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure . Both Hogsmeade and Diagon Alley contain many shops and restaurants from the book series , including Weasley 's Wizard Wheezes and The Leaky Cauldron . On 15 July 2014 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Japan theme park in Osaka , Japan . It includes the village of Hogsmeade , Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride , and Flight of the Hippogriff roller coaster . On 7 April 2016 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Hollywood theme park near Los Angeles , California . The making of Harry Potter Main article : Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter In March 2011 , Warner Bros. announced plans to build a tourist attraction in the United Kingdom to showcase the Harry Potter film series . The Making of Harry Potter is a behind - the - scenes walking tour featuring authentic sets , costumes and props from the film series . The attraction is located at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , where all eight of the Harry Potter films were made . Warner Bros. constructed two new sound stages to house and showcase the famous sets from each of the British - made productions , following a £ 100 million investment . It opened to the public in March 2012 . 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Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Further reading Agarwal , Nikita ; Chitra Agarwal ( 2005 ) . Friends and Foes of Harry Potter : Names Decoded . Outskirts Press . ISBN 1 - 59800 - 221 - X Anatol , Giselle Liza ( 2003 ) . Reading Harry Potter : critical essays . Praeger . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32067 - 5 Burkart , Gina ( 2005 ) . A parent 's guide to Harry Potter . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3288 - 2 Duriez , Colin ( 2007 ) . Field Guide to Harry Potter . IVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 3430 - 3 Gunelius , Susan ( 2008 ) . Harry Potter : the story of a global business phenomenon . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 230 - 20323 - X Heilman , Elizabeth E ( 2008 ) . Critical perspectives on Harry Potter . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96484 - 5 Mulholland , Neil ( 2007 ) . The psychology of Harry Potter : an unauthorized examination of the boy who lived . BenBella Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 88 - 4 Silvester , William ( 2010 ) . Harry Potter Collector 's Handbook . Krause . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 0897 - 3 External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Harry Potter '' dated 2011 - 01 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Harry Potter tourism . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter . Harry Potter , an external wiki J.K. Rowling 's personal website Harry Potter movies -- Official website ( Warner Bros . ) Harry Potter at Bloomsbury.com ( International publisher ) Harry Potter at Scholastic.com ( US publisher ) Harry Potter at Raincoast.com ( Canadian publisher ) Works by or about Harry Potter in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` Harry Potter collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . `` Harry Potter collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Orlando resort , Florida The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Ginny Weasley Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Warner Bros. Studio Tour London -- The Making of Harry Potter Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock The Methods of Rationality My Immortal Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Wizarding World Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Category Portal `` The template below ( Wizarding World ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them The Crimes of Grindelwald Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Harry Potter : Hogwarts Mystery Harry Potter : Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Portkey Games Book Category Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( 2018 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 -- present ) See also Wizarding World Books I Love Best Yearly : Younger Readers Award Matilda by Roald Dahl ( 1990 ) The BFG by Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl ( 1992 ) Blabber Mouth by Morris Gleitzman ( 1993 ) Fantastic Mr Fox by Roald Dahl ( 1994 ) The Pagemaster by David Kirschner ( 1995 ) When the Wind Changed by Ruth Park ( 1996 ) Matilda by Roald Dahl ( 1997 ) Polar the Titanic Bear by Daisy Corning Stone Spedder ( 1998 ) Detective Donut and the Wild Goose Chase by Bruce Whatley and R. Smith ( 1999 ) Just Stupid ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) Just Crazy ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2002 ) The Saddle Club series by Bonnie Bryant ( 2003 ) Just Disgusting ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2004 ) The Bad Book by Andy Griffiths ( 2005 ) Just Crazy ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2006 ) Books I Love Best Yearly : Older Readers Award The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133⁄4 by Sue Townsend ( 1990 ) The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton ( 1991 ) Where 's Wally ? by Martin Handford ( 1992 ) Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews ( 1993 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 1995 ) Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton ( 1996 ) The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1997 ) Tomorrow , When the War Began by John Marsden ( 1998 ) Bumface by Morris Gleitzman ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 2002 ) Two of a Kind series by various authors ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling ( 2004 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince by J.K. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was harry potter first published in the us | [
"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was published by Bloomsbury, the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom, on 26 June 1997.[61] It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic – the American publisher of the books – as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone,[62] after Rowling had received US$105,000 for the American rights – a record amount for a children's book by an unknown author.[63] Fearing that American readers would not associate the word \"philosopher\" with magic (although the Philosopher's Stone is an ancient tradition in alchemy), Scholastic insisted that the book be given the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone for the American market.[64]\n"
] | [
"1 September 1998"
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7465924357052572102 | Hungarian Revolution of 1956 | Hungarian Revolution of 1956 - Wikipedia Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Part of the Cold War The flag , with a hole where the communist coat of arms had been cut out , became the symbol of the revolution . Date 23 October -- 10 November 1956 Location Hungarian People 's Republic Result Soviet victory Revolution crushed Belligerents Soviet Union Soviet Armed Forces KGB Hungarian People 's Republic ÁVH Hungarian revolutionaries Commanders and leaders Nikita Khrushchev Yuri Andropov Ivan Konev Ernő Gerő János Kádár Imre Nagy Pál Maléter Strength 31,550 troops 1,130 tanks Unknown number of government loyalists Unknown number of soldiers , militia , and armed civilians Casualties and losses Soviet casualties : 722 killed or missing 1,540 wounded 2,500 -- 3,000 killed ( est . ) 13,000 wounded ( est . ) 3,000 civilians killed Part of a series on the History of Hungary Early history ( show ) Hungarian prehistory Hungary before the Hungarians Roman Pannonia Hungarian conquest Medieval ( show ) Principality 895 -- 1000 High Medieval Kingdom 1000 -- 1301 Late Medieval Kingdom 1301 -- 1526 Ottoman Wars 1366 -- 1526 Early modern ( show ) Habsburg kingdom 1526 -- 1867 Eastern kingdom 1526 -- 1570 Ottoman Hungary 1541 -- 1699 Principality of Transylvania 1570 -- 1711 Late modern ( show ) Rákóczi 's War 1703 -- 1711 Revolution of 1848 1848 -- 1849 Austria - Hungary 1867 -- 1918 Lands of the Crown 1867 -- 1918 World War I 1914 -- 1918 Interwar period 1918 -- 1941 First Hungarian Republic 1918 -- 1920 Hungarian Soviet Republic 1919 Kingdom of Hungary 1920 -- 1946 World War II 1941 -- 1945 Contemporary ( show ) Second Hungarian Republic 1946 -- 1949 Hungarian People 's Republic 1949 -- 1989 Revolution of 1956 1956 Third Hungarian Republic since 1989 By topic ( show ) Christianity Military Music Nobility Hungarians Jews Székelys Hungary portal Eastern Bloc Soviet Socialist Republics ( show ) Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia Lithuania Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan Allied states ( show ) Hungarian People 's Republic Polish People 's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Bulgaria Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) People 's Socialist Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) Republic of Cuba People 's Revolutionary Government of Grenada People 's Republic of Benin People 's Republic of the Congo People 's Republic of Angola People 's Republic of Mozambique People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Somali Democratic Republic ( to 1977 ) People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mongolian People 's Republic People 's Republic of China ( to 1961 ) Democratic People 's Republic of Korea Socialist Republic of Vietnam Lao People 's Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Kampuchea Related organizations ( show ) Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) Dissent and opposition ( show ) Forest Brothers in Lithuania in Latvia in Estonia Operation `` Jungle '' Ukrainian Insurgent Army Goryani movement ( Bulgaria ) Romanian anti-communism Polish Cursed Soldiers 1953 uprisings in Plzeň in East Germany 1956 protests in Georgia in Poznań Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Novocherkassk massacre ( Russia ) 1968 events Prague Spring Invasion of Czechoslovakia Red Square demonstration Charter 77 ( Czechoslovakia ) Solidarity ( Poland ) Jeltoqsan ( Kazakhstan ) Braşov Rebellion ( Romania ) January Events ( Lithuania ) The Barricades ( Latvia ) April 9 tragedy ( Georgia ) Black January ( Azerbaijan ) Cold War events ( show ) Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup Tito -- Stalin split Berlin Blockade 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Cuban Missile Crisis 1980 Moscow Olympics Decline ( show ) Singing Revolution Polish Round Table Agreement Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall January 1991 in Lithuania in Latvia Breakup of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Wars End of the Soviet Union Fall of communism in Albania The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , or Hungarian Uprising of 1956 ( Hungarian : 1956 - os forradalom or 1956 - os felkelés ) , was a nationwide revolt against the Marxist - Leninist government of the Hungarian People 's Republic and its Soviet - imposed policies , lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956 . Though leaderless when it first began , it was the first major threat to Soviet control since the USSR 's forces drove Nazi Germany from its territory at the end of World War II . The revolt began as a student protest , which attracted thousands as they marched through central Budapest to the Parliament building , calling out on the streets using a van with loudspeakers . A student delegation , entering the radio building to try to broadcast the students ' demands , was detained . When the delegation 's release was demanded by the protesters outside , they were fired upon from within the building by the State Security Police , known as ÁVH ( acronym for Állam Védelmi Hatóság , literally `` State Protection Authority '' ) . One student died and was wrapped in a flag and held above the crowd . This was the start of the revolution . As the news spread , disorder and violence erupted throughout the capital . The revolt spread quickly across Hungary , and the government collapsed . Thousands organised into militias , battling the ÁVH and Soviet troops . Pro-Soviet communists and ÁVH members were often executed or imprisoned , and former political prisoners were released and armed . Radical impromptu workers ' councils wrested municipal control from the ruling Hungarian Working People 's Party and demanded political changes . A new government formally disbanded the ÁVH , declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and pledged to re-establish free elections . By the end of October , fighting had almost stopped , and a sense of normality began to return . After announcing a willingness to negotiate a withdrawal of Soviet forces , the Politburo changed its mind and moved to crush the revolution . On 4 November , a large Soviet force invaded Budapest and other regions of the country . The Hungarian resistance continued until 10 November . Over 2,500 Hungarians and 700 Soviet troops were killed in the conflict , and 200,000 Hungarians fled as refugees . Mass arrests and denunciations continued for months thereafter . By January 1957 , the new Soviet - installed government had suppressed all public opposition . These Soviet actions , while strengthening control over the Eastern Bloc , alienated many Western Marxists , leading to splits and / or considerable losses of membership for communist parties in capitalist states . Public discussion about the revolution was suppressed in Hungary for more than 30 years . Since the thaw of the 1980s , it has been a subject of intense study and debate . At the inauguration of the Third Hungarian Republic in 1989 , 23 October was declared a national holiday . Contents 1 Prelude 1.1 Postwar occupation 1.2 Political repression and economic decline 1.3 International events 1.4 Social unrest builds 2 Revolution 2.1 First shots 2.2 Fighting spreads , government falls 2.3 Interlude 2.3. 1 New Government 2.3. 2 Soviet perspective 2.3. 3 International reaction 2.4 Soviet intervention of 4 November 2.5 Soviet version of the events 3 Aftermath 3.1 Hungary 3.2 International 3.3 Commemoration 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links 7.1 Historical collections 7.2 Other academic sources 7.3 Feature films 7.4 Commemorations Prelude ( edit ) During World War II Hungary was a member of the Axis powers , allied with the forces of Nazi Germany , Fascist Italy , Romania , and Bulgaria . In 1941 , the Hungarian military participated in the occupation of Yugoslavia and the invasion of the Soviet Union . The Red Army was able to force back the Hungarian and other Axis invaders , and by 1944 was advancing towards Hungary . Fearing invasion , the Hungarian government began armistice negotiations with the Allies . These ended when Nazi Germany invaded and occupied the country and set up the pro-Axis Government of National Unity . Both Hungarian and German forces stationed in Hungary were subsequently defeated when the Soviet Union invaded the country in late 1944 . Post-war occupation ( edit ) Towards the end of World War II , the Soviet Army occupied Hungary , with the country coming under the Soviet Union 's sphere of influence . Immediately after World War II , Hungary was a multiparty democracy , and elections in 1945 produced a coalition government under Prime Minister Zoltán Tildy . However , the Hungarian Communist Party , a Marxist -- Leninist group who shared the Soviet government 's ideological beliefs , constantly wrested small concessions in a process named salami tactics , which sliced away the elected government 's influence , despite the fact that it had received only 17 % of the vote . After the elections of 1945 , the portfolio of the Interior Ministry , which oversaw the Hungarian State Security Police ( Államvédelmi Hatóság , later known as the ÁVH ) , was transferred from the Independent Smallholders Party to a nominee of the Communist Party . The ÁVH employed methods of intimidation , falsified accusations , imprisonment , and torture to suppress political opposition . The brief period of multi-party democracy came to an end when the Communist Party merged with the Social Democratic Party to become the Hungarian Working People 's Party , which stood its candidate list unopposed in 1949 . The People 's Republic of Hungary was then declared . The Hungarian Working People 's Party set about to modify the economy into socialism by undertaking radical nationalization based on the Soviet model . This forced method of economic socialisation during infrastructural recovery from the war initially resulted in economic stagnation , lower standards of living , and a deep malaise . Writers and journalists were the first to voice open criticism of the government and its policies , publishing critical articles in 1955 . By 22 October 1956 , Technical University students had resurrected the banned MEFESZ student union , and staged a demonstration on 23 October that set off a chain of events leading directly to the revolution . Political Repression and economic decline ( edit ) Hungary became a communist state under the authoritarian leadership of Mátyás Rákosi . Under Rákosi 's reign , the Security Police ( ÁVH ) began a series of purges , first within the Communist Party to end opposition to Rákosi 's reign . The victims were labeled as `` Titoists , '' `` western agents , '' or `` Trotskyists '' for as insignificant a crime as spending time in the West to participate in the Spanish Civil War . In total , about half of all the middle and lower level party officials -- at least 7,000 people -- were purged . Mátyás Rákosi speaks in Budapest , 1948 From 1950 to 1952 , the Security Police forcibly relocated thousands of people to obtain property and housing for the Working People 's Party members , and to remove the threat of the intellectual and ' bourgeois ' class . Thousands were arrested , tortured , tried , and imprisoned in concentration camps , deported to the east , or were executed , including ÁVH founder László Rajk . In a single year , more than 26,000 people were forcibly relocated from Budapest . As a consequence , jobs and housing were very difficult to obtain . The deportees generally experienced terrible living conditions and were interned as slave labor on collective farms . Many died as a result of poor living conditions and malnutrition . The Rákosi government thoroughly politicised Hungary 's educational system to supplant the educated classes with a `` toiling intelligentsia '' . Russian language study and Communist political instruction were made mandatory in schools and universities nationwide . Religious schools were nationalized and church leaders were replaced by those loyal to the government . In 1949 the leader of the Hungarian Catholic Church , Cardinal József Mindszenty , was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment for treason . Under Rákosi , Hungary 's government was among the most repressive in Europe . The post-war Hungarian economy suffered from multiple challenges . Hungary agreed to pay war reparations approximating US $300 million to the Soviet Union , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia and to support Soviet garrisons . The Hungarian National Bank in 1946 estimated the cost of reparations as `` between 19 and 22 per cent of the annual national income . '' In 1946 , the Hungarian currency experienced marked depreciation , resulting in the highest historic rates of hyperinflation known . Hungary 's participation in the Soviet - sponsored COMECON ( Council Of Mutual Economic Assistance ) prevented it from trading with the West or receiving Marshall Plan aid . In addition , Rákosi began his first Five - Year Plan in 1950 - based on Joseph Stalin 's industrial program of the same name that sought to raise industrial output by 380 percent . Like its Soviet counterpart , the Five - Year Plan never achieved these outlandish goals due in part to the crippling effect of the exportation of most of Hungary 's raw resources and technology to the Soviet Union as well as Rákosi 's purges of much of the former professional class . In fact , the Five - Year Plan weakened Hungary 's existing industrial structure and caused real industrial wages to fall by 18 percent between 1949 and 1952 . Rákosi 's agricultural programs met with the same lack of success , with attempted collectivization of the peasantry causing a marked fall in agricultural output and a rise in food shortages . Although national income per capita rose in the first third of the 1950s , the standard of living fell . Huge income deductions to finance industrial investment reduced disposable personal income ; mismanagement created chronic shortages in basic foodstuffs resulting in rationing of bread , sugar , flour , and meat . Compulsory subscriptions to state bonds further reduced personal income . The net result was that disposable real income of workers and employees in 1952 was only two - thirds of what it had been in 1938 , whereas in 1949 , the proportion had been 90 % . These policies had a cumulative negative effect and fueled discontent as foreign debt grew and the population experienced shortages of goods . International events ( edit ) Imre Nagy ( center ) in October 1956 On 5 March 1953 , Joseph Stalin died , ushering in a period of moderate liberalization , when most European communist parties developed a reform wing . In Hungary , the reformist Imre Nagy replaced Rákosi , `` Stalin 's Best Hungarian Disciple '' , as Prime Minister . However , Rákosi remained General Secretary of the Party , and was able to undermine most of Nagy 's reforms . By April 1955 , he had Nagy discredited and removed from office . After Khrushchev 's `` secret speech '' of February 1956 , which denounced Stalin and his protégés , Rákosi was deposed as General Secretary of the Party and replaced by Ernő Gerő on 18 July 1956 . Radio Free Europe broadcast the `` secret speech '' to Eastern Europe on the advice of Ray S. Cline , who saw it as a way to `` as I think I told ( Allen Dulles ) to say , ' indict the whole Soviet system ' . '' On 14 May 1955 , the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact , binding Hungary to the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe . Among the principles of this alliance were `` respect for the independence and sovereignty of states '' and `` non-interference in their internal affairs '' . In 1955 , the Austrian State Treaty and ensuing declaration of neutrality established Austria as a demilitarised and neutral country . This raised Hungarian hopes of also becoming neutral and in 1955 Nagy had considered `` ... the possibility of Hungary adopting a neutral status on the Austrian pattern '' . In June 1956 , a violent uprising by Polish workers in Poznań was put down by the government , with scores of protesters killed and wounded . Responding to popular demand , in October 1956 , the government appointed the recently rehabilitated reformist communist Władysław Gomułka as First Secretary of the Polish United Workers ' Party , with a mandate to negotiate trade concessions and troop reductions with the Soviet government . After a few tense days of negotiations , on 19 October the Soviets finally gave in to Gomułka 's reformist demands . News of the concessions won by the Poles , known as Polish October , emboldened many Hungarians to hope for similar concessions for Hungary and these sentiments contributed significantly to the highly charged political climate that prevailed in Hungary in the second half of October 1956 . Within the Cold War context of the time , by 1956 , a fundamental tension had appeared in US policy towards Hungary and the Eastern Bloc generally . The United States hoped to encourage European countries to break away from the bloc through their own efforts but wanted to avoid a US - Soviet military confrontation , as escalation might lead to nuclear war . For these reasons , US policy makers had to consider other means of diminishing Soviet influence in Eastern Europe , short of a rollback policy . This led to the development of containment policies such as economic and psychological warfare , covert operations , and , later , negotiation with the Soviet Union regarding the status of the Eastern states . Vice President Richard Nixon had also argued to the National Security Council that it would serve US interests if the Soviet Union would turn on another uprising as they had in Poland , providing a source of anti-Communist propaganda . However , while CIA director Allen Dulles had claimed he was creating an extensive network in Hungary , at the time the agency had no Hungarian station , almost no agents who spoke the language , and unreliable , corrupt local assets . The agency 's own secret history admitted `` at no time did we have anything that could or should have been mistaken for an intelligence operation '' . In the summer of 1956 , relations between Hungary and the US began to improve . At that time , the US responded very favourably to Hungary 's overtures about a possible expansion of bilateral trade relations . Hungary 's desire for better relations was partly attributable to the country 's catastrophic economic situation . Before any results could be achieved , however , the pace of negotiations was slowed by the Hungarian Ministry of Internal Affairs , which feared that better relations with the West might weaken Communist rule in Hungary . Social unrest builds ( edit ) Rákosi 's resignation in July 1956 emboldened students , writers , and journalists to be more active and critical in politics . Students and journalists started a series of intellectual forums examining the problems facing Hungary . These forums , called Petőfi circles , became very popular and attracted thousands of participants . On 6 October 1956 , László Rajk , who had been executed by the Rákosi government , was reburied in a moving ceremony that strengthened the party opposition . On 16 October 1956 , university students in Szeged snubbed the official communist student union , the DISZ , by re-establishing the MEFESZ ( Union of Hungarian University and Academy Students ) , a democratic student organization , previously banned under the Rákosi dictatorship . Within days , the student bodies of Pécs , Miskolc , and Sopron followed suit . On 22 October , students of the Technical University compiled a list of sixteen points containing several national policy demands . After the students heard that the Hungarian Writers ' Union planned on the following day to express solidarity with pro-reform movements in Poland by laying a wreath at the statue of Polish - born General Bem , a hero of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 ( 1848 -- 49 ) , the students decided to organize a parallel demonstration of sympathy . Revolution ( edit ) Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Terrorism Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Greek Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal First shots ( edit ) On the afternoon of 23 October 1956 , approximately 20,400 protesters convened next to the statue of József Bem -- a national hero of Poland and Hungary . Péter Veres , President of the Writers ' Union , read a manifesto to the crowd , which included : The desire for Hungary to be independent from all foreign powers ; a political system based on democratic socialism ( land reform and public ownership of businesses ) ; Hungary joining the United Nations ; and citizens of Hungary should have all the rights of free men . After the students read their proclamation , the crowd chanted a censored patriotic poem the `` National Song '' , with the refrain : `` This we swear , this we swear , that we will no longer be slaves . '' Someone in the crowd cut out the Communist coat of arms from the Hungarian flag , leaving a distinctive hole , and others quickly followed suit . Afterwards , most of the crowd crossed the River Danube to join demonstrators outside the Parliament Building . By 18 : 00 , the multitude had swollen to more than 200,000 people ; the demonstration was spirited , but peaceful . Placing of Hungarian flag into remains of dismantled Stalin statue At 20 : 00 , First Secretary Ernő Gerő broadcast a speech condemning the writers ' and students ' demands . Angered by Gerő 's hard - line rejection , some demonstrators decided to carry out one of their demands , the removal of Stalin 's 30 - foot - high ( 9.1 m ) bronze statue that was erected in 1951 on the site of a church , which was demolished to make room for the monument . By 21 : 30 , the statue was toppled and crowds celebrated by placing Hungarian flags in Stalin 's boots , which was all that was left of the statue . At about the same time , a large crowd gathered at the Radio Budapest building , which was heavily guarded by the ÁVH . The flash point was reached as a delegation attempting to broadcast their demands was detained and the crowd grew increasingly unruly as rumours spread that the protesters had been shot . Tear gas was thrown from the upper windows and the ÁVH opened fire on the crowd , killing many . The ÁVH tried to re-supply itself by hiding arms inside an ambulance , but the crowd detected the ruse and intercepted it . Hungarian soldiers sent to relieve the ÁVH hesitated and then , tearing the red stars from their caps , sided with the crowd . Provoked by the ÁVH attack , protesters reacted violently . Police cars were set ablaze , guns were seized from military depots and distributed to the masses and symbols of the Communist regime were vandalised . Fighting spreads , government falls ( edit ) During the night of 23 October , Hungarian Working People 's Party Secretary Ernő Gerő requested Soviet military intervention `` to suppress a demonstration that was reaching an ever greater and unprecedented scale . '' The Soviet leadership had formulated contingency plans for intervention in Hungary several months before . By 02 : 00 on 24 October , acting in accordance with orders of Georgy Zhukov , the Soviet defence minister , Soviet tanks entered Budapest . By noon , on 24 October , Soviet tanks were stationed outside the Parliament , and Soviet soldiers guarded key bridges and crossroads . Armed revolutionaries quickly set up barricades to defend Budapest , and were reported to have already captured some Soviet tanks by mid-morning . That day , Imre Nagy replaced András Hegedüs as Prime Minister . On the radio , Nagy called for an end to violence and promised to initiate political reforms that had been shelved three years earlier . The population continued to arm itself as sporadic violence erupted . Armed protesters seized the radio building . At the offices of the Communist newspaper Szabad Nép unarmed demonstrators were fired upon by ÁVH guards who were then driven out as armed demonstrators arrived . At this point , the revolutionaries ' wrath focused on the ÁVH ; Soviet military units were not yet fully engaged , and there were reports of some Soviet troops showing open sympathy for the demonstrators . March of protesters on 25 October On 25 October , a mass of protesters gathered in front of the Parliament Building . ÁVH units began shooting into the crowd from the rooftops of neighbouring buildings . Some Soviet soldiers returned fire on the ÁVH , mistakenly believing that they were the targets of the shooting . Supplied by arms taken from the ÁVH or given by Hungarian soldiers who joined the uprising , some in the crowd started shooting back . During this time , the Hungarian Army was divided as the central command structure disintegrated with the rising pressures from the protests on the government . The majority of Hungarian military units in Budapest and the countryside remained uninvolved , as the local commanders generally avoided using force against the protesters and revolutionaries . From 24 to 29 October , however , there were 71 cases of armed clashes between the army and the populace in fifty communities , ranging from the defence of attacks on civilian and military objectives to fighting with insurgents depending on the commanding officer . One example is in the town of Kecskemét on 26 October , where demonstrations in front of the office of State Security and the local jail led to military action by the Third Corps under the orders of Major General Lajos Gyurkó , in which seven protesters were shot and several of the organizers were arrested . In another case , a fighter jet strafed a protest in the town of Tiszakécske , killing 17 people and wounding 117 . The attacks at the Parliament forced the collapse of the government . Communist First Secretary Ernő Gerő and former Prime Minister András Hegedüs fled to the Soviet Union ; Imre Nagy became Prime Minister and János Kádár First Secretary of the Communist Party . Revolutionaries began an aggressive offensive against Soviet troops and the remnants of the ÁVH . Body of executed Party member at Central Committee of the Communist Party Units led by Béla Király , after attacking the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party , executed dozens of suspected communists , state security members , and military personnel . Photographs showed victims with signs of torture . On 30 October , Király 's forces attacked the Central Committee of the Communist Party building . Hungarian Communist politician János Berecz , in his government - sponsored `` white book '' about the Revolution , referred to how rebels detained thousands of people , and that thousands more had their names on death lists . In the city of Kaposvár , 64 persons including 13 army officers were detained on 31 October . In Budapest and other areas , the Hungarian Communist committees organised defence . At the Csepel neighbourhood of Budapest , some 250 Communists defended the Csepel Iron and Steel Works . On 27 October , army units were brought in to secure Csepel and restore order . They later withdrew on 29 October , after which the rebels seized control of the area . Communists of Budapest neighbourhood Angyalföld led more than 350 armed workers and 380 servicemen from the Láng Factory . Anti-fascist resistance veterans from World War II participated in the offensive by which the Szabad Nép newspaper 's building was recaptured . In the countryside , defence measures were taken by pro-Communist forces . In Békés County , in and around the town of Szarvas , the armed guards of the Communist Party were in control throughout . As the Hungarian resistance fought Soviet tanks using Molotov cocktails in the narrow streets of Budapest , revolutionary councils arose nationwide , assumed local governmental authority , and called for general strikes . Public Communist symbols such as red stars and Soviet war memorials were removed , and Communist books were burned . Spontaneous revolutionary militias arose , such as the 400 - man group loosely led by József Dudás , which attacked or murdered Soviet sympathisers and ÁVH members . Soviet units fought primarily in Budapest ; elsewhere the countryside was largely quiet . One armoured division stationed in Budapest , commanded by Pál Maléter , instead opted to join the insurgents . Soviet commanders often negotiated local cease - fires with the revolutionaries . In some regions , Soviet forces managed to quell revolutionary activity . In Budapest , the Soviets were eventually fought to a stand - still and hostilities began to wane . Hungarian general Béla Király , freed from a life sentence for political offences and acting with the support of the Nagy government , sought to restore order by unifying elements of the police , army and insurgent groups into a National Guard . A ceasefire was arranged on 28 October , and by 30 October most Soviet troops had withdrawn from Budapest to garrisons in the Hungarian countryside . Interlude ( edit ) Fighting ceased between 28 October and 4 November , as many Hungarians believed that Soviet military units were withdrawing from Hungary . There were approximately 213 Hungarian Working People 's Party members lynched or executed during this period . New government ( edit ) Flyer . Imre Nagy , Head of government -- 1956.10. 27 The rapid spread of the uprising in the streets of Budapest and the abrupt fall of the Gerő - Hegedüs government left the new national leadership surprised , and at first disorganised . Nagy , a loyal party reformer described as possessing `` only modest political skills '' , initially appealed to the public for calm and a return to the old order . Yet Nagy , the only remaining Hungarian leader with credibility in both the eyes of the public and the Soviets , `` at long last concluded that a popular uprising rather than a counter-revolution was taking place '' . At 13 : 20 on 28 October , Nagy announced an immediate and general cease - fire over the radio and , on behalf of the new national government , declared the following : that the government would assess the uprising not as counter-revolutionary but as a `` great , national and democratic event '' an unconditional general ceasefire and amnesty for those who participated in the uprising ; negotiations with the insurgents the dissolution of the ÁVH the establishment of a national guard the immediate withdrawal of Soviet troops from Budapest and negotiations for the withdrawal of all Soviet forces from Hungary On 1 November , in a radio address to the Hungarian people , Nagy formally declared Hungary 's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact as well as Hungary 's stance of neutrality . Because it held office only ten days , the National Government had little chance to clarify its policies in detail . However , newspaper editorials at the time stressed that Hungary should be a neutral , multi-party social democracy . Many political prisoners were released , most notably Cardinal József Mindszenty . Political parties that were previously banned , such as the Independent Smallholders and the National Peasant Party ( under the name `` Petőfi Party '' ) , reappeared to join the coalition . Crowd cheers Hungarian troops in Budapest During this time , in 1,170 communities across Hungary there were 348 cases in which revolutionary councils and protesters dismissed employees of the local administrative councils , 312 cases in which they sacked the persons in charge , and 215 cases in which they burned the local administrative files and records . In addition , in 681 communities demonstrators damaged symbols of Soviet authority such as red stars , Stalin or Lenin statues ; 393 in which they damaged Soviet war memorials , and 122 communities in which book burnings took place . Local revolutionary councils formed throughout Hungary , generally without involvement from the preoccupied National Government in Budapest , and assumed various responsibilities of local government from the defunct Communist party . By 30 October , these councils had been officially sanctioned by the Hungarian Working People 's Party , and the Nagy government asked for their support as `` autonomous , democratic local organs formed during the Revolution '' . Likewise , workers ' councils were established at industrial plants and mines , and many unpopular regulations such as production norms were eliminated . The workers ' councils strove to manage the enterprise while protecting workers ' interests , thus establishing a socialist economy free of rigid party control . Local control by the councils was not always bloodless ; in Debrecen , Győr , Sopron , Mosonmagyaróvár and other cities , crowds of demonstrators were fired upon by the ÁVH , with many lives lost . The ÁVH were disarmed , often by force , in many cases assisted by the local police . In total there were approximately 2,100 local revolutionary and workers councils with over 28,000 members . These councils held a combined conference in Budapest , deciding to end the nationwide labour strikes and resume work on 5 November , with the more important councils sending delegates to the Parliament to assure the Nagy government of their support . Soviet perspective ( edit ) On 24 October , the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( the Politburo ) discussed the political upheavals in Poland and Hungary . A hard - line faction led by Molotov was pushing for intervention , but Khrushchev and Marshal Zhukov were initially opposed . A delegation in Budapest reported that the situation was not as dire as had been portrayed . Khrushchev stated that he believed that Party Secretary Ernő Gerő 's request for intervention on 23 October indicated that the Hungarian Party still held the confidence of the Hungarian public . In addition , he saw the protests not as an ideological struggle , but as popular discontent over unresolved basic economic and social issues . The concurrent Suez Crisis was another reason to not intervene ; as Khrushchev said on 28 October , it would be a mistake to imitate the `` real mess '' of the French and British . After some debate , the Presidium on 30 October decided not to remove the new Hungarian government . Even Marshal Georgy Zhukov said : `` We should withdraw troops from Budapest , and if necessary withdraw from Hungary as a whole . This is a lesson for us in the military - political sphere . '' They adopted a Declaration of the Government of the USSR on the Principles of Development and Further Strengthening of Friendship and Cooperation between the Soviet Union and other Socialist States , which was issued the next day . This document proclaimed : `` The Soviet Government is prepared to enter into the appropriate negotiations with the government of the Hungarian People 's Republic and other members of the Warsaw Treaty on the question of the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of Hungary . '' Thus for a brief moment it looked like there could be a peaceful solution . Damaged Party headquarters on Köztársaság tér On 30 October , armed protesters attacked the ÁVH detachment guarding the Budapest Hungarian Working People 's Party headquarters on Köztársaság tér ( Republic Square ) , incited by rumours of prisoners held there and the earlier shootings of demonstrators by the ÁVH in the city of Mosonmagyaróvár . Over 20 ÁVH officers were killed , some of them lynched by the mob . Hungarian army tanks sent to rescue the party headquarters mistakenly bombarded the building . The head of the Budapest party committee , Imre Mező , was wounded and later died . Scenes from Republic Square were shown on Soviet newsreels a few hours later . Revolutionary leaders in Hungary condemned the incident and appealed for calm , and the mob violence soon died down , but images of the victims were nevertheless used as propaganda by various Communist organs . On 31 October the Soviet leaders decided to reverse their decision from the previous day . There is disagreement among historians whether Hungary 's declaration to exit the Warsaw Pact caused the second Soviet intervention . Minutes of 31 October meeting of the Presidium record that the decision to intervene militarily was taken one day before Hungary declared its neutrality and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact . Historians who deny that Hungarian neutrality -- or other factors such as Western inaction in Hungary or perceived Western weakness due to the Suez crisis -- caused the intervention state that the Soviet decision was based solely on the rapid loss of Communist control in Hungary . However , some Russian historians who are not advocates of the Communist era maintain that the Hungarian declaration of neutrality caused the Kremlin to intervene a second time . Two days earlier , on 30 October , when Soviet Politburo representatives Anastas Mikoyan and Mikhail Suslov were in Budapest , Nagy had hinted that neutrality was a long - term objective for Hungary , and that he was hoping to discuss this matter with the leaders in the Kremlin . This information was passed on to Moscow by Mikoyan and Suslov . At that time , Khrushchev was in Stalin 's dacha , considering his options regarding Hungary . One of his speech writers later said that the declaration of neutrality was an important factor in his subsequent decision to support intervention . In addition , some Hungarian leaders of the revolution as well as students had called for their country 's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact much earlier , and this may have influenced Soviet decision making . Several other key events alarmed the Presidium and cemented the interventionists ' position : Simultaneous movements towards multi-party parliamentary democracy , and a democratic national council of workers , which could `` lead towards a capitalist state . '' Both movements challenged the pre-eminence of the Soviet Communist Party in Eastern Europe and perhaps Soviet hegemony itself . Hannah Arendt considered the councils `` the only free and acting soviets ( councils ) in existence anywhere in the world '' . Khrushchev stated that many in the Communist Party would not understand a failure to respond with force in Hungary . Destalinisation had alienated the more conservative elements of the Party , who were alarmed at threats to Soviet influence in Eastern Europe . On 17 June 1953 , workers in East Berlin had staged an uprising , demanding the resignation of the government of the German Democratic Republic . This was quickly and violently put down with the help of the Soviet military , with 84 killed and wounded and 700 arrested . In June 1956 , in Poznań , Poland , an anti-government workers ' revolt had been suppressed by the Polish security forces with between 57 and 78 deaths and led to the installation of a less Soviet - controlled government . Additionally , by late October , unrest was noticed in some regional areas of the Soviet Union : while this unrest was minor , it was intolerable . Hungarian neutrality and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact represented a breach in the Soviet defensive buffer zone of satellite nations . Soviet fear of invasion from the West made a defensive buffer of allied states in Eastern Europe an essential security objective . Soviet T - 54 tanks in Budapest on 31 October In the light of what was taking place in China and the news from Budapest , these militants arrived at the conclusion that `` the Party is the incarnation of bureaucratic despotism '' and that `` socialism can develop only on the foundations of direct democracy '' . For them the struggle of the Hungarian workers was a struggle `` for the principle of direct democracy '' and `` all power should be transferred to the Workers Committees of Hungary '' . The Presidium decided to break the de facto ceasefire and crush the Hungarian revolution . The plan was to declare a `` Provisional Revolutionary Government '' under János Kádár , who would appeal for Soviet assistance to restore order . According to witnesses , Kádár was in Moscow in early November , and he was in contact with the Soviet embassy while still a member of the Nagy government . Delegations were sent to other Communist governments in Eastern Europe and China , seeking to avoid a regional conflict , and propaganda messages prepared for broadcast when the second Soviet intervention had begun . To disguise these intentions , Soviet diplomats were to engage the Nagy government in talks discussing the withdrawal of Soviet forces . According to some sources , the Chinese leader Mao Zedong played an important role in Khrushchev 's decision to suppress the Hungarian uprising . Chinese Communist Party Deputy Chairman Liu Shaoqi pressured Khrushchev to send in troops to put down the revolt by force . Although the relations between China and the Soviet Union had deteriorated during the recent years , Mao 's words still carried great weight in the Kremlin , and they were frequently in contact during the crisis . Initially , Mao opposed a second intervention , and this information was passed on to Khrushchev on 30 October , before the Presidium met and decided against intervention . Mao then changed his mind in favour of intervention but , according to William Taubman , it remains unclear when and how Khrushchev learned of this and thus if it influenced his decision on 31 October . From 1 to 3 November , Khrushchev left Moscow to meet with his European allies and inform them of the decision to intervene . At the first such meeting , he met with Władysław Gomułka in Brest . Then , he had talks with the Romanian , Czechoslovak , and Bulgarian leaders in Bucharest . Finally Khrushchev flew with Malenkov to Yugoslavia , where they met with Josip Broz Tito , who was on holiday on his island Brioni in the Adriatic . The Yugoslavs also persuaded Khrushchev to choose János Kádár instead of Ferenc Münnich as the new leader of Hungary . Two months after the Soviet crackdown , Tito confided in Nikolai Firiubin , the Soviet ambassador to Yugoslavia , that `` the reaction raised its head , especially in Croatia , where the reactionary elements openly incited the employees of the Yugoslav security organs to violence . '' International reaction ( edit ) Although John Foster Dulles , the United States Secretary of State recommended on 24 October for the United Nations Security Council to convene to discuss the situation in Hungary , little immediate action was taken to introduce a resolution , in part because other world events unfolded the day after the peaceful interlude started , when allied collusion started the Suez Crisis . The problem was not that Suez distracted US attention from Hungary but that it made the condemnation of Soviet actions very difficult . As Vice President Richard Nixon later explained , `` We could n't on one hand , complain about the Soviets intervening in Hungary and , on the other hand , approve of the British and the French picking that particular time to intervene against ( Gamel Abdel ) Nasser '' . The US response was reliant on the CIA to covertly effect change , with both covert agents and Radio Free Europe . However , their Hungarian operations collapsed rapidly and they could not locate any of the weapon caches hidden across Europe , nor be sure to whom they 'd send arms . The agency 's main source of information were the newspapers and a State Department employee in Budapest called Geza Katona . By 28 October , on the same night that the new Nagy government came to power , RFE was ramping up its broadcasts -- encouraging armed struggle , advising on how to combat tanks and signing off with `` Freedom or Death ! '' -- on the orders of Frank Wisner . When Nagy did come to power , CIA director Allen Dulles advised the White House that Cardinal Mindszenty would be a better leader ( due to Nagy 's communist past ) ; he had CIA radio broadcasts run propaganda against Nagy , calling him a traitor who 'd invited Soviet troops in . Broadcasts continued to broadcast armed response while the CIA mistakenly believed that the Hungarian army was switching sides and the rebels were gaining arms . ( Wisner was recorded as having a `` nervous breakdown '' by William Colby as the uprising was crushed ) March to support Hungary in Eindhoven , the Netherlands , 5 November 1956 Responding to the plea by Nagy at the time of the second massive Soviet intervention on 4 November , the Security Council resolution critical of Soviet actions was vetoed by the Soviet Union ; instead resolution 120 was adopted to pass the matter onto the General Assembly . The General Assembly , by a vote of 50 in favour , 8 against and 15 abstentions , called on the Soviet Union to end its Hungarian intervention , but the newly constituted Kádár government rejected UN observers . US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was aware of a detailed study of Hungarian resistance that recommended against US military intervention , and of earlier policy discussions within the National Security Council that focused upon encouraging discontent in Soviet satellite nations only by economic policies and political rhetoric . In a 1998 interview , Hungarian Ambassador Géza Jeszenszky was critical of Western inaction in 1956 , citing the influence of the United Nations at that time and giving the example of UN intervention in Korea from 1950 to 1953 . However , a Department of Defense study recently declassified by the National Security Archive suggests that one of the main reasons the United States did not intervene was the risk of inadvertently starting a nuclear war with the Soviet Union . These concerns made the Eisenhower Administration take a more cautious approach to the situation . During the uprising , the Radio Free Europe ( RFE ) Hungarian - language programs broadcast news of the political and military situation , as well as appealing to Hungarians to fight the Soviet forces , including tactical advice on resistance methods . After the Soviet suppression of the revolution , RFE was criticised for having misled the Hungarian people that NATO or United Nations would intervene if citizens continued to resist . Allen Dulles lied to Eisenhower that RFE had not promised US aid ; Eisenhower believed him , as the transcripts of the broadcasts were kept secret . Soviet intervention of 4 November ( edit ) Play media 1 November newsreel about the situation in Hungary On 1 November , Imre Nagy received reports that Soviet forces had entered Hungary from the east and were moving towards Budapest . Nagy sought and received assurances ( which proved false ) from Soviet ambassador Yuri Andropov that the Soviet Union would not invade . The Cabinet , with János Kádár in agreement , declared Hungary 's neutrality , withdrew from the Warsaw Pact , and requested assistance from the diplomatic corps in Budapest and the UN Secretary - General to defend Hungary 's neutrality . Ambassador Andropov was asked to inform his government that Hungary would begin negotiations on the removal of Soviet forces immediately . On 3 November , a Hungarian delegation led by the Minister of Defense Pál Maléter were invited to attend negotiations on Soviet withdrawal at the Soviet Military Command at Tököl , near Budapest . At around midnight that evening , General Ivan Serov , Chief of the Soviet Security Police ( KGB ) ordered the arrest of the Hungarian delegation , and the next day , the Soviet army again attacked Budapest . A Soviet built armored car burns on a street in Budapest in November During the early morning hours of 4 November , Ferenc Münnich announced on Radio Szolnok the establishment of the `` Revolutionary Workers ' - Peasants ' Government of Hungary '' . The second Soviet intervention , codenamed `` Operation Whirlwind '' , was launched by Marshal Ivan Konev . The five Soviet divisions stationed in Hungary before 23 October were augmented to a total strength of 17 divisions . The 8th Mechanized Army under command of Lieutenant General Hamazasp Babadzhanian and the 38th Army under Lieutenant General Hadzhi - Umar Mamsurovs from the nearby Carpathian Military District were deployed to Hungary for the operation . Some rank - and - file Soviet soldiers reportedly believed they were being sent to Berlin to fight German fascists . By 21 : 30 on 3 November , the Soviet Army had completely encircled Budapest . At 03 : 00 on 4 November , Soviet tanks penetrated Budapest along the Pest side of the Danube in two thrusts : one up the Soroksári road from the south and the other down the Váci road from the north . Thus before a single shot was fired , the Soviets had effectively split the city in half , controlled all bridgeheads , and were shielded to the rear by the wide Danube river . Armoured units crossed into Buda and at 04 : 25 fired the first shots at the army barracks on Budaörsi Road . Soon after , Soviet artillery and tank fire was heard in all districts of Budapest . Operation Whirlwind combined air strikes , artillery , and the co-ordinated tank - infantry action of 17 divisions . Two Soviet ISU - 152 assault guns positioned in a street in Budapest 8th District . An abandoned T - 34 / 85 stands behind them Between 4 and 9 November , the Hungarian Army put up sporadic and disorganised resistance , with Marshal Zhukov reporting the disarming of twelve divisions , two armoured regiments , and the entire Hungarian Air Force . The Hungarian Army continued its most formidable resistance in various districts of Budapest and in and around the city of Pécs in the Mecsek Mountains , and in the industrial centre of Dunaújváros ( then called Stalintown ) . Fighting in Budapest consisted of between ten and fifteen thousand resistance fighters , with the heaviest fighting occurring in the working - class stronghold of Csepel on the Danube River . Although some very senior officers were openly pro-Soviet , the rank and file soldiers were overwhelmingly loyal to the revolution and either fought against the invasion or deserted . The United Nations reported that there were no recorded incidents of Hungarian Army units fighting on the side of the Soviets . At 05 : 20 on 4 November , Imre Nagy broadcast his final plea to the nation and the world , announcing that Soviet Forces were attacking Budapest and that the Government remained at its post . The radio station , Free Kossuth Rádió , stopped broadcasting at 08 : 07 . An emergency Cabinet meeting was held in the Parliament but was attended by only three ministers . As Soviet troops arrived to occupy the building , a negotiated evacuation ensued , leaving Minister of State István Bibó as the last representative of the National Government remaining at his post . He wrote For Freedom and Truth , a stirring proclamation to the nation and the world . Ruszkik haza ! ( Russians go home ! ) slogan in Budapest At 06 : 00 , on 4 November , in the town of Szolnok , János Kádár proclaimed the `` Hungarian Revolutionary Worker - Peasant Government '' . His statement declared `` We must put an end to the excesses of the counter-revolutionary elements . The hour for action has sounded . We are going to defend the interest of the workers and peasants and the achievements of the people 's democracy . '' Later that evening , Kádár called upon `` the faithful fighters of the true cause of socialism '' to come out of hiding and take up arms . However , Hungarian support did not materialise ; the fighting did not take on the character of an internally divisive civil war , but rather , in the words of a United Nations report , that of `` a well - equipped foreign army crushing by overwhelming force a national movement and eliminating the Government . '' Rubble after end of fighting in Budapest 8th District By 08 : 00 organised defence of the city evaporated after the radio station was seized , and many defenders fell back to fortified positions . During the same hour , the parliamentary guard laid down their arms , and forces under Major General K. Grebennik captured Parliament and liberated captured ministers of the Rákosi - Hegedüs government . Among the liberated were István Dobi and Sándor Rónai , both of whom became members of the re-established socialist Hungarian government . As they came under attack even in civilian quarters , Soviet troops were unable to differentiate military from civilian targets . For this reason , Soviet tanks often crept along main roads firing indiscriminately into buildings . Hungarian resistance was strongest in the industrial areas of Budapest , with Csepel heavily targeted by Soviet artillery and air strikes . The longest holdouts against the Soviet assault occurred in Csepel and in Dunaújváros , where fighting lasted until 11 November before the insurgents finally succumbed to the Soviets . At the end of the fighting , Hungarian casualties totalled around 2,500 dead with an additional 20,000 wounded . Budapest bore the brunt of the bloodshed , with 1,569 civilians killed . Approximately 53 percent of the dead were workers , and about half of all the casualties were people younger than thirty . On the Soviet side , 699 men were killed , 1,450 men were wounded , and 51 men were missing in action . Estimates place around 80 percent of all casualties occurring in fighting with the insurgents in the eighth and ninth districts of Budapest . Soviet version of the events ( edit ) Soviet reports of the events surrounding , during , and after the disturbance were remarkably consistent in their accounts , more so after the Second Soviet intervention cemented support for the Soviet position among international Communist Parties . Pravda published an account 36 hours after the outbreak of violence , which set the tone for all further reports and subsequent Soviet historiography : On 23 October , the honest socialist Hungarians demonstrated against mistakes made by the Rákosi and Gerő governments . Fascist , Hitlerite , reactionary , counter-revolutionary hooligans financed by the imperialist West took advantage of the unrest to stage a counter-revolution . The honest Hungarian people under Nagy appealed to Soviet ( Warsaw Pact ) forces stationed in Hungary to assist in restoring order . The Nagy government was ineffective , allowing itself to be penetrated by counter-revolutionary influences , weakening then disintegrating , as proven by Nagy 's culminating denouncement of the Warsaw Pact . Hungarian patriots under Kádár broke with the Nagy government and formed a government of honest Hungarian revolutionary workers and peasants ; this genuinely popular government petitioned the Soviet command to help put down the counter-revolution . Hungarian patriots , with Soviet assistance , smashed the counter-revolution . The first Soviet report came out 24 hours after the first Western report . Nagy 's appeal to the United Nations was not reported . After Nagy was arrested outside the Yugoslav embassy , his arrest was not reported . Nor did accounts explain how Nagy went from patriot to traitor . The Soviet press reported calm in Budapest while the Western press reported a revolutionary crisis was breaking out . According to the Soviet account , Hungarians never wanted a revolution at all . In January 1957 , representatives of the Soviet Union , Bulgaria , Hungary , and Romania met in Budapest to review internal developments in Hungary since the establishment of the Soviet - imposed government . A communiqué on the meeting `` unanimously concluded '' that Hungarian workers , with the leadership of the Kádár government and support of the Soviet army , defeated attempts `` to eliminate the socialist achievements of the Hungarian people '' . Soviet , Chinese , and other Warsaw Pact governments urged Kádár to proceed with interrogation and trial of former Nagy government ministers , and asked for punitive measures against the `` counter-revolutionists '' . In addition the Kádár government published an extensive series of `` white books '' ( The Counter-Revolutionary Forces in the October Events in Hungary ) documenting real incidents of violence against Communist Party and ÁVH members , and the confessions of Nagy supporters . These white books were widely distributed in several languages in most of the socialist countries and , while based in fact , present factual evidence with a colouring and narrative not generally supported by non-Soviet aligned historians . Aftermath ( edit ) Hungary ( edit ) In the immediate aftermath , many thousands of Hungarians were arrested . Eventually , 26,000 of these were brought before the Hungarian courts , 22,000 were sentenced and imprisoned , 13,000 interned , and 229 executed . Approximately 200,000 fled Hungary as refugees . Former Hungarian Foreign Minister Géza Jeszenszky estimated 350 were executed . Sporadic resistance and strikes by workers ' councils continued until mid-1957 , causing economic disruption . By 1963 , most political prisoners from the 1956 Hungarian revolution had been released . With most of Budapest under Soviet control by 8 November , Kádár became Prime Minister of the `` Revolutionary Worker - Peasant Government '' and General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party . Few Hungarians rejoined the reorganised Party , its leadership having been purged under the supervision of the Soviet Praesidium , led by Georgy Malenkov and Mikhail Suslov . Although Party membership declined from 800,000 before the uprising to 100,000 by December 1956 , Kádár steadily increased his control over Hungary and neutralised dissenters . The new government attempted to enlist support by espousing popular principles of Hungarian self - determination voiced during the uprising , but Soviet troops remained . After 1956 the Soviet Union severely purged the Hungarian Army and reinstituted political indoctrination in the units that remained . In May 1957 , the Soviet Union increased its troop levels in Hungary and by treaty Hungary accepted the Soviet presence on a permanent basis . The Red Cross and the Austrian Army established refugee camps in Traiskirchen and Graz . Imre Nagy along with Georg Lukács , Géza Losonczy , and László Rajk 's widow , Júlia , took refuge in the Embassy of Yugoslavia as Soviet forces overran Budapest . Despite assurances of safe passage out of Hungary by the Soviets and the Kádár government , Nagy and his group were arrested when attempting to leave the embassy on 22 November and taken to Romania . Losonczy died while on a hunger strike in prison awaiting trial when his jailers `` carelessly pushed a feeding tube down his windpipe . '' The remainder of the group was returned to Budapest in 1958 . Nagy was executed , along with Pál Maléter and Miklós Gimes , after secret trials in June 1958 . Their bodies were placed in unmarked graves in the Municipal Cemetery outside Budapest . During the November 1956 Soviet assault on Budapest , Cardinal Mindszenty was granted political asylum at the United States embassy , where he lived for the next 15 years , refusing to leave Hungary unless the government reversed his 1949 conviction for treason . Because of poor health and a request from the Vatican , he finally left the embassy for Austria in September 1971 . International ( edit ) Despite Cold War rhetoric by western countries espousing a roll - back of the domination of Europe by the USSR and Soviet promises of the imminent triumph of socialism , national leaders of this period as well as later historians saw the failure of the uprising in Hungary as evidence that the Cold War in Europe had become a stalemate . The Foreign Minister of West Germany recommended that the people of Eastern Europe be discouraged from `` taking dramatic action which might have disastrous consequences for themselves . '' The Secretary - General of NATO called the Hungarian revolt `` the collective suicide of a whole people '' . In a newspaper interview in 1957 , Khrushchev commented `` support by United States ... is rather in the nature of the support that the rope gives to a hanged man . '' Eleanor Roosevelt meets exiled Hungarian revolutionaries at Camp Roeder in Salzburg , 10 May 1957 In January 1957 , United Nations Secretary - General Dag Hammarskjöld , acting in response to UN General Assembly resolutions requesting investigation and observation of the events in Soviet - occupied Hungary , established the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary . The Committee , with representatives from Australia , Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) , Denmark , Tunisia , and Uruguay , conducted hearings in New York , Geneva , Rome , Vienna , and London . Over five months , 111 refugees were interviewed including ministers , military commanders and other officials of the Nagy government , workers , revolutionary council members , factory managers and technicians , Communists and non-Communists , students , writers , teachers , medical personnel , and Hungarian soldiers . Documents , newspapers , radio transcripts , photos , film footage , and other records from Hungary were also reviewed , as well as written testimony of 200 other Hungarians . The governments of Hungary and Romania refused the UN officials of the Committee entry , and the government of the Soviet Union did not respond to requests for information . The 268 - page Committee Report was presented to the General Assembly in June 1957 , documenting the course of the uprising and Soviet intervention , and concluding that `` the Kádár government and Soviet occupation were in violation of the human rights of the Hungarian people . '' A General Assembly resolution was approved , deploring `` the repression of the Hungarian people and the Soviet occupation '' but no other action was taken . The chairman of the Committee was Alsing Andersen , a Danish politician and leading figure of Denmark 's Social Democratic Party . He served in the Buhl government in 1942 during the Nazi German occupation of Denmark . He defended collaboration with the occupation forces and denounced the Resistance . He was appointed Interior Minister in 1947 , but resigned because of scrutiny of his role in 1940 as Defence Minister . He then entered Denmark 's UN delegation in 1948 . The Committee Report and the motives of its authors were criticised by delegations to the United Nations . The Hungarian representative disagreed with the report 's conclusions , accusing it of falsifying the events , and argued that the establishment of the Committee was illegal . The Committee was accused of being hostile to Hungary and its social system . An article in the Russian journal `` International Affairs '' , published by the Foreign Affairs Ministry , carried an article in 1957 in which it denounced the report as a `` collection of falsehoods and distortions '' . Time magazine named the Hungarian Freedom Fighter its Man of the Year for 1956 . The accompanying Time article comments that this choice could not have been anticipated until the explosive events of the revolution , almost at the end of 1956 . The magazine cover and accompanying text displayed an artist 's depiction of a Hungarian freedom fighter , and used pseudonyms for the three participants whose stories are the subject of the article . In 2006 , Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány referred to this famous Time Man of the Year cover as `` the faces of free Hungary '' in a speech to mark the 50th anniversary of the 1956 uprising . Prime Minister Gyurcsány , in a joint appearance with British Prime Minister Tony Blair , commented specifically on the Time cover itself , that `` It is an idealised image but the faces of the figures are really the face of the revolutionaries '' At the Melbourne Olympics in 1956 , the Soviet handling of the Hungarian uprising led to a boycott by Spain , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . At the Olympic Village , the Hungarian delegation tore down the Communist Hungarian flag and raised the flag of Free Hungary in its place . A confrontation between Soviet and Hungarian teams occurred in the semi-final match of the water polo tournament on 6 December . The match was extremely violent , and was halted in the final minute to quell fighting among spectators . This match , now known as the `` blood in the water match '' , became the subject of several films . The Hungarian team won the game 4 -- 0 and later was awarded the Olympic gold medal . Norway declined an invitation to the inaugural Bandy World Championship in 1957 , citing the presence of a team from the Soviet Union as the reason . On Sunday , 28 October 1956 , as some 55 million Americans watched Ed Sullivan 's popular television variety show , with the then 21 - year - old Elvis Presley headlining for the second time , Sullivan asked viewers to send aid to Hungarian refugees fleeing from the effects of the Soviet invasion . Presley himself made another request for donations during his third and last appearance on Sullivan 's show on 6 January 1957 . Presley then dedicated a song for the finale , which he thought fit the mood of the time , namely the gospel song `` Peace in the Valley '' . By the end of 1957 , these contributions , distributed by the Geneva - based International Red Cross as food rations , clothing , and other essentials , had amounted to some SFR 26 million ( US $6 million in 1957 dollars ) , the equivalent of $52,300,000 in today 's dollars . On 1 March 2011 , István Tarlós , the Mayor of Budapest , made Presley an honorary citizen , posthumously , and a plaza located at the intersection of two of the city 's most important avenues was named after Presley , as a gesture of gratitude . Meanwhile , as the 1950s drew to a close the events in Hungary produced fractures within the Communist political parties of Western European countries . The Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) suffered a split . According to the official newspaper of the PCI , l'Unità , most ordinary members and the Party leadership , including Palmiro Togliatti and Giorgio Napolitano , supported the actions of the Soviet Union in suppressing the uprising . However Giuseppe Di Vittorio , chief of the Communist trade union CGIL , spoke out against the leadership 's position , as did prominent party members Antonio Giolitti , Loris Fortuna , and many others influential in the Communist party . Pietro Nenni of the Italian Socialist Party , a close ally of the PCI , opposed the Soviet intervention as well . Napolitano , elected in 2006 as President of the Italian Republic , wrote in his 2005 political autobiography that he regretted his justification of Soviet action in Hungary , stating at the time he believed Party unity and the leadership of Soviet communism was more important . The Communist Party of Great Britain , ( CPGB ) , suffered the loss of thousands of party members following the events in Hungary . Though Peter Fryer , correspondent for the CPGB newspaper The Daily Worker , reported on the violent suppression of the uprising , his dispatches were heavily censored by the party leadership . Upon his return from Hungary Fryer resigned from the paper . He was later expelled by the Communist Party . In France , moderate Communists , such as historian Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie , resigned , questioning the French Communist Party 's policy of supporting Soviet actions . The French philosopher and writer Albert Camus wrote an open letter , The Blood of the Hungarians , criticising the West 's lack of action . Even Jean - Paul Sartre , still a determined Communist , criticised the Soviets in his article Le Fantôme de Staline , in Situations VII . Left Communists were particularly supportive of the revolution . Commemoration ( edit ) Memorial plaque at the Embassy of Serbia , Budapest in memory of Imre Nagy who took sanctuary there during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 In December 1991 , the preamble of the treaties with the dismembered Soviet Union , under Mikhail Gorbachev , and Russia , represented by Boris Yeltsin , apologised officially for the 1956 Soviet actions in Hungary . This apology was repeated by Yeltsin in 1992 during a speech to the Hungarian parliament . On 13 February 2006 , the US State Department commemorated the fiftieth anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice commented on the contributions made by 1956 Hungarian refugees to the United States and other host countries , as well as the role of Hungary in providing refuge to East Germans during the 1989 protests against Communist rule . US President George W. Bush also visited Hungary on 22 June 2006 , to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary . On 16 June 1989 , the 31st anniversary of his execution , Imre Nagy 's body was reburied with full honours . The Republic of Hungary was declared in 1989 on the 33rd anniversary of the Revolution , and 23 October is now a Hungarian national holiday . In the north - west corner of MacArthur Park in Los Angeles , California , the Hungarian - American community built a commemorative statue to honour the Hungarian freedom fighters . Built in the late 1960s , the obelisk statue stands with an American eagle watching over the city of Los Angeles . There are several monuments dedicated to the Commemoration of the Hungarian Revolution throughout the United States . One such monument may be found here in Cleveland , Ohio at the Cardinal Mindszenty Plaza There is also a monument of A Boy From Pest in the town of Szczecin , Poland . See also ( edit ) Hungary portal Soviet Union portal Cold War portal Significant events of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cultural representations of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 House of Terror Museum in Budapest `` Blood in the Water '' match on the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne Kronstadt rebellion Prague Spring Western betrayal Children of Glory 1953 East German Uprising Poznań 1956 protests References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sources vary widely on numbers of Soviet forces involved in the intervention . The UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) estimated 75,000 -- 200,000 troops and 1,600 -- 4,000 tanks OSZK.hu ( p. 56 , para. 183 ) , but recently released Soviet archives ( available in Lib.ru , Maksim Moshkow 's Library ) list the troop strength of the Soviet forces as 31,550 , with 1,130 tanks and self - propelled artillery pieces . Lib.ru Archived 9 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Györkei , Jenõ ; Kirov , Alexandr ; Horvath , Miklos ( 1999 ) . Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary , 1956 . New York : Central European University Press . p. 370 table 111 . ISBN 963 - 9116 - 35 - 1 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter V footnote 8 '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ `` B&J '' : Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson , International Conflict : A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945 -- 1995 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Alternate references are `` Hungarian Revolt '' and `` Hungarian Uprising '' . In Hungarian , first the term `` felkelés '' ( uprising ) was used , then in the 1957 -- 1988 period the term `` ellenforradalom '' ( counter-revolution ) was mandated by the government , while the new official name after 1990 has become `` forradalom és szabadságharc '' ( revolution and freedom fight ) to imitate the old expression for the 1848 -- 1849 revolution . Another explanation of the terms is that `` Revolution '' conforms to both English ( see US Department of State background on Hungary ) and Hungarian ( `` forradalom '' ) conventions . There is a distinction between the `` complete overthrow '' of a revolution and an uprising or revolt that may or may not be successful ( Oxford English Dictionary ) . The 1956 Hungarian event , although short - lived , is a true `` revolution '' in that the sitting government was deposed . Unlike the terms `` coup d'état '' and `` putsch '' that imply action of a few , the 1956 revolution was initiated by the masses . Jump up ^ Kertesz , Stephen D. ( 1953 ) . `` Chapter VIII ( Hungary , a Republic ) '' . Diplomacy in a Whirlpool : Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia . University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame , Indiana . pp. 139 -- 52 . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 7540 - 2 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 October 2006 ^ Jump up to : UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . A ( Developments before 22 October 1956 ) , paragraph 47 ( p. 18 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IX D , para 426 ( p. 133 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II. N , para 89 ( xi ) ( p. 31 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . A ( Developments before 22 October 1956 ) , paragraphs 49 ( p. 18 ) , 379 -- 80 ( p. 122 ) and 382 -- 85 ( p. 123 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) ^ Jump up to : Crampton , R.J. ( 2003 ) . Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century -- and After , p. 295 . Routledge : London . ISBN 0 - 415 - 16422 - 2 . Jump up ^ Video : Hungary in Flames CEU.hu Archived 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . producer : CBS ( 1958 ) -- Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 -- 0 -- 1 : 40 ^ Jump up to : Litván , György ( 1996 ) . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 : Reform , Revolt and Repression . London : Longman . ^ Jump up to : Tőkés , Rudolf L. ( 1998 ) . Hungary 's Negotiated Revolution : Economic Reform , Social Change and Political Succession , p. 317 . Cambridge University Press : Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57850 - 7 ^ Jump up to : John Lukacs ( 1994 ) . Budapest 1900 : A Historical Portrait of a City and Its Culture . Grove Press . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3250 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gati , Charles ( September 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt . Stanford University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . Gati describes `` the most gruesome forms of psychological and physical torture ... The reign of terror ( by the Rákosi government ) turned out to be harsher and more extensive than it was in any of the other Soviet satellites in Central and Eastern Europe . '' He further references a report prepared after the collapse of communism , the Fact Finding Commission Törvénytelen szocializmus ( Lawless Socialism ) : `` Between 1950 and early 1953 , the courts dealt with 650,000 cases ( of political crimes ) , of whom 387,000 or 4 percent of the population were found guilty . ( Budapest , Zrínyi Kiadó / Új Magyarország , 1991 , 154 ) . Jump up ^ Kardos , József ( 2003 ) . `` Monograph '' ( PDF ) . Iskolakultúra ( in Hungarian ) . University of Pécs. 6 -- 7 ( June -- July 2003 ) : 73 -- 80 . Retrieved 9 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Burant , Stephen R. , ed. ( 1990 ) . Hungary : a country study ( 2nd ed . ) . Federal Research Division , Library of Congress . p. 320 . , Chapter 2 ( The Society and Its Environment ) `` Religion and Religious Organizations '' Jump up ^ Douglas , J.D. and Philip Comfort ( eds . ) ( 1992 ) . Who 's Who in Christian History , p. 478 . Tyndale House : Carol Stream , Illinois . ISBN 0 - 8423 - 1014 - 2 Jump up ^ The Avalon Project at Yale Law School : Armistice Agreement with Hungary ; 20 January 1945 Archived 9 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 27 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Kertesz , Stephen D. ( 1953 ) . `` Memorandum of the Hungarian National Bank on Reparations , Appendix Document 16 '' . Diplomacy in a Whirlpool : Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia . University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame , Indiana . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 7540 - 2 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Magyar Nemzeti Bank -- English Site : History Archived 30 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 27 August 2006 According to Wikipedia Hyperinflation article , 4.19 × 10 percent per month ( prices doubled every 15 hours ) . Jump up ^ Kertesz , Stephen D. ( 1953 ) . `` Chapter IX ( Soviet Russia and Hungary 's Economy ) '' . Diplomacy in a Whirlpool : Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia . University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame , Indiana . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 7540 - 2 . Archived from the original on 7 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Bognár , Sándor ; Iván Pető ; Sándor Szakács ( 1985 ) . A hazai gazdaság négy évtizedének története 1945 -- 1985 ( The history of four decades of the national economy , 1945 -- 1985 ) . Budapest : Közdazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó . ISBN 963 - 221 - 554 - 0 . pp. 214 , 217 ( in Hungarian ) Jump up ^ Transformation of the Hungarian economy The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution ( 2003 ) . Retrieved 27 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress : Country Studies : Hungary , Chapter 3 Economic Policy and Performance , 1945 -- 85 . Retrieved 27 August 2006 . Jump up ^ János M. Rainer ( 4 October 1997 ) . `` Stalin and Rákosi , Stalin and Hungary , 1949 -- 1953 '' . `` European Archival Evidence . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe '' workshop , Budapest , 1956 Institute . Retrieved 23 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Gati , Charles ( September 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt . Stanford University Press . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev , First Secretary , Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( 24 -- 25 February 1956 ) . `` On the Personality Cult and its Consequences '' . Special report at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Archived from the original on 4 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 August 2006 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . A ( Developments before 22 October 1956 ) , paragraph 48 ( p. 18 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Legacy of Ashes : The History of the CIA by Tim Weiner , p. 144 ( 2008 Penguin Books edition ) Jump up ^ Halsall , Paul ( Editor ) ( November 1998 ) . `` The Warsaw Pact , 1955 ; Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Mutual Assistance '' . Internet Modern History Sourcebook . Fordham University . Retrieved 8 October 2006 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Video ( in German ) : Berichte aus Budapest : Der Ungarn Aufstand 1956 ( ( CEU.hu Director : Helmut Dotterweich , ( 1986 ) -- Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 - 0 - 1 : 27 ) ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter VIII The Question Of The Presence And The Utilization Of The Soviet Armed Forces In The Light Of Hungary 's International Commitments , Section D . The demand for withdrawal of Soviet armed forces , para 339 ( p. 105 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) ^ Jump up to : `` Notes from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting with Satellite Leaders , 24 October 1956 '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Machcewicz , Paweł ( June 2006 ) . `` 1956 -- A European Date '' . culture.pl . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Borhi , László ( 1999 ) . `` Containment , Rollback , Liberation or Inaction ? The United States and Hungary in the 1950s '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Cold War Studies . 1 ( 3 ) : 67 -- 108 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039799316976814 . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Legacy of Ashes : The History of the CIA by Tim Weiner , page 145 ( 2008 Penguin Books edition ) ^ Jump up to : Legacy of Ashes : The History of the CIA by Tim Weiner , p. 149 ( 2008 Penguin Books edition ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IX . B ( The background of the uprising ) , para 384 ( p. 123 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Andreas , Gémes ( 2006 ) . James S. Amelang , Siegfried Beer , eds . International Relations and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution : a Cold War Case Study ( PDF ) . Public Power in Europe . Studies in Historical Transformations . CLIOHRES . p. 231 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 14 October 2006 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Internet Modern History Sourcebook : Resolution by students of the Building Industry Technological University : Sixteen Political , Economic , and Ideological Points , Budapest , 22 October 1956 . Retrieved 22 October 2006 . Jump up ^ United Nations Report of the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary . p. 145 , para 441 . Retrieved 11 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Video ( in Hungarian ) : The First Hours of the Revolution ( ( ( 1 ) director : György Ordódy , producer : Duna Televízió -- Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 - 0 - 1 : 40 ) ) Jump up ^ `` SIR , -- The whole body of Hungarian intel - lectuals has issued the following Manifesto : '' . The Spectator Archive . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Heller , Andor ( 1957 ) . No More Comrades . Chicago : Henry Regnery Company . pp. 9 -- 84 . ASIN B0007DOQP0 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . A ( Meetings and demonstrations ) , para 54 ( p. 19 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) ^ Jump up to : UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . C ( The First Shots ) , para 55 ( p. 20 ) & para 464 ( p. 149 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ `` A Hollow Tolerance '' . Time . 23 July 1965 . Retrieved 23 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . C ( The First Shots ) , para 56 ( p. 20 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . C ( The First Shots ) , paragraphs 56 -- 57 ( p. 20 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Gati , Charles ( September 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt . Stanford University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . Gati states : `` discovered in declassified documents , the Soviet Ministry of Defense had begun to prepare for large - scale turmoil in Hungary as early as July 1956 . Codenamed `` Wave '' , the plan called for restoration of order in less than six hours ... the Soviet Army was ready . More than 30,000 troops were dispatched to -- and 6,000 reached -- Budapest by the 24th , that is , in less than a day . '' Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II. C , para 58 ( p. 20 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IV. C , para 225 ( p. 71 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) ^ Jump up to : UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II. C , para 57 ( p. 20 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II. N , para 89 ( ix ) ( p. 31 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IV . B ( Resistance of the Hungarian people ) para 166 ( p. 52 ) and XI. H ( Further developments ) para 480 ( p 152 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) ^ Jump up to : UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter X.I , para 482 ( p. 153 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Gati , Charles ( September 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt . Stanford University Press . p. 159 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II. F , para 64 ( p. 22 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) ^ Jump up to : Lendvai , Paul ( 2008 ) . One Day That Shook the Communist World : The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy . Princeton , NJ : Princeton UP . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II. F , para 65 ( p. 22 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter XII. B , para 565 ( p. 174 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Олег Филимонов : Мифы о восстании -- ПОЛИТ. РУ . Polit.ru ( 30 October 2006 ) . Retrieved on 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ János Berecz. 1956 Counter-Revolution in Hungary . Akadémiai Kiadó. 1986 . p. 116 Jump up ^ Berecz , 117 Jump up ^ Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) , KGB Chief Serov 's report , 29 October 1956 , ( by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars ) Retrieved 8 October 2006 Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IV. C , para 167 ( p. 53 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Gati , Charles ( 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest , and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt ( Cold War International History Project Series ) . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . ( pp. 176 -- 77 ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . F ( Political Developments ) II . G ( Mr. Nagy clarifies his position ) , paragraphs 67 -- 70 ( p. 23 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Video : Narrator : Walter Cronkite , producer ( 1956 ) . Revolt in Hungary . Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary . CBS . HU OSA 306 -- 0 -- 1 : 40 . Archived from the original on 17 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Ellenforradalmi erők a magyar októberi eseményekben 1 -- 5 , Budapest : a Magyar Népköztársaság Minisztertanácsa Tájekoztatási Hivatala , 1956 -- 8 ; available in translation as The counter-revolutionary forces in the October events in Hungary 1 -- 5 ( volumes after 2 variously titled , including 5 : The counter-revolutionary conspiracy of Imre Nagy and his accomplices ) Budapest : Information Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People 's Republic , 1957 -- 1958 ; names 213 people killed by the rebels . Jump up ^ Gati , Charles ( September 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt . Stanford University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gati , Charles ( September 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt . Stanford University Press . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . F ( Political developments ) , paragraph 66 ( p. 22 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Zinner , Paul E. ( 1962 ) . Revolution in Hungary . Books for Libraries Press . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 6817 - 4 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter XII . D ( Reassertion of Political Rights ) , paragraph 339 ( p. 105 ) and paragraph 583 ( p. 179 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Video : Revolt in Hungary `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 November 2007 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Narrator : Walter Cronkite , producer : CBS ( 1956 ) -- Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 -- 0 -- 1 : 40 Jump up ^ Vincent E McHale ( 1983 ) Political parties of Europe , Greenwood Press , p. 508 ISBN 0 - 313 - 23804 - 9 Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . F ( A Brief History of the Hungarian Uprising ) , paragraph 66 ( p. 22 ) and footnote 26 ( p. 183 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ George Mikes , BBC correspondent ( 1956 ) . `` Video : Report on the 1956 Hungarian Revolution '' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2007 . Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 -- 0 -- 1 : 1 Jump up ^ Hungary : workers ' councils against Russian tanks in International Socialism ( magazine ) Issue : 112 ( Posted : 12 October 6 ) Jump up ^ ' ' Hungary ' 56 : `` the proletariat storming heaven '' -- Mouvement Communiste ' ' . Libcom.org ( 19 July 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Andy Anderson 1956 : The Hungarian Revolution -- 15 . The Workers ' Councils ^ Jump up to : UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter XI ( Revolutionary and Workers ' Councils ) , paragraph 485 -- 560 ( pp. 154 -- 70 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . E ( Revolutionary and Workers ' Councils ) , paragraph 63 ( p. 22 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) ^ Jump up to : Mastny , Vojtech ( March 2002 ) . `` NATO in the Beholder 's Eye : Soviet Perceptions and Policies , 1949 -- 56 '' ( PDF ) . Cold War International History Project . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on October 30 , 1956 '' ( PDF ) . Cold War International History Project . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 30 October 1956 . Retrieved 20 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` When the Soviet Union nearly blinked '' , BBC News , 23 October 2006 Jump up ^ Declaration of the Government of the USSR on the Principles of Development and Further Strengthening of Friendship and Cooperation between the Soviet Union and other Socialist States 30 October 1956 , Printed in The Department of State Bulletin , XXXV , No. 907 ( 12 November 1956 ) , pp. 745 -- 47 . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Mark Kramer , `` New Evidence on Soviet Decision - making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises '' ( PDF ) , Cold War International History Project Bulletin , page 368 . ^ Jump up to : The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution : Part 3 . Days of Freedom Jump up ^ Gati , Charles ( September 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt . Stanford University Press . p. 177 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Parsons , Nicholas T. `` Narratives of 1956 '' . The Hungarian Quarterly . XLVIII ( Summer 2007 ) . Archived from the original on 8 June 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ William Taubman : Khrushchev : The Man and His Era ( 2005 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7564 - 4 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Szakolczai , Attila . Pál , Germuska ; Zoltán , Lux , eds . Lesson 3 : The Days of Freedom . The History of the Hungarian revolution of 1956 . Budapest : The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Working Notes and Attached Extract from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting , October 31 , 1956 '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 8 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Sebestyen , Victor , Ungernrevolten 1956 : Tolv dagar som skakade världen ( 2006 ) , p. 286 . ( Swedish edition of Twelve Days : The Story of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution ) , ISBN 91 - 518 - 4612 - 8 . ( Cites Borhi , Hungary in the Cold War ( 2004 ) , pp. 243 -- 49 . ) Jump up ^ Mark Kramer , `` New Evidence on Soviet Decision - making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises '' ( PDF ) , Cold War International History Project Bulletin , page 369 . Jump up ^ Sebestyen , Victor , Ungernrevolten 1956 : Tolv dagar som skakade världen ( 2006 ) , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Sebestyen , Victor , Ungernrevolten 1956 : Tolv dagar som skakade världen ( 2006 ) , p. 286 . ( Cites Burlatsky , Khrushchev and the first Russian Spring ( 1991 ) , pp. 88 -- 94 . ) Jump up ^ Johanna Granville , `` New Insights on the 1956 Crisis '' , 2000 -- 01 Jump up ^ Rainer , János M. ( 1 November 1996 ) . `` Decision in the Kremlin , 1956 -- the Malin Notes '' . Paper presented at Rutgers University . The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . Retrieved 23 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cold War International History Project : Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 1 November 1956 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Arendt , Hannah ( 1958 ) ( 1951 ) . Origins of Totalitarianism . New York : Harcourt . pp. 480 -- 510 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 670153 - 7 . Jump up ^ Auer , Stefan ( 25 October 2006 ) . `` Hannah Arendt , Totalitarianism and the Revolutions in Central Europe : 1956 , 1968 , 1989 '' . Eurozine . Retrieved 27 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) , Report from A. Grechko and Tarasov in Berlin to N.A. Bulganin , ( by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars ) Retrieved 10 October 2006 Jump up ^ Andrzej Paczkowski , Pół wieku dziejów Polski , Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN , Warszawa 2005 , ISBN 83 - 01 - 14487 - 4 , p. 203 Jump up ^ Ł . Jastrząb , `` Rozstrzelano moje serce w Poznaniu . Poznański Czerwiec 1956 r . -- straty osobowe i ich analiza '' , Wydawnictwo Comandor , Warszawa 2006 Jump up ^ ( in Polish ) Wójtowicz , Norbert . Ofiary `` Poznańskiego Czerwca '' , Rok 1956 na Węgrzech iw Polsce . Materiały z węgiersko -- polskiego seminarium . Wrocław październik 1996 , ed . Łukasz Andrzej Kamiński , Wrocław 1996 , pp. 32 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Okváth , Imre ( 1999 ) . `` Hungary in the Warsaw Pact : The Initial Phase of Integration , 1957 -- 1971 '' . The Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact . Jump up ^ CLR James ( 3 September 2013 ) . Modern Politics . PM Press . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60486 - 311 - 6 . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Overview '' . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 1999 . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) , Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 3 November , 1956 , with Participation by J. Kádár , F. Münnich , and I. Horváth , ( by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars ) Retrieved 8 October 2006 Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . J ( Mr. Kádár forms a government ) , para 77 -- 78 ( pp. 26 -- 27 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Philip Short , Mao : a life ( 2001 ) , p. 451 . Jump up ^ John Lewis Gaddis , The Cold War : a new history ( 2005 ) , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Sebestyen , Victor , Ungernrevolten 1956 : Tolv dagar som skakade världen ( 2006 ) , p. 247 . ISBN 91 - 518 - 4612 - 8 . Jump up ^ William Taubman : Khrushchev : The Man and His Era ( 2005 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7564 - 4 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Mark Kramer , `` New Evidence on Soviet Decision - making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises '' ( PDF ) , Cold War International History Project Bulletin , pp. 373 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Slobodan Stankovic , `` Yugoslav Diplomat who Defied Soviet Leaders Dies '' Archived 13 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Radio Free Europe Research , 5 August 1982 . Jump up ^ Johanna Granville , The First Domino : International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956 . Texas A & M University Press , 2004 ( p. 103 ) . Jump up ^ Csaba Békés ( Spring 2000 ) . `` The Hungarian Question on the UN Agenda : Secret Negotiations by the Western Great Powers 26 October -- 4 November 1956 . ( British Foreign Office Documents ) '' . Hungarian Quarterly . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Legacy of Ashes : The History of the CIA by Tim Weiner , pp. 150 -- 51 ( 2008 Penguin Books edition ) Jump up ^ Legacy of Ashes : The History of the CIA by Tim Weiner , p. 153 ( 2008 Penguin Books edition ) Jump up ^ Hungarian Revolt , 23 October -- 4 November 1956 ( Richard Lettis and William I. Morris , editors ) : Appendices The Hungary Question in the United Nations Archived 8 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Study Prepared for US Army Intelligence `` Hungary , Resistance Activities and Potentials '' ( January 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of the 290th NSC Meeting ( 12 July 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 3 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : CNN : Géza Jeszenszky , Hungarian Ambassador , Cold War Chat ( transcript ) . Retrieved 8 November 1998 . Archived 11 May 2001 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hungary , 1956 : Reviving the Debate over U.S. ( In ) action during the Revolution '' . National Security Archive. 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Policy Review of Voice For Free Hungary Programming from 23 October to 23 November 1956 ( 15 December 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter VIII. D , para 336 ( p. 103 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Imre Nagy 's Telegram to Diplomatic Missions in Budapest Declaring Hungary 's Neutrality ( 1 November 1956 ) Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . by permission of the Center for Security Studies at ETH Zürich and the National Security Archive at the George Washington University on behalf of the PHP network Jump up ^ `` Andropov Report , 1 November 1956 '' . Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) , www.CWIHP.org , by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of the Nagy Government 's Fourth Cabinet Meeting , 1 November 1956 '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II. I , para 75 ( p. 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II. I , para 76 ( p. 26 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IV . E ( Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops ) , para 181 ( p. 56 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Györkei , Jenõ ; Kirov , Alexandr ; Horvath , Miklos ( 1999 ) . Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary , 1956 . New York : Central European University Press . p. 350 . ISBN 963 - 9116 - 36 - X . Jump up ^ Schmidl , Erwin ; Ritter , László ( November 2006 ) . The Hungarian Revolution 1956 ( Elite ) . Osprey Publishing . p. 54 . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 079 - X . ^ Jump up to : Fryer , Peter ( 1957 ) . Hungarian Tragedy . London : D. Dobson . Chapter 9 ( The Second Soviet Intervention ) . ASIN B0007J7674 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter V.C , para 196 ( pp. 60 -- 61 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Györkei , Jenõ ; Kirov , Alexandr ; Horvath , Miklos ( 1999 ) . Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary , 1956 . New York : Central European University Press . p. 350 . ISBN 963 - 9116 - 36 - X . ^ Jump up to : Lindvai , Paul ( 2008 ) . One Day That Shook the Communist World : The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy . Princeton , NJ : Princeton UP . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter V. B ( The Second Soviet Military Intervention ) , para 188 ( p. 58 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter VII . D ( The Political Background of the Second Soviet Intervention ) , para 291 ( p. 89 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter VII . D ( a silent carrier wave was detected until 9 : 45 am ) , para 292 ( p. 89 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Bibó , István ( 1991 ) . Democracy , Revolution , Self - Determination . New York : Columbia University Press . pp. 325 -- 27 . ISBN 0 - 88033 - 214 - X . Jump up ^ Bibó , István . `` Nyilatkozat , 1956 . November 4 . '' ( Declaration , 4 November 1956 ) . Válogatott tanulmányok ( Assorted studies ) ( in Hungarian ) . 4 , 1935 -- 1979 . ifj . István Bibó , Tibor Huszár . Retrieved 30 October 2009 . in Hungarian : Magyarok ! Nagy Imre miniszterelnök a ma hajnali szovjet támadáskor a szovjet követségre ment a tárgyalások folytatására , és onnan visszatérni már nem tudott . A reggel összehívott minisztertanácson a Parlament épületében tartózkodó Tildy Zoltánon kívül már csak B. Szabó István és Bibó István államminiszter tudott megérkezni . Mikor a Parlamentet a szovjet csapatok körülfogták , Tildy államminiszter a vérontás elkerülése végett megállapodást kötött velük , mely szerint ők megszállják az épületet , a benne levő polgári személyek pedig szabadon távozhatnak . Ő , a megállapodáshoz tartva magát , eltávozott . Az országgyűlés épületében egyedül alulírott Bibó István államminiszter maradtam , mint az egyedüli törvényes magyar kormány egyedüli képviselője . Ebben a helyzetben a következőket nyilatkozom : In English : To My Fellow Hungarians ! When the Soviet Army attacked today at dawn , Prime Minister Nagy Imre went to the Soviet Embassy to negotiate and could not return . Tildy Zoltán , who was already in the Parliament building , and ministers Szabó István and Bibó István attended the council of ministers meeting that was convened this morning . As Soviet troops surrounded the Parliament building , minister Tildy Zoltán , to avoid bloodshed , reached an agreement , by which Soviet soldiers would occupy the Parliament building and allow all civilians to evacuate . According to this agreement , he then departed . Only the undersigned , Bibó István , remained in the Psrliament building as the only representative of the only existing legal Hungarian government . Under these circumstances , I make the following declaration : ( Available in English ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter VII. E , para 296 ( p. 90 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter VIII. B , para 596 ( p. 185 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter VIII . B ( The Political Background of the Second Soviet Intervention ) , para 600 ( p. 186 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) ^ Jump up to : UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter V.C , para 197 ( p. 61 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter V.C , para 198 ( p. 61 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter V. B ( The Second Soviet Military Intervention ) , para 200 ( p. 62 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Mark Kramer , `` The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland : Reassessments and New Findings '' , Journal of Contemporary History , Vol. 33 , No. 2 , April 1998 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Péter Gosztonyi , `` Az 1956 - os forradalom számokban '' , Népszabadság ( Budapest ) , 3 November 1990 ^ Jump up to : Barghoorn , Frederick . Soviet Foreign Propaganda . Princeton University Press . 1964 . Jump up ^ Pravda ( Moscow ) , 4 November ( 227 / 228 ) : `` Without the Slightes Delays '' , Moscow Imre Nagy turned out to be , objectively speaking , an accomplice of the reactionary forces . Imre Nagy can not and does not want to fight the dark forces of reaction ... The Soviet Government , seeing that the presence of Soviet troops in Budapest might lead to further aggravation of the situation , ordered troops to leave Budapest , but ensuing events have shown that reactionary forces , taking advantage of the non-intervention of the Nagy Cabinet , have gone still further ... The task of barring the way to reaction in Hungary has to be carried out without the slightest delay - such is the course dictated by events ... Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 8 Hungarian-history.hu Archived 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : George Washington University : The National Security Archive , Communiqué on the Meeting of Representatives of the Governments and the Communist and Workers ' Parties of Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , Hungary , Romania and the Soviet Union ( Budapest , 6 January 1957 ) , Retrieved 7 December 2008 Jump up ^ George Washington University : The National Security Archive , Minutes of the Meeting between the Hungarian and Chinese Delegations in Budapest on 16 January 1957 , Retrieved 7 December 2008 Jump up ^ The 1956 Hungarian Revolution : A History in Documents by Csaba Békés & Malcolm Byrne ( Published by Central European University Press , 2002 , ISBN 963 - 9241 - 66 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 963 - 9241 - 66 - 4 , 598 pages ) , p. 375 , para 4 : `` ... the ( Kádár ) regime had to find an explanation for the revolution and collapse of the old regime in October 1956 ... they chose to interpret the uprising as a conspiracy by anti-communist , reactionary forces . This is why they labeled many ordinary citizens ' actions as crimes . Critical opposition attitudes were described as `` a plot to overthrow the people 's democratic regime '' , and workers and peasants who took part in the revolt were called `` jailbirds , ragamuffins , and kulaks . '' Armed resistance to occupying forces became `` murder and wrecking state property . '' This kind of terminology became part of the official ideology of the regime toward the outside world . '' Also p. 375 , footnote 40 : `` For a typical survey of propaganda intended for distribution abroad , see the so called `` White Books '' entitled The Counter-Revolutionary Forces in the October Events in Hungary , 4 vols. , ( Budapest : Information Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People 's Republic , 1956 -- 1957 ) ... The White Books published in the individual counties of Hungary in 1957 -- 1958 summarized local `` counter-revolutionary '' events . '' Jump up ^ Casardi , A. ( 17 April 1957 ) Report on Hungarian Refugees . NATO Jump up ^ Fink , Carole ; Frank Hadler ; Tomasz Schramm ( 2006 ) . 1956 : European and global perspectives , Volume 1 of Global history and international studies . Leipzig : Leipziger Universitätsverlag . p. 16 . ISBN 3 - 937209 - 56 - 5 . Jump up ^ Molnár , Adrienne ; Kõrösi Zsuzsanna ( 1996 ) . The handing down of experiences in families of the politically condemned in Communist Hungary . IX . International Oral History Conference . Gotegorg . pp. 1169 -- 66 . Retrieved 10 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Cseresnyés , Ferenc ( Summer 1999 ) . `` The ' 56 Exodus to Austria '' . The Hungarian Quarterly . Society of the Hungarian Quarterly . XL ( 154 ) : 86 -- 101 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2004 . Retrieved 9 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Csaba Békés ; Malcolm Byrne ; János Rainer ( 2002 ) . `` Hungary in the Aftermath , Introduction '' . The 1956 Hungarian revolution : a history in documents . Central European University Press . p. 364 . ISBN 963 - 9241 - 66 - 0 . Retrieved 31 October 2009 . I call upon the Hungarian people to regard neither the occupation force nor the puppet government it may install as a legal authority but rather to employ every means of passive resistance against it ... ( István Bibó minister of state of the Petőfi Party ) Despite the devastation of the Soviet attack , most of Hungarian society seemed to respond to Bibó 's plea and continued to defy the new regime , keeping Soviet and Hungarian security forces tied up for months dealing with strikes , demonstrations , sabotage , work slowdowns , and other acts of resistance ( Document No. 102 ) Jump up ^ Békés , Csaba , Malcolm Byrne , János M. Rainer ( 2002 ) . Hungarian Tragedy , p . L. Central European University Press : Budapest . ISBN 963 - 9241 - 66 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Situation Report to the Central Committee of the Communist Party by Malenkov - Suslov - Aristov ( 22 November 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter XIV. I.A , para 642 ( p. 198 ) , János Kádár 's 15 points ( 4 November 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Annex A ( Agreement between the Hungarian People Republic and the government of the USSR on the legal status of Soviet forces ) pp. 112 -- 13 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ International Committee of the Red Cross : ICRC action in Hungary in 1956 . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Fryer , Peter ( 1997 ) . Hungarian Tragedy , p. 10 . Index Books : London . ISBN 1 - 871518 - 14 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` On This Day 16 June 1989 : Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy '' British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors . Retrieved 13 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` End of a Private Cold War '' . Time Magazine . 11 October 1971 . Retrieved 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Johns Hopkins University Professor Charles Gati , in his book Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest , and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt ( see Further reading , below ) , agreed with a 2002 essay by Hungarian historian Csaba Bekes , `` Could the Hungarian Revolution Have Been Victorious in 1956 ? '' . Gati states : `` Washington implicitly acknowledging the division of the continent into two camps , understood that Moscow would not let go of a country bordering on neutral but pro-Western Austria and an independent Yugoslavia , so it shed ... tears over Soviet brutality , and exploited the propaganda opportunities ... '' ( p. 208 ) Jump up ^ `` How to Help Hungary '' . Time Magazine . 24 December 1956 . Retrieved 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Simpson , James ( 1997 ) . Simpson 's Contemporary Quotations . Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 270137 - 1 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ United Nations Secretary - General ( 5 January 1957 ) . `` Report of the Secretary - General Document A / 3485 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Retrieved 13 October 2006 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter I. D ( Organization and Function of the Committee ) , paragraphs 1 -- 26 ( pp. 10 -- 13 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter I. E ( Attempts to observe in Hungary and meet Imre Nagy ) , paragraphs 32 -- 34 ( p. 14 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly ( 1957 ) Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary . Retrieved 14 October 2006 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . N ( Summary of conclusions ) , paragraph 89 ( pp. 30 -- 32 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly , Thirteenth Session : Resolution 1312 ( XIII ) The Situation in Hungary ( Item 59 , p. 69 ( 12 December 1958 ) Jump up ^ ed . A.T. Lane . Biographical dictionary of European labor leaders . Volume 1 . Greenwood Publishing Group , 1995 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Alsing Andersen . Gravsted.dk . Retrieved on 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ United Nations Yearbook. 1957 . p. 63 Jump up ^ K. Danilov `` The Provocation Continues '' . International Affairs , No. 8 , Vol. 3 , 1957 , pp. 54 -- 61 Jump up ^ `` Freedom Fighter '' . Time . 7 January 1957 ... Retrieved 21 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Formal Address Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . of Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány in the Hungarian Parliament ( 23 October 2006 ) . Retrieved 21 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Statement with the Hungarian Prime Minister ( 11 October 2006 ) Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 22 September 2008 Jump up ^ Melbourne / Stockholm 1956 ( All facts ) Olympic.org Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Radio Free Europe : Hungary : New Film Revisits 1956 Water - Polo Showdown . Retrieved 13 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Szabadság , szerelem ( Children of Glory ) Archived 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( film ) 2006 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The following are references in English on the conflicting positions of l'Unità , Antonio Giolitti and party boss Palmiro Togliatti , Giuseppe Di Vittorio and Pietro Nenni . Jump up ^ Napolitano , Giorgio ( 2005 ) . Dal Pci al socialismo europeo . Un'autobiografia politica ( From the Communist Party to European Socialism . A political autobiography ) ( in Italian ) . Laterza . ISBN 88 - 420 - 7715 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sartre , Jean - Paul ( 1956 ) , L'intellectuel et les communistes français ( in French ) Le Web de l'Humanite , 21 June 2005 . Retrieved 24 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` US State Department Commemorates the 1956 Hungarian Revolution '' ( Press release ) . American Hungarian Federation . 13 February 2006 . Retrieved 8 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hungary a Model for Iraq , Bush Says in Budapest '' ( Press release ) . International Information Programs. 22 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` National Symbols '' ( PDF ) . Fact Sheets on Hungary . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 2003 . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Bekes , Csaba ; Byrne , Malcolm ; Rainer , Janos ( Editor ) , eds. ( 2003 ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution : A History in Documents ( National Security Archive Cold War Readers ) . Central European University Press . p. 600 . ISBN 963 - 9241 - 66 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Bibó , István ( 1991 ) . Democracy , Revolution , Self - Determination . New York : Columbia University Press . pp. 331 -- 54 . ISBN 0 - 88033 - 214 - X . Gadney , Reg ( October 1986 ) . Cry Hungary : Uprising 1956 . Macmillan Pub Co. pp. 169 pages . ISBN 0 - 689 - 11838 - 4 . Gati , Charles ( 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest , and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt ( Cold War International History Project Series ) . Stanford University Press . p. 264 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . Granville , Johanna ( 2004 ) . The First Domino : International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956 . Texas A&M University Press . p. 323 . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 298 - 4 . Granville , Johanna ( 1999 ) In the Line of Fire : New Archival Evidence on the Soviet Intervention in Hungary , 1956 , Carl Beck Paper , no . 1307 ( 1999 ) . Györkei , Jenõ ; Kirov , Alexandr ; Horvath , Miklos ( 1999 ) . Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary , 1956 . New York : Central European University Press . p. 350 . ISBN 963 - 9116 - 36 - X . Kertesz , Stephen D. ( 1953 ) . Diplomacy in a Whirlpool : Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia . University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame , Indiana . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 7540 - 2 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2007 . Korda , Michael . Journey to a Revolution : A Personal Memoir and History of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Harper Perennial ( 2006 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 077262 - 8 Michener , James A. ( 1985 ) . The Bridge at Andau ( reissue ed . ) . New York : Fawcett . ISBN 0 - 449 - 21050 - 2 . Morris , William E. ( August 2001 ) . Lettis , Richard , ed . The Hungarian Revolt : 23 October -- 4 November 1956 ( Reprint ed . ) . Simon Publications . ISBN 1 - 931313 - 79 - 2 . Napolitano , Giorgio ( 2005 ) . Dal Pci al socialismo europeo . Un'autobiografia politica ( From the Communist Party to European Socialism . A political autobiography ) ( in Italian ) . Laterza . ISBN 88 - 420 - 7715 - 1 . Péter , László ( 2008 ) . Resistance , Rebellion and Revolution in Hungary and Central Europe : Commemorating 1956 . London : UCL SSEES . p. 361 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 903425 - 79 - 7 . Schmidl , Erwin A. & Ritter , László. ( 2006 ) The Hungarian Revolution , 1956 ; Osprey Elite series # 148 . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 079 - X ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 079 - 6 Sebestyen , Victor ( 2006 ) . Twelve Days : The Story of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . New York : Pantheon . p. 340 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42458 - X . Sugar , Peter F. ( 1994 ) . Hanak , Peter , Frank , Tibor , eds . A History of Hungary : From Liberation to Revolution ( pp. 368 -- 83 ) . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . p. 448 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 20867 - X . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) United Nations : Report of the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary , General Assembly , Official Records , Eleventh Session , Supplement No. 18 ( A / 3592 ) , New York , 1957 `` ( 268 pages ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Ürményházi , Attila J. ( 2006 ) `` The Hungarian Revolution - Uprising , Budapest 1956 '' , National Library of Australia ISBN 0 - 646 - 45885 - X , Record Id : 40312920 Zinner , Paul E. ( 1962 ) . Revolution in Hungary . Books for Libraries Press . p. 380 . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 6817 - 4 . Lendvai , Paul ( 2008 ) . One Day That Shook the Communist World : The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy . Princeton UP . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13282 - 2 . Litván , György ( 1996 ) . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 : Reform , Revolt and Repression , 1953 -- 1963 . Longman . p. 221 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 21505 - 6 . Cox , Terry . Hungary 1956 -- forty Years on . London : F. Cass , 1997 . Print . Matthews , John P.C. Explosion : The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . New York , NY : Hippocrene , 2007 . Print . Watry , David M. Diplomacy at the Brink : Eisenhower , Churchill , and Eden in the Cold War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Historical collections ( edit ) 1956 Hungarian Revolution Collection of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars , Cold War International History Project , containing documents and other source materials relating to the 1956 Revolution . Institute of Revolutionary History , Hungary A Hungarian language site providing historical photos and documents , books and reviews , and links to English language sites . OSA Digital Archive Videos of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution Universal Pictures and Warner Pathé newsreels regarding the revolution `` On this day 4 November 1956 : Soviet troops overrun Hungary '' ( Accessed 12 October 2006 ) -- BBC reports on the first day of the second Soviet intervention and the fall of the Nagy government . Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Archive at marxists.org Hungary ' 56 Andy Anderson 's pamphlet , written in 1964 and originally published by Solidarity ( UK ) , about events of the Hungarian uprising of 1956 , focusing on Hungarian demands for economic and political self - management . ( AK Press 2002 , ISBN 0 - 934868 - 01 - 8 ) The short film Big Picture : Operation Mercy is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Hungarian Revolution Aftermath ( 1956 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Hungarian Revolution ( 1956 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Other academic sources ( edit ) The 1956 Hungarian revolution and the Soviet bloc countries : reactions and repercussions ( MEK ) Hungary , 1956 : Reviving the Debate over U.S. ( In ) action during the Revolution , published by the National Security Archive Feature films ( edit ) Freedom 's Fury The 2005 documentary film depicting events surrounding the Hungarian - Soviet confrontation in the Olympic water polo tournament , now known as the `` blood in the water match '' . Narrated by Mark Spitz , produced by Lucy Liu and Quentin Tarantino . Torn from the flag Documentary film 2007 . The significant global effects of the Hungarian revolution of 1956 . Commemorations ( edit ) The 1956 Portal A resource for Hungarian - American organizations to highlight and promote their 1956 Hungarian Revolution commemoration activities , including 1956 photos , videos , resources , and events across the US . Freedom Fighter 56 Personal stories of survival and escape from participants in the revolution 1956 Hungarian Memorial Oral History Project Multicultural Canada oral history collection of revolution refugees in Canada From the noon bell to the lads of Pest Hungary articles History Christianity Economic Military Monarchs Nobility Prehistory Pannonia Principality High Medieval Kingdom Late Medieval Kingdom Ottoman -- Hungarian wars Habsburg Kingdom Ottoman Hungary Rákóczi 's War Revolution of 1848 Austria - Hungary World War I First Republic Treaty of Trianon Interwar period ( Interbellum ) World War II Second Republic People 's Republic Revolution of 1956 Third Republic Geography Administrative divisions Counties Cities and towns Climate Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Regions Rivers Politics Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Intelligence Law Law enforcement Military Nationality Parliament Political parties President List Prime Minister List Economy Agriculture Banks Hungarian National Bank Companies Energy Forint ( currency ) Industry Science and technology Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Unemployment Society Anti-Hungarian sentiment Crime Demographics Education Universities and colleges Family policy Health Healthcare Hungarians Hungarian diaspora Irredentism International rankings Languages LGBT Public holidays Religion Women Culture Architecture Castles Palaces and mansions Art Cinema Cuisine Wine Beer Dishes Sausages Dance Fashion Festivals Folklore Inventions Hungarian language Literature Media Music Names Spa culture Sport Symbols Television Theatre World Heritage Outline Index Category Portal Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - 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6086799366347040523 | Blue Mountains (New South Wales) | Blue Mountains ( New South Wales ) - Wikipedia Blue Mountains ( New South Wales ) Not to be confused with Greater Blue Mountains Area , Blue Mountains National Park , City of Blue Mountains , Electoral district of Blue Mountains , or Blue Mountains railway line . Region in New South Wales , Australia Blue Mountains New South Wales The Three Sisters sandstone rock formation , one of the region 's best - known attractions Coordinates 33 ° 43 ′ 05 '' S 150 ° 18 ′ 38 '' E / 33.71806 ° S 150.31056 ° E / - 33.71806 ; 150.31056 Coordinates : 33 ° 43 ′ 05 '' S 150 ° 18 ′ 38 '' E / 33.71806 ° S 150.31056 ° E / - 33.71806 ; 150.31056 Population 162,000 ( 2006 ? ) Density 14.21 / km ( 36.81 / sq mi ) Area 11,400 km ( 4,401.6 sq mi ) Location 50 km ( 31 mi ) NW of Sydney CBD LGA ( s ) Blue Mountains , City of Hawkesbury , City of Lithgow , Wollondilly Shire and Oberon Shire State electorate ( s ) Blue Mountains , Penrith , Bathurst , Hawkesbury , Londonderry and Riverstone Federal Division ( s ) Macquarie , Lindsay , and Calare Localities around Blue Mountains : Central West Central West Hunter Central West Blue Mountains Western Sydney Southern Tablelands Southern Tablelands Macarthur Blue Mountains Range Blue Mountains The characteristic blue haze , as seen in the Jamison Valley Highest point Peak unnamed peak ( north - east of Lithgow ) Elevation 1,189 m ( 3,901 ft ) AHD Length 96 km ( 60 mi ) NW / SE Geography Blue Mountains Range Location of the Blue Mountains Range in New South Wales Country Australia State New South Wales Aboriginal hand stencils in Red Hands Cave , near Glenbrook Broken china from ruins near Asgard Swamp , where a coal mine was opened in the nineteenth century The Blue Mountains are a mountainous region and a mountain range located in New South Wales , Australia . The region borders on Sydney 's metropolitan area , its foothills starting about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) west of the state capital . The public 's understanding of the extent of the Blue Mountains is varied , as it forms only part of an extensive mountainous area associated with the Great Dividing Range . Officially the Blue Mountains region is bounded by the Nepean and Hawkesbury rivers in the east , the Coxs River and Lake Burragorang to the west and south , and the Wolgan and Colo rivers to the north . Geologically , it is situated in the central parts of the Sydney Basin . The Blue Mountains Range comprises a range of mountains , plateau escarpments extending off the Great Dividing Range about 4.8 kilometres ( 3.0 mi ) northwest of Wolgan Gap in a generally southeasterly direction for about 96 kilometres ( 60 mi ) , terminating at Emu Plains . For about two - thirds of its length it is traversed by the Great Western Highway and the Main Western railway line . Several established towns are situated on its heights , including Katoomba , Blackheath , Mount Victoria , and Springwood . The range forms the watershed between Coxs River to the south and the Grose and Wolgan rivers to the north . The range contains the Explorer Range and the Bell Range . The Blue Mountains area includes the local government areas of the City of Blue Mountains , the City of Hawkesbury , the City of Lithgow , Wollondilly Shire and Oberon Shire . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Aboriginal inhabitants 2.2 European history 3 Climate 4 Geography 4.1 Mountain peaks 4.2 Geology 5 World Heritage listing 6 Fauna 7 Tourist attractions 8 Recreational activity 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) Following European settlement of the Sydney area , the area was named the Carmarthen and Lansdowne Hills by Arthur Phillip in 1788 . The Carmarthen Hills were in the north of the region and the Lansdowne Hills were in the south . The name Blue Mountains , however , was preferred and is derived from the blue tinge the range takes on when viewed from a distance . The tinge is believed to be caused by Mie scattering which occurs when incoming light with shorter wavelengths is preferentially scattered by particles within the atmosphere imparting a blue - greyish colour to any distant objects , including mountains and clouds . Volatile terpenoids emitted in large quantities by the abundant eucalyptus trees in the Blue Mountains may cause Mie scattering and thus the blue haze for which the mountains were named . History ( edit ) Aboriginal inhabitants ( edit ) When Europeans arrived in Australia , the Blue Mountains had already been inhabited for several millennia by the Gundungurra people , now represented by the Gundungurra Tribal Council Aboriginal Corporation based in Katoomba , and , in the lower Blue Mountains , by the Darug people , now represented by the Darug Tribal Aboriginal Corporation . The Gundungurra creation story of the Blue Mountains tells that Dreamtime creatures Mirigan and Garangatch , half fish and half reptile , fought an epic battle which scarred the landscape into the Jamison Valley . The Gundungurra Tribal Council is a nonprofit organisation representing the Gundungurra traditional owners , promoting heritage and culture and providing a support for Gundungurra people connecting back to Country . Gundungurra Tribal Council Aboriginal Corporation has a registered Native Title Claim since 1995 over their traditional lands , which include the Blue Mountains and surrounding areas . Examples of Aboriginal habitation can be found in many places . In the Red Hands Cave , a rock shelter near Glenbrook , the walls contain hand stencils from adults and children . On the southern side of Queen Elizabeth Drive , at Wentworth Falls , a rocky knoll has a large number of grinding grooves created by rubbing stone implements on the rock to shape and sharpen them . There are also carved images of animal tracks and an occupation cave . The site is known as Kings Tableland Aboriginal Site and dates back 22,000 years . European History ( edit ) Arthur Phillip , the first governor of New South Wales , first glimpsed the extent of the Blue Mountains from a ridge at the site of today 's Oakhill College , Castle Hill . He named them the Carmarthen Hills , `` some forty to sixty miles distant ... '' and he reckoned that the ground was `` most suitable for government stock '' . This is the location where Gidley King in 1799 established a prison town for political prisoners from Ireland and Scotland . The first documented use of the name Blue Mountains appears in Captain John Hunter 's account of Phillip 's 1789 expedition up the Hawkesbury River . Describing the events of about 5 July , Hunter wrote : `` We frequently , in some of the reaches which we passed through this day , saw very near us the hills , which we suppose as seen from Port Jackson , and called by the governor the Blue Mountains . '' During the nineteenth century the name was commonly applied to the portion of the Great Dividing Range from about Goulburn in the south to the Hunter Valley in the north , but in time it came to be associated with a more limited area . The native Aborigines knew two routes across the mountains : Bilpin Ridge , which is now the location of Bells Line of Road between Richmond and Bell , and the Coxs River , a tributary of the Nepean River . It could be followed upstream to the open plains of the Kanimbla Valley , the type of country that farmers prize . European settlers initially considered that fertile lands lay beyond the mountains , as was China in the belief of many convicts , but that this did n't matter much , since the mountains were impassable . This idea was , to some extent , convenient for local authorities . An `` insurmountable '' barrier would deter convicts from trying to escape in that direction . A former convict , John Wilson , may have been the first European to cross the Blue Mountains . It is also believed that Mathew Everingham , 1795 , may have also been partly successful based on letters he wrote at the time which came to light in the late 1980s . Wilson arrived with the First Fleet in 1788 and was freed in 1792 . He settled in the bush , living with the Aborigines and even functioning as an intermediary between them and the settlers . In 1797 he returned to Sydney , claiming to have explored up to a hundred miles in all directions around Sydney , including across the mountains . His descriptions and observations were generally accurate , and it is possible that he had crossed the mountains via the southern aspect at the Coxs River corridor , guided by the Aborigines . Governor Hunter was impressed by Wilson 's skills and sent him on an expedition with John Price and others in January 1798 . The party crossed the Nepean River and moved southwest towards the present site of Mittagong . There they turned west and found a route along the ridge where today the Wombeyan Caves Road is located . In the process they found a way to go west of the mountains , by going around them instead of across them . In March of the same year , Wilson and Price ventured to the Camden area , and then continued further south until they discovered Thirlmere Lakes , finally almost reaching the present site of Goulburn . It is possible that the accomplishments of this expedition were suppressed by Hunter , who may not have wanted convicts to know that there was a relatively easy way out of Sydney . Wilson was killed by Aborigines after abducting one of their women for his personal use , but he had accomplished much as an explorer . He was never recognised as the first person to cross the mountains , possibly because his Coxs River journey could not be verified , while his route west of Mittagong may have been the `` long way around '' for a colony that had its eyes fixed on the sandstone fortress west of the Nepean . Route of the Blaxland , Lawson , and Wentworth Crossing of 1813 The typical blue haze in the Jamison Valley behind the Three Sisters , New South Wales , Australia . Between 1798 and 1813 , many people explored various parts of the mountains , from the Bilpin Ridge to the southern regions , today the site of the Kanangra - Boyd National Park . Still , they did not find a definite route across the mountains . The 1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains by Gregory Blaxland , William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth is officially credited as the first successful European crossing . Blaxland set out with Lawson and Wentworth on 11 May 1813 and succeeded in crossing the mountains by 31 May . They ventured as far as to what is now Mount Blaxland , just west of Coxs River . In November 1813 , Macquarie sent the surveyor George Evans on an expedition to confirm the discoveries made by Blaxland and his party . He was also told to see if there existed enough arable land to justify settlement . The issue had become more urgent because the colony was in the grips of a drought . Evans and his party reached the Fish and Macquarie rivers , and the site of Bathurst . On 7 July 1814 , construction of a road across the mountains was begun by William Cox . The work was at the behest of Governor Macquarie. 30 convict labourers and 8 guards completed the road on 14 January 1815 after 27 weeks of hard work . Since the Blue Mountains are rich in coal and shale , mining for these resources began in Hartley Vale in 1865 . J.B. North ran a shale mine in the Jamison Valley in the 19th century , and other operations were set up in several places . Locations for mining activities included the Jamison Valley , the upper Grose Valley , Newnes , Glen Davis and the Asgard Swamp area outside Mount Victoria . Shale mining failed in the long run because it was not financially viable . Ruins at abandoned silver - mining town of Yerranderie ( later reopened to tourism ) Climate ( edit ) The climate varies with elevation . At Katoomba , ( 1,010 m or 3,314 ft ) the summer average maximum temperature is around 22 ° C with a few days extending into the 30s ( 80s -- 90s ° F ) although it is quite common to see maximum temperatures stay in the teens when east coast troughs persist . Night - time temperatures are usually in the teens but can drop to single figures at times . During winter , the temperature is typically around 10 to 11 ° C in the daytime with − 1 ° C or so on clear nights and 3 to 4 ° C on cloudy nights . Very occasionally it will get down to − 3 ° C or slightly lower but usually the coldest air drains into the valleys during calm , clear nights . The Blue Mountains is not known for particularly cold mornings compared to other areas on the Central Tablelands , such as Oberon , Bathurst and Orange . There are two to three snowfalls per year , although settled snow has become less common in recent decades . In the lower mountains , however , the climate is significantly warmer . Annual rainfall is about 1,050 millimetres ( 41 in ) in the Upper Blue Mountains with many misty days . Geography ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Neates Glen , outside Blackheath Upper Wentworth Falls as viewed along the National Pass walking track near the town of Wentworth Falls The Greater Blue Mountains Area is sometimes considered to be part of Greater Western Sydney region . The predominant natural vegetation of the higher ridges is eucalyptus forest . Heath - like vegetation is present on plateau edges above cliffs . The sheltered gorges often contain temperate rainforests . There are also many hanging swamps with button grass reeds and thick , deep black soil . Wollemia nobilis , the `` Wollemi pine '' , a relict of earlier vegetation of Gondwana , is found in remote and isolated valleys of the Wollemi National Park . The main natural disasters to afflict the area are bush fires and severe storms . In recent years the lower mountains have been subjected to a series of bush fires which have caused great loss of property but relatively little loss of life . The upper mountains had not had a major fire for some decades until December 2002 ( the Blackheath Glen Fire ) and November 2006 when an extensive blaze in the Grose Valley threatened several communities including Bell and Blackheath ( the Lawsons Long Alley Fire ) . This latest fire burned for almost a month but was extinguished , mainly due to a change in the weather , without loss of human life or property . A program of winter burning seems to have been successful in reducing fires in the upper mountains . Mountain peaks ( edit ) The Blue Mountains Range contains smaller mountain ranges : the Bell Range near The Bells Line of Road and north of the Grose River ; the Explorer Range , south of the Grose River extending west towards Mount Victoria ; the Caley Range , Erskine Range , Mount Hay Range , Paterson Range , and the Woodford Range . The major recorded peaks are : unnamed peak ( 1,189 m or 3,901 ft ) Mount Piddington ( 1,094 m or 3,589 ft ) Mount Boyce ( 1,093 m or 3,586 ft ) Mount York ( 1,061 m or 3,481 ft ) Mount Banks ( 1,049 m or 3,442 ft ) Mount Wilson ( 1,008 m or 3,307 ft ) Kings Tableland ( 1,000 m or 3,281 ft ) Narrow Neck Plateau ( 1,000 m or 3,281 ft ) Mount Solitary ( 950 m or 3,117 ft ) Mount Hay ( 944 m or 3,097 ft ) Mount Irvine ( 850 m or 2,789 ft ) Geology ( edit ) The Blue Mountains and the town of the town of Katoomba , New South Wales The Blue Mountains are a dissected plateau carved in sandstone bedrock . They are now a series of ridge lines separated by gorges up to 760 metres ( 2,490 ft ) deep . The highest point in the Blue Mountains , as it is now defined , is an unnamed point with an elevation of 1,189 m ( 3,901 ft ) AHD , located 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) north - east of Lithgow . However , the highest point in the broader region that was once considered to be the Blue Mountains is Mount Bindo , with an elevation 1,362 m ( 4,469 ft ) AHD . A large part of the Blue Mountains is incorporated into the Greater Blue Mountains Area World Heritage Site , consisting of seven national park areas and a conservation reserve . The Blue Mountains area is a distinct physiographic section of the larger Hunter - Hawkesbury Sunkland province . This is in turn a part of the larger East Australian Cordillera physiographic division . World Heritage listing ( edit ) Main article : Greater Blue Mountains Area The Greater Blue Mountains Area was unanimously listed as a World Heritage Area by UNESCO on 29 November 2000 , becoming the fourth area in New South Wales to be listed . The area totals roughly 10,000 square kilometres ( 3,900 sq mi ) , including the Blue Mountains , Kanangra - Boyd , Wollemi , Gardens of Stone , Yengo , Nattai and Thirlmere Lakes National Parks , plus the Jenolan Caves Karst Conservation Reserve . This site was chosen to be included on the World Heritage list because : `` `` Criteria ( ii ) and ( iv ) : Australia 's eucalypt vegetation is worthy of recognition as of outstanding universal value , because of its adaptability and evolution in post-Gondwana isolation . The site contains a wide and balanced representation of eucalypt habitats from wet and dry sclerophyll , mallee heathlands , as well as localised swamps , wetlands , and grassland. 90 eucalypti tax ( 13 % of the global total ) and representation of all four groups of eucalypts occur . There is also a high level of endemism with 114 endemic taxa found in the area as well as 120 nationally rare and threatened plant tax . The site hosts several evolutionary relic species ( Wollemia , Microstrobos , Acrophyllum ) which have persisted in highly restricted micro sites . '' '' Fauna ( edit ) Platypus in the Blue Mountains The Greater Blue Mountains Area is inhabited by over 400 different forms of animals . Among them are rare mammal species like spotted - tailed quoll , the koala , the yellow - bellied glider , and long - nosed potoroo . There are also some rare reptiles , like the Blue Mountain water skink . There are also some dingos in the area , which form the top predators and hunt for grey kangaroos . Tourist attractions ( edit ) The Edge Cinema offers visitors a panoramic view of the Blue Mountains . The Giant Stairway walking track runs down a cliff into the Jamison Valley , near the Three Sisters , providing access to nature walks through the valley . Jenolan Caves , a series of limestone caves south west of Katoomba . The Katoomba Scenic Railway is an incline railway now used for tourism , and originally part of the Katoomba mining tramways constructed between 1878 and 1900 . The incline railway descends 415 metres through sandstone cliffs , via a rock tunnel with a maximum gradient of 52 degrees . Also , at this location is the Scenic Skyway , a glass - bottom aerial cable car that traverses an arm of the Jamison Valley , and the Scenic Cableway , the steepest aerial cable car in Australia . The Norman Lindsay Gallery and Museum at Faulconbridge , operated by The National Trust of Australia and is located inside the former Norman Lindsay homestead , Springwood . The Toy and Railway Museum at Leura . Knapsack Viaduct , also a location where the bell miner bird can often be heard . Lennox Bridge , Glenbrook , on Mitchell 's Pass which may be hiked ( downhill ) from Blaxland to Emu Plains ( 8 km ) . Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum . The Zig Zag Railway : A steam - powered railway near Lithgow . A popular way to visit the Blue Mountains is by coach . The last remaining apple orchard on the Shipley Plateau . The Explorers tree , next to the Great Western Highway , west of Katoomba . Recreational activity ( edit ) The Blue Mountains are a popular destination for rock climbers , mountain bikers and hikers as well as canyoning and other adventure sports . These sports are well catered for by guiding companies and equipment stores located mainly in Katoomba . Popular climbing destinations include the Centennial Glen cliffs near Blackheath , Mount Victoria , Mount Piddington and Mount Boyce . Climbing is currently banned on The Three Sisters . Mountain biking takes place mainly on the many fire trails that branch away from the main spine of the Great Western Highway , such as Narrow Neck , Anderson 's Fire Trail and others . Likewise many of the fire trails are popular with day hikers , though many dedicated walking trails exist away from the fire roads . Canyoning in the Blue Mountains is a popular sport and caters for various skill levels . It carries inherent dangers , yet for those with the appropriate skills or those looking to take a guided trip there are many great opportunities to experience a different view of the Blue Mountains . There are numerous abseiling options available in the Blue Mountains including single and multipitch routes . There are some restrictions though with certain areas being closed for abseiling . Cricket is a popular sport in the Blue Mountains , with the Blue Mountains Cattle Dogs representing the district in the Western Zone Premier League , Country Plate and Presidents Cup competitions . Gallery ( edit ) View of Jamison Valley from north escarpment , outside Katoomba : Three Sisters far left ; Mount Solitary left of centre ; Narrowneck Plateau , far right See also ( edit ) New South Wales portal Mountains portal Environment portal 2013 New South Wales bushfires Aboriginal sites of New South Wales Blue Mountains National Park Greater Blue Mountains Area List of mountains in Australia Geography of Sydney References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mount Piddington '' . Geographical Names Register ( GNR ) of NSW . Geographical Names Board of New South Wales . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Result based on totalling of population of the 4 LGAs ( via LGA 's wikipages ) that make up the region . ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Mountains Range '' . Geographical Names Register ( GNR ) of NSW . Geographical Names Board of New South Wales . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Gregory 's New South Wales State Road Map , Map 220 , 11th Edition , Gregory 's Publishing Company Jump up ^ `` Blue Mountains '' . Geographical Names Register ( GNR ) of NSW . Geographical Names Board of New South Wales . Jump up ^ http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0007/96847/20758.gif Jump up ^ `` Map of Bell Range , NSW '' . Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Project Gutenberg Australia '' . Gutenberg.net.au . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Bohlmann J. , Keeling C.I. ( 2008 ) Terpenoid biomaterials . Plant . J. 54 : 656 -- 669 Jump up ^ `` Darug Tribal Aboriginal Corporation '' . Archived from the original on 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Gundungurra Tribal Council '' . Gundungurra.org.au . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Paton , Neil ( 2004 ) , Sydney and Blue Mountains Bushwalks , Kangaroo Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7318 - 1227 - 1 Jump up ^ Hunter , J. ( 1793 ) An Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island . John Stockdale , London . ^ Jump up to : Macqueen , Andy , 2012 . The Blue Mountains : where are they ? Blue Mountains History Journal , Issue 3 . Blue Mountains Association of Cultural Heritage Organisations . October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beyond belonging ? The landscape and belonging in colonial and contemporary imaginings of the Blue Mountains '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 July 2008 . ( 88.8 KiB ) , Luke Heffernan . Jump up ^ `` DECCW Blue Mountains National Park -- History since colonisation '' . Environment.nsw.gov.au . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cunningham , Chris ( 1996 ) , The Blue Mountains Rediscovered , Kangaroo Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 86417 - 768 - 1 Jump up ^ Collins , David ( 1804 ) . An account of the English colony in New South Wales ( 2nd ed . ) . London : T. Cadell and W. Davies . p. 529 . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lawson , William '' . Dictionary of Sydney . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaping Australia -- Explorers , Mitchell Scott ( Watts Publishing ) 2004 , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ `` Blue Mountains Weather and Climate '' . Bluemts.com.au. 1 January 2003 . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Explorers Range , NSW '' . Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain systems of Australia '' . Year Book of Australia . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 23 November 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Boyce '' . Geographical Names Register ( GNR ) of NSW . Geographical Names Board of New South Wales . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Mount Banks '' . Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Mount Wilson , NSW '' . Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Mt Wilson Topographic Map ( Map ) . 8930 - 1N . Cartography by Land and Property Information . New South Wales : Government of New South Wales . Jump up ^ `` Blue Mountains '' . VisitNSW.com . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Gardens of Stone National Park Information Sheet , National Parks and Wildlife Service of New South Wales , October 2001 Jump up ^ `` whc.unesco.org '' . whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage Convention : Greater Blue Mountains Area downloaded on 2 August 2011 Jump up ^ Brad V. Purcell : A novel observation of dingoes ( Canis lupus dingo ) attacking a swimming eastern grey kangaroo ( Macropus giganteus ) . Australian Mammalogy 32 ( 2 ) 201 -- 204 , 2010. online Abstract Jump up ^ `` About The Edge Cinema '' . Archived from the original on 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bushwalking on the Echo Point to Scenic World via Giant Stairway '' . AU - NS : Wildwalks.com . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Mountains ( Katoomba ) '' . Wildwalks . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Mountains , NSW , Australia from above '' . bluemountainsnswaustralia.com . Archived from the original on 17 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Logan Brae '' . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Rockclimbing Club Access notes '' . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Mountains '' . Northern Beaches MTB . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ TrailFlix Blue Mountains listing Archived 8 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Blue Mountains Bushwalking Tracks Jump up ^ NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Jump up ^ http://www.bmca.nsw.cricket.com.au External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blue Mountains , New South Wales . Blue Mountains travel guide from Wikivoyage Official Blue Mountains National Park website Visitor 's Guide to the Blue Mountains -- Visit NSW Blue Mountains topics Towns , suburbs and localities Bell Berambing Bilpin Blaxland Blackheath Bullaburra Clarence Faulconbridge Glenbrook Hartley Vale Hazelbrook Katoomba Kings Tableland Lapstone Lawson Leura Linden Little Hartley Medlow Bath Megalong Mount Irvine Mount Riverview Mount Tomah Mount Victoria Mount Wilson North Katoomba Shipley Springwood Sun Valley Valley Heights Warrimoo Wentworth Falls Winmalee Woodford Yellow Rock Yosemite Mountain peaks Banks Bell Bindo Boyce Hay Irvine Narrow Neck Plateau Kings Tableland Piddington Solitary Trickett Wilson York Tourist attractions Evans Lookout Hartley Jenolan Caves Katoomba Scenic World Norman Lindsay Gallery and Museum Perrys Lookdown Three Sisters Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum Zig Zag Railway Valleys Grose Valley Jamison Valley Kedumba Valley Megalong Valley Wolgan Valley Waterfalls Kanangra Falls Katoomba Cascade Katoomba Falls Leura Cascades Leura Falls Linda Falls Victoria Falls Wentworth Falls History 1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains Clarence Tunnel Glenbrook Tunnel Lapstone Zig Zag Lithgow Zig Zag National parks Blue Mountains Gardens of Stone Kanangra - Boyd Nattai Thirlmere Lakes Wollemi Yengo Rivers Bargo Bedford Capertee Colo Coxs Du Faur Erskine Grose Hollanders Jenolan Jooriland Kedumba Kowmung Little ( Oberon ) Little ( Wollondilly ) Macdonald Nattai Nepean Tonalli Wingecarribee Wolgan Wollangambe Wollondilly Miscellaneous Fantastic Aussie Tours Greater Blue Mountains Area ( World Heritage Site ) Hydro Majestic Hotel Blue Mountains Dams Disasters 1999 Glenbrook rail accident 2001 Black Christmas / Warragamba bushfires 2013 bushfires Mountains in New South Wales , Australia Coastal mountain ranges ( not part of the Great Dividing Range ) Mid North Coast Middle Brother ( 554 m or 1,818 ft ) South Brother ( 487 m or 1,598 ft ) North Brother ( 476 m or 1,562 ft ) Allyn , Barrington & Mount Royal Brumlow Tops ( 1,586 m or 5,203 ft ) Polblue ( 1,575 m or 5,167 ft ) Barrington ( 1,555 m or 5,102 ft ) Careys Peak ( 1,544 m or 5,066 ft ) Eremeren Point ( 1,537 m or 5,043 ft ) Royal ( 1,185 m or 3,888 ft ) Allyn ( 1,125 m or 3,691 ft ) Cabrebald ( 1,000 m or 3,281 ft ) Ben Bullen Gunama Lumeah Gibraltar and Sugarloaf Summit ( 1,170 m or 3,839 ft ) Sugarloaf ( 412 m or 1,352 ft ) Bulahdelah Manning Blue Mountains Coricudgy ( 1,255 m or 4,117 ft ) unnamed peak ( 1,189 m or 3,901 ft ) Pomany ( 1,109 m or 3,638 ft ) Piddington ( 1,094 m or 3,589 ft ) Boyce ( 1,093 m or 3,586 ft ) York ( 1,061 m or 3,481 ft ) Victoria ( 1,059 m or 3,474 ft ) Banks ( 1,049 m or 3,442 ft ) Tomah ( 1,016 m or 3,333 ft ) Wilson ( 1,008 m or 3,307 ft ) Kings Tableland ( 1,000 m or 3,281 ft ) Narrow Neck Plateau ( 1,000 m or 3,281 ft ) Castle Cliff ( 986 m or 3,235 ft ) Solitary ( 950 m or 3,117 ft ) Hay ( 944 m or 3,097 ft ) Podgers ( 890 m or 2,920 ft ) Irvine ( 850 m or 2,789 ft ) Debert ( 840 m or 2,756 ft ) Camp Cave ( 800 m or 2,625 ft ) Warrigal ( 760 m or 2,493 ft ) Notts ( 750 m or 2,461 ft ) Harris ( 736 m or 2,415 ft ) Centre ( 620 m or 2,034 ft ) Hall ( 617 m or 2,024 ft ) Gibson ( 608 m or 1,995 ft ) Scorpion ( 558 m or 1,831 ft ) Linda Rock ( 599 m or 1,965 ft ) Cookem ( 569 m or 1,867 ft ) Gospers Bedford Cameron Coriaday Erskine Mistake Monundilla Whaite Wirraba Pearces Wedding Cake Illawarra Bells ( 803 m or 2,635 ft ) Knights Hill ( 709 m or 2,326 ft ) Noorinan ( 663 m or 2,175 ft ) Saddleback ( 600 m or 1,969 ft ) Wanyambilli Hill ( 564 m or 1,850 ft ) Kembla ( 534 m or 1,752 ft ) Burelli ( 531 m or 1,742 ft ) Kembla West ( 512 m or 1,680 ft ) Brisbane ( 469 m or 1,539 ft ) Keira ( 464 m or 1,522 ft ) Warra ( 464 m or 1,522 ft ) Brokers Nose ( 440 m or 1,444 ft ) Nebo ( 252 m or 827 ft ) The Budawangs Budawang ( 1,129 m or 3,704 ft ) Currockbilly ( 1,087 m or 3,566 ft ) Wog Wog ( 893 m or 2,930 ft ) Cole ( 876 m or 2,874 ft ) Sturgiss ( 858 m or 2,815 ft ) Fosters ( 857 m or 2,812 ft ) Barneys Hill ( 855 m or 2,805 ft ) The Castle ( 831 m or 2,726 ft ) Shrouded Gods ( 809 m or 2,654 ft ) Donjon ( 786 m or 2,579 ft ) Clyde ( 781 m or 2,562 ft ) Quiltys ( 775 m or 2,543 ft ) Wirritin ( 674 m or 2,211 ft ) Pigeon House / Didthul ( 720 m or 2,362 ft ) Bushwalker ( 640 m or 2,100 ft ) Byangee ( 500 m or 1,640 ft ) Coolangatta Tarn Great Dividing Range Tweed Warning ( 1,156 m or 3,793 ft ) Bar ( 1,130 m or 3,707 ft ) Glenugie ( 316 m or 1,037 ft ) Chincogan ( 260 m or 853 ft ) Gladstone Goobergooberyam Moombil McPherson and Nightcap Barney ( 1,359 m or 4,459 ft ) Burrell 933 m or 3,061 ft ) Neville ( 919 m or 3,015 ft ) Nardi ( 812 m or 2,664 ft ) Matheson ( 804 m or 2,638 ft ) Peates ( 604 m or 1,982 ft ) Mid North Coast Banda Banda ( 1,258 m or 4,127 ft ) Nandewar Kaputar ( 1,489 m or 4,885 ft ) Dowe ( 1,457 m or 4,780 ft ) Mount Coryah ( 1,409 m or 4,623 ft ) Lindesay ( 1,373 m or 4,505 ft ) Grattai ( 1,301 m or 4,268 ft ) Bushy ( 1,260 m or 4,134 ft ) Round ( 1,250 m or 4,101 ft ) Yulludunida ( 1,225 m or 4,019 ft ) Castle Top ( 1,120 m or 3,675 ft ) Gins ( 1,120 m or 3,675 ft ) Ningadhun ( 1,013 m or 3,323 ft ) Liverpool and Watagan unnamed ( 1,300 m or 4,265 ft ) Pandoras Pass ( 788 m or 2,585 ft ) Warrawolong ( 641 m or 2,103 ft ) New England and Moonbi Round ( 1,585 m or 5,200 ft ) Point Lookout ( 1,564 m or 5,131 ft ) Ben Lomond ( 1,512 m or 4,961 ft ) Grundy ( 1,463 m or 4,800 ft ) Barren ( 1,437 m or 4,715 ft ) Hyland ( 1,434 m or 4,705 ft ) Duval ( 1,393 m or 4,570 ft ) Black Jack ( 1,300 m or 4,265 ft ) Gulligal ( 1,230 m or 4,035 ft ) Oaky ( 1,070 m or 3,510 ft ) Cooee ( 1,020 m or 3,346 ft ) Flaggy ( 984 m or 3,228 ft ) Big Billy ( 884 m or 2,900 ft ) Dorrigo ( 762 m or 2,500 ft ) Burning ( 520 m or 1,706 ft ) Yarrowyck Central Tablelands Canobolas ( 1,395 m or 4,577 ft ) Shooters Hill ( 1,394 m or 4,573 ft ) Bindo ( 1,363 m or 4,472 ft ) Trickett ( 1,362 m or 4,469 ft ) Blaxland Hopeless The Brindabellas and Scabby Bimberi ( 1,913 m or 6,276 ft ) Gingera ( 1,857 m or 6,093 ft ) Kelly ( 1,829 m or 6,001 ft ) Ginini ( 1,762 m or 5,781 ft ) Franklin ( 1,646 m or 5,400 ft ) Aggie ( 1,421 m or 4,662 ft ) Coree ( 1,421 m or 4,662 ft ) Bramina ( 1,392 m or 4,567 ft ) Bulls Head ( 1,375 m or 4,511 ft ) Black Bottle ( 1,356 m or 4,449 ft ) Lickhole ( 1,188 m or 3,898 ft ) Brindabella ( 972 m or 3,189 ft ) Monaro Big Badja ( 1,363 m or 4,472 ft ) Brown ( 1,243 m or 4,078 ft ) Gibraltar ( Bungendore ) ( 887 m or 2,910 ft ) Gibraltar Hill Snowies Main Kosciuszko ( 2,228 m or 7,310 ft ) Townsend ( 2,209 m or 7,247 ft ) unnamed peak on Etheridge Ridge ( 2,180 m or 7,152 ft ) Alice Rawson Peak ( 2,160 m or 7,087 ft ) Byatts Camp ( 2,159 m or 7,083 ft ) Carruthers ( 2,145 m or 7,037 ft ) Abbott Peak ( 2,145 m or 7,037 ft ) Mount Northcote ( 2,131 m or 6,991 ft ) Muellers Peak ( 2,120 m or 6,955 ft ) Clark ( 2,100 m or 6,890 ft ) Lee ( 2,100 m or 6,890 ft ) Gungartan ( 2,068 m or 6,785 ft ) Tate ( 2,068 m or 6,785 ft ) Jagungal ( 2,061 m or 6,762 ft ) Perisher ( 2,054 m or 6,739 ft ) Stilwell ( 2,040 m or 6,693 ft ) Watsons Crags ( 2,020 m or 6,627 ft ) Back Perisher ( 2,014 m or 6,608 ft ) Anton ( 2,000 m or 6,562 ft ) Anderson ( 1,997 m or 6,552 ft ) Blue Cow ( 1,994 m or 6,542 ft ) The Granite Peaks ( 1,980 m or 6,496 ft ) Dicky Cooper Bogong ( 1,980 m or 6,496 ft ) Gills Knobs ( 1,940 m or 6,365 ft ) Guthega Peak ( 1,924 m or 6,312 ft ) Blue Calf ( 1,905 m or 6,250 ft ) Sentinel ( 1,900 m or 6,234 ft ) Mount Piper ( 1,830 m or 6,004 ft ) Round ( 1,756 m or 5,761 ft ) Ramshead Rams Head ( 2,190 m or 7,185 ft ) Twynam ( 2,178 m or 7,146 ft ) Rams Head North ( 2,177 m or 7,142 ft ) Little Twynam ( 2,120 m or 6,955 ft ) Other mountains in the GDR Yengo ( 668 m or 2,192 ft ) Inland mountain ranges Barrier Lewis Peak ( 297 m or 974 ft ) Warrumbungles Exmouth ( 1,206 m or 3,957 ft ) Woorut ( 1,165 m or 3,822 ft ) Needle Other inland mountains Grenfell Gibralter Hill Island mountain ranges Lord Howe Gower ( 875 m or 2,871 ft ) Lidgbird ( 777 m or 2,549 ft ) Mountains not within a specific range Gibraltar ( 863 m or 2,831 ft ) Gulaga ( 806 m or 2,644 ft ) Ulandra ( 761 m or 2,497 ft ) Tilga ( 329 m or 1,079 ft ) Oxley ( 307 m or 1,007 ft ) GND : 4088447 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Mountains_(New_South_Wales)&oldid=852891462 '' Categories : Blue Mountains ( New South Wales ) Mountain ranges of New South Wales Physiographic sections Climbing areas of Australia Tourist attractions in Sydney Great Dividing Range Regions of Sydney Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2011 Use Australian English from May 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox Australian place 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3652785544274378755 | Oman | Oman - wikipedia Oman This article is about the Arabian sultanate . For the adjacent historical confederation named Trucial Oman , see Trucial States . For other uses , see Oman ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 21 ° N 57 ° E / 21 ° N 57 ° E / 21 ; 57 Sultanate of Oman سلطنة عُمان ( Arabic ) Salṭanat ʻUmān Flag National emblem Anthem : نشيد السلام السلطاني `` as - Salām as - Sultānī '' `` Sultanic Salutation '' Location of Oman in the Arabian Peninsula ( Red ) Capital and largest city Muscat 23 ° 36 ′ N 58 ° 33 ′ E / 23.600 ° N 58.550 ° E / 23.600 ; 58.550 Official languages Arabic Religion Islam Demonym Omani Government Unitary parliamentary absolute monarchy Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said Deputy Prime Minister Fahd bin Mahmoud al Said Legislature Parliament Upper house Council of State ( Majlis al - Dawla ) Lower house Consultative Assembly ( Majlis al - Shura ) Establishment The Azd tribe migration 130 Al - Julanda 629 Imamate established 751 Nabhani dynasty 1145 Yaruba dynasty 1624 House of Al Said 1744 Muscat and Oman 8 January 1820 Dhofar Rebellion 9 June 1965 -- 11 December 1975 Sultanate of Oman 9 August 1970 Admitted to the United Nations 7 October 1971 Current constitution 6 November 1996 Area Total 309,500 km ( 119,500 sq mi ) ( 70th ) Water ( % ) negligible Population 2016 estimate 4,424,762 ( 125th ) 2010 census 2,773,479 Density 15 / km ( 38.8 / sq mi ) ( 214th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $189.582 billion Per capita $46,475 GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $71.325 billion Per capita $17,485 HDI ( 2015 ) 0.796 high 52nd Currency Rial ( OMR ) Time zone GST ( UTC + 4 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 968 ISO 3166 code OM Internet TLD . om , عمان . Website www.oman.om Oman ( / oʊ ˈmɑːn / ( listen ) oh - MAHN ; Arabic : عمان ʻumān ( ʕʊˈmaːn ) ) , officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic : سلطنة عُمان Salṭanat ʻUmān ) , is an Arab country on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia . Its official religion is Islam . Holding a strategically important position at the mouth of the Persian Gulf , the country shares land borders with the United Arab Emirates to the northwest , Saudi Arabia to the west , and Yemen to the southwest , and shares marine borders with Iran and Pakistan . The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast . The Madha and Musandam exclaves are surrounded by the UAE on their land borders , with the Strait of Hormuz ( which it shares with Iran ) and Gulf of Oman forming Musandam 's coastal boundaries . From the late 17th century , the Omani Sultanate was a powerful empire , vying with Portugal and Britain for influence in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean . At its peak in the 19th century , Omani influence or control extended across the Strait of Hormuz to modern - day Iran and Pakistan , and as far south as Zanzibar . As its power declined in the 20th century , the sultanate came under the influence of the United Kingdom . Historically , Muscat was the principal trading port of the Persian Gulf region . Muscat was also among the most important trading ports of the Indian Ocean . The Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said has been the hereditary leader of the country , an absolute monarchy , since 1970 . Sultan Qaboos is the longest - serving current ruler in the Middle East , and third - longest current reigning monarch in the world . Oman is a member of the United Nations , the Arab League , the Gulf Cooperation Council , the Non-Aligned Movement and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . It has modest oil reserves , ranking 25th globally . Nevertheless , in 2010 the UNDP ranked Oman as the most improved nation in the world in terms of development during the preceding 40 years . A significant portion of its economy involves tourism and trade of fish , dates , and certain agricultural produce . This sets it apart from its neighbors ' largely oil - dependent economies . Oman is categorized as a high - income economy and ranks as the 70th most peaceful country in the world according to the Global Peace Index . Contents 1 History 1.1 Prehistory and ancient history 1.2 Portuguese colonization 1.3 18th and 19th centuries 1.4 Reign of Sultan Said ( 1932 -- 1970 ) 1.5 Reign of Sultan Qaboos ( from 1970 ) 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Flora and fauna 2.3 Environmental issues 3 Politics 3.1 Legal system 3.2 Human rights 3.3 Migrant workers 3.4 Foreign policy 3.5 Military 3.6 Administrative divisions 4 Economy 4.1 Oil and gas 4.2 Tourism 5 Demographics 5.1 Religion 5.2 Languages 5.3 Largest cities 6 Culture 6.1 Dress 6.2 Music and cinema 6.3 Media 6.4 Food 6.5 Sports 7 Education 8 Health 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links History Main article : History of Oman Prehistory and ancient history At Aybut Al Auwal , in the Dhofar Governorate of Oman , a site was discovered in 2011 containing more than 100 surface scatters of stone tools , belonging to a regionally specific African lithic industry -- the late Nubian Complex -- known previously only from the northeast and Horn of Africa . Two optically stimulated luminescence age estimates place the Arabian Nubian Complex at 106,000 years old . This supports the proposition that early human populations moved from Africa into Arabia during the Late Pleistocene . In recent years known primarily from survey finds , Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites have come to light most on the eastern coast . Main Palaeolithic sites include Saiwan - Ghunaim in the Barr al - Hikman . Archaeological remains are particularly numerous for the Bronze Age Umm an - Nar and Wadi Suq periods . Sites such as Baat show accomplished wheel - turned pottery , excellent hand - made stone vessels , a metals industry , and monumental architecture . The Early ( 1300 ‒ 300 BC ) and Late Iron Ages ( 100 BC ‒ 300 AD ) show more differences than similarities to each other . Thereafter until the coming of the Ibadhidya little or nothing of is known . A grave at Al Ayn , Oman , a World Heritage site Sumerian tablets refer to a country called Magan and Akkadian ones Makan , a name which links Oman 's ancient copper resources . Mazoon , a Persian name used for the region . Over centuries tribes from the west settled in Oman , making a living by fishing , farming , herding or stock breeding , and many present day Omani families trace their ancestral roots to other parts of Arabia . When the emigrants from northern - western and south - western Arabia arrived in Oman , they had to compete with the indigenous population for the best arable land . Oman , Late Iron Age sites In the 1970s and 1980s scholars like John C. Wilkinson believed by virtue of oral history that in the 6th century BC , the Achaemenids exerted control over the Omani peninsula , most likely ruling from a coastal center such as Suhar . Central Oman has its own indigenous Samad Late Iron Age cultural assemblage named eponymously from Samad al - Shan . In the northern part of the Oman Peninsula the Recent Pre-Islamic Period begins in the 3rd century BCE and extends into the 3rd century CE . Whether or not Persians brought south - eastern Arabian under their control is a moot point , since the lack of Persian finds speak against this belief . Four centuries later , Omanis came in contact with and accepted Islam . The conversion of Oman is usually ascribed to Amr ibn al - As , who was sent by the prophet Muhammad during the Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha ( Hisma ) . Portuguese colonization Seydi Ali Reis and his galleys taken in an ambush by Portuguese forces while trying to bring back his flotilla from Basra to Suez in August 1554 A decade after Vasco da Gama 's successful voyage around the Cape of Good Hope and to India in 1497 -- 98 , the Portuguese arrived in Oman and occupied Muscat for a 143 - year period , from 1507 to 1650 . Their fortress still remains . In need of an outpost to protect their sea lanes , the Portuguese built up and fortified the city , where remnants of their colonial architectural style still exist . An Ottoman fleet captured Muscat in 1552 , during the fight for control of the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean . The Ottoman Turks captured Muscat from the Portuguese in 1581 and held it until 1588 . Rebellious tribes eventually drove out the Portuguese , but were themselves pushed out about a century later , in 1741 , by the leader of an Omani tribe , who began the current line of ruling sultans . Except for a brief Persian invasion in the late 1740s , Oman has been self - governing ever since . The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman 18th and 19th centuries The Sultan 's Palace in Zanzibar , which was once Oman 's capital and residence of its Sultans In the 1690s , Saif bin Sultan , the Imam of Oman , pressed down the Swahili Coast . A major obstacle to his progress was Fort Jesus , housing the garrison of a Portuguese settlement at Mombasa . After a two - year siege , the fort fell to bin Sultan in 1698 . Thereafter the Omanis easily ejected the Portuguese from Zanzibar and from all other coastal regions north of Mozambique . The Persians invaded Oman in 1737 . They were driven out in 1749 when the Al Said dynasty came to power . It continues to rule Oman to this day . Zanzibar was a valuable property as the main slave market of the Swahili Coast , and became an increasingly important part of the Omani empire , a fact reflected by the decision of the 19th century Imam of Muscat , Sa'id ibn Sultan , to make it his main place of residence in 1837 . Sa'id built impressive palaces and gardens in Zanzibar . Rivalry between his two sons was resolved , with the help of forceful British diplomacy , when one of them , Majid , succeeded to Zanzibar and to the many regions claimed by the family on the Swahili Coast . The other son , Thuwaini , inherited Muscat and Oman . Zanzibar influences in the Comoros archipelago in the Indian Ocean indirectly introduced Omani customs to the Comorian culture . These influences include clothing traditions and wedding ceremonies . In 1783 , Oman 's Seyyid Sultan , defeated ruler of Muscat , was granted sovereignty over Gwadar . This coastal city is located in the Makran region of what is now the far southwestern corner of Pakistan , near the present - day border of Iran , at the mouth of the Gulf of Oman . After regaining control of Muscat , this sovereignty was continued via an appointed wali ( `` governor '' ) . The Al Hajar Mountains , of which the Jebel Akhdar is a part , separate the country into two distinct regions : the interior , known as Oman , and the coastal area dominated by the capital , Muscat . In 1913 , control of the country split . The interior was ruled by Ibadite imams and the coastal areas by the sultan . Under the terms of the British - brokered Treaty of Seeb of 1920 , the sultan recognised the autonomy of the interior . The Sultan of Muscat would be responsible for the external affairs of Oman . Reign of Sultan Said ( 1932 -- 1970 ) Sultan Said Bin Taimur The rule of Sultan Said bin Taimur was characterised by a feudal and isolationist approach . Imam Ghalib Alhinai was the elected Imam of the Imamate of Oman in May 1954 . Relations between the Sultan of Muscat , Said bin Taimur , and Imam Ghalib Alhinai were ruptured over a dispute concerning the right to grant oil concessions . A subsidiary of the Iraq Petroleum Company was intensely interested in some promising geological formations near Fahud . Under the terms of the 1920 treaty of Seeb , the Sultan claimed all dealings with the oil company as his prerogative . The Imam , on the other hand , claimed that since the oil was in his territory , anything dealing with it was an internal matter . Bahla Fort In December 1955 , Sultan Said bin Taimur sent troops of the Muscat and Oman Field Force to occupy the main centres in Oman , including Nizwa , the capital of the Imamate of Oman , and Ibri . Imam Ghalib Alhinai and his younger brother , Talib bin Ali Alhinai , led the Imamate of Oman in the Jebel Akhdar War against Sultan Said bin Taimur 's attack on his lands . In July 1957 , the Sultan 's forces were withdrawing , but they were repeatedly ambushed , sustaining heavy casualties . Sultan Said bin Taimur , however , with the intervention of infantry ( two companies of the Cameronians ) , armoured car detachments from the British Army and RAF aircraft , was able to suppress the rebellion . Talib 's forces retreated to the inaccessible Jebel Akhdar . Colonel David Smiley , who had been seconded to organize the Sultan 's Armed Forces , managed to isolate the mountain in autumn 1958 and found a route to the plateau from Wadi Bani Kharus . On 27 January 1959 , they occupied the mountain in a surprise operation . Ghalib , Talib and Sulaiman managed to escape to Saudi Arabia , where the Imamate 's cause was promoted until the 1970s . Imam Ghalib delegated his brother , Talib Alhinai , to present the issue to the Arab League and the United Nations in order to seek recognition of the Imamate of Oman by peaceful means . In 1955 , the exclave coastal Makran strip acceded to Pakistan and was made a district of its Balochistan province , while Gwadar was not included in Makran then . On 8 September 1958 , Pakistan purchased the Gwadar enclave from Oman for US $ 3 million . Gwadar then became a tehsil in the Makran district . Oil reserves were discovered in 1964 and extraction began in 1967 . In the Dhofar Rebellion , which began in 1965 , leftist forces were pitted against government troops . As the rebellion threatened to overthrow the Sultan 's rule in Dhofar , Sultan Said bin Taimur was deposed in a bloodless coup ( 1970 ) by his son Qaboos bin Said , who expanded the Sultan of Oman 's Armed Forces , modernised the state 's administration and introduced social reforms . The uprising was finally put down in 1975 with the help of forces from Iran , Jordan , Pakistan and the British Royal Air Force , army and Special Air Service . Reign of Sultan Qaboos ( from 1970 ) After deposing his father in 1970 , Sultan Qaboos opened up the country , embarked on economic reforms , and followed a policy of modernisation marked by increased spending on health , education and welfare . Slavery , once a cornerstone of the country 's trade and development , was outlawed in 1970 as well . In 1981 Oman became a founding member of the six - nation Gulf Cooperation Council . Political reforms were eventually introduced . Historically , voters had been chosen from among tribal leaders , intellectuals , and businessmen . In 1997 Sultan Qaboos decreed that women could vote for , and stand for election to , the Majlis al - Shura , the Consultative Assembly of Oman . Two women were duly elected to the body . In 2002 , voting rights were extended to all citizens over the age of 21 , and the first elections to the Consultative Assembly under the new rules were held in 2003 . In 2004 , the Sultan appointed Oman 's first female minister with portfolio , Sheikha Aisha bint Khalfan bin Jameel al - Sayabiyah . She was appointed to the post of National Authority for Industrial Craftsmanship , an office that attempts to preserve and promote Oman 's traditional crafts and stimulate industry . Despite these changes , there was little change to the actual political makeup of the government . The Sultan continued to rule by decree . Nearly 100 suspected Islamists were arrested in 2005 and 31 people were convicted of trying to overthrow the government . They were ultimately pardoned in June of the same year . Inspired by the Arab Spring uprisings taking place throughout the region , protests also occurred in Oman during the early months of 2011 . Although they did not call for the ousting of the regime , demonstrators demanded political reforms , improved living conditions , and the creation of more jobs . They were dispersed by riot police in February 2011 . Sultan Qaboos reacted by promising jobs and benefits . In October 2011 , elections were held to the Consultative Assembly , to which Sultan Qaboos promised greater powers . The following year , the government began a crackdown on internet criticism . In September 2012 , trials began of ' activists ' accused of posting `` abusive and provocative '' criticism of the government online . Six were given jail terms of 12 -- 18 months and fines of around $2,500 each . Geography The coast of Sur , Oman Wadi Shab Oman lies between latitudes 16 ° and 28 ° N , and longitudes 52 ° and 60 ° E. A vast gravel desert plain covers most of central Oman , with mountain ranges along the north ( Al Hajar Mountains ) and southeast coast ( Qara or Dhofar Mountains ) , where the country 's main cities are also located : the capital city Muscat , Sohar and Sur in the north , and Salalah in the south . Oman 's climate is hot and dry in the interior and humid along the coast . During past epochs , Oman was covered by ocean , witnessed by the large numbers of fossilized shells existing in areas of the desert away from the modern coastline . An Omani desert landscape The peninsula of Musandam ( Musandem ) exclave , which has a strategic location on the Strait of Hormuz , is separated from the rest of Oman by the United Arab Emirates . The series of small towns known collectively as Dibba are the gateway to the Musandam peninsula on land and the fishing villages of Musandam by sea , with boats available for hire at Khasab for trips into the Musandam peninsula by sea . Oman 's other exclave , inside UAE territory , known as Madha , located halfway between the Musandam Peninsula and the main body of Oman , is part of the Musandam governorate , covering approximately 75 km ( 29 sq mi ) . Madha 's boundary was settled in 1969 , with the north - east corner of Madha barely 10 m ( 32.8 ft ) from the Fujairah road . Within the Madha exclave is a UAE enclave called Nahwa , belonging to the Emirate of Sharjah . Situated about 8 km ( 5 mi ) along a dirt track west of the town of New Madha , consisting of about forty houses with a clinic and telephone exchange . The central desert of Oman is an important source of meteorites for scientific analysis . Climate Main article : Climate of Oman Like the rest of the Persian Gulf , Oman generally has one of the hottest climates in the world -- with summer temperatures in Muscat and northern Oman averaging 30 ° C ( 86.0 ° F ) to 40 ° C ( 104.0 ° F ) . Oman receives little rainfall , with annual rainfall in Muscat averaging 100 mm ( 3.9 in ) , falling mostly in January . In the south , the Dhofar Mountains area near Salalah has a tropical - like climate and receives seasonal rainfall from late June to late September as a result of monsoon winds from the Indian Ocean , leaving the summer air saturated with cool moisture and heavy fog . Summer temperatures in Salalah range from 20 ° C ( 68.0 ° F ) to 30 ° C ( 86.0 ° F ) -- relatively cool compared to northern Oman . The mountain areas receive more rainfall , and annual rainfall on the higher parts of the Jabal Akhdar probably exceeds 400 mm ( 15.7 in ) . Low temperatures in the mountainous areas result in snow cover once every few years . Some parts of the coast , particularly near the island of Masirah , sometimes receive no rain at all within the course of a year . The climate generally is very hot , with temperatures reaching around 50 ° C ( 122.0 ° F ) ( peak ) in the hot season , from May to September . On June 26 , 2018 the city of Quriyat in Oman set the lowest temperature record ( day and night time lowest temperature ) with 42.6 ° C ( 108.7 ° F ) . Flora and fauna See also : Wildlife of Oman Nakhal palm tree farms in Oman 's Batina Region The Arabian humpback whales off Dhofar Desert shrub and desert grass , common to southern Arabia , are found in Oman , but vegetation is sparse in the interior plateau , which is largely gravel desert . The greater monsoon rainfall in Dhofar and the mountains makes the growth there more luxuriant during summer ; coconut palms grow plentifully in the coastal plains of Dhofar and frankincense is produced in the hills , with abundant oleander and varieties of acacia . The Al Hajar Mountains are a distinct ecoregion , the highest points in eastern Arabia with wildlife including the Arabian tahr . Indigenous mammals include the leopard , hyena , fox , wolf , hare , oryx , and ibex . Birds include the vulture , eagle , stork , bustard , Arabian partridge , bee eater , falcon , and sunbird . In 2001 , Oman had nine endangered species of mammals , five endangered types of birds , and nineteen threatened plant species . Decrees have been passed to protect endangered species , including the Arabian leopard , Arabian oryx , mountain gazelle , goitered gazelle , Arabian tahr , green sea turtle , hawksbill turtle , and olive ridley turtle . However , the Arabian Oryx Sanctuary is the first site ever to be deleted from UNESCO 's World Heritage List , due to the government 's decision to reduce the site to 10 % of its former size so that the remainder could be opened to oil prospectors . Osprey in Yiti Beach , Oman In recent years , Oman has become one of newer hot spots for whale watching , highlighting the critically endangered Arabian humpback whale , the most isolated and only non-migratory population in the world , sperm whales , and pygmy blue whales . Environmental issues Drought and limited rainfall contribute to shortages in the nation 's water supply . Maintaining an adequate supply of water for agricultural and domestic use is one of Oman 's most pressing environmental problems , with limited renewable water resources . 94 % of available water is used in farming and 2 % for industrial activity , with the majority sourced from fossil water in the desert areas and spring water in hills and mountains . Drinking water is available throughout Oman , either piped or delivered . The soil in coastal plains , such as Salalah , have shown increased levels of salinity , due to over exploitation of ground water and encroachment by seawater on the water table . Pollution of beaches and other coastal areas by oil tanker traffic through the Strait of Hormuz and Gulf of Oman is also a persistent concern . Local and national entities have noted unethical treatment of animals in Oman . In particular , stray dogs ( and to a lesser extent , stray cats ) are often the victims of torture , abuse or neglect . Currently , the only approved method of decreasing the stray dog population is shooting by police officers . The Oman government has refused to implement a spay and neuter program or create any animal shelters in the country . Cats , while seen as more acceptable than dogs , are viewed as pests and frequently die of starvation or illness . Politics Main articles : Politics of Oman and Human rights in Oman The Sultan 's Al Alam Palace in Old Muscat Oman is a unitary state and an absolute monarchy , in which all legislative , executive and judiciary power ultimately rests in the hands of the hereditary Sultan . Freedom House has routinely rated the country `` Not Free '' as it is an absolute monarchy . Sultan Qaboos is the head of state and also directly controls the foreign affairs and defence portfolios . The sultan has absolute power and issues laws by decree . He is also the longest - serving ruler in the Middle East . Legal system Oman is an absolute monarchy , with the Sultan 's word having the force of law . The judiciary branch is subordinate to the Sultan . According to Oman 's constitution , Sharia law is one of the sources of legislation . Sharia court departments within the civil court system are responsible for family - law matters , such as divorce and inheritance . The country has no system of checks and balances , and thus no separation of powers . All power is concentrated in the Sultan , who is also chief of staff of the armed forces , Minister of Defence , Minister of Foreign Affairs and chairman of the Central Bank . All legislation since 1970 has been promulgated through royal decrees , including the 1996 Basic Law . The Sultan appoints judges , and can grant pardons and commute sentences . The Sultan 's authority is inviolable and the Sultan expects total subordination to his will . The administration of justice is highly personalized , with limited due process protections , especially in political and security - related cases . The Basic Statute of the State is supposedly the cornerstone of the Omani legal system and it operates as a constitution for the country . The Basic Statute was issued in 1996 and thus far has only been amended once , in 2011 , in response to protests . Though Oman 's legal code theoretically protects civil liberties and personal freedoms , both are regularly ignored by the regime . Women and children face legal discrimination in many areas . Women are excluded from certain state benefits , such as housing loans , and are refused equal rights under the personal status law . Women also experience restrictions on their self - determination in respect to health and reproductive rights . Qaboos bin Said al Said The National Human Rights Commission , established in 2008 , is not independent from the regime . It is chaired by the former deputy inspector general of Police and Customs and its members are appointed by royal decree . In June 2012 , one of its members requested that she be relieved of her duties because she disagreed with a statement made by the Commission justifying the arrest of intellectuals and bloggers and the restriction of freedom of expression in the name of respect for `` the principles of religion and customs of the country '' . Since the beginning of the `` Omani Spring '' in January 2011 , a number of serious violations of civil rights have been reported , amounting to a critical deterioration of the human rights situation . Prisons are not accessible to independent monitors . Members of the independent Omani Group of Human Rights have been harassed , arrested and sentenced to jail . There have been numerous testimonies of torture and other inhumane forms of punishment perpetrated by security forces on protesters and detainees . The detainees were all peacefully exercising their right to freedom of expression and assembly . Although authorities must obtain court orders to hold suspects in pre-trial detention , they do not regularly follow these procedures . The penal code was amended in October 2011 to allow the arrest and detention of individuals without an arrest warrant from public prosecutors . The Omani legislature is the bicameral Council of Oman , consisting of an upper chamber , the Council of State ( Majlis ad - Dawlah ) and a lower chamber , the Consultative Council ( Majlis ash - Shoura ) . Political parties are banned . The upper chamber has 71 members , appointed by the Sultan from among prominent Omanis ; it has only advisory powers . The 84 members of the Consultative Council are elected by popular vote to serve four - year terms , but the Sultan makes the final selections and can negotiate the election results . The members are appointed for three - year terms , which may be renewed once . The last elections were held on October 2011 . Oman 's national anthem , As - Salam as - Sultani is dedicated to Sultan Qaboos . Human rights Main article : Human rights in Oman Oman is an absolute monarchy by male primogeniture . The present Sultan , Qaboos bin Said al Said , has been the hereditary leader of the country since 1970 . Homosexual acts are illegal in Oman . The practice of torture is widespread in Oman state penal institutions and has become the state 's typical reaction to independent political expression . Torture methods in use in Oman include mock execution , beating , hooding , solitary confinement , subjection to extremes of temperature and to constant noise , abuse and humiliation . There have been numerous reports of torture and other inhumane forms of punishment perpetrated by Omani security forces on protesters and detainees . Several prisoners detained in 2012 complained of sleep deprivation , extreme temperatures , and solitary confinement . Omani authorities kept Sultan al - Saadi , a social media activist , in solitary confinement , denied him access to his lawyer and family , forced him to wear a black bag over his head whenever he left his cell , including when using the restroom , and told him his family had `` forsaken '' him and asked for him to be imprisoned . The Omani government decides who can or can not be a journalist and this permission can be withdrawn at any time . Censorship and self - censorship are a constant factor . Omanis have limited access to political information through the media . Access to news and information can be problematic : journalists have to be content with news compiled by the official news agency on some issues . Through a decree by the Sultan , the government has now extended its control over the media to blogs and other websites . Omanis can not hold a public meeting without the government 's approval . Omanis who want to set up a non-governmental organisation of any kind need a licence . To get a licence , they have to demonstrate that the organisation is `` for legitimate objectives '' and not `` inimical to the social order '' . The Omani government does not permit the formation of independent civil society associations . The law prohibits criticism of the Sultan and government in any form or medium . Oman 's police do not need search warrants in order to enter people 's homes . The law does not provide citizens with the right to change their government . The Sultan retains ultimate authority on all foreign and domestic issues . Government officials are not subject to financial disclosure laws . Libel laws and concerns for national security have been used to suppress criticism of government figures and politically objectionable views . Publication of books is limited and the government restricts their importation and distribution , as with other media products . Merely mentioning the existence of such restrictions can land Omanis in trouble . In 2009 , a web publisher was fined and given a suspended jail sentence for revealing that a supposedly live TV programme was actually pre-recorded in order to eliminate any criticisms of the government . Faced with so many restrictions , Omanis have resorted to unconventional methods for expressing their views . Omanis sometimes use donkeys to express their views . Writing about Gulf rulers in 2001 , Dale Eickelman observed : `` Only in Oman has the occasional donkey ... been used as a mobile billboard to express anti-regime sentiments . There is no way in which police can maintain dignity in seizing and destroying a donkey on whose flank a political message has been inscribed . '' Omani citizens need government permission to marry foreigners . The Ministry of Interior requires Omani citizens to obtain permission to marry foreigners ( except nationals of GCC countries ) ; permission is not automatically granted . Citizen marriage to a foreigner abroad without ministry approval may result in denial of entry for the foreign spouse at the border and preclude children from claiming citizenship rights . It also may result in a bar from government employment and a fine of 2,000 rials ( $5,200 ) . In August 2014 , The Omani writer and human rights defender Mohammed Alfazari , the founder and editor - in - chief of the e-magazine Mowatin `` Citizen '' , disappeared after going to the police station in the Al - Qurum district of Muscat . For several months the Omani government denied his detention and refused to disclose information about his whereabouts or condition . On July 17 , 2015 , Al Fazari left Oman seeking political asylum in UK after a travel ban was issued against him without providing any reasons and after his official documents including his national ID and passport were confiscated for more than 8 months . There were more reports of politically motivated disappearances in the country . In 2012 , armed security forces arrested Sultan al - Saadi , a social media activist . According to reports , authorities detained him at an unknown location for one month for comments he posted online critical of the government . Authorities previously arrested al - Saadi in 2011 for participating in protests and again in 2012 for posting comments online deemed insulting to Sultan Qaboos . In May 2012 security forces detained Ismael al - Meqbali , Habiba al - Hinai , and Yaqoub al - Kharusi , human rights activists who were visiting striking oil workers . Authorities released al - Hinai and al - Kharusi shortly after their detention but did not inform al - Meqbali 's friends and family of his whereabouts for weeks . Authorities pardoned al - Meqbali in March . In December 2013 , a Yemeni national disappeared in Oman after he was arrested at a checkpoint in Dhofar Governorate . Omani authorities refuse to acknowledge his detention . His whereabouts and condition remain unknown . The National Human Rights Commission , established in 2008 , is not independent from the regime . It is chaired by the former deputy inspector general of Police and Customs and its members are appointed by royal decree . In June 2012 , one of its members requested that she be relieved of her duties because she disagreed with a statement made by the Commission justifying the arrest of intellectuals and bloggers and the restriction of freedom of expression in the name of respect for `` the principles of religion and customs of the country '' . Since the beginning of the `` Omani Spring '' in January 2011 , a number of serious violations of civil rights has been reported , amounting to a critical deterioration of the human rights situation . Prisons are inaccessible to independent monitors . Members of the independent Omani Group of Human Rights have been harassed , arrested and sentenced to jail . There have been numerous testimonies of torture and other inhumane forms of punishment perpetrated by security forces on protesters and detainees . The detainees were all peacefully exercising their right to freedom of expression and assembly . Although authorities must obtain court orders to hold suspects in pre-trial detention , they do not regularly do this . The penal code was amended in October 2011 to allow the arrest and detention of individuals without an arrest warrant from public prosecutors . In January 2014 , Omani intelligence agents arrested a Bahraini actor and handed him over to the Bahraini authorities on the same day of his arrest . The actor has been subjected to a forced disappearance , his whereabouts and condition remain unknown . Migrant workers Main article : Migrant workers in the Gulf region The plight of domestic workers in Oman is a taboo subject . In 2011 , the Philippines government determined that out of all the countries in the Middle East , only Oman and Israel qualify as safe for Filipino migrants . In 2012 , it was reported that every 6 days , an Indian migrant in Oman commits suicide . There has been a campaign urging authorities to check the migrant suicide rate . In the 2014 Global Slavery Index , Oman is ranked # 45 due to 26,000 people in slavery . The descendants of servant tribes and slaves are victims of widespread discrimination . Oman was one of the last countries to abolish slavery in 1970 . Foreign policy Main article : Foreign relations of Oman U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry meets with Sultan Qaboos in Muscat , May 2013 Since 1970 , Oman has pursued a moderate foreign policy , and has expanded its diplomatic relations dramatically . Oman is among the very few Arab countries that have maintained friendly ties with Iran . WikiLeaks disclosed US diplomatic cables which state that Oman helped free British sailors captured by Iran 's navy in 2007 . The same cables also portray the Omani government as wishing to maintain cordial relations with Iran , and as having consistently resisted US diplomatic pressure to adopt a sterner stance . Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah is the Sultanate 's Minister Responsible for Foreign Affairs . Military Main article : Sultan of Oman 's Armed Forces The Khareef - class corvette , Al - Shamikh Oman 's military manpower totalled 44,100 in 2006 , including 25,000 men in the army , 4,200 sailors in the navy , and an air force with 4,100 personnel . The Royal Household maintained 5,000 Guards , 1,000 in Special Forces , 150 sailors in the Royal Yacht fleet , and 250 pilots and ground personnel in the Royal Flight squadrons . Oman also maintains a modestly sized paramilitary force of 4,400 men . The Royal Army of Oman had 25,000 active personnel in 2006 , plus a small contingent of Royal Household troops . Despite a comparative large military spending , it has been relatively slow to modernize its forces . Oman has a relatively limited number of tanks , including 6 M60A1 , 73 M60A3 , and 38 Challenger 2 main battle tanks , as well as 37 aging Scorpion light tanks . The Royal Air Force of Oman has approximately 4,100 men , with only 36 combat aircraft and no armed helicopters . Combat aircraft include 20 aging Jaguars , 12 Hawk Mk 203s , 4 Hawk Mk 103s , and 12 PC - 9 turboprop trainers with a limited combat capability . It has one squadron of 12 F - 16C / D aircraft . Oman also has 4 A202 - 18 Bravos , and 8 MFI - 17B Mushshaqs . The Royal Navy of Oman had 4,200 men in 2000 , and is headquartered at Seeb . It has bases at Ahwi , Ghanam Island , Mussandam and Salalah . In 2006 , Oman had 10 surface combat vessels . These included two 1,450 - ton Qahir class corvettes , and 8 ocean - going patrol boats . The Omani Navy had one 2,500 - ton Nasr al Bahr class LSL ( 240 troops , 7 tanks ) with a helicopter deck . Oman also had at least four landing craft . Oman ordered three Khareef class corvettes from the VT Group for £ 400 million in 2007 . They are being built at Portsmouth . In 2010 Oman spent US $4.074 billion on military expenditures , 8.5 % of the gross domestic product . The sultanate has a long history of association with the British military and defence industry . According to SIPRI , Oman was the 23rd largest arms importer from 2012 -- 2016 . Administrative divisions Main article : Regions and governorates of Oman Governorates of Oman The Sultanate is administratively divided into eleven governorates . Governorates are , in turn , divided into 60 wilayats . Ad Dakhiliyah Ad Dhahirah Al Batinah North Al Batinah South Al Buraimi Al Wusta Ash Sharqiyah North Ash Sharqiyah South Dhofar Muscat Musandam Economy Main article : Economy of Oman A proportional representation of Oman 's exports Muscat Securities Market Oman 's Basic Statute of the State expresses in Article 11 that the `` national economy is based on justice and the principles of a free economy . '' By regional standards , Oman has a relatively diversified economy , but remains dependent on oil exports . Tourism is the fastest - growing industry in Oman . Other sources of income , agriculture and industry , are small in comparison and account for less than 1 % of the country 's exports , but diversification is seen as a priority by the government . Agriculture , often subsistence in its character , produces dates , limes , grains , and vegetables , but with less than 1 % of the country under cultivation , Oman is likely to remain a net importer of food . Since a slump in oil prices in 1998 , Oman has made active plans to diversify its economy and is placing a greater emphasis on other areas of industry , namely tourism and infrastructure . A free - trade agreement with the United States took effect 1 January 2009 , eliminated tariff barriers on all consumer and industrial products , and also provided strong protections for foreign businesses investing in Oman . Tourism , another source of Oman 's revenue , is on the rise . A popular event is The Khareef Festival held in Salalah , Dhofar , which is 1,200 km from the capital city of Muscat , during the monsoon season ( August ) and is similar to Muscat Festival . During this latter event the mountains surrounding Salalah are popular with tourists as a result of the cool weather and lush greenery , rarely found anywhere else in Oman . Oman 's foreign workers send an estimated US $30 billion annually to their home states in Asia and Africa , more than half of them earning a monthly wage of less than US $400 . The largest foreign community is from the Indian states of Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , Maharashtra , Gujarat and the Punjab , representing more than half of entire workforce in Oman . Salaries for overseas workers are known to be less than for Omani nationals , though still from two to five times higher than for the equivalent job in India . The Oman Ferries Company maintains the two diesel - powered , high - speed , car ferries -- Shinas and Hormouz . The ferries are used for travel between Muscat and Khasab . Khasab is strategically located in Musandam on the southern tip of the Strait of Hormuz and is controlled by Oman . Mainland Oman is separated by a small strip of UAE territory from Musandam . Oil and Gas Petrochemical tanks in Sohar Oman 's proved reserves of petroleum total about 5.5 billion barrels , 25th largest in the world . Oil is extracted and processed by Petroleum Development Oman ( PDO ) , with proven oil reserves holding approximately steady , although oil production has been declining . The Ministry of Oil and Gas is responsible for all oil and gas infrastructure and projects in Oman . Following the 1970s energy crisis , Oman doubled their oil output between 1979 and 1985 . Between 2000 and 2007 , production fell by more than 26 % , from 972,000 to 714,800 barrels per day . Production has recovered to 816,000 barrels in 2009 , and 930,000 barrels per day in 2012 . Oman 's natural gas reserves are estimated at 849.5 billion cubic meters , ranking 28th in the world , and production in 2008 was about 24 billion cubic meters per year . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Oman Wahiba Sands Bustan Palace Tourism in Oman has grown considerably recently , and it is expected to be one of the largest industries in the country . The World Travel & Tourism Council stated that Oman is the fastest growing tourism destination in the Middle East . Oman has one of the most diverse environments in the Middle East with various tourist attractions and is particularly well known for adventure and cultural tourism . Muscat , the capital of Oman , was named the second best city to visit in the world in 2012 by the travel guide publisher Lonely Planet . Muscat also was chosen as the Capital of Arab Tourism of 2012 . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Oman As of 2014 , Oman 's population is over 4 million , with 2.23 million Omani nationals and 1.76 million expatriates . The total fertility rate in 2011 was estimated at 3.70 . Oman has a very young population , with 43 percent of its inhabitants under the age of 15 . Nearly 50 percent of the population lives in Muscat and the Batinah coastal plain northwest of the capital . Omani people are predominantly of Arab , Baluchi and African origins . Omani society is largely tribal and encompasses three major identities : that of the tribe , the Ibadi faith , and maritime trade . The first two identities are closely tied to tradition and are especially prevalent in the interior of the country , owing to lengthy periods of isolation . The third identity pertains mostly to Muscat and the coastal areas of Oman , and is reflected by business , trade , and the diverse origins of many Omanis , who trace their roots to Baloch , Al - Lawatia , Persia , and historical Omani Zanzibar . Consequently , the third identity is generally seen to be more open and tolerant towards others , and is often in tension with the more traditional and insular identities of the interior . Religion Main article : Islam in Oman Further information : Freedom of religion in Oman Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque Religion in Oman ( 2010 ) Islam ( 85.9 % ) Christianity ( 6.5 % ) Hinduism ( 5.5 % ) Others ( 1 % ) Buddhism ( 0.8 % ) Unaffiliated ( 0.2 % ) Judaism ( 0.1 % ) Islam ( official ; majority are Ibadi and less Sunni and Shia ) 85.9 % , Christian 6.5 % , Hindu 5.5 % , Buddhist 0.8 % , Jewish < 0.1 , Other 1 % , Unaffiliated 0.2 % . The Oman government does not keep statistics on religious affiliation , but virtually all Omanis are Muslims , most of whom follow the Ibadi School of Islam , followed by the Shafi ` i school of Sunni Islam . Virtually all non-Muslims in Oman are foreign workers . Non-Muslim religious communities include various groups of Jains , Buddhists , Zoroastrians , Sikhs , Jews , Hindus and Christians . Christian communities are centred in the major urban areas of Muscat , Sohar , and Salalah . These include Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , and various Protestant congregations , organizing along linguistic and ethnic lines . More than 50 different Christian groups , fellowships , and assemblies are active in the Muscat metropolitan area , formed by migrant workers from Southeast Asia . There are also communities of ethnic Indian Hindus and Christians . Muscat has two Hindu temples . One of them is over a hundred years old . There is a significant Sikh community in Oman . Though there are no permanent gurdwaras , many smaller gurdwaras in makeshift camps exist and are recognised by the government . The Government of India had signed an accord in 2008 with the Omani government to build a permanent gurdwara but little progress has been made on the matter . Languages Arabic and English Road Sign in Oman Arabic is the official language of Oman . It belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic family . Prior to Islam , Central Oman lay outside of the core area of spoken Arabic . Possibly Old South Arabian speakers dwelled from the Bāṭinah to Ẓafār . Rare Musnad inscriptions have come to light in central Oman and in the Emirate of Sharjah , but the script says nothing about the language which it conveys . A bilingual text from the 3rd century BCE is written in Aramaic and in musnad Hasiatic , which mentions a ' king of Oman ' ( mālk mn ʿmn ) . Today the Mehri language is limited in its distribution to the area around Ṣalālah in Ẓafār and westward into the Yemen . But until the 18th or 19th century it was spoken further north , perhaps into Central Oman . Baluchi ( Southern Baluchi ) is widely spoken in Oman . Endangered indigenous languages in Oman include Kumzari , Bathari , Harsusi , Hobyot , Jibbali and Mehri . Omani Sign Language is the language of the deaf community . Oman was also the first Arab country in the Persian Gulf to have German taught as a second language . The Bedouin Arabs , who reached eastern and south - eastern Arabia in migrational waves - the latest in the 18th century , brought their language and rule including the ruling families of Bahrain , Qatar and the United Arab Emirates . At the most basic level , there are two kinds of dialects , those of settlers and those of Bedouin which share some features . Omani dialects preserve much vocabulary which has been lost in other Arabic dialects. C. Holes has argued convincingly that Omani Arabic has indigenous characteristics of its own which do not derive from Bedouin central Arabia . They are better preserved than in neighbouring countries . According to the CIA , besides Arabic , English , Baluchi ( Southern Baluchi ) , Urdu , and various Indian languages are the main languages spoken in Oman . English is widely spoken in the business community and is taught at school from an early age . Almost all signs and writings appear in both Arabic and English at tourist sites . Baluchi is the mother tongue of the Baloch people from Balochistan in western - Pakistan , eastern Iran , and southern Afghanistan . It is also used by some descendants of Sindhi sailors . A significant number of residents also speak Urdu , due to the influx of Pakistani migrants during the late 1980s and 1990s . Additionally , Swahili is widely spoken in the country due to the historical relations between Oman and Zanzibar . Largest cities Largest cities or towns in Oman http://www.geonames.org/OM/largest-cities-in-oman.html Rank Name Governorate / Region Pop . Muscat Seeb Muscat Muscat 797 000 Salalah Bawshar Seeb Muscat 237 816 Salalah Dhofar 163 140 Bawshar Muscat 159 487 5 Sohar Al Batinah 108 274 6 Suwayq Al Batinah 107 143 7 Ibri Az Zahirah 101 640 8 Saham Al Batinah 89 327 9 Barka Al Batinah 81 647 10 Rustaq Al Batinah 79 383 Culture Main article : Culture of Oman The traditional Dhow , an enduring symbol of Oman Outwardly , Oman shares many of the cultural characteristics of its Arab neighbours , particularly those in the Gulf Cooperation Council . Despite these similarities , important factors make Oman unique in the Middle East . These result as much from geography and history as from culture and economics . The relatively recent and artificial nature of the state in Oman makes it difficult to describe a national culture ; however , sufficient cultural heterogeneity exists within its national boundaries to make Oman distinct from other Arab States of the Persian Gulf . Oman 's cultural diversity is greater than that of its Arab neighbours , given its historical expansion to the Swahili Coast and the Indian Ocean . Oman has a long tradition of shipbuilding , as maritime travel played a major role in the Omanis ' ability to stay in contact with the civilisations of the ancient world . Sur was one of the most famous shipbuilding cities of the Indian Ocean . The Al Ghanja ship takes one whole year to build . Other types of Omani ship include As Sunbouq and Al Badan . In March 2016 archaeologists working off Al Hallaniyah Island identified a shipwreck believed to be that of the Esmeralda from Vasco da Gama 's 1502 -- 1503 fleet . The wreck was initially discovered in 1998 . Later underwater excavations took place between 2013 and 2015 through a partnership between the Oman Ministry of Heritage and Culture and Bluewater Recoveries Ltd. , a shipwreck recovery company . The vessel was identified through such artifacts as a `` Portuguese coin minted for trade with India ( one of only two coins of this type known to exist ) and stone cannonballs engraved with what appear to be the initials of Vincente Sodré , da Gama 's maternal uncle and the commander of the Esmeralda . '' Dress A khanjar , the traditional dagger of Oman ( c. 1924 ) The male national dress in Oman consists of the dishdasha , a simple , ankle - length , collarless gown with long sleeves . Most frequently white in colour , the dishdasha may also appear in a variety of other colours . Its main adornment , a tassel ( furakha ) sewn into the neckline , can be impregnated with perfume . Underneath the dishdasha , men wear a plain , wide strip of cloth wrapped around the body from the waist down . The most noted regional differences in dishdasha designs are the style with which they are embroidered , which varies according to age group . On formal occasions a black or beige cloak called a bisht may cover the dishdasha . The embroidery edging the cloak is often in silver or gold thread and it is intricate in detail . Omani men wear two types of headdress : the ghutra , also called `` Musar '' a square piece of woven wool or cotton fabric of a single colour , decorated with various embroidered patterns . the kummah , a cap that is the head dress worn during leisure hours . Some men carry the assa , a stick , which can have practical uses or is simply used as an accessory during formal events . Omani men , on the whole , wear sandals on their feet . The khanjar ( dagger ) forms part of the national dress and men wear the khanjar on all formal public occasions and festivals . It is traditionally worn at the waist . Sheaths may vary from simple covers to ornate silver or gold - decorated pieces . It is a symbol of a man 's origin , his manhood and courage . A depiction of a khanjar appears on the national flag . Omani women wear eye - catching national costumes , with distinctive regional variations . All costumes incorporate vivid colours and vibrant embroidery and decorations . In the past , the choice of colours reflected a tribe 's tradition . The Omani women 's traditional costume comprises several garments : the kandoorah , which is a long tunic whose sleeves or radoon are adorned with hand - stitched embroidery of various designs . The dishdasha is worn over a pair of loose fitting trousers , tight at the ankles , known as a sirwal . Women also wear a head shawl most commonly referred to as the lihaf . As of 2014 women reserve wearing their traditional dress for special occasions , and instead wear a loose black cloak called an abaya over their personal choice of clothing , whilst in some regions , particularly amongst the Bedouin , the burqa is still worn . Women wear hijab , and though some women cover their faces and hands , most do not . The Sultan has forbidden the covering of faces in public office . Music and cinema Royal Opera House Muscat Music of Oman is extremely diverse due to Oman 's imperial legacy . There are over 130 different forms of traditional Omani songs and dances . The Oman Centre for Traditional Music was established in 1984 to preserve them . In 1985 , Sultan Qaboos founded the Royal Oman Symphony Orchestra , an act attributed to his love for classical music . Instead of engaging foreign musicians , he decided to establish an orchestra made up of Omanis . On 1 July 1987 at the Al Bustan Palace Hotel 's Oman Auditorium the Royal Oman Symphony Orchestra gave its inaugural concert . Cinema in Sur The cinema of Oman is very small , there being only one Omani film Al - Boom ( 2006 ) as of 2007 . Oman Arab Cinema Company LLC is the single largest motion picture exhibitor chain in Oman . It belongs to the Jawad Sultan Group of Companies , which has a history spanning more than 40 years in the Sultanate of Oman . In popular music , a seven - minute music video about Oman went viral , achieving 500,000 views on YouTube within 10 days of being released on YouTube in November 2015 . The a cappella production features three of the region 's most popular talents : Kahliji musician Al Wasmi , Omani poet Mazin Al - Haddabi and actress Buthaina Al Raisi . Media Sultanate of Oman Television began broadcasting for the first time from Muscat on 17 November 1974 and separately from Salalah on 25 November 1975 . On 1 June 1979 , the two stations at Muscat and Salalah linked by satellite to form a unified broadcasting service . In order to overcome the natural obstacles created by the mountainous terrain , a network of stations spread across the country in both populated and remote areas transmit Oman TV 's broadcasts . Oman has fewer restrictions on independent media than its neighbors Saudi Arabia or Yemen . The press freedom group Reporters Without Borders ranked the country 125th out of 180 countries on its 2016 World Press Freedom Index , one spot below Zimbabwe . However , in 2016 , the government drew international criticism for closing the newspaper Azamn and arresting three journalists after a report about corruption in the country 's judiciary . Food Main article : Omani cuisine Traditional Omani Food Omani cuisine is diverse and has been influenced by many cultures . Omanis usually eat their main daily meal at midday , while the evening meal is lighter . During Ramadan , dinner is served after the Taraweeh prayers , sometimes as late as 11 pm . However these dinner timings differ according to each family -- for instance , some families would choose to eat right after maghrib prayers and have dessert after taraweeh . Arsia , a festival meal served during celebrations , consists of mashed rice and meat ( sometimes chicken ) . Another popular festival meal , shuwa , consists of meat cooked very slowly ( sometimes for up to 2 days ) in an underground clay - oven . The meat becomes extremely tender and it is infused with spices and herbs before cooking to give it a very distinct taste . Fish is often used in main dishes too , and the kingfish is a popular ingredient . Mashuai is a meal consisting of a whole spit - roasted kingfish served with lemon rice . Rukhal bread is a thin , round bread originally baked over a fire made from palm leaves . It is eaten at any meal , typically served with Omani honey for breakfast or crumbled over curry for dinner . Chicken , fish , and lamb or mutton are regularly used in dishes . The Omani halwa is a very popular sweet , basically consisting of cooked raw sugar with nuts . There are many different flavors , the most popular ones being the black halwa ( original ) and the saffron halwa . Halwa is considered as a symbol of Omani hospitality , and is traditionally served with coffee . As is the case with most Arab States of the Persian Gulf , alcohol is only available over-the - counter to non-Muslims . Muslims can still purchase alcoholic drinks . Alcohol is served in many hotels and a few restaurants . Sports Oman hosted and won the 19th Arabian Gulf Cup 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifiers Round 3 match between Oman and Japan at the Royal Oman Police Stadium on June 7 , 2008 in Muscat , Oman In October 2004 , the Omani government set up a Ministry of Sports Affairs to replace the General Organization for youth , sports and cultural affairs . The 19th Arabian Gulf Cup , the 19th edition , took place in Muscat , from 4 to 17 January 2009 and was won by the Omani national football team . The 23rd Arabian Gulf Cup , the 23rd edition , that took place in Kuwait , from 22 December 2017 until January 5th 2018 . Oman won their second title , defeating the United Arab Emirates in the final on penalties following a goalless draw . Oman 's traditional sports are dhow racing , horse racing , camel racing , bull fighting and falconry . Association football , basketball , waterskiing and sandboarding are among the sports that have emerged quickly and gained popularity among the younger generation . Ali Al - Habsi is an Omani professional association football player . As of 2015 , he plays in the Football League Championship as a goalkeeper for Reading . The International Olympic Committee awarded the former GOYSCA its prestigious prize for Sporting excellence in recognition of its contributions to youth and sports and its efforts to promote the Olympic spirit and goals . The Oman Olympic Committee played a major part in organizing the highly successful 2003 Olympic Days , which were of great benefit to the sports associations , clubs and young participants . The football association took part , along with the handball , basketball , rugby union , hockey , volleyball , athletics , swimming , and tennis associations . In 2010 Muscat hosted the 2010 Asian Beach Games . Oman also hosts tennis tournaments in different age divisions each year . The Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex stadium contains a 50 - meter swimming pool which is used for international tournaments from different schools in different countries . The Tour of Oman , a professional cycling 6 - day stage race , takes place in February . Oman hosted the Asian 2011 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualifiers , where 11 teams competed for three spots at the FIFA World Cup . Oman hosted the Men 's and Women 's 2012 Beach Handball World Championships at the Millennium Resort in Mussanah , from 8 to 13 July . Oman has competed repeatedly for a position in the FIFA World Cup , but have yet qualified to compete in the tournament . Oman , along with Fujairah in the UAE , are the only regions in the Middle East that have a variant of bullfighting , known as ' bull - butting ' , organized within their territories . Al - Batena area in Oman is specifically prominent for such events . It involves two bulls of the Brahman breed pitted against one another and as the name implies , they engage in a forceful barrage of headbutts . The first one to collapse or concede its ground is declared the loser . Most bull - butting matches are short affairs and last for less than 5 minutes . The origins of bull - butting in Oman remain unknown , but many locals believe it was brought to Oman by the Moors of Spanish origin . Yet others say it has a direct connection with Portugal , which colonized the Omani coastline for nearly two centuries . In Cricket , Oman qualified for the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 by securing sixth place in 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . They have also been granted T20I status as they were among the top six teams in the qualifiers . Education Main article : Education in Oman The adult literacy rate in 2010 was 86.9 % . Before 1970 , only three formal schools existed in the entire country , with fewer than 1,000 students . Since Sultan Qaboos ' ascension to power in 1970 , the government has given high priority to education in order to develop a domestic work force , which the government considers a vital factor in the country 's economic and social progress . Today , there are over 1,000 state schools and about 650,000 students . Oman 's first university , Sultan Qaboos University , opened in 1986 . The University of Nizwa is one of the fastest growing universities in Oman . Other post-secondary institutions in Oman include the Higher College of Technology and its six branches , six colleges of applied sciences ( including a teacher 's training college ) , a college of banking and financial studies , an institute of Sharia sciences , and several nursing institutes . Some 200 scholarships are awarded each year for study abroad . According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities , the top - ranking universities in the country are Sultan Qaboos University ( 1678th worldwide ) , the Dhofar University ( 6011th ) and the University of Nizwa ( 6093rd ) . Health Main article : Healthcare in Oman Life expectancy at birth in Oman was estimated to be 76.1 years in 2010 . As of 2010 , there were an estimated 2.1 physicians and 2.1 hospital beds per 1,000 people . In 1993 , 89 % of the population had access to health care services . In 2000 , 99 % of the population had access to health care services . During the last three decades , the Oman health care system has demonstrated and reported great achievements in health care services and preventive and curative medicine . In 2001 , Oman 's health system was ranked number 8 by the World Health Organization . See also Outline of Oman Index of Oman - related articles Sultan of Oman Qaboos bin Said al Said Archaeology of Oman Geography portal Oman portal Asia portal Middle East portal Notes Jump up ^ In 1783 , when Seyyid Said succeeded to the `` masnad '' of Muscat and Oman ( an independent state founded in 1749 ) , he fell out with his brother Seyyid Sultan , who fled to safety in Makran and entered into communication with Nasir Khan of Kalat . Said was granted the Kalat share of the revenues of Gwadar and lived there until 1797 when he came to rule over Muscat and Oman . Jump up ^ Gwadar remained an Omani possession as part of the sultanate until September 1958 References Jump up ^ `` Cabinet Ministers '' . Government of Oman . Archived from the original on 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Oman . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . In 751 Ibadi Muslims , a moderate branch of the Kharijites , established an imamate in Oman . Despite interruptions , the Ibadi imamate survived until the mid-20th century . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final Results of Census 2010 '' ( PDF ) . National Center for Statistics & Information . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oman '' . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kharusi , N.S. ( 2012 ) . `` The ethnic label Zinjibari : Politics and language choice implications among Swahili speakers in Oman '' . Ethnicities. 12 ( 3 ) : 335 -- 353 . doi : 10.1177 / 1468796811432681 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Report : Oman '' . BTI Project . 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arab uprising : Country by country -- Oman '' . BBC News . 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oman profile -- Overview '' . BBC News . 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Private sector gets Omanisation targets '' . Gulf News . 13 February 2011 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Five Arab states among top leaders in long - term development gains '' . Hdr.undp.org. 4 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global Peace Index : 2017 '' ( PDF ) . visionofhumanity.org . Global Peace Index and Institute for Economics and Peace . p. 11 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , J.I. ; Usik , V.I. ; Marks , A.E. ; Hilbert , Y.H. ; Galletti , C.S. ; Parton , A. ; Geiling , J.M. ; Černý , V. ; Morley , M.W. ; Roberts , R.G. ( 2011 ) . `` The Nubian Complex of Dhofar , Oman : An African Middle Stone Age Industry in Southern Arabia '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 11 ) : e28239 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0028239 . PMC 3227647 . PMID 22140561 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey I. Rose et al. , The Nubian Complex of Dhofar , Oman : An African Middle Stone Age Industry in Southern Arabia , Plos November 30 , 2011 DOI : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0028239 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Christopher ; Cable , Charlotte ; Possehl , Gregory ( 2016 ) . The Bronze Age Towers at Bat , Sultanate of Oman ... 2007 - 12 . University of Pennsylvania Museum . ISBN 9781934536063 . Jump up ^ `` Digging in the Land of Magan -- Archaeology Magazine Archive '' . Archive.archaeology.org . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oman : The Lost Land '' . Saudi Aramco World . March 1983 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oman : A History '' . Saudi Aramco World . March 1983 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Feuerstein , Georg ; Kak , Subhash & Frawley , David ( 2005 ) . The Search of the Cradle of Civilization : New Light on Ancient India . Motilal Banarsidass Publisher . p. 119 . ISBN 8120820371 . Jump up ^ Gerd Weisgerber , Mehr als Kupfer in Oman , Anschnitt 5 - 6 , 1981 , 180 - 181 Archaeology of Oman Jump up ^ Wilkinson , John ( 1977 ) . Water and Tribal Settlement in South East Arabia - A Study of the Aflaj of Oman . Clarendon Press . pp. 76 , 85 , 122 , 126 -- 130 , 132 . ISBN 0198232179 . Jump up ^ Yule , Paul ( 2014 ) . Cross-roads Early and Late Iron Age South - Eastern Arabia . Harrassowitz Verlag . pp. 15 -- 18 . ISBN 9783447101271 . Jump up ^ `` History of OMAN '' . Historyworld.net . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oman '' . United States Department of State . 31 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Oman adopted Islam in the seventh century A.D. , during the lifetime of Muhammad . Jump up ^ Holt , Peter Malcolm ; Lambton , Ann K.S. and Lewis , Bernard ( 1977 ) The Cambridge history of Islam , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0521291364 . Jump up ^ Oman History . Sultanate of Oman ^ Jump up to : Benjamin Plackett ( 30 March 2017 ) . `` Omani Music Masks A Slave Trading Past '' . Al - Fanar Media . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Cowasjee , Ardeshir ( 11 September 2005 ) . `` DAWN -- Cowasjee Corner ; September 11 , 2005 '' . DAWN Group of Newspapers . Archived from the original on 9 June 2010 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Meagher , John . `` The Jebel Akhdar War Oman 1954 -- 1959 '' . Global Security . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jebel Akhdar '' . Britain 's Small Wars . Archived from the original on 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Peterson , John E. ( 1978 ) . Oman in the Twentieth Century : Political Foundations of an Emerging State . Croom Helm . p. 182 . ISBN 9780856646294 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Mike ( 2003 ) . Secret Operations of the Sas . Zenith Imprint . pp. 68 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Owtram , Francis ( 2004 ) . A Modern History of Oman : Formation of the State since 1920 . I.B. Tauris . p. 106 . Jump up ^ The Last Imam of Oman has Died in Saudi Arabia , CNN Arabic . Jump up ^ Nicolin , Beatrice ( 25 May 1998 ) . `` International trade networks : The Omani Enclave of Gwadar -- Conference on German and International Research on Oman , Bonn 1998 : abstracts '' . Bonn : Conference on German and International Research on Oman . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Happy and rich in an Omani toytown '' . The Economist. 31 August 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Oman appoints first female minister '' . BBC News . 4 March 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Oman profile -- Timeline '' . BBC News . 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oman Geography 2007 '' . home.kpn.nl . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Expedition Report : Dhofar Mountains Oman '' . 2011 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Krogh , Jan S. `` Oman '' . jankrogh.com . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates '' . Jump up ^ 4th Swiss Geoscience Meeting , Bern 2006 . Meteorite accumulation surfaces in Oman : Main results of . Omani - Swiss meteorite search campaigns , 2001 -- 2006 . by Beda Hofmann et al . Jump up ^ `` Muscat ( Seeb ) Climate -- Climate of Muscat ( Seeb ) Oman World Climates '' . www.world-climates.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Oman -- Country Pasture / Forage Resource Profiles '' . Food and Agriculture Organization . Jump up ^ `` Salalah Climate -- Climate of Salalah Oman World Climates '' . www.world-climates.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Weather -- Oman '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Snow blankets Oman 's mountains as temperatures drop . Gulf News ( 16 February 2014 ) . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quriyat in Oman breaks world temperature record '' . CNN . 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO World Heritage Center -- Oman 's Arabian Oryx Sanctuary : first site ever to be deleted from UNESCO 's World Heritage List '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Ettinger , Powell . `` Whales and dolphins of Oman -- Dolphins , Humpbacks and Blue whales ! '' . Jump up ^ The Oman National Spatial Strategy ( ONSS ) deals with these issues at a national scale , and its under developmente by Consatt limited with the participation of IE Professor and economist , Hermenegildo Seisdedos . ONSS Oman National Spatial Strategy . freiland.at Jump up ^ Animal Tragedy . y-oman.com. 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Sarah ( 22 March 2014 ) Strays on streets a growing issue for Oman Archived 12 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Times of Oman Jump up ^ Captive Creatures . y-oman.com. 21 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Elections to Oman 's Consultative Council '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Oman '' . Freedom House . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OMAN Majles A'Shura ( Consultative Council ) '' . Inter-Parliamentary Union . Jump up ^ `` Oman '' . Freedom in the World 2012 . Freedom House . ^ Jump up to : `` Waking up too '' . The Economist. 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Stork , Joe ( 19 December 2012 ) . `` Human rights in the smaller Persian Gulf states : Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar and UAE '' . NOREF . Archived from the original on 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Statute of the State '' ( PDF ) . Royal Decree 101 / 96 . Ministry of Legal Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amendment to Some of the Provisions of the Basic Statute of the State '' ( PDF ) . Royal Decree 99 / 2011 . Ministry of Legal Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Profiles ( Legislature ) -- Oman '' . Arab Parliaments . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legislative Branch '' . The World Factbook . Jump up ^ `` LGBT relationships are illegal in 74 countries , research finds '' . The Independent . 17 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Torture in Oman '' . Gulf Center for Human Rights . 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Torture in Oman '' . Gulf Center for Human Rights . 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . The practice of torture is widespread in Oman state penal institutions and has become the state 's knee jerk reaction to independent political expression , the Gulf Centre for Human Rights ( GCHR ) says in a report published today ^ Jump up to : `` BTI 2014 -- Oman Country Report '' . BTI Project . 2014 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Human Rights Reports : Oman '' . US Department of State . 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Whitaker , Brian ( 2011 ) . `` Oman 's Sultan Qaboos : a classy despot '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Country Report : Oman '' ( PDF ) . BTI Project . 2016 . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oman -- Enforced disappearance of human rights defender Mr Mohamed Al Fazari '' . Front Line Defenders. 2014 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human rights '' . amnesty.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Oman : Enforced disappearance of a Yemeni citizen , Abdulrahman Ali Salem Mohammed , for more than six months '' . Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Actor Sadiq AlShaabani : Arrested in Oman , Handed to Bahrain Authorities , Subjected to Enforced Disappearance '' . Bahrain Center for Human Rights . 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Susan Al Shahri ( 2012 ) . `` A Taboo Subject : The Desperate Plight of Domestic Workers in Oman '' . Mideast Posts . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Mubarak ( 2012 ) . `` Things We Do n't Talk About '' . Muscat Daily . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Is Any Country in The Middle East Safe for Migrant Workers ? '' . migrantrights.org. 2011 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An Indian ends life every sixth day in Oman '' . The Times of India . 2012 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant Rights -- Research '' . migrantrights.org. 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign in Oman to check suicide rate '' . Gulf News . 2012 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Global Slavery Index findings '' . globalslaveryindex.com. 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Global Slavery Index '' ( PDF ) . 2014 . p. 19 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Khalid M. Al - Azri ( 2013 ) . Social and Gender Inequality in Oman : The Power of Religious and Political Tradition . p. 40 . ISBN 1138816795 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oman '' . CIA -- The World Factbook . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oman : A Unique Foreign Policy '' . RAND . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The view from the Gulf : America 's quiet go - between speaks '' . Fox News Channel . 31 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Omani Ministers Voice Increasing Concerns Over Region 's Stability '' . Wikileaks . Archived from the original on 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oman Remains Wary Of Iranian Expansionism '' . Wikileaks . Archived from the original on 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Admiral William J. Fallon 's Meeting With Sultan Qaboos '' . Wikileaks . Archived from the original on 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony H. Cordesman ; Khalid R. Al - Rodhan ( 28 June 2006 ) . `` The Gulf Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric War '' ( PDF ) . Center for Strategic and International Studies . Jump up ^ `` Testing times for corvette '' . Maritime Photographic. 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A balancing act '' . The Economist. 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TOP LIST TIV TABLES '' . SIPRI . Jump up ^ `` About Oman '' . National Center for Statistics & Information . Archived from the original on 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Governorates of Sultanate Of Oman '' . Ministry of Information , Sultanate of Oman . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basic Statute of the State '' ( PDF ) . Ministry Of Legal Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Chemical & Engineering News , 5 January 2009 , `` U.S. - Oman pact expands Free Trade '' , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Kharusi , N.S. ; Salman , A. ( September 2011 ) . `` The English Transliteration of Place Names in Oman '' . Journal of Academic and Applied Studies . 1 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 27 . Jump up ^ `` Arabia Tourism '' . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian migrant workers in Oman speak to the WSWS '' . Wsws.org . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Antony meets Indian diaspora in Oman '' . Thaindian.com. 18 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oman : proven oil reserves '' . Indexmundi.com . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oman : Energy data '' . EIA . Archived from the original on 2 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Ministry of Oil and Gas . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Gately , Dermot ( 1986 ) . `` Lessons from the 1986 Oil Price Collapsey '' ( PDF ) . Brookings Papers on Economic Activity ( 2 ) : 239 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oman the comeback kid of oil '' . The National . 9 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Travel & Leisure Market Research Reports and Industry Analysis '' . Marketresearch.com . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oman Eyes Lucrative Business Tourism Market '' . Forbesmiddleeast . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Babu . `` Culture in Oman , Tourism '' . Omanet.om . Archived from the original on 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ I'Anson , Richard ( 7 June 2012 ) . `` Lonely Planet 's Best in Travel : top 10 cities for 2012 -- travel tips and articles '' . Lonely Planet . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Postings of opinions published in the Gulf and international newspapers . gulfinthemedia.com Jump up ^ Andy Sambidge . `` Oman 's population passes 4 million mark '' . Arabian Business . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Economic & Social Indicators '' ( PDF ) . National Center for Statistics & Information . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Judith Miller ( 1997 ) . `` Creating Modern Oman : An Interview with Sultan Qabus '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Sulaiman al - Farsi ( 2013 ) . Democracy and Youth in the Middle East : Islam , Tribalism and the Rentier State in Oman . pp. 170 -- 197 . ISBN 1780760906 . Jump up ^ al Shaibany , Saleh ( 4 August 2010 ) . `` Omanis flocking to Zanzibar , their ancestral home '' . The National . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Middle East OMAN '' . CIA The World Factbook . Jump up ^ `` Oman to allow temple , gurdwara '' . Sify.com. 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Behnstedt and Manfred Woidich , Arabische Dialektgeographie eine Einführung , Brill , Leiden , 2005 , 27 Karte 1 ISBN 9004141308 Jump up ^ Paul Yule , Pre-Arabic Inscriptions from Wādī Saḥtan , Wilāyat al - Rustāq , Governorate of the South al - Bāṭinah Region , Sultanate of Oman , Renaud Kuty , Ulrich Seeger und Shabo Talay ( eds . ) , Nicht nur mit Engelszungen Beiträge zur semitischen Dialektologie Festschrift für Werner Arnold zum 60 . Geburtstag , Harrassowitz Verlag , Wiesbaden , 2013 , 399 - 402 ISBN 9783487147987 Jump up ^ Bruno Overlaet , Michael Macdonald , Peter Stein , An Aramaic - Hasaitic bilingual inscription from a monumental tomb at Mleiha , Sharjah , UAE , Arab . Archaeol. and Epigraphy 27 , 2016 , 127 - 142 Jump up ^ Paul Yule , Late Pre-Islamic Oman : The Inner Evidence -- The Outside View , in : M. Hoffmann - Ruf -- A. al - Salami ( eds . ) , Studies on Ibadism and Oman , Oman and Overseas , vol. 2 , Hildesheim , 2013 , 13 -- 33 , ISBN 9783487147987 Jump up ^ `` Basic Information on Oman '' . Oman News Agency . Archived from the original on 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive Atlas of the World 's Languages in Danger '' . UNESCO . Khojki and Zidjali were also reported , but Khojki is an alphabet , not a language , and Zidjali AKA Makrani is a dialect of Southern Baluchi Jump up ^ `` Oman first Gulf state to have German taught as second language '' . Al Arabiya . Jump up ^ Clive Holes , The Omani Arabic Dialects in their regional Context , R. Stiegener ( ed . ) , Süd - Arabien / South Arabia , a great `` lost corridor '' of mankind ... , Wiener Offene Orientalistik Band 10 / 1 , Gebhard J. Selz ( ed . ) , Template : ISBN 978 - 3 - 86835 - 214 - 6 , Münster , 2017 , 287 ‒ 95 Jump up ^ Salman , Amel ; Kharusi , Nafla S. ( May 2012 ) . `` The Sound System of Lawatiyya '' . Journal of Academic and Applied Studies . 2 ( 5 ) : 36 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : `` Culture of Oman '' . Sultanate of Oman . ^ Jump up to : Common , Richard K. `` Barriers To Developing ' Leadership ' In The Sultanate Of Oman '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Leadership Studies . Jump up ^ `` The Ship Building Industry '' . Ministry of Tourism , Sultanate of Oman . Jump up ^ Romey , Kristin ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` Shipwreck Discovered from Explorer Vasco da Gama 's Fleet '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Culture '' . Omani Students Society . ^ Jump up to : `` Women 's Traditional Clothing '' . Oman Cultural Days Exhibition . Archived from the original on 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Oman Centre for Traditional Music . Archived from the original on 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Oman Symphony Orchestra '' . Oman Tours . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Oman Symphony Orchestra '' . Oman Observer. 9 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ City Cinema. ( 2014 ). About Us. Retrieved 4th of March , 2016 , from `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # LoveOman video goes viral with 500 , 000 views -- Oman Observer '' . Oman Observer. 13 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Sultanate of Oman TV Site . Archived from the original on 18 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nazneen Akbari Traditional sports in Oman -- relics of the rich Arabian history , Your Middle East , 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports Profile '' . Skysports.com . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Handball 2012 World Championships '' . 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bullfighting à la Batinah '' . Rough Guides . Jump up ^ Osborne , Chrisitne . `` Bullfighting : Omani Style '' . Travels With My Hat . Jump up ^ `` Serving Mangaloreans Around The World ! '' . Mangalorean.Com. 1 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National adult literacy rates ( 15 + ) , youth literacy rates ( 15 -- 24 ) and elderly literacy rates ( 65 + ) '' . UNESCO Institute for Statistics . Jump up ^ `` Oman '' . Ranking Web of Universities . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Health Organization Assesses the World 's Health Systems '' . World Health Organization . External links Find more aboutOmanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Ministry of Tourism ( official government website ) . Ministry of Information ( official government website ) . `` Oman '' , Encyclopædia Britannica `` Oman '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Oman web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado -- Boulder Libraries Oman at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Oman from the BBC News . Wikimedia Atlas of Oman Key Development Forecasts for Oman from International Futures . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was oman given the official name sultanate of oman | [
"Sultanate of Omanسلطنة عُمان (Arabic)Salṭanat ʻUmān\n\n \n \n Flag\n \n \n \n National emblem\n \n \nAnthem: نشيد السلام السلطاني\"as-Salām as-Sultānī\"\"Sultanic Salutation\"\nLocation of Oman in the Arabian Peninsula (Red)\nCapitaland largest city\nMuscat23°36′N 58°33′E / 23.600°N 58.550°E / 23.600; 58.550Official languages\nArabicReligion \nIslamDemonym\nOmaniGovernment\nUnitary parliamentary absolute monarchy\n• Sultan \nQaboos bin Said al Said• Deputy Prime Minister \nFahd bin Mahmoud al Said[1]\nLegislature\nParliament• Upper house\nCouncil of State (Majlis al-Dawla)• Lower house\nConsultative Assembly (Majlis al-Shura)Establishment\n• The Azd tribe migration \n130• Al-Julanda \n629• Imamate established[2] \n751• Nabhani dynasty \n1145• Yaruba dynasty \n1624• House of Al Said \n1744• Muscat and Oman \n8 January 1820• Dhofar Rebellion \n9 June 1965 – 11 December 1975• Sultanate of Oman \n9 August 1970• Admitted to the United Nations \n7 October 1971• Current constitution \n6 November 1996\nArea • Total\n309,500 km2 (119,500 sq mi) (70th)• Water (%)\nnegligiblePopulation• 2016 estimate\n4,424,762[3] (125th)• 2010 census\n2,773,479[4]• Density\n15/km2 (38.8/sq mi) (214th)GDP (PPP)\n2017 estimate• Total\n$189.582 billion[5]• Per capita\n$46,475[5]GDP (nominal)\n2017 estimate• Total\n$71.325 billion[5]• Per capita\n$17,485[5]HDI (2015)\n 0.796[6]high · 52ndCurrency\nRial (OMR)Time zone\nGST (UTC+4)Drives on the\nrightCalling code\n+968ISO 3166 code\nOMInternet TLD\n.om, عمان.\nWebsitewww.oman.om"
] | [
"9 August 1970"
] |
4643518776852108023 | Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now | Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now - wikipedia Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us or Nothing 's Gonna Stop Me Now . `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' Single by Starship from the album No Protection B - side `` Layin ' It on the Line '' Released January 30 , 1987 Format 7 '' single & 12 '' single Recorded 1986 Genre Rock Length 4 : 30 Label Grunt / RCA Songwriter ( s ) Albert Hammond , Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Narada Michael Walden for Perfection Light Productions Starship singles chronology `` Before I Go '' ( 1986 ) `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' ( 1987 ) `` It 's Not Over Til It 's Over '' ( 1987 ) `` Before I Go '' ( 1986 ) `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' ( 1987 ) `` It 's Not Over Til It 's Over '' ( 1987 ) Music video `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' on YouTube `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' is a song co-written by Albert Hammond and Diane Warren , recorded by the American rock band Starship in 1986 . It is a duet featuring Starship vocalists Grace Slick and Mickey Thomas . Featured as the theme to the romantic comedy film Mannequin , it hit No. 1 in the Billboard Hot 100 on April 4 , 1987 and reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart for four weeks the following month and became the UK 's 2nd biggest selling single of 1987 . The song also reached the top 10 in six European countries . The single became the first number one single by songwriter Diane Warren . At the time , it made Grace Slick ( aged 47 ) the oldest woman to have a number one single in the United States though the record was later broken by Cher 's `` Believe '' in 1999 ( aged 52 ) . The power ballad also received an Academy Award nomination for `` Best Original Song '' at the 60th Academy Awards . In addition to appearing on the Mannequin soundtrack , the song was also released on Starship 's album No Protection in July 1987 . The music video was released in late 1986 to promote Mannequin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 Music video 3 In popular culture 4 Track listing 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 5.4 Chart successions 6 Personnel 7 References 8 External links Background and writing ( edit ) In a radio interview , Albert Hammond said that the idea for the song came from his impending marriage to his live - in girlfriend of seven years , after his divorce from his previous wife was finalized . He had said to Diane Warren , `` It 's almost like they 've stopped me from marrying this woman for seven years , and they have n't succeeded . They 're not gon na stop me doing it . '' The song has been considered `` feel good '' propelled by a strong synthesizer beat . Music video ( edit ) A music video ( released in 1986 ) was produced for the song . It shows Mickey Thomas pursuing a mannequin come to life , played by Grace Slick , wrapped around footage from the film . Meshach Taylor , who plays window dresser Hollywood Montrose in the film , makes a cameo . It has more than 25 million views on YouTube as of October 20 , 2017 . In popular culture ( edit ) The song had played a major role in 1993 for the Montreal Canadiens NHL team during their 24th conquest of the Stanley Cup . While driving home after a lost game , head coach Jacques Demers heard the song playing on the radio and realized it was an empowering song . The next day , he brought to the Montreal Forum a cassette tape with the song on it and distributed among players a small card saying `` We 're on a mission , nothing 's gon na stop us '' . They soon started to win . He played the song throughout all the playoff games and they eventually won the Stanley Cup that year , over Wayne Gretzky and the Los Angeles Kings in the Finals . The song was featured in 1987 episodes of the US daytime soap operas Another World and The Young and the Restless , as well as a 1988 episode of General Hospital The song was also used frequently during the Portland Trail Blazers ' 1990 NBA playoff run to the NBA Finals . It was usually played during critical time outs during the 4th quarter of home games at the Portland Memorial Coliseum . In 2011 , the song was used during a training montage in the Futurama episode Cold Warriors . In 2013 , the song was used in an advertising campaign by UK telecommunication company Talk Talk . As a result , on September 8 , 2013 ( Sunday ) , it charted at number 39 on the Official UK Chart . In the 2014 film , The Skeleton Twins , a brother and sister , Milo and Maggie ( played by Bill Hader and Kristen Wiig ) lip - sync the song together . It was also featured in the 2015 Filipino movie Crazy Beautiful You starring Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla . It was used in an episode of Brooklyn Nine - Nine in late 2016 . The song was licensed for use in a commercial for Chick - fil - A that first aired during the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2017 . Grace Slick later wrote that she agreed to the licensing so she could donate her proceeds to Lambda Legal `` in direct opposition to Chick - fil - A 's causes '' against the LGBTQ community . In June 2017 , the song was used in the Season 6 finale of Veep in a flashback scene depicting Selina Meyer 's concession speech ending her first campaign for president . Track listing ( edit ) `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' -- 4 : 29 `` Layin ' It on the Line '' ( live at Stopher Gym , Louisiana State University ) -- 4 : 15 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 16 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 21 Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Album Rock Tracks ( Billboard ) 16 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Position Austrian Singles Chart 17 Canadian RPM Top Singles 5 Dutch Top 40 9 French Top 50 16 Swiss Singles Chart 8 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 5 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Canada Gold April 22 , 1987 50,000 Sweden Gold September 7 , 1987 10,000 UK Gold June 1 , 1987 500,000 U.S. Gold February 24 , 1989 500,000 Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Lean on Me '' by Club Nouveau Billboard Hot 100 number - one single April 4 -- 11 , 1987 Succeeded by `` I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) '' by George Michael and Aretha Franklin Preceded by `` Mandolin Rain '' by Bruce Hornsby and The Range Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single April 11 , 1987 Succeeded by `` The Finer Things '' by Steve Winwood Preceded by `` The Irish Rover '' by The Pogues and The Dubliners Irish IRMA number - one single May 2 -- 9 , 1987 Succeeded by `` Hold Me Now '' by Johnny Logan Preceded by `` La Isla Bonita '' by Madonna UK Singles Chart number - one single May 10 -- 31 , 1987 Succeeded by `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' by Whitney Houston Personnel ( edit ) Mickey Thomas -- Vocals Grace Slick -- Vocals Donny Baldwin -- Drums , Vocals Craig Chaquico -- Guitar Pete Sears - Bass Additional personnel Walter Afanasieff -- keyboards , additional synth bass Narada Michael Walden -- additional drums Corrado Rustici -- charvel MIDI guitar synthesizer Robert `` Bongo Bob '' Smith -- drum sampling and percussion Karen `` Kitty Beethoven '' Brewington , Jim Gilstrap -- additional background vocals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - May 02 , 2014 '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Nothing 's gon na stop us now and the hit songs of Diane Warren MUSIC SCORE. D WARREN -- 1991 Jump up ^ King , Alex P. ( 2004 ) . Hit - parade -- 20 ans de tubes ( in French ) . Paris : Pascal . p. 340 . ISBN 2 - 35019 - 009 - 9 . Jump up ^ theguardian , 28 March 2014 , Dave Eggers article , ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Starship - Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now - hitparade.ch '' . hitparade.ch . Jump up ^ Gotta revolution , 1987 : Grace slick , Paul Kantner , and `` volunteers of America '' W Glausser -- Popular Music & Society , 1988 -- Taylor & Francis Jump up ^ `` The 21 best power ballads '' . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived October 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The when , where , and who of pop lyrics : the listener 's prerogative . T Murphey . Popular Music , 1989 -- Cambridge Univ Press Jump up ^ Leclerc , Mario ( 2005 ) ( in French ) . Jacques Demers -- En toutes lettres . Quebec : Stanké . p. 472 . ISBN 2 - 7604 - 0976 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Starship 's sales rocket following X Factor ad campaign '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Bill Hader and Kristen Wiig 's Epic Lip - Synch '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sundance 2014 : Bill Hader & Kristen Wiig Make ' Skeleton Twins ' a Hit '' . FirstShowing.net. 2014 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane 's Grace Slick Diverts Earnings From Chick - fil - A Commercial to LGBTQ Cause '' . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Starship -- Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Starship -- Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0796 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Starship -- Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Starship -- Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Starship -- Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Starship -- Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Starship -- Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Starship -- Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Starship -- Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Starship Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` starship '' . wweb.uta.edu . ^ Jump up to : `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now ( song by Starship ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . www.musicvf.com . Jump up ^ 1987 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at ( Retrieved September 3 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1987 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` lescharts.com - Starship - Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' . www.lescharts.com . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1987 '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 1980s Singles Chart Archive '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 '' . Longbored Surfer . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gold and Platinum '' . Cria.ca. 2014 - 04 - 01 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived February 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived September 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - May 02 , 2014 '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . External links ( edit ) `` Starship - Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Jefferson Airplane ( discography , members ) Jefferson Starship ( discography , members ) Starship ( discography , members ) Studio albums Jefferson Airplane Jefferson Airplane Takes Off Surrealistic Pillow After Bathing at Baxter 's Crown of Creation Volunteers Bark Long John Silver Jefferson Airplane Jefferson Starship Blows Against the Empire ( with Paul Kantner ) Dragon Fly Red Octopus Spitfire Earth Freedom at Point Zero Modern Times Winds of Change Nuclear Furniture Windows of Heaven Jefferson 's Tree of Liberty Starship Knee Deep in the Hoopla No Protection Love Among the Cannibals Loveless Fascination Live albums Bless Its Pointed Little Head Thirty Seconds Over Winterland Deep Space / Virgin Sky Greatest Hits : Live at the Fillmore Across the Sea of Suns Archival releases Live at the Monterey Festival Live at the Fillmore East At Golden Gate Park Last Flight Sweeping Up the Spotlight At the Family Dog Ballroom The Woodstock Experience Compilations The Worst of Jefferson Airplane Early Flight Flight Log Gold 2400 Fulton Street Greatest Hits ( Ten Years and Change 1979 -- 1991 ) Jefferson Airplane Loves You The Essential Jefferson Airplane Singles `` Somebody to Love '' `` White Rabbit '' `` The Ballad of You and Me and Pooneil '' `` Volunteers '' `` Wooden Ships '' `` Mexico '' `` Ride the Tiger '' `` Miracles '' `` Play On Love '' `` With Your Love '' `` Count On Me '' `` Runaway '' `` Light the Sky on Fire '' `` Jane '' `` Find Your Way Back '' `` Stranger '' `` Be My Lady '' `` Winds of Change '' `` No Way Out '' `` Layin ' It on the Line '' `` We Built This City '' `` Sara '' `` Tomorrow Does n't Matter Tonight '' `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' `` It 's Not Over ( ' Til It 's Over ) '' `` It 's Not Enough '' `` Planes '' `` Good Heart '' `` Let Me Fly '' `` It 's Not the Same as Love '' Filmography Monterey Pop ( 1968 ) Gimme Shelter ( 1970 ) One P.M. ( 1972 ) Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Woodstock ( 1994 director 's cut ) Related articles Grunt Records Hot Tuna KBC Band The Matrix ( club ) Planet Earth Rock and Roll Orchestra Book Bonnie Tyler Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums The World Starts Tonight Natural Force Diamond Cut Goodbye to the Island Faster Than the Speed of Night Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire Hide Your Heart Bitterblue Angel Heart Silhouette in Red Free Spirit All in One Voice Heart Strings Simply Believe Wings Rocks and Honey Extended plays Bonnie Tyler Live albums Bonnie Tyler Live Live in Germany 1993 Compilations The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler The Greatest Hits Heaven & Hell ( with Meat Loaf ) Here Am I The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler : Volume 1 The Best Gold The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler : Volume 2 Comeback : Single Collection ' 90 -- ' 94 The Definitive Collection Straight from the Heart -- The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler Greatest Hits Total Eclipse Anthology From the Heart : Greatest Hits Best of 3 CD All the Hits The Collection DVDs Bonnie on Tour Live in Germany 1993 Concert tours Hide Your Heart Silhouette in Red Free Spirit Heart Strings South Africa Tour 2013 Greatest Hits Tour Principal collaborators Ronnie Scott Jim Steinman Desmond Child Dieter Bohlen Giorgio Moroder Television Never Mind the Buzzcocks Hollyoaks Later Eurovision Song Contest Related articles 26th Annual Grammy Awards 27th Annual Grammy Awards United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Book : Bonnie Tyler Albert Hammond Studio albums It Never Rains in Southern California The Free Electric Band Albert Hammond Other albums It Never Rains in Southern California Singles `` Down by the River '' `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' `` The Free Electric Band '' `` I 'm a Train '' `` 99 Miles From L.A. '' `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Your World and My World '' Songwriting `` Be Tender with Me Baby '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' `` Gimme Dat Ding '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' `` I Do n't Wanna Lose You '' `` I Need to Be in Love '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` Little Arrows '' `` Lonely Is the Night '' `` Love Thing '' `` Make Me an Island '' `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' `` One Moment in Time '' `` Room in Your Heart '' `` Tall , Dark Handsome Stranger '' `` The Air That I Breathe '' `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' `` Way of the World '' `` When I Need You '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Where Were You '' `` You 're Such a Good Looking Woman '' Languages `` Cantaré , cantarás '' `` Sensualité '' `` Y Tú También Llorarás '' Related articles Albert Hammond , Jr . 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2021215524980542235 | 2017 World Series | 2017 World Series - wikipedia 2017 World Series Jump to : navigation , search 2017 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Houston Astros ( 4 ) A.J. Hinch 101 -- 61 (. 623 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( 3 ) Dave Roberts 104 -- 58 (. 642 ) Dates October 24 -- November 1 MVP George Springer ( Houston ) Umpires Phil Cuzzi ( Games 1 -- 2 ) , Gerry Davis ( crew chief ) , Laz Díaz , Dan Iassogna , Bill Miller , Paul Nauert , Mark Wegner ( Games 3 -- 7 ) ALCS Houston Astros defeated New York Yankees , 4 -- 3 NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers defeated Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 1 Broadcast Television Fox Fox Deportes MLB International TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal , and Tom Verducci ( Fox ) Rolando Nichols , Carlos Álvarez , Edgar Gonzalez , and Jaime Motta ( Fox Deportes ) Matt Vasgersian and Buck Martinez ( MLB International ) Radio ESPN Radio ESPN Deportes Radio Sportstalk 790 ( HOU -- English ) FM 94.1 HD3 ( HOU -- Spanish ) AM 570 LA Sports ( LAD -- English ) Univision America 1020 ( LAD -- Spanish ) Radio Korea 1540 ( LAD -- Korean ) Radio announcers Dan Shulman and Aaron Boone ( ESPN ) Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández ( ESPN Deportes ) Robert Ford and Steve Sparks ( HOU -- English ) Alex Treviño and Francisco Romero ( HOU -- Spanish ) Charley Steiner and Rick Monday ( LAD -- English ) Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín ( LAD -- Spanish ) Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim ( LAD -- Korean ) World Series Program ← 2016 World Series The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2017 season . The 113th edition of the World Series , it was played between October 24 and November 1 . The series was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League ( AL ) champion Houston Astros . It was sponsored by the internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the World Series presented by YouTube TV . The Astros defeated the Dodgers , four games to three , to win their first World Series in franchise history , and the first team from Texas to do so . Both teams set a World Series record with a combined total of 25 home runs throughout the entire series , including a team record 15 home runs by the Astros , and hit a combined total of eight home runs in Game 2 to set the single game World Series mark . Houston outfielder George Springer was named as the World Series Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) after hitting five home runs in the series to tie a World Series record with Reggie Jackson in 1977 and Dodgers ' 2017 World Series representative Chase Utley in 2009 when he played for the Philadelphia Phillies . This was the first World Series in which home - field advantage was decided by the regular season record of pennant winners . From 1903 to 2002 , home - field advantage alternated between the AL and NL , and from 2003 to 2016 , it was determined by results from that season 's All - Star Game , when it was awarded to the team from the winning league . With 104 regular season wins , the Dodgers earned home - field advantage over the Astros , who had 101 regular season wins . The series was played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format , with the Dodgers hosting Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 ; and the Astros hosting Games 3 , 4 , and 5 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Los Angeles Dodgers 1.2 Houston Astros 2 Summary 3 Pre-game ceremonies 4 Game summaries 4.1 Game 1 4.2 Game 2 4.3 Game 3 4.4 Game 4 4.5 Game 5 4.6 Game 6 4.7 Game 7 4.8 Composite line score 5 Broadcasting 5.1 Television 5.1. 1 Ratings 5.2 Radio 5.2. 1 National 5.2. 2 Local 6 Sponsorship 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) This was the first World Series matchup , and second postseason meeting overall , between the Astros and Dodgers . Los Angeles defeated Houston in the 1981 National League Division Series in five games en route to its World Series championship that year . The teams also met in the 1980 National League West tie - breaker game . This was the first Fall Classic since 1970 , and the eighth overall , in which both participants had 100 or more wins during the regular season . With the Astros and Dodgers having waited a combined 84 years for a championship ( the Dodgers last won the World Series in 1988 , and the Astros had never won since their 1962 formation ) , this was the third straight year in which the World Series teams had waited a combined 50 years or more to win a World Series , following 2015 at 59 years and 2016 at 176 years . Both teams had not lost at home this postseason leading to the World Series . The two teams did not meet in interleague play during the regular season . This was also the third consecutive World Series to extend into November , although the 2015 World Series did not go up to Game 7 . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season The Dodgers held a 91 -- 36 record through August 25 . However , a late season slump , in which the team lost 20 of 25 games ( highlighted by 11 straight losses ) , led to questions about whether the Dodgers would succeed in the postseason . Despite the slump , the team recovered to win eight of its final ten regular season games , securing their fifth consecutive National League West title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . In the postseason , the Dodgers swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Division Series and defeated the defending World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the previous year 's rematch of the National League Championship Series in five games . This was the first appearance in the Fall Classic for the Dodgers since 1988 , the tenth since the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1958 , and the 19th overall . Entering the 2017 World Series , the Dodgers bullpen had thrown 23 consecutive scoreless innings , a postseason record for a bullpen . Additionally , by outscoring the Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs by a combined 48 -- 19 margin , the Dodgers entered the World Series with the third - best run differential of any pennant winner since the playoff structure was expanded in 1995 . All - Star shortstop Corey Seager , who was out for the entire National League Championship Series with a back injury , was included on the Dodgers ' World Series roster . Manager Dave Roberts became first manager of Asian heritage ever in the World Series , as well as the fourth African - American manager . Houston Astros ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Houston Astros season The Astros wore a patch during the 2017 World Series in support of Hurricane Harvey victims in Houston With a 101 -- 61 regular season record , the team won its first American League West title since moving from the National League Central starting in its 2013 season , and their first division title since 2001 . In the American League Division Series , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games and then defeated the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) in seven games . This was their second World Series appearance and first since 2005 , when they were swept in four games by the Chicago White Sox . They became the first team in history to make it to the World Series as members of both the National League and the American League . The city of Houston in August 2017 suffered record flooding from Hurricane Harvey . The team began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word `` Strong '' on the bottom of the patch , as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong . Manager A.J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team was n't just playing for a title , but to help boost moral support for the city . On August 31 , just seconds before the midnight deadline , the Astros traded for Justin Verlander . Following the trade , including the regular season and postseason to this point , Verlander had posted a 9 -- 0 win - loss record with a 1.23 earned run average . He was named the ALCS MVP . Summary ( edit ) Houston won the series , 4 -- 3 . Game Date Score Location Time Attendance 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 2 : 28 54,253 000000002018 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 Houston Astros -- 7 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 ( 11 ) Dodger Stadium 4 : 19 54,293 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 , Houston Astros -- 5 Minute Maid Park 3 : 46 43,282 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 , Houston Astros -- 2 Minute Maid Park 3 : 06 43,322 5 000000002018 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 12 , Houston Astros -- 13 ( 10 ) Minute Maid Park 5 : 17 43,300 6 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 3 : 22 54,128 7 000000002018 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 Houston Astros -- 5 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 1 Dodger Stadium 3 : 37 54,124 Pre-game ceremonies ( edit ) A F - 16 Fighting Falcon flies past Dodger Stadium during the pre-game ceremonial flyover before Game 2 . Game 1 : The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by members of former Dodger Jackie Robinson 's family , including his widow Rachel . The game marked the 45th anniversary of Robinson 's death , and the 2017 season was the 70th anniversary of his breaking of the baseball color line . Keith Williams Jr. , a gospel singer , performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem . Game 2 : Fernando Valenzuela threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Steve Yeager ; both were introduced by retired Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully . Country music 's Brad Paisley performed the national anthem . Game 3 : Houston Texans defensive end J.J. Watt , who had raised $37 million for Hurricane Harvey victims , threw out the first pitch . The ball was given to him by Astros ' Hall of Famer Craig Biggio . The national anthem was performed by Texas Air National Guard Master Sergeant Promise Harris . Game 4 : Hailey Dawson , a seven - year - old girl from Nevada , threw out the ceremonial first pitch using a 3D printed hand . The national anthem was performed by the Houston Police Department Quartet . Game 5 : Former President of the United States George W. Bush threw out the ceremonial first pitch . His father , former President George H.W. Bush handed him the ball . Justin Verlander caught the pitch . Country singer Clay Walker performed the national anthem . Game 6 : Orel Hershiser and Tommy Lasorda , celebrating the Dodgers ' 1988 World Series title , each threw out the ceremonial first pitch . Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) officer Rosalind Curry performed the national anthem . Game 7 : The LAPD Quartet sang the National Anthem . The first pitch was thrown out by Sandy Koufax . Rick Monday , Steve Garvey and Don Newcombe participated as well . Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Clayton Kershaw pitched seven innings with 11 strikeouts in winning Game 1 . October 24 , 2017 , 5 : 11 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 0 WP : Clayton Kershaw ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Dallas Keuchel ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Alex Bregman ( 1 ) LAD : Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,253 The temperature at the start of the game was 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , which made this the hottest World Series game ever recorded . Clayton Kershaw started Game 1 for the Dodgers , while Dallas Keuchel started for the Astros . Chris Taylor hit a home run for the Dodgers on Keuchel 's first pitch of the game . It was the third home run to leadoff a game in Dodgers postseason history ( following Davey Lopes in 1978 World Series and Carl Crawford in 2013 NLDS ) . Alex Bregman hit a tying solo home run for the Astros in the fourth inning . In the sixth inning , Justin Turner hit a go - ahead two - run home run for the Dodgers . Turner tied Duke Snider for most career runs batted in ( RBIs ) in Dodgers postseason history with 26 . Kershaw struck out 11 in seven innings pitched with no walks and only three hits allowed while Keuchel allowed three runs on six hits in 6 ⁄ innings . Brandon Morrow pitched a scoreless eighth and Kenley Jansen earned the save . The two - hour , 28 - minute game was the shortest World Series contest since Game 4 in 1992 . Game 2 ( edit ) George Springer drove in the game - winning run in Game 2 . October 25 , 2017 , 5 : 17 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 93 ° F ( 34 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 14 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 WP : Chris Devenski ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brandon McCarthy ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Marwin González ( 1 ) , José Altuve ( 1 ) , Carlos Correa ( 1 ) , George Springer ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,293 The starting pitchers for Game 2 were Rich Hill for the Dodgers and Justin Verlander for the Astros . The Astros scored first when Bregman drove in Josh Reddick with a hit in the third inning . Hill struck out seven in four innings but was replaced by Kenta Maeda in the fifth . Joc Pederson tied the game with a solo home run in the bottom of the fifth inning , and the Dodgers took the lead when Corey Seager hit a two - run home run in the bottom of the sixth inning . Verlander allowed two hits , both home runs , in his six innings pitched . Carlos Correa drove in the Astros ' second run of the game on a single in the eighth , ending the Dodgers bullpen 's streak of 28 consecutive scoreless innings in the postseason . Marwin González hit a home run off Jansen in the ninth to tie the game . This was only Jansen 's second blown save all season and snapped his streak of converting his first 12 postseason save opportunities , a major league record . The game went into extra innings . José Altuve and Correa hit home runs off Josh Fields in the tenth inning to put the Astros in the lead . In the bottom of the inning , Yasiel Puig hit a home run off of Ken Giles and Enrique Hernández drove in Logan Forsythe to tie the game , with the latter being the Dodgers ' first run that was not driven in by a home run . In the next inning , George Springer hit a two - run home run for the Astros off of Brandon McCarthy to retake the lead . In the bottom of the 11th inning , Charlie Culberson homered off of Chris Devenski , who later struck out Puig to end the game . This was the first ever World Series game in which a team hit home runs in the ninth , tenth and eleventh inning . The teams set a new record for combined home runs in a single World Series game with eight and this was the first time in MLB history , regular season or postseason , that five home runs were hit in extra innings . The Astros won their first World Series game in franchise history as they had been swept in their previous appearance in 2005 . Game 3 ( edit ) Lance McCullers Jr. earned the win in Game 3 . October 27 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 12 0 WP : Lance McCullers Jr. ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Brad Peacock ( 1 ) Home runs : LAD : None HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,282 The starting pitchers for Game 3 were Yu Darvish for the Dodgers and Lance McCullers Jr. for the Astros . The Astros scored four runs in the bottom of the second inning on a home run by Yuli Gurriel and RBIs by González , Brian McCann , and Bregman . Darvish left the game after 1 ⁄ innings , which was the shortest outing of his career . The Dodgers scored one run in the top of the third inning as Seager grounded into a double play after McCullers loaded the bases with three consecutive walks . The Astros added another run in the fifth on an RBI single by Evan Gattis and the Dodgers added two in the sixth on an RBI groundout by Puig and a wild pitch . McCullers wound up pitching 5 ⁄ innings and allowed three runs on four hits . Brad Peacock replaced McCullers , completing the final 3 ⁄ innings with no hits allowed and four strikeouts to earn his first major league save . It was the longest hitless World Series relief outing since Ron Taylor 's four innings in Game 4 of the 1964 Series , and tied Ken Clay for the longest hitless postseason save , first accomplished in the 1978 ALCS . Gurriel made a racially insensitive gesture in the dugout after his home run . He stretched the sides of his eyes and mouthing the Spanish word chinito , which translates to `` little Chinese Boy '' ; Darvish is from Japan . Gurriel apologized , and said that anyone from Asia is called a chino in Cuba , although he acknowledged knowing that the term was offensive in Japan from having played there . As a result , Gurriel was suspended for the first five games of the 2018 MLB season without pay , but allowed to continue playing in the World Series . Game 4 ( edit ) Joc Pederson hit a three - run home run in Game 4 . October 28 , 2017 , 7 : 20 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 7 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ken Giles ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Joc Pederson ( 2 ) HOU : George Springer ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) Attendance : 43,322 The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Alex Wood for the Dodgers and Charlie Morton for the Astros . Springer homered off Wood in the bottom of the sixth for the first run of the ballgame . It was the only hit Wood allowed in 5 ⁄ innings pitched in the game . Forsythe drove in Cody Bellinger to tie the game in the top of the seventh . Morton struck out seven and only allowed three hits and one run in 6 ⁄ innings . Bellinger then drove in the go - ahead run with a double in the top of the ninth off of Giles and the Dodgers added four more runs on a sacrifice fly by Austin Barnes and a three - run homer by Pederson . Bregman homered off of Jansen in the bottom of the ninth but the Dodgers managed to even up the series . The Astros had two hits in the game ; both were home runs . This was the first game in World Series history where both starting pitchers allowed four or fewer baserunners . After Game 4 , both teams ' pitching coaches , Rick Honeycutt for the Dodgers and Brent Strom for the Astros , commented on how the baseball being used for the World Series is slicker than the baseball used during the regular season . Pitchers on both teams noted that this difference has made it more difficult for them to throw their sliders . Game 5 ( edit ) Alex Bregman drove in the game - winning run in Game 5 . October 29 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 12 14 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 13 14 WP : Joe Musgrove ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Kenley Jansen ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , George Springer ( 3 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,300 Kershaw and Keuchel started Game 5 , in a rematch of the opening game of the series . Forsythe singled in two runs off of Keuchel in the first inning to put the Dodgers up early . A third run scored on a throwing error by Gurriel . Barnes singled in the fourth to score Forsythe . Keuchel pitched only 3 ⁄ innings for the Astros , allowing five hits and four runs ( three earned ) . This was his shortest home start of the season . The Astros scored their first run with an RBI double by Correa in the bottom of the fourth inning , followed by a three - run home run by Gurriel to tie the game . Bellinger hit a three - run home run off of Collin McHugh in the top of the fifth to put the Dodgers back on top only for Altuve to hit his own three - run home run in the bottom of the inning off Maeda to tie it back up . Kershaw pitched 4 ⁄ innings and allowed six runs on four hits and three walks . A triple by Bellinger on a line drive that Springer missed on a dive in the seventh inning off of Peacock scored Hernández from first base . In the bottom of the seventh inning , Springer hit a home run off the first pitch he saw off of Morrow , who was pitching for the third consecutive day , to tie the game . Bregman scored on a double by Altuve to put the Astros ahead for the first time in the game , and then Correa hit a two - run home run to extend the lead . Seager doubled in a run in the top of the eighth inning , but McCann hit a home run in the bottom of the inning . That was the 21st home run of the series , tying the record set in the 2002 World Series . Puig broke the record with a two - run home run in the top of the ninth inning . Down to their last strike , Chris Taylor drove in Barnes to tie the game with a single . In the tenth inning , Jansen hit McCann with a pitch to put him on base with two outs . Subsequently , Springer walked on five pitches to move McCann to second base . McCann was then replaced by pinch runner Derek Fisher . On the next pitch , Bregman singled in Fisher for the winning run . Bregman became the third youngest player to have a walk - off hit in the World Series ever . The Astros became only the second team to come back twice from three runs down in a World Series game , the other were the Toronto Blue Jays in the 15 -- 14 win during Game 4 of the 1993 World Series . The six game tying home runs in the series to this point is the most for any World Series on record . This World Series set a new record for most players to hit a home run ( 14 to date in the World Series ) . With the teams combining to score 25 runs throughout the game , this was the highest scoring World Series game since the Florida Marlins defeated the Cleveland Indians 14 -- 11 in Game 3 of the 1997 World Series . Game 5 lasted five hours and seventeen minutes , making it the second longest World Series game in history by time , trailing only the 14 inning contest between the Astros and the Chicago White Sox in Game 3 of the 2005 World Series in the same ballpark , as well as the third World Series game ever to go beyond five hours of game time . This game is considered one of the greatest World Series games of all time . Game 6 ( edit ) Kenley Jansen recorded a two - inning save in Game 6 . October 31 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , overcast Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Justin Verlander ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 4 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) Attendance : 54,128 Game 6 featured the same starting pitchers as the second game : Verlander and Hill . Springer hit a solo home run off of Hill in the top of the third for the first run of the night . It was Springer 's fourth homer of the series , tied for third all - time in a single series and joining Gene Tenace , in 1972 , as the only players with four game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a World Series . Springer also joined Hank Bauer in the 1958 World Series and Barry Bonds in the 2002 World Series with four home runs in a series . The Astros loaded the bases in the fifth inning , but did not score . Hill pitched 4 ⁄ innings , struck out five and allowed four hits and one run . In the sixth inning , Taylor tied the game with an RBI double and Seager hit a sacrifice fly to give the Dodgers the lead . Verlander pitched six innings with nine strikeouts and only three hits allowed . Pederson hit a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning and Jansen pitched two scoreless innings for the save . Pederson tied a World Series record with his fifth consecutive game with an extra base hit and Andre Ethier , who appeared in the game as a pinch hitter , set a new Dodgers franchise record with his 50th career postseason game . Game 7 ( edit ) November 1 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , partly cloudy Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 WP : Charlie Morton ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) LAD : None Attendance : 54,124 This was the first World Series Game 7 to be played at Dodger Stadium ( and the first postseason Game 7 at the stadium since the 1988 NLCS ) . It was also the first time since the 1931 World Series that a Game 7 occurred in a Series with both teams having won at least 100 games during the season . This was the first time since the 2001 World Series and 2002 World Series that back - to - back Fall Classics had a Game 7 . The starting pitchers for this game were the same as in the third game : McCullers and Darvish . Springer doubled to open the game and scored the first run on an error by Bellinger , which allowed Bregman to reach second base . Bregman stole third base and scored on an Altuve groundout . McCann scored the next inning on a groundout hit by the pitcher McCullers . Springer hit a two - run home run , his fifth of the series , tying Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley for most home runs in a single World Series and setting a new record with 29 total bases in any postseason series . As in Game 3 , Darvish lasted only 1 ⁄ innings ( tying the shortest outing of his career ) and became the third pitcher with two starts of less than two innings in a World Series , and the first since Art Ditmar in the 1960 World Series . Morrow relieved Darvish and in the process became only the second pitcher to pitch in all seven games of a single World Series , joining Darold Knowles in the 1973 World Series . McCullers lasted only 2 ⁄ innings himself ; he allowed three hits and hit a World Series record four batters . This was the first Game 7 in World Series history where neither starting pitcher got past the third inning . The Dodgers failed to score a run and left eight men on base through five innings . Ethier , pinch hitting , scored Pederson on a single in the sixth inning for the Dodgers ' only run . They only had one hit in 13 chances with runners in scoring position in the game . Kershaw pitched four scoreless innings of relief in the game , and in the process , he broke Orel Hershiser 's Dodgers postseason record with his 33rd strikeout . Morton pitched four innings of relief to earn the win , as Corey Seager grounded out to José Altuve , who threw to Yuli Gurriel to end the game , series , baseball season , with the Astros winning their first championship in franchise history , and ending their 56 - year drought . The Astros became the third consecutive road team to win a World Series Game 7 as well as the fourth consecutive team to end a World Series on the road ( after the 2014 Giants , 2015 Royals and 2016 Cubs ) . They also became just the second team to win a seven game League Championship Series and a seven game World Series in the same year , following the 1985 Kansas City Royals . Springer won the World Series MVP Award . With the Astros winning this is the third consecutive year that the team with the longer World Series championship drought won the series . Composite line score ( edit ) 2017 World Series ( 4 -- 3 ) : Houston Astros beat Los Angeles Dodgers . Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston Astros 7 5 34 56 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 9 8 34 47 Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , Marwin González ( 1 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) , Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Total attendance : 346,702 Average attendance : 49,529 Winning player 's share : $438,901.57 . Losing player 's share : $259,722.14 . Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Fox broadcast the series in the United States , with Joe Buck serving as the play - by - play announcer , along with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters . Kevin Burkhardt hosted the pregame shows , joined by analysts Keith Hernandez , David Ortiz , Alex Rodriguez , and Frank Thomas . Outside the United States , MLB International televised the series , with Matt Vasgersian on play - by - play and Buck Martinez doing color commentary . After Game 7 , Correa proposed to his girlfriend , 2016 Miss Texas USA winner Daniella Rodríguez , on live television during a postgame interview conducted by Rosenthal . She accepted . Ratings ( edit ) Downtown Houston skyline during the 2017 World Series Further information : World Series television ratings This series turned out to be the 3rd highest rated since 2005 , trailing only the 2009 World Series and the 2016 World Series . For the second straight year , Game 5 beat out NBC Sunday Night Football in ratings . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) U.S. audience ( in millions ) Ref 8.7 15 14.97 9.2 18 15.48 8.8 17 15.68 8.7 17 15.40 5 10.5 21 18.94 6 12.6 23 22.23 7 15.8 28 28.24 Radio ( edit ) National ( edit ) ESPN Radio broadcast the series in English , with Dan Shulman providing the play - by - play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst . Tim Kurkjian and Buster Olney served as reporters for the network , while Marc Kestecher hosted the pre-game and post-game coverage along with analyst Chris Singleton . The ESPN Radio coverage was carried on affiliated stations throughout the United States and Canada , as well as online at ESPN.com and via the ESPN mobile app . Spanish - language coverage was provided by ESPN Deportes Radio , with Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández announcing . Local ( edit ) Locally , both teams ' flagship radio stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers . Sportstalk 790 aired the English - language broadcast for the Houston area , with Robert Ford and Steve Sparks calling the games . In Los Angeles , AM 570 LA Sports aired the English - language broadcast , with Charley Steiner and Rick Monday announcing . In Spanish , Univision America 1020 carried the broadcast , with Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín on the call . In Korean , Radio Korea 1540 aired the series , with Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim in the booth . Sponsorship ( edit ) For the first time , MLB sold presenting sponsorships to all of its postseason series ; the internet television service YouTube TV is the first - ever presenting sponsor of the World Series . The series is officially known as the 2017 World Series Presented by YouTube TV . This sponsorship includes logo branding in - stadium and on official digital properties , as well as commercial inventory during Fox 's telecasts of the games . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Los Angeles portal Houston portal 2017 Korean Series 2017 Japan Series Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Except 1904 and 1994 , when the World Series was not held References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Macklin , Oliver ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Davis named chief of World Series ump crew '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube TV Swings for 2017 World Series Hits in MLB Pact '' . Variety . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Daniel ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Overview of World Series home - field advantage '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers complete record - setting World Series '' . ESPN . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Castrovince , Anthony ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Springer swats his way to MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer wins World Series MVP , ties record with five homers '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whicker , Mark ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Whicker : Dodgers , Houston Astros try to rekindle their 80s rivalry '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers , Astros renew rivalry in World Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ; Randhawa , Manny ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers joins 100 - win Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros vs. Dodgers is the first World Series between 100 - win teams in 47 years '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros 2017 World Series snapshot '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Best team ever ? ' Dodgers make Sports Illustrated cover '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Real or not ? Best Dodgers team ever , Yankees in trouble '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood & Vines : LA wins NLCS at Wrigley ! '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoornstra , J.P. ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers in the World Series : a brief history '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers Dominated Like Few Pennant Winners In Recent History '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baer , Bill ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Seager will be included on Dodgers ' World Series roster '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dave Roberts can join Cito Gaston as the only black managers to win World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woo , Jeremy . `` McCullers throws 24 straight curves , sends Astros to series '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIlvoy , Randy ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` A look back : Astros 2005 World Series run '' . KPRC - TV . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series : Four facts that make the Astros - Dodgers clash historic '' . USA Today . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pingue , Frank ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros give Houston boost during Hurricane Harvey recovery '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dart , Tom ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series unites Houston as road to hurricane recovery winds on '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros playing for more than a title in hurricane - ravaged Houston '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers deal Justin Verlander to Astros in last - minute deadline stunner '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 : A look at the pitching matchup between Rich Hill and Justin Verlander '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Verlander named ALCS MVP after superb starts '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 1 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 2 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 3 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 4 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 5 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 6 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family threw out the first pitch for Game 1 of the World Series '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family tosses first pitch as Dodgers take Game 1 of World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Gospel Singer Keith Williams Jr . Sings National Anthem at Game 1 '' . Billboard . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Watch : Vin Scully brings Dodgers legends for 1st pitch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beloved Scully delights Dodgers fans at Game 2 '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Brad Paisley Performs the National Anthem at Game 2 '' . Billboard . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( @ brianmctaggart ) ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` On Friday , Texans DL JJ Watt will throw out ceremonial first pitch and Hall of Famer Craig Biggio will deliver the game ball '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans ' J.J. Watt tosses first pitch at Game 3 '' . ESPN . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` National anthem lineup set for World Series games at MMP '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - year - old with 3 - D printed hand to throw out World Series first pitch '' . CBS News . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game 4 first pitch tossed by young girl with prosthetic hand '' . ESPN . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spain , Kevin . `` World Series : George Bush will throw out first pitch for Game 5 in Houston '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Dodger greats Tommy Lasorda and Orel Hershisher throw out ceremonial first pitch for Game 6 '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Mark . `` 2017 World Series National Anthem singers '' . AXS . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sandy Koufax , Don Newcombe , Rick Monday , and Steve Garvey all showed up for Game 7 's ceremonial first pitch '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobo , Julia ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` 103 - degree heat shatters World Series record '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varela , Ashley ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 will feature Dallas Keuchel vs. Clayton Kershaw '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Taylor leads off the World Series with a home run '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 1 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Doolittle , Bradford ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw aces Astros , rewrites October reputation in Dodgers ' Game 1 win '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Red hot ! Turner HR backs Kershaw Gm. 1 gem '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Resilient Dodgers putting loss behind them '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' stars stage stunning comeback to even World Series '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers make World Series history with record 8 home runs in Game 2 '' . ESPN . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Astros , Dodgers author a classic Fall Classic thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros even Series with late HRs in G2 thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Astros rally to beat Dodgers in dramatic Game 2 -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros : Game 3 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Astros rock Darvish , power their way to 2 -- 1 lead over Dodgers '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 3 : Los Angeles Dodgers 3 -- 5 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros use 1 -- 2 punch to take 2 -- 1 WS lead '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Peacock 's relief performance a Series classic : Astros righty delivers 3 2 / 3 hitless , scoreless innings for first career save '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Dylan ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Some look askew at Yuli Gurriel 's dugout squint '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' Yuli Gurriel Apologizes After a Racist Gesture Aimed at Yu Darvish '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott . `` MLB mulls discipline after Yuli Gurriel 's insensitive gesture '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gurriel suspended for first 5 games in 2018 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Yuli Gurriel wo n't be suspended for any World Series games , MLB rules '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajan , Greg ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 4 pitching foes come from Braves stock '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 4 : Los Angeles Dodgers 6 -- 2 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers break Astros ' home spell , even Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Historic World Series Home Run Rate may be Result of Slicker Baseballs '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Manny ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` The top Cy Young duels in World Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 5 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 5 : Los Angeles Dodgers 12 -- 13 Houston Astros -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Astros win thrilling Game 5 in walk - off fashion to take World Series lead '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Axisa , Mike ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers - Astros Game 5 : What to know about maybe the best World Series game ever '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ca n't make this up ! Astros earn insane W '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most Runs in a World Series Game , Combined '' . ESPN . Associates Press . October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Perspective Game 5 of the 2017 World Series was not the best ever . But it was an instant classic '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs Astros Game 6 : Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info ( @ ESPNStatsInfo ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer joins Gene Tenace ( 1972 ) as the only players to hit 4 game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a # WorldSeries '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ High Heat Stats ( @ HighHeatStats ) ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Players to homer in 4 games of a single World Series : Hank Bauer 1958 , won series Barry Bonds 2002 , lost series GEORGE SPRINGER 2017 , ? '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 6 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Brian McTaggart ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA solves JV ! Dodgers find O to set up WS G7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Joc Pederson ties World Series extra-base hit record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA as confident as can be with G7 at home '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers , Astros push their wonderful World Series to Game 7 '' . Fox Sports . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Normandin , Marc ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers World Series heads to decisive Game 7 '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Strongest ! Astros rule the World '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Astros vs. Dodgers Game 7 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 7 : Houston Astros 5 - 1 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Clayton Kershaw sets Dodgers postseason strikeout record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` World Series schedule 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kolur , Nihal ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` What Channel is the World Series ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lucia , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Your 2017 World Series announcing schedule '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Stefan ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Carlos Correa caps World Series with live , post-game proposal to girlfriend '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 World Series draws third - highest viewership since 2005 '' . Awful Announcing . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deitsch , Richard ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game 5 of the World Series Beats Sunday Night Football in TV Ratings '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 Second-Most Watched Since 2010 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 2 Third-Most Watched in a Decade '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Posts Second - Best Game 3 Audience Since 2005 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Scores Second - Best Saturday Audience Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Third - Best in Decade Entering Game 6 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers Game 6 Among Top World Series Games Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Over 28 Million For World Series Game 7 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skarka , Michael ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN Radio to Provide Comprehensive Coverage of the 113th World Series '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers vs. Astros : Your ' 17 World Series TV Schedule '' . LATF . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry . `` MLB close to selling first World Series presenting sponsorship '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry ; Ourand , John . `` YouTube TV Digital Pay Service Signs On To Be First World Series Presenting Sponsor '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) 2017 World Series at Baseball Reference 2017 Major League Baseball postseason Part of the 2017 Major League Baseball season World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series American League Wild Card Game National League Wild Card Game American League teams Boston Red Sox Cleveland Indians Houston Astros Minnesota Twins New York Yankees National League teams Arizona Diamondbacks Chicago Cubs Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers Washington Nationals World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series Category : World Series Fox Major League Baseball Related programs The Cheap Seats ( 2010 -- 2011 ) MLB Whiparound Major League Baseball Game of the Week Thursday Night Baseball ( 1997 -- 2001 ) This Week in Baseball ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Related articles DirecTV N3D FoxBox FoxTrax Scooter Television contracts ( cable ) MLB Network World Series television ratings National coverage Fox ( 1996 -- present ) FS1 ( 2014 -- present ) FS2 ( 2014 -- present ) Fox Deportes ( 2012 -- present ) Fox Family Channel ( 2001 ) Fox Sports Net ( 1997 -- 1999 ) FX ( 1997 ) FSN affiliates Arizona ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Detroit ( Detroit Tigers ) Florida ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) Kansas City ( Kansas City Royals ) Midwest ( St. Louis Cardinals ) North ( Minnesota Twins ) Ohio ( Cincinnati Reds ) San Diego ( San Diego Padres ) South ( Atlanta Braves ) Southeast ( Atlanta Braves ) Southwest ( Texas Rangers ) West ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) Wisconsin ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Sun ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) SportsTime Ohio ( Cleveland Indians ) YES Network ( New York Yankees ) Former FSN affiliates Bay Area ( Oakland Athletics & San Francisco Giants ; 1998 -- 2007 ) Chicago ( Chicago Cubs & Chicago White Sox , 1998 -- 2006 ) Houston ( Houston Astros , 2009 - 2012 ) New York ( New York Mets , 1998 -- 2005 ) Rocky Mountain ( Colorado Rockies , 1997 - 2010 ) Fox / MyTV O&O Stations New York City : WNYW 5 ( Yankees , 1999 -- 2001 ) , WWOR 9 ( N.Y. 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4883542178120619241 | You're So Vain | You 're So Vain - wikipedia You 're So Vain `` You 're So Vain '' Single by Carly Simon from the album No Secrets B - side `` His Friends Are More Than Fond of Robin '' Released November 8 , 1972 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1972 , Trident Studios Genre Pop , soft rock Length 4 : 19 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Carly Simon Producer ( s ) Richard Perry Carly Simon singles chronology `` Legend in Your Own Time '' ( 1971 ) `` You 're So Vain '' ( 1972 ) `` The Right Thing to Do '' ( 1973 ) `` You 're So Vain '' is a song written in 1971 by Carly Simon and released in November 1972 . The song is a critical profile of a self - absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts `` You 're so vain , you probably think this song is about you . '' The title subject 's identity has long been a matter of speculation , with Simon stating that the song refers to three men , only one of whom she has named publicly , actor Warren Beatty . The song is ranked at # 92 on Billboard 's Greatest Songs of All - Time . `` You 're So Vain '' was voted # 216 in RIAA 's Songs of the Century , and in August 2014 , the UK 's Official Charts Company crowned it the ultimate song of the 1970s . The distinctive bass guitar intro is played by Klaus Voormann . The strings were arranged by Simon and orchestrated by Paul Buckmaster . Simon plays piano on the track . Contents 1 Subject of the song 2 References in the song 3 Later versions and adaptations 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 All - time charts 5 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Subject of the song ( edit ) Before the song became a hit single in 1972 , Simon told an interviewer that the song was about `` men , '' not a specific `` man '' . In 1983 , she said it is not about Mick Jagger , who contributed uncredited backing vocals to the song . In a 1993 book , Angie Bowie claimed to be the `` wife of a close friend '' mentioned in `` You 're So Vain '' , and that Jagger , for a time , had been `` obsessed '' with her . Simon made another comment about the subject 's identity as a guest artist on Janet Jackson 's 2001 single , `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , which sampled `` You 're So Vain '' . Simon said about the song , `` The apricot scarf was worn by Nick ( Delbanco ) . Nothing in the words referred to Mick . '' In a 2007 interview , Warren Beatty said , `` Let 's be honest . That song was about me . '' Simon had said in 1983 that Beatty `` certainly thought it was about him -- he called me and said thanks for the song ... '' In an interview for the 1978 / 1982 version of The History of Rock and Roll radio series , producer Richard Perry acknowledges that Simon was essentially referring to Beatty while also evoking other previous relationships in her life . Over the years Simon has divulged `` letter clues '' and has claimed that the subject 's name contains the letters A , E , and R . Shortly before the writing of the song , Simon was married to James Taylor ; she has said that he was `` definitely not '' the subject of the song . David Bowie , David Cassidy and Cat Stevens have all been cited by the press as speculative candidates . In August 2003 Simon agreed to reveal the name of the song 's subject to the highest bidder of the Martha 's Vineyard Possible Dreams charity auction . With the top bid of $50,000 , Dick Ebersol , president of NBC Sports and a friend of Simon , won the right to know the name of the subject of `` You 're So Vain '' . A condition of the prize was that Ebersol not reveal the name . Ebersol said Simon allowed him to divulge a clue about the person 's name : `` Carly told me that I could offer up to the entire world a clue as to what she 'll tell me when we have this night in about two weeks . And the clue is : The letter ' E ' is in the person 's name . '' In 2004 Simon told Regis Philbin , `` If I tell it , it 's going to come out in dribs and drabs . And I 've given out two letters already , an ' A ' and an ' E . ' But I 'm going to add one to it . I 'm going to add an ' R , ' in honor of you . '' In 2005 Simon 's ex-husband Jim Hart said he was sure that the song was not about anyone famous . On June 19 , 2008 , Howard Stern stated that Simon had privately revealed to him about whom the song was written after her interview on his popular radio show on Sirius Satellite Radio . Stern commented , `` There is an odd aspect to it ... he 's not that vain . '' On March 17 , 2009 , Stern stated that she had said it was a `` composite of three people . '' Stern repeated this on May 5 , 2014 , stating , `` She takes me aside , pulls me close , whispers in my ear ... three names . She goes , it was n't one person , it was three people . '' Simon herself confirmed that Stern was among `` a few people '' that she had given the names to . In her 2008 book Girls Like Us , author Sheila Weller includes a detailed account of Simon 's love affair with musician Dan Armstrong , and suggests that he was the inspiration for `` You 're So Vain . '' Her heartbreak over eventually losing him inspired the song `` Dan , My Fling , '' which appears on her first album . Armstrong 's full name , Daniel Kent Armstrong , contains all three letters of Simon 's clue . On November 4 , 2009 , Simon said she had hidden the name of the subject in a certain version of the song . The next day , the program 's crew revealed the name concealed in a back - played whisper : David . Simon denied that the whisper was `` David , '' saying she had spoken `` Ovid '' both forwards and backwards , and that sounded like David . In February 2010 , Simon reiterated that the name of the subject was whispered in a re-recording of `` You 're So Vain '' : `` There 's a little whisper -- and it 's the answer to the puzzle . '' A representative for Simon confirmed that the name whispered during the song is `` David '' . Multiple media outlets then speculated that the subject was Simon 's former boss at Elektra , David Geffen . The following day Jim Hart , Simon 's ex-husband and close friend , denied that the song was about Geffen . Simon said that when she wrote the song in 1971 , she had not yet met Geffen . Simon 's publicist also confirmed the song was not about Geffen , but that there was indeed `` a David who is connected to the song in some way , shape , or form '' . Vanity Fair noted that in addition to `` David '' , `` Warren '' and an unintelligible name are whispered during the recording . After her live performance of the song with Simon in July 2013 , Taylor Swift stated that Simon had revealed the identity of the song 's subject to her in confidence . In November 2015 , Simon , promoting her about - to - be-published memoir , said , `` I have confirmed that the second verse is Warren ( Beatty ) '' and added that while `` Warren thinks the whole thing is about him , '' he is the subject of that verse only , with the remainder of the song referring to two other , still unnamed men . References in the song ( edit ) Gavotte -- used in the line `` You had one eye in the mirror as you watched yourself gavotte '' -- is a French kissing dance . In this context it can be taken to mean moving in a pretentious manner . Simon said the line `` clouds in my coffee '' came `` from an airplane flight that I took with Billy Mernit , who was my friend and piano player at the time . As I got my coffee , there were clouds outside the window of the airplane and you could see the reflection in the cup of coffee . Billy said to me , ' Look at the clouds in your coffee ' . '' The line `` I hear you went up to Saratoga and your horse naturally won '' refers to the Saratoga Race Course horse - racing season held in late July , August , and early September in Saratoga Springs , New York . The season is frequented by the rich and famous of New York and other East Coast cities . Two solar eclipses ( `` Then you flew your Lear jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the sun '' ) were visible from Nova Scotia in the early 1970s , on March 7 , 1970 , and July 10 , 1972 . Simon said she wrote the song in 1971 , but the 1972 eclipse ( which could only be seen in Nova Scotia as opposed to the 1970 eclipse which traversed the entire East Coast , and also happened during the Saratoga racing season ) better fits the narrative . Later versions and adaptations ( edit ) The song has been recorded by Chocolate Starfish , The Mountain Goats , David Axelrod , John Barrowman , Liza Minnelli , Jack Klugman and Tony Randall ( as `` The Odd Couple '' ) , Chimira , Venice , The Feeling , Jann Arden , Janet Jackson ( who sampled the song in `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , with Simon providing featured vocals ) , Trey Songz ( who sampled from Janet Jackson in his single `` About You ) , '' Anna Waronker , Faster Pussycat , Dres , Daryll - Ann , Smokie , Sally Seltmann , Asaro and Wolcott , Matthew Sweet and Susanna Hoffs , Marilyn Manson ( featuring Johnny Depp ) , and Italian pop star Mina in her 1985 album Finalmente ho conosciuto il conte Dracula ... Foo Fighters performed the song live at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in 2008 . On July 27 , 2013 , Simon performed `` You 're So Vain '' with Taylor Swift on her Red Tour . The song `` Starfuckers , Inc . '' by Nine Inch Nails , released in 2000 , references `` You 're So Vain '' , by quoting the chorus . Supporters of English football team Everton F.C. sang the song to player Leighton Baines at the 2009 football matches . On their 2009 album Felony , New York City metalcore band Emmure had a song titled `` R2Deepthroat '' where vocalist Frankie says `` You 're so vain , I bet you think this song is about you , do n't you ? '' In the lead - up to the 2016 US presidential election , Simon authorized the use of the song in an ad against Donald Trump . In a piece posted by BBC News on May 5 , 2017 , Simon sings a previously unreleased fourth verse to the song , which she states had been written on a pad some time ago but never made it into the song . It references a man , married multiple times , who `` called her once to ask her things she could n't quite divine '' . On the October , 3 , 2017 , episode of the reality television singing competition program The Voice , Karli Webster performed a shortened version of the song for a Blind Audition , which turned the chairs of prospective coaches Adam Levine and Miley Cyrus . ( The full version of Webster 's rendition , even today , is available for purchase and download on iTunes . ) Webster ultimately chose Cyrus as her coach and joined Team Miley . Chart performance ( edit ) The song was a number - one hit in the US , Canada and Australia and reached number four in Ireland and South Africa . Bowing at # 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 2 December 1972 , the song took only five more weeks to rocket to the top of the chart , where it stayed for the first three weeks of 1973 , also spending two weeks at the top of the Easy Listening chart in early 1973 , her first number one on either chart . `` You 're So Vain '' was Simon 's breakthrough hit in the United Kingdom , reaching number three on the UK chart on its original release in 1973 . The song was re-released in the UK in 1991 to cash in on its inclusion in a commercial for Dunlop Tyres , peaking at number 41 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 8 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Listener ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) UK Singles ( Official Chart Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Cash Box Top 100 7 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1958 - 2018 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 92 Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result `` You 're So Vain '' Record of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Nominated Grammy Hall of Fame Award Inducted See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1973 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of RPM number - one singles of 1973 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` You 're So Vain 's ' lost ' verse premiered '' . Retrieved 6 June 2018 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : Dowd , Kathy Erich ; Hubbard , Kim ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` People Exclusive : Carly Simon Says ' You 're So Vain ' Is About Warren Beatty -- Well , Only the Second Verse : ' He Thinks the Whole Thing Is About Him ! ' '' . People . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary '' . Billboard.com. 1994 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 2014 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Official Charts Pop Gem # 70 : Carly Simon -- You 're So Vain '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Klaus Voormann : Biography '' . Voormann.com. 1971 - 08 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Weller , Sheila ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Fun and Games With the David Geffen Rumor About Carly Simon 's ' You 're So Vain ' '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wadler , Joyce ( October 30 , 1983 ) . `` Carly Simon : Anxiety & '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Carly Simon Biography '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Backstage Passes Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Regis & Kelly 2004 -- Carly Simon talks about You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2012 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' You 're So Vain ' : Carly Simon reveals mystery man '' . NJ.com. 2010 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Soraya ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Carly Simon 's new ' You 're So Vain ' whispers clue '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ninette Sosa . `` Carly Simon reveals ' You 're So Vain ' clue '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon gives away who is ' So Vain ' '' . USA Today . Associated Press . August 5 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ebersol on NBC 's Today , August 5 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` I 've heard a million different stories -- who was Carly Simon actually singing about in `` You 're So Vain '' ? `` . Rule Forty Two . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Stern , Howard ( host ) ( May 20 , 2014 ) . Howard Stern Show . Sirius XM Radio . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon : You 're So Vain is about Beatty and two others '' . BBC . 2015 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sheila Weller . Girls Like Us : Carole King , Joni Mitchell , and Carly Simon & the Journey of a Generation , Simon & Schuster . 2008 : ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 9147 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet '' . Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet , by Jessica Pressler , Daily Intelligencer , March 12 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Simon in Uncut magazine interview , as reported by Newhall , Marissa ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Names and faces : Carly Simon , Mark and Jenny Sanford , Seth Green , Stevie Wonder > A vain hunt for ' David ' '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Reveals Subject of ' You 're So Vain ' ? '' . Spinner.com . February 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Carly Simon Refutes Theory That ' So Vain ' Target Is David Geffen '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Juli ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Update : Everyone Owes David Geffen an Apology '' . VF Daily . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift and Carly Simon : You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2013 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chagollan , Steve ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Deconstructing Carly Simon 's ' You 're So Vain ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` You 're So Vain '' . Carly Simon official website . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gatto , Kimberly ( 2011 ) . Saratoga Race Course : The August Place to Be . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 1609491048 . Jump up ^ `` USA -- 1970 March 7 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Canada -- 1972 July 10 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp , Marilyn Manson Team Up For ' You 're So Vain ' Cover '' . HuffPost Entertainment . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / CarlySimonHQ : Carly Simon and Taylor Swift '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsmail 's guide to the best chants of the season starring Cristiano Ronaldo , Dimi Konstantopoulos and Liam Gallagher '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 2009 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Charles , Chris ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) . `` BBC SPORT Fun and Games Chants of the season '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Schultheis , Emily ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Carly Simon uses `` You 're So Vain '' in anti-Trump video `` . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon plays You 're So Vain 's lost verse '' . bbc.com. 2017 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin . `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts ( S ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Weekly Single Ccharts ( David Kent ) for 1973 '' . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carly Simon -- You 're So Vain '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 Flanders . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4266 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 4279 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- You 're So Vain '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Forum - 1973 Chart ( General ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 - 1989 Songs W-Z '' . South African Rock Lists . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon '' . The Official Chart Company . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum -- 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles -- 1973 '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 turns 60 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official `` You 're So Vain '' page Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Carly Simon Discography Studio albums Carly Simon Anticipation No Secrets Hotcakes Playing Possum Another Passenger Boys in the Trees Spy Come Upstairs Torch Hello Big Man Spoiled Girl Coming Around Again My Romance Have You Seen Me Lately This Is My Life Romulus Hunt : A Family Opera Letters Never Sent Film Noir The Bedroom Tapes Moonlight Serenade Into White This Kind of Love Never Been Gone Compilations The Best of Carly Simon Greatest Hits Live Clouds in My Coffee The Very Best of Carly Simon : Nobody Does It Better Christmas Is Almost Here Anthology Christmas Is Almost Here Again Reflections : Carly Simon 's Greatest Hits Carly Simon Collector 's Edition Playlist : The Very Best of Carly Simon Songs From The Trees ( A Musical Memoir Collection ) Soundtracks Working Girl This Is My Life Piglet 's Big Movie Pooh 's Heffalump Movie Concerts Live from Martha 's Vineyard Carly in Concert -- My Romance Live at Grand Central A Moonlight Serenade on the Queen Mary 2 Singles `` That 's the Way I 've Always Heard It Should Be '' `` Anticipation '' `` Legend in Your Own Time '' `` You 're So Vain '' `` The Right Thing to Do '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' `` Attitude Dancing '' `` Waterfall '' `` It Keeps You Runnin ' '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` You Belong to Me '' `` Devoted to You '' `` Vengeance '' `` Jesse '' `` Why '' `` Kissing with Confidence '' `` You Know What to Do '' `` Tired of Being Blonde '' `` My New Boyfriend '' `` Coming Around Again '' `` Give Me All Night '' `` The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of '' `` All I Want Is You '' `` Let the River Run '' `` Better Not Tell Her '' `` Love of My Life '' `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' Other songs `` We Have No Secrets '' `` Night Owl '' `` You Can Close Your Eyes '' The Simon Sisters Meet The Simon Sisters Cuddlebug The Simon Sisters Sing the Lobster Quadrille and Other Songs for Children Winkin ' , Blinkin ' and Nod : The Kapp Recordings Family Richard L. Simon ( father ) Andrea Simon ( mother ) Joanna Simon ( sister ) Lucy Simon ( sister ) James Taylor ( ex-husband ) Ben Taylor ( son ) Sally Taylor ( daughter ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_So_Vain&oldid=853647559 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1973 singles Carly Simon songs Elektra Records singles Metasongs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Richard Perry Songs written by Carly Simon Songs about actors Works about narcissism Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 03 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang backing vocals on you're so vain | [
"In 1983, she said it is not about Mick Jagger,[8] who contributed uncredited backing vocals to the song.[9] In a 1993 book, Angie Bowie claimed to be the \"wife of a close friend\" mentioned in \"You're So Vain\", and that Jagger, for a time, had been \"obsessed\" with her.[10] Simon made another comment about the subject's identity as a guest artist on Janet Jackson's 2001 single, \"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)\", which sampled \"You're So Vain\". Simon said about the song, \"The apricot scarf was worn by Nick (Delbanco). Nothing in the words referred to Mick.\"\n"
] | [
"Mick Jagger"
] |
-5759641607980665645 | Ghost Whisperer (season 4) | Ghost Whisperer ( season 4 ) - wikipedia Ghost Whisperer ( season 4 ) Ghost Whisperer season 4 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 23 Release Original network CBS Original release October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) -- May 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 List of Ghost Whisperer episodes The fourth season of Ghost Whisperer , an American television series created by John Gray , commenced airing in the United States on October 3 , 2008 , concluded May 15 , 2009 , and consisted of 23 episodes . The series follows the life of Melinda Gordon ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) , who has the ability to see and communicate with ghosts . While trying to live as normal a life as possible -- she is married and owns an antique store -- Melinda helps earthbound spirits resolve their problems and cross over into the Light , or the spirit world . Her tasks are difficult and at times she struggles with people who push her away and disbelieve her ability . In addition , the ghosts are mysterious and sometimes menacing in the beginning and Melinda must use the clues available to her to understand the spirit 's needs and help them . Ghost Whisperer 's fourth season aired in the United States ( U.S. ) on Fridays at 8 : 00 pm ET on CBS , a terrestrial television network , where it received an average of 10.62 million viewers per episode , becoming the most watched season of the series . Contents 1 Plot 2 Development 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 References Plot ( edit ) In the fourth season , Melinda meets Eli James ( Jamie Kennedy ) after a fire at Rockland University who , after his own near - death experience , develops the ability to hear ghosts . Melinda says goodbye to her close friend Rick Payne , who leaves Grandview on a research trip for the university . In this season , Jim is shot and killed . He does not `` cross over '' because he does not want to leave Melinda , and his spirit later enters the body of a man named Sam Lucas , who died in an unrelated accident in Grandview and crossed over . When Jim / Sam regains consciousness , he has no memory of being Jim . Melinda works to get him to remember his past life and her , and succeeds after much difficulty and skepticism on the part of her friends . They soon discover that Melinda is pregnant and that the date of conception was right before Jim died . At the end of the season , Ned and Eli find the Book of Changes , a book written by the Watchers ( a benevolent group of ghosts who keep watch over the living ) . The book tells them of past and future prominent dates , such as Andrea and Jim 's deaths . One date is listed as September 25 , 2009 ; Melinda 's due date . Melinda learns from a Watcher named Carl that her child is destined to not only inherit her gift , but be far more powerful than her . Melinda and Jim decide to remarry and have a small ceremony on a snowy night , on the street where they first met . Development ( edit ) Ghost Whisperer is based on the work of `` Spirit Communicator '' James Van Praagh , who is co-executive producer and regularly updates a blog about the show through LivingTV . The stories are also said to be based in part on the work of `` Spirit Communicator '' Mary Ann Winkowski . Development of the show dates back to at least two years before its premiere . The show was produced by Sander / Moses Productions in association with CBS Television Studios ( originally Paramount Network Television in season one and ABC Studios ( originally Touchstone Television in the first two seasons ) and CBS Paramount Network Television in seasons two and three ) . The show was filmed on the Universal Studios back lot in Los Angeles . One area on the lot is Courthouse Square from the Back to the Future trilogy , though it has been drastically modified to depict Grandview . For example , the clock tower in Back to the Future has been completely covered up . Cast and crew members believe that the set gets visits from real spirits . Sound effects were completed at Smart Post Sound . Visual effects for the pilot and some season one episodes were completed at Flash Film Works . Visual effects for nearly the entire series were created at Eden FX . Creator John Gray grew up in Brooklyn , New York , which is not far from Grandview - On - Hudson , west of the Hudson River . Piermont is often referenced in episodes as the neighboring town , which is accurate to real life as Grandview - On - Hudson is actually located just north of Piermont . Professor Rick Payne worked in the fictional `` Rockland University , '' and perhaps not coincidentally , the actual Grandview , New York is a village located in Rockland County , New York . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Ghost Whisperer characters Jennifer Love Hewitt as Melinda Gordon ( 23 episodes ) David Conrad as Jim Clancy / Sam Lucas ( 23 episodes ) Camryn Manheim as Delia Banks ( 23 episodes ) Jay Mohr as Rick Payne ( 1 episode ) Christoph Sanders as Ned Banks ( 13 episodes ) Jamie Kennedy as Eli James ( 23 episodes ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Ghost Whisperer episodes No. in Series No. in Season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 63 `` Firestarter '' Eric Laneuville P.K. Simonds October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) 9.44 Melinda hears that there has been a fire at the Rockland University Building when Jim is called over there , and hurries over , fearful for Professor Rick Payne , but he is revealed to be alive and well . However , a therapist by the name Eli James dies , and Melinda witnesses his soul being brought back . This ' near - death ' experience grants him the ability to hear ghosts . The episode is focused on the ghost of one of Eli 's patients , who was possibly more than that , and whether or not she has been starting fires since she was 12 . Whilst Melinda is trapped in the archives , she meets a group of seemingly benign ghosts calling themselves the watchers , who warn her that dealing with death may brush off on something she loves . Note : This was Jay Mohr 's last appearance as Professor Payne . First appearance of Jamie Kennedy Guest Star : Alona Tal as Fiona Raine 64 `` Big Chills '' Peter Werner Laurie McCarthy October 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 10 ) 9.69 A woman finds her friend dead and strange things start happening around her . She remembers Melinda 's abilities from high school ( not that she ever believed it before ) and calls on her for help . Mel quickly uncovers the story - Grace , her current boyfriend and the dead friend were in a car accident with a motorcyclist 10 years ago and they left him for dead . The guilt ate away at the dead friend but when he tried to go to the police , the other two stopped him . Melinda must tell the motorcyclists family what happened to him in order for the ghost to move on . 65 `` Ghost in the Machine '' Steven Robman Jeannine Renshaw October 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) 8.97 Melinda watches Ned playing a computer game , and notices one of the Avatars staring right at her , and he appears in her shop , making her realise she has pulled him out of the game . She realises he is a ghost who appears as his Avatar because that is how he remembers himself , he died whilst playing the game . After realising that this Ghost / Avatar - ' Phoenix ' is usually hanging around with a teenage girl in the game , Mel , Ned and Eli suspect that he is a Predator , and proceed to try and catch him . Melinda sets up an Avatar and enters the game , and eventually discovers that ' Phoenix ' is the girls dad , and is actually trying to protect his daughter from the real Predator , who they then have to work together to catch . 66 `` Save Our Souls '' Gloria Muzio Mark B. Perry October 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ) 10.14 Melinda and Jim go to a cruise ship that is going to be scrapped soon and meet the newlywed couple staying in the room next to theirs who want to swap because they are having problems with their room and marriage . Mel sees lots of ghosts on the ship and one is very friendly and helpful . Mel realises room M108 is haunted by a ghost who is looking for her fiancé and swaps rooms so she can help her . She figures out the story of how the ghost died and who her fiancé was - he happens to be the owner of the ship , and has to get him to help the ghost cross over . Guest Star : Solange Knowles as cruise singer . 67 5 `` Bloodline '' Ian Sander Melissa Blake & Joy Blake October 31 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 31 ) 9.40 A teenager dies while playing tennis with Ned and a friend , and her ghost starts haunting the girl . Mel finds out that the two girls used to be friends until their mothers stopped talking and one family moved away . After the discovery that the blood clot that killed Diana is a genetic condition , it is revealed that the girls were swapped at birth . The ghost tries to stop Melinda revealing the truth . 68 6 `` Imaginary Friends and Enemies '' Eric Laneuville Vivian Lee November 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ) 11.06 Mel and Jim visit an old lodge with an old friend , her daughter and her new fiancé , and Melinda quickly realises that the little girl 's imaginary friend is actually a ghost . The ghost seems obsessed with the girl 's mother , and wants to play a game with her , but the game ends up hurting the mother . It is later revealed that the mother used to be friends with the ghost ( when he was alive and after ) , and he is trying to warn her about someone , using a clues game they used to play . Melinda has to convince Tricia to play the game and work out the clues . Jim is shot . 69 7 `` Threshold '' John Gray John Gray November 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) 11.57 Jim meets his brother in the in - between state , but decides that he needs to stay behind to be with Mel , since she 's not coping without him . She ca n't see him even though he 's there , because her grief is strengthening the veil , but there is another ghost who wants her help , and she mistakes the signs as being from Jim . Eventually he gets through to her , and she tries to convince him to cross over , but he refuses . The other ghost is revealed to be the recently deceased stepdaughter of the man who shot Jim . At an accident , a man dies and goes into the light , and Jim steps into the body , despite Melinda 's warning . 70 8 `` Heart & Soul '' Ian Sander Mark B. Perry & P.K. Simonds November 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) 11.28 Jim / Sam has no memory of being Jim and very little of being Sam , and Melinda tries to help , wanting the love of her life back . He visits Sam 's family but eventually accepts Mel 's offer to fix up her garage and live there whilst doing so . Delia does n't believe Melinda about Jim 's spirit stepping into Sam 's body . 71 9 `` Pieces of You '' Jim Chressanthis Laurie McCarthy December 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 9.71 Jim / Sam is concerned about what might be going on between him and Melinda , thinking they were having an affair , and she assures him she would never cheat on her husband . She starts to tell him about the whole Jim / Sam thing , but his reaction stops her . Delia believes Mel about Jim / Sam after seeing him waiting for Ned at the basketball court , and convinces him to stay . Meanwhile , Mel has to help the ghost of a little girl who is haunting a wishing well . 72 10 `` Ball & Chain '' Eric Laneuville Christina M. Kim & Jeannine Renshaw December 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 19 ) 10.18 Whilst doing work at a house , Jim / Sam hears a car backfire and remembers being shot , which he finds weird , but Mel sees it as a sign of Jim still being in there somewhere . Whilst searching for clues about who he is , he finds an engagement ring Sam was planning on giving his on / off girlfriend , bought a month before his accident . Mel has to unravel the mystery behind a ghost 's death , since the ghost is convinced she did n't abandon her family . 73 11 `` Life on the Line '' Eric Laneuville Christina M. Kim & Jeannine Renshaw January 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) 10.64 Delia is selling a house and she and Mel find it odd that there are still so many family photos and personal effects everywhere . Ned finds the lawnmower and awakens a ghost , who resends an old 911 call made from the house . This leads Melinda to investigate , and she discovers that a 14 - year - old boy was killed by the lawnmower there . She must uncover the truth behind the accident and get the family back together for the ghost to move on . Also , Sam remembers medical procedures , indicating that more of Jim 's past is coming up . He also tries to find evidence of his fiancé in his personal effects including looking through his sent e-mails . 74 12 `` This Joint 's Haunted '' Mark Rosman Mark B. Perry January 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) 10.58 Delia throws a dinner party for a couple of her high school friends and Eli who quickly hears a ghost about the place . Ned housesits for Mel whilst she goes on a road trip with Sam who is trying to find his fiancé in the hope that she can help with regaining his memory . Mel has to help a few ghosts along the way , all without revealing her abilities to Sam . The ghost in Delia 's house is trying to stop her from being so hard on Ned because she blames her own parents for her death . Sam 's fiancé comes to see him and finally believes him about the amnesia . 75 13 `` Body of Water '' Jennifer Love Hewitt P.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthy January 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) 11.18 A girl swims in a lake and is scared away . It is later discovered that there are many dead bodies in the lake and one of them is the girls ' father . Mel and Eli have to figure out what happened to the bodies to stop the ghosts from being so angry and helping them move on , and it has something to do with the owner of the funeral home , who now has cancer and wo n't take his medication . Sam 's fiancé Nikki ends up staying with Mel and spending a lot of time with Sam , which worries Delia , who urges Mel to fight for him . The Watchers return and warn Mel again , and she learns that they chose to stay earthbound to help the living . After his past life regression session with Eli , Sam remembers loving Mel , but he thinks he is remembering Nikki . Note : This episode was Jennifer Love Hewitt 's directorial debut . 76 14 `` Slow Burn '' Steven Robman Jeannine Renshaw February 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 06 ) 11.41 Delia asks Sam and Mel to help her chaperone Ned 's school dance , and Mel sees a ghost trying to stop a girl leaving with an older boy . She quickly realises the ghost is the girls ' mother , and must figure out why she does n't want the two to be together , with very little help from the ghost herself . Delia and Eli help her . Sam asks her on a date and she accepts , but helping the ghost causes her to miss it , and leads Sam to think she 's not ready to date after losing her husband . Guest Star : Kendall Schmidt as Jeff 77 15 `` Greek Tragedy '' Karen Gaviola Christina M. Kim February 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ) 10.30 A sorority at Rockland University ' hazes ' new members with a brutal ritual , and one girl never returns the next day , which is a first . Mel plans a date with Sam and promises Delia no ghost business , but is unable to help herself when she sees a ghost with a bag over her head , immediately thinking it is the missing girl . Eli works with her to figure out how she died , but the ghost is not who they thought she was at all , she died forty years ago after trying to make amends for the horrible things she did as a sorority leader . Mel told Sam she was volunteering at the firehouse , and when he asks about her there he finds that she never signed in , but he sees on her TV at the Rescue mission . He asks her about it and she lies , making him suspicious . 78 16 `` Ghost Busted '' John Behring Mark B. Perry & P.K. Simonds February 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 27 ) 11.54 Melinda 's neighbours hire a ghost hunter right when she was about to tell Sam about her gift , and after seeing his sceptical reaction , she holds off on telling him , despite Delia 's urging otherwise . Eli hangs out with the ghost hunter and accidentally reveals his own gift , ending up thinking the ghost hunter is legit , and they incorrectly deduce that the ghost is the house 's previous owner . Eli lies to Sam when he asks questions about Mel , and Delia tells him to keep an open mind . Mel works out who the ghost really is and helps him move on , finally tells Sam about her gift , and is crushed when he is sceptical . 79 17 `` Delusions of Grandview '' Jefery Levy Laurie McCarthy & Mark B. Perry March 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 06 ) 11.09 Sam wants to see Melinda doing her thing , and follows her to a school where he 's been doing work . Mel quickly sees ghosts and works out that they are patients of the mental hospital that the school used to be . One ghost in particular needs her help , she was admitted to the hospital after supposedly drowning her baby . Sam goes into the tunnels with Melinda , and gets freaked out when she has a vision of how the ghost died , which involved electro - shock therapy . Delia and Eli work out that the ghost 's doctor was a ghost himself , and she is trying to protect the children in the school from him . Mel finally tells Sam about him being Jim , and he refuses to believe it , instead thinking that Mel needs professional help . 80 18 `` Leap of Faith '' Ian Sander P.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthy March 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) 10.58 Sam moved out at Melinda 's request , but he forgot something , so tries calling her to ask for it , but she wo n't answer his calls . Mel is scared by a break - in at her shop , especially when Dr Byrd 's ghost shows up again . Eli goes to see the guy who broke in and discovers that he is another step - in ( like what Jim did to Sam ) . Mel deduces that Dr Byrd is behind the step - in 's , and works out that he wants another body for himself . Mel realises the other step - in is lost and confused somewhere in the tunnels and goes to find and help him , but the water valve has broken and the place is quickly filling with water . Byrd goes to get Eli and Sam is sceptical of his belief in a ghost he does n't trust , but follows him down anyway . Since Eli ca n't swim , Sam goes to rescue Mel , and after his bag gets trapped on something , Jim 's life flashes before his eyes . 81 19 `` Thrilled to Death '' Gloria Muzio Laurie McCarthy & Jeannine Renshaw April 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 10 ) 10.08 A young woman in Eli 's apartment building is being haunted , but claims she does n't know anyone who has died . Mel and Eli investigate together and figure out who the ghost is , and when they find out that Morgan was lying about knowing him , they wonder what else she 's been lying about , and quickly discover that she is ill herself . Meanwhile , Jim misses his job and friends but realises that ca n't be his life anymore , and he eventually decides he wants to go to Med School . Mel and Eli realise there is much more to Morgan 's story , and have to stop the ghost hurting her out of his anger at being lied to . Guest Star : Hilary Duff as Morgan . 82 20 `` Stage Fright '' Eric Laneuville Mark B. Perry April 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 24 ) 9.23 A TV show is shooting in Grandview and wants to use Melinda 's store . Mel , Delia , Jim and Eli go to a Promotional Event , and Mel and Eli quickly pick up that a ghost is haunting the writer of the show and the lead male actor , and is also involving a seemingly random girl in the audience . They discover that they were all in a play together and the ghost was shot on stage when the blank gun malfunctioned . Mel and Eli think he blames the other three for his death and Eli jumps to the conclusion that the ghost is trying to kill someone on the show . They have to unravel the truth behind what happened in the play all those years ago so the ghost can cross over . After an accident shooting a walk - on part , Jim takes Mel to the hospital and they get some great news . Guest Star : Amelia Heinle as Brook Dennis . 83 21 `` Cursed '' Kim Moses Laurie McCarthy May 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) 9.79 A little girl comes into the store , searching for a very specific doll , and when the older girl ( a cousin ) explains that it is for a replica dollhouse of the house the older girl lived in with her family before they died , and that the dolls ' talk ' to the little girl , Melinda suspects that the spirits of Emma 's family are trapped in the dollhouse . She investigates until she finds out the truth behind their deaths , leading her to think that the little girls mother ( and Emma 's Aunt ) killed the family for their money and wants to hurt Emma . Mel tells Delia she 's pregnant , then discovers that she 's lost her wedding bands . Jim proposes again . 84 22 `` Endless Love '' Ian Sander P.K. Simonds May 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) 9.50 Melinda is at Delia 's when she realises that one of the girls in Ned 's study group is being haunted . After a sleepwalking incident , Mel and Eli try to work out who the ghost is and what he wants . Eli 's friend Zoe ( who told him about Voodoo in the previous episode ) recognises the hauntings as Vampire Myths , leading Mel to wonder if Serena knew the ghost , and whether she was into Vampires . When she tries to ask her about it , Serena ends up thinking Vampires are real , and is surprised when Mel reveals she was talking about a ghost . The ghost leads Serena to his crypt after she says she wants to see him , and Mel has to race against time to get there and get her out of the sealed crypt before all the oxygen runs out . Also , Mel and Jim plan their second wedding - with Jim as Sam . Guest Star : Alexa Vega as Serena 85 23 `` The Book of Changes '' John Gray John Gray May 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) 9.15 Melinda 's mother hires a wedding planner who completely ignores what the couple want . Someone breaks into the University Library and then Zoe 's house , but is interrupted by Eli . The thief only stole one book - called ' The Book of Changes ' by the Watchers . It has important dates in it , such as previous deaths and Melinda 's due date , which is why Carl the Watcher tells Eli not to let Melinda see or touch the book . Because the collection it was hidden in is being bought , the Watchers are trying to protect it . Melinda keeps getting visions of a faceless girl holding the book and saying that Mel 's future is in ' her ' hands and that Mel ca n't save ' her ' . Mel is scared for her unborn baby , especially when she learns that it will be able to do much more than her ( with their gift ) . Jim and Mel have a quiet wedding on the street where they first met , with only Delia and Eli in attendance , and Jim calls it a renewal of everything they already had and have . Mel is told she has lots of white light around her - spirits protecting her , but if the balance slips , that could change . Eli becomes ' The Book of Changes ' new caretaker . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090617073441/http://www.variety.com/profiles/TVSeries/Synopsis/173242/Ghost+Whisperer.html?dataSet=1 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings ( Through 5 / 17 ) '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived October 22 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ghost Whisperer on Ghost Whisperer on LivingTV Archived March 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Real - life ' Ghost Whisperer ' inspires CBS '' . Jump up ^ `` Ghost Whisperer on LivingTV '' . Jump up ^ Universal Studios Hollywood - What 's New Archived 2011 - 02 - 03 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Scifi.com '' . Jump up ^ Ghost Whisperer Television Show - Mix Checks in on Creating Audio Sounds for Ghost Whisperer TV Show Archived 2011 - 02 - 03 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Flash Film Works - Ghost Whisperer '' . www.flashfilmworks.com . Jump up ^ `` EDEN FX '' . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen TV Ratings Top CBS Primetime Shows , September 29 - October 5 , 2008 : NCIS , CSI : MIAMI , CSI , CRIMINAL MINDS , THE MENTALIST , TWO AND A HALF MEN , CSI : NY , SURVIVOR : GABON , 60 MINUTES , COLD CASE , WITHOUT A TRACE , WORST WEEK , AMAZING RACE , HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER , THE UNIT , THE BIG BANG THEORY , 48 HOURS MYSTERY , GARY UNMARRIED , THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE , CRIMETIME SATURDAY - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , October 6 -- 12 , 2008 : NCIS , CSI : MIAMI , CSI , CRIMINAL MINDS , THE MENTALIST , TWO AND A HALF MEN , CSI : NY , SURVIVOR : GABON , 60 MINUTES , COLD CASE , WITHOUT A TRACE , WORST WEEK , AMAZING RACE , HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER , THE UNIT , THE BIG BANG THEORY , 48 HOURS MYSTERY , GARY UNMARRIED , THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE , CRIMETIME SATURDAY - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen TV Ratings CBS Primetime Shows , October 13 -- 19 : NCIS , CSI : MIAMI , CSI , CRIMINAL MINDS , THE MENTALIST , TWO AND A HALF MEN , CSI : NY , SURVIVOR : GABON , 60 MINUTES , COLD CASE , WITHOUT A TRACE , WORST WEEK , AMAZING RACE , HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER , THE UNIT , THE BIG BANG THEORY , 48 HOURS MYSTERY , GARY UNMARRIED , THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE , CRIMETIME SATURDAY - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , October 20 -- 26 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , October 27 -- November 2 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 4 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , November 3 -- 9 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , November 10 -- 16 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 18 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows November 17 -- 23 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , December 1 -- 7 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , December 15 -- 21 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . 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General references `` Ghost Whisperer Episodes on CBS '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . `` Shows A-Z - the ghost whisperer on cbs '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . `` The Ghost Whisperer : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Ghost Whisperer Episodes Season 1 `` Stranglehold '' `` Pater Familias '' 5 `` Birthday Presence '' `` Implosion '' `` The Children 's Parade '' Characters Melinda Gordon Related John Gray ( creator ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Whisperer_(season_4)&oldid=855793169 '' Categories : 2009 American television seasons 2008 American television seasons Ghost Whisperer Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 21 : 36 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what episode did jim die on ghost whisperer | [
"\n\n\nNo. inSeries\n\nNo. inSeason\n\nTitle\n\nDirected by\n\nWritten by\n\nOriginal air date\n\nU.S. viewers(millions)\n\n631\"Firestarter\"Eric LaneuvilleP.K. SimondsOctober 3, 2008 (2008-10-03)9.44[13]\nMelinda hears that there has been a fire at the Rockland University Building when Jim is called over there, and hurries over, fearful for Professor Rick Payne, but he is revealed to be alive and well. However, a therapist by the name Eli James dies, and Melinda witnesses his soul being brought back. This 'near-death' experience grants him the ability to hear ghosts. The episode is focused on the ghost of one of Eli's patients, who was possibly more than that, and whether or not she has been starting fires since she was 12. Whilst Melinda is trapped in the archives, she meets a group of seemingly benign ghosts calling themselves the watchers, who warn her that dealing with death may brush off on something she loves.\nNote: This was Jay Mohr's last appearance as Professor Payne. First appearance of Jamie Kennedy\n\nGuest Star: Alona Tal as Fiona Raine\n642\"Big Chills\"Peter WernerLaurie McCarthyOctober 10, 2008 (2008-10-10)9.69[14]\nA woman finds her friend dead and strange things start happening around her. She remembers Melinda's abilities from high school (not that she ever believed it before) and calls on her for help. Mel quickly uncovers the story-Grace, her current boyfriend and the dead friend were in a car accident with a motorcyclist 10 years ago and they left him for dead. The guilt ate away at the dead friend but when he tried to go to the police, the other two stopped him. Melinda must tell the motorcyclists family what happened to him in order for the ghost to move on.\n653\"Ghost in the Machine\"Steven RobmanJeannine RenshawOctober 17, 2008 (2008-10-17)8.97[15]\nMelinda watches Ned playing a computer game, and notices one of the Avatars staring right at her, and he appears in her shop, making her realise she has pulled him out of the game. She realises he is a ghost who appears as his Avatar because that is how he remembers himself, he died whilst playing the game. After realising that this Ghost/Avatar-'Phoenix' is usually hanging around with a teenage girl in the game, Mel, Ned and Eli suspect that he is a Predator, and proceed to try and catch him. Melinda sets up an Avatar and enters the game, and eventually discovers that 'Phoenix' is the girls dad, and is actually trying to protect his daughter from the real Predator, who they then have to work together to catch.\n664\"Save Our Souls\"Gloria MuzioMark B. PerryOctober 24, 2008 (2008-10-24)10.14[16]\nMelinda and Jim go to a cruise ship that is going to be scrapped soon and meet the newlywed couple staying in the room next to theirs who want to swap because they are having problems with their room and marriage. Mel sees lots of ghosts on the ship and one is very friendly and helpful. Mel realises room M108 is haunted by a ghost who is looking for her fiancé and swaps rooms so she can help her. She figures out the story of how the ghost died and who her fiancé was- he happens to be the owner of the ship, and has to get him to help the ghost cross over.\n\nGuest Star: Solange Knowles as cruise singer.\n675\"Bloodline\"Ian SanderMelissa Blake & Joy BlakeOctober 31, 2008 (2008-10-31)9.40[17]\nA teenager dies while playing tennis with Ned and a friend, and her ghost starts haunting the girl. Mel finds out that the two girls used to be friends until their mothers stopped talking and one family moved away. After the discovery that the blood clot that killed Diana is a genetic condition, it is revealed that the girls were swapped at birth. The ghost tries to stop Melinda revealing the truth.\n686\"Imaginary Friends and Enemies\"Eric LaneuvilleVivian LeeNovember 7, 2008 (2008-11-07)11.06[18]\nMel and Jim visit an old lodge with an old friend, her daughter and her new fiancé, and Melinda quickly realises that the little girl's imaginary friend is actually a ghost. The ghost seems obsessed with the girl's mother, and wants to play a game with her, but the game ends up hurting the mother. It is later revealed that the mother used to be friends with the ghost (when he was alive and after), and he is trying to warn her about someone, using a clues game they used to play. Melinda has to convince Tricia to play the game and work out the clues. Jim is shot.\n697\"Threshold\"John GrayJohn GrayNovember 14, 2008 (2008-11-14)11.57[19]\nJim meets his brother in the in-between state, but decides that he needs to stay behind to be with Mel, since she's not coping without him. She can't see him even though he's there, because her grief is strengthening the veil, but there is another ghost who wants her help, and she mistakes the signs as being from Jim. Eventually he gets through to her, and she tries to convince him to cross over, but he refuses. The other ghost is revealed to be the recently deceased stepdaughter of the man who shot Jim. At an accident, a man dies and goes into the light, and Jim steps into the body, despite Melinda's warning.\n708\"Heart & Soul\"Ian SanderMark B. Perry & P.K. SimondsNovember 21, 2008 (2008-11-21)11.28[20]\nJim/Sam has no memory of being Jim and very little of being Sam, and Melinda tries to help, wanting the love of her life back. He visits Sam's family but eventually accepts Mel's offer to fix up her garage and live there whilst doing so. Delia doesn't believe Melinda about Jim's spirit stepping into Sam's body.\n719\"Pieces of You\"Jim ChressanthisLaurie McCarthyDecember 5, 2008 (2008-12-05)9.71[21]\nJim/Sam is concerned about what might be going on between him and Melinda, thinking they were having an affair, and she assures him she would never cheat on her husband. She starts to tell him about the whole Jim/Sam thing, but his reaction stops her. Delia believes Mel about Jim/Sam after seeing him waiting for Ned at the basketball court, and convinces him to stay. Meanwhile, Mel has to help the ghost of a little girl who is haunting a wishing well.\n7210\"Ball & Chain\"Eric LaneuvilleChristina M. Kim & Jeannine RenshawDecember 19, 2008 (2008-12-19)10.18[22]\nWhilst doing work at a house, Jim/Sam hears a car backfire and remembers being shot, which he finds weird, but Mel sees it as a sign of Jim still being in there somewhere. Whilst searching for clues about who he is, he finds an engagement ring Sam was planning on giving his on/off girlfriend, bought a month before his accident. Mel has to unravel the mystery behind a ghost's death, since the ghost is convinced she didn't abandon her family.\n7311\"Life on the Line\"Eric LaneuvilleChristina M. Kim & Jeannine RenshawJanuary 9, 2009 (2009-01-09)10.64[23]\nDelia is selling a house and she and Mel find it odd that there are still so many family photos and personal effects everywhere. Ned finds the lawnmower and awakens a ghost, who resends an old 911 call made from the house. This leads Melinda to investigate, and she discovers that a 14-year-old boy was killed by the lawnmower there. She must uncover the truth behind the accident and get the family back together for the ghost to move on. Also, Sam remembers medical procedures, indicating that more of Jim's past is coming up. He also tries to find evidence of his fiancé in his personal effects including looking through his sent e-mails.\n7412\"This Joint's Haunted\"Mark RosmanMark B. PerryJanuary 16, 2009 (2009-01-16)10.58[24]\nDelia throws a dinner party for a couple of her high school friends and Eli who quickly hears a ghost about the place. Ned housesits for Mel whilst she goes on a road trip with Sam who is trying to find his fiancé in the hope that she can help with regaining his memory. Mel has to help a few ghosts along the way, all without revealing her abilities to Sam. The ghost in Delia's house is trying to stop her from being so hard on Ned because she blames her own parents for her death. Sam's fiancé comes to see him and finally believes him about the amnesia.\n7513\"Body of Water\"Jennifer Love HewittP.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthyJanuary 23, 2009 (2009-01-23)11.18[25]\nA girl swims in a lake and is scared away. It is later discovered that there are many dead bodies in the lake and one of them is the girls' father. Mel and Eli have to figure out what happened to the bodies to stop the ghosts from being so angry and helping them move on, and it has something to do with the owner of the funeral home, who now has cancer and won't take his medication. Sam's fiancé Nikki ends up staying with Mel and spending a lot of time with Sam, which worries Delia, who urges Mel to fight for him. The Watchers return and warn Mel again, and she learns that they chose to stay earthbound to help the living. After his past life regression session with Eli, Sam remembers loving Mel, but he thinks he is remembering Nikki.\n\nNote: This episode was Jennifer Love Hewitt's directorial debut.\n7614\"Slow Burn\"Steven RobmanJeannine RenshawFebruary 6, 2009 (2009-02-06)11.41[26]\nDelia asks Sam and Mel to help her chaperone Ned's school dance, and Mel sees a ghost trying to stop a girl leaving with an older boy. She quickly realises the ghost is the girls' mother, and must figure out why she doesn't want the two to be together, with very little help from the ghost herself. Delia and Eli help her. Sam asks her on a date and she accepts, but helping the ghost causes her to miss it, and leads Sam to think she's not ready to date after losing her husband.\n\nGuest Star: Kendall Schmidt as Jeff\n7715\"Greek Tragedy\"Karen GaviolaChristina M. KimFebruary 13, 2009 (2009-02-13)10.30[27]\nA sorority at Rockland University 'hazes' new members with a brutal ritual, and one girl never returns the next day, which is a first. Mel plans a date with Sam and promises Delia no ghost business, but is unable to help herself when she sees a ghost with a bag over her head, immediately thinking it is the missing girl. Eli works with her to figure out how she died, but the ghost is not who they thought she was at all, she died forty years ago after trying to make amends for the horrible things she did as a sorority leader. Mel told Sam she was volunteering at the firehouse, and when he asks about her there he finds that she never signed in, but he sees on her TV at the Rescue mission. He asks her about it and she lies, making him suspicious.\n7816\"Ghost Busted\"John BehringMark B. Perry & P.K. SimondsFebruary 27, 2009 (2009-02-27)11.54[28]\nMelinda's neighbours hire a ghost hunter right when she was about to tell Sam about her gift, and after seeing his sceptical reaction, she holds off on telling him, despite Delia's urging otherwise. Eli hangs out with the ghost hunter and accidentally reveals his own gift, ending up thinking the ghost hunter is legit, and they incorrectly deduce that the ghost is the house's previous owner. Eli lies to Sam when he asks questions about Mel, and Delia tells him to keep an open mind. Mel works out who the ghost really is and helps him move on, finally tells Sam about her gift, and is crushed when he is sceptical.\n7917\"Delusions of Grandview\"Jefery LevyLaurie McCarthy & Mark B. PerryMarch 6, 2009 (2009-03-06)11.09[29]\nSam wants to see Melinda doing her thing, and follows her to a school where he's been doing work. Mel quickly sees ghosts and works out that they are patients of the mental hospital that the school used to be. One ghost in particular needs her help, she was admitted to the hospital after supposedly drowning her baby. Sam goes into the tunnels with Melinda, and gets freaked out when she has a vision of how the ghost died, which involved electro-shock therapy. Delia and Eli work out that the ghost's doctor was a ghost himself, and she is trying to protect the children in the school from him. Mel finally tells Sam about him being Jim, and he refuses to believe it, instead thinking that Mel needs professional help.\n8018\"Leap of Faith\"Ian SanderP.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthyMarch 13, 2009 (2009-03-13)10.58[30]\nSam moved out at Melinda's request, but he forgot something, so tries calling her to ask for it, but she won't answer his calls. Mel is scared by a break-in at her shop, especially when Dr Byrd's ghost shows up again. Eli goes to see the guy who broke in and discovers that he is another step-in (like what Jim did to Sam). Mel deduces that Dr Byrd is behind the step-in's, and works out that he wants another body for himself. Mel realises the other step-in is lost and confused somewhere in the tunnels and goes to find and help him, but the water valve has broken and the place is quickly filling with water. Byrd goes to get Eli and Sam is sceptical of his belief in a ghost he doesn't trust, but follows him down anyway. Since Eli can't swim, Sam goes to rescue Mel, and after his bag gets trapped on something, Jim's life flashes before his eyes.\n8119\"Thrilled to Death\"Gloria MuzioLaurie McCarthy & Jeannine RenshawApril 10, 2009 (2009-04-10)10.08[31]\nA young woman in Eli's apartment building is being haunted, but claims she doesn't know anyone who has died. Mel and Eli investigate together and figure out who the ghost is, and when they find out that Morgan was lying about knowing him, they wonder what else she's been lying about, and quickly discover that she is ill herself. Meanwhile, Jim misses his job and friends but realises that can't be his life anymore, and he eventually decides he wants to go to Med School. Mel and Eli realise there is much more to Morgan's story, and have to stop the ghost hurting her out of his anger at being lied to.\n\nGuest Star: Hilary Duff as Morgan.\n8220\"Stage Fright\"Eric LaneuvilleMark B. PerryApril 24, 2009 (2009-04-24)9.23[32]\nA TV show is shooting in Grandview and wants to use Melinda's store. Mel, Delia, Jim and Eli go to a Promotional Event, and Mel and Eli quickly pick up that a ghost is haunting the writer of the show and the lead male actor, and is also involving a seemingly random girl in the audience. They discover that they were all in a play together and the ghost was shot on stage when the blank gun malfunctioned. Mel and Eli think he blames the other three for his death and Eli jumps to the conclusion that the ghost is trying to kill someone on the show. They have to unravel the truth behind what happened in the play all those years ago so the ghost can cross over. After an accident shooting a walk-on part, Jim takes Mel to the hospital and they get some great news.\n\nGuest Star: Amelia Heinle as Brook Dennis.\n8321\"Cursed\"Kim MosesLaurie McCarthyMay 1, 2009 (2009-05-01)9.79[33]\nA little girl comes into the store, searching for a very specific doll, and when the older girl (a cousin) explains that it is for a replica dollhouse of the house the older girl lived in with her family before they died, and that the dolls 'talk' to the little girl, Melinda suspects that the spirits of Emma's family are trapped in the dollhouse. She investigates until she finds out the truth behind their deaths, leading her to think that the little girls mother (and Emma's Aunt) killed the family for their money and wants to hurt Emma. Mel tells Delia she's pregnant, then discovers that she's lost her wedding bands. Jim proposes again.\n8422\"Endless Love\"Ian SanderP.K. SimondsMay 8, 2009 (2009-05-08)9.50[34]\nMelinda is at Delia's when she realises that one of the girls in Ned's study group is being haunted. After a sleepwalking incident, Mel and Eli try to work out who the ghost is and what he wants. Eli's friend Zoe (who told him about Voodoo in the previous episode) recognises the hauntings as Vampire Myths, leading Mel to wonder if Serena knew the ghost, and whether she was into Vampires. When she tries to ask her about it, Serena ends up thinking Vampires are real, and is surprised when Mel reveals she was talking about a ghost. The ghost leads Serena to his crypt after she says she wants to see him, and Mel has to race against time to get there and get her out of the sealed crypt before all the oxygen runs out. Also, Mel and Jim plan their second wedding-with Jim as Sam.\n\nGuest Star: Alexa Vega as Serena\n8523\"The Book of Changes\"John GrayJohn GrayMay 15, 2009 (2009-05-15)9.15[35]\nMelinda's mother hires a wedding planner who completely ignores what the couple want. Someone breaks into the University Library and then Zoe's house, but is interrupted by Eli. The thief only stole one book- called 'The Book of Changes' by the Watchers. It has important dates in it, such as previous deaths and Melinda's due date, which is why Carl the Watcher tells Eli not to let Melinda see or touch the book. Because the collection it was hidden in is being bought, the Watchers are trying to protect it. Melinda keeps getting visions of a faceless girl holding the book and saying that Mel's future is in 'her' hands and that Mel can't save 'her'. Mel is scared for her unborn baby, especially when she learns that it will be able to do much more than her (with their gift). Jim and Mel have a quiet wedding on the street where they first met, with only Delia and Eli in attendance, and Jim calls it a renewal of everything they already had and have. Mel is told she has lots of white light around her-spirits protecting her, but if the balance slips, that could change. Eli becomes 'The Book of Changes' new caretaker.\n",
"\n\n\nNo. inSeries\n\nNo. inSeason\n\nTitle\n\nDirected by\n\nWritten by\n\nOriginal air date\n\nU.S. viewers(millions)\n\n631\"Firestarter\"Eric LaneuvilleP.K. SimondsOctober 3, 2008 (2008-10-03)9.44[13]\nMelinda hears that there has been a fire at the Rockland University Building when Jim is called over there, and hurries over, fearful for Professor Rick Payne, but he is revealed to be alive and well. However, a therapist by the name Eli James dies, and Melinda witnesses his soul being brought back. This 'near-death' experience grants him the ability to hear ghosts. The episode is focused on the ghost of one of Eli's patients, who was possibly more than that, and whether or not she has been starting fires since she was 12. Whilst Melinda is trapped in the archives, she meets a group of seemingly benign ghosts calling themselves the watchers, who warn her that dealing with death may brush off on something she loves.\nNote: This was Jay Mohr's last appearance as Professor Payne. First appearance of Jamie Kennedy\n\nGuest Star: Alona Tal as Fiona Raine\n642\"Big Chills\"Peter WernerLaurie McCarthyOctober 10, 2008 (2008-10-10)9.69[14]\nA woman finds her friend dead and strange things start happening around her. She remembers Melinda's abilities from high school (not that she ever believed it before) and calls on her for help. Mel quickly uncovers the story-Grace, her current boyfriend and the dead friend were in a car accident with a motorcyclist 10 years ago and they left him for dead. The guilt ate away at the dead friend but when he tried to go to the police, the other two stopped him. Melinda must tell the motorcyclists family what happened to him in order for the ghost to move on.\n653\"Ghost in the Machine\"Steven RobmanJeannine RenshawOctober 17, 2008 (2008-10-17)8.97[15]\nMelinda watches Ned playing a computer game, and notices one of the Avatars staring right at her, and he appears in her shop, making her realise she has pulled him out of the game. She realises he is a ghost who appears as his Avatar because that is how he remembers himself, he died whilst playing the game. After realising that this Ghost/Avatar-'Phoenix' is usually hanging around with a teenage girl in the game, Mel, Ned and Eli suspect that he is a Predator, and proceed to try and catch him. Melinda sets up an Avatar and enters the game, and eventually discovers that 'Phoenix' is the girls dad, and is actually trying to protect his daughter from the real Predator, who they then have to work together to catch.\n664\"Save Our Souls\"Gloria MuzioMark B. PerryOctober 24, 2008 (2008-10-24)10.14[16]\nMelinda and Jim go to a cruise ship that is going to be scrapped soon and meet the newlywed couple staying in the room next to theirs who want to swap because they are having problems with their room and marriage. Mel sees lots of ghosts on the ship and one is very friendly and helpful. Mel realises room M108 is haunted by a ghost who is looking for her fiancé and swaps rooms so she can help her. She figures out the story of how the ghost died and who her fiancé was- he happens to be the owner of the ship, and has to get him to help the ghost cross over.\n\nGuest Star: Solange Knowles as cruise singer.\n675\"Bloodline\"Ian SanderMelissa Blake & Joy BlakeOctober 31, 2008 (2008-10-31)9.40[17]\nA teenager dies while playing tennis with Ned and a friend, and her ghost starts haunting the girl. Mel finds out that the two girls used to be friends until their mothers stopped talking and one family moved away. After the discovery that the blood clot that killed Diana is a genetic condition, it is revealed that the girls were swapped at birth. The ghost tries to stop Melinda revealing the truth.\n686\"Imaginary Friends and Enemies\"Eric LaneuvilleVivian LeeNovember 7, 2008 (2008-11-07)11.06[18]\nMel and Jim visit an old lodge with an old friend, her daughter and her new fiancé, and Melinda quickly realises that the little girl's imaginary friend is actually a ghost. The ghost seems obsessed with the girl's mother, and wants to play a game with her, but the game ends up hurting the mother. It is later revealed that the mother used to be friends with the ghost (when he was alive and after), and he is trying to warn her about someone, using a clues game they used to play. Melinda has to convince Tricia to play the game and work out the clues. Jim is shot.\n697\"Threshold\"John GrayJohn GrayNovember 14, 2008 (2008-11-14)11.57[19]\nJim meets his brother in the in-between state, but decides that he needs to stay behind to be with Mel, since she's not coping without him. She can't see him even though he's there, because her grief is strengthening the veil, but there is another ghost who wants her help, and she mistakes the signs as being from Jim. Eventually he gets through to her, and she tries to convince him to cross over, but he refuses. The other ghost is revealed to be the recently deceased stepdaughter of the man who shot Jim. At an accident, a man dies and goes into the light, and Jim steps into the body, despite Melinda's warning.\n708\"Heart & Soul\"Ian SanderMark B. Perry & P.K. SimondsNovember 21, 2008 (2008-11-21)11.28[20]\nJim/Sam has no memory of being Jim and very little of being Sam, and Melinda tries to help, wanting the love of her life back. He visits Sam's family but eventually accepts Mel's offer to fix up her garage and live there whilst doing so. Delia doesn't believe Melinda about Jim's spirit stepping into Sam's body.\n719\"Pieces of You\"Jim ChressanthisLaurie McCarthyDecember 5, 2008 (2008-12-05)9.71[21]\nJim/Sam is concerned about what might be going on between him and Melinda, thinking they were having an affair, and she assures him she would never cheat on her husband. She starts to tell him about the whole Jim/Sam thing, but his reaction stops her. Delia believes Mel about Jim/Sam after seeing him waiting for Ned at the basketball court, and convinces him to stay. Meanwhile, Mel has to help the ghost of a little girl who is haunting a wishing well.\n7210\"Ball & Chain\"Eric LaneuvilleChristina M. Kim & Jeannine RenshawDecember 19, 2008 (2008-12-19)10.18[22]\nWhilst doing work at a house, Jim/Sam hears a car backfire and remembers being shot, which he finds weird, but Mel sees it as a sign of Jim still being in there somewhere. Whilst searching for clues about who he is, he finds an engagement ring Sam was planning on giving his on/off girlfriend, bought a month before his accident. Mel has to unravel the mystery behind a ghost's death, since the ghost is convinced she didn't abandon her family.\n7311\"Life on the Line\"Eric LaneuvilleChristina M. Kim & Jeannine RenshawJanuary 9, 2009 (2009-01-09)10.64[23]\nDelia is selling a house and she and Mel find it odd that there are still so many family photos and personal effects everywhere. Ned finds the lawnmower and awakens a ghost, who resends an old 911 call made from the house. This leads Melinda to investigate, and she discovers that a 14-year-old boy was killed by the lawnmower there. She must uncover the truth behind the accident and get the family back together for the ghost to move on. Also, Sam remembers medical procedures, indicating that more of Jim's past is coming up. He also tries to find evidence of his fiancé in his personal effects including looking through his sent e-mails.\n7412\"This Joint's Haunted\"Mark RosmanMark B. PerryJanuary 16, 2009 (2009-01-16)10.58[24]\nDelia throws a dinner party for a couple of her high school friends and Eli who quickly hears a ghost about the place. Ned housesits for Mel whilst she goes on a road trip with Sam who is trying to find his fiancé in the hope that she can help with regaining his memory. Mel has to help a few ghosts along the way, all without revealing her abilities to Sam. The ghost in Delia's house is trying to stop her from being so hard on Ned because she blames her own parents for her death. Sam's fiancé comes to see him and finally believes him about the amnesia.\n7513\"Body of Water\"Jennifer Love HewittP.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthyJanuary 23, 2009 (2009-01-23)11.18[25]\nA girl swims in a lake and is scared away. It is later discovered that there are many dead bodies in the lake and one of them is the girls' father. Mel and Eli have to figure out what happened to the bodies to stop the ghosts from being so angry and helping them move on, and it has something to do with the owner of the funeral home, who now has cancer and won't take his medication. Sam's fiancé Nikki ends up staying with Mel and spending a lot of time with Sam, which worries Delia, who urges Mel to fight for him. The Watchers return and warn Mel again, and she learns that they chose to stay earthbound to help the living. After his past life regression session with Eli, Sam remembers loving Mel, but he thinks he is remembering Nikki.\n\nNote: This episode was Jennifer Love Hewitt's directorial debut.\n7614\"Slow Burn\"Steven RobmanJeannine RenshawFebruary 6, 2009 (2009-02-06)11.41[26]\nDelia asks Sam and Mel to help her chaperone Ned's school dance, and Mel sees a ghost trying to stop a girl leaving with an older boy. She quickly realises the ghost is the girls' mother, and must figure out why she doesn't want the two to be together, with very little help from the ghost herself. Delia and Eli help her. Sam asks her on a date and she accepts, but helping the ghost causes her to miss it, and leads Sam to think she's not ready to date after losing her husband.\n\nGuest Star: Kendall Schmidt as Jeff\n7715\"Greek Tragedy\"Karen GaviolaChristina M. KimFebruary 13, 2009 (2009-02-13)10.30[27]\nA sorority at Rockland University 'hazes' new members with a brutal ritual, and one girl never returns the next day, which is a first. Mel plans a date with Sam and promises Delia no ghost business, but is unable to help herself when she sees a ghost with a bag over her head, immediately thinking it is the missing girl. Eli works with her to figure out how she died, but the ghost is not who they thought she was at all, she died forty years ago after trying to make amends for the horrible things she did as a sorority leader. Mel told Sam she was volunteering at the firehouse, and when he asks about her there he finds that she never signed in, but he sees on her TV at the Rescue mission. He asks her about it and she lies, making him suspicious.\n7816\"Ghost Busted\"John BehringMark B. Perry & P.K. SimondsFebruary 27, 2009 (2009-02-27)11.54[28]\nMelinda's neighbours hire a ghost hunter right when she was about to tell Sam about her gift, and after seeing his sceptical reaction, she holds off on telling him, despite Delia's urging otherwise. Eli hangs out with the ghost hunter and accidentally reveals his own gift, ending up thinking the ghost hunter is legit, and they incorrectly deduce that the ghost is the house's previous owner. Eli lies to Sam when he asks questions about Mel, and Delia tells him to keep an open mind. Mel works out who the ghost really is and helps him move on, finally tells Sam about her gift, and is crushed when he is sceptical.\n7917\"Delusions of Grandview\"Jefery LevyLaurie McCarthy & Mark B. PerryMarch 6, 2009 (2009-03-06)11.09[29]\nSam wants to see Melinda doing her thing, and follows her to a school where he's been doing work. Mel quickly sees ghosts and works out that they are patients of the mental hospital that the school used to be. One ghost in particular needs her help, she was admitted to the hospital after supposedly drowning her baby. Sam goes into the tunnels with Melinda, and gets freaked out when she has a vision of how the ghost died, which involved electro-shock therapy. Delia and Eli work out that the ghost's doctor was a ghost himself, and she is trying to protect the children in the school from him. Mel finally tells Sam about him being Jim, and he refuses to believe it, instead thinking that Mel needs professional help.\n8018\"Leap of Faith\"Ian SanderP.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthyMarch 13, 2009 (2009-03-13)10.58[30]\nSam moved out at Melinda's request, but he forgot something, so tries calling her to ask for it, but she won't answer his calls. Mel is scared by a break-in at her shop, especially when Dr Byrd's ghost shows up again. Eli goes to see the guy who broke in and discovers that he is another step-in (like what Jim did to Sam). Mel deduces that Dr Byrd is behind the step-in's, and works out that he wants another body for himself. Mel realises the other step-in is lost and confused somewhere in the tunnels and goes to find and help him, but the water valve has broken and the place is quickly filling with water. Byrd goes to get Eli and Sam is sceptical of his belief in a ghost he doesn't trust, but follows him down anyway. Since Eli can't swim, Sam goes to rescue Mel, and after his bag gets trapped on something, Jim's life flashes before his eyes.\n8119\"Thrilled to Death\"Gloria MuzioLaurie McCarthy & Jeannine RenshawApril 10, 2009 (2009-04-10)10.08[31]\nA young woman in Eli's apartment building is being haunted, but claims she doesn't know anyone who has died. Mel and Eli investigate together and figure out who the ghost is, and when they find out that Morgan was lying about knowing him, they wonder what else she's been lying about, and quickly discover that she is ill herself. Meanwhile, Jim misses his job and friends but realises that can't be his life anymore, and he eventually decides he wants to go to Med School. Mel and Eli realise there is much more to Morgan's story, and have to stop the ghost hurting her out of his anger at being lied to.\n\nGuest Star: Hilary Duff as Morgan.\n8220\"Stage Fright\"Eric LaneuvilleMark B. PerryApril 24, 2009 (2009-04-24)9.23[32]\nA TV show is shooting in Grandview and wants to use Melinda's store. Mel, Delia, Jim and Eli go to a Promotional Event, and Mel and Eli quickly pick up that a ghost is haunting the writer of the show and the lead male actor, and is also involving a seemingly random girl in the audience. They discover that they were all in a play together and the ghost was shot on stage when the blank gun malfunctioned. Mel and Eli think he blames the other three for his death and Eli jumps to the conclusion that the ghost is trying to kill someone on the show. They have to unravel the truth behind what happened in the play all those years ago so the ghost can cross over. After an accident shooting a walk-on part, Jim takes Mel to the hospital and they get some great news.\n\nGuest Star: Amelia Heinle as Brook Dennis.\n8321\"Cursed\"Kim MosesLaurie McCarthyMay 1, 2009 (2009-05-01)9.79[33]\nA little girl comes into the store, searching for a very specific doll, and when the older girl (a cousin) explains that it is for a replica dollhouse of the house the older girl lived in with her family before they died, and that the dolls 'talk' to the little girl, Melinda suspects that the spirits of Emma's family are trapped in the dollhouse. She investigates until she finds out the truth behind their deaths, leading her to think that the little girls mother (and Emma's Aunt) killed the family for their money and wants to hurt Emma. Mel tells Delia she's pregnant, then discovers that she's lost her wedding bands. Jim proposes again.\n8422\"Endless Love\"Ian SanderP.K. SimondsMay 8, 2009 (2009-05-08)9.50[34]\nMelinda is at Delia's when she realises that one of the girls in Ned's study group is being haunted. After a sleepwalking incident, Mel and Eli try to work out who the ghost is and what he wants. Eli's friend Zoe (who told him about Voodoo in the previous episode) recognises the hauntings as Vampire Myths, leading Mel to wonder if Serena knew the ghost, and whether she was into Vampires. When she tries to ask her about it, Serena ends up thinking Vampires are real, and is surprised when Mel reveals she was talking about a ghost. The ghost leads Serena to his crypt after she says she wants to see him, and Mel has to race against time to get there and get her out of the sealed crypt before all the oxygen runs out. Also, Mel and Jim plan their second wedding-with Jim as Sam.\n\nGuest Star: Alexa Vega as Serena\n8523\"The Book of Changes\"John GrayJohn GrayMay 15, 2009 (2009-05-15)9.15[35]\nMelinda's mother hires a wedding planner who completely ignores what the couple want. Someone breaks into the University Library and then Zoe's house, but is interrupted by Eli. The thief only stole one book- called 'The Book of Changes' by the Watchers. It has important dates in it, such as previous deaths and Melinda's due date, which is why Carl the Watcher tells Eli not to let Melinda see or touch the book. Because the collection it was hidden in is being bought, the Watchers are trying to protect it. Melinda keeps getting visions of a faceless girl holding the book and saying that Mel's future is in 'her' hands and that Mel can't save 'her'. Mel is scared for her unborn baby, especially when she learns that it will be able to do much more than her (with their gift). Jim and Mel have a quiet wedding on the street where they first met, with only Delia and Eli in attendance, and Jim calls it a renewal of everything they already had and have. Mel is told she has lots of white light around her-spirits protecting her, but if the balance slips, that could change. Eli becomes 'The Book of Changes' new caretaker.\n"
] | [
"\"Imaginary Friends and Enemies\"",
"68"
] |
-221774426850847911 | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami - Wikipedia 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami Jump to : navigation , search 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake Aceh in Indonesia , the most devastated region struck by the tsunami Show map of Indian Ocean Show map of Southeast Asia Show all Date 26 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 26 ) Origin time 00 : 58 : 53 UTC 07 : 58 : 53 WIB Magnitude 9.1 -- 9.3 M Depth 30 km ( 19 mi ) Epicenter 3 ° 18 ′ 58 '' N 95 ° 51 ′ 14 '' E / 3.316 ° N 95.854 ° E / 3.316 ; 95.854 Coordinates : 3 ° 18 ′ 58 '' N 95 ° 51 ′ 14 '' E / 3.316 ° N 95.854 ° E / 3.316 ; 95.854 Type Megathrust Areas affected Indonesia Sri Lanka India Thailand Maldives Malaysia Madagascar Somalia Kenya Tanzania South Africa Max . intensity IX ( Violent ) Tsunami 15 to 30 metres ( 50 to 100 ft ) with maximum runup of 51 m ( 167.3 ft ) at Lhoknga . Casualties 230,000 -- 280,000 dead and more missing The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00 : 58 : 53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra , Indonesia . The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1 -- 9.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX ( Violent ) . The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean , killing 230,000 -- 280,000 people in 14 countries , and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 metres ( 100 ft ) high . It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history . Indonesia was the hardest - hit country , followed by Sri Lanka , India , and Thailand . It is the third - largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph and had the longest duration of faulting ever observed , between 8.3 and 10 minutes . It caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as 1 centimetre ( 0.4 inches ) and triggered other earthquakes as far away as Alaska . Its epicentre was between Simeulue and mainland Indonesia . The plight of the affected people and countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian response . In all , the worldwide community donated more than US $14 billion ( 2004 ) in humanitarian aid . The event is known by the scientific community as the Sumatra -- Andaman earthquake . The resulting tsunami was given various names , including the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami , South Asian tsunami , Indonesian tsunami , the Christmas tsunami , and the Boxing Day tsunami . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earthquake characteristics 1.1 Foreshock 1.2 Tectonic plates 1.3 Aftershocks and other earthquakes 1.4 Energy released 2 Tsunami 2.1 Signs and warnings 2.2 Aceh province , Sumatra , Indonesia 2.3 Andaman and Nicobar Islands , India 2.4 Sri Lanka 2.5 Thailand 2.6 Mainland India 2.7 Maldives 2.8 Myanmar 2.9 Somalia 2.10 Elsewhere in the Indian Ocean 3 Death toll and casualties 3.1 Countries affected 3.2 Event in historical context 4 Humanitarian response 5 Impact 5.1 Economic impacts 5.2 Environmental impact 5.3 Other effects 6 In popular culture 6.1 Apung 1 6.2 Films and television 6.3 Literature 6.4 Museum 6.5 Rediscovery of Mahabalipuram 6.6 Music 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Earthquake characteristics ( edit ) 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami Animation of tsunami caused by the earthquake showing how it radiated from the entire length of the 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) rupture Events Timeline Countries affected Indonesia Sri Lanka India more ... Response Humanitarian See also Warning System Library damage 2005 Nias -- Simeulue earthquake The earthquake was initially documented as moment magnitude 8.8 . In February 2005 scientists revised the estimate of the magnitude to 9.0 . Although the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center has accepted these new numbers , the United States Geological Survey has so far not changed its estimate of 9.1 . The most recent studies in 2006 have obtained a magnitude of M 9.1 -- 9.3 . Hiroo Kanamori of the California Institute of Technology believes that M 9.2 is a good representative value for the size of this great earthquake . The hypocentre of the main earthquake was approximately 160 km ( 100 mi ) off the western coast of northern Sumatra , in the Indian Ocean just north of Simeulue island at a depth of 30 km ( 19 mi ) below mean sea level ( initially reported as 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) ) . The northern section of the Sunda megathrust ruptured over a length of 1,300 km ( 810 mi ) . The earthquake ( followed by the tsunami ) was felt in Bangladesh , India , Malaysia , Myanmar , Thailand , Singapore , Sri Lanka and the Maldives . Splay faults , or secondary `` pop up faults '' , caused long , narrow parts of the sea floor to pop up in seconds . This quickly elevated the height and increased the speed of waves , completely destroying the nearby Indonesian town of Lhoknga . The epicenter of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and associated aftershocks in French . The epicentre of the earthquake , just north of Simeulue Island . Indonesia lies between the Pacific Ring of Fire along the north - eastern islands adjacent to New Guinea , and the Alpide belt that runs along the south and west from Sumatra , Java , Bali , Flores to Timor . Great earthquakes such as the Sumatra - Andaman event , which are invariably associated with megathrust events in subduction zones , have seismic moments that can account for a significant fraction of the global earthquake moment across century - scale time periods . Of all the seismic moment released by earthquakes in the 100 years from 1906 through 2005 , roughly one - eighth was due to the Sumatra - Andaman event . This quake , together with the Good Friday earthquake ( Alaska , 1964 ) and the Great Chilean earthquake ( 1960 ) , account for almost half of the total moment . Since 1900 the only earthquakes recorded with a greater magnitude were the 1960 Great Chilean earthquake ( magnitude 9.5 ) and the 1964 Good Friday earthquake in Prince William Sound ( 9.2 ) . The only other recorded earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater were off Kamchatka , Russia , on 4 November 1952 ( magnitude 9.0 ) and Tōhoku , Japan ( magnitude 9.1 ) in March 2011 . Each of these megathrust earthquakes also spawned tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean . However , the death toll from these was significantly lower , primarily because of the lower population density along the coasts near affected areas and the much greater distances to more populated coasts and also due to the superior infrastructure and warning systems in MEDCs ( More Economically Developed Countries ) such as Japan . Other very large megathrust earthquakes occurred in 1868 ( Peru , Nazca Plate and South American Plate ) ; 1827 ( Colombia , Nazca Plate and South American Plate ) ; 1812 ( Venezuela , Caribbean Plate and South American Plate ) and 1700 ( western North America , Juan de Fuca Plate and North American Plate ) . All of them are believed to be greater than magnitude 9 , but no accurate measurements were available at the time . Foreshock ( edit ) The 2002 Sumatra earthquake is believed to have been a foreshock , predating the main event by over two years . Tectonic plates ( edit ) Main article : Plate tectonics A pie chart comparing the seismic moment release for the largest earthquakes from 1906 to 2005 compared to all other earthquakes for the same period The megathrust earthquake was unusually large in geographical and geological extent . An estimated 1,600 kilometres ( 1,000 mi ) of fault surface slipped ( or ruptured ) about 15 metres ( 50 ft ) along the subduction zone where the Indian Plate slides ( or subducts ) under the overriding Burma Plate . The slip did not happen instantaneously but took place in two phases over a period of several minutes : Seismographic and acoustic data indicate that the first phase involved a rupture about 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) long and 100 kilometres ( 60 mi ) wide , located 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) beneath the sea bed -- the largest rupture ever known to have been caused by an earthquake . The rupture proceeded at a speed of about 2.8 kilometres per second ( 1.7 miles per second ) ( 10,000 km / h or 6,200 mph ) , beginning off the coast of Aceh and proceeding north - westerly over a period of about 100 seconds . A pause of about another 100 seconds took place before the rupture continued northwards towards the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . However , the northern rupture occurred more slowly than in the south , at about 2.1 km / s ( 1.3 mi / s ) ( 7,500 km / h or 4,700 mph ) , continuing north for another five minutes to a plate boundary where the fault type changes from subduction to strike - slip ( the two plates slide past one another in opposite directions ) . The Indian Plate is part of the great Indo - Australian Plate , which underlies the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal , and is drifting north - east at an average of 6 centimetres per year ( 2.4 inches per year ) . The India Plate meets the Burma Plate ( which is considered a portion of the great Eurasian Plate ) at the Sunda Trench . At this point the India Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate , which carries the Nicobar Islands , the Andaman Islands , and northern Sumatra . The India Plate sinks deeper and deeper beneath the Burma Plate until the increasing temperature and pressure drive volatiles out of the subducting plate . These volatiles rise into the overlying plate causing partial melting and the formation of magma . The rising magma intrudes into the crust above and exits the Earth 's crust through volcanoes in the form of a volcanic arc . The volcanic activity that results as the Indo - Australian Plate subducts the Eurasian Plate has created the Sunda Arc . As well as the sideways movement between the plates , the sea floor is estimated to have risen by several metres , displacing an estimated 30 cubic kilometres ( 7.2 cu mi ) of water and triggering devastating tsunami waves . The waves did not originate from a point source , as was inaccurately depicted in some illustrations of their paths of travel , but rather radiated outwards along the entire 1,600 - kilometre ( 1,000 mi ) length of the rupture ( acting as a line source ) . This greatly increased the geographical area over which the waves were observed , reaching as far as Mexico , Chile , and the Arctic . The raising of the sea floor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean , producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated 0.1 millimetres ( 0.004 in ) . Aftershocks and other earthquakes ( edit ) Locations of initial earthquake and all aftershocks measuring greater than 4.0 from 26 December 2004 to 10 January 2005 . The site of the original quake is marked by the large star in the lower right square of the grid . Numerous aftershocks were reported off the Andaman Islands , the Nicobar Islands and the region of the original epicentre in the hours and days that followed . The magnitude 8.7 2005 Nias -- Simeulue earthquake , which originated off the coast of the Sumatran island of Nias , is not considered an aftershock , despite its proximity to the epicenter , and was most likely triggered by stress changes associated with the 2004 event . The earthquake produced its own aftershocks ( some registering a magnitude of as great as 6.1 ) and presently ranks as the third largest earthquake ever recorded on the moment magnitude or Richter magnitude scale . Other aftershocks of up to magnitude 6.6 continued to shake the region daily for up to three or four months . As well as continuing aftershocks , the energy released by the original earthquake continued to make its presence felt well after the event . A week after the earthquake , its reverberations could still be measured , providing valuable scientific data about the Earth 's interior . The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake came just three days after a magnitude 8.1 earthquake in an uninhabited region west of New Zealand 's subantarctic Auckland Islands , and north of Australia 's Macquarie Island . This is unusual , since earthquakes of magnitude 8 or more occur only about once per year on average . However , the U.S. Geological Survey sees no evidence of a causal relationship between these events . The December earthquake is thought to have triggered activity in both Leuser Mountain and Mount Talang , volcanoes in Aceh province along the same range of peaks , while the 2005 Nias -- Simeulue earthquake had sparked activity in Lake Toba , an ancient crater in Sumatra . Energy released ( edit ) The tsunami strikes Ao Nang , Thailand . The energy released on the Earth 's surface only ( M , which is the seismic potential for damage ) by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami was estimated at 1.1 × 10 joules , or 26 megatons of TNT . This energy is equivalent to over 1,500 times that of the Hiroshima atomic bomb , but less than that of Tsar Bomba , the largest nuclear weapon ever detonated ; however , the total work done M ( and thus energy ) by the quake was 4.0 × 10 joules ( 4.0 × 10 ergs ) , the vast majority underground , which is over 360,000 times more than its M , equivalent to 9,600 gigatons of TNT equivalent ( 550 million times that of Hiroshima ) or about 370 years of energy use in the United States at 2005 levels of 1.08 × 10 J . The only recorded earthquakes with a larger M were the 1960 Chilean and 1964 Alaskan quakes , with 2.5 × 10 joules ( 250 ZJ ) and 7.5 × 10 joules ( 75 ZJ ) respectively . The earthquake generated a seismic oscillation of the Earth 's surface of up to 20 -- 30 cm ( 8 -- 12 in ) , equivalent to the effect of the tidal forces caused by the Sun and Moon . The seismic waves of the earthquake were felt across the planet ; as far away as the U.S. state of Oklahoma , where vertical movements of 3 mm ( 0.12 in ) were recorded . By February 2005 , the earthquake 's effects were still detectable as a 20 μm ( 0.02 mm ; 0.0008 in ) complex harmonic oscillation of the Earth 's surface , which gradually diminished and merged with the incessant free oscillation of the Earth more than 4 months after the earthquake . Because of its enormous energy release and shallow rupture depth , the earthquake generated remarkable seismic ground motions around the globe , particularly due to huge Rayleigh ( surface ) elastic waves that exceeded 1 cm ( 0.4 in ) in vertical amplitude everywhere on Earth . The record section plot displays vertical displacements of the Earth 's surface recorded by seismometers from the IRIS / USGS Global Seismographic Network plotted with respect to time ( since the earthquake initiation ) on the horizontal axis , and vertical displacements of the Earth on the vertical axis ( note the 1 cm scale bar at the bottom for scale ) . The seismograms are arranged vertically by distance from the epicenter in degrees . The earliest , lower amplitude , signal is that of the compressional ( P ) wave , which takes about 22 minutes to reach the other side of the planet ( the antipode ; in this case near Ecuador ) . The largest amplitude signals are seismic surface waves that reach the antipode after about 100 minutes . The surface waves can be clearly seen to reinforce near the antipode ( with the closest seismic stations in Ecuador ) , and to subsequently encircle the planet to return to the epicentral region after about 200 minutes . A major aftershock ( magnitude 7.1 ) can be seen at the closest stations starting just after the 200 minute mark . The aftershock would be considered a major earthquake under ordinary circumstances , but is dwarfed by the mainshock . Vertical - component ground motions recorded by the IRIS / USGS Global Seismographic Network . The shift of mass and the massive release of energy very slightly altered the Earth 's rotation . The exact amount is not yet known , but theoretical models suggest the earthquake shortened the length of a day by 2.68 microseconds , due to a decrease in the oblateness of the Earth . It also caused the Earth to minutely `` wobble '' on its axis by up to 2.5 cm ( 1 in ) in the direction of 145 ° east longitude , or perhaps by up to 5 or 6 cm ( 2.0 or 2.4 in ) . However , because of tidal effects of the Moon , the length of a day increases at an average of 15 μs per year , so any rotational change due to the earthquake will be lost quickly . Similarly , the natural Chandler wobble of the Earth , which in some cases can be up to 15 m ( 50 ft ) , will eventually offset the minor wobble produced by the earthquake . There was 10 m ( 33 ft ) movement laterally and 4 -- 5 m ( 13 -- 16 ft ) vertically along the fault line . Early speculation was that some of the smaller islands south - west of Sumatra , which is on the Burma Plate ( the southern regions are on the Sunda Plate ) , might have moved south - west by up to 36 m ( 120 ft ) , but more accurate data released more than a month after the earthquake found the movement to be about 20 cm ( 8 in ) . Since movement was vertical as well as lateral , some coastal areas may have been moved to below sea level . The Andaman and Nicobar Islands appear to have shifted south - west by around 1.25 m ( 4 ft 1 in ) and to have sunk by 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) . In February 2005 , the Royal Navy vessel HMS Scott surveyed the seabed around the earthquake zone , which varies in depth between 1,000 and 5,000 m ( 550 and 2,730 fathoms ; 3,300 and 16,400 ft ) . The survey , conducted using a high - resolution , multi-beam sonar system , revealed that the earthquake had made a huge impact on the topography of the seabed . 1,500 - metre - high ( 5,000 ft ) thrust ridges created by previous geologic activity along the fault had collapsed , generating landslides several kilometres wide . One such landslide consisted of a single block of rock some 100 m high and 2 km long ( 300 ft by 1.25 mi ) . The momentum of the water displaced by tectonic uplift had also dragged massive slabs of rock , each weighing millions of tons , as far as 10 km ( 6 mi ) across the seabed . An oceanic trench several kilometres wide was exposed in the earthquake zone . The TOPEX / Poseidon and Jason - 1 satellites happened to pass over the tsunami as it was crossing the ocean . These satellites carry radars that measure precisely the height of the water surface ; anomalies of the order of 50 cm ( 20 in ) were measured . Measurements from these satellites may prove invaluable for the understanding of the earthquake and tsunami . Unlike data from tide gauges installed on shores , measurements obtained in the middle of the ocean can be used for computing the parameters of the source earthquake without having to compensate for the complex ways in which close proximity to the coast changes the size and shape of a wave . Tsunami ( edit ) NOAA 's tsunami travel time ( TTT ) map for the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami . The TTT map calculates the first - arrival travel times of the tsunami , following their generation at the earthquake epicenter . Note that the maps do not provide the height or the strength of the wave , only the arrival times . The number tags represent hours after the initial event . Map contours represent 1 - hour intervals . Red indicates 1 - to 4 - hour arrival times , Yellow indicates 5 - to 6 - hour arrival times , Green indicates 7 - to 14 - hour arrival times , and Blue indicates 15 - to 21 - hour arrival times . Maps were generated from earthquake epicenters in the NGDC Global Historical Tsunami Database using NGDC 2 - Minute Gridded Global Relief Data bathymetry . The map was created through models based on quality - controlled source data , and an integration of many data sets together . Scale showing the size of the tsunami waves that hit Indonesia The sudden vertical rise of the seabed by several metres during the earthquake displaced massive volumes of water , resulting in a tsunami that struck the coasts of the Indian Ocean . A tsunami that causes damage far away from its source is sometimes called a teletsunami and is much more likely to be produced by vertical motion of the seabed than by horizontal motion . The tsunami , like all others , behaved very differently in deep water than in shallow water . In deep ocean water , tsunami waves form only a low , very broad hump , barely noticeable and harmless , which generally travels at a very high speed of 500 to 1,000 km / h ( 310 to 620 mph ) ; in shallow water near coastlines , a tsunami slows down to only tens of kilometres per hour but , in doing so , forms large destructive waves . Scientists investigating the damage in Aceh found evidence that the wave reached a height of 24 metres ( 80 ft ) when coming ashore along large stretches of the coastline , rising to 30 metres ( 100 ft ) in some areas when traveling inland . Radar satellites recorded the heights of tsunami waves in deep water : at two hours after the earthquake , the maximum height was 60 centimetres ( 2 ft ) . These are the first such observations ever made . These observations could not be used to provide a warning , since the satellites were not built for that purpose and the data took hours to analyze . According to Tad Murty , vice-president of the Tsunami Society , the total energy of the tsunami waves was equivalent to about five megatons of TNT ( 20 petajoules ) , which is more than twice the total explosive energy used during all of World War II ( including the two atomic bombs ) but still a couple of orders of magnitude less than the energy released in the earthquake itself . In many places the waves reached as far as 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) inland . Play media Tsunami wave field in the Bay of Bengal one hour after the M = 9.2 earthquake . View to the northwest . Because the 1,600 km ( 1,000 mi ) fault affected by the earthquake was in a nearly north - south orientation , the greatest strength of the tsunami waves was in an east - west direction . Bangladesh , which lies at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal , had very few casualties despite being a low - lying country relatively near the epicenter . It also benefited from the fact that the earthquake proceeded more slowly in the northern rupture zone , greatly reducing the energy of the water displacements in that region . Coasts that have a landmass between them and the tsunami 's location of origin are usually safe ; however , tsunami waves can sometimes diffract around such landmasses . Thus , the state of Kerala was hit by the tsunami despite being on the western coast of India , and the western coast of Sri Lanka suffered substantial impacts . Distance alone was no guarantee of safety , as Somalia was hit harder than Bangladesh despite being much farther away . Because of the distances involved , the tsunami took anywhere from fifteen minutes to seven hours to reach the coastlines . The northern regions of the Indonesian island of Sumatra were hit very quickly , while Sri Lanka and the east coast of India were hit roughly 90 minutes to two hours later . Thailand was struck about two hours later despite being closer to the epicentre , because the tsunami traveled more slowly in the shallow Andaman Sea off its western coast . The tsunami was noticed as far as Struisbaai in South Africa , some 8,500 km ( 5,300 mi ) away , where a 1.5 m ( 5 ft ) high tide surged on shore about 16 hours after the earthquake . It took a relatively long time to reach Struisbaai at the southernmost point of Africa , probably because of the broad continental shelf off South Africa and because the tsunami would have followed the South African coast from east to west . The tsunami also reached Antarctica , where tidal gauges at Japan 's Showa Base recorded oscillations of up to a metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) , with disturbances lasting a couple of days . Some of the tsunami 's energy escaped into the Pacific Ocean , where it produced small but measurable tsunamis along the western coasts of North and South America , typically around 20 to 40 cm ( 7.9 to 15.7 in ) . At Manzanillo , Mexico , a 2.6 m ( 8 ft 6 in ) crest - to - trough tsunami was measured . As well , the tsunami was large enough to be detected in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , which puzzled many scientists , as the tsunamis measured in some parts of South America were larger than those measured in some parts of the Indian Ocean . It has been theorized that the tsunamis were focused and directed at long ranges by the mid-ocean ridges which run along the margins of the continental plates . Signs and warnings ( edit ) Maximum recession of tsunami waters at Kata Noi Beach , Thailand , prior the third -- and strongest -- tsunami wave ( sea visible in the right corner , the beach is at the extreme left ) , 10 : 25 am local time . Despite a lag of up to several hours between the earthquake and the impact of the tsunami , nearly all of the victims were taken completely by surprise . There were no tsunami warning systems in the Indian Ocean to detect tsunamis or to warn the general population living around the ocean . Tsunami detection is not easy because while a tsunami is in deep water it has little height and a network of sensors is needed to detect it . Setting up the communications infrastructure to issue timely warnings is an even bigger problem , particularly in a relatively poor part of the world . Tsunamis are much more frequent in the Pacific Ocean because of earthquakes in the `` Ring of Fire '' , and an effective tsunami warning system has long been in place there . Although the extreme western edge of the Ring of Fire extends into the Indian Ocean ( the point where the earthquake struck ) , no warning system exists in that ocean . Tsunamis there are relatively rare despite earthquakes being relatively frequent in Indonesia . The last major tsunami was caused by the Krakatoa eruption of 1883 . It should be noted that not every earthquake produces large tsunamis ; on 28 March 2005 , a magnitude 8.7 earthquake hit roughly the same area of the Indian Ocean but did not result in a major tsunami . The first warning sign of a possible tsunami is the earthquake itself . However , tsunamis can strike thousands of kilometres away where the earthquake is only felt weakly or not at all . Also , in the minutes preceding a tsunami strike , the sea often recedes temporarily from the coast , which was observed on the eastern side of the rupture zone of the earthquake such as around the coastlines of Aceh province , Phuket island and Khao Lak area in Thailand , Penang island of Malaysia and the Andaman and Nicobar islands . Around the Indian Ocean , this rare sight reportedly induced people , especially children , to visit the coast to investigate and collect stranded fish on as much as 2.5 km ( 1.6 mi ) of exposed beach , with fatal results . However , not all tsunamis cause this `` disappearing sea '' effect . In some cases , there are no warning signs at all : the sea will suddenly swell without retreating , surprising many people and giving them little time to flee . Reportedly , scuba divers near the abundant coral reefs in Thailand and the Maldives were caught off guard by violent , swirling underwater currents . The divers described the experience like being in a ' washing machine ' . Coral reef animals such as fish were also absent as the tsunami passed by . One of the few coastal areas to evacuate ahead of the tsunami was on the Indonesian island of Simeulue , very close to the epicentre . Island folklore recounted an earthquake and tsunami in 1907 , and the islanders fled to inland hills after the initial shaking and before the tsunami struck . These tales and oral folklore from previous generations may have helped the survival of the inhabitants . On Maikhao beach in northern Phuket , Thailand , a 10 - year - old British tourist named Tilly Smith had studied tsunami in geography at school and recognised the warning signs of the receding ocean and frothing bubbles . She and her parents warned others on the beach , which was evacuated safely . John Chroston , a biology teacher from Scotland , also recognised the signs at Kamala Bay north of Phuket , taking a busload of vacationers and locals to safety on higher ground . Anthropologists had initially expected the aboriginal population of the Andaman Islands to be badly affected by the tsunami and even feared the already depopulated Onge tribe could have been wiped out . Many of the aboriginal tribes evacuated and suffered fewer casualties . Oral traditions developed from previous earthquakes helped the aboriginal tribes escape the tsunami . For example , the folklore of the Onges talks of `` huge shaking of ground followed by high wall of water '' . Almost all of the Onge people seemed to have survived the tsunami . Aceh province , Sumatra , Indonesia ( edit ) A two - story house damaged by the tsunami showing the tsunami inundation height in downtown Banda Aceh . The tsunami first struck the west and north coasts of northern Sumatra , Indonesia particularly in Aceh province in the fresh morning . At Ulee Lheue in Banda Aceh , a survivor described three waves , with the first wave rising only to the foundation of the buildings . This was followed by a large withdrawal of the sea before the second and third waves hit . The tsunami reached shore 15 -- 20 minutes after the earthquake , and the second was bigger than the first . This is the same as that in Khao Lak and Phuket Island in southern Thailand . A local resident living at Banda Aceh states that the giant wave was ' higher than my house ' . Another resident living 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) near the coast on the outskirt of the city informed that the tsunami was ' like a wall , very black ' in colour and had a ' distinct sound ' getting louder as it nears the coast . The maximum runup height of the tsunami was measured at a hill between Lhoknga and Leupung , located on the west coast of the northern tip of Sumatra , near Banda Aceh , and reached more than 30 m ( 100 ft ) . The tsunami heights in Sumatra : 15 -- 30 m ( 49 ft - 98 ft ) on the west coast of Aceh . 6 -- 12 m ( 19.7 ft - 39.4 ft ) on the Banda Aceh coast . 6 m ( 19.7 ft ) on the Krueng Raya coast ( 3 oil tanks floated out ) 5 m ( 16.4 ft ) on the Sigli coast . 3 -- 6 m ( 9.8 ft - 19.7 ft ) on the north coast of Weh Island directly facing the tsunami source . 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) on the opposite side of the coast of Weh Island facing the tsunami . The tsunami height on the Banda Aceh coast is lower than half of that on the west coast . Even within the Banda Aceh coast , the tsunami height was reduced by half from 12 m ( 39.4 ft ) at Ulee Lheue to 6 m ( 19.7 ft ) a further 8 km ( 4.97 miles ) to the northeast . The inundation was observed to lie 3 -- 4 km ( 1.86 -- 2.49 miles ) inland throughout the city . Flow depths over the ground were observed to be over 9 m ( 29.5 ft ) in the seaside section of Ulee Lheue and tapered landward . The level of destruction was more extreme on the northwestern flank of the city in the areas immediately inland of the aquaculture ponds . The area toward the sea was wiped clean of nearly every structure , while closer to the river -- dense construction in a commercial district showed the effects of severe flooding . The flow depth was just at the level of the second floor , and there were large amounts of debris piled along the streets and in the ground - floor storefronts . One of the reasons seems to be that there is an archipelago between Lhoknga and Banda Aceh. Within 2 -- 3 km ( 1.24 -- 1.86 miles ) from the shoreline , houses , except for strongly - built reinforced concrete ones with brick walls , which seemed to have been partially damaged by the earthquake before the tsunami attack , were completely swept away or destroyed by the tsunami . Three small islands : Weh , Breuh , and Deudap , lie just north of the capital city . The tsunami effects on two of the islands Breuh and Deudap were extreme , with a runup of 10 -- 20 m ( 33 -- 66 ft ) on the west - facing shores . Coastal villages were completely destroyed by the tsunami waves . On Pulau Weh , however , the island experienced strong surges in the port of Sabang , yet there was little damage with a reported runup values of 3 -- 5 m ( 9.8 -- 16.4 ft ) , which was most likely shadowed from the direct tsunami attack by the islands to the southwest . In Lhoknga , a town in Aceh Besar Regency , Aceh Special Region , Indonesia , located on the western side of the island of Sumatra , 13 km ( 8.08 miles ) southwest of Banda Aceh was completely flattened and destroyed by the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami , where its population dwindled from 7,500 to 400 . The tsunami waves were almost 30 m ( 98.4 ft ) high . Eyewitnesses reported 10 to 12 waves , the second and third ones being the highest . The sea receded ( drawback ) 10 minutes after the earthquake and the first wave came rapidly landward as a turbulent flow ( flood ) with depths ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 m ( 1.64 ft - 8.20 ft ) high . The second and third waves was 15 -- 30 m ( 49.2 ft - 98.4 ft ) high at the coast , described having an appearance to a surf wave ( cobra - shaped ) but ' taller than the coconut trees ' and was ' like a mountain ' . Consequently , the tsunami also stranded cargo ships and barges and destroyed a cement factory near the Lampuuk coast . Moreover , surveyed areas by scientists show runup heights over 20 m ( 65.6 ft ) on the northwest coast of Sumatra in the Aceh province with a maximum runup of 51 m ( 167.3 ft ) . In Meulaboh based on survivor testimonies , tsunami arrived after the sea receded about 500 m ( 0.31 miles ) , followed by an advancing small tsunami . The second and third destructive waves arrived later , which exceeded the height of the coconut trees . The inundation distance is about 5 km ( 3.1 miles ) . Such high and fast waves arising from the epicentre by a megathrust earthquake were later found to be due to splay faults , secondary faults arising due to cracking of the sea floor to jut upwards in seconds , causing waves ' speed and height to increase . A large slip of 30 m ( 98.4 ft ) was estimated on the subfault located off the west coast of Aceh province . Another factor is subsidence at Banda Aceh ( 20 -- 60 cm ) , Peukan Bada ( > 20 cm ) , Lhok Nga and Leupung ( > 1.5 m ) . An overturned cement carrier , the Sinar Andalas caused by the tsunami in Lhoknga . Other towns on Aceh 's west coast hit by the disaster included Leupung , Lhokruet , Lamno , Patek , Calang , Teunom , and the island of Simeulue . Affected or destroyed towns on the region 's north and east coast were Pidie Regency , Samalanga , Panteraja and Lhokseumawe . The very high fatality in the area is mainly due to the unpreparedness of the population from such an event . Helicopter survey showed entire settlements virtually destroyed with destruction miles inland with only some mosques left standing , which provided refuge for the people from the tsunami . Andaman and Nicobar Islands , India ( edit ) The major islands affected by the tsunami were in the South , Middle , and North Andaman Islands . The tsunami arrived in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands minutes after the earthquake , and it caused extensive devastation to the islands ' environment . Specifically , the Andaman Islands were moderately affected while the island of Little Andaman and the Nicobar Islands were severely affected by the tsunami . Waves nearly 3 - storeys high , devastated the Indian Air Force base near Malacca . The worst affected island in the Andaman & Nicobar chain is Katchall Island with 303 people confirmed dead and 4,354 missing out of a total population of 5,312 . Eyewitnesses at Port Blair recall that the water receded before the first wave , and the third wave was the tallest and caused the most damage . However , at Hut Bay , Malacca and Campbell Bay -- locations far south of Port Blair -- it was reported that the water level rose by about 1 -- 2 m ( 3.3 ft - 6.6 ft ) from the normal sea level and remained there before the first wave crashed ashore . Reports of tsunami wave height : 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) at Diglipur and Rangat at North Andaman Island . 8 m ( 26.2 ft ) high at Campbell Bay ( in Great Nicobar Island ) , 10 -- 12 m ( 32.8 ft - 39.4 ft ) high at Malacca ( in Car Nicobar Island ) and at Hut Bay ( in Little Andaman Island ) . 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) high at Port Blair ( in South Andaman Island ) . The significant shielding of Port Blair and Campbell Bay by steep mountainous outcrops may have contributed to the relatively low wave heights at these locations , whereas the open terrain along the eastern coast at Malacca and Hut Bay likely contributed to the great height of the tsunami waves Indeed , many infrastructures near the coasts and buildings were harshly damaged by the waves . Sri Lanka ( edit ) The tsunami first arrived on the eastern coast and subsequently refracted around the southern point of Sri Lanka ( Dondra Head ) . The refracted tsunami waves inundated the southwestern part of Sri Lanka after some of its energy had been reflected from impact with the Maldives . Sri Lanka is located 1,700 km ( 1056.33 miles ) far from the epicenter and the tsunami source , so no one felt the ground shake and the tsunami hit the entire coastline of Sri Lanka around 2 hours after the earthquake . It seems that the tsunami flooding consisted of three main waves , with the second being the largest and most destructive . The first tsunami waves had initially caused a small flood ( positive wave ) as it struck the Sri Lankan coastline . Moments later , the ocean floor was exposed to as much as 1 km ( 0.62 miles ) in places due to drawback ( negative wave ) , which was followed by a massive second tsunami wave , which is in the form of a flood . Certain locations managed to reduce the power of the waves through construction of seawalls and breakwaters . The largest run - up measured was at 12.5 m ( 41 ft ) with inundation distance of 390 m to 1.5 km ( 0.242 miles - 0.932 miles ) in Yala . In Hambantota , tsunami run - ups are measured at 11 m ( 36.1 ft ) with the greatest inundation distance of 2 km ( 1.24 miles ) , and tsunami run - up measurements along the Sri Lankan coasts are at 2.4 -- 11 m ( 7.87 ft - 36.1 ft ) . Tsunami waves measured on the east coast ranged from 4.5 m - 9 m ( 14.8 ft - 29.5 ft ) at Pottuvill to around Batticaloa , 2.6 m - 5 m ( 8.53 ft - 16.4 ft ) in the northeast around Trincomalee and 4 m - 5 m ( 13.1 ft - 16.4 ft ) in the west coast from Moratuwa to Ambalangoda . Fishermen 's boat stranded in Kallady , Batticaloa , Sri Lanka . Sri Lanka tsunami height survey : 9 m ( 29.5 Ft ) at Koggala . 6 m ( 19.7 ft ) at Galle port . 4.8 m ( 15.7 ft ) around the Galle coast . 8.71 m ( 28.6 ft ) at Nonagama . 4.9 m ( 16.1 ft ) at Weligama . 4 m ( 13.1 ft ) at Dodundawa . 4.7 m ( 15.4 ft ) at Ambalangoda . 4.7 m ( 15.4 ft ) at Hikkaduwa Fishery Harbour . 10 m ( 33 ft ) at Kahawa . 4.8 m ( 15.7 ft ) at North Beach of Beruwala . 6 m ( 19.7 ft ) at Paiyagala . The Sumudra Devi , a passenger train out of Colombo , was derailed and overturned by the tsunami . The tsunami caused the 2004 Sri Lanka tsunami - rail disaster which took at least 1,700 lives , making it the largest single rail disaster in world history by death toll . Estimates based on the state of the shoreline and a high - water mark on a nearby building place the tsunami 7.5 -- 9 m ( 24.6 ft to 29.5 ft ) above sea level and 2 -- 3 m ( 6.6 ft to 9.8 ft ) higher than the top of the train . In Sri Lanka , the civilian casualties were second only to those in Indonesia . Reports vary on the number of deaths since many people are still missing and the country lacks adequate communications . The eastern shores of Sri Lanka faced the hardest impact since they were facing the epicenter of the earthquake . The southwestern shores were hit later , but the death toll was just as severe . The southwestern shores are a hotspot for tourists as well as the fishing economy . Tourism and fishing industries created high population densities along the coast . The coastal lifestyle of people and degradation of the natural environment in Sri Lanka contributed to the high death tolls . In addition to the high number of fatalities , approximately 90,000 buildings were destroyed . Houses were easily destroyed since they were built mostly from wood . Thailand ( edit ) The tsunami hit the southwest coast of southern Thailand , which was about 500 km ( 310.69 miles ) from the epicenter . The region is prominent with tourists internationally . Since the tsunami hit during high tide , its damage was severe . Approximately 5,400 people were killed and 3,100 people were reported missing in Thailand . The places where the tsunami struck were Khao Lak , Phuket Island , the Phi Phi Islands , Koh Racha Yai , Koh Lanta Yai and Ao Nang of Krabi province , offshore archipelagos like the Surin Islands , the Similan Islands , and coastal areas of Satun , Ranong , Phang Nga , Trang and Krabi provinces . The country experienced the largest tsunami runup height of any location outside of Sumatra , which occurred at Khao Lak and the areas of Takua Pa district that are facing the Andaman Sea. The tsunami heights recorded : 6 -- 10 m ( 19.7 ft - 32.8 ft ) in Khao Lak . 3 -- 6 m ( 9.84 ft - 19.7 ft ) along the west coast of Phuket island . 3 m ( 9.84 ft ) along the south coast of Phuket island . 2 m ( 6.56 ft ) along the east coast of Phuket island . 4 -- 6 m ( 13.12 ft - 19.7 ft ) on the Phi Phi Islands . 19.6 m ( 64.3 ft ) at Ban Thung Dap . 5 m ( 16.4 ft ) at Ramson . 6.8 m ( 22.3 ft ) at Ban Thale Nok . 5 m ( 16.4 ft ) at Hat Praphat ( Ranong Coastal Resources Research Station ) . 6.3 m ( 20.7 ft ) at Thai Muang district . 6.8 m ( 22.3 ft ) at Rai Dan . The province of Phang - Nga was the most heavily affected area in Thailand by the gigantic tsunami . The northern part of Phang - Nga Province is a rural area with fishery and agricultural villages while the central part has several resort hotels . Khao Lak is located in the south of Phang - Nga Province with many luxurious hotels , popular to foreign tourists , especially from Europe . Khao Lak was hit by the gigantic tsunami after 10 : 00 a.m. and the death toll in the area was the largest in Thailand . Many local villagers and tourists lost their lives during the event . A maximum inundation of approximately 2 km ( 1.2 miles ) and the inundated depths were 4 -- 7 m ( 13.12 ft - 23 ft ) in Khao Lak . Surveys conducted show that the tsunami inundated the third floor of a resort hotel . The tsunami heights in Khao Lak were much higher than Phuket Island . The reason for the difference seems to have been caused by the local bathymetry off Khao Lak . According to some interviews with local residents and affected tourists , the leading wave produced an initial depression , called a tsunami drawback or ' disappearing sea ' effect and the second wave was largest . The highest recorded tsunami runup measured was at 19.6 m ( 64.3 ft ) at Ban Thung Dap , located on the southwest tip of Ko Phra Thong Island and the second highest at 15.8 m ( 51.8 ft ) at Ban Nam Kim . Thai navy boat 813 ( police boat ) stranded almost 2 km inland by the Khao Lak tsunami . At Phuket island , many of its west coast beaches were affected . At Patong Beach -- a tourist mecca -- the tsunami heights were 5 -- 6 m ( 16.4 ft - 19.7 ft ) and the inundated depth was about 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) . The tsunami heights became lower from the west coast , the south coast to the east coast of the island . On Karon beach on the west coast , the coastal road was built higher than the shore and it acted as a seawall , protecting a hotel which was behind it . On the east coast of Phuket Island , which was not facing the tsunami source , the tsunami height was about 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) . In one river mouth , many boats were damaged . The tsunami propagated anticlockwise around Phuket Island , as was the case at Okushiri Island in the 1993 Hokkaido earthquake . According to some interviews with the people , the leading wave produced an initial depression and the second wave was the largest . Tsunami wave striking Phuket coast . The Phi Phi Islands are a group of small islands that were affected by the tsunami . The north bay of Phi Phi Don Island opens to the northwest , thus it faced in the direction that the tsunami came from . The measured tsunami height on this beach was 5.8 m ( 19.02 ft ) . According to some eyewitnesses accounts , the tsunami came from the north and south , and totally washed the central area away . The ground level here was about 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) above sea level , but there were many cottages and hotels . Therefore , the tsunami waves from the north and south destroyed the area , the south bay opens to the southeast . It faces in the opposite direction to which the tsunami was propagated . Further , Phi Phi Le Island shields the port of Phi Phi Don Island . The measured tsunami height , however , was 4.6 m ( 15.1 ft ) in the port . It indicated that the tsunami propagated around the islands . Many amateur videos recorded by tourists and locals of the tsunami at Thailand were televised popularly in the media . Mainland India ( edit ) The tsunami arrived in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu along the southeast coast of the Indian mainland shortly after 9 : 00 a.m. At least two hours later , it arrived in the state of Kerala along the southwest coast . Tamil Nadu , the union territory of Pondicherry and Kerala were extensively damaged , while Andhra Pradesh sustained moderate damage . There were two to five waves of varying height that coincided with the local high tide in some areas . Tsunami destruction in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . The tsunami run - up was only 1.6 m ( 5.2 ft ) in areas in the state of Tamil Nadu that were shielded by the island of Sri Lanka , but was 4 -- 5 m ( 13.1 ft - 16.4 ft ) in coastal districts such as Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu that were directly across from Sumatra , which happen to be the highest on the Indian mainland . On the western coast , the runup elevations were 4.5 m ( 14.8 ft ) at Kanyakumari District in Tamil Nadu , and 3.4 m ( 11.2 ft ) each at Kollam and Ernakulam Districts in Kerala . The duration between the waves also varied from about 15 minutes to about 90 minutes . Additionally , the tsunami varies in height when it struck the Indian coast , ranging from 2 -- 10 m ( 6.6 ft - 33 ft ) on average based on survivor 's accounts . The tsunami runup height measured in mainland India by Ministry of Home Affairs : 3.4 m ( 11.2 ft ) at Kerala , inundation distance of 0.5 -- 1.5 km ( 0.31 -- 0.62 miles ) with 250 km ( 155.3 miles ) of coastline affected . 4.5 m ( 14.8 ft ) at southern coastline of Tamil Nadu , inundation distance of 0.2 -- 2.0 km ( 0.12 -- 1.24 miles ) with 100 km ( 62.1 miles ) of coast affected . 5 m ( 16.4 ft ) at eastern coastline of Tamil Nadu facing tsunami source , inundation distance of 0.4 -- 1.5 km ( 0.25 -- 0.93 miles ) with 800 km ( 497 miles ) of coastline affected . 4 m ( 13.1 ft ) at Pondicherry , inundation distance of 0.2 -- 2.0 km ( 0.12 -- 1.24 miles ) with 25 km ( 15.5 miles ) of coast affected . 2.2 m ( 7.22 ft ) at Andhra Pradesh , inundation distance of 0.2 -- 1.0 km ( 0.12 -- 0.62 miles ) with 985 km ( 612 miles ) of coast . The tsunami traveled 2.5 km ( 1.55 miles ) at its maximum inland at Karaikal city . The inundation distance varied between 100 -- 500 m ( 0.062 miles - 0.311 miles ) in most areas , except at river mouths , where it was more than 1 km ( 0.62 miles ) . The inundation distance varied with topology and vegetation . Areas with dense coconut groves or mangroves had much smaller inundation distances , and those with river mouths or backwaters saw much larger inundation distances . Presence of seawalls at the Kerala coast and some of Tamil Nadu coast helped to reduce the impact of the waves . However , when the seawalls were made of loose stones , the stones were displaced and carried a few metres inland . The state of Kerala experienced tsunami - related damage in three southern districts , Ernakulam , Alappuzha , and Kollam , which are densely populated with villagers , due to diffraction of the waves around Sri Lanka . The southernmost district of Thiruvananthpuram , however , escaped damage , possibly due to the wide turn of the diffracted waves at the peninsular tip . Major damage occurred in two narrow strips of land bound on the west by the Arabian Sea and on the east by a network of backwaters -- Kerala backwaters . The waves receded before the first tsunami with the highest fatality reported from the densely populated Alappad panchayat ( including the villages of Cheriya Azhikkal and Azhikkal ) at Kollam district , caused by a 4 m ( 13.1 ft ) tsunami . The worst affected area in Tamil Nadu was Nagapattinam district , with a reported 6,051 fatalities caused by a 5 m ( 16.4 ft ) tsunami , followed by Cuddalore district , with many villages destroyed . The 13 km ( 8.1 miles ) Marina Beach in Chennai was battered by the tsunami which swept across the beach taking morning walkers unaware . Besides that , a 10 m ( 33 ft ) black muddy tsunami reportedly ravaged the city of Karaikal , where 492 lives were lost . The city of Pondicherry , protected by seawalls relatively escaped unscathed in comparison to other areas in the state . At the same time , many villages from many districts at the state of Andhra Pradesh were destroyed . In the Krishna district , the tsunami created havoc in Manginapudi and on Machalipattanam Beach , which came like a running wall at the latter . The most affected was Prakasham District , recording 35 deaths , with maximum damage at Singraikonda , a beautiful beach hamlet . Given the enormous power of the tsunami , the fishing industry suffered the greatest . Moreover , the cost of damage in the transport sector was reported in the tens of thousands . Many buildings and infrastructures near the coast were obliterated . Conclusively , the tsunami effects varied greatly across different parts of the coast according to the number of waves experienced , the inundation distance and height of waves , and the population density of the area , as well as topological and geographical features that made some areas more vulnerable than others . Besides these factors , the number of lives lost was influenced by exposure to previous disasters and the local disaster management capability . Most of the people killed were members of the fishing community and , in some cases such as Marina Beach at Chennai and Velankanni in Nagapattinam , they were visitors on the beach . Maldives ( edit ) The tsunami of 26 December 2004 severely affected the Maldives at a distance of 2,500 km ( 1553.4 miles ) from the epicenter of the magnitude 9.0 earthquake . Identically to Sri Lanka , survivors reported three waves with the second wave being the most powerful . Being rich in coral reefs , the Maldives provides an opportunity for scientists to assess the impact of a tsunami on coral atolls . The significantly lower tsunami impact on the Maldives compared to Sri Lanka is largely due to the topography and bathymetry of the atoll chain with offshore coral reefs , deep channels separating individual atolls and its arrival within low tide which decreased the power of the tsunami . After the tsunami , there were some concern that the country might be totally submerged and become uninhabitable . However , this was proven untrue . The largest tsunami wave measured was 4 m ( 13.1 ft ) at Vilufushi Island ( Thaa Atoll ) . The tsunami arrived approximately 2 hours after the earthquake. The greatest tsunami inundation occurred at North Male Atoll , Male island at 250 m ( 0.155 miles ) along the streets . The Maldives tsunami wave analysis : 1.3 m - 2.4 m ( 4.27 ft - 7.87 ft ) at North Male Atoll , Male Island . 2 m ( 6.56 ft ) at North Male Atoll , Huhule Island . 1.7 m - 2.8 m ( 5.58 ft - 9.2 ft ) at South Male Atoll , Embudhu Finothu . 2.5 m - 3.3 m ( 8.2 ft - 10.8 ft ) at Laamu Atoll , Fonadhoo Island . 2.2 m - 2.9 m ( 7.2 ft - 9.51 ft ) at Laamu Atoll , Gan Island . 2.3 m - 3 m ( 7.5 ft - 9.8 ft ) at North Male Atoll , Dhiffushi Island . 2.2 m - 2.4 m ( 7.2 ft - 7.87 ft ) at North Male Atoll , Huraa Island . more than 1.5 m ( 4.92 ft ) at North Male Atoll , Kuda Huraa Island . Myanmar ( edit ) In Myanmar , the tsunami caused only moderate damage , which arrived between 2 and 5.5 hours after the earthquake . Although the country 's western Andaman Sea coastline lies at the proximity of the rupture zone , there were smaller tsunamis than the neighboring Thai coast , probably because the main tsunami source did not extend to the Andaman Islands . Another factor is that some coasts of Taninthayi Division was protected by offshore islands of the Myeik Archipelago . Based on scientific surveys from Ayeyarwaddy Delta through Taninthayi Division , it is revealed that tsunami heights along the Myanmar coast were between 0.4 -- 2.9 m ( 1.3 -- 9.5 ft ) . Eyewitnesses often compared the December tsunami heights with the `` rainy season high tide '' ; although at most locations , the tsunami height was similar or smaller than the `` rainy season high tide '' level . Tsunami survey heights : 0.6 m - 2.3 m ( 1.97 ft - 7.54 ft ) around the Ayeyarwady delta . 0.9 m - 2.9 m ( 2.95 ft - 9.5 ft ) at Dawei area . 0.7 m - 2.2 m ( 2.3 ft - 7.2 ft ) around Myeik . 0.4 m - 2.6 m ( 1.3 ft - 8.5 ft ) around Kawthaung . Interviews with local people indicate that they did not feel the earthquake in Taninthayi Division or in Ayeyarwaddy Delta . The 71 casualties can be attributed to poor housing infrastructure and additionally , the fact that the coastal residents in the surveyed areas live on flat land along the coast , especially in the Ayeyarwaddy Delta , and that there is no higher ground to evacuate . The tsunami heights from the 2004 December earthquake were not more than 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) along the Myanmar coast , the amplitudes are slightly large off the Ayeyarwaddy Delta , probably because the shallow delta cause a concentration in tsunami energy . Somalia ( edit ) The tsunami spawned from the megathrust earthquake near Sumatra travelled 5000 km ( 3106.86 miles ) west across the open ocean and ravaged the East African country of Somalia . Around 289 fatalities were reported in the Horn of Africa , drowned by four tsunami waves . The hardest hit was a 650 km ( 403.9 miles ) stretch of the Somalia coastline between Garacad ( Mudug region ) and Xaafuun ( Bari region ) , which forms part of the Puntland Province . Most of the victims were reported along the low - lying Xaafuun Peninsula . The Puntland coast in northern Somalia was by far the area hardest hit by the waves to the west of the Indian subcontinent . The waves arrived around noon local time . Consequently , tsunami runup heights vary from 5 m ( 16.4 ft ) to 9 m ( 29.5 ft ) with inundation distances varying from 44 m ( 0.027 miles ) to 704 m ( 0.44 miles ) . The maximum runup height of almost 9 m ( 29.5 ft ) was recorded in Bandarbeyla . An even higher runup point was measured on a cliff near the town of Eyl , solely on an eyewitness account . The highest death toll was in Xaafuun , also known as Hafun , with 19 bodies and 160 people presumed missing out of its 5000 inhabitants , which amounts to the highest number of casualties in a single African town and the largest tsunami death toll in a single town to the west of the Indian subcontinent . In Xaafuun , small drawbacks were observed before the third and most powerful tsunami flood the town . Numerous fishing boats and buildings were also devastated . Elsewhere in the Indian Ocean ( edit ) The tsunami also reached Malaysia , mainly on the northern states such as Kedah , Perak and Penang and on offshore islands such as Langkawi island . Peninsular Malaysia was shielded by the full force of the tsunami due to the protection offered by the island of Sumatra , which lies just off the western coast . Tsunami flooding the streets of Tanjung Tokong , George Town , Penang . In Bangladesh , located on the northern Bay of Bengal escaped major damage and deaths because the water displaced by the strike - slip fault was relatively little on the northern section of the rupture zone , which ruptured slowly . In Yemen , the tsunami killed 2 people with a maximum runup of 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) . The tsunami 's immense power was even detected as far away as Africa , where rough seas were reported , specifically on the eastern and southern coasts that faces the Indian Ocean . Countries apart from Somalia that were majorly affected with deaths include South Africa ( the furthest ) - 2 , Kenya - 1 , The Seychelles - 3 and Tanzania - 10 . Death toll and casualties ( edit ) Chennai 's Marina Beach after the tsunami . According to the U.S. Geological Survey a total of 227,898 people died ( see table below for details ) . Measured in lives lost , this is one of the ten worst earthquakes in recorded history , as well as the single worst tsunami in history . Indonesia was the worst affected area , with most death toll estimates at around 170,000 . However , another report by Siti Fadilah Supari , the Indonesian Minister of Health at the time , estimated the death total to be as high as 220,000 in Indonesia alone , giving a total of 280,000 fatalities . The tsunami caused serious damage and deaths as far as the east coast of Africa , with the farthest recorded death due to the tsunami occurring at Rooi Els in South Africa , 8,000 km ( 5,000 mi ) away from the epicentre . In total , eight people in South Africa died due to abnormally high sea levels and waves . Relief agencies reported that one - third of the dead appeared to be children . This was a result of the high proportion of children in the populations of many of the affected regions and because children were the least able to resist being overcome by the surging waters . Oxfam went on to report that as many as four times more women than men were killed in some regions because they were waiting on the beach for the fishermen to return and looking after their children in the houses . In addition to the large number of local residents , up to 9,000 foreign tourists ( mostly Europeans ) enjoying the peak holiday travel season were among the dead or missing , especially people from the Nordic countries . The European nation hardest hit may have been Sweden , whose death toll was 543 . Germany was close behind with 539 identified victims . Patong Beach , Thailand , after the tsunami States of emergency were declared in Sri Lanka , Indonesia , and the Maldives . The United Nations estimated at the outset that the relief operation would be the costliest in human history . Then - UN Secretary - General Kofi Annan stated that reconstruction would probably take between five and ten years . Governments and non-governmental organisations feared that the final death toll might double as a result of diseases , prompting a massive humanitarian response . In the end , this fear did not materialise . For purposes of establishing timelines of local events , the time zones of affected areas are : UTC + 3 : ( Kenya , Madagascar , Somalia , Tanzania ) ; UTC + 4 : ( Mauritius , Réunion , Seychelles ) ; UTC + 5 : ( Maldives ) ; UTC + 5 : 30 : ( India , Sri Lanka ) ; UTC + 6 : ( Bangladesh ) ; UTC + 6 : 30 : ( Cocos Islands , Myanmar ) ; UTC + 7 : ( Indonesia ( western ) , Thailand ) ; UTC + 8 : ( Malaysia , Singapore ) . Since the earthquake occurred at 00 : 58 : 53 UTC , add the above offsets to find the local time of the earthquake . Country where deaths occurred Confirmed Estimated Injured Missing Displaced Indonesia 7005130736000000000 ♠ 130,736 7005167799000000000 ♠ 167,799 n / a 7004370630000000000 ♠ 37,063 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 + Sri Lanka 7004353220000000000 ♠ 35,322 7004353220000000000 ♠ 35,322 7004214110000000000 ♠ 21,411 n / a 7005516150000000000 ♠ 516,150 India 7004124050000000000 ♠ 12,405 7004180450000000000 ♠ 18,045 n / a 7003564000000000000 ♠ 5,640 7005647599000000000 ♠ 647,599 Thailand 7003539500000000000 ♠ 5,395 7003821200000000000 ♠ 8,212 7003845700000000000 ♠ 8,457 7003281700000000000 ♠ 2,817 7003700000000000000 ♠ 7,000 Somalia 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 7002289000000000000 ♠ 289 n / a n / a 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 Myanmar ( Burma ) 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 7002400000000000000 ♠ 400 -- 600 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 7003320000000000000 ♠ 3,200 Maldives 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 7002108000000000000 ♠ 108 n / a 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7004150000000000000 ♠ 15,000 + Malaysia 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 7002299000000000000 ♠ 299 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 + Tanzania 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 n / a n / a n / a Seychelles 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 n / a 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 Bangladesh 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 n / a n / a n / a South Africa 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 n / a n / a n / a Yemen 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 n / a n / a n / a Kenya 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 n / a n / a Madagascar n / a n / a n / a n / a 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 + Total ~ 184,167 ~ 230,273 ~ 125,000 ~ 45,752 ~ 1.74 million Includes those reported under ' Confirmed ' . If no separate estimates are available , the number in this column is the same as reported under ' Confirmed ' . Does not include approximately 19,000 missing people initially declared by Tamil Tiger authorities from regions under their control . Data includes at least 2,464 foreigners . Does not include South African citizens who died outside of South Africa ( e.g. , tourists in Thailand ) . For more information on those deaths , see Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake # S - Z Countries affected ( edit ) Countries most affected by the tsunami , with the earthquake 's epicenter . Main article : Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake The earthquake and resulting tsunami affected many countries in Southeast Asia and beyond , including Indonesia , Sri Lanka , India , Thailand , the Maldives , Somalia , Myanmar , Malaysia , Seychelles and others . Many other countries , especially in Europe , had large numbers of citizens traveling in the region on holiday . Sweden lost 543 citizens in the disaster , while Germany had 539 identified victims . Event in Historical context ( edit ) See also : Library damage resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake The last major tsunami in the Indian Ocean was about A.D. 1400 . In 2008 , a team of scientists working on Phra Thong , a barrier island along the hard - hit west coast of Thailand , reported evidence of at least three previous major tsunamis in the preceding 2,800 years , the most recent from about 700 years ago . A second team found similar evidence of previous tsunamis in Aceh , a province at the northern tip of Sumatra ; radiocarbon dating of bark fragments in soil below the second sand layer led the scientists to estimate that the most recent predecessor to the 2004 tsunami probably occurred between A.D. 1300 and 1450 . The 2004 earthquake and tsunami combined are the world 's deadliest natural disaster since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake . The earthquake was the third most powerful earthquake recorded since 1900 . The deadliest known earthquake in history occurred in 1556 in Shaanxi , China , with an estimated death toll of 830,000 , though figures from this period may not be as reliable . The 2004 tsunami is the deadliest in recorded history . Before 2004 , the tsunami created in both Indian and Pacific Ocean waters by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa , thought to have resulted in anywhere from 36,000 to 120,000 deaths , had probably been the deadliest in the region . In 1782 about 40,000 people are thought to have been killed by a tsunami ( or a cyclone ) in the South China Sea . The most deadly tsunami before 2004 was Italy 's 1908 Messina earthquake on the Mediterranean Sea where the earthquake and tsunami killed about 123,000 . Humanitarian response ( edit ) Main article : Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake German tsunami relief mission team members of AGSEP visiting tsunami - hit Mullaitivu in Northern Province , Sri Lanka in January 2005 Memorial dedicated to victims of the tsunami , Batticaloa , Eastern Province , Sri Lanka A great deal of humanitarian aid was needed because of widespread damage of the infrastructure , shortages of food and water , and economic damage . Epidemics were of special concern due to the high population density and tropical climate of the affected areas . The main concern of humanitarian and government agencies was to provide sanitation facilities and fresh drinking water to contain the spread of diseases such as cholera , diphtheria , dysentery , typhoid and hepatitis A and B . There was also a great concern that the death toll could increase as disease and hunger spread . However , because of the initial quick response , this was minimized . In the days following the tsunami , significant effort was spent in burying bodies hurriedly due to fear of disease spreading . However , the public health risks may have been exaggerated , and therefore this may not have been the best way to allocate resources . The World Food Programme provided food aid to more than 1.3 million people affected by the tsunami . Further information : Health risks from dead bodies Nations all over the world provided over US $14 billion in aid for damaged regions , with the governments of Australia pledging US $819.9 million ( including a US $760.6 - million aid package for Indonesia ) , Germany offering US $660 million , Japan offering US $500 million , Canada offering US $343 million , Norway and the Netherlands offering both US $183 million , the United States offering US $35 million initially ( increased to US $350 million ) , and the World Bank offering US $250 million . Also Italy offered US $95 million , increased later to US $113 million of which US $42 million was donated by the population using the SMS system According to USAID , the US has pledged additional funds in long - term U.S. support to help the tsunami victims rebuild their lives . On 9 February 2005 , President Bush asked Congress to increase the U.S. commitment to a total of US $950 million . Officials estimated that billions of dollars would be needed . Bush also asked his father , former President George H.W. Bush , and former President Bill Clinton to lead a U.S. effort to provide private aid to the tsunami victims . In mid-March the Asian Development Bank reported that over US $4 billion in aid promised by governments was behind schedule . Sri Lanka reported that it had received no foreign government aid , while foreign individuals had been generous . Many charities were given considerable donations from the public . For example , in the United Kingdom the public donated roughly £ 330,000,000 sterling ( nearly US $600,000,000 ) . This considerably outweighed the donation by the government and came to an average of about £ 5.50 ( US $10 ) donated by every citizen . In August 2006 , fifteen local aid staff working on post-tsunami rebuilding were found executed in northeast Sri Lanka after heavy fighting , the main umbrella body for aid agencies in the country said . There had been reports and rumors that the local aid workers had been killed . Impact ( edit ) Economic Impacts ( edit ) The level of damage to the economy resulting from the tsunami depends on the scale examined . While local economies were devastated , the overall impact to the national economies was minor . The two main occupations affected by the tsunami were fishing and tourism . The impact on coastal fishing communities and the people living there , some of the poorest in the region , has been devastating with high losses of income earners as well as boats and fishing gear . In Sri Lanka artisanal fishery , where the use of fish baskets , fishing traps , and spears are commonly used , is an important source of fish for local markets ; industrial fishery is the major economic activity , providing direct employment to about 250,000 people . In recent years the fishery industry has emerged as a dynamic export - oriented sector , generating substantial foreign exchange earnings . Preliminary estimates indicate that 66 % of the fishing fleet and industrial infrastructure in coastal regions have been destroyed by the wave surges , which will have adverse economic effects both at local and national levels . While the tsunami destroyed many of the boats vital to Sri Lanka 's fishing industry , it also created demand for fiberglass reinforced plastic catamarans in boatyards of Tamil Nadu . Since over 51,000 vessels were lost to the tsunami , the industry boomed . However , the huge demand has led to lower quality in the process , and some important materials were sacrificed to cut prices for those who were impoverished by the tsunami . But some economists believe that damage to the affected national economies will be minor because losses in the tourism and fishing industries are a relatively small percentage of the GDP . However , others caution that damage to infrastructure is an overriding factor . In some areas drinking water supplies and farm fields may have been contaminated for years by salt water from the ocean . Even though only coastal regions were directly affected by the waters of the tsunami , the indirect effects have spread to inland provinces as well . Since the media coverage of the event was so extensive , many tourists cancelled vacations and trips to that part of the world , even though their travel destinations may not have been affected . This ripple effect could especially be felt in the inland provinces of Thailand , such as Krabi , which acted like a starting point for many other tourist destinations in Thailand . Both the earthquake and the tsunami may have affected shipping in the Malacca Straits , which separate Malaysia and the Indonesian island of Sumatra , by changing the depth of the seabed and by disturbing navigational buoys and old shipwrecks . In one area of the Strait , water depths were previously up to 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) , and are now only 100 feet ( 30 m ) in some areas , making shipping impossible and dangerous . These problems also made the delivery of relief aid more challenging . Compiling new navigational charts may take months or years . However , officials hope that piracy in the region will drop off as a result of the tsunami . Countries in the region appealed to tourists to return , pointing out that most tourist infrastructure is undamaged . However , tourists were reluctant to do so for psychological reasons . Even beach resorts in parts of Thailand which were completely untouched by the tsunami were hit by cancellations . Environmental impact ( edit ) Tsunami inundation , Khao Lak , North of Phuket , Thailand ASTER Images and SRTM Elevation Model . Beyond the heavy toll on human lives , the Indian Ocean earthquake has caused an enormous environmental impact that will affect the region for many years to come . It has been reported that severe damage has been inflicted on ecosystems such as mangroves , coral reefs , forests , coastal wetlands , vegetation , sand dunes and rock formations , animal and plant biodiversity and groundwater . In addition , the spread of solid and liquid waste and industrial chemicals , water pollution and the destruction of sewage collectors and treatment plants threaten the environment even further , in untold ways . The environmental impact will take a long time and significant resources to assess . According to specialists , the main effect is being caused by poisoning of the freshwater supplies and of the soil by saltwater infiltration and a deposit of a salt layer over arable land . It has been reported that in the Maldives , 16 to 17 coral reef atolls that were overcome by sea waves are completely without fresh water and could be rendered uninhabitable for decades . Uncountable wells that served communities were invaded by sea , sand , and earth ; and aquifers were invaded through porous rock . Salted - over soil becomes sterile , and it is difficult and costly to restore for agriculture . It also causes the death of plants and important soil micro-organisms . Thousands of rice , mango , and banana plantations in Sri Lanka were destroyed almost entirely and will take years to recover . On the island 's east coast , the tsunami contaminated wells on which many villagers relied for drinking water . The Colombo - based International Water Management Institute monitored the effects of saltwater and concluded that the wells recovered to pre-tsunami drinking water quality one and a half years after the event . IWMI developed protocols for cleaning wells contaminated by saltwater ; these were subsequently officially endorsed by the World Health Organization as part of its series of Emergency Guidelines . The United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) is working with governments of the region in order to determine the severity of the ecological impact and how to address it . UNEP has decided to earmark a US $1,000,000 emergency fund and to establish a Task Force to respond to requests for technical assistance from countries affected by the tsunami . In response to a request from the Maldivian Government , the Australian Government sent ecological experts to help restore marine environments and coral reefs -- the lifeblood of Maldivian tourism . Much of the ecological expertise has been rendered from work with the Great Barrier Reef , in Australia 's northeastern waters . Other effects ( edit ) Tsunami aftermath in Aceh , Indonesia Psychological trauma Many health professionals and aid workers have reported widespread psychological trauma associated with the tsunami . Traditional beliefs in many of the affected regions state that a relative of the family must bury the body of the dead , and in many cases , no body remained to be buried . Women in Aceh required a special approach from foreign aid agencies , and continue to have unique needs . Conflicts and a cease - fire The hardest hit area , Aceh , is considered to be a religiously conservative Islamic society and has had no tourism nor any Western presence in recent years due to armed conflict between the Indonesian military and Acehnese separatists . Some believe that the tsunami was divine punishment for lay Muslims shirking their daily prayers and / or following a materialistic lifestyle . Others have said that Allah was angry that there were Muslims killing other Muslims in an ongoing conflict . Saudi cleric Muhammad Al - Munajjid attributed it to divine retribution against non-Muslim vacationers `` who used to sprawl all over the beaches and in pubs overflowing with wine '' during Christmas break . The widespread devastation caused by the tsunami led the main rebel group GAM to declare a cease - fire on 28 December 2004 followed by the Indonesian government , and the two groups resumed long - stalled peace talks , which resulted in a peace agreement signed 15 August 2005 . The agreement explicitly cites the tsunami as a justification . Media coverage In a poll conducted in 27 countries by GlobeScan for BBC World Service , 15 percent of respondents named the tsunami the most significant event of the year . Only the Iraq War was named by as many respondents . The extensive international media coverage of the tsunami , and the role of mass media and journalists in reconstruction , were discussed by editors of newspapers and broadcast media in tsunami - affected areas , in special video - conferences set up by the Asia Pacific Journalism Centre . Fraud , false alarms , and panic The 26 December 2004 Asian tsunami left both the people and government of India in a state of heightened alert . On 30 December 2004 , four days after the tsunami , the Portland , Oregon - based company Terra Research notified the India government that its sensors indicated there was a possibility of 7.9 to 8.1 magnitude tectonic shift in the next 12 hours between Sumatra and New Zealand . In response , the India Home Affairs minister announced that a fresh onslaught of deadly tsunami were likely along the India southern coast and Andaman and Nicobar Islands , even as there was no sign of turbulence in the region . The announcement generated panic in the Indian Ocean region and caused thousands to flee their homes , which resulted in jammed roads . The announcement was a false alarm and the Home Affairs minister withdrew their announcement . On further investigation , the India government learned that the consulting company Terra Research was run from the home of a self - described earthquake forecaster who had no telephone listing and maintained a website where he sold copies of his detection system . Three days after the announcement , Indian National Congress president Sonia Gandhi called Science & Technology minister Kapil Sibal to express her concern about Sibal 's 30 December public warning being `` hogwash '' . Impact on Sweden The tsunami had a severe humanitarian and political impact in Sweden . The hardest hit country outside Asia , 543 Swedish tourists , mainly in Thailand , died . With no single incident having killed more Swedish people since the battle of Poltava in 1709 , the cabinet of Göran Persson was heavily criticized for lack of action . Tsunami warning system Smith Dharmasaroja , a meteorologist who predicted the tsunami before it hit , was assigned the development of the Thai tsunami warning system . The Indian Ocean Tsunami warning system was formed in early 2005 immediately after the tragedy of 26 December 2004 to provide an early warning of tsunamis for inhabitants around the Indian Ocean coasts . Effect on the Earth The changes in the distribution of masses inside the Earth due to the earthquake had several consequences . It displaced the North Pole by 2.5 cm . It also changed slightly the shape of the Earth , more specifically it decreased Earth 's oblateness by about one part in 10 billion , consequentially increasing Earth 's rotation a little and thus shortening the length of the day by 2.68 microseconds . In popular culture ( edit ) Apung 1 ( edit ) Apung 1 , a 2,600 - ton ship , was flung some 2 -- 3 km inland by the tsunami , and has become a popular tourist attraction in Banda Aceh Films and television ( edit ) Children of Tsunami : No More Tears ( 2005 ) , a 24 - minute documentary film , and its full - length follow - up Children of Tsunami : The Journey Continues . Hafalan Shalat Delisa ( 2011 ) , an Indonesian movie . Tsunami : The Aftermath ( 2006 ) , a two - part television miniseries about its after - effects . The Impossible ( 2012 ) , an English - language Spanish film based on the story of María Belón and her family . Dasavathaaram ( 2008 ) , a Tamil disaster film which culminates with 2004 tsunami . Kayal ( 2014 ) , a Tamil drama film which culminates with the 2004 tsunami . The Wave That Shook The World ( 2005 ) , a PBS NOVA educational television - series documentary about the 2004 tsunami . Hereafter ( 2010 ) , a main character 's life is affected after surviving the tsunami while on vacation . Tsunami : Caught on Camera ( 2009 ) , a minute - by - minute account of the 2004 tsunami told through amateur video footage of witnesses from Indonesia , Thailand and Sri Lanka . Naked Science : Tsunami Warning ( 2009 ) , an episode of an American documentary television series that premiered in 2004 on the National Geographic Channel with the episode dedicated to the events of 26 December 2004 and implications of a worldwide tsunami warning system . Literature ( edit ) The Killing Sea , a 2006 novel by Richard Lewis , tells the story of two teenagers - a tourist and a local - as they struggle to survive in the days after the tsunami . Wave , a memoir by Sonali Daraniyagala , details the impact of the tsunami on Sri Lanka and the Indian subcontinent . Museum ( edit ) Aceh Tsunami Museum , located in Banda Aceh , Indonesia , was designed as a symbolic reminder of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami disaster , as well as an educational center and an emergency disaster shelter in case the area is ever hit by a tsunami again . Rediscovery of Mahabalipuram ( edit ) Another result of the tsunami , respective of Indian culture , was the water that washed away centuries of sand from some of the ruins of a 1,200 - year - old lost city at Mahabalipuram on the south coast of India . The site , containing such notable structures as a half - buried granite lion near a 7th - century Mahablipuram temple and a relic depicting an elephant , is part of what archaeologists believe to be an ancient port city that was swallowed by the sea hundreds of years ago . Music ( edit ) The song `` 12 / 26 '' by Kimya Dawson was written about the event and the humanitarian efforts by other countries afterward , from the perspective of a victim whose whole family died in the disaster . See also ( edit ) Disasters portal Indonesia portal India portal Thailand portal Sri Lanka portal 2000s portal 2006 Pangandaran earthquake and tsunami 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Aid Still Required Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System List of earthquakes in 2004 List of earthquakes in Indonesia Megatsunami Pornthip Rojanasunand , a prominent Thai doctor who took charge of identifying the bodies Seismotectonics Tsunami Evaluation Coalition References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Magnitude 9.1 -- OFF THE WEST COAST OF SUMATRA '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 17 August 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Satake , K. ; Atwater , B. 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Archived 8 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` India finds more ' tsunami gifts ' '' . BBC News . 27 February 2005 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Find more about2004 Indian Ocean Earthquakeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity M9. 1 Sumatra - Andaman Earthquake & Tsunami , 2004 -- Amateur Seismic Centre ( ASC ) The Sumatra - Andaman Islands Earthquake -- IRIS Consortium Tsunami Surges on Dry Coastal Plains : Application of Dam Break Wave Equations , Coastal Engineering Journal , 48 4 : 355 -- 370 The 26 December 2004 Tsunami : a Hydraulic Engineering Phenomenon of International Significance . First Comments , Journal La Houille Blanche , No. 2 , pp. 25 -- 32 The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami -- Thomson Reuters & IFRC 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in the Newseum archive of front page images from 2004 - 12 - 27 . Satellite images of tsunami - affected areas -- National University of Singapore Asian Tsunami Anniversary -- Thailand Tsunami Then and Now Comparison Series -- Zoriah Miller Recovering a future : Rebuilding lives after the tsunami -- British Red Cross The 26 December 2004 , Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami : Field Perspectives on the Impacts to the Peoples , Cultures , Politics , and Economies of One of the World 's Most Vibrant Regions , Speaker : Tom Casadevall , 26 September 2006 . Sponsored by The Center for Global Studies and Center for Advanced Study , University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . ← Earthquakes in 2004 → Al Hoceima ( 6.3 , Feb 24 ) † Baladeh ( 6.3 , May 28 ) † Chūetsu ( 6.8 , Oct 23 ) † Les Saintes ( 6.3 , Nov 21 ) Nabire ( 7.1 , Nov 26 ) † Sumatra -- Andaman ( 9.1 -- 9.3 , Dec 26 ) † ‡ † indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year Earthquakes in India Historical 1505 Lo Mustang 1819 Rann of Kutch 1869 Cachar 1881 Nicobar Islands 1897 Assam 20th century 1905 Kangra 1930 Dhubri 1934 Nepal -- Bihar 1935 Quetta 1941 Andaman Islands 1947 Assam 1950 Assam -- Tibet 1956 Anjar 1967 Koynanagar 1975 Kinnaur 1988 Nepal 1991 Uttarkashi 1993 Latur 1997 Jabalpur 1997 Chittagong 1999 Chamoli 21st century 2001 Gujarat 2004 Indian Ocean 2005 Kashmir 2009 Andaman Islands 2011 Sikkim April 2015 Nepal May 2015 October 2015 Hindu Kush 2016 Imphal 2017 Tripura 2017 Uttarakhand Related topics Earthquake zones of India Geology of the Himalaya Earthquakes in Indonesia Historical 1629 Banda Sea 1797 Sumatra 1833 Sumatra 1861 Sumatra 1899 Ceram 20th century 1917 Bali 1931 Southwest Sumatra 1935 Sumatra 1938 Banda Sea 1943 Alahan Panjang 1943 Central Java 1965 Ceram Sea 1968 Sulawesi 1976 Papua 1976 Bali 1977 Sumba 1979 Bali 1981 Irian Jaya 1982 Flores 1984 Northern Sumatra 1989 West Papua 1991 Kalabahi 1992 Flores 1994 Liwa 1994 Java 1996 Biak 2000 Enggano 21st century 2002 Sumatra 2004 Nabire 2004 Indian Ocean 2005 Nias -- Simeulue 2006 Banda Sea 2006 Yogyakarta 2006 Pangandaran March 2007 Sumatra September 2007 Sumatra 2008 Sulawesi 2009 Papua 2009 Talaud Islands August 2009 Sumatra 2009 West Java September 2009 Sumatra April 2010 Sumatra May 2010 Northern Sumatra 2010 Papua 2010 Mentawai 2011 Aceh Singkil Regency 2012 Indian Ocean 2013 Aceh 2016 Mentawai 2016 Aceh Related topics Sunda Trench Great Sumatran fault Sunda megathrust Geology of the Sumatra Trench Natural disasters in India Famines Great Bengal famine of 1770 Great Famine of 1876 -- 78 Indian famine of 1896 -- 97 Indian famine of 1899 -- 1900 Bengal famine of 1943 Floods and flash floods 2000 India - Bangladesh floods Gohna Lake dam - burst Maharashtra floods of 2005 Ladakh floods North Indian floods 2007 North Indian floods 2013 2014 India -- Pakistan floods June 2015 Gujarat flood July 2015 Gujarat flood 2015 South Indian floods 2017 Gujarat flood Landslides Amarnath Yatra tragedy Mumbai landslide Karanjadi train crash Malin landslide Malpa landslide Vaibhavwadi train crash Tsunamis 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami ( effect on India ) Storms General North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone Specific 1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone 2010 Eastern Indian storm Others National Disaster Response Force Effects of global warming on South Asia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami&oldid=807539454 '' Categories : 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 2004 disasters in India 2004 earthquakes 2004 in Indonesia 2004 in Somalia 2004 in Sri Lanka 2004 in Thailand 2004 in the Maldives 2004 tsunamis December 2004 events History of Southeast Asia History of the Indian Ocean Megathrust earthquakes in India Megathrust earthquakes in Sumatra Natural disasters in India Natural disasters in Indonesia Natural disasters in Somalia Natural disasters in Sri Lanka Natural disasters in Thailand Tsunamis in India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from December 2012 Use British English from March 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 16 : 39 . 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226700127060527631 | Darien Sills-Evans | Darien Sills - Evans - wikipedia Darien Sills - Evans Jump to : navigation , search Darien Sills - Evans ( 1974 - 10 - 11 ) October 11 , 1974 ( age 43 ) Brooklyn , New York City , New York , United States Occupation actor , writer , comedian , director Years active 1995 -- present Darien Sean Evans , better known by his stage name , Darien Sills - Evans , ( October 11 , 1974 ) is an American actor , writer , comedian , and director . Contents ( hide ) 1 Television Career 2 Cinema Career 3 Comedy 4 Filmography and awards 4.1 Director 4.2 Producer 4.3 Actor 5 References 6 External links Television career ( edit ) Early in his career , Evans was best known for his television career including playing `` Darien '' on 17 episodes of the CBS sitcom Cosby from 1998 until 2000 , and as `` Dr. Fields '' on the NBC drama Third Watch in 22 episodes from 2002 until 2005 . Other guest appearances include Law & Order , New York Undercover , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , The Black Donnellys , and Person of Interest . More recently , he played `` Darnell Nichols '' on 8 episodes of Treme between 2011 and 2013 . Since at least 2011 , Evans has been the national spokesperson for U.S. Cellular . Cinema career ( edit ) Sills - Evans wrote , directed and starred in the 2002 film X-Patriots , a romantic comedy about two black American men who travel to the Netherlands -- a place where no one looks like them -- in search of self - identity . X-Patriots was named Best Feature Drama and a Critic 's Choice at the Angelciti Film Festival in Chicago , and an official selection at the Boston Film Festival , the Newark Black Film Festival and the Sidewalk Film Festival . He financed the film with money he earned from his appearances on Cosby . In 2005 , Sills - Evans was associate producer and starred in The Reception directed by John G. Young which had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival . The film subsequently played at numerous festivals in the U.S. , including Outfest in Los Angeles , where Sills - Evans earned a best actor award . In 2009 , co-wrote and produced the feature film Rivers Wash Over Me directed by John G. Young ( of The Reception ) . The film became the centerpiece movie of the 2009 NewFest Festival . At the 2009 Outfest in Los Angeles , the leading role actor Derrick L. Middleton in the movie won the Grand Jury Award for `` Outstanding Actor in a Feature Film '' . Darien Sills - Evans also appears in the film in the role of Charles King . In 2010 , Sills - Evans directed the short film , `` Dream House '' , written and produced by Caytha Jentis . In 2010 , Sills - Evans wrote and directed six episodes of `` MC Extra Cheese : The 40 - Year - Old Rapper '' for American Cheesehole Productions . The pilot was nominated for Best Pilot at the 2012 Bannf World Media Festival . In addition to his entertainment work , Sills - Evans has worked in the industrial video field directing and producing educational titles like I Do n't Have A Problem : The Path To Addiction and Student Workshop : Building Character . Comedy ( edit ) Sills - Evans has appeared in comedy venues across the United States . In 2010 he founded Tipsy Hustle , a comedy show and open mic that continues at The Five Spot Soul Food Restaurant in Brooklyn , New York and at The Improv Space in Los Angeles . In 2014 , Sills - Evans began production on RaceMan , a weekly podcast that features comedians - usually persons of color - discussing newsworthy events and pop culture . Filmography and awards ( edit ) Director ( edit ) 2002 : X-Patriots Producer ( edit ) 2005 : The Reception - Associate producer 2009 : Rivers Wash Over Me - Producer Actor ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Law & Order ( TV series ) Cyrus 1 episode , `` The Fertile Fields '' 1995 New York Undercover ( TV series ) Lawrence 1 episode , `` CAT '' 1998 - 2000 Cosby ( TV series ) Darien recurring , then series regular for last season ; 17 episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( TV series ) CSU Tech Foster 1 episode , `` Folly '' 2002 X-Patriots Dexter Payne 2002 - 2005 Third Watch ( TV series ) CSU Tech Foster recurring , 24 episodes 2002 Washington Heights Danny The Jury ( TV series ) Bennett Clarkson 1 episode , `` Bangers '' 2005 The Reception Andrew Outfest Best Actor Award 2005 Angel Rodriguez Receptionist TV Movie , on HBO 2005 Preaching to the Choir Wesley Tucker 2006 The Bedford Diaries ( TV series ) Aaron Evans series regular 2007 The Black Donnellys ( TV series ) Dr. Coles 1 episode , `` God is a Comedian '' 2008 Prana Tourist short film 2008 Law & Order ( TV series ) Young Male D.A. 1 episode , `` Strike '' 2009 Rivers Wash Over Me Charles King 2010 - 2013 Treme ( TV series ) Darnell Nichols recurring , 8 episodes 2010 - 2011 Blue Bloods ( TV series ) ESU Cop 2 episodes 2011 - 2012 Person of Interest ( TV series ) Tyrell Evans 3 episodes 2012 White Collar ( TV series ) Manager 1 episode , `` Pulling Strings '' 2012 I Just Want My Pants Back ( TV series ) Driver 1 episode , `` Blackout '' 2012 30 Rock ( TV series ) Man in the Bronx 1 episode , `` The Return of Avery Jessup '' 2013 Big Words Malik 2013 Cleaners ( TV series ) Detective Armstrong 1 episode , `` Till Death Do Us Part '' 2013 Life with Jeannie ( TV series ) 1 episode , `` My First Baby Jesus '' 2015 The Whispers ( TV series ) General Ousmane Damba 1 episode , `` X Marks the Spot '' 2015 Star Wars : Uprising ( video game ) voice only 2015 Need for Speed ( video game ) voice only References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Darien Sills - Evans '' . Official website . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Cellular Holiday 2011 Commercial '' . YouTube . Nov 25 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Darien Sills - Evans '' . Wolfman Productions , Inc . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Darien Sills - Evans '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Independent Media Makers '' . D Street Media Group . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Official website Darien Sills - Evans on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darien_Sills-Evans&oldid=798960733 '' Categories : 1974 births Living people Male actors from New York City American male film actors American male television actors People from Brooklyn Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 20 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays becky on the us cellular commercial | [
"Darien Sean Evans, better known by his stage name, Darien Sills-Evans, (October 11, 1974) is an American actor, writer, comedian, and director."
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8567142161287966091 | Georgia (U.S. state) | Georgia ( U.S. state ) - wikipedia Georgia ( U.S. state ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state . For the country , see Georgia ( country ) . For other uses , see Georgia . `` State of Georgia '' redirects here . For the TV series , see State of Georgia ( TV series ) . State of Georgia Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Peach State , Empire State of the South Motto ( s ) : Wisdom , Justice , Moderation State song ( s ) : `` Georgia on My Mind '' Official language English Spoken languages English , Spanish ( 7.42 % ) Demonym Georgian Capital ( and largest city ) Atlanta Largest metro Atlanta metropolitan area Area Ranked 24th Total 59,425 sq mi ( 153,909 km ) Width 230 miles ( 370 km ) Length 298 miles ( 480 km ) % water 2.6 Latitude 30.356 -- 34.985 ° N Longitude 80.840 -- 85.605 ° W Population Ranked 8th Total 10,310,371 ( 2016 est . ) Density 165 / sq mi ( 65.4 / km ) Ranked 18th Median household income $50,768 ( 39th ) Elevation Highest point Brasstown Bald 4,784 ft ( 1,458 m ) Mean 600 ft ( 180 m ) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean Sea level Before statehood Province of Georgia Admission to Union January 2 , 1788 ( 4th ) Governor Nathan Deal ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Casey Cagle ( R ) Legislature Georgia General Assembly Upper house State Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Johnny Isakson ( R ) David Perdue ( R ) U.S. House delegation 10 Republicans , 4 Democrats ( list ) Time zone Eastern : UTC − 5 / − 4 ISO 3166 US - GA Abbreviations GA , Ga . Website www.georgia.gov ( show ) Georgia state symbols The Flag of Georgia The Seal of Georgia Living insignia Amphibian American green tree frog Bird Brown thrasher ( Toxostoma rufum ) Fish Largemouth bass Flower Cherokee Rose Insect Honey bee Mammal White - tailed deer Reptile Gopher tortoise ( Gopherus polyphemus ) Tree Live oak ( Quercus virginiana ) Inanimate insignia Food Peanut Mineral Staurolite Song `` Georgia on My Mind '' Other Vegetable : Vidalia onion Marine mammal : Right whale State route marker State quarter Released in 1999 Lists of United States state symbols Georgia ( / ˈdʒɔːrdʒə / ( listen ) JOR - jə ) is a state in the Southeastern United States . It began as a British colony in 1733 , the last of the original Thirteen Colonies . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Province of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina down to Spanish Florida and New France along Louisiana ( New France ) , also bordering to the west towards the Mississippi River . Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution , on January 2 , 1788 . In 1802 -- 1804 , western Georgia was split to the Mississippi Territory , which later split to form Alabama with part of former West Florida in 1819 . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate states . It was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 . Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States . From 2007 to 2008 , 14 of Georgia 's counties ranked among the nation 's 100 fastest - growing , second only to Texas . Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South . Atlanta is the state 's capital , its most populous city , and has been named a global city . Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina , to the west by Alabama , and to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina . The state 's northernmost part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains , part of the Appalachian Mountains system . The Piedmont extends through the central part of the state from the foothills of the Blue Ridge to the Fall Line , where the rivers cascade down in elevation to the coastal plain of the state 's southern part . Georgia 's highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet ( 1,458 m ) above sea level ; the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean . Of the states entirely east of the Mississippi River , Georgia is the largest in land area . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Boundaries 2.2 Geology and terrain 2.3 Ecology 2.4 Flora 2.5 Fauna 2.6 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Population 3.2 Languages 3.3 Major cities ( 2016 ) 3.4 Religion 4 Government 4.1 State government 4.2 Local government 4.3 Elections 4.4 Politics 5 Economy 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Mining 5.3 Industry 5.4 Logistics 5.5 Military 5.6 Energy use and production 5.7 State taxes 5.8 Film 5.9 Tourism 6 Cultural 6.1 Fine and performing arts 6.2 Literature 6.3 Television 6.4 Music 6.5 Film 6.6 Sports 7 Parks and recreational activities 8 Education 9 Media 10 Infrastructure 10.1 Transportation 10.2 Health care 11 Cities 12 Notable people 13 State symbols 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Before settlement by Europeans , Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures . The British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12 , 1733 . The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by ( and named for ) King George II . The Trustees implemented an elaborate plan for the colony 's settlement , known as the Oglethorpe Plan , which envisioned an agrarian society of yeoman farmers and prohibited slavery . The colony was invaded by the Spanish in 1742 , during the War of Jenkins ' Ear . In 1752 , after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony , the Trustees turned over control to the crown . Georgia became a crown colony , with a governor appointed by the king . The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain , on June 27 , 1864 The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence . The State of Georgia 's first constitution was ratified in February 1777 . Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24 , 1778 , and was the 4th state to ratify the current Constitution on January 2 , 1788 . In 1829 , gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains , which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega , which continued its operation until 1861 . The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to take land from the Cherokee Nation . In 1830 , President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law , sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present - day Oklahoma , including all of Georgia 's tribes . Despite the Supreme Court 's ruling in Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) that ruled U.S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries , President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling . In 1838 , his successor , Martin Van Buren , dispatched federal troops to gather the Cherokee and deport them west of the Mississippi . This forced relocation , known as the Trail of Tears , led to the death of over 4,000 Cherokees . In early 1861 , Georgia joined the Confederacy and became a major theater of the Civil War . Major battles took place at Chickamauga , Kennesaw Mountain , and Atlanta . In December 1864 , a large swath of the state from Atlanta to Savannah was destroyed during General William Tecumseh Sherman 's March to the Sea . 18,253 Georgian soldiers died in service , roughly one of every five who served . In 1870 , following the Reconstruction Era , Georgia became the last Confederate state to be restored to the Union . A girl spinner in a Georgia cotton mill , 1909 . With white Democrats having regained power in the state legislature , they passed a poll tax in 1877 , which disenfranchised many poor blacks and whites , preventing them from registering . In 1908 , the state established a white primary ; with the only competitive contests within the Democratic Party , it was another way to exclude blacks from politics . They constituted 46.7 % of the state 's population in 1900 , but the proportion of Georgia 's population that was African American dropped thereafter to 28 % , primarily due to tens of thousands leaving the state during the Great Migration . This political disfranchisement persisted through the mid-1960s , until after Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . According to the Equal Justice Institute 's 2015 report on lynching in the United States ( 1877 - 1950 ) , Georgia had 531 deaths , the second - highest total of these crimes of any state in the South , exceeded by Mississippi . The overwhelming number of victims were black and male . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Road to Brasstown Bald Jekyll Island Okefenokee Swamp , Georgia Boundaries ( edit ) Beginning from the Atlantic Ocean , the state 's eastern border with South Carolina runs up the Savannah River , northwest to its origin at the confluence of the Tugaloo and Seneca Rivers . It then continues up the Tugaloo ( originally Tugalo ) and into the Chattooga River , its most significant tributary . These bounds were decided in the 1797 Treaty of Beaufort , and tested in the U.S. Supreme Court in the two Georgia v. South Carolina cases in 1923 and 1989 . The border then takes a sharp turn around the tip of Rabun County , at latitude 35 ° N , though from this point it diverges slightly south ( due to inaccuracies in the original survey ) . This northern border was originally the Georgia and North Carolina border all the way to the Mississippi River , until Tennessee was divided from North Carolina , and the Yazoo companies induced the legislature of Georgia to pass an act , approved by the governor in 1795 , to sell the greater part of Georgia 's territory presently comprising Alabama and Mississippi . The state 's western border runs in a straight line south - southeastward from a point southwest of Chattanooga , to meet the Chattahoochee River near West Point . It continues downriver to the point where it joins the Flint River ( the confluence of the two forming Florida 's Apalachicola River ) ; the southern border goes almost due east and very slightly south , in a straight line to the St. Mary 's River , which then forms the remainder of the boundary back to the ocean . The water boundaries are still set to be the original thalweg of the rivers . Since then , several have been inundated by lakes created by dams , including the Apalachicola / Chattahoochee / Flint point now under Lake Seminole . Georgia state legislators have claimed that in an 1818 survey , the state 's border with Tennessee was erroneously placed one mile ( 1.6 km ) farther south than intended , and they proposed a correction in 2010 . The state was then in the midst of a significant drought , and the new border would allow Georgia access to water from the Tennessee River . Geology and terrain ( edit ) Map of elevations in Georgia Main article : Geology of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Each region has its own distinctive characteristics . For instance , the Ridge and Valley , which lies in the northwest corner of the state , includes limestone , sandstone , shale and other sedimentary rocks , which have yielded construction - grade limestone , barite , ocher , and small amounts of coal . Ecology ( edit ) Main article : Ecology of Georgia Flora ( edit ) The state of Georgia has approximately 250 tree species and 58 protected plants . Georgia 's native trees include red cedar , a variety of pines , oaks , hollies , cypress , sweetgum , scaly - bark and white hickories and sabal palmetto . East Georgia is in the subtropical coniferous forest biome and conifer species as other broadleaf evergreen flora make up the majority of the southern and coastal regions . Yellow jasmine , and mountain laurel make up just a few of the flowering shrubs in the state . See also : List of taxa described from Georgia Fauna ( edit ) White - tailed ( Virginia ) deer are in nearly all counties . The northern mockingbird and brown thrasher are among the 160 bird species that live in the state . Reptiles and amphibians include the eastern diamondback , copperhead , and cottonmouth , salamanders , frogs , alligators and toads . There are about 79 species of reptile and 63 amphibians known to live in Georgia . The most popular freshwater game fish are trout , bream , bass , and catfish , all but the last of which are produced in state hatcheries for restocking . Popular saltwater game fish include red drum , spotted seatrout , flounder , and tarpon . Porpoises , whales , shrimp , oysters , and blue crabs are found inshore and offshore of the Georgia coast . See also : List of taxa described from Georgia Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Köppen climate classification types of Georgia Image of March 1993 Storm of the Century covering the length of the east coast . The outline of Georgia is discernible in the center of the image . The majority of the state is primarily a humid subtropical climate . Hot and humid summers are typical , except at the highest elevations . The entire state , including the North Georgia mountains , receives moderate to heavy precipitation , which varies from 45 inches ( 1143 mm ) in central Georgia to approximately 75 inches ( 1905 mm ) around the northeast part of the state . The degree to which the weather of a certain region of Georgia is subtropical depends on the latitude , its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico , and the elevation . The latter factor is felt chiefly in the mountainous areas of the northern part of the state , which are farther away from the ocean and can be 4500 feet ( 1350 m ) above sea level . The USDA Plant hardiness zones for Georgia range from zone 6b ( no colder than − 5 ° F ( − 21 ° C ) ) in the Blue Ridge Mountains to zone 8b ( no colder than 15 ° F ( − 9 ° C ) ) along the Atlantic coast and Florida border . The highest temperature ever recorded is 112 ° F ( 44.4 ° C ) in Louisville on July 24 , 1952 , while the lowest is − 17 ° F ( − 27.2 ° C ) in northern Floyd County on January 27 , 1940 . Georgia is one of the leading states in frequency of tornadoes , though they are rarely stronger than F1 . Although tornadoes striking the city are very rare , a F2 nonviolent tornado hit downtown Atlanta on March 14 , 2008 , causing moderate to severe damage to various buildings . With a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean , Georgia is also vulnerable to hurricanes , although direct hurricane strikes were rare during the 20th century . Georgia often is affected by hurricanes that strike the Florida panhandle , weaken over land , and bring strong tropical storm winds and heavy rain to the interior , as well as hurricanes that come close to the Georgia coastline , brushing the coast on their way north . Monthly average daily high and low temperatures for major Georgia cities City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Athens 51 / 11 33 / 1 56 / 13 35 / 2 65 / 18 42 / 6 73 / 23 49 / 9 80 / 27 58 / 14 87 / 31 65 / 18 90 / 32 69 / 21 88 / 31 68 / 20 82 / 28 63 / 17 73 / 23 51 / 11 63 / 17 42 / 6 54 / 12 35 / 2 Atlanta 52 / 11 34 / 1 57 / 14 36 / 2 65 / 18 44 / 7 73 / 23 50 / 10 80 / 27 60 / 16 86 / 30 67 / 19 89 / 32 71 / 22 88 / 31 70 / 21 82 / 28 64 / 18 73 / 23 53 / 12 63 / 17 44 / 7 55 / 13 36 / 2 Augusta 56 / 13 33 / 1 61 / 16 36 / 4 69 / 21 42 / 6 77 / 25 48 / 9 84 / 29 57 / 14 90 / 32 65 / 18 92 / 33 70 / 21 90 / 32 68 / 20 85 / 29 62 / 17 76 / 24 50 / 10 68 / 20 41 / 5 59 / 15 35 / 2 Columbus 57 / 14 37 / 3 62 / 17 39 / 4 69 / 21 46 / 8 76 / 24 52 / 11 83 / 28 61 / 16 90 / 32 69 / 21 92 / 33 72 / 22 91 / 32 72 / 22 86 / 30 66 / 19 77 / 25 54 / 12 68 / 20 46 / 8 59 / 15 39 / 4 Macon 57 / 14 34 / 1 61 / 16 37 / 3 68 / 20 44 / 7 76 / 24 50 / 10 83 / 28 59 / 15 90 / 32 67 / 19 92 / 33 70 / 21 90 / 32 70 / 21 85 / 29 64 / 18 77 / 25 51 / 11 68 / 20 42 / 6 59 / 15 36 / 2 Savannah 60 / 16 38 / 3 64 / 18 41 / 5 71 / 22 48 / 9 78 / 26 53 / 12 84 / 29 61 / 16 90 / 32 68 / 20 92 / 33 72 / 22 90 / 32 71 / 22 86 / 30 67 / 19 78 / 26 56 / 13 70 / 21 47 / 8 63 / 17 40 / 4 Temperatures are given in ° F / ° C format , with highs on top of lows . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 82,548 -- 1800 162,686 97.1 % 1810 251,407 54.5 % 1820 340,989 35.6 % 1830 516,823 51.6 % 1840 691,392 33.8 % 1850 906,185 31.1 % 1860 1,057,286 16.7 % 1870 1,184,109 12.0 % 1880 1,542,181 30.2 % 1890 1,837,353 19.1 % 1900 2,216,331 20.6 % 1910 2,609,121 17.7 % 1920 2,895,832 11.0 % 1930 2,908,506 0.4 % 1940 3,123,723 7.4 % 1950 3,444,578 10.3 % 1960 3,943,116 14.5 % 1970 4,589,575 16.4 % 1980 5,463,105 19.0 % 1990 6,478,216 18.6 % 2000 8,186,453 26.4 % 9,687,653 18.3 % Est. 2017 10,429,739 7.7 % 1910 -- 2010 2015 Estimate Population density of Georgia . The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Georgia was 10,214,860 on July 1 , 2015 , a 5.44 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . In 2015 , Georgia had an estimated population of 10,214,860 which was an increase of 117,517 from the previous year , and an increase of 527,207 since 2010 . This includes a natural increase since the last census of 438,939 people ( that is 849,414 births minus 410,475 deaths ) and an increase from net migration of 606,673 people into the state . Immigration resulted in a net increase of 228,415 people , and migration within the country produced a net increase of 378,258 people . As of 2010 , the number of illegal immigrants living in Georgia has skyrocketed , more than doubling to 480,000 from January 2000 to January 2009 , according to a new federal report . That gave Georgia the greatest percentage increase among the 10 states with the biggest illegal immigrant populations during those years . There were 743,000 veterans in 2009 . Population ( edit ) According to the 2010 United States Census , Georgia had a population of 9,687,653 . In terms of race and ethnicity , the state was 59.7 % White ( 55.9 % Non-Hispanic White Alone ) , 30.5 % Black or African American , 0.3 % American Indian and Alaska Native , 3.2 % Asian , 0.1 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander , 4.0 % from Some Other Race , and 2.1 % from Two or More Races . Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 8.8 % of the population . Georgia Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 71.0 % 65.1 % 59.7 % Black 27.0 % 28.7 % 30.5 % Asian 1.2 % 2.1 % 3.3 % Native 0.2 % 0.3 % 0.3 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- 0.1 % 0.1 % Other race 0.6 % 2.4 % 4.0 % Two or more races -- 1.4 % 2.1 % As of 2011 , 58.8 % of Georgia 's population younger than age 1 were minorities ( meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white ) compared to other states like California with 75.1 % , New York with 55.6 % , and Texas with 69.8 % . The largest European ancestry groups are : English 8.1 % Irish 8.1 % German 7.2 % In the 1980 census 1,584,303 Georgians claimed English ancestry out of a total state population of 3,994,817 , making them 40 % of the state , and the largest ethnic group at the time . Today , many of these same people claiming that they are of `` American '' ancestry are actually of English descent , and some are of Scots - Irish descent ; however , their families have lived in the state for so long , in many cases since the colonial period , that they choose to identify simply as having `` American '' ancestry or do not in fact know their own ancestry . Their ancestry primarily goes back to the original thirteen colonies and for this reason many of them today simply claim `` American '' ancestry , though they are of predominately English ancestry . As of 2004 , 7.7 % of Georgia 's population was reported as under 5 years of age , 26.4 % under 18 , and 9.6 % were 65 or older . Also as of 2004 , females made up approximately 50.6 % of the population and African Americans made up approximately 29.6 % . Historically , about half of Georgia 's population was composed of African Americans who , before the Civil War , were almost exclusively enslaved . The Great Migration of hundreds of thousands of blacks from the rural South to the industrial North from 1914 -- 70 reduced the African American population . Georgia had the second - fastest - growing Asian population growth in the U.S. from 1990 to 2000 , more than doubling in size during the ten - year period . In addition , according to census estimates , Georgia ranks third among the states in terms of the percent of the total population that is African American ( after Mississippi and Louisiana ) and third in numerical Black population after New York and Florida . Georgia was the state with the largest numerical increase in the black population from 2006 to 2007 with 84,000 . Georgia is the state with the third - lowest percentage of older people ( 65 or older ) , at 12.8 percent ( as of 2015 ) . The colonial settlement of large numbers of Scottish American , English American and Scotch - Irish Americans in the mountains and piedmont , and coastal settlement by some English Americans and African Americans , have strongly influenced the state 's culture in food , language and music . The concentration of Africans imported to coastal areas in the 18th century repeatedly from rice - growing regions of West Africa led to the development of Gullah - Geechee language and culture in the Low Country among African Americans . They share a unique heritage in which African traditions of food , religion and culture were continued more than in some other areas . In the creolization of Southern culture , their foodways became an integral part of all Southern cooking in the Low Country . Languages ( edit ) Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken in Georgia Language Percentage of population ( as of 2010 ) Spanish 7.42 % Korean 0.51 % Vietnamese 0.44 % French 0.42 % Chinese ( including Mandarin ) 0.38 % German 0.29 % Hindi 0.23 % Niger - Congo languages of West Africa ( Ibo , Kru , and Yoruba ) 0.21 % Gujarati 0.18 % Portuguese and French Creole 0.16 % As of 2010 , 87.35 % ( 7,666,663 ) of Georgia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 7.42 % ( 651,583 ) spoke Spanish , 0.51 % ( 44,702 ) Korean , 0.44 % ( 38,244 ) Vietnamese , 0.42 % ( 36,679 ) French , 0.38 % ( 33,009 ) Chinese ( which includes Mandarin ) , and German , which was spoken as a main language by 0.29 % ( 23,351 ) of the population over the age of five . In total , 12.65 % ( 1,109,888 ) of Georgia 's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English . Major cities ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Largest cities or towns in Georgia ( U.S. state ) http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src/bkmk Rank Name County Pop . Atlanta Columbus Atlanta Fulton 472,522 Augusta Macon Columbus Muscogee 197,485 Augusta Richmond 197,081 Macon Bibb 152,555 5 Savannah Chatham 146,763 6 Athens Clarke 123,371 7 Sandy Springs Fulton 105,703 8 Roswell Fulton 94,598 9 Johns Creek Fulton 83,873 10 Warner Robins Houston 74,388 * In 2012 , voters in Macon and Bibb County approved the consolidation of the city of Macon and unincorporated Bibb County ; they officially merged on January 1 , 2014 . Macon joined Columbus , Augusta , and Athens as consolidated cities in Georgia . The U.S. Census Bureau lists fourteen metropolitan areas in Georgia . The largest , Atlanta , is the ninth most populous metro area in the United States . Religion ( edit ) St. Mark 's United Methodist Church in Atlanta The composition of religious affiliation in Georgia is 70 % Protestant , 9 % Catholic , 1 % Mormon , 1 % Jewish , 0.5 % Muslim , 0.5 % Buddhist , and 0.5 % Hindu . Atheists , deists , agnostics , and other unaffiliated people make up 13 % of the population . The largest Christian denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Southern Baptist Convention with 1,759,317 ; the United Methodist Church with 619,394 ; and the Roman Catholic Church with 596,384 . Non-denominational Evangelical Protestant had 566,782 members , the Church of God ( Cleveland , Tennessee ) has 175,184 members , and the National Baptist Convention , USA , Inc. has 172,982 members . The Presbyterian Church ( USA ) is the largest Presbyterian body in the state , with 300 congregations and 100,000 members . The other large body , Presbyterian Church in America , had at its founding date 14 congregations and 2,800 members ; in 2010 it counted 139 congregations and 32,000 members . The Roman Catholic Church is noteworthy in Georgia 's urban areas , and includes the Archdiocese of Atlanta and the Diocese of Savannah . Georgia is home to the largest Hindu temple in the United States , the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Atlanta , located in the suburb city of Lilburn . Georgia is home to several historical synagogues including The Temple ( Atlanta ) , Congregation Beth Jacob ( Atlanta ) , and Congregation Mickve Israel ( Savannah ) . Chabad and the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute are also active in the state . Religion in Georgia ( 2014 ) Religion Percent Protestant 67 % None 18 % Catholic 9 % Jehovah 's Witness 2 % Jewish 1 % Mormon 1 % Other 2 % Do n't know 1 % Government ( edit ) Main article : Government of Georgia ( U.S. state ) State government ( edit ) See also : List of governors of Georgia and Georgia elected officials The Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta with the distinctive gold dome City Hall in Savannah As with all other US states and the federal government , Georgia 's government is based on the separation of legislative , executive , and judicial power . Executive authority in the state rests with the governor , currently Nathan Deal ( Republican ) . Both the Governor of Georgia and lieutenant governor are elected on separate ballots to four - year terms of office . Unlike the federal government , but like many other U.S. States , most of the executive officials who comprise the governor 's cabinet are elected by the citizens of Georgia rather than appointed by the governor . Legislative authority resides in the General Assembly , composed of the Senate and House of Representatives . The Lieutenant Governor presides over the Senate , while members of the House of Representatives select their own Speaker . The Georgia Constitution mandates a maximum of 56 senators , elected from single - member districts , and a minimum of 180 representatives , apportioned among representative districts ( which sometimes results in more than one representative per district ) ; there are currently 56 senators and 180 representatives . The term of office for senators and representatives is two years . The laws enacted by the General Assembly are codified in the Official Code of Georgia Annotated . State judicial authority rests with the state Supreme Court and Court of Appeals , which have statewide authority . In addition , there are smaller courts which have more limited geographical jurisdiction , including Superior Courts , State Courts , Juvenile Courts , Magistrate Courts and Probate Courts . Justices of the Supreme Court and judges of the Court of Appeals are elected statewide by the citizens in non-partisan elections to six - year terms . Judges for the smaller courts are elected to four - year terms by the state 's citizens who live within that court 's jurisdiction . Local government ( edit ) Further information : List of counties in Georgia Georgia consists of 159 counties , second only to Texas , with 254 . Georgia had 161 counties until the end of 1931 , when Milton and Campbell were merged into the existing Fulton . Some counties have been named for prominent figures in both American and Georgian history , and many bear names with Native American origin . Counties in Georgia have their own elected legislative branch , usually called the Board of Commissioners , which usually also has executive authority in the county . Several counties have a sole Commissioner form of government , with legislative and executive authority vested in a single person . Georgia is the only state with Sole Commissioner counties . Georgia 's Constitution provides all counties and cities with `` home rule '' authority . The county commissions have considerable power to pass legislation within their county , as a municipality would . Georgia recognizes all local units of government as cities , so every incorporated town is legally a city . Georgia does not provide for townships or independent cities , though there have been bills proposed in the Legislature to provide for townships ; it does allow consolidated city - county governments by local referendum . All of Georgia 's second - tier cities except Savannah have now formed consolidated city - county governments by referendum : Columbus ( in 1970 ) , Athens ( 1990 ) , Augusta ( 1995 ) , and Macon ( 2012 ) . ( Augusta and Athens have excluded one or more small , incorporated towns within their consolidated boundaries ; Columbus and Macon eventually absorbed all smaller incorporated entities within their consolidated boundaries . ) The small town of Cusseta adopted a consolidated city - county government after it merged with unincorporated Chattahoochee County in 2003 . Three years later , in 2006 , the town of Georgetown consolidated with the rest of Quitman County . There is no true metropolitan government in Georgia , though the Atlanta Regional Commission ( ARC ) and Georgia Regional Transportation Authority do provide some services , and the ARC must approve all major land development projects in the Atlanta metropolitan area . Elections ( edit ) Main article : Elections in Georgia ( U.S. state ) See also : United States presidential election , 2004 , in Georgia and Political party strength in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 51.30 % 2,068,623 45.60 % 1,837,300 2012 53.40 % 2,070,221 45.44 % 1,761,761 2008 52.20 % 2,048,744 47.00 % 1,844,137 57.97 % 1,914,254 41.37 % 1,366,149 2000 54.67 % 1,419,720 42.98 % 1,116,230 47.01 % 1,080,843 45.84 % 1,053,849 42.88 % 995,252 43.47 % 1,008,966 59.75 % 1,081,331 39.50 % 714,792 1984 60.17 % 1,068,722 39.79 % 706,628 1980 40.95 % 654,168 55.76 % 890,733 1976 32.96 % 483,743 66.74 % 979,409 1972 75.04 % 881,496 24.65 % 289,529 1968 * 30.40 % 380,111 26.75 % 334,440 1964 54.12 % 616,584 41.15 % 522,557 1960 37.43 % 274,472 62.54 % 458,638 1956 32.65 % 216,652 66.48 % 441,094 1952 30.34 % 198,979 69.66 % 456,823 1948 18.31 % 76,691 60.81 % 254,646 1944 18.25 % 59,880 81.74 % 268,187 1940 14.83 % 46,360 84.85 % 265,194 * State won by George Wallace of the American Independent Party , at 42.83 % , or 535,550 votes Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . Until 1964 , Georgia 's state government had the longest unbroken record of single - party dominance , by the Democratic Party , of any state in the Union . This record was established largely due to the disenfranchisement of most blacks and many poor whites by the state in its constitution and laws in the early 20th century . Some elements , such as requiring payment of poll taxes and passing literacy tests , prevented blacks from registering to vote ; their exclusion from the political system lasted into the 1960s and reduced the Republican Party to a non-competitive status in the early 20th century . White Democrats regained power after Reconstruction due in part to the efforts of some using intimidation and violence , but this method came into disrepute . In 1900 , shortly before Georgia adopted a disfranchising constitutional amendment in 1908 , blacks comprised 47 % of the state 's population . The whites dealt with this problem of potential political power by the 1908 amendment , which in practice disenfranchised blacks and poor whites , nearly half of the state population . It required that any male at least 21 years of age wanting to register to vote must also : ( a ) be of good character and able to pass a test on citizenship , ( b ) be able to read and write provisions of the U.S. and Georgia constitutions , or ( c ) own at least 40 acres of land or $500 in property . Any Georgian who had fought in any war from the American Revolution through the Spanish -- American War was exempted from these additional qualifications . More importantly , any Georgian descended from a veteran of any of these wars also was exempted . Because by 1908 many white Georgia males were grandsons of veterans and / or owned the required property , the exemption and the property requirement basically allowed only well - to - do whites to vote . The qualifications of good character , citizenship knowledge , and literacy ( all determined subjectively by white registrars ) , and property ownership were used to disqualify most blacks and poor whites , preventing them from registering to vote . The voter rolls dropped dramatically . In the early 20th century , Progressives promoted electoral reform and reducing the power of ward bosses to clean up politics . Their additional rules , such as the eight - box law , continued to effectively close out people who were illiterate . White , one - party rule was solidified . For more than 130 years , from 1872 to 2003 , Georgians nominated and elected only white Democratic governors , and white Democrats held the majority of seats in the General Assembly . Most of the Democrats elected throughout these years were Southern Democrats , who were fiscally and socially conservative by national standards . This voting pattern continued after the segregationist period . Legal segregation was ended by passage of federal legislation in the 1960s . According to the 1960 census , the proportion of Georgia 's population that was African American was 28 % ; hundreds of thousands of blacks had left the state in the Great Migration to the North and Midwest . New white residents arrived through migration and immigration . Following support from the national Democratic Party for the civil rights movement and especially civil rights legislation of 1964 and 1965 , most African - American voters , as well as other minority voters , have largely supported the Democratic Party in Georgia . In the decades since the late 20th century , the conservative white - majority voters have increasingly supported Republicans for national and state offices . In 2003 , incumbent moderate Democratic Governor Roy Barnes was defeated by Republican Sonny Perdue , a state legislator and former Democrat . While Democrats retained control of the State House , they lost their majority in the Senate when four Democrats switched parties . They lost the House in the 2004 election . Republicans then controlled all three partisan elements of the state government . Even before 2003 , the state had become increasingly supportive of Republicans in Presidential elections . It has supported a Democrat for president only three times since 1960 . In 1976 and 1980 , native son Jimmy Carter carried the state ; in 1992 , the former Arkansas governor Bill Clinton narrowly won the state . Generally , Republicans are strongest in the predominantly white suburban ( especially the Atlanta suburbs ) and rural portions of the state . Many of these areas were represented by conservative Democrats in the state legislature well into the 21st century . One of the most conservative of these was U.S. Congressman Larry McDonald , former head of the John Birch Society , who died when the Soviet Union shot down KAL 007 near Sakhalin Island . Democratic candidates have tended to win a higher percentage of the vote in the areas where black voters are most numerous , as well as in the cities among liberal urban populations ( especially Atlanta and Athens ) , and the rural Black Belt region that passes through the central and southwestern portion of the state . The ascendancy of the Republican Party in Georgia and in the South in general resulted in Georgia U.S. House of Representatives member Newt Gingrich being elected as Speaker of the House following the election of a Republican majority in the House in 1994 . Gingrich served as Speaker until 1999 , when he resigned in the aftermath of the loss of House seats held by members of the GOP . Gingrich mounted an unsuccessful bid for President in the 2012 election , but withdrew after winning only the South Carolina and Georgia primaries . In recent events , Democrat Jim Martin ran against incumbent Republican Senator Saxby Chambliss . Chambliss failed to acquire the necessary 50 percent of votes , a Libertarian Party candidate receiving the remainder of votes . In the runoff election held on December 2 , 2008 , Chambliss became the second Georgia Republican to be reelected to the U.S. Senate . As of the 2010 reapportionment , the state has 14 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives . These are held by 10 Republicans and 4 Democrats . The Georgia House of Representatives has 61 Democrats , 118 Republicans , and 1 Independent , while the Georgia Senate has 17 Democrats and 39 Republicans . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Georgia ( U.S. state ) During the 1960s and 1970s , Georgia made significant changes in civil rights and governance . As in many other states , its legislature had not reapportioned congressional districts according to population from 1931 to after the 1960 census . Problems of malapportionment in the state legislature , where rural districts had outsize power in relation to urban districts , such as Atlanta 's , were corrected after the US Supreme Court ruling in Wesberry v. Sanders ( 1964 ) . The court ruled that congressional districts had to be reapportioned to have essentially equal populations . A related case , Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) , required state legislatures to end their use of geographical districts or counties in favor of `` one man , one vote ; '' that is , districts based upon approximately equal populations , to be reviewed and changed as necessary after each census . These changes resulted in residents of Atlanta and other urban areas gaining political power in Georgia in proportion to their populations . From the mid-1960s , the voting electorate increased after African Americans ' rights to vote were enforced under civil rights law . Economic growth through this period was dominated by Atlanta and its region . It was a bedrock of the emerging `` New South '' . From the late 20th century , Atlanta attracted headquarters and relocated workers of national companies , becoming more diverse , liberal and cosmopolitan than many areas of the state . In the 21st century , many conservative Democrats , including former U.S. Senator and governor Zell Miller , decided to support Republicans . The state 's socially conservative bent results in wide support for such measures as restrictions on abortion . In 2004 , a state constitutional amendment banning same - sex marriages was approved by 76 % of voters . However , after the United States Supreme Court issued its ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges , all Georgia counties came into full compliance , recognizing the rights of same - sex couples to marry in the state . Economy ( edit ) See also : Georgia ( U.S. state ) locations by per capita income Georgia 's 2016 total gross state product was $531 billion . Its per capita personal income for 2011 put it 39th in the nation at $35,979 . For years Georgia as a state has had the highest credit rating by Standard & Poor 's ( AAA ) and is one of only 15 states with a AAA rating . If Georgia were a stand - alone country , it would be the 28th largest economy in the world . A heat map of Georgia 's counties depicting the median income as of 2014 . There are 17 Fortune 500 companies and 26 Fortune 1000 companies with headquarters in Georgia , including Home Depot , UPS , Coca - Cola , TSYS , Delta Air Lines , Aflac , Southern Company , Anthem Inc. , Honeywell , and SunTrust Banks . Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport , the world 's busiest airport as measured by both passenger traffic and aircraft traffic , is located in Georgia . Also , the Port of Savannah is the fourth largest seaport and fastest - growing container seaport in North America , importing and exporting a total of 2.3 million TEUs per year . Atlanta has a large effect on the state of Georgia , the Southeastern United States , and beyond . Atlanta has been the site of growth in real estate , service , logistics and the communications and film industries , while tourism is important to the economy . Atlanta is a global city , also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center , as a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system . For the past five years , Georgia has been ranked the top state ( number 1 ) in the nation to do business , and has been recognized as number 1 for business and labor climate in the nation , number 1 in business climate in the nation , number 1 in the nation in workforce training and as having a `` Best in Class '' state economic development agency . In 2016 , Georgia had median annual income per person of between $50,000 -- $59,999 which is inflated adjusted dollars for 2016 . The US Median annual income for the entire nation is $57,617 . This lies within the range of Georgia 's median annual income . Agriculture ( edit ) Widespread farms produce peanuts , corn , and soybeans across middle and south Georgia . The state is the number one producer of pecans in the world , with the region around Albany in southwest Georgia being the center of Georgia 's pecan production . Gainesville in northeast Georgia touts itself as the Poultry Capital of the World . Georgia is in the top five blueberry producers in the United States . Georgia 's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs , pecans , peaches , cotton , peanuts , rye , cattle , hogs , dairy products , turfgrass , timber , particularly pine trees , tobacco and vegetables . Mining ( edit ) A Georgia U.S. quarter Major products in the mineral industry include a variety of clays , stones , sands and the clay palygorskite , known as attapulgite . See also : List of gold mines in Georgia Industry ( edit ) Industry in Georgia is diverse . While many textile jobs moved overseas , there is still a textile industry located around the cities of Rome , Columbus , Augusta , Macon and along the I - 75 corridor between Atlanta and Chattanooga , Tennessee . Historically it started along the fall line in the Piedmont , where factories were powered by waterfalls and rivers . It includes the towns of Cartersville , Calhoun , Ringgold and Dalton In November 2009 , Kia started production in Georgia at the first U.S. Kia Motors plant , Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia in West Point . Industrial products include textiles and apparel , transportation equipment , food processing , paper products , chemicals and products , and electric equipment . Logistics ( edit ) Georgia was ranked the No. 2 state for infrastructure and global access by Area Development magazine . The Georgia Ports Authority owns and operates four ports in the state : Port of Savannah , Port of Brunswick , Port Bainbridge , and Port Columbus . The Port of Savannah is the fourth largest seaport in the United States , importing and exporting a total of 2.3 million TEUs per year . The Port of Savannah 's Garden City Terminal is the largest single container terminal in North America . Several major companies including Target , IKEA , and Heineken operate distribution centers in close proximity to the Port of Savannah . Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport has three cargo complexes that include two million square feet of space , the airport moves over 650,000 tons of cargo annually , it has nearby cold storage for perishables , and is the only airport in the Southeast with USDA - approved cold - treatment capabilities . Delta Air Lines also offers an on - airport refrigeration facility for perishable cargo , and a 250 - acre Foreign Trade Zone is located at the airport . Georgia is a major railway hub , has the most extensive rail system in the Southeast , and has the service of two Class I railroads , CSX and Norfolk Southern , plus 24 short - line railroads . Georgia is ranked the # 3 state in the nation for rail accessibility . Rail shipments include intermodal , bulk , automotive and every other type of shipment . Georgia has an extensive interstate highway system including 1,200 miles of interstate highway and 20,000 miles of federal and state highways that facilitate the efficient movement of more than $620 billion of cargo by truck each year . Georgia 's six interstates connect to 80 percent of the U.S. population within a two - day truck drive . More than $14 billion in funding has been approved for new roadway infrastructure . Military ( edit ) Southern Congressmen have attracted major investment by the US military in the state . The several US military installations include Moody Air Force Base , Fort Stewart , Hunter Army Airfield , Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay , Fort Benning , Robins Air Force Base , Fort Gordon , Marine Corps Logistics Base Albany , Dobbins Air Reserve Base , Coast Guard Air Station Savannah and Coast Guard Station Brunswick . These installations command numerous jobs and business for related contractors . Energy use and production ( edit ) Georgia 's electricity generation and consumption are among the highest in the United States , with natural gas being the primary electrical generation fuel , followed by coal . The state also has two nuclear power facilities , Plant Hatch and Plant Vogtle , which contribute almost one fourth of Georgia 's electricity generation , and an additional two nuclear power plants are under construction at Plant Vogtle . In 2013 , the generation mix was 39 % gas , 35 % coal , 23 % nuclear , 3 % hydro and other renewable sources . The leading area of energy consumption is the industrial sector because Georgia `` is a leader in the energy - intensive wood and paper products industry '' . Solar generated energy is becoming more in use with solar energy generators currently installed ranking Georgia 15th in the country in installed solar capacity . In 2013 , $189 million was invested in Georgia to install solar for home , business and utility use representing a 795 % increase over the previous year . State taxes ( edit ) Georgia has a progressive income tax structure with six brackets of state income tax rates that range from 1 % to 6 % . In 2009 , Georgians paid 9 % of their income in state and local taxes , compared to the US average of 9.8 % of income . This ranks Georgia 25th among the states for total state and local tax burden . The state sales tax in Georgia is 4 % with additional percentages added through local options ( e.g. Special - purpose local - option sales tax or SPLOST ) , but there is no sales tax on prescription drugs , certain medical devices , or food items for home consumption . The state legislature may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes , such as the 2 % SPLOST tax and the 1 % sales tax for MARTA serviced counties . Excise taxes are levied on alcohol , tobacco , and motor fuel . Owners of real property in Georgia pay property tax to their county . All taxes are collected by the Georgia Department of Revenue and then properly distributed according to any agreements that each county has with its cities . Film ( edit ) Main article : Film industry in Georgia ( U.S. state ) The Georgia Film , Music and Digital Entertainment Office promotes filming in the state . Since 1972 , seven hundred film and television projects have been filmed on location in Georgia . Georgia overtook California in 2016 as the state location with the most feature films produced . In fiscal year 2017 film and tv production had an economic impact in Georgia of $9.5 billion . Tourism ( edit ) Savannah 's River Street is a popular tourist destination . In the Atlanta area , World of Coke , Georgia Aquarium , Zoo Atlanta and Stone Mountain are important tourist attractions . Stone Mountain is Georgia 's `` most popular attraction '' ; receiving over four million tourists per year . The Georgia Aquarium , in Atlanta , was the largest aquarium in the world in 2010 according to Guinness World Records . Callaway Gardens , in western Georgia , is a family resort . The area is also popular with golfers . The Savannah Historic District attracts over eleven million tourists each year . The Golden Isles are a string of barrier islands off the Atlantic coast of Georgia near Brunswick that include beaches , golf courses and the Cumberland Island National Seashore . Several sites honor the lives and careers of noted American leaders : the Little White House in Warm Springs , which served as the summer residence of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt while he was being treated for polio ; President Jimmy Carter 's hometown of Plains and the Carter Presidential Center in Atlanta ; the Martin Luther King , Jr. , National Historic Site in Atlanta , which is the final resting place of Martin Luther King , Jr. and Coretta Scott King ; and Atlanta 's Ebenezer Baptist Church , where Dr. King preached . Cultural ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Georgia ( U.S. state ) The Fox Theatre is a performing arts venue located in Midtown Atlanta , and is the centerpiece of the Fox Theatre Historic District . Fine and performing arts ( edit ) Georgia 's major fine art museums include the High Museum of Art and the Michael C. Carlos Museum , both in Atlanta ; the Georgia Museum of Art on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens ; Telfair Museum of Art and the SCAD Museum of Art in Savannah ; and the Morris Museum of Art in Augusta . The state theatre of Georgia is the Springer Opera House located in Columbus . The Atlanta Opera brings opera to Georgia stages . The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra is the most widely recognized orchestra and largest arts organization in the southeastern United States . There are a number of performing arts venues in the state , among the largest are the Fox Theatre , and the Alliance Theatre at the Woodruff Arts Center , both on Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta as well as the Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre , located in Northwest Atlanta . Literature ( edit ) Authors have grappled with Georgia 's complex history . Popular novels related to this include Margaret Mitchell 's Gone with the Wind , Olive Ann Burns ' Cold Sassy Tree , and Alice Walker 's The Color Purple . A number of noted authors , poets and playwrights have lived in Georgia , such as James Dickey , Flannery O'Connor , Sidney Lanier , Frank Yerby and Lewis Grizzard . Television ( edit ) Well - known television shows set in Atlanta include , from Tyler Perry Studios , House of Payne and Tyler Perry 's Meet the Browns , The Real Housewives of Atlanta , the CBS sitcom Designing Women , Matlock , the popular AMC series The Walking Dead , Lifetime Drop Dead Diva , Rectify and numerous HGTV original productions . The Dukes of Hazzard , a 1980s TV show , was set in the fictional Hazzard County , Georgia . The first five episodes were shot on location in Conyers and Covington , Georgia as well as some locations in Atlanta . Production was then moved to Burbank , California . Also filmed in Georgia is The Vampire Diaries , using Covington as the setting for the fictional Mystic Falls . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of Georgia ( U.S. state ) See also : List of hip hop musicians from Atlanta A number of notable musicians in various genres of popular music are from Georgia . Among them are Ray Charles ( whose many hits include `` Georgia on My Mind '' , now the official state song ) , and Gladys Knight ( known for her Georgia - themed song , `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' ) . Rock groups from Georgia include the Atlanta Rhythm Section , The Black Crowes , and The Allman Brothers . The university city of Athens sparked an influential rock music scene in the 1980s and 1990s . Among the groups achieving their initial prominence in that city were R.E.M. , Widespread Panic , and the B - 52 's . Since the 1990s , various hip - hop and R&B musicians have included top - selling artists such as Outkast , Usher , Ludacris , TLC , B.o.B. , and Ciara . Atlanta is mentioned in a number of these artists ' tracks , such as Usher 's `` A-Town Down '' reference in his 2004 hit Yeah ! ( which also features Atlanta artists Lil Jon and Ludacris ) , Ludacris ' `` Welcome to Atlanta '' , Outkast 's album `` ATLiens '' , and B.o.B. 's multiple references to Decatur , Georgia , as in his hit song `` Strange Clouds '' . Film ( edit ) Films set in Georgia include two pictures both set in Atlanta that were awarded the Oscar for Best Picture : Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) and Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) . Other films set in Georgia include Deliverance ( 1972 ) , which was based on the novel of the same name by James Dickey , Parental Guidance ( 2012 ) , and Vacation at Six Flags Over Georgia . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Kickoff at Sanford Stadium of the Georgia - South Carolina college football game on September 8 , 2007 Sports in Georgia include professional teams in nearly all major sports , Olympic Games contenders and medalists , collegiate teams in major and small - school conferences and associations , and active amateur teams and individual sports . The state of Georgia has teams in four major professional leagues -- the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball , the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League , the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association , and Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer . The Georgia Bulldogs ( Southeastern Conference ) , Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets ( Atlantic Coast Conference ) , Georgia State Panthers and Georgia Southern Eagles ( Sun Belt Conference ) are Georgia 's NCAA Division I FBS football teams , having won multiple national championships between them . The 1996 Summer Olympics took place in Atlanta . The stadium that was built to host various Olympic events was converted to Turner Field , the home of the Atlanta Braves through the 2016 season . The Masters golf tournament , the first of the PGA tour 's four `` majors '' , is held annually the second weekend of April at the Augusta National Golf Club . The Atlanta Motor Speedway hosts the Dixie 500 NASCAR Cup Series stock car race and Road Atlanta the Petit Le Mans endurance sports car race . Atlanta 's Georgia Dome hosted Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 and Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 . The Georgia Dome hosted the NCAA Final Four Men 's Basketball National Championship in 2002 , 2007 , and 2013 . It hosted WWE 's WrestleMania XXVII in 2011 , an event which set an attendance record of 71,617 . The dome was also the venue of the annual Chick - fil - A Bowl post-season college football games . Since 2017 , they have been held at the Mercedes - Benz Stadium along with the FIRST World Championships . Professional baseball 's Ty Cobb was the first player inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . He was from Narrows and was nicknamed the `` Georgia Peach . '' Parks and recreational activities ( edit ) Main article : Protected areas of Georgia ( U.S. state ) There are 63 parks in Georgia , 48 of which are state parks and 15 that are historic sites , and numerous state wildlife preserves , under the supervision of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources . Other historic sites and parks are supervised by the National Park Service and include the Andersonville National Historic Site in Andersonville ; Appalachian National Scenic Trail ; Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area near Atlanta ; Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park at Fort Oglethorpe ; Cumberland Island National Seashore near St. Marys ; Fort Frederica National Monument on St. Simons Island ; Fort Pulaski National Monument in Savannah ; Jimmy Carter National Historic Site near Plains ; Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park near Kennesaw ; Martin Luther King , Jr. , National Historic Site in Atlanta ; Ocmulgee National Monument at Macon ; Trail of Tears National Historic Trail ; and the Okefenokee Swamp in Waycross , Georgia Outdoor recreational activities include hiking along the Appalachian Trail ; Civil War Heritage Trails ; rock climbing and whitewater kayaking . Other outdoor activities include hunting and fishing . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Georgia Tech 's Tech Tower Georgia county and city public school systems are administered by school boards with members elected at the local level . As of 2013 , all but 19 of 181 boards are elected from single - member districts . Residents and activist groups in Fayette County , Georgia sued the board of commissioners and school board for maintaining an election system based on at - large voting , which tended to increase the power of the majority and effectively prevented minority participation on elected local boards for nearly 200 years . A change to single - member districts has resulted in the African - American minority being able to elect representatives of its choice . Georgia high schools ( grades nine through twelve ) are required to administer a standardized , multiple choice End of Course Test , or EOCT , in each of eight core subjects including algebra , geometry , U.S. history , economics , biology , physical science , Ninth Grade Literature and composition , and American literature . The official purpose of the tests is to assess `` specific content knowledge and skills . '' Although a minimum test score is not required for the student to receive credit in the course , completion of the test is mandatory . The EOCT score accounts for 15 % of a student 's grade in the course . The ' ' Georgia Milestone ' ' evaluation is taken by public school students in the state . Georgia has 85 public colleges , universities , and technical colleges in addition to over 45 private institutes of higher learning . Among Georgia 's public universities is the flagship research university , the University of Georgia , founded in 1785 as the country 's oldest state - chartered university and the birthplace of the American system of public higher education . The University System of Georgia is the presiding body over public education in the state . The System includes 29 institutions of higher learning . The System is governed by the Georgia Board of Regents . Georgia 's workforce of more than 6.3 million is constantly refreshed by the growing number of people who move here along with the 90,000 graduates from the universities , colleges and technical colleges across the state , including the nationally - ranked University of Georgia , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University . The HOPE Scholarship , funded by the state lottery , is available to all Georgia residents who have graduated from high school or earned a General Educational Development certificate . The student must maintain a 3.2 or higher grade point average and attend a public college or university in the state . The Georgia Historical Society , an independent educational and research institution , has a research center located in Savannah . The research center 's library and archives hold the oldest collection of materials related to Georgia history in the nation . Media ( edit ) See also : List of newspapers in Georgia ( U.S. state ) The CNN Center in Atlanta . The Atlanta metropolitan area is the ninth largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research . The state 's other top markets are Savannah ( 95th largest ) , Augusta ( 115th largest ) , and Columbus ( 127th largest ) . There are 48 television broadcast stations in Georgia including TBS , TNT , TCM , Cartoon Network , CNN and Headline News , all founded by notable Georgia resident Ted Turner . The Weather Channel also has its headquarters in Atlanta . By far , the largest daily newspaper in Georgia is the Atlanta Journal - Constitution with a daily readership of 195,592 and a Sunday readership of 397,925 . Other large dailies include The Augusta Chronicle , the Columbus Ledger - Enquirer , The Telegraph ( formerly The Macon Telegraph ) and the Savannah Morning News . WSB - AM in Atlanta was the first licensed radio station in the southeastern United States , signing on in 1922 . Georgia Public Radio has been in service since 1984 and , with the exception of Atlanta , it broadcasts daily on several FM ( and one AM ) stations across the state . Georgia Public Radio reaches nearly all of Georgia ( with the exception of the Atlanta area , which is served by WABE ) . WSB - TV in Atlanta is the state 's oldest television station , having begun operations in 1948 . WSB was only the second such operation founded in the Southern U.S. , trailing only WTVR in Richmond , Virginia . Infrastructure ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Georgia ( U.S. state ) The Port of Brunswick and the Sidney Lanier Bridge Transportation in Georgia is overseen by the Georgia Department of Transportation , a part of the executive branch of the state government . Georgia 's major Interstate Highways are I - 20 , I - 75 , I - 85 , and I - 95 . On March 18 , 1998 , the Georgia House of Representatives passed a resolution naming the portion of Interstate Highway 75 , which runs from the Chattahoochee River northward to the Tennessee state line the Larry McDonald Memorial Highway . Larry McDonald , a Democratic member of the House of Representatives , had been on Korean Air Lines Flight 007 when it was shot down by the Soviets on September 1 , 1983 . MARTA commuter train Georgia 's primary commercial airport is Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport ( ATL ) , and is the world 's busiest passenger airport . In addition to Hartsfield - Jackson , there are eight other airports serving major commercial traffic in Georgia . Savannah / Hilton Head International Airport is the second - busiest airport in the state as measured by passengers served , and is the only additional international airport . Other commercial airports ( ranked in order of passengers served ) are located in Augusta , Columbus , Albany , Macon , Brunswick , Valdosta , and Athens . The Georgia Ports Authority manages two deepwater seaports , at Savannah and Brunswick , and two river ports , at Bainbridge and Columbus . The Port of Savannah is a major U.S. seaport on the Atlantic coast . The Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority ( MARTA ) is the principal rapid transit system in the Atlanta metropolitan area . Formed in 1971 as strictly a bus system , MARTA operates a network of bus routes linked to a rapid transit system consisting of 48 miles ( 77 km ) of rail track with 38 train stations . MARTA operates almost exclusively in Fulton and DeKalb counties , with bus service to two destinations in Cobb county and the Cumberland Transfer Center next to the Cumberland Mall , and a single rail station in Clayton County at Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport . MARTA also operates a separate paratransit service for disabled customers . As of 2009 , the average total daily ridership for the system ( bus and rail ) was 482,500 passengers . Health Care ( edit ) Medical Center of Central Georgia in Macon ( Georgia 's 2nd largest hospital ) See also : List of hospitals in Georgia ( U.S. state ) The state has 151 general hospitals , over 15,000 doctors and almost 6,000 dentists . The state is ranked forty - first in the percentage of residents who engage in regular exercise . Cities ( edit ) See also : Georgia census statistical areas Downtown Atlanta Atlanta , located in north - central Georgia at the Eastern Continental Divide , has been Georgia 's capital city since 1868 . It is the most populous city in Georgia , with just over 420,000 residents in 2010 . The Atlanta metropolitan area is the cultural and economic center of the Southeast ; its population in 2010 was 5,268,860 , or 53.6 % of Georgia 's total . Atlanta is the nation 's ninth largest metropolitan area . The state has fourteen other cities with populations above 50,000 ( based on 2012 census estimates ) . In descending order of size they are Columbus , Augusta , Macon , Savannah , Athens , Sandy Springs , Roswell , Albany , Johns Creek , Warner Robins , Alpharetta , Marietta , Valdosta and Smyrna . Along with the rest of the Southeast , Georgia 's population continues to grow rapidly , with primary gains concentrated in urban areas . The population of the Atlanta metropolitan area added 1.23 million people ( 24 percent ) between 2000 and 2010 , and Atlanta rose in rank from the eleventh - largest metropolitan area in the United States to the ninth - largest . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Jimmy Carter , from Plains , Georgia , was President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 . Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta in 1929 . He was a civil rights movement leader fighting for rights for African Americans and received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 . State Symbols ( edit ) A brown thrasher , Georgia 's state bird . Rosa laevigata , Cherokee rose , the state flower of Georgia . Reference : Georgia Symbols Amphibian : American green tree frog Bird : brown thrasher Crop : peanut Fish : largemouth bass Flower : Cherokee rose Fruit : peach Gem : quartz Insect : honey bee Mammal : white - tailed deer Marine mammal : right whale Mineral : staurolite Nicknames : `` Peach State '' `` Empire State of the South '' Reptile : gopher tortoise Song : `` Georgia on My Mind '' Tree : live oak Vegetable : Vidalia onion See also ( edit ) Georgia USA portal Index of Georgia ( U.S. state ) - related articles Outline of Georgia ( U.S. state ) -- organized list of topics about Georgia Georgia ( U.S. state ) -- Wikipedia book References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia History Overview -- The History Channel '' . The History Channel . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia at the Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Georgia Encyclopaedia '' . The New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coweta is the 41st fastest growing county in United States '' . The Times - Herald . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ TIGER database ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates '' . Census.gov . United States Census . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Facts and Symbols -- Georgia.gov '' . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Monthly Averages for Macon , GA The Weather Channel . Jump up ^ Monthly Averages for Clayton , GA The Weather Channel . Jump up ^ `` Georgia USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Each state 's high temperature record USA Today , last updated August 2004 . Jump up ^ Each state 's low temperature record USA Today , last updated August 2006 ^ Jump up to : Wurman , Joshua . `` Why do n't tornadoes hit cities more often ? '' . scientificamerican.com . SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN , A DIVISION OF NATURE AMERICA , INC . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weather By Day Georgia '' . Weatherbyday.com . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data '' . United States Census Bureau . 2010 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast sees big influx of illegal immigrants '' . NBCNews.com . Associated Press . February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kanell , Michael E. ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` Number of veterans , October '' . Atlanta , Georgia : Atlanta Constitution - Journal . pp. A6 . quoting the Bureau of Labor Statistics . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Census . October 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Population of Georgia : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Data '' . Census.gov . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . Jump up ^ `` SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES - 2011 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Census . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions , Divisions and States '' ( PDF ) . Census . 1980 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . 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'' , Demography , 28 ( 3 ) : 411 -- 29 , doi : 10.2307 / 2061465 , JSTOR 2061465 , PMID 1936376 Jump up ^ Lieberson , Stanley ; Santi , Lawrence ( 1985 ) , `` The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns '' , Social Science Research , 14 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 6 , doi : 10.1016 / 0049 - 089x ( 85 ) 90011 - 0 Jump up ^ Lieberson , Stanley ; Waters , Mary C ( September 1986 ) , `` Ethnic Groups in Flux : The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites '' , Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 487 ( 79 ) : 82 -- 86 , doi : 10.1177 / 0002716286487001004 Jump up ^ Frey , William H ( May 2004 ) , The New Great Migration : Black Americans ' Return to the South , 1965 -- 2000 ( PDF ) , The Brookings Institution , archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 28 , 2008 , retrieved May 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Atlanta ( PDF ) ( profile ) , GA : Oca , archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia '' , Quickfacts , Census , archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Early Mountain Life '' , Travel , Georgia , archived from the original on May 4 , 2008 Jump up ^ Who are Americans , The well ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maps '' . Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . www.thearda.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/13/rcms2010_13_state_name_2010.asp '' . Thearda.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/presbyterian-church-america '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weiszer , Marc ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Georgia 's Kublanow balances faith and football '' . Savannah Now . Kublanow was n't just born Jewish , he was raised and had his bar mitzvah while attending an orthodox Chabad synagogue . His mother , Shelly Kublanow Rosenblatt , will attend Friday night and Saturday morning services at the Chabad House in Athens and then head to Sanford Stadium in the afternoon to watch Kublanow and his linemates clear the way for Todd Gurley . Jump up ^ Sollish , Ari ( October 11 , 2007 ) . `` Chabad Course Explores Israel 's Spiritual Side '' . Crown Heights Info . ATLANTA , GA -- A new six - part adult - education course from Chabad - Lubavitch 's Rohr Jewish Learning Institute will explore the spiritual connection between the Jewish people and the land of Israel starting at the end of October . Unlike courses that focus on the history or the culture of Israel , `` The Land & the Spirit : Why We All Care About Israel '' will explore the mystery of the deep connection between Jews everywhere and that small patch of land in the Middle East . Jump up ^ `` Religious Landscape Study '' . May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Senate Kids . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Archived December 22 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Constitution of Georgia Article III Section II . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Archived December 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court of Georgia History '' . Supreme Court of Georgia . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A Brief History of Georgia Counties . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Archived November 2 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Georgia 's County Governments '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Niesse , Mark ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Townships proposed as an alternative to cities in Georgia '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Race , Voting Rights , and Segregation '' . University of Michigan . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Saye , Albert B. ( 2010 - 05 - 01 ) . A Constitutional History of Georgia , 1732 -- 1945 . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 9780820335544 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Historical Census Browser , 1900 US Census , University of Virginia . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Archived August 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Georgia 's 1908 Disfranchisement Constitutional Amendment '' . Ray City History . Ray City Community Library . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A State Divided '' . Ourgeorgiahistory.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The long goodbye '' . Economist.com . November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Confident Years '' . Ngeorgia.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Last white Democrat in House from Deep South wins re-election '' . Reuters.com. 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` White voters solidly in for GOP in Georgia ( October 16 , 2012 ) '' . Ajc.com . October 16 , 2012 . 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Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BEA statistics for 2005 GSP -- October 26 , 2006 '' . Bea.gov . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tharpe , Jim ( January 4 , 2007 ) . `` Atlanta Airport Still the `` Busiest '' `` . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport '' . Delta Air Lines , Inc . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Port of Savannah fourth - busiest , fastest - growing in the U.S. '' Atlanta Business Chronicle . American City Business Journals . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Belser , Briana . `` State of Georgia ranked No. 1 in business '' . CBS46.com . WGCL - TV ( Meredith Corporation ) . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 State For Business Georgia Leads in Workforce Training , Global Access and Infrastructure '' . georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ? '' . Georgia Blueberry Commission . Georgia Department of Agriculture . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lohr , Kathy ( September 3 , 2013 ) `` New Carpet Factories Help Cushion Blows From Recession Losses '' , NPR ; Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Infrastructure in Georgia '' . workforce.georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Savannah 's Garden City Terminal is the Largest Single Container Terminal in North America '' . georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Infrastructure in Georgia By Air '' . workforce.georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Infrastructure in Georgia '' . georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` INFRASTRUCTURE IN GEORGIA '' . georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Information Administration '' . Tonto.eia.doe.gov . March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Facts on the Georgia Solar Industry '' . Georgia Solar . Solar Energy Industries Association . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia 's State and Local Tax Burden 1977 -- 2009 '' . The Tax Foundation . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://etax.dor.ga.gov/salestax/salestaxrates/LGS_2014_Jul_Rate_Chart.pdf Jump up ^ `` Georgia Public Policy Foundation '' ( PDF ) . Gppf.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Film Industry in Georgia . ( 2004 -- 2010 ) . The New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Georgia Industries : Film Facts Archived February 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( 2010 ) . Georgia . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Kenna . `` GA GA LAND Georgia 's film industry spurs big plans beyond production '' . georgiatrend.com . Georgia Trend Magazine . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Zoo Atlanta . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Circues . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Sheridan `` Stone Mountain Park -- Georgia 's Most Popular Attraction '' . gosoutheast.about.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rattlesnake Roundups . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press `` Aquarium sets Guinness record -- Official from world record book says aquarium is world 's largest '' . ajc.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Callaway Gardens . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Savannah GA Historical Information '' . Savannahvisit.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . 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July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff , A.B.S. ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Fayette County At - Large Election Process Violates Voting Rights Act '' . Jump up ^ GA DOE -- Testing -- EOCT . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Archived May 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lowry , Donna ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` New Georgia test will be different from CRCT '' . 11 Alive . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Points of Pride '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Leads in Workforce Training , Global Access and Infrastructure '' . georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 210 Designated Market Areas -- 03 -- 04 '' . Nielsen Media . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2006 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AJC circulation continues to fall '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . American City Business Journals. April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Network , Georgia Public Radio , archived from the original on February 2 , 2007 , retrieved May 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ About , Georgia Public Radio , archived from the original on May 3 , 2007 , retrieved May 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Airport information '' , Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport , archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 , retrieved June 18 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Public - Use Airports '' , Georgia Encyclopedia , retrieved June 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ Dawson , Christie ( Autumn 2009 ) , Public Transportation Ridership Report ( PDF ) , American Public Transportation Association Jump up ^ `` Living in Georgia '' , Culture , retrieved May 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Physical exercise '' , Health ( graph ) , Statemaster , retrieved May 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau '' . 2010.census.gov . March 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Area Population & Housing Patterns : 2000 -- 2010 '' . Proximityone.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Factfinder2.census.gov . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta moves to 9th largest US Metro area '' . www.ajc.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tieck , Sarah ( 2013 ) . Georgia . Minneapolis , MN : ABDO Publishing Company . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61783 - 348 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Symbols '' . Georgia.gov . Jump up ^ `` White - Tailed Deer Named State Mammal of Georgia -- Georgia.gov '' . Jump up ^ `` Look Georgia Agriculture on www.georgia.gov '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bartley , Numan V . The Creation of Modern Georgia ( 1990 ) . Covers 1865 -- 1990 period . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 1183 - 9 . Coleman , Kenneth . ed . A History of Georgia ( 1991 ) . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 1269 - X . London , Bonnie Bullard. ( 2005 ) Georgia and the American Experience Atlanta , Georgia : Clairmont Press ISBN 1 - 56733 - 100 - 9 . A middle school textbook . Peirce , Neal R . The Deep South States of America : People , Politics , and Power in the Seven Deep South States ( 1974 ) . Information on politics and economics 1960 -- 72 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05496 - 9 . Williams , David and Christopher C. Meyers . Georgia : A Brief History Macon : Mercer University Press , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutGeorgia ( U.S. state ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Georgia state government website Georgia State Guide , from the Library of Congress The New Georgia Encyclopedia Georgia State Facts from USDA Vanishing Georgia from the Digital Library of Georgia Virtual Georgia from the Georgia Archives Georgia Historical Marker Program from the Georgia Historical Society Georgia ( U.S. state ) at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Geographic data related to Georgia ( U.S. state ) at OpenStreetMap Preceded by New Jersey List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Ratified Constitution on January 2 , 1788 ( 4th ) Succeeded by Connecticut Places adjacent to Georgia ( U.S. state ) Tennessee and North Carolina South Carolina Alabama Georgia : Outline Index Atlantic Ocean Florida Atlantic Ocean ( hide ) Topics related to Georgia ( U.S. state ) Peach State ( hide ) State of Georgia Atlanta ( capital ) Topics Index Geology History Congressional delegations Government Law People Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Elections Geography State Parks Symbols Transportation Tourist Attractions Seal of Georgia Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Atlantic coastal plain Blue Ridge Central Georgia Cumberland Plateau Golden Isles Historic South Lower Coastal Plain Metro Atlanta North Georgia North Georgia Mountains Northeast Georgia Piedmont Ridge and Valley Sea Islands Southern Rivers Southeast Georgia Southwest Georgia Tennessee Valley Wiregrass Region Largest cities Albany Atlanta Athens Augusta Columbus Johns Creek Macon Marietta Roswell Sandy Springs Savannah Valdosta Warner Robins Counties Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker Baldwin Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Bleckley Brantley Brooks Bryan Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun Camden Candler Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early Echols Effingham Elbert Emanuel Evans Fannin Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn Gordon Grady Greene Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Jones Lamar Lanier Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Long Lowndes Lumpkin Macon Madison Marion McDuffie McIntosh Meriwether Miller Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Muscogee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Peach Pickens Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven Seminole Spalding Stephens Stewart Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tattnall Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Tift Toombs Towns Treutlen Troup Turner Twiggs Union Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson Worth ( Campbell ) ( Milton ) Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Georgia Keisha Lance Bottoms ( Atlanta ) Teresa Tomlinson ( Columbus ) Hardie Davis ( Augusta ) Robert Reichert ( Macon ) Eddie DeLoach ( Savannah ) Nancy Denson ( Athens ) Protected areas of Georgia Federal National historic sites and military parks Andersonville NHS Jimmy Carter NHS Martin Luther King Jr . NHS Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park National monuments Fort Frederica Fort Pulaski Ocmulgee National forests Chattahoochee Oconee National wildlife refuges Banks Lake Blackbeard Island Bond Swamp Eufaula Harris Neck Okefenokee Piedmont Savannah Wassaw Wolf Island Wilderness areas Big Frog Wilderness Blood Mountain Wilderness Brasstown Wilderness Cohutta Wilderness Cumberland Island National Seashore Ellicott Rock Wilderness Mark Trail Wilderness Okefenokee Wilderness Raven Cliffs Wilderness Rich Mountain Wilderness Southern Nantahala Wilderness Tray Mountain Wilderness Wild and scenic rivers Chattooga River National trails Appalachian Trail Pinhoti National Recreation Trail Other protected areas Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area Cumberland Island National Seashore Gray 's Reef National Marine Sanctuary Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve State Parks Amicalola Falls Black Rock Mountain Bobby Brown Buck Shoals Chattahoochee Bend Cloudland Canyon Crooked River Don Carter Elijah Clark F.D. Roosevelt Florence Marina Fort Mountain Fort Yargo General Coffee George L. Smith George T. Bagby Georgia Veterans Gordonia - Alatamaha Hamburg Hard Labor Creek Hart High Falls Indian Springs James H. `` Sloppy '' Floyd John Tanner Laura S. Walker Little Ocmulgee Magnolia Springs Mistletoe Moccasin Creek Panola Mountain Providence Canyon Red Top Mountain Reed Bingham Richard B. Russell Sapelo Island Seminole Skidaway Island Smithgall Woods Sprewell Bluff Standing Boy Creek Stephen C. Foster Sweetwater Creek Tallulah Gorge Tugaloo Unicoi Victoria Bryant Vogel Watson Mill Bridge Historic parks and sites A.H. Stephens Chief Vann House Dahlonega Gold Museum Etowah Indian Mounds Fort McAllister Fort King George Fort Morris Hofwyl - Broadfield Plantation Jarrell Plantation Jefferson Davis Memorial Kolomoki Mounds Lapham - Patterson House Little White House New Echota Pickett 's Mill Battlefield Robert Toombs House Travelers Rest Wormsloe Forests Baldwin Bartram Brender - Hitchiti Dixon Memorial Dawson Hightower Paulding Spirit Creek Other Centennial Olympic Park Charlie Elliott Wildlife Center Jekyll Island Len Foote Hike Inn Radium Springs Sapelo Island Stone Mountain Park County , municipal and other Parks Chehaw Park Cobb County Parks McIntosh Reserve Murphey Candler Park Okefenokee Swamp Park Robert G. Hunter Memorial Park Roswell Recreation and Parks Seaborn Jones Memorial Park Shaking Rock Park Forests and nature preserves Autrey Mill Nature Preserve & Heritage Center Fernbank Forest Marshall Forest Morningside Nature Preserve Phinizy Swamp Nature Park Reynolds Nature Preserve Nature and environmental education centers Birdsong Nature Center Charlie Elliott Wildlife Center Chattahoochee Nature Center Cochran Mill Nature Center Dauset Trails Nature Center Dunwoody Nature Center Elachee Nature Science Center Georgia Nature Center Grand Bay Wetland Education Center Melvin L. 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2903613962267411648 | Indus Valley Civilisation | Indus Valley Civilisation - wikipedia Indus Valley Civilisation Jump to : navigation , search Indus Valley Civilisation Geographical range South Asia Period Bronze Age Dates c. 3300 -- c. 1300 BCE Excavated ruins of Mohenjo - daro , Sindh province , Pakistan , showing the Great Bath in the foreground . Mohenjo - daro , on the right bank of the Indus River , is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , the first site in South Asia to be so declared . Outline of South Asian history Palaeolithic ( 2,500,000 -- 250,000 BC ) ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian Culture Neolithic ( 10,800 -- 3300 BC ) ( show ) Bhirrana Culture ( 7570 -- 6200 BC ) Mehrgarh Culture ( 7000 -- 3300 BC ) Edakkal Culture ( 5000 -- 3000 BC ) Chalcolithic ( 3500 -- 1500 BC ) ( show ) Ahar - Banas Culture ( 3000 -- 1500 BC ) Pandu Culture ( 1600 -- 1500 BC ) Malwa Culture ( 1600 -- 1300 BC ) Jorwe Culture ( 1400 -- 700 BC ) Bronze Age ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) ( show ) Indus Valley Civilisation ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) -- Early Harappan Culture ( 3300 -- 2600 BC ) -- Mature Harappan Culture ( 2600 -- 1900 BC ) -- Late Harappan Culture ( 1900 -- 1300 BC ) Vedic Civilisation ( 2000 -- 500 BC ) -- Ochre Coloured Pottery culture ( 2000 -- 1600 BC ) -- Swat culture ( 1600 -- 500 BC ) Iron Age ( 1500 -- 200 BC ) ( show ) Vedic Civilisation ( 1500 -- 500 BC ) -- Janapadas ( 1500 -- 600 BC ) -- Black and Red ware culture ( 1300 -- 1000 BC ) -- Painted Grey Ware culture ( 1200 -- 600 BC ) -- Northern Black Polished Ware ( 700 -- 200 BC ) Pradyota Dynasty ( 799 -- 684 BC ) Haryanka Dynasty ( 684 -- 424 BC ) Three Crowned Kingdoms ( c. 600 BC -- AD 1600 ) Maha Janapadas ( c. 600 -- 300 BC ) Achaemenid Empire ( 550 -- 330 BC ) Ror Dynasty ( 450 BC -- AD 489 ) Shishunaga Dynasty ( 424 -- 345 BC ) Nanda Empire ( 380 -- 321 BC ) Macedonian Empire ( 330 -- 323 BC ) Maurya Empire ( 321 -- 184 BC ) Seleucid India ( 312 -- 303 BC ) Pandya Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1345 ) Chera Kingdom ( c. 300 BC - AD 1102 ) Chola Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1279 ) Pallava Empire ( c. 250 BC -- AD 800 ) Maha - Megha - Vahana Empire ( c. 250 BC -- c . AD 500 ) Parthian Empire ( 247 BC -- AD 224 ) Middle Kingdoms ( 230 BC -- AD 1206 ) ( show ) Satavahana Empire ( 230 BC -- AD 220 ) Kuninda Kingdom ( 200 BC -- AD 300 ) Mitra Dynasty ( c. 150 -- c. 50 BC ) Shunga Empire ( 185 -- 73 BC ) Indo - Greek Kingdom ( 180 BC -- AD 10 ) Kanva Empire ( 75 -- 26 BC ) Indo - Scythian Kingdom ( 50 BC -- AD 400 ) Indo - Parthian Kingdom ( AD 21 -- c. 130 ) Western Satrap Empire ( AD 35 -- 405 ) Kushan Empire ( AD 60 -- 240 ) Bharshiva Dynasty ( 170 -- 350 ) Nagas of Padmavati ( 210 -- 340 ) Sasanian Empire ( 224 -- 651 ) Indo - Sassanid Kingdom ( 230 -- 360 ) Vakataka Empire ( c. 250 -- c. 500 ) Kalabhras Empire ( c. 250 -- c. 600 ) Gupta Empire ( 280 -- 550 ) Kadamba Empire ( 345 -- 525 ) Western Ganga Kingdom ( 350 -- 1000 ) Kamarupa Kingdom ( 350 -- 1100 ) Vishnukundina Empire ( 420 -- 624 ) Maitraka Empire ( 475 -- 767 ) Huna Kingdom ( 475 -- 576 ) Rai Kingdom ( 489 -- 632 ) Kabul Shahi Empire ( c. 500 -- 1026 ) Chalukya Empire ( 543 -- 753 ) Maukhari Empire ( c. 550 -- c. 700 ) Harsha Empire ( 606 -- 647 ) Tibetan Empire ( 618 -- 841 ) Eastern Chalukya Kingdom ( 624 -- 1075 ) Rashidun Caliphate ( 632 -- 661 ) Gurjara - Pratihara Empire ( 650 -- 1036 ) Umayyad Caliphate ( 661 -- 750 ) Pala Empire ( 750 -- 1174 ) Rashtrakuta Empire ( 753 -- 982 ) Paramara Kingdom ( 800 -- 1327 ) Yadava Empire ( 850 -- 1334 ) Chaulukya Kingdom ( 942 -- 1244 ) Western Chalukya Empire ( 973 -- 1189 ) Lohara Kingdom ( 1003 -- 1320 ) Hoysala Empire ( 1040 -- 1346 ) Sena Empire ( 1070 -- 1230 ) Eastern Ganga Empire ( 1078 -- 1434 ) Kakatiya Kingdom ( 1083 -- 1323 ) Zamorin Kingdom ( 1102 -- 1766 ) Kalachuris of Tripuri ( 675 - 1210 ) Kalachuris of Kalyani ( 1156 -- 1184 ) Chutiya Kingdom ( 1187 -- 1673 ) Deva Kingdom ( c. 1200 -- c. 1300 ) Late Medieval Period ( 1206 -- 1526 ) ( show ) Delhi Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1526 ) -- Mamluk Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1290 ) -- Khalji Sultanate ( 1290 -- 1320 ) -- Tughlaq Sultanate ( 1320 -- 1414 ) -- Sayyid Sultanate ( 1414 -- 1451 ) -- Lodi Sultanate ( 1451 -- 1526 ) Ahom Kingdom ( 1228 -- 1826 ) Chitradurga Kingdom ( 1300 -- 1779 ) Reddy Kingdom ( 1325 -- 1448 ) Vijayanagara Empire ( 1336 -- 1646 ) Bengal Sultanate ( 1352 -- 1576 ) Garhwal Kingdom ( 1358 -- 1803 ) Mysore Kingdom ( 1399 -- 1947 ) Gajapati Kingdom ( 1434 -- 1541 ) Deccan Sultanates ( 1490 -- 1596 ) -- Ahmadnagar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1636 ) -- Berar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1574 ) -- Bidar Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1619 ) -- Bijapur Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1686 ) -- Golkonda Sultanate ( 1518 -- 1687 ) Keladi Kingdom ( 1499 -- 1763 ) Koch Kingdom ( 1515 -- 1947 ) Early Modern Period ( 1526 -- 1858 ) ( show ) Mughal Empire ( 1526 -- 1858 ) Sur Empire ( 1540 -- 1556 ) Madurai Kingdom ( 1559 -- 1736 ) Thanjavur Kingdom ( 1572 -- 1918 ) Bengal Subah ( 1576 -- 1757 ) Marava Kingdom ( 1600 -- 1750 ) Thondaiman Kingdom ( 1650 -- 1948 ) Maratha Empire ( 1674 -- 1818 ) Sikh Confederacy ( 1707 -- 1799 ) Travancore Kingdom ( 1729 -- 1947 ) Sikh Empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ) Colonial States ( 1510 -- 1961 ) ( show ) Portuguese India ( 1510 -- 1961 ) Dutch India ( 1605 -- 1825 ) Danish India ( 1620 -- 1869 ) French India ( 1759 -- 1954 ) Company Raj ( 1757 -- 1858 ) British Raj ( 1858 -- 1947 ) Periods of Sri Lanka ( show ) Prehistory ( Until 543 BC ) Early kingdoms period ( 543 BC -- 377 BC ) Anuradhapura period ( 377 BC -- AD 1017 ) Polonnaruwa period ( 1056 -- 1232 ) Transitional period ( 1232 -- 1505 ) Crisis of the Sixteenth Century ( 1505 -- 1594 ) Kandyan period ( 1594 -- 1815 ) British Ceylon ( 1815 -- 1948 ) Contemporary Sri Lanka ( 1948 -- present ) National histories ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Regional histories ( show ) Assam Balochistan Bengal Bihar Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Kabul Kashmir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Rajasthan Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Punjab Odisha Sindh South India Tamil Nadu Tibet Specialised histories ( show ) Agriculture Architecture Coinage Demographics Dynasties Economy Education Indology Influence on Southeast Asia Language Literature Maritime Metallurgy Military Partition of India Pakistan studies Philosophy Religion Science & Technology Timeline The Indus Valley Civilisation ( IVC ) , or Harappan Civilisation , was a Bronze Age civilisation ( 3300 -- 1300 BCE ; mature period 2600 -- 1900 BCE ) mainly in the northwestern regions of South Asia , extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India . Along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia , it was one of three early cradles of civilisations of the Old World , and of the three , the most widespread . Aridification of this region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial spur for the urbanisation associated with the civilisation , but eventually also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation 's demise , and to scatter its population eastward . At its peak , the Indus Civilisation may have had a population of over five million . Inhabitants of the ancient Indus River valley developed new techniques in handicraft ( carnelian products , seal carving ) and metallurgy ( copper , bronze , lead , and tin ) . The Indus cities are noted for their urban planning , baked brick houses , elaborate drainage systems , water supply systems , and clusters of large non-residential buildings . Children 's toys were found in the cities , with few weapons of war , suggesting peace and prosperity . Their trade seals , decorated with animals and mythical beings , indicate they conducted thriving trade with lands as far away as Sumer in southern Mesopotamia . The Indus Valley Civilisation is also named the Harappan civilisation after Harappa , the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s , in what was then the Punjab province of British India . The discovery of Harappa , and soon afterwards Mohenjo - daro , was the culmination of work beginning in 1861 with the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India in the British Raj . Excavation of Harappan sites has been ongoing since 1920 , with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999 . This Harappan civilisation is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from the cultures immediately preceding and following it . Of these , the earlier is often called the Early Harappan culture , while the later one may be referred to as the Late Harappan , both of which existed in the same area as the Mature Harappan Civilisation . The early Harappan cultures were preceded by local Neolithic agricultural villages , from which the river plains were populated . A total of 1,022 cities and settlements had been found by 2008 , mainly in the general region of the Indus and Ghaggar - Hakra Rivers , and their tributaries ; of which 406 sites are in Pakistan and 616 sites in India ; of these 96 have been excavated . Among the settlements were the major urban centres of Harappa , Mohenjo - daro ( UNESCO World Heritage Site ) , Dholavira , Ganeriwala and Rakhigarhi . The Harappan language is not directly attested , and its affiliation is uncertain since the Indus script is still undeciphered . A relationship with the Dravidian or Elamo - Dravidian language family is favoured by a section of scholars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Extent 3 Discovery and history of excavation 4 Chronology 5 Pre-Harappan - Mehrgarh 6 Early Harappan 7 Mature Harappan 7.1 Cities 7.2 Authority and governance 7.3 Technology 7.4 Arts and crafts 7.5 Trade and transportation 7.6 Agriculture 7.7 Language 7.8 Possible writing system 7.9 Religion 8 Late Harappan 8.1 `` Aryan invasion '' 8.2 Climate change and drought 8.3 Continuity 9 Post-Harappan 10 Historical context 10.1 Near East 10.2 Dasyu 10.3 Munda 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Name ( edit ) The Indus Valley Civilisation is named after the Indus Valley , where the first remains were found . The Indus Valley Civilisation is also named the Harappan civilisation after Harappa , the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s , in what was then the Punjab province of British India . The Indus Valley Civilisation has also been called by some the `` Sarasvati culture '' , the `` Sarasvati Civilisation '' , the `` Indus - Sarasvati Civilisation '' or the `` Sindhu - Saraswati Civilisation '' , as the Ghaggar - Hakra river is identified by some with the mythological Sarasvati river , suggesting that the Indus Valley Civilisation was the Vedic civilisation as perceived by traditional Hindu beliefs . Extent ( edit ) Locations of IVC - sites Diorama reconstruction of everyday life in Indus Valley Civilisation ( National Science Centre , Delhi , India ) The Indus Valley Civilisation ( IVC ) encompassed much of Pakistan , western India , and northeastern Afghanistan ; extending from Pakistani Balochistan in the west to Uttar Pradesh in the east , northeastern Afghanistan in the north and Maharashtra in the south . Shortugai to the north is on the Oxus River , the Afghan border with Tajikistan , and in the west Sutkagan Dor is close to the Iranian border . The Kulli culture of Balochistan , of which more than 100 settlement sites are known , can be regarded as a local variant of the IVC , or a related culture . The geography of the Indus Valley put the civilisations that arose there in a highly similar situation to those in Egypt and Peru , with rich agricultural lands being surrounded by highlands , desert , and ocean . Recently , Indus sites have been discovered in Pakistan 's northwestern Frontier Province as well . Other IVC colonies can be found in Afghanistan while smaller isolated colonies can be found as far away as Turkmenistan and in Maharashtra . The largest number of colonies are in the Punjab , Sindh , Rajasthan , Haryana , and Gujarat belt Coastal settlements extended from Sutkagan Dor in Western Baluchistan to Lothal in Gujarat . An Indus Valley site has been found on the Oxus River at Shortughai in northern Afghanistan , in the Gomal River valley in northwestern Pakistan , at Manda , Jammu on the Beas River near Jammu , India , and at Alamgirpur on the Hindon River , only 28 km from Delhi . Indus Valley sites have been found most often on rivers , but also on the ancient seacoast , for example , Balakot , and on islands , for example , Dholavira . It flourished along a system of monsoon - fed perennial rivers in the basins of the Ghaggar - Hakra River in northwest India , and the Indus River flowing through the length of Pakistan . There is evidence of dry river beds overlapping with the Ghaggar River in India and Hakra channel in Pakistan . 616 sites have been discovered along the dried up river beds of the Ghaggar - Hakra River and its tributaries , while 406 sites have been found along the Indus and its tributaries . According to Shereen Ratnagar the Ghaggar - Hakra desert area has more remaining sites than the alluvium of the Indus Valley , since the Ghaggar - Hakra desert area has been left untouched by settlements and agriculture since the end of the Indus Valley Civilisation . Discovery and History of excavation ( edit ) Indus Valley pottery , 2500 -- 1900 BCE The ruins of Harappa were described in 1842 by Charles Masson in his Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan , Afghanistan , and the Punjab , where locals talked of an ancient city extending `` thirteen cosses '' ( about 25 miles or 41 km ) . Archaeological ruins at Mohenjo - daro , Sindh , Pakistan In 1856 , Alexander Cunningham , later director - general of the archaeological survey of northern India , visited Harappa where the British engineers John and William Brunton were laying the East Indian Railway Company line connecting the cities of Karachi and Lahore . John wrote , `` I was much exercised in my mind how we were to get ballast for the line of the railway '' . They were told of an ancient ruined city near the lines , called Harappa . Visiting the city , he found it full of hard well - burnt bricks , and , `` convinced that there was a grand quarry for the ballast I wanted '' , the city of Harappa was reduced to ballast . A few months later , further north , John 's brother William Brunton 's `` section of the line ran near another ruined city , bricks from which had already been used by villagers in the nearby village of Harappa at the same site . These bricks now provided ballast along 93 miles ( 150 km ) of the railroad track running from Karachi to Lahore '' . In 1872 -- 75 , Cunningham published the first Harappan seal ( with an erroneous identification as Brahmi letters ) . More Harappan seals were discovered in 1912 by John Faithfull Fleet , prompting an archaeological campaign under Sir John Hubert Marshall . Marshall , Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni and Madho Sarup Vats began excavating Harappa in 1921 , finding buildings and artefacts indicative of an ancient civilisation . These were soon complemented by discoveries at Mohenjo - daro by Rakhal Das Banerjee , Ernest J.H. Mackay , and Marshall . By 1931 , much of Mohenjo - daro had been excavated , but excavations continued , such as that led by Sir Mortimer Wheeler , director of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1944 . Among other archaeologists who worked on IVC sites before the independence in 1947 were Ahmad Hasan Dani , Brij Basi Lal , Nani Gopal Majumdar , and Sir Marc Aurel Stein . Following independence , the bulk of the archaeological finds were inherited by Pakistan where most of the IVC was based , with new discoveries India now has 50 % more sites than Pakistan . Outposts of the Indus Valley civilisation were excavated as far west as Sutkagan Dor in Pakistani Balochistan , as far north as at Shortugai on the Amu Darya ( the river 's ancient name was Oxus ) in current Afghanistan , as far east as at Alamgirpur , Uttar Pradesh , India and as far south as at Malwan , in modern - day Surat , Gujarat , India . In 2010 , heavy floods hit Haryana in India and damaged the archaeological site of Jognakhera , where ancient copper smelting furnaces were found dating back almost 5,000 years . The Indus Valley Civilisation site was hit by almost 10 feet of water as the Sutlej Yamuna link canal overflowed . Chronology ( edit ) Main article : Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation The cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation had `` social hierarchies , their writing system , their large planned cities and their long - distance trade ( which ) mark them to archaeologists as a full - fledged ' civilisation . ' '' The mature phase of the Harappan civilisation lasted from c. 2600 to 1900 BCE . With the inclusion of the predecessor and successor cultures -- Early Harappan and Late Harappan , respectively -- the entire Indus Valley Civilisation may be taken to have lasted from the 33rd to the 14th centuries BCE . It is part of the Indus Valley Tradition , which also includes the pre-Harappan occupation of Mehrgarh , the earliest farming site of the Indus Valley . Several periodisations are employed for the periodisation of the IVC . The most commonly used classifies the Indus Valley Civilisation into Early , Mature and Late Harappan Phase . An alternative approach by Shaffer divides the broader Indus Valley Tradition into four eras , the pre-Harappan `` Early Food Producing Era , '' and the Regionalisation , Integration , and Localisation eras , which correspond roughly with the Early Harappan , Mature Harappan , and Late Harappan phases . According to Rao , Hakra Ware has been found at Bhirrana , and is pre-Harappan , dating to the 8th - 7th millennium BCE . Hakra Ware culture is a material culture which is contemporaneous with the early Harappan Ravi phase culture ( 3300 - 2800 BCE ) of the Indus Valley . According to Dikshit and Rami , the estimation for the antiquity of Bhirrana as pre-Harappan is based on two calculations of charcoal samples , giving two dates of respectively 7570 - 7180 BCE , and 6689 - 6201 BCE . Dates Main Phase Mehrgarh phases Harappan phases Other phases Era 7000 -- 5500 BCE Pre-Harappan Mehrgarh I ( aceramic Neolithic ) Early Food Producing Era 5500 -- 3300 BCE Pre-Harappan / Early Harappan Mehrgarh II - VI ( ceramic Neolithic ) Regionalisation Era c. 4000 - 2500 / 2300 BCE ( Shaffer ) c. 5000 - 3200 BCE ( Coningham & Young ) 3300 -- 2800 BCE Early Harappan c. 3300 - 2800 BCE ( Mughal ) c. 5000 - 2800 BCE ( Kenoyer ) Harappan 1 ( Ravi Phase ; Hakra Ware ) 2800 -- 2600 BCE Mehrgarh VII Harappan 2 ( Kot Diji Phase , Nausharo I ) 2600 -- 2450 BCE Mature Harappan ( Indus Valley Civilisation ) Harappan 3A ( Nausharo II ) Integration Era 2450 -- 2200 BCE Harappan 3B 2200 -- 1900 BCE Harappan 3C 1900 -- 1700 BCE Late Harappan Harappan 4 Cemetery H Ochre Coloured Pottery Localisation Era 1700 -- 1300 BCE Harappan 5 1300 -- 600 BCE Post-Harappan Iron Age India Painted Grey Ware ( 1200 - 600 BCE ) Vedic period ( c. 1500 - 500 BCE ) Regionalisation c. 1200 - 300 BCE ( Kenoyer ) c. 1500 - 600 BCE ( Coningham & Young ) 600 - 300 BCE Northern Black Polished Ware ( Iron Age ) ( 700 - 200 BCE ) Second urbanisation ( c. 500 - 200 BCE ) Integration Pre-Harappan - Mehrgarh ( edit ) Haplogroup L - M20 has a high frequency in the Indus Valley . McElreavy & Quintana - Murci ( 2005 ) note that `` both the frequency distribution and estimated expansion time ( ~ 7,000 YBP ) of this lineage suggest that its spread in the Indus Valley may be associated with the expansion of local farming groups during the Neolithic period . '' See also : Neolithic revolution , Fertile Crescent , and Demic diffusion Mehrgarh is a Neolithic ( 7000 BCE to c. 2500 BCE ) site to the west of the Indus River valley , near the capital of the Kachi District in Pakistan , on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan , near the Bolan Pass . According to Ahmad Hasan Dani , professor emeritus at Quaid - e-Azam University , Islamabad , the discovery of Mehrgarh `` changed the entire concept of the Indus civilisation ( ... ) There we have the whole sequence , right from the beginning of settled village life . '' Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia . According to Parpola , the culture migrated into the Indus Valley and became the Indus Valley Civilisation . Mehrgarh was influenced by the Near Eastern Neolithic , with similarities between `` domesticated wheat varieties , early phases of farming , pottery , other archaeological artefacts , some domesticated plants and herd animals . '' Gallego Romero et al. ( 2011 ) notice that `` ( t ) he earliest evidence of cattle herding in south Asia comes from the Indus River Valley site of Mehrgarh and is dated to 7,000 YBP . '' Lukacs and Hemphill suggest an initial local development of Mehrgarh , with a continuity in cultural development but a change in population . According to Lukacs and Hemphill , while there is a strong continuity between the neolithic and chalcolithic ( Copper Age ) cultures of Mehrgarh , dental evidence shows that the chalcolithic population did not descend from the neolithic population of Mehrgarh , which `` suggests moderate levels of gene flow . '' Masacernhas et al. ( 2015 ) note that `` new , possibly West Asian , body types are reported from the graves of Mehrgarh beginning in the Togau phase ( 3800 BCE ) . '' Early Harappan ( edit ) Early Harappan Period , c. 3300 -- 2600 BCE The Early Harappan Ravi Phase , named after the nearby Ravi River , lasted from c. 3300 BCE until 2800 BCE . It is related to the Hakra Phase , identified in the Ghaggar - Hakra River Valley to the west , and predates the Kot Diji Phase ( 2800 -- 2600 BCE , Harappan 2 ) , named after a site in northern Sindh , Pakistan , near Mohenjo - daro . The earliest examples of the Indus script date to the 3rd millennium BCE . The mature phase of earlier village cultures is represented by Rehman Dheri and Amri in Pakistan . Kot Diji represents the phase leading up to Mature Harappan , with the citadel representing centralised authority and an increasingly urban quality of life . Another town of this stage was found at Kalibangan in India on the Hakra River . Trade networks linked this culture with related regional cultures and distant sources of raw materials , including lapis lazuli and other materials for bead - making . By this time , villagers had domesticated numerous crops , including peas , sesame seeds , dates , and cotton , as well as animals , including the water buffalo . Early Harappan communities turned to large urban centres by 2600 BCE , from where the mature Harappan phase started . The latest research shows that Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities . The final stages of the Early Harappan period are characterised by the building of large walled settlements , the expansion of trade networks , and the increasing integration of regional communities into a `` relatively uniform '' material culture in terms of pottery styles , ornaments , and stamp seals with Indus script , leading into the transition to the Mature Harappan phase . Mature Harappan ( edit ) Mature Harappan Period , c. 2600 -- 1900 BCE Mohenjo - daro View of Granary and Great Hall on Mound F in Harappa According to Giosan et al. ( 2012 ) , the slow southward migration of the monsoons across Asia initially allowed the Indus Valley villages to develop by taming the floods of the Indus and its tributaries . Flood - supported farming led to large agricultural surpluses , which in turn supported the development of cities . The IVC residents did not develop irrigation capabilities , relying mainly on the seasonal monsoons leading to summer floods . Brooke further notes that the development of advanced cities coincides with a reduction in rainfall , which may have triggered a reorganisation into larger urban centers . According to J.G. Shaffer and D.A. Lichtenstein , the Mature Harappan Civilisation was `` a fusion of the Bagor , Hakra , and Kot Diji traditions or ' ethnic groups ' in the Ghaggar - Hakra valley on the borders of India and Pakistan '' . By 2600 BCE , the Early Harappan communities turned into large urban centres . Such urban centres include Harappa , Ganeriwala , Mohenjo - daro in modern - day Pakistan , and Dholavira , Kalibangan , Rakhigarhi , Rupar , and Lothal in modern - day India . In total , more than 1,052 cities and settlements have been found , mainly in the general region of the Indus Rivers and their tributaries . Cities ( edit ) Computer - aided reconstruction of coastal Harappan settlement at Sokhta Koh near Pasni , Pakistan A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture is evident in the Indus Valley Civilisation making them the first urban centre in the region . The quality of municipal town planning suggests the knowledge of urban planning and efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on hygiene , or , alternatively , accessibility to the means of religious ritual . As seen in Harappa , Mohenjo - daro and the recently partially excavated Rakhigarhi , this urban plan included the world 's first known urban sanitation systems : see hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilisation . Within the city , individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells . From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing , waste water was directed to covered drains , which lined the major streets . Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes . The house - building in some villages in the region still resembles in some respects the house - building of the Harappans . The ancient Indus systems of sewerage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the Indus region were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in many areas of Pakistan and India today . The advanced architecture of the Harappans is shown by their impressive dockyards , granaries , warehouses , brick platforms , and protective walls . The massive walls of Indus cities most likely protected the Harappans from floods and may have dissuaded military conflicts . So - called `` Priest King '' statue , Mohenjo - daro , late Mature Harappan period , National Museum , Karachi , Pakistan The purpose of the citadel remains debated . In sharp contrast to this civilisation 's contemporaries , Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt , no large monumental structures were built . There is no conclusive evidence of palaces or temples -- or of kings , armies , or priests . Some structures are thought to have been granaries . Found at one city is an enormous well - built bath ( the `` Great Bath '' ) , which may have been a public bath . Although the citadels were walled , it is far from clear that these structures were defensive . They may have been built to divert flood waters . Most city dwellers appear to have been traders or artisans , who lived with others pursuing the same occupation in well - defined neighbourhoods . Materials from distant regions were used in the cities for constructing seals , beads and other objects . Among the artefacts discovered were beautiful glazed faïence beads . Steatite seals have images of animals , people ( perhaps gods ) , and other types of inscriptions , including the yet un-deciphered writing system of the Indus Valley Civilisation . Some of the seals were used to stamp clay on trade goods and most probably had other uses as well . Although some houses were larger than others , Indus Civilisation cities were remarkable for their apparent , if relative , egalitarianism . All the houses had access to water and drainage facilities . This gives the impression of a society with relatively low wealth concentration , though clear social levelling is seen in personal adornments . Dholavira Sophisticated Water Reservoir , evidence for hydraulic sewage systems in the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation Toilets that used water were used in the Indus Valley Civilisation . The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo - daro had a flush toilet in almost every house , attached to a sophisticated sewage system . Authority and governance ( edit ) Archaeological records provide no immediate answers for a centre of power or for depictions of people in power in Harappan society . But , there are indications of complex decisions being taken and implemented . For instance , the majority of the cities were constructed in a highly uniform and well - planned grid pattern , suggesting they were planned by a central authority ; extraordinary uniformity of Harappan artefacts as evident in pottery , seals , weights and bricks ; presence of public facilities and monumental architecture ; heterogeneity in the mortuary symbolism and in grave goods ( items included in burials ) . These are the major theories : There was a single state , given the similarity in artefacts , the evidence for planned settlements , the standardised ratio of brick size , and the establishment of settlements near sources of raw material . There was no single ruler but several cities like Mohenjo - daro had a separate ruler , Harappa another , and so forth . Harappan society had no rulers , and everybody enjoyed equal status and hence some type of Democracy . Technology ( edit ) Further information : Indian mathematics § Prehistory Unicorn seal of Indus Valley , Indian Museum Elephant seal of Indus Valley , Indian Museum Indus Valley seals , British Museum The people of the Indus Civilisation achieved great accuracy in measuring length , mass , and time . They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures . A comparison of available objects indicates large scale variation across the Indus territories . Their smallest division , which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal in Gujarat , was approximately 1.704 mm , the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age . Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes , including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights . These chert weights were in a ratio of 5 : 2 : 1 with weights of 0.05 , 0.1 , 0.2 , 0.5 , 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 200 , and 500 units , with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams , similar to the English Imperial ounce or Greek uncia , and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871 . However , as in other cultures , actual weights were not uniform throughout the area . The weights and measures later used in Kautilya 's Arthashastra ( 4th century BCE ) are the same as those used in Lothal . Harappans evolved some new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper , bronze , lead , and tin . The engineering skill of the Harappans was remarkable , especially in building docks . In 2001 , archaeologists studying the remains of two men from Mehrgarh , Pakistan , discovered that the people of the Indus Valley Civilisation , from the early Harappan periods , had knowledge of proto - dentistry . Later , in April 2006 , it was announced in the scientific journal Nature that the oldest ( and first early Neolithic ) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo ( i.e. , in a living person ) was found in Mehrgarh . Eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults were discovered in a Neolithic graveyard in Mehrgarh that dates from 7,500 -- 9,000 years ago . According to the authors , their discoveries point to a tradition of proto - dentistry in the early farming cultures of that region . A touchstone bearing gold streaks was found in Banawali , which was probably used for testing the purity of gold ( such a technique is still used in some parts of India ) . Arts and crafts ( edit ) The `` dancing girl of Mohenjo - daro '' ( replica ) Chanhudaro . Fragment of Large Deep Vessel , circa 2500 BCE . Red pottery with red and black slip - painted decoration , 4 / × 61⁄8 in . ( 12.5 × 15.5 cm ) . Brooklyn Museum Various sculptures , seals , bronze vessels pottery , gold jewellery , and anatomically detailed figurines in terracotta , bronze , and steatite have been found at excavation sites . A number of gold , terracotta and stone figurines of girls in dancing poses reveal the presence of some dance form . These terracotta figurines included cows , bears , monkeys , and dogs . The animal depicted on a majority of seals at sites of the mature period has not been clearly identified . Part bull , part zebra , with a majestic horn , it has been a source of speculation . As yet , there is insufficient evidence to substantiate claims that the image had religious or cultic significance , but the prevalence of the image raises the question of whether or not the animals in images of the IVC are religious symbols . Sir John Marshall reacted with surprise when he saw the famous Indus bronze statuette of a slender - limbed dancing girl in Mohenjo - daro : `` When I first saw them I found it difficult to believe that they were prehistoric ; they seemed to completely upset all established ideas about early art , and culture . Modeling such as this was unknown in the ancient world up to the Hellenistic age of Greece , and I thought , therefore , that some mistake must surely have been made ; that these figures had found their way into levels some 3000 years older than those to which they properly belonged ... Now , in these statuettes , it is just this anatomical truth which is so startling ; that makes us wonder whether , in this all - important matter , Greek artistry could possibly have been anticipated by the sculptors of a far - off age on the banks of the Indus '' . Many crafts including , `` shell working , ceramics , and agate and glazed steatite bead making '' were practised and the pieces were used in the making of necklaces , bangles , and other ornaments from all phases of Harappan culture . Some of these crafts are still practised in the subcontinent today . Some make - up and toiletry items ( a special kind of combs ( kakai ) , the use of collyrium and a special three - in - one toiletry gadget ) that were found in Harappan contexts still have similar counterparts in modern India . Terracotta female figurines were found ( ca . 2800 -- 2600 BCE ) which had red colour applied to the `` manga '' ( line of partition of the hair ) . Seals have been found at Mohenjo - daro depicting a figure standing on its head , and another sitting cross-legged in what some call a yoga - like pose ( see image , the so - called Pashupati , below ) . This figure , sometimes known as a Pashupati , has been variously identified . Sir John Marshall identified a resemblance to the Hindu god , Shiva . If this can be validated , it would be evidence that some aspects of Hinduism predate the earliest texts , the Veda . A harp - like instrument depicted on an Indus seal and two shell objects found at Lothal indicate the use of stringed musical instruments . The Harappans also made various toys and games , among them cubical dice ( with one to six holes on the faces ) , which were found in sites like Mohenjo - Daro . Trade and transportation ( edit ) The docks of ancient Lothal as they are today ( 2006 ) Further information : Lothal and Meluhha The Indus civilisation 's economy appears to have depended significantly on trade , which was facilitated by major advances in transport technology . The IVC may have been the first civilisation to use wheeled transport . These advances may have included bullock carts that are identical to those seen throughout South Asia today , as well as boats . Most of these boats were probably small , flat - bottomed craft , perhaps driven by sail , similar to those one can see on the Indus River today ; however , there is secondary evidence of sea - going craft . Archaeologists have discovered a massive , dredged canal and what they regard as a docking facility at the coastal city of Lothal in western India ( Gujarat state ) . An extensive canal network , used for irrigation , has however also been discovered by H. - P. Francfort . During 4300 -- 3200 BCE of the chalcolithic period ( copper age ) , the Indus Valley Civilisation area shows ceramic similarities with southern Turkmenistan and northern Iran which suggest considerable mobility and trade . During the Early Harappan period ( about 3200 -- 2600 BCE ) , similarities in pottery , seals , figurines , ornaments , etc. document intensive caravan trade with Central Asia and the Iranian plateau . Judging from the dispersal of Indus civilisation artefacts , the trade networks , economically , integrated a huge area , including portions of Afghanistan , the coastal regions of Persia , northern and western India , and Mesopotamia . Studies of tooth enamel from individuals buried at Harappa suggest that some residents had migrated to the city from beyond the Indus Valley . There is some evidence that trade contacts extended to Crete and possibly to Egypt . There was an extensive maritime trade network operating between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilisations as early as the middle Harappan Phase , with much commerce being handled by `` middlemen merchants from Dilmun '' ( modern Bahrain and Failaka located in the Persian Gulf ) . Such long - distance sea trade became feasible with the development of plank - built watercraft , equipped with a single central mast supporting a sail of woven rushes or cloth . Several coastal settlements like Sotkagen - dor ( astride Dasht River , north of Jiwani ) , Sokhta Koh ( astride Shadi River , north of Pasni ) , and Balakot ( near Sonmiani ) in Pakistan along with Lothal in western India , testify to their role as Harappan trading outposts . Shallow harbours located at the estuaries of rivers opening into the sea allowed brisk maritime trade with Mesopotamian cities . `` It is generally assumed that most trade between the Indus Valley ( ancient Meluhha ? ) and western neighbors proceeded up the Persian Gulf rather than overland . Although there is no incontrovertible proof that this was indeed the case , the distribution of Indus - type artifacts on the Oman peninsula , on Bahrain and in southern Mesopotamia makes it plausible that a series of maritime stages linked the Indus Valley and the Gulf region . '' In the 1980s , important archaeological discoveries were made at Ras al - Jinz ( Oman ) , demonstrating maritime Indus Valley connections with the Arabian Peninsula . Agriculture ( edit ) According to Gangal et al. ( 2014 ) , there is strong archeological and geographical evidence that neolithic farming spread from the Near East into north - west India , but there is also `` good evidence for the local domestication of barley and the zebu cattle at Mehrgarh . '' According to Jean - Francois Jarrige , farming had an independent origin at Mehrgarh , despite the similarities which he notes between Neolithic sites from eastern Mesopotamia and the western Indus valley , which are evidence of a `` cultural continuum '' between those sites . Nevertheless , Jarrige concludes that Mehrgarh has an earlier local background , '' and is not a `` ' backwater ' of the Neolithic culture of the Near East . '' Archaeologist Jim G. Shaffer writes that the Mehrgarh site `` demonstrates that food production was an indigenous South Asian phenomenon '' and that the data support interpretation of `` the prehistoric urbanisation and complex social organisation in South Asia as based on indigenous , but not isolated , cultural developments '' . Jarrige notes that the people of Mehrgarh used domesticated wheats and barley , while Shaffer and Liechtenstein note that the major cultivated cereal crop was naked six - row barley , a crop derived from two - row barley . Gangal agrees that `` Neolithic domesticated crops in Mehrgarh include more than 90 % barley , '' noting that `` there is good evidence for the local domestication of barley . '' Yet , Gangal also notes that the crop also included `` a small amount of wheat , '' which `` are suggested to be of Near - Eastern origin , as the modern distribution of wild varieties of wheat is limited to Northern Levant and Southern Turkey . '' Zebu cattle in Pune , India Indus Valley seals with a Zebu Bull , Elephant , and Rhinoceros , 2500 -- 1900 BCE The cattle that is often portrayed on Indus seals are humped Indian aurochs , that is similar to Zebu cattle . Zebu cattle is still common in India , and in Africa . It is different from the European cattle , and had been originally domesticated on the Indian subcontinent , probably in the Baluchistan region of Pakistan . Language ( edit ) See also : Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit , Harappan language , and Origins of Dravidian peoples It has often been suggested that the bearers of the IVC corresponded to proto - Dravidians linguistically , the break - up of proto - Dravidian corresponding to the break - up of the Late Harappan culture . Finnish Indologist Asko Parpola concludes that the uniformity of the Indus inscriptions precludes any possibility of widely different languages being used , and that an early form of Dravidian language must have been the language of the Indus people . Today , the Dravidian language family is concentrated mostly in southern India and northern and eastern Sri Lanka , but pockets of it still remain throughout the rest of India and Pakistan ( the Brahui language ) , which lends credence to the theory . According to Heggarty and Renfrew , Dravidian languages may have spread into the Indian subcontinent with the spread of farming . According to David McAlpin , the Dravidian languages were brought to India by immigration into India from Elam . In earlier publications , Renfrew also stated that proto - Dravidian was brought to India by farmers from the Iranian part of the Fertile Crescent , but more recently Heggarty and Renfrew note that `` a great deal remains to be done in elucidating the prehistory of Dravidian . '' They also note that `` McAlpin 's analysis of the language data , and thus his claims , remain far from orthodoxy . '' Heggarty and Renfrew conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data , and that `` the linguistic jury is still very much out . '' Possible writing system ( edit ) Main article : Indus script Between 400 and as many as 600 distinct Indus symbols have been found on seals , small tablets , ceramic pots and more than a dozen other materials , including a `` signboard '' that apparently once hung over the gate of the inner citadel of the Indus city of Dholavira . Ten Indus Signs , dubbed the Dholavira Signboard Typical Indus inscriptions are no more than four or five characters in length , most of which ( aside from the Dholavira `` signboard '' ) are tiny ; the longest on a single surface , which is less than 1 inch ( 2.54 cm ) square , is 17 signs long ; the longest on any object ( found on three different faces of a mass - produced object ) has a length of 26 symbols . While the Indus Valley Civilisation is generally characterised as a literate society on the evidence of these inscriptions , this description has been challenged by Farmer , Sproat , and Witzel ( 2004 ) who argue that the Indus system did not encode language , but was instead similar to a variety of non-linguistic sign systems used extensively in the Near East and other societies , to symbolise families , clans , gods , and religious concepts . Others have claimed on occasion that the symbols were exclusively used for economic transactions , but this claim leaves unexplained the appearance of Indus symbols on many ritual objects , many of which were mass - produced in moulds . No parallels to these mass - produced inscriptions are known in any other early ancient civilisations . In a 2009 study by P.N. Rao et al. published in Science , computer scientists , comparing the pattern of symbols to various linguistic scripts and non-linguistic systems , including DNA and a computer programming language , found that the Indus script 's pattern is closer to that of spoken words , supporting the hypothesis that it codes for an as - yet - unknown language . Farmer , Sproat , and Witzel have disputed this finding , pointing out that Rao et al. did not actually compare the Indus signs with `` real - world non-linguistic systems '' but rather with `` two wholly artificial systems invented by the authors , one consisting of 200,000 randomly ordered signs and another of 200,000 fully ordered signs , that they spuriously claim represent the structures of all real - world non-linguistic sign systems '' . Farmer et al. have also demonstrated that a comparison of a non-linguistic system like medieval heraldic signs with natural languages yields results similar to those that Rao et al. obtained with Indus signs . They conclude that the method used by Rao et al. can not distinguish linguistic systems from non-linguistic ones . The messages on the seals have proved to be too short to be decoded by a computer . Each seal has a distinctive combination of symbols and there are too few examples of each sequence to provide a sufficient context . The symbols that accompany the images vary from seal to seal , making it impossible to derive a meaning for the symbols from the images . There have , nonetheless , been a number of interpretations offered for the meaning of the seals . These interpretations have been marked by ambiguity and subjectivity . Photos of many of the thousands of extant inscriptions are published in the Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions ( 1987 , 1991 , 2010 ) , edited by Asko Parpola and his colleagues . The final , third , volume , republished photos taken in the 1920s and 1930s of hundreds of lost or stolen inscriptions , along with many discovered in the last few decades . Formerly , researchers had to supplement the materials in the Corpus by study of the tiny photos in the excavation reports of Marshall ( 1931 ) , MacKay ( 1938 , 1943 ) , Wheeler ( 1947 ) , or reproductions in more recent scattered sources . Edakkal caves in Wayanad district of Kerala contain drawings that range over periods from as early as 5000 BCE to 1000 BCE . The youngest group of paintings have been in the news for a possible connection to the Indus Valley Civilisation . Religion ( edit ) Female figure , possibly a fertility goddess , Harappan Phase , 2500 -- 1900 BCE The Pashupati seal , showing a seated and possibly tricephalic figure , surrounded by animals Further information : Prehistoric religion The religion and belief system of the Indus Valley people have received considerable attention , especially from the view of identifying precursors to deities and religious practices of Indian religions that later developed in the area . However , due to the sparsity of evidence , which is open to varying interpretations , and the fact that the Indus script remains undeciphered , the conclusions are partly speculative and largely based on a retrospective view from a much later Hindu perspective . An early and influential work in the area that set the trend for Hindu interpretations of archaeological evidence from the Harappan sites was that of John Marshall , who in 1931 identified the following as prominent features of the Indus religion : a Great Male God and a Mother Goddess ; deification or veneration of animals and plants ; symbolic representation of the phallus ( linga ) and vulva ( yoni ) ; and , use of baths and water in religious practice . Marshall 's interpretations have been much debated , and sometimes disputed over the following decades . Swastika seals of Indus Valley Civilisation in British Museum One Indus Valley seal shows a seated figure with a horned headdress , possibly tricephalic and possibly ithyphallic , surrounded by animals . Marshall identified the figure as an early form of the Hindu god Shiva ( or Rudra ) , who is associated with asceticism , yoga , and linga ; regarded as a lord of animals ; and often depicted as having three eyes . The seal has hence come to be known as the Pashupati Seal , after Pashupati ( lord of all animals ) , an epithet of Shiva . While Marshall 's work has earned some support , many critics and even supporters have raised several objections . Doris Srinivasan has argued that the figure does not have three faces , or yogic posture , and that in Vedic literature Rudra was not a protector of wild animals . Herbert Sullivan and Alf Hiltebeitel also rejected Marshall 's conclusions , with the former claiming that the figure was female , while the latter associated the figure with Mahisha , the Buffalo God and the surrounding animals with vahanas ( vehicles ) of deities for the four cardinal directions . Writing in 2002 , Gregory L. Possehl concluded that while it would be appropriate to recognise the figure as a deity , its association with the water buffalo , and its posture as one of ritual discipline , regarding it as a proto - Shiva would be going too far . Despite the criticisms of Marshall 's association of the seal with a proto - Shiva icon , it has been interpreted as the Tirthankara Rishabhanatha by Jains and Vilas Sangave or an early Buddha by Buddhists . Historians such as Heinrich Zimmer and Thomas McEvilley believe that there is a connection between first Jain Tirthankara Rishabhanatha and the Indus Valley civilisation . Marshall hypothesised the existence of a cult of Mother Goddess worship based upon excavation of several female figurines , and thought that this was a precursor of the Hindu sect of Shaktism . However the function of the female figurines in the life of Indus Valley people remains unclear , and Possehl does not regard the evidence for Marshall 's hypothesis to be `` terribly robust '' . Some of the baetyls interpreted by Marshall to be sacred phallic representations are now thought to have been used as pestles or game counters instead , while the ring stones that were thought to symbolise yoni were determined to be architectural features used to stand pillars , although the possibility of their religious symbolism can not be eliminated . Many Indus Valley seals show animals , with some depicting them being carried in processions , while others show chimeric creations . One seal from Mohenjo - daro shows a half - human , half - buffalo monster attacking a tiger , which may be a reference to the Sumerian myth of such a monster created by goddess Aruru to fight Gilgamesh . In contrast to contemporary Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilisations , Indus Valley lacks any monumental palaces , even though excavated cities indicate that the society possessed the requisite engineering knowledge . This may suggest that religious ceremonies , if any , may have been largely confined to individual homes , small temples , or the open air . Several sites have been proposed by Marshall and later scholars as possibly devoted to religious purpose , but at present only the Great Bath at Mohenjo - daro is widely thought to have been so used , as a place for ritual purification . The funerary practices of the Harappan civilisation are marked by their diversity , with evidence of supine burial , fractional burial ( in which the body is reduced to skeletal remains by exposure to the elements before final interment ) , and even cremation . Late Harappan ( edit ) Late Harappan Period , c. 1900 -- 1300 BCE Late Harappa figures from a hoard at Daimabad , 2000 BCE Around 1900 BCE signs of a gradual decline began to emerge , and by around 1700 BCE most of the cities had been abandoned . Recent examination of human skeletons from the site of Harappa has demonstrated that the end of the Indus civilisation saw an increase in inter-personal violence and in infectious diseases like leprosy and tuberculosis . According to historian Upinder Singh , `` the general picture presented by the late Harappan phase is one of a breakdown of urban networks and an expansion of rural ones . '' During the period of approximately 1900 to 1700 BCE , multiple regional cultures emerged within the area of the Indus civilisation . The Cemetery H culture was in Punjab , Haryana , and Western Uttar Pradesh , the Jhukar culture was in Sindh , and the Rangpur culture ( characterised by Lustrous Red Ware pottery ) was in Gujarat . Other sites associated with the Late phase of the Harappan culture are Pirak in Balochistan , Pakistan , and Daimabad in Maharashtra , India . The largest Late Harappan sites are Kudwala in Cholistan , Bet Dwarka in Gujarat , and Daimabad in Maharashtra , which can be considered as urban , but they are smaller and few in number compared with the Mature Harappan cities . Bet Dwarka was fortified and continued to have contacts with the Persian Gulf region , but there was a general decrease of long - distance trade . On the other hand , the period also saw a diversification of the agricultural base , with a diversity of crops and the advent of double - cropping , as well as a shift of rural settlement towards the east and the south . The pottery of the Late Harappan period is described as `` showing some continuity with mature Harappan pottery traditions , '' but also distinctive differences . Many sites continued to be occupied for some centuries , although their urban features declined and disappeared . Formerly typical artifacts such as stone weights and female figurines became rare . There are some circular stamp seals with geometric designs , but lacking the Indus script which characterized the mature phase of the civilisation . Script is rare and confined to potsherd inscriptions . There was also a decline in long - distance trade , although the local cultures show new innovations in faience and glass making , and carving of stone beads . Urban amenities such as drains and the public bath were no longer maintained , and newer buildings were `` poorly constructed '' . Stone sculptures were deliberately vandalised , valuables were sometimes concealed in hoards , suggesting unrest , and the corpses of animals and even humans were left unburied in the streets and in abandoned buildings . During the later half of the 2nd millennium BCE , most of the post-urban Late Harappan settlements were abandoned altogether . Subsequent material culture was typically characterised by temporary occupation , `` the campsites of a population which was nomadic and mainly pastoralist '' and which used `` crude handmade pottery . '' However , there is greater continuity and overlap between Late Harappan and subsequent cultural phases at sites in Punjab , Haryana , and western Uttar Pradesh , primarily small rural settlements . `` Aryan invasion '' ( edit ) See also : Vedic period In 1953 Sir Mortimer Wheeler proposed that the invasion of an Indo - European tribe from Central Asia , the `` Aryans '' , caused the decline of the Indus Civilisation . As evidence , he cited a group of 37 skeletons found in various parts of Mohenjo - daro , and passages in the Vedas referring to battles and forts . However , scholars soon started to reject Wheeler 's theory , since the skeletons belonged to a period after the city 's abandonment and none were found near the citadel . Subsequent examinations of the skeletons by Kenneth Kennedy in 1994 showed that the marks on the skulls were caused by erosion , and not by violence . Painted pottery urns from Harappa ( Cemetery H period ) In the Cemetery H culture ( the late Harappan phase in the Punjab region ) , some of the designs painted on the funerary urns have been interpreted through the lens of Vedic literature : for instance , peacocks with hollow bodies and a small human form inside , which has been interpreted as the souls of the dead , and a hound that can be seen as the hound of Yama , the god of death . This may indicate the introduction of new religious beliefs during this period , but the archaeological evidence does not support the hypothesis that the Cemetery H people were the destroyers of the Harappan cities . Climate change and drought ( edit ) See also : Bond event and 4.2 kiloyear event Suggested contributory causes for the localisation of the IVC include changes in the course of the river , and climate change that is also signalled for the neighbouring areas of the Middle East . As of 2016 many scholars believe that drought and a decline in trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia caused the collapse of the Indus Civilisation . The Ghaggar - Hakra system ) was rain - fed , and water - supply depended on the monsoons . The Indus Valley climate grew significantly cooler and drier from about 1800 BCE , linked to a general weakening of the monsoon at that time . The Indian monsoon declined and aridity increased , with the Ghaggar - Hakra retracting its reach towards the foothills of the Himalaya , leading to erratic and less extensive floods that made inundation agriculture less sustainable . Aridification reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation 's demise , and to scatter its population eastward . According to Giosan et al. ( 2012 ) , the IVC residents did not develop irrigation capabilities , relying mainly on the seasonal monsoons leading to summer floods . As the monsoons kept shifting south , the floods grew too erratic for sustainable agricultural activities . The residents then migrated towards the Ganges basin in the east , where they established smaller villages and isolated farms . The small surplus produced in these small communities did not allow development of trade , and the cities died out . Continuity ( edit ) Archaeological excavations indicate that the decline of Harappa drove people eastward . According to Possehl , after 1900 BCE the number of sites in today 's India increased from 218 to 853 . According to Andrew Lawler , `` excavations along the Gangetic plain show that cities began to arise there starting about 1200 BCE , just a few centuries after Harappa was deserted and much earlier than once suspected . '' According to Jim Shaffer there was a continuous series of cultural developments , just as in most areas of the world . These link `` the so - called two major phases of urbanisation in South Asia '' . At sites such as Bhagwanpura ( in Haryana ) , archaeological excavations have discovered an overlap between the final phase of Late Harappan pottery and the earliest phase of Painted Grey Ware pottery , the latter being associated with the Vedic Culture and dating from around 1200 BCE . This site provides evidence of multiple social groups occupying the same village but using different pottery and living in different types of houses : `` over time the Late Harappan pottery was gradually replaced by Painted Grey ware pottery , '' and other cultural changes indicated by archaeology include the introduction of the horse , iron tools , and new religious practices . There is also a Harappan site called Rojdi in Rajkot district of Saurashtra . Its excavation started under an archaeological team from Gujarat State Department of Archaeology and the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania in 1982 -- 83 . In their report on archaeological excavations at Rojdi , Gregory Possehl and M.H. Raval write that although there are `` obvious signs of cultural continuity '' between the Harappan Civilisation and later South Asian cultures , many aspects of the Harappan `` sociocultural system '' and `` integrated civilization '' were `` lost forever , '' while the Second Urbanisation of India ( beginning with the Northern Black Polished Ware culture , c. 600 BCE ) `` lies well outside this sociocultural environment '' . Post-harappan ( edit ) Main article : Iron Age India Previously , scholars believed that the decline of the Harappan civilisation led to an interruption of urban life in the Indian subcontinent . However , the Indus Valley Civilisation did not disappear suddenly , and many elements of the Indus Civilisation appear in later cultures . The Cemetery H culture may be the manifestation of the Late Harappan over a large area in the region of Punjab , Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh , and the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture its successor . David Gordon White cites three other mainstream scholars who `` have emphatically demonstrated '' that Vedic religion derives partially from the Indus Valley Civilisations . As of 2016 , archaeological data suggests that the material culture classified as Late Harappan may have persisted until at least c. 1000 -- 900 BCE and was partially contemporaneous with the Painted Grey Ware culture . Harvard archaeologist Richard Meadow points to the late Harappan settlement of Pirak , which thrived continuously from 1800 BCE to the time of the invasion of Alexander the Great in 325 BCE . In the aftermath of the Indus Civilisation 's localisation , regional cultures emerged , to varying degrees showing the influence of the Indus Civilisation . In the formerly great city of Harappa , burials have been found that correspond to a regional culture called the Cemetery H culture . At the same time , the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture expanded from Rajasthan into the Gangetic Plain . The Cemetery H culture has the earliest evidence for cremation ; a practice dominant in Hinduism today . Historical context ( edit ) Near East ( edit ) The mature ( Harappan ) phase of the IVC is contemporary to the Early and Middle Bronze Age in the Ancient Near East , in particular the Old Elamite period , Early Dynastic to Ur III Mesopotamia , Prepalatial Minoan Crete and Old Kingdom to First Intermediate Period Egypt . The IVC has been compared in particular with the civilisations of Elam ( also in the context of the Elamo - Dravidian hypothesis ) and with Minoan Crete ( because of isolated cultural parallels such as the ubiquitous goddess worship and depictions of bull - leaping ) . The IVC has been tentatively identified with the toponym Meluhha known from Sumerian records ; the Sumerians called them Meluhhaites . Shahr - i - Sokhta , located in southeastern Iran shows trade route with Mesopotamia . A number of seals with Indus script have been also found in Mesopotamian sites . Dasyu ( edit ) After the discovery of the IVC in the 1920s , it was immediately associated with the indigenous Dasyu inimical to the Rigvedic tribes in numerous hymns of the Rigveda . Mortimer Wheeler interpreted the presence of many unburied corpses found in the top levels of Mohenjo - daro as the victims of a warlike conquest , and famously stated that `` Indra stands accused '' of the destruction of the IVC . The association of the IVC with the city - dwelling Dasyus remains alluring because the assumed timeframe of the first Indo - Aryan migration into India corresponds neatly with the period of decline of the IVC seen in the archaeological record . The discovery of the advanced , urban IVC however changed the 19th - century view of early Indo - Aryan migration as an `` invasion '' of an advanced culture at the expense of a `` primitive '' aboriginal population to a gradual acculturation of nomadic `` barbarians '' on an advanced urban civilisation , comparable to the Germanic migrations after the Fall of Rome , or the Kassite invasion of Babylonia . This move away from simplistic `` invasionist '' scenarios parallels similar developments in thinking about language transfer and population movement in general , such as in the case of the migration of the proto - Greek speakers into Greece , or the Indo - Europeanisation of Western Europe . Munda ( edit ) Proto - Munda ( or Para-Munda ) and a `` lost phylum '' ( perhaps related or ancestral to the Nihali language ) have been proposed as other candidates for the language of the IVC . Michael Witzel suggests an underlying , prefixing language that is similar to Austroasiatic , notably Khasi ; he argues that the Rigveda shows signs of this hypothetical Harappan influence in the earliest historic level , and Dravidian only in later levels , suggesting that speakers of Austroasiatic were the original inhabitants of Punjab and that the Indo - Aryans encountered speakers of Dravidian only in later times . See also ( edit ) History of Hinduism List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation Cradle of civilisation Bronze Age History of India History of Pakistan Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wright : `` The Indus civilisation is one of three in the ' Ancient East ' that , along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt , was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World ( Childe 1950 ) . Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer - lived , but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three , the Indus was the most expansive , extending from today 's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India . '' ^ Jump up to : Broke : `` The story in Harappan India was somewhat different ( see Figure 111.3 ) . The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some - thing of an anomaly , in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare . It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all , and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict . Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies , which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BC . It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium , at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop . Thus it seems that this `` first urbanisation '' in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification . These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories , into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley ... ' 17 ( footnote ) : a ) Liviu Giosan et al. , `` Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization , '' PNAS , 102 ( 2012 ) , E1688 -- E1694 ; ( b ) Camilo Ponton , `` Holocene Aridification of India , '' GRL 39 ( 2012 ) , L03704 ; ( c ) Harunur Rashid et al. , `` Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal , '' Terrestrial , Atmospheric , and Oceanic Sciences 22 ( 2011 ) , 215 - 28 ; ( d ) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller , `` Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia : A Reconsideration , '' Quaternary Science Reviews 25 ( 2006 ) , 1283 - 301 . Compare with the very different interpretations in Possehl , Gregory L. ( 2002 ) , The Indus Civilization : A Contemporary Perspective , Rowman Altamira , pp. 237 -- 245 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 0172 - 2 , and Michael Staubwasser et al. , `` Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP Termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability , '' GRL 30 ( 2003 ) , 1425 . Bar - Matthews and Avner Ayalon , `` Mid-Holocene Climate Variations . '' Jump up ^ For example Michel Danino notes that an alternative dating of the Vedas to the third millennium BCE coincides with the mature phase of the Indus Valley civilisation , and that it is `` tempting '' to equate the Indus Valley and Vedic cultures . S.P. Gupta `` argued that Vedic elements such as the horse , fire altars and animal sacrifices had existed at the socalled ' Indus - Sarasvati ' culture sites . '' These suggestions are rejected by mainstream scholarship . ^ Jump up to : Giosan : `` Numerous speculations have advanced the idea that the Ghaggar - Hakra fluvial system , at times identified with the lost mythical river of Sarasvati ( e.g. , 4 , 5 , 7 , 19 ) , was a large glacier fed Himalayan river . Potential sources for this river include the Yamuna River , the Sutlej River , or both rivers . However , the lack of large - scale incision on the interfluve demonstrates that large , glacier - fed rivers did not flow across the Ghaggar - Hakra region during the Holocene ( ... ) The present Ghaggar - Hakra valley and its tributary rivers are currently dry or have seasonal flows . Yet rivers were undoubtedly active in this region during the Urban Harappan Phase . We recovered sandy fluvial deposits approximately 5 ; 400 y old at Fort Abbas in Pakistan ( SI Text ) , and recent work ( 33 ) on the upper Ghaggar - Hakra interfluve in India also documented Holocene channel sands that are approximately 4 ; 300 y old . On the upper interfluve , fine - grained floodplain deposition continued until the end of the Late Harappan Phase , as recent as 2,900 y ago ( 33 ) ( Fig . 2B ) . This widespread fluvial redistribution of sediment suggests that reliable monsoon rains were able to sustain perennial rivers earlier during the Holocene and explains why Harappan settlements flourished along the entire Ghaggar - Hakra system without access to a glacier - fed river . '' Jump up ^ Masson : `` A long march preceded our arrival at Haripah , through jangal of the closest description ... When I joined the camp I found it in front of the village and ruinous brick castle . Behind us was a large circular mound , or eminence , and to the west was an irregular rocky height , crowned with the remains of buildings , in fragments of walls , with niches , after the eastern manner ... Tradition affirms the existence here of a city , so considerable that it extended to Chicha Watni , thirteen cosses distant , and that it was destroyed by a particular visitation of Providence , brought down by the lust and crimes of the sovereign . '' Note that the coss , a measure of distance used from Vedic period to Mughal times , is approximately 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) . Jump up ^ See also :* This map from Sahoo et al. ( 2006 ) , A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes : Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios * Sengupta et al. ( 2006 ) , Polarity and Temporality of High - Resolution Y - Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists Jump up ^ Excavations at Bhirrana , Haryana , in India between 2006 and 2009 , by archaeologist K.N. Dikshit , provided six artefacts , including `` relatively advanced pottery , '' so - called Hakra ware , which were dated at a time bracket between 7380 and 6201 BCE . These dates compete with Mehrgarh for being the oldest site for cultural remains in the area . Yet , Dikshit and Mani clarify that this time - bracket concerns only charcoal samples , which were radio - carbon dated at respectively 7570 - 7180 BCE ( sample 2481 ) and 6689 - 6201 BCE ( sample 2333 ) . Dikshit further writes that the earliest phase concerns 14 shallow dwelling - pits which `` could accommodate about 3 - 4 people . '' According to Dikshit , in the lowest level of these pits wheel - made Hakra Ware was found which was `` not well finished , '' together with other wares . Jump up ^ Gallego romero et al. ( 2011 ) refer to ( Meadow 1993 ) : Meadow RH. 1993 . Animal domestication in the Middle East : a revised view from the eastern margin . In : Possehl G , editor . Harappan civilization . New Delhi ( India ) : Oxford University Press and India Book House . p 295 -- 320 . Jump up ^ They further noted that `` the direct lineal descendents of the Neolithic inhabitants of Mehrgarh are to be found to the south and the east of Mehrgarh , in northwestern India and the western edge of the Deccan plateau , '' with neolithic Mehrgarh showing greater affinity with chalocolithic Inamgaon , south of Mehrgarh , than with chalcolithic Mehrgarh . ^ Jump up to : Gangal refers to Jarrige JF ( 2008 ) , Mehrgarh Neolithic . Pragdhara 18 : 136 -- 154 ; and to Costantini L ( 2008 ) , The first farmers in Western Pakistan : the evidence of the Neolithic agropastoral settlement of Mehrgarh . Pragdhara 18 : 167 -- 178 Jump up ^ Gangal refers to Fuller DQ ( 2006 ) , Agricultural origins and frontiers in South Asia : a working synthesis . J World Prehistory 20 : 1 -- 86 Jump up ^ See : David McAlpin , `` Toward Proto - Elamo - Dravidian '' , Language vol. 50 no . 1 ( 1974 ) ; David McAlpin : `` Elamite and Dravidian , Further Evidence of Relationships '' , Current Anthropology vol. 16 no . 1 ( 1975 ) ; David McAlpin : `` Linguistic prehistory : the Dravidian situation '' , in Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook : Aryan and Non-Aryan in India , Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor ( 1979 ) ; David McAlpin , `` Proto - Elamo - Dravidian : The Evidence and its Implications '' , Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol. 71 pt. 3 , ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ See also : Mukherjee ( 2001 ) : `` More recently , about 15,000 - 10,000 years before present ( ybp ) , when agriculture developed in the Fertile Crescent region that extends from Israel through northern Syria to western Iran , there was another eastward wave of human migration ( Cavalli - Sforza et al. , 1994 ; Renfrew 1987 ) , a part of which also appears to have entered India . This wave has been postulated to have brought the Dravidian languages into India ( Renfrew 1987 ) . Subsequently , the Indo - European ( Aryan ) language family was introduced into India about 4,000 ybp . '' Derenko : `` The spread of these new technologies has been associated with the dispersal of Dravidian and Indo - European languages in southern Asia . It is hypothesized that the proto - Elamo - Dravidian language , most likely originated in the Elam province in southwestern Iran , spread eastwards with the movement of farmers to the Indus Valley and the Indian sub-continent . '' Derenko refers to : * Renfrew ( 1987 ) , Archaeology and Language : The Puzzle of Indo - European Origins * Renfrew ( 1996 ) , Language families and the spread of farming . In : Harris DR , editor , The origins and spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia , pp. 70 -- 92 * Cavalli - Sforza , Menozzi , Piazza ( 1994 ) , The History and Geography of Human Genes . Jump up ^ Kumar : `` The analysis of two Y chromosome variants , Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data ( Quintan - Murci et al. , 2001 ) . Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians , Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India . This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south - west Iran to the Indus valley , and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south - west Iran ( Quintan - Murci et al. , 2001 ) . '' Jump up ^ Nevertheless , Kivisild et al. ( 1999 ) note that `` a small fraction of the West Eurasian mtDNA lineages found in Indian populations can be ascribed to a relatively recent admixture . '' at ca . 9,300 ± 3,000 years before present , which coincides with `` the arrival to India of cereals domesticated in the Fertile Crescent '' and `` lends credence to the suggested linguistic connection between the Elamite and Dravidic populations . '' According to Kumar ( 2004 ) , referring to Quintan - Murci et al. ( 2001 ) , `` microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians , Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India . This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south - west Iran to the Indus valley , and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south - west Iran . '' According to Palanichamy et al. ( 2015 ) , `` The presence of mtDNA haplogroups ( HV14 and U1a ) and Y - chromosome haplogroup ( L1 ) in Dravidian populations indicates the spread of the Dravidian language into India from west Asia . '' Jump up ^ Geological research by a group led by Peter Clift investigated how the courses of rivers have changed in this region since 8000 years ago , to test whether climate or river reorganisations caused the decline of the Harappan . Using U-Pb dating of zircon sand grains they found that sediments typical of the Beas , Sutlej and Yamuna rivers ( Himalayan tributaries of the Indus ) are actually present in former Ghaggar - Hakra channels . However , sediment contributions from these glacial - fed rivers stopped at least by 10,000 years ago , well before the development of the Indus civilisation . Jump up ^ Tripathi et al. ( 2004 ) found that the isotopes of sediments carried by the Ghaggar - Hakra system over the last 20 thousand years do not come from the glaciated Higher Himalaya but have a sub-Himalayan source , and concluded that the river system was rain - fed . They also concluded that this contradicted the idea of a Harappan - time mighty `` Sarasvati '' river . Jump up ^ Most sites of the Painted Grey Ware culture in the Ghaggar - Hakra and Upper Ganges Plain were small farming villages . However , `` several dozen '' PGW sites eventually emerged as relatively large settlements that can be characterized as towns , the largest of which were fortified by ditches or moats and embankments made of piled earth with wooden palisades , albeit smaller and simpler than the elaborately fortified large cities which grew after 600 BCE in the more fully urban Northern Black Polished Ware culture . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Singh , Upinder ( 2008 ) . A History of Ancient and Early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century . New Delhi : Pearson Education . p. 137 . ISBN 9788131711200 . Jump up ^ Wright 2009 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Wright 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Madella , Marco ; Fuller , Dorian ( 2006 ) . `` Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilisation of South Asia : a reconsideration '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 25 ( 11 -- 12 ) : 1283 -- 1301 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2005.10. 012 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald , Glen ( 2011 ) . `` Potential influence of the Pacific Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon and Harappan decline '' . Quaternary International . 229 : 140 -- 148 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2009.11. 012 . ^ Jump up to : Giosan , L. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan Civilization '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 ( 26 ) : E1688 -- E1694 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1112743109 . PMC 3387054 . PMID 22645375 . ^ Jump up to : Brooke , John L. ( 2014 ) , Climate Change and the Course of Global History : A Rough Journey , Cambridge University Press , p. 296 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87164 - 8 Jump up ^ McIntosh , Jane ( 2008 ) , The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives , ABC - CLIO , p. 387 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 907 - 2 Jump up ^ Wright 2010 , pp. 115 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Roger ( 2005 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . McDougal Littell . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ; Linda Black ; Larry S. Krieger ; Phillip C. Naylor ; Dahia Ibo Shabaka ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87274 - X . Jump up ^ Wright 2010 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` ' Earliest writing ' found '' . BBC News . 4 May 1999 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Shaffer 1992 , I : 441 -- 464 , II : 425 -- 446 . ^ Jump up to : Kenoyer 1991 . Jump up ^ Wright 2010 , p. 107 : Quote : `` Five major Indus cities are discussed in this chapter . During the Urban period the early town of Harappa expanded in size and population and became a major center in the Upper Indus . Other cities emerging during the Urban period include Mohenjo - daro in the Lower Indus , Dholavira to the south on the western edge of peninsular India , in Kutch , Ganweriwala in Cholistan , and a fifth city , Rakhigarhi , on the Ghaggar - Hakra . Rakhigarhi will be discussed briefly in view of the limited published material . '' Jump up ^ Ratnagar , Shereen ( 2006 ) . Trading Encounters : From the Euphrates to the Indus in the Bronze Age ( 2nd ed . ) . India : Oxford University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 566603 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lockard , Craig ( 2010 ) . Societies , Networks , and Transitions , Volume 1 : To 1500 ( 2nd ed . ) . India : Cengage Learning . p. 40 . ISBN 1 - 4390 - 8535 - 8 . Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ; Linda Black ; Larry S. Krieger ; Phillip C. Naylor ; Dahia Ibo Shabaka ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87274 - X . Jump up ^ Charles Keith Maisels ( 16 December 2003 ) . `` The Indus / ' Harappan ' / Sarasvati Civilization '' . Early Civilizations of the Old World : The Formative Histories of Egypt , The Levant , Mesopotamia , India and China . Routledge . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 83731 - 1 . Jump up ^ Denise Cush ; Catherine A. Robinson ; Michael York ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Psychology Press . p. 766 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 1267 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Mukherjee 2001b . ^ Jump up to : Habib 2002 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Danino 2010 . Jump up ^ Danino 2010 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Danino 2010 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ `` The Largest Bronze Age Urban Civilization '' . harappa.com . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dales , George F. ( 1962 ) . `` Harappan Outposts on the Makran Coast '' . Antiquity. 36 ( 142 ) : 86 . Jump up ^ Rao , Shikaripura Ranganatha ( 1973 ) . Lothal and the Indus civilization . London : Asia Publishing House . ISBN 0 - 210 - 22278 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kenoyer 1998 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Dani , Ahmad Hassan ( 1970 -- 1971 ) . `` Excavations in the Gomal Valley '' . Ancient Pakistan ( 5 ) : 1 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Joshi , J.P. ; Bala , M. ( 1982 ) . `` Manda : A Harappan site in Jammu and Kashmir '' . In Possehl Gregory L. ( ed . ) . Harappan Civilization : A recent perspective . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . pp. 185 -- 95 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ A. Ghosh ( eds . ) . `` Excavations at Alamgirpur '' . Indian Archaeology , A Review ( 1958 -- 1959 ) . Delhi : Archaeol . Surv . India . pp. 51 -- 52 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ray , Himanshu Prabha ( 2003 ) . The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia . Cambridge University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 01109 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dales , George F. ( 1979 ) . `` The Balakot Project : summary of four years excavations in Pakistan '' . In Maurizio Taddei ( ed . ) . South Asian Archaeology 1977 . Naples : Seminario di Studi Asiatici Series Minor 6 . Instituto Universitario Orientate . pp. 241 -- 274 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bisht , R.S. ( 1989 ) . `` A new model of the Harappan town planning as revealed at Dholavira in Kutch : a surface study of its plan and architecture '' . In Chatterjee Bhaskar ( ed . ) . History and Archaeology . New Delhi : Ramanand Vidya Bhawan . pp. 379 -- 408 . ISBN 81 - 85205 - 46 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wright 2010 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Maemoku , Hideaki ; Shitaoka , Yorinao ; Nagatomo , Tsuneto ; Yagi , Hiroshi ( 2013 ) , `` Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period '' , in Giosan , Liviu ; Fuller , Dorian Q. ; Nicoll , Kathleen , Climates , Landscapes , and Civilizations , American Geophysical Union Monograph Series 198 , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 70443 - 1 Jump up ^ Ratnagar , Shereen ( 2006 ) . Understanding Harappa : Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley . New Delhi : Tulika Books . ISBN 81 - 89487 - 02 - 7 . Jump up ^ Masson 1842 . ^ Jump up to : Davreau , Robert ( 1976 ) . `` Indus Valley '' . In Reader 's Digest . World 's Last Mysteries . Jump up ^ Alexander Cunningham ( 1875 ) . Archaeological Survey of India , Report for the Year 1872 -- 73 ( Vol. 5 ) : 105 -- 8 and pl. 32 - 3 . Calcutta : Archaeological Survey of India . Jump up ^ IJSI . International Journal of Social Impact , Volume 1 , Issue 2 . Jump up ^ Sabharwal , vijay ( 11 July 2010 ) . `` Indus Valley site ravaged by floods '' . The Times of India . ^ Jump up to : Chandler , Graham ( September -- October 1999 ) . `` Traders of the Plain '' . Saudi Aramco World : 34 -- 42 . ^ Jump up to : Coningham & Young 2015 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Coningham & Young 2015 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Manuel 2010 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Dikshit 2013 , p. 129 - 133 . ^ Jump up to : Mani 2008 , p. 237 - 238 . Jump up ^ Sarkar 2006 , p. 2 - 3 . Jump up ^ Coningham & Young 2015 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Ahmed 2014 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Kenoyer 1997 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Manuel 2010 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Coningham & Young 2015 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Kenoyer 1991 , p. 335 . Jump up ^ Parpola & 2 - 15 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Kenoyer 1991 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Kenoyer 1991 , p. 336 . ^ Jump up to : Coningham & Young 2015 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ K. McElreavy and L. Quintana - Murci ( 2005 ) , A population genetics perspective of the Indus Valley through uniparentally - inherited markers Jump up ^ `` Stone age man used dentist drill '' . Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage . 2004 . `` . Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh Jump up ^ Hirst , K. Kris . 2005 . `` Mehrgarh '' . Guide to Archaeology Jump up ^ `` Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 2000 years older than previously believed , Jason Overdorf , Globalpost , 28 November 2012 '' . Jump up ^ `` Indus Valley 2,000 years older than thought '' . Jump up ^ `` Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 8000 years old , Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey , Times of India , 29 May 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` History What their lives reveal '' . Jump up ^ `` Haryana 's Bhirrana oldest Harappan site , Rakhigarhi Asia 's largest : ASI '' . The Times of India . 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Dikshit 2013 , p. 132 , 131 . Jump up ^ Mani 2008 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : Dikshit 2013 , p. 129 . 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Jump up ^ `` Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley ( 2600 - 1900 BC ) : A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis '' . PLOS ONE . 10 : e0123103 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0123103 . Jump up ^ `` Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities : New study '' . ^ Jump up to : J.M. Kenoyer ( 2006 ) , `` Cultures and Societies of the Indus Tradition . In Historical Roots '' in the Making of ' the Aryan ' , R. Thapar ( ed . ) , pp. 21 -- 49 . New Delhi , National Book Trust . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Jim G. ; Lichtenstein , Diane A. ( 1989 ) . `` Ethnicity and Change in the Indus Valley Cultural Tradition '' . Old Problems and New Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia . Wisconsin Archaeological Reports 2 . pp. 117 -- 126 . ^ Jump up to : Bisht , R.S. ( 1982 ) . `` Excavations at Banawali : 1974 -- 77 '' . In Possehl Gregory L. ( ed . ) . Harappan Civilization : A Contemporary Perspective . New Delhi : Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. pp. 113 -- 124 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Indus re-enters India after two centuries , feeds Little Rann , Nal Sarovar '' . India Today . 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ It has been noted that the courtyard pattern and techniques of flooring of Harappan houses has similarities to the way house - building is still done in some villages of the region . Lal 2002 , pp. 93 -- 95 Jump up ^ Morris , A.E.J. ( 1994 ) . History of Urban Form : Before the Industrial Revolutions ( Third ed . ) . New York , NY : Routledge . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 30154 - 2 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rodda , J.C. and Ubertini , Lucio ( 2004 ) . The Basis of Civilization - Water Science ? pg 161 . International Association of Hydrological Sciences ( International Association of Hydrological Sciences Press 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Feuerstein , Georg ; Kak , Subhash ; Frawley , David ( 2001 ) . In Search of the Cradle of Civilization : New Light on Ancient India . Quest Books . p. 73 . ISBN 0 - 8356 - 0741 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sergent , Bernard ( 1997 ) . Genèse de l'Inde ( in French ) . Paris : Payot . p. 113 . ISBN 2 - 228 - 89116 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pruthi , Raj . Prehistory and Harappan Civilization . APH Publishing . p. 260 . Jump up ^ Coppa , A. ; et al. ( 6 April 2006 ) . `` Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry : Flint tips were surprisingly effective for drilling tooth enamel in a prehistoric population '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 440 ( 7085 ) : 755 -- 6 . doi : 10.1038 / 440755a . PMID 16598247 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Jane . The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives . ABC - CLIO . p. 248 . Jump up ^ Keay , John , India , a History . New York : Grove Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ John Keay ( 1988 ) . India discovered . Collins . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Kenoyer , Jonathan Mark ( 1997 ) . `` Trade and Technology of the Indus Valley : New Insights from Harappa , Pakistan '' . 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Oman Information Jump up ^ Jean - Francois Jarrige Mehrgarh Neolithic Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Paper presented in the International Seminar on the `` First Farmers in Global Perspective , '' Lucknow , India , 18 -- 20 January 2006 Jump up ^ Shaffer 1999 p. 245 Jump up ^ Jarrige , J. - F. ( 1986 ) . `` Excavations at Mehrgarh - Nausharo '' . Pakistan Archaeology. 10 ( 22 ) : 63 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Shaffer and Liechtenstein 1995 , 1999 Jump up ^ Gallego Romero 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indus Writing Analysis by Asko Parpola '' . Jump up ^ Sanskrit has also contributed to Indus Civilization , Deccan Herald , 12 August 2012 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Heggarty & Renfrew 2014 . Jump up ^ Cavalli - Sforza ( 1994 ) , p. 221 - 222 . ^ Jump up to : Mukherjee 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Derenko ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Kivisild 1999 , p. 1331 . ^ Jump up to : Kivisild 1999 , p. 1333 . ^ Jump up to : Kumar 2004 . Jump up ^ Palanichamy ( 2015 ) , p. 645 . Jump up ^ Wells , B. An Introduction to Indus Writing . Early Sites Research Society ( West ) Monograph Series , 2 , Independence MO 1999 Jump up ^ Farmer , Steve ; Sproat , Richard ; Witzel , Michael . `` The Collapse of the Indus - Script Thesis : The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ These and other issues are addressed in Parpola ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Rao , Rajesh P.N. ; Yadav , Nisha ; Vahia , Mayank N. ; Joglekar , Hrishikesh ; Adhikari , R. ; Mahadevan , Iravatham ( May 2009 ) . `` Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script '' . Science . 324 ( 5931 ) : 1165 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1170391 . PMID 19389998 . Jump up ^ Indus Script Encodes Language , Reveals New Study of Ancient Symbols Newswise , Retrieved on 5 June 2009 . Jump up ^ A Refutation of the Claimed Refutation of the Non-linguistic Nature of Indus Symbols : Invented Data Sets in the Statistical Paper of Rao et al. 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Elaine ; Cox , Brett ; Gray , Kelsey ; Mushrif - Tripathy , Veena ( December 2013 ) . `` Infection , Disease , and Biosocial Process at the End of the Indus Civilization '' . PLOS ONE . 0084814 : e84814 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0084814 . Jump up ^ Upinder Singh ( 2008 ) , A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century , p. 181 Jump up ^ https://www.harappa.com/indus2/180.html Jump up ^ McIntosh , Jane ( 2008 ) . The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives . Jump up ^ Upinder Singh ( 2008 ) , A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century , p. 211 Jump up ^ U. Singh ( 2008 ) , pp. 181,223 ^ Jump up to : U. Singh ( 2008 ) , pp. 180 - 181 ^ Jump up to : U. Singh ( 2008 ) , p. 211 Jump up ^ Kenoyer ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ McIntosh ( 2008 ) , pp. 91 , 98 Jump up ^ F.R. 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Science Magazine . 320 : 1282 -- 3 . 6 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Clift et al. , 2011 , U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River , Geology , 40 , 211 -- 214 ( 2011 ) . ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Tripathi , Jayant K. ; Tripathi , K. ; Bock , Barbara ; Rajamani , V. & Eisenhauer , A. ( 25 October 2004 ) . `` Is River Ghaggar , Saraswati ? Geochemical Constraints '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 87 ( 8 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 December 2004 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rachel Nuwer ( 28 May 2012 ) . `` An Ancient Civilization , Upended by Climate Change '' . LiveScience . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles Choi ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Huge Ancient Civilization 's Collapse Explained '' . New York Times . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas H. Maugh II ( 28 May 2012 ) . `` Migration of monsoons created , then killed Harappan civilization '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Warrier , Shrikala . Kamandalu : The Seven Sacred Rivers of Hinduism . Mayur University . p. 125 . Jump up ^ James Heitzman , The City in South Asia ( Routledge , 2008 ) , pp. 12 - 13 ^ Jump up to : Shaffer , Jim ( 1993 ) . `` Reurbanization : The eastern Punjab and beyond '' . In Spodek , Howard ; Srinivasan , Doris M. Urban Form and Meaning in South Asia : The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times . Jump up ^ Harappan Civilisation and Rojdi , by Gregory L. Possehl and M.H. Raval ( 1989 ) https://books.google.com/books?id=LtgUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false Jump up ^ White , David Gordon ( 2003 ) . Kiss of the Yogini . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 89483 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mode , H. ( 1944 ) . Indische Frühkulturen und ihre Beziehungen zum Westen . Basel . Jump up ^ John Haywood , The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Civilizations , Penguin Books , London , ç2005 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Iran Almanac and Book of Facts . Echo Institute . p. 59 . city of Shahr - e-Sukhteh near the Afghanistan border , an area which has been aptly ( ... ) point on the trade routes between the Indus Valley , the Persian Gulf and Mesopotamia ^ Jump up to : Podany , Amanda H. ( 2012 ) . Brotherhood of Kings : How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Piesinger , Constance Maria . Legacy of Dilmun : The Roots of Ancient Maritime Trade in Eastern Coastal Arabia in the 4th / 3rd Millennium B.C. University of Wisconsin . p. 668 . Rare finds of square seals with Indus script have been found in Mesopotamia Jump up ^ Joan Aruz ; Ronald Wallenfels . Art of the First Cities : The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus . p. 246 . Square - shaped Indus seals of fired steatite have been found at a few sites in Mesopotamia . Jump up ^ Witzel , Michael ( 1999 ) . `` Substrate Languages in Old Indo - Aryan ( Ṛgvedic , Middle and Late Vedic ) '' ( PDF ) . Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies . 5 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Witzel , Michael ( February 2000 ) . `` The Languages of Harappa '' ( PDF ) . Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies . Bibliography ( edit ) Allchin , Bridget ( 1997 ) . Origins of a Civilization : The Prehistory and Early Archaeology of South Asia . New York : Viking . Allchin , Raymond ( ed . ) ( 1995 ) . The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia : The Emergence of Cities and States . New York : Cambridge University Press . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Aronovsky , Ilona ; Gopinath , Sujata ( 2005 ) . The Indus Valley . Chicago : Heinemann . Basham , A.L. ( 1967 ) . 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Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . McIntosh , Jane ( 2001 ) . A Peaceful Realm : The Rise And Fall of the Indus Civilization . Boulder : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3532 - 9 . McIntosh , Jane ( 2008 ) . `` Religion and ideology '' . The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 907 - 2 . Mirabal , Sheyla ; Regueiro , M ; Cadenas , AM ; Cavalli - Sforza , LL ; Underhill , PA ; Verbenko , DA ; Limborska , SA ; Herrera , RJ ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Y - Chromosome distribution within the geo - linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia '' . European Journal of Human Genetics . 17 ( 10 ) : 1260 -- 1273 . doi : 10.1038 / ejhg. 2009.6 . PMC 2986641 . PMID 19259129 . Mughal , Mohammad Rafique ( 1997 ) . Ancient Cholistan , Archaeology and Architecture . Ferozesons . ISBN 969 - 0 - 01350 - 5 . Mukherjee , Namita ; Nebel , Almut ; Oppenheim , Ariella ; Majumder , Partha P. 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University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24225 - 8 . Underhill , Peter A ; Myres , Natalie M ; Rootsi , Siiri ; Metspalu , Mait ; Zhivotovsky , Lev A ; King , Roy J ; Lin , Alice A ; Chow , Cheryl - Emiliane T ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a '' . European Journal of Human Genetics . 18 ( 4 ) : 479 -- 84 . doi : 10.1038 / ejhg. 2009.194 . PMC 2987245 . PMID 19888303 . Underhill , Peter A. ( 2014 ) , `` The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y - chromosome haplogroup R1a '' ( PDF ) , European Journal of Human Genetics , 23 ( 1 ) : 124 -- 131 , doi : 10.1038 / ejhg. 2014.50 , ISSN 1018 - 4813 , PMC 4266736 , PMID 24667786 , retrieved 15 June 2016 Underhill , Peter A. ; et al. ( 2015 ) , `` The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y - chromosome haplogroup R1a '' ( PDF ) , European Journal of Human Genetics , 23 : 124 -- 131 , doi : 10.1038 / ejhg. 2014.50 , PMC 4266736 , PMID 24667786 Wells , R.S. ( 2001 ) , `` The Eurasian Heartland : A continental perspective on Y - chromosome diversity '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 98 ( 18 ) : 10244 -- 10249 , Bibcode : 2001PNAS ... 9810244W , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 171305098 , PMC 56946 , PMID 11526236 Willey ; Phillips ( 1958 ) , Method and Theory in American Archaeology Witzel , Michael ( February 2000 ) . `` The Languages of Harappa '' ( PDF ) . Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies . Wright , Rita P. ( 2009 ) , The Ancient Indus : Urbanism , Economy , and Society , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57219 - 4 , retrieved 29 September 2013 Further reading ( edit ) Coningham , Robin ; Young , Ruth ( 2015 ) , The Archaeology of South Asia : From the Indus to Asoka , c. 6500 BCE -- 200 CE , Cambridge University Press External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mohenjo - daro . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indus Valley Civilization . Harappa and Indus Valley Civilization at harappa.com An invitation to the Indus Civilization ( Tokyo Metropolitan Museum ) Cache of Seal Impressions Discovered in Western India Indus Valley Civilisation History and culture Indus River Periodisation Bhirrana Culture Mehrgarh Culture Kulli Culture Amri Culture Bara Culture Cemetery H Culture Architecture Harappan architecture Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation Great Bath , Mohenjo - daro Inventions of the Indus Valley Civilisation Language and script Harappan language Indus script Indus Valley sites in Pakistan Harappa Mohenjo - daro Nausharo Chanhudaro Mehrgarh Lakhueen - jo - daro Larkana Pirak Kot Diji Rehman Dheri Amri Sutkagan Dor Sokhta Koh Tharro Hills Pir Shah Jurio Allahdino Balakot Ongar Ganeriwala Nindowari Judeir - jo - daro Dabarkot Indus Valley sites in India Dholavira Gola Dhoro Lothal Bhagatrav Rangpur Jognakhera Surkotada Kalibangan Manda Alamgirpur Daimabad Malwan Kunal Rakhigarhi Rupnagar Rupar Hulas Kanmer Oriyo timbo Dher Majra Lohari Ragho Dwarka Kuntasi Loteshwar Mandi Farmana Ganeshwar Sothi Siswal Sanauli Sanghol Pabumath Nagwada Babar Kot Balu Bara Bargaon Bhagwanpura Bhirrana Banawali Rojdi Kotla Nihang Khan Kerala - no - dhoro Mitathal Desalpur Indus Valley sites in Afghanistan Mundigak Shortugai Related topics Meluhha Ochre Coloured Pottery culture Northern Black Polished Ware Painted Grey Ware culture NDL : 00564117 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indus_Valley_Civilisation&oldid=826411212 '' Categories : Indus Valley Civilisation Bronze Age Asia Prehistoric India Prehistoric Pakistan Prehistoric Afghanistan Civilizations History of Sindh History of South Asia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from April 2015 EngvarB from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 23 : 38 . 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1156596079165627254 | Matthew Lillard | Matthew Lillard - wikipedia Matthew Lillard Matthew Lillard Lillard at the 84th Academy Awards in 2012 Matthew Lyn Lillard ( 1970 - 01 - 24 ) January 24 , 1970 ( age 48 ) Lansing , Michigan , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , voice actor , director , producer Years active 1990 -- present Spouse ( s ) Heather Helm ( m . 2000 ) Children Matthew Lyn Lillard ( born January 24 , 1970 ) is an American actor , voice actor , director , and producer . He is known for portraying Chip in Serial Mom ( 1994 ) , Stu in Scream ( 1996 ) , Stevo in SLC Punk ! ( 1998 ) , Billy Brubaker in Summer Catch ( 2001 ) , Jerry Conlaine in Without a Paddle ( 2004 ) , Joey in Home Run Showdown ( 2012 ) , Jack Rusoe in Return to Nim 's Island ( 2013 ) and Shaggy Rogers in both Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) and Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) . In animation , he has been the current voice of Shaggy since veteran actor Casey Kasem retired from the role . While much of his work is comedic in nature , Lillard has given dramatic performances in The Descendants ( 2011 ) , Trouble with the Curve ( 2012 ) and Match ( 2014 ) . He made his directorial debut with the coming - of - age drama Fat Kid Rules the World ( 2012 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Lillard was born in Lansing , Michigan , the son of Paula and Jeffrey Lillard , and grew up in Tustin , California . He has a younger sister , Amy , and attended Foothill High School in Santa Ana , California . He later attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Pasadena , California , with fellow actor Paul Rudd . He also attended Circle in the Square in New York City . Career ( edit ) Lillard at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con After high school , Lillard was co-host of a short - lived TV show titled SK8 - TV , and afterwards was hired as an extra in Ghoulies 3 : Ghoulies Go to College ( 1991 ) . In 1994 , he was cast in the John Waters black comedy Serial Mom . The following year he was cast in five films , including Hackers , which featured a group of high school kids who thwart a multimillion - dollar corporate extortion conspiracy . In 1996 , he was cast as Stu Macher in the horror film Scream . He also played Stevo in the independent film SLC Punk ! , and supporting character Dennis Rafkin in Thirteen Ghosts . Lillard was cast as Shaggy Rogers in the 2002 live - action Scooby - Doo film , a role he later reprised in the 2004 sequel Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed . When Casey Kasem , who had voiced the character from the show 's debut in 1969 , retired due to declining health in 2009 , Lillard was chosen as his replacement and voiced Shaggy in the two subsequent animated series , Mystery Incorporated and Be Cool Scooby - Doo ! . In 2011 , Lillard guest starred on the Fox series House . In 2011 , he produced and directed his first feature film , Fat Kid Rules the World , based on the K.L. Going book of the same name . Later that year , he appeared in the comedy - drama film The Descendants . Lillard also reprised the voice role of Shaggy in the crossover episode in the television series Supernatural in 2018 . In 2012 , Lillard guest starred in the Criminal Minds episode `` The Apprenticeship '' . The following year , he played the role of Daniel Frye on the American TV series The Bridge . In 2014 , Lillard starred as Peter in the animated film Under Wraps , alongside Brooke Shields and Drake Bell . In 2017 , Lillard was featured in Twin Peaks in the pivotal role of William Hastings . Personal life ( edit ) On August 12 , 2000 , Lillard married Heather Helm , with whom he has three children . They live in Los Angeles . In October 2005 , he participated in a Dungeons & Dragons tournament , against members of the Quest Club Gaming Organization , at the Magic Castle in Hollywood , California . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1991 Ghoulies III : Ghoulies Go to College Stork Credited as Matthew Lynn 1994 Serial Mom Chip Sutphin 1995 Animal Room Doug Van Housen Ride for Your Life Nash Mad Love Eric Webber Hackers Emmanuel `` Cereal Killer '' Goldstein Tarantella Matt Reynolds If These Walls Could Talk Abortion Protester Segment : `` 1996 '' Scream Stuart `` Stu '' Macher 1997 Scream 2 Guy at Party Uncredited 1998 The Curve Tim Jackson Senseless Tim LaFlour Telling You Adam Ginesberg Without Limits Roscoe Devine SLC Punk ! Steven `` Stevo '' Levy Mar del Plata Film Festival -- Best Actor 1999 Spanish Judges Jack Fisher She 's All That Brock Hudson Wing Commander Lt. Todd `` Maniac '' Marshall 2000 Love 's Labour 's Lost Longaville Dish Dogs Jason Finder 's Fee Fishman Triangle Square Snake Eater Summer Catch Billy Brubaker Thirteen Ghosts Dennis Rafkin 2002 Scooby - Doo Shaggy Rogers 2003 Looney Tunes : Back in Action Himself Cameo The Perfect Score Larry Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed Shaggy Rogers Wicker Park Luke Without a Paddle Jerry Conlaine 2005 Karas : The Prophecy Eko Voice 2006 Bickford Shmeckler 's Cool Ideas Spaceman The Groomsmen Dez Howard 2007 In the Name of the King : A Dungeon Siege Tale Duke Fallow What Love Is Sal One of Our Own Bob Also co-producer Karas : The Revelation Eko Voice 2008 Spooner Herman Spooner Also co-producer 2009 Messages Deleted Joel Brandt Osh Kosh B'Gosh : Under the Overall Lloyd B'Gosh Short film All 's Faire in Love Crocket Endless Bummer Mike Mooney Extreme Movie Himself Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo Shaggy Rogers Voice Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare 2011 Larger than Life Jack Scream 4 Guy at Stab - a-thon Uncredited Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur Shaggy Rogers / Shaky Joe Voice The Descendants Brian Speer The Pool Boys Roger 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire Shaggy Rogers Voice Home Run Showdown Joey Trouble with the Curve Philip Big Top Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy Rogers Voice Deep Dark Canyon Jack Cavanaugh Fat Kid Rules the World Guidance counselor Also director Dear Dracula Mailman Gus Voice Abominable Christmas Dogcatcher 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon Shaggy Rogers Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map Return to Nim 's Island Jack Rusoe Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright Shaggy Rogers Voice The Naughty List Tinsel National Lampoon Presents Surf Party Mooney 2014 Match Mike Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery Shaggy Rogers Voice Axel : The Biggest Little Hero Lizard King Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy Shaggy Rogers Under Wraps Peter 2015 Bloodsucking Bastards Phallicyte Executive Uncredited Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness Shaggy Rogers Voice Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery 2016 Lego Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Hollywood Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon 6 Love Stories Alan Mackey 2017 Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy 's Showdown Shaggy Rogers Voice Lego Scooby - Doo ! Blowout Beach Bash 2018 Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold Scooby - Doo ! and the Gourmet Ghost Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes SK8 - TV Himself ( host ) 13 Episodes 1994 Vanishing Son IV Dawson Television film 1997 The Devil 's Child Tim Television film 1997 Nash Bridges Brian Van Pelt Episode : `` Gun Play '' 2002 It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie Luc Fromage Television film 2005 American Dad ! Bruce Voice Episode : `` Homeland Insecurity '' 2005 , 2007 2012 , 2018 Robot Chicken Shaggy Rogers / Various Voice 5 episodes 2006 The Replacements Trevor Bodie Voice 2 episodes 2006 13 Graves Matthew McQueen Television film 2006 Eloise : The Animated Series Monsieur Ducat Voice Episode : `` Little Miss Christmas '' 2007 Area 57 Col. Steven Isaac Pilot 2008 Gary Unmarried Taylor Episode : `` Gary 's Ex-Brother - In - Law '' 2009 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Chet Episode : `` Ballerina '' 2009 Married Not Dead Rob Pilot 2010 -- 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Shaggy Rogers Voice 52 episodes 2011 House Jack Episode : `` Larger Than Life '' 2011 Generator Rex Surge Voice Episode : `` Waste Land '' 2011 Batman : The Brave and the Bold Shaggy Rogers Voice Episode : `` Bat - Mite Presents : Batman 's Strangest Cases ! '' 2011 , 2013 MAD Shaggy Rogers Voice 2 episodes 2012 Samurai ! Daycare Ned Voice 9 episodes 2012 Leverage Gabe Erickson Episode : `` The Real Fake Car Job '' 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Spooky Games Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2012 Criminal Minds David Roy Turner Episode : `` The Apprenticeship '' 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Holidays Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2013 I Am Victor Elliot Moe Pilot 2013 -- 2014 The Bridge Daniel Frye 24 episodes 2013 Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Scarecrow Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Mecha Mutt Menace Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2013 -- 2014 Beware the Batman Dr. Jason Burr Voice 4 episodes 2014 Scooby - Doo ! Ghastly Goals Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2014 , 2016 The Good Wife Rowby 2 episodes 2015 State of Affairs CIA Director DD Banks 3 episodes 2015 Problem Child Ed Pilot 2015 Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2015 -- 2016 Scooby - Doo ! Lego Shorts Shaggy Rogers Voice Television shorts 2015 -- 2018 Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy Rogers Voice 52 episodes 2015 Lego Scooby - Doo ! Knight Time Terror Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2016 Bosch Luke ' Lucky ' Rykov 5 episodes 2016 Halt and Catch Fire Ken Diebold 4 episodes 2017 All Hail King Julien Ned Voice 2 episodes 2017 Twin Peaks Bill Hastings 4 episodes 2017 Ben 10 Zack Voice 2018 Halfway There Jimmy Bishop Pilot 2018 -- present Good Girls Dean Boland 10 episodes 2018 Supernatural Shaggy Rogers Voice Episode : `` Scoobynatural '' 2019 Scooby - Doo and Guess Who ? Shaggy Rogers Voice Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed -- The Video Game Shaggy Rogers Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Swamp 2014 Scooby - Doo & Looney Tunes Cartoon Universe : Adventure 2015 My Friend Scooby - Doo ! 2015 Lego Dimensions 2018 Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Cases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dilworth Jr. , Joseph . `` Matthew Lillard Talks Shaggy Rogers And ' Scooby - Doo ' '' . WhatJoeWrites.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca . `` Matthew Lillard on Why ' Fat Kid Rules the World ' Is n't About Being Fat ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Outdoor Movies Take Place at Gig Harbor Film Festival in Washington '' . Open Air Cinema . October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mineral Hosts Third Annual Independent Film Festival '' . The Chronicle . Centralia , Washington . June 15 , 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Lillard Biography ( 1970 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Matthew Lillard Puts His Improv Chops on Display '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kaseko , Baraka . `` Matthew Lillard teaches us how to do the voice of Shaggy from Scooby - Doo '' . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Lillard : ' I 'm proud of Scooby - Doo movies now ' '' . October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Keck 's Exclusives : Matthew Lillard Checks in to House '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fat Kid Rules the World on IMDb Jump up ^ `` ' The Descendants ' ( 2011 ) : Acting Credits '' . The New York Times . Baseline / All Media Guide . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Check Out 27 Images From ' Scoobynatural ' -- The ' Supernatural ' / ' Scooby - Doo ' Crossover Event '' . sciencefiction.com . Jump up ^ `` Mattew Lillard Biography '' . Biography.com . A&E . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madler , Mark R. ( October 26 , 2005 ) . `` Here there be dragons '' . Burbank Leader . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Lillard Plays Dungeons & Dragons '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matthew Lillard . Matthew Lillard on IMDb `` Episode # 5177 : Matthew Lillard , Thetoiletonline.com , LAN Party '' . Attack of the Show . Retrieved June 13 , 2007 . BNE : XX1689778 BNF : cb144483120 ( data ) GND : 141222247 ISNI : 0000 0001 1453 5186 LCCN : no98014507 NKC : xx0102161 SUDOC : 077719824 VIAF : 100861230 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Lillard&oldid=849020539 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni American male stage actors American film directors American male film actors American male video game actors American male voice actors Circle in the Square Theatre School alumni Fullerton College alumni Male actors from Lansing , Michigan Male actors from Orange County , California People from Tustin , California Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 23 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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2263024490547302330 | List of Awkward episodes | List of Awkward episodes - wikipedia List of Awkward episodes Jump to : navigation , search Awkward is an American teen sitcom series created by Lauren Iungerich currently on MTV . The show 's central character is teenager Jenna Hamilton ( Ashley Rickards ) , who struggles with her identity , especially after an accident is misconstrued as a suicide attempt . The second season began on June 28 , 2012 , and finished on September 20 , 2012 . Season 3 premiered on April 16 , 2013 . Season 4 premiered on April 15 , 2014 . A Season 4 midseason finale premiered on June 17 , 2014 . The second half of Season 4 aired on September 23 , 2014 . On October 8 , 2014 , MTV announced the renewal of the series for a fifth season and final season . On social media , the producers and cast encouraged fans to tell MTV if they wanted the show to continue for season 6 . During the course of the series , 89 episodes of Awkward aired over five seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 July 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 19 ) September 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 27 ) 12 June 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 28 ) September 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 20 ) 20 April 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 16 ) December 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) 21 April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 5 24 August 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 31 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Millicent Shelton Lauren Iungerich July 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 19 ) 1.72 In the series premiere of Awkward , Jenna loses her virginity at summer camp with the boy of her dreams . She realizes getting the boy of your dreams is n't all it 's cracked up to be , especially when he 's too embarrassed to be seen with you . Jenna also gets a ' care - frontation letter ' and has an accident in her bathroom , which everyone thinks was an attempted suicide , but she starts to realize this mistake might actually be her ticket to social visibility . `` Knocker Nightmare '' Ryan Shiraki Lauren Iungerich July 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 26 ) 1.43 Mean girls Sadie and Lissa snap a nude photo of Jenna in the girls ' locker room and send it to the entire school , eliciting some surprising reactions . Matty says something mean about the photo and Jenna gets upset , but eventually Matty takes all the pictures down at their school and goes to her house , where the pair ends up kissing . `` The Way We Were n't '' Ryan Shiraki Erin Ehrlich August 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 02 ) 1.62 When Jenna thinks Matty is taking their relationship public at an ' in crowd ' party , she 's heartbroken when he ditches her for another girl . Jenna starts to get to know Jake , and Tamara starts to make some new friends . `` The Scarlet Eye '' David Katzenberg Meredith Philpott August 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 09 ) 1.94 Everyone that was in the hot tub at Lissa 's party gets pink eye including Tamara . When the homecoming bonfire comes Jenna wants to DTR ( Define the relationship ) with Matty before the bonfire where everyone hooks up . 5 5 `` Jenna Lives '' David Katzenberg Kelly Fullerton August 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 16 ) 1.88 Jenna gets a strange stalker who advertises her fake suicide ; after confronting him , she ends up in detention where she meets `` Jenna Plus '' , a junior she suspects is Matty 's new girlfriend . When Jenna Plus ( actually named Olivia ) invites Jenna to skip out on detention , Jenna finds she 's rather sweet and begins to wonder if it 's because of the way she sees herself that Matty is n't willing to be in a relationship with her . While talking to Jake she tells him that she likes a guy who 's already taken and Jake mistakenly thinks she 's talking about him . Jake later approaches her and says that if the guy she liked did n't have a girlfriend he would be all over her . He kisses her and Jenna quickly leaves , confused . Meanwhile , it turns out that Olivia is actually Matty 's `` girlfriend - in - law '' , as she 's dating his older brother . 6 6 `` Queen Bee - atches '' Lauren Iungerich Lauren Iungerich & Nate Federman August 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 23 ) 2.36 Jenna is forced to mingle with the mean girls at an elite charity event for her mom . Later , things get even more awkward when she runs into Matty and Jake . Jake acts weird when Jenna comes in the room , and tells Matty about the kiss . Jenna and Tamara sneak into Sadie 's room and find her diary / food journal . Jenna uses it to her advantage and blackmails Sadie into accepting her mom into the club . Later , Jenna 's mom over hears the other moms talking trash behind her back , discreetly ruins a vase , and quickly leaves with Jenna . The episode ends with Jake asking Jenna if they can talk . 7 7 `` Over My Dead Body '' Ryan Shiraki Cassie Pappas August 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 30 ) 1.99 A mock DUI event is held at the school , and Jenna gets cast as the victim . Jake is the male lead and begins to develop feeling for Jenna and Matty gets jealous . 8 8 `` The Adventures of Aunt Ally and the Lil ' Bitch '' David Katzenberg Lauren Iungerich & Andrew C. Veeder September 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 06 ) 2.08 Jenna throws a wild keg party to try to impress Matty , with help from her mom and her mom 's best friend , Ally . The next day , a hungover Jenny struggles to reconstruct the events of the night , which ended with Jenna giving a lecture to Jake , hurting Matty 's feelings and sharing a kiss with Ricky ( Tamara 's long time crush , on / off boyfriend ) . After Tamara throws out her and Jenna 's best friend picture , and their friendship , she tells Jenna that she is `` so glad she wrote that letter '' , talking about the `` carefrontation '' . 9 9 `` My Super Bittersweet Sixteen '' David Katzenberg Erin Ehrlich September 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 13 ) 2.28 It 's Jenna 's 16th birthday and Valerie surprises her with a birthday rap in the school cafeteria . The rest of the day does n't go very well but at the end of the day at 7 : 32pm ( the minute Jenna turns 16 ) Matty knocks on her door to reveal that he wants to be more than friends and the episode ends with them making out . 10 10 `` No Doubt '' Patrick Norris Kelly Fullerton & Cassie Pappas & Meredith Philpott September 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) 2.11 It 's a normal day at school , until Jenna notices a fight between Jake and Lissa because Jake told Lissa he kissed Jenna . This causes a weird conversation between Jake , Lissa , and Valerie about how he can make up to Lissa . Elsewhere , Jenna tries to reconnect with Tamara with help from Ming . Jenna is forgiven , but Tamara confesses she did n't write the letter and just said it because she was hurt . Moreover , Tamara voices her theory that Matty wrote the letter . This causes Jenna to rethink her `` relationship '' with Matty while complications arise when Matty wants to take Jenna out for dinner in a secluded area . It turns out to be Matty 's family 's restaurant and Jenna 's concerns are resolved when Matty 's uncle comments about how Matty has never taken a girl there before . When they get back to Jenna 's home , Tamara and Ming bust their date with games and confessions but are soon won over by Matty 's true words . Before leaving Matty and Jenna alone , Tamara whispers that she does n't think that Matty wrote the letter anymore . In the meantime , Lissa and Sadie team up to make Jake break up his friendship with Jenna but he ends up apologizing to Jenna for the earlier fight , and breaks up with Lissa . 11 11 `` I Am Jenna Hamilton '' Patrick Norris Erin Ehrlich & Lauren Iungerich September 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 27 ) 2.24 Matty and Jenna have barbecue with Jenna 's parents , and they discuss the upcoming formal dance . Matty does n't actually ask Jenna to the dance , but does ask her what color dress she will be wearing . Later , while still not asking her to the dance , he asks her if she is a limo girl or not . Jenna sees several boys going to great lengths to make a `` big ask , '' by dressing up as apes , popping out of coffins , etc . Jake asks Jenna to the dance by giving her a mix CD , which has `` Will you go to the dance with me ? '' printed on it . She tells him that she ca n't go with him because she already has a date . Matty and Jake talk about the Formal , and Jake tells Matty about being turned down by Jenna . Matty almost tells Jake about going with Jenna , but chickens out , and later asks Jenna if it would be okay if they skip the Formal ( because he does n't want to hurt Jake , but he does n't tell Jenna that ) . Meanwhile , Sadie manages to steal Jenna 's file , with the letter in it . Jenna is surprised to be nominated for Sophomore Princess , but then discovers that the ballot has her letter printed on the back of it . Jenna decides that she deserves more than Matty has offered , and tells him that she wo n't go out with him that night , to the Formal , or anywhere . 12 12 `` Fateful '' Lauren Iungerich Lauren Iungerich September 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 27 ) 2.24 Jenna agrees to go to the Formal with Jake . She convinces him to take Tamara as well , since they 're just going as friends , and Ming tags along as well . Matty decides that he wo n't give up on Jenna and goes to her house , only to find that Jenna has already left for the Formal . Jake and Jenna have a good time at the Formal , and Jenna decides that maybe Jake is the one for her and they kiss , but then Matty shows up . Without either of them letting Jake know what has happened , they talk about whether they should be together . Jenna takes Jake 's hand and realizes that that 's what she wants , and tells Matty that she 's very sorry , but she thinks it is too late . When Jake and Jenna get home , and they kiss again . She asks him if he wants to come inside since her parents are n't home . He does , but she asks him if it 's okay if they wait , and he says of course . She tells him that holding hands means a lot to her , since he 's the first person other than her parents to hold her hand in public . They manage to set off the alarm , and Jake goes home . Jenna , looking for the alarm code , goes into the junk drawer and finds a note pad that has the same paper the letter was written on , and realizes her mother is the one who wrote the letter . Season 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 13 `` Resolutions '' Lauren Iungerich Lauren Iungerich June 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 28 ) 2.15 Winter Break is heading to an end , that is not until after a New Year 's Party at Matty 's house . Jenna thinks that Matty is completely over her until he says he wants another chance . So Jenna has two options : Matty and Jenna have another secret night together banging or go with Jake , her unofficial boyfriend . Jenna chooses Jake and as she shares a passionate kiss with him . Matty and Sadie share a makeout session until Matty falls asleep . Later in the night , when Jake is at Jenna 's house , he sees the condoms her dad gave her in which she reveals to him that she is not a virgin . At the end of the episode Jenna becomes `` official '' with Jake and she finally deals with the Care - Frontation letter . 14 `` Sex , Lies and the Sanctuary '' Erin Ehrlich Erin Ehrlich July 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 05 ) 1.76 The school year is back into action and it 's not the only thing . The Sanctuary has got a video camera put in taping all the `` Scandalous '' stuff that 's happened over the year . Jenna and Matty debate whether or not to tell Jake about their private relationship . Matty confesses to Jenna that he loves her , but Jenna states she has moved on and really likes Jake . Jake reveals to Jenna that he is jealous of her previous boyfriend and does not wish to know anything about that relationship . Meanwhile , Jenna pressures her mom into telling her dad about writing the letter . 15 `` Three 's a Crowd '' David Katzenberg Kelly Fullerton July 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 12 ) 1.72 Jenna and Jake 's relationship is finally going smoothly - that is , until Matty starts tagging along and trying to tempt Jenna , constantly trying to seduce her . Meanwhile , Val gets promoted to vice principal and takes her new job a little too seriously , and Jenna 's parents are now separated . Her father went to stay with Jenna 's grandmother while her mother stays home and adjusts to being lonely . 16 `` Are You There God ? It 's Me , Jenna '' Ryan Shiraki Annabel Oakes July 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 19 ) 1.58 Post her parents separation , Jenna feels responsible . In an impulsive effort to absolve herself , she seeks refuge from her problems in a higher power with Lissa at Church Camp . Little does she know that Sadie has decided to tag along as well . With the help of Valerie , Lacey attempts to eat alone for the first time . 17 5 `` My Love Is a Black Heart '' David Katzenberg Michael J. Cinquemani July 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 26 ) 1.79 Valentine 's Day has arrived and dividing the school between swooning lovers and jealous haters . As Jenna prepares to spend her first V - day with a boyfriend , will jealousy rear its ugly head for her and Tamara as they confront the possibility that their ex 's are moving on without them ? 18 6 `` What Comes First : Sex or Love ? '' Ryan Shiraki Lauren Iungerich August 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 02 ) 1.82 Still reeling from Jake 's proclamation of love , Jenna considers sleeping with him , believing sex might bring her some clarity about her own feelings . However , when Jenna leans over , she hits the PA system button and ends up telling the whole school that she wants to sleep with Jake . Meanwhile , her mother 's best friend Ally announces that she is engaged , and her fiancé , `` Dan the Man '' , turns out to be Sadie 's uncle . 19 7 `` Another One Bites the Dust '' Lauren Iungerich Lauren Iungerich August 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 09 ) 1.82 Jenna is determined to take her relationship with Jake to the next level , but there are obstacles , including her Aunt Ally 's wedding , a man from her mom 's past and a scheming Sadie . Jake tries to stand up for Tamara when Sadie wo n't stop making out with Ricky in public , rubbing it in Tamara 's face , and Sadie reveals to Jake about Jenna and Matty 's relationship . 20 8 `` Time After Time '' Lauren Iungerich Erin Ehrlich & Lauren Iungerich August 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 16 ) 1.95 Jake gets upset when he learns of Jenna and Matty 's past , breaking up with Jenna saying ' the timing was n't right ' . Meanwhile Lacey ends up dancing with her old boyfriend Ben at the wedding . Jenna 's dad ends up coming finding them dancing and is heartbroken. After Jake breaks up with her , Matty later shows up at Jenna 's house to comfort her . Jenna tells Matty she is still in love with him and end up kissing as Jake watches to his horror from the window . 21 9 `` Homewrecker Hamilton '' Joe Nussbaum Kelly Fullerton & Vera Herbert August 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 23 ) 2.19 Jenna desperately tries to fix things with Jake , but he is convinced that she is a cheater , with him having photo evidence of Jenna & Matty 's makeout session the night before . Tensions between Jake and Matty come out during a pep rally , resulting in a fist fight . Meanwhile , Jenna 's dad gets her a car and she takes this as a sign of her parent 's forthcoming divorce . Ming also finds herself on the outs with the Asian Mafia when it is revealed that her boyfriend , Fred Wu , used to date Becca . 22 10 `` Pick Me , Choose Me , Love Me '' Joe Nussbaum Lauren Iungerich August 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 30 ) 1.74 Jake and Matty demand answers from Jenna after reading her blog . Jenna gets confused on who she likes more but does not pick on the spot . Jake and Matty become friends again and constantly ask Jenna who she picks . Meanwhile , Jenna 's mom gets revealed as the person who wrote the letter and gets criticized by many people . Jenna and the boys are in good speaking terms again . 23 11 `` Once Upon a Blog '' Michael Blieden Erin Ehrlich September 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 13 ) 1.78 Jenna fictionalizes her Blog in an attempt to change her fate . By the end of the episode she changes her blog to private again , and figures out who she wants to be with . 24 12 `` The Other Shoe '' Michael Blieden Lauren Iungerich September 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 20 ) 2.17 Jenna prepares for her trip to Europe while her decision about the boys goes public in the Season 2 finale . She chooses Matty then Jake and Tamara make - out . Ricky is seen kissing a guy , and Jenna has mixed feelings over whether she made the right choice or not . Season 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) On July 16 , 2012 , Awkward . was renewed for an extended third season of 20 episodes . A promo was released March 11 , 2013 , which revealed that season three would begin on April 16 , 2013 with a double bill . The season took a break after episode 10 aired on June 11 and returned on October 22 . This season is the last to feature creator Lauren Iungerich as showrunner . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 25 `` Cha - Cha - Cha - Changes '' Lauren Iungerich Lauren Iungerich April 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 16 ) 2.14 Jenna and the others start their junior year , and she feels isolated from her friends after their summer vacation in Europe . Everyone suspects Sadie is pregnant , but reveals to Lissa that she and her family are now broke . However , Jenna herself goes through a pregnancy scare , but is relieved to find out she is not pregnant , and her mother convinces her not to tell Matty about the whole ordeal . Ricky Schwartz dies . 26 `` Responsibly Irresponsible '' Lauren Iungerich Lauren Iungerich April 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 16 ) 2.14 The school mourns Ricky 's death and hold a vigil / kegger party to express their feelings . Sadie and Tamara reluctantly bond over their anger at Ricky . Jenna has a pregnancy scare but confides in Jake instead of Matty . Jenna joins a creative writing class and meets Collin , a charming classmate . 27 `` A Little Less Conversation '' Erin Ehrlich Erin Ehrlich April 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 23 ) 1.34 Matty has become distant since finding out about the pregnancy scare . Ming tries to hide from the Asian Mafia . Sadie feels lonely and calls up Matty for support . Matty tells Jenna that they need to talk , which prompts her to get Tamara to arrange a group date to avoid having alone time with Matty . Matty becomes jealous of Jenna and Jake 's easygoing friendship . 28 `` Let 's Talk About Sex '' Hal Olofsson Christy Stratton April 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 30 ) 1.38 Jenna 's parents finds out that she and Matty are sexually active and insist on telling Matty 's parents . The McKibbens come over for dinner and the two families argue over their parenting styles . Meanwhile , Tamara and Jake are contemplating sex for the first time . 29 5 `` Indecent Exposure '' Joe Nussbaum Lauren Iungerich & Michael J. Cinquemani May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) 1.38 Matty moves in with the Hamilton 's after a dispute with his parents , but it proves to be too stressful for Jenna . Tamara invites herself to a sleepover at Sadie 's despite Jake 's warnings . 30 6 `` That Girl Strikes Again '' Joe Nussbaum Todd Waldman May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) 1.12 It 's Halloween and Jenna feels that she is not good enough for Matty after a `` Hot / Not '' list is published at school . The gang attends a party hosted by Angelique , Collin 's girlfriend . Tamara accidentally becomes attached a stranger while Jake unknowingly gets high . Jenna finds that she is comfortable in Collin 's crowd while Matty feels out of place . Sadie meets Austin , a potential love interest . 31 7 `` Guilt Trippin ' '' Ryan Shiraki Vera Herbert May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) 1.17 During the homecoming pinnings , Jenna feels bad for the single girls who do n't have dates to the dance , so she decides to take a stand , focusing on a social outsider named Christy , who was a childhood friend of hers . Jake teaches Matty how to dance . Meanwhile , Ming turns to Sadie for help in playing mind games on Becca . 32 8 `` Rubbed Raw and Reeling '' Ryan Shiraki Jamie Dooner & Lauren Iungerich May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) 1.35 Jenna 's creative writing instructor challenges her to read a personal piece at an open mic . Matty and Jake have a `` brobeque '' and challenge each other to forget about their girlfriends for one night . 33 9 `` Reality Check '' Lauren Iungerich Erin Ehrlich June 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) 0.99 Jenna 's realizes she may have feelings for Collin after he keeps popping in her head while writing . Ming deals with Becca with physical violence . 34 10 `` Redefining Jenna '' Lauren Iungerich Lauren Iungerich June 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 11 ) 1.22 Tamara co-hosts the big Black Friday party , pushing Jake to the edge with her bossiness . Ming becomes the new head of Asian mafia . Meanwhile Jenna gets invited to a party from Collin but Matty does n't want to attend . Jenna goes alone and Collin admits his feelings for Jenna . The two kiss and Jenna returns to Matty . 35 11 `` Surprise ! '' Lauren Iungerich Lauren Iungerich October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 1.56 Jenna desperately wants to cut ties with Collin , but finds it hard to be faithful . Tamara has trouble keeping secrets . Lacey wants to throw Jenna a surprise party , but ends up canceling it when Jenna expresses her disinterest in celebrating . In a surprise turn of events , everyone gathers at the Hamilton house for the party , but they are all in shock as Jenna and Collin walk in making out . 36 12 `` And Then What Happened '' Lauren Iungerich Lauren Iungerich October 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 29 ) 1.21 Everyone gathers to re-tell what happened at Jenna 's birthday party and to speculate whether or not Jenna and Matty are still a couple . Jenna refuses to leave her house and Lacey prods her for information . Jenna and Matty finally meet up . Although Matty is willing to eventually forgive Jenna and go back to the way they were , Jenna breaks up with him , thinking that they both probably deserve better . 37 13 `` Taking Sides '' Steve Gainer Erin Ehrlich & Michael J. Cinquemani November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) 1.02 Matty still wants to get back with Jenna , but she is now officially seeing Collin , much to everyone else 's disapproval . After rejecting Austin 's advances , Sadie sets him up with Lissa but soon has a change of heart . Jenna throws a barbecue to formally introduce Collin to all of her friends , but things do n't go as planned . Jake becomes furious with Tamara after finding out that she knew about Jenna 's cheating . Thinking that her best friends stood her up , Jenna harasses Tamara and Ming over text messages , leaving her with no friends except for Collin . 38 14 `` The Bad Seed '' Gregory Guzik Jen Braeden November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) 1.09 Jenna and Collin nearly get arrested for smoking pot in his car . Jenna further alienates herself from her friends , as well as her parents . Jenna 's friends and family try to warn her that Collin is a bad influence . Ally becomes Sadie 's legal guardian . 39 15 `` A Very Special Episode of Awkward '' Joe Nussbaum Erin Ehrlich November 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) 1.06 Valerie recruits students to be in her After School Special video , which is based on Jenna 's life . The gang hopes to convince Jenna to rethink her life . Jenna attempts to ditch the project and argues with her friends during filming . Val catches Jenna lighting a joint at school and suspends her . Jenna rebuffs Val 's attempts to reach out to her and harshly mocks her . 40 16 `` Less Than Hero '' Joe Nussbaum Joe Nussbaum November 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) 1.06 Jenna writes a mean essay about Val and gives it to Mr. Hart to publish and rejects Val 's attempts to make up . Lacey and Kevin struggle to show tough love to Jenna . Jake and Tamara run against each other for class president . After Collin and Angelique spike her drink , Jenna finally sees Collin for who he is and calls Matty for help . Jenna thanks Matty for leaving his new girlfriend Devon to rescue her . 41 17 `` The Campaign Fail '' David Katzenberg Christy Stratton November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 1.05 Jenna attempts reconciling with her parents and friends , but the gang is reluctant to welcome her back . The presidential race heats up between Jake and Tamara . Tamara wins the election but Jake dumps her shortly after . Ming begins to lose control of the Asian Mafia . Jenna learns that she caused a fight between Matty and his new girlfriend . Jenna continues to see Collin 's true colors . Val gets indefinitely suspended from her job because of Jenna 's article . 42 18 `` Old Jenna '' David Katzenberg Jamie Dooner & Lauren Iungerich December 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) 1.13 Jenna befriends the new girl , Bailey . Lacey 's new job as school nurse attracts the attention of all the boys in school . Tamara and Ming agree to be friends with Jenna again on probationary terms . Matty 's parents divorce and he throws a party . Sadie tries to get Austin to make a move . Jenna hopes to get back together with Matty after learning of his break up with Devon but sees him with another girl . After Jenna gets drunk and kisses Jake , Tamara and Jake make up as they lecture Jenna . Jenna tries to apologize to Val , who tells her that she 's been fired . 43 19 `` Karmic Relief '' Erin Ehrlich Erin Ehrlich December 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 10 ) 1.03 Jenna still feels guilty about losing Val 's job , so she seeks to make amends . She enlists her mother 's help to get Val to attend the school hearing and raise support for Val . Meanwhile , it 's prom season at Palos Hills and Jenna is convinced that Matty will ask her in the midst of their renewed friendship . Ming faces a coup d'état from the Asian mafia when former leader Becca returns . Note : This is a special 1 hour episode . 44 20 `` Who I Want to Be '' Joe Nussbaum Lauren Iungerich December 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) 1.30 Jenna is upset when Matty asks Bailey to prom . She finds solace in a self - discovery novel that was written by none other than Mr. Hart . In a moment of selflessness , Jenna gets Bailey and Matty to go to prom together , despite her still longing for Matty . Meanwhile , Jake insists on picking out his own tux and Ming struggled to tell Fred that she is not ready for sex . Sadie finds herself falling in love with Austin . Jenna finishes her final creative assignment and attends prom alone and happy . Note : This is a special 1 hour episode . Season 4 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) On August 5 , 2013 , Awkward was renewed for a fourth season . Chris Alberghini and Mike Chessler will replace Lauren Iungerich as showrunners . The season will consist of 20 episodes . Season four premiered with a special one - hour episode on April 15 , 2014 . The second half of the premiered on September 23 , 2014 . The season finale aired November 25 , 2014 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 45 `` No Woman Is an Island '' Peter Lauer Mike Chessler & Chris Alberghini April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) 1.63 Jenna is caught masturbating by her parents and it is n't long until the news spreads . As senior year begins , Tamara takes her role as being student president too seriously , which leads to a rocky relationship with Jake . Jenna finds out that Matty is no longer with Bailey and that he has been single all summer . Ming has moved away to Vermont , but Jenna and Tamara are not slow in finding a new friend , Eva . Jenna and Matty hook up again . Note : This is a special 1 hour episode . 46 `` Listen to This '' Ashley Rickards Christy Stratton April 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) 1.25 Jenna must stay silent for 24 hours after sustaining a dental injury , but is desperate to talk to Matty , who has discovered a shocking secret . Jake dumps Tamara for being too controlling . Meanwhile , Sadie and Lissa 's friendship continued to be troubled due to Lissa 's cheer captain position . 47 `` Touched by an Angel '' Jay Karas Jenna Lamia April 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 29 ) 1.02 Jenna and Matty become friends with benefits , and Matty tries to use sex to work through his feelings about being adopted . Jenna commits herself to the school 's peer guidance program and tries to mentor a troubled freshman . Meanwhile , Tamara becomes annoyed with Jake after his music makes him more popular at school . 48 `` Sophomore Sluts '' Jay Karas Sarah Walker May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 1.21 It 's Spirit Week at Palos Hills High and the seniors are struggling to stay upbeat . Matty ignores Jenna in favor of hanging out with Eva and Sophomore Slut MacKenzie . Sadie tries to convince Lissa to give up cheer captaincy by quoting the Bible . Tamara Catfishes Jake to keep tabs on him after their break up . 49 5 `` Overnight '' Nell Scovell Leila Cohan - Miccio May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 1.08 Jenna and Tamara pay an overnight visit to a college . Jenna meets Luke , an intellectual college boy , who helps her moves on from Matty . Lacey tries to recapture her missed youth . Sadie and Eva 's rivalry is taken to a new level . Jake becomes obsessed with Tamara 's fake profile . Sadie and Matty become closer friends but Eva catches them in incriminating position . 50 6 `` Crowning Moments '' Ryan Shiraki Liz Sczudlo May 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) 1.04 Matty 's becomes tired with his mother 's obsession with perfection . Jake discovers Tamara has been lying to him . Jenna invites Luke to the Mr. PHHS pageant . Sadie makes a bet with Lissa that she can make Kyle Mr. PHHS . Matty reveals that he was adopted and his pregnancy scare with Jenna , embarrassing her in front of Luke . 51 7 `` After Hours '' Ryan Shiraki Ryan O'Connell May 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 27 ) 1.19 The gang heads to a concert . Jenna sets Matty up with Eva but realizes that she is still in love with him . Eva blackmails Sadie . Tamara runs into trouble and must call Jake for help . Sadie admits the truth and loses Austin . Matty and Jake are caught underage drinking and the two get arrested . 52 8 `` Prison Breaks '' Ryan Shiraki Todd Waldman June 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 03 ) 1.20 Matty and Jake spend a night in prison . Jenna and Tamara visit Luke at college . All Jenna wants to do is have fun , although she learns that Luke has to take his studies seriously . Sadie helps Matty and Jake and is furious at Eva . However , Matty forgives Eva . Tamara hooks up with a lesbian at college . 53 9 `` My Personal Statement '' Peter Lauer Allison M. Gibson June 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) 1.05 It 's time for everyone to send in their college apps and Jenna and Tamara do n't want to face the reality of separating once high school is over . Jenna helps Matty with his essay but Eva sabotages her . Meanwhile , Val gets a makeover from Lacey to impress a former crush at her high school reunion . Sadie , Lissa , and Jake run a food truck . Eva and Jenna finally have a standoff . 54 55 10 11 `` Snow Job '' Peter Lauer Mike Chessler & Chris Alberghini June 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 17 ) 1.13 1.22 The Palos Hills High seniors are going on their annual ski trip . Eva continues to antagonize Jenna . At the ski lodge , Jenna is surprised by Luke and must juggle her feelings for Luke and Matty . Sadie discovers that Eva 's real name is Amber , she 's been home - schooled since she was kicked out of school when she was nine for stabbing another kid with a pencil , and her room ( in a home that 's not even in the right district for Palos Hills High ) is decorated with creepy , stalker bulletin boards of all of Jenna and Matty 's friends . Sadie makes attempts to try to warn Matty about Eva 's secrets . Sadie tells Jenna about Eva 's secrets and the two team up to finally get to the bottom of psycho liar Eva 's real story , The truth about Eva is revealed but Eva claims to be pregnant and Matty refuses to leave her . Jenna tries to make amends with Luke , after leaving him out in the cold . 56 12 `` Finals '' Rebecca Asher Leila Cohan - Miccio September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 1.22 Following the drama of the ski trip , Jenna decides it 's best to spend her time focusing on her finals . Matty finds out Eva is n't pregnant and blackmails her so that she would leave PHHS . 57 13 `` Auld Lang Party '' Mike Chessler Sarah Walker September 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) 1.25 On New Year 's Eve , Jenna wants to celebrate quietly , however things do n't as planned when Matty turns their evening in to a group activity . Meanwhile , Sadie throws a major party . Jenna and Matty make a pact not to hook up with anyone . Meanwhile , Matty makes amends with his mom . 58 14 `` Welcome to Hell '' Chris Alberghini Ryan O'Connell October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 0.95 After hooking up with sophomore Owen , Jenna lets him know that it was a one - time thing . Meanwhile , Lissa attempts to convince her father to out himself to her mother . Also , Jenna and Tamara learn whether or not they have been accepted into the same college . 59 15 `` Bonfire of the Vanities '' Gregory Guzik Liz Sczudlo October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 0.93 The annual senior bonfire becomes a powder keg when Jenna and Tamara find the boys ' girl - rating tradition known as the Phone Book . 60 16 `` # Drama '' Claire Scanlon Steve Yockey October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 1.02 The battle of the sexes erupts once again when Jenna and Tamara 's Dude Database goes viral and reveals a secret that causes friction in their own friendship . 61 17 `` The New Sex Deal '' Claire Scanlon Todd Waldman October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 0.82 As Valentine 's Day approaches , the entire school is mad at Jenna over the Dude Database , while Tamara refuses to come clean about her involvement . Jenna 's solution is to rent a senior party bus , but things do n't go as planned . 62 18 `` Girl Rules '' Uta Briesewitz Jenna Lamia November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 0.82 Thinking that they have bad blood , Jenna competes with Gabby to make Matty 's 18th birthday special , but the two end up forging a real friendship . Meanwhile , Sadie and Tamara fight over control of the cheer squad in Lissa 's absence . Jenna also receives a surprising letter in the mail . 63 19 `` Over the Hump '' Uta Briesewitz Allison M. Gibson November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 1.27 Jenna feels guilty about her brief hookup with Matty , but accidentally tells Gabby and puts herself on bad terms with the both of them . Sadie invites everyone on a spring break trip and also hires Jake to edit her video entry for a scholarship contest , with hilarious results . 64 20 `` Sprang Break ( Part 1 ) '' Peter Lauer Mike Chessler & Chris Alberghini November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 0.91 The crew arrives in Rosarito , Mexico for spring break . Matty invites Jenna to come with him to meet his biological father , but Gabby shows up at the last minute and takes her spot instead . Jenna finally gets a college acceptance and Sadie wins her scholarship to Columbia . Jake and Tamara find out that they are famous in Japan . Lissa decides to start living life on the wild side after escaping from her parents . 65 21 `` Sprang Break ( Part 2 ) '' Peter Lauer Mike Chessler & Chris Alberghini November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 1.04 Spring break continues in Rosarito . Matty spends more time with his biological father Daniel and as they are bonding his father plants doubts in his mind about his relationship with Gabby . Jake and Gabby sleep together after Jake is rejected from Northwestern . Lissa goes to a bar to have fun and finds her father , there they end up having a heart - to - heart conversation . Matty asks Lacey if she 's seen Jenna , she tells him that he has to let her go and let her move on . Jenna finds out that she is going to be a big sister , and sparks a connection with a marine named Brian . In the end , Matty watches Jenna and Brian at the beach while realizing he still has feelings for her but had his chance and must now let her go . Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) On October 8 , 2014 , the show was renewed for a fifth season , which premiered on August 31 , 2015 . However , on November 9 , 2015 , executive producers Chris Alberghini and Mike Chessler , revealed that they are hopeful that the show will be renewed for a sixth season . Season five returned on March 15 , 2016 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 66 `` Prank Amateurs '' Peter Lauer Mike Chessler August 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 31 ) 1.29 The Awkward gang start right where they left off - back from Spring Break with the entire Senior class naked in the janitor 's closet . While standing idly ( and nudely ) by preparing for the Senior Streak , Jenna overhears Gabby and Jake talking about their hookup in Mexico . Unsure of what to do she decides to keep this information to herself after running out of the closet and ruining the Senior prank . Sadie receives a surprise visit from her mother who wishes to mend their relationship . Matty decides that his realization about still having feelings for Jenna was just a momentary lapse , and is now committed to being with Gabby . Tamara sets a wedding date for her and Adam while Jenna misses the chemistry she shared earlier with Brian . While celebrating the salvage of the Senior prank , Gabby learns of Matty 's initial plan to end their relationship . This leads to Gabby breaking up with Matty and spilling the beans about her and Jake , ending the episode with Matty punching Jake and storming off . 67 `` Short Circuit Party '' Peter Lauer Chris Alberghini September 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 07 ) 0.68 While being forced to clean the mess left from the last episode , Jenna accidentally shuts off the power after throwing a bucket of water , intended to get Jake , at the school 's fuse box . However , this causes her to gain popularity when everyone believes that she intentionally did it in order to get school cancelled . Jenna has a party at the beach . Also , Val moves in with Jenna with the school 's power out . Sadie 's mother tries to win her happiness with a new Fiat . 68 `` Jenna in Wonderland '' Gregory Guzik Anna Christopher September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 0.76 Jenna is seen looking through pictures of the party , wishing she had been there . When she arrives at school , she is walking down the hall with Tamara , when everyone starts to say hi , and the most popular guy at school talks to her . The Julies then talk to her and ask her for a selfie . Tamara explains to Jenna that Jenna has become popular , and is now at the top of the food chain . Meanwhile Matty , since his video where he swore at Jake went viral , seems to be at the bottom of the popularity ladder . Jenna then goes on a triple date with the Julies and college boys . Matty then gets a lesson on how to survive being unpopular by Kyle . Jenna , on the date , realizes that being part of the popular crowd is n't as fun as she thought it would be , and leaves to go get pizza with Tamara . While she does this , Matty gets a call from Kyle inviting him to a concert . Jenna sends Matty a text asking him if he wants to get pizza with her , but he replies that he is with friends . Jenna then seems to be happy with Tamara and Matty has fun at the concert with the outcasts . 69 `` Now You See Me , Now I Do n't '' Chris Alberghini Ryan O'Connell September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 0.53 Jenna gets upset when the yearbook comes out and her nickname is ' Most Depressing . ' However , she also tries to write something cool in Matty 's yearbook while wondering what will Matty write in hers . At the same time , Sadie 's mom tries to win her daughter back in an imitation that mothers make about their daughters in Palos Hills . Ally , who knows Sadie better , offers her help . Matty spends time with Kyle seeing the mother 's imitations ; Tamara promises Jenna to end her commitment to wed Adam , but she does n't . Lissa becomes the new school counselor . Lacey imitates Jenna when Jenna was plastered , but ends up hurting Jenna 's feelings . In the end , Sadie begins to forgive her mother while they both despise Ally . Jenna ends up helping Lacey in her interpretation ; Jenna gets mad with Matty for not writing something significant in her yearbook , but he explains to her that she is his best friend . 70 5 `` The Dis - Engagement Dinner '' Ashley Rickards Shawn Simmons September 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 28 ) 0.75 Jenna is forced to throw Tamara a party for her fake engagement ( Lacey and Kevin go out of town and let them do the party ) , and when she thinks everything will be fun and relaxing , she finds out that the party is way too fancy . Jenna discovers that Adam invited Brian and she tries to avoid him while also trying not to say anything about Tamara 's secret . Sadie and Sergio argue about marriage when Sadie tells him that she does n't believe in marriage . Sadie and Sergio , Matty , Jake and , Gabby go to Tamara 's engagement party . Later a drunken Gabby tells Jenna that Matty is still in love with her . Jenna overthinks what Gabby said and ends up delivering an awful toast where she starts to think Matty was the one for her since the beginning . Brian talks to Jenna about her horrible toast leading Jenna to tell him everything about Tamara not wanting to get married , but everyone hears them and Adam storms off . Jenna feels bad for Tamara 's dis - engagement , while still confused about what Gabby said . 71 6 `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' Brian Dannelly Leila Cohan - Miccio October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) 0.58 After Adam storms off and the dinner ends , Jenna and Tamara decide to watch Sex and the City , but instead find a porn video Kevin left to Lacey . Tamara thinks that Adam is her Mr. Big and decides to go tell him that . She and Jenna get into an argument and she tells Jenna that all of her relationships ended because of her . Tamara goes to the Base , but a less drunken Gabby is revealed to be in the back of Tamara 's car . Jenna thinks about what Tamara said ; Jake , looking for Gabby , confirms Jenna 's doubts about her ruining every relationship . Tamara is n't allowed to enter the Base and has to wait until 6 a.m. to talk to Adam ; Gabby helps her out and Tamara gets to talk to Adam but she does n't apologize . She just tells him how awesome she thinks she is . Meanwhile , Jenna has a Sex and the City themed dream with Sadie , Tamara and Lissa telling her she ruined every relationship . She talks to several ex-boyfriends ( Owen , Collin , Luke , and Jake ) in her dreams . Tamara finally apologizes to Adam but as she returns the ring , Adam still rejects her . Jake and Gabby comfort Tamara . Jenna 's dream leads her to the conclusion that she never stopped being in love with Matty . 72 7 `` The Big Reveal '' Joanna Kerns Allison M. Gibson October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) 0.50 Lacey asks Jenna to prepare a gender reveal party . Matty gets accepted to Berkeley just as Jenna is ready to tell him that she loves him , but later decides to keep this to herself as they prepare to go to separate colleges . Valerie returns to announce her engagement to Biggie , just as Lacey finds out she 's having a girl . 73 8 `` An Indecent Promposal '' Mike Chessler Sarah Walker October 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) 0.71 Jenna and Tamara both struggle with their own disappointments and issues over the impending prom ( and their respective lack of dates ) . A small and brief prom rebellion ensues , and in the end Jenna decides to go with someone she truly loves ( while grappling with her renewed love for Matty ) . 74 9 `` Say No to the Dress '' Uta Briesewitz Jenna Lamia October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 0.63 It 's Prom Time at Palos Hills , which means it 's also time for drama . Despite everything that 's going on , Jenna is determined to have a dream prom , regardless of the many obsticals she faces along the way . 75 10 `` Reality Does Not Bite '' Uta Briesewitz Jenna Lamia November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 0.81 The gang attend prom , which takes many unexpected turns throughout the night . 76 11 `` The Graduates '' Peter Lauer Mike Chessler November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 0.78 Sadie is banned from attending Graduation and giving her Valedictorian speech after being busted for drinking at prom and causing a scene at the Graduation Day breakfast . Matty drops a bomb on Jenna when he reveals he has to leave for Berkeley after Graduation Night to start soccer practice over the summer , leaving the couple only one day left together . Before Jenna can respond , Valerie hijacks the graduation ceremony to announce it is now a ' Weduation ' - a surprise wedding for herself and her boyfriend Biggie . Lacey ordains the wedding and Jenna is called on stage to be the flower girl . 77 12 `` Holding On and Letting Go '' Peter Lauer Chris Alberghini November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 0.74 Tamara and Jake realise they are both holding on to how they have defined themselves in high school and confront their fears that they wo n't be able to achieve such high social statuses in their post-graduate lives . Sergio and Sadie get back together . Jenna and Matty decide they love each other and want to continue the relationship over the summer . 78 13 `` I 'm the Kind of Girl Who Found Her Voice in College '' Peter Lauer Mike Chessler March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 0.52 Jenna is on top of the world when she gets home from her freshman year of college , but her new found confidence is shaken when she discovers she 's not the only one who 's changed . 79 14 `` WTF Happened Last Year ? '' Gail Lerner Anna Christopher March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 0.58 Jenna reveals what happened to her and the rest of the gang in the last year -- what caused the freeze between Matty and Jenna , what sparked the friendship between Sadie and Tamara , and how Jake and Lissa rekindled their romance . 80 15 `` The Friend Connection '' Mike Chessler Sarah Walker March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 0.48 Jenna refrains from a new relationship in order to connect with her co-workers ; Tamara throws a chic birthday party for Sadie that leaves some party goers feeling less than celebratory . 81 16 `` Best Friends For Never '' Mike Chessler Ryan O'Connell April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 0.52 In an attempt to make Idea Bin a friendlier place for herself , Jenna hooks Tamara up with an internship but quickly finds that working with friends can be a recipe for disaster . 82 17 `` Fireworks '' Jeff Melman Allison M. Gibson April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) 0.54 Jake gets Jenna and Tamara jobs at Palos hills country club . But everyone ends up getting fired when the group have a party . 83 18 `` Digging Deep '' Steve Gainer Leila Cohan - Miccio April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 0.59 The group throw a surprise party for Jake in an attempt to apologize for getting him fired and Ally gets him rehired . Jenna writes an article about her and Matty 's relationship and after it gets posted it goes viral and Matty gets upset at her for revealing personal details about their relationship . 84 19 `` Girls Gone Viral '' Beau Mirchoff Story by : Ryan O'Connell Teleplay by : Sarah Walker & Jenna Wycoff April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 0.55 Jenna attempts to get her article about Matty taken down . Jake sleeps with Jenna 's co-worker Ophelia . 85 20 `` Misadventures in Babysitting '' Anna Mastro Jenna Lamia May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 0.70 Matty helps Jenna babysit . Tamara and Sadie attend a rich - kid clambake . Lissa discovers what it takes to be a Palos Hills mom . 86 21 `` Living in Sin '' Chris Alberghini Leila Cohan - Miccio May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 0.49 Tamara is in debt . Jenna and Luke get serious . 87 22 `` Home Again , Home Again '' Chris Alberghini Jenna Lamia May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 0.59 Jenna and Luke fight over an article Jenna wrote for Ideabin which elaborated on their relationship that got Lizzie angry because Luke has n't been honest with her . Jenna signs up for her camp reunion , and attempts to reconnect with Matty . In a game of `` Truth or Truth '' involving alcohol they talk about how important they are to one another and how they have always been there for one another , but Matty said that his timing was always `` a little off '' . Since Jenna has not been answering any of Luke 's calls , it turned out Matty texted Luke telling him were Jenna was , and Luke came and apologized . He has also revealed that he sent an email to the Dean of SCU with one of Jenna 's articles , and they were interested in Jenna transferring there , much to Jenna 's surprise and delight . She and Luke make up , and they both thank Matty and leave him alone . Meanwhile , Sadie attempts to apologize to Tamara but to no avail . She also ruined her relationship with both Lissa and Sergio . Jake helps Lissa film a video of her training for YouTube , and he reveals to her that he started thinking about his future being more than just in the club . Tamara met Adam when she was on the job as a `` professional bride 's maid '' , and he introduced her to his new fiancee Amy . Adam confronts Tamara that she always lies to her boyfriends , and thus she calls Patrick leaving a voice message that she needs to talk to him . 88 23 `` Second Chances '' Peter Lauer Chris Alberghini May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 0.47 Jenna faces a dilemma in her dating life when Luke makes plans for her future without consulting her . Tamara has a hard time facing the truth of her personal failings . 89 24 `` Happy Campers . Happier Trails '' Peter Lauer Chris Alberghini & Mike Chessler May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 0.38 In the season 5 finale , Luke helps Jenna land an important meeting at SCU , Tamara admits she has money problems to her boyfriend , and Jenna has important decisions to make that include choosing to attend an SCU event or her camp reunion ; and Luke or Matty . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MTV 's Awkward to End After Season 5 '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://instagram.com/p/BF0KyrCh-Gz/ Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Hawthorne ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Still on Top + ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Gene Simmons ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Still on Top ; ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs ' Rise + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Billy the Exterminator ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' on Top but ; ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs ' Rise in Summer Finales + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Billy the Exterminator ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : ' Teen Mom ' Rises , Wins Again ; TNT 's Originals Rise ; ' Pretty Little Liars ' Dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : ' Teen Mom ' Grows , Wins Again ; ' Awkward , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' Rise & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : ' Teen Mom ' Slips , Still Tops ; ' Pretty Little Liars ' Finale , ' Chopped , ' ' Big Sexy ' Premieres , ' Awkward ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Returns On Top ; Plus ' Teen Mom , ' ' Awkward , ' ' Chopped , ' ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Flipping Out ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Drops , Still Tops ; Plus ' Teen Mom , ' ' Awkward , ' ' Chopped , ' ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Flipping Out ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : ' Teen Mom ' On top of ' Tosh. 0 ' & ' Sons Of Anarchy ' + ' Awkward , ' ' Chopped , ' ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons Of Anarchy , ' ' Teen Mom ' & ' Tosh. 0 ' Tangled On Top ; + ' Awkward , ' ' Chopped , ' ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Anger Management ' Wins Night , ' Suits ' , ' Burn Notice ' , ' Wilfred ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Men at Work ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Swamp People ' Leads , ' Anger Management ' Falls + ' Mountain Men ' , ' Louie , ' ' Snooki & JWOWW ' , ' Wilfred ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Swamp People ' Wins Night , ' Suits ' , ' Anger Management ' , ' Burn Notice ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Wilfred ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Burn Notice ' Wins Night , ' Mountain Men ' , ' Suits ' , ' Anger Management ' , ' Sullivan & Son ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Burn Notice ' Wins Night + ' Suits ' , ' Anger Management ' , ' Sullivan & Son ' , ' Snooki & JWOWW ' , ' Awkward ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Burn Notice ' Tops ' Suits ' , + ' Sullivan & Son ' , ' Snooki & JWOWW ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' Anger Management ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 10 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NFL Pre-Season Football wins Night , ' Burn Notice ' , ' Suits ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Anger Management ' , ' Project Runway ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Suits ' , ' Burn Notice ' , ' Great White Highway ' , ' Sullivan & Son ' , ' Anger Management ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Suits ' Finale Wins Night , ' Burn Notice ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' Anger Management ' , ' Louie ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : College Football Wins Night + RNC Coverage , ' Project Runway ' , ' Sullivan & Son ' , ' Snooki & JWOWW ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Thursday Night Football Tops Night , + ' Awkward ' , ' Sullivan & Son ' , ' Snooki & JWOWW ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Football , ' Awkward ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' , ' The Daily Show ' , ' Braxton Family Values ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MTV renews ' Awkward ' for supersized third season '' . EW.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Awkward ' Season 3 Premiere Date And New Trailer Featuring Anthony Michael Hall ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffingtonpost.com . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / laurenei : @ AmandaBLAZED @ MTV Its not '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Awkward ' Season 4 Renewal : Series Creator Lauren Iungerich Quits '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' Tosh. 0 ′ , ' Awkward ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : TNT Edges Competition with NBA Playoffs '' . The Futon Critic. April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' The Game ' , ' Inside Amy Schumer ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings -- Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Hold Off Originals for TNT '' . TheFutonCritic.com . May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings -- Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Once Again Put TNT on Top '' . TheFutonCritic.com . May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Bad Girls Club ' , ' The Game ' , ' Inside Amy Schumer ' & More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings -- Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : Pacers / Heat Post Another Big Night for TNT '' . TheFutonCritic.com . May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings -- Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : `` Deadliest Catch , '' `` Storage Wars '' Top Originals `` . TheFutonCritic.com . June 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : `` Pretty Little Liars '' Top Charts in Viewers , Demos `` . The Futon Critic . June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Tuesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : CBS Dramas Top Viewers , `` Voice '' Leads Demos `` . TheFutonCritic.com . October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Tuesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Voice , '' `` NCIS '' Continue to Lead the Pack `` . TheFutonCritic.com . October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Tuesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Voice , '' `` NCIS '' Top Demos , Viewers `` . TheFutonCritic.com . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Tuesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : No Stopping `` The Voice , '' `` NCIS '' `` . TheFutonCritic.com . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night + ' Tosh. 0 ′ , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Daily Show ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Tuesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Voice '' Tops Demos , `` DWTS '' Finale Leads Viewers `` . TheFutonCritic.com . November 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night + ' Tosh. 0 ′ , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Real Husbands of Hollywood ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' After Anarchy ' , ' Moonshiners ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Tosh. 0 ′ & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Moonshiners ' Tops Night + ' The Daily Show ' , ' The Real Husbands of Hollywood ' , ' Bad Girls Club ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` ' Awkward ' Renewed for Season 4 by MTV -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Awkward ' Season 4 -- 10 - Episode Back Order '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom Reunion ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Fargo ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Lead Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' The Game ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` The Voice '' Tops Demo Race , `` NCIS '' Leads Total Viewers `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Little Couple ' , ' Fargo ' , ' True Tori ' , ' Faking It ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Conference Finals Lead Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Ink Master ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Bad Girls Club ' , ' True Tori ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Leads Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' The Little Couple ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Deadliest Catch ' Win Night , ' Fargo ' , ' Royal Pains ' , ' Chasing Life ' , ' Faking It ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Leads Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' The Haves & the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Little People , Big World ' , ' Ink Master ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , MLB Wildcard , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' Tosh. 0 ' , MLB Baseball , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' BET Hip Hop Awards ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Tosh. 0 ′ & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' 19 Kids & Counting ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Awkward ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , Election Coverage & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' 30 for 30 ′ , ' 19 Kids & Counting ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Faking It ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + College Basketball , ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Curse of Oak Island ' Wins Night , ' Ink Master ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' Bad Girls Club ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Faking It ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` MTV 's Awkward to End After Season 5 '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` MTV Greenlights New Late - Night Talk Show , Renews ' Faking It ' , More -- Upfronts '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Awkward EPs Preview Jenna / Matty 's Post-Finale Future , Possible Season 6 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` MTV Sets Premiere Date for Awkward 's ' Final ' Run and Faking It Season 3 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Real Housewives of Orange County ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Switched At Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.7. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : NFL Football Wins Night + ' SportsCenter ' , ' Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood ' , ' Rick & Morty ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-monday-cable-originals-9-21-2015.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-monday-cable-originals-network-update-9-28-2015.html Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZ DAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.5. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' on top , plus ' Fargo ' premiere , ' Love & Hip Hop ' and WWE '' . Zap2It . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : The Force is strong with ' Monday Night Football ' '' . Zap2It . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZ DAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.26. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' leads , plus ' Black Ink Crew , ' ' Major Crimes , ' ' Fargo ' '' . Zap2It . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' down but still on top , plus ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' WWE Raw ' '' . Zap2It . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UFO , Dark ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Tuesday 19th April 2016 '' . SpoilerTV . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UFO , Dark ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Tuesday 26th April 2016 '' . SpoilerTV . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UFO , Dark ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Tuesday 3rd May 2016 '' . SpoilerTV . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UFO , Dark ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Tuesday 10th May 2016 '' . SpoilerTV . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UFO , Dark ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Tuesday 17th May 2016 '' . SpoilerTV . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Tuesday 24th May 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Tuesday 24th May 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Awkward . episodes on IMDb List of Awkward . episodes at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Awkward_episodes&oldid=820660142 '' Categories : Lists of American comedy - drama television series episodes Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from March 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 22 : 08 . About Wikipedia | when does the show awkward come back on | [] | [] |
-8891800763003264540 | 2018 Winter Olympics medal table | 2018 Winter Olympics medal table - wikipedia 2018 Winter Olympics medal table Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the 2018 Winter Olympics Bid process ( bid details ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG The 2018 Winter Olympics medal table is a list of National Olympic Committees ranked by the number of medals won during the 2018 Winter Olympics , held in Pyeongchang County ( stylized as PyeongChang for the games ) , South Korea , from 9 -- 25 February 2018 . The games featured 102 events in 15 sports , making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events . Four new disciplines in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic programme in PyeongChang , including big air snowboarding , mixed doubles curling , mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing . The Netherlands achieved a podium sweep in speed skating , in the women 's 3,000 metres . Norway achieved a podium sweep in cross-country skiing , in the men 's 30 km skiathlon . Germany achieved a podium sweep in nordic combined , in the individual large hill / 10 km . At the 2018 Winter Olympics , athletes were tied in three events . In the women 's 10 km cross-country skiing , two bronze medals were awarded due to a tie . In the two - man bobsleigh , two gold medals and no silver medal were awarded due to a tie . In the four - man bobsleigh , two silver medals and no bronze medal were awarded due to a tie . Going in , Canada held the record for most gold medals won at a single Winter Olympics with 14 , which it won in Vancouver in 2010 . This mark was equalled by both Norway and Germany at these Olympics . Norway set the record for most total medals at a single Winter Olympics with 39 , surpassing the 37 medals of the United States won at the 2010 Winter Olympics . The mark of 30 NOCs winning medals is the highest for any Winter Olympic Games . Hungary won its first Winter Olympic gold medal ever . Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen ( two gold , one silver , and two bronze ) achieved five medals , more than any other athlete . With 15 medals , she became the most decorated athlete in Winter Olympics history . Swedish cross-country skier Charlotte Kalla finished with four medals ( one gold , three silver ) , as did her compatriot and fellow cross-country skier Stina Nilsson ( one gold , two silvers , one bronze ) and Russian cross-country skier Alexander Bolshunov ( three silver , one bronze ) who was competing for the OAR . Norwegian cross-country skier Johannes Høsflot Klæbo and French biathlete Martin Fourcade tied for the most gold medals , with three each . Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic became the first female Winter Olympian to achieve a gold medal in two separate sports at a single Games , winning in both alpine skiing and snowboarding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medal table 2 Changes in medal standings 3 See also 4 References Medal table ( edit ) The medal table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables . By default , the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won , where nation is an entity represented by a National Olympic Committee ( NOC ) . The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals . If there is still a tie after that , then the nations shared the tied rank and are listed alphabetically according to their NOC code . * Host nation ( South Korea ) Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 14 14 11 39 Germany ( GER ) 14 10 7 31 Canada ( CAN ) 11 8 10 29 United States ( USA ) 9 8 6 23 5 Netherlands ( NED ) 8 6 6 20 6 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 6 14 7 South Korea ( KOR ) * 5 8 17 8 Switzerland ( SUI ) 5 6 15 9 France ( FRA ) 5 6 15 10 Austria ( AUT ) 5 6 14 11 Japan ( JPN ) 5 13 12 Italy ( ITA ) 5 10 13 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 6 9 17 14 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 7 15 Belarus ( BLR ) 0 16 China ( CHN ) 6 9 17 Slovakia ( SVK ) 0 18 Finland ( FIN ) 6 19 Great Britain ( GBR ) 0 5 20 Poland ( POL ) 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 0 0 Ukraine ( UKR ) 0 0 23 Australia ( AUS ) 0 24 Slovenia ( SLO ) 0 25 Belgium ( BEL ) 0 0 26 Spain ( ESP ) 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 0 0 28 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 0 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 0 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 0 0 Total ( 30 NOCs ) 103 102 102 307 Changes in medal Standings ( edit ) See also : List of stripped Olympic medals Ruling date Sport / Event NOC 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total List of official changes in medal standings ( during the Games ) 22 February 2018 Curling Mixed doubles Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) − 1 − 1 On 18 February 2018 , it was reported that Russian curler Alexander Krushelnitskiy failed a doping test for meldonium . After the testing of the B sample , the Court of Arbitration for Sport confirmed that they were instituting the formal proceedings . On 22 February 2018 , Krushelnitskiy and his partner Anastasia Bryzgalova were stripped of their bronze medals in the mixed doubles . The bronze medals were then awarded to the Norwegian mixed curling team , who had lost the bronze medal game to Krushelnitskiy and Bryzgalova . Norway ( NOR ) + 1 + 1 See also ( edit ) 2018 Winter Paralympics medal table References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Big air , mixed curling among new 2018 events '' . BBC Sport. 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Dutch fire ominous warning by sweeping podium '' . 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ NEWS , KYODO . `` Olympics : Krueger takes gold as Norway sweeps men 's skiathlon podium '' . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rydzek leads Nordic combined podium sweep for Germany at Pyeongchang 2018 '' . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Canada and Germany share two - man bobsleigh gold '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Henley , Jon ( 25 February 2018 ) . `` ' Born with skis on ' : Norway celebrates Winter Olympics medal record '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hungary wins first - ever Winter Olympics gold with 5,000 - meter short track relay victory '' . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bjoergen dominates in last Olympic race , wins 5th medal '' . 25 February 2018 . Retrieved 25 February 2018 -- via www.nzherald.co.nz . Jump up ^ Tansey , Joe . `` 2018 Olympics : Athletes and Countries with Most Medals from Pyeongchang Games '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Jack ( 25 February 2018 ) . `` From start to finish , Pyeongchang Olympics entertained and showcased splendid collection of global athletes '' . Retrieved 25 February 2018 -- via Japan Times Online . Jump up ^ Falkingham , Katie ( 24 February 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics : History - maker Ester Ledecka wins gold in two sports '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Medal Standings '' . Pyeongchang 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian curling bronze medallist suspected of failed drugs test at Winter Olympics '' . The Telegraph . 18 February 2018 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Nick ( 18 February 2018 ) . `` Russian mixed doubles curling Olympic bronze medallist fails drugs test '' . www.insidethegames.biz . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New case registered by the Anti-Doping Division of the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) in Pyeongchang '' ( PDF ) . Court of Arbitration for Sport. 19 February 2018 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Russia curler Alexander Krushelnitsky stripped of bronze for doping '' . BBC . 22 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curling -- Final Standings Mixed Doubles -- Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Winter Games '' . www.olympic.org . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Olympic Games medal tables Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics_medal_table&oldid=834495492 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics South Korea sports - related lists Winter Olympics medal tables Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Interlingue Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 12 . 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41856129704667146 | Postage stamps and postal history of India | Postage stamps and postal history of India - Wikipedia Postage stamps and postal history of India For the states with their own stamps , see Stamps and postal history of Indian states . For India Post , see Indian Postal Service . The first stamp of independent India shows the new Indian Flag . It was meant for foreign correspondence . The second stamp depicts the Aśokan lions capital , the National Emblem of India , and was for domestic use . This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of India . Indian postal systems for efficient military and governmental communications had developed long before the arrival of Europeans . When the Portuguese , Dutch , French , Danish and British displaced The Marathas who had already defeated the Mughals , their postal systems existed alongside those of many somewhat independent states . The British East India Company gradually displaced other powers and brought into existence a British administrative system over most of India , with a need to establish and maintain both official and commercial mail systems . Although the Indian Post Office was established in 1837 , Asia 's first adhesive stamp , the Scinde Dawk , was introduced in 1852 by Sir Bartle Frere , the British East India Company 's administrator of the province of Sind . The Indian postal system developed into an extensive , dependable and robust network providing connectivity to almost all parts of India , Burma , the Straits Settlements and other areas controlled by the British East India Company ( EIC ) . Based on the model postal system introduced in England by the reformer , Rowland Hill , efficient postal services were provided at a low cost and enabled the smooth commercial , military and administrative functioning of the EIC and its successor , the British Raj . The Imperial Posts co-existed with the several postal systems maintained by various Indian states , some of which produced stamps for use within their respective dominions , while British Indian postage stamps were required for sending mail beyond the boundaries of these states . Telegraphy and telephony made their appearance as part of the Posts before becoming separate departments . After the Independence of India in 1947 , the Indian postal service continues to function on a countrywide basis and provides many valuable , low cost services to the public of India . Contents 1 Postal history of India 1.1 The Post in ancient and medieval India 1.2 Posts and the East India Company 1.3 The Scinde District Dawk 1.4 The Reforms of 1854 and the First Issues 1.5 The Reforms of 1866 and the Provisionals 2 Postal history of Indian states 3 The early 20th century 3.1 India Security Press 4 Independent India 5 The Indian Postal Service today 5.1 National Philatelic Museum 6 See also 7 References and sources 8 External links Postal history of India ( edit ) The Post in ancient and medieval India ( edit ) This article or section contains close paraphrasing of one or more non-free copyrighted sources . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Ideas in this article should be expressed in an original manner . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The history of India 's postal system begins long before the introduction of postage stamps . The antecedents have been traced to the systems of the Persian Empire instituted by Cyrus the Great and Darius I for communicating important military and political information . The Atharvaveda ( or Arthveda ) which is one of the oldest books in the world , records a messenger service in ancient India millenniums ago . Systems for collecting information and revenue data from the provinces are mentioned in Chanakya 's Arthashastra ( meaning military strategy and skill ) ( c. 3rd century BCE ) . In ancient times the kings ( or Raja ) , emperors ( or Maharaja ) , rulers , zamindars ( or the feudal lords ) protected their land through the intelligence services of specially trained police or military agencies and courier services to convey and obtain information through runners , messengers and even through pigeons in most parts of India . The chief of the secret service , known as the Daakpaal ( postmaster ) , maintained the lines of communication ... The people used to send letters to ( their ) distant relatives through their friends or neighbors . For centuries it was rare for messages to be carried by any means other than a relay of runners on foot . A runner ran from one village or relay post to the next , carrying the letters on a pole with a sharp point . His was a dangerous occupation : the relay of postal runners worked throughout the day and night , vulnerable to attacks by bandits and wild animals . These mail runners were used chiefly by the rulers , for purposes of gathering information and wartime news . They were subsequently used by merchants for trade purpose . It was much later that mail runners came to be in use for the carriage of private mail . The postal history of India primarily began with the overland routes , stretching from Persia to India . What began as mere foot - tracks that more than often included fords across the mountainous streams , gradually evolved over the centuries as highways , used by traders and military envoys on foot and horses , for carriage of missives . The Arab influence of the Caliphate came about with the conquest of Sind by Muhammad bin Qasim in 712 A.D. ( C.E. ) . Thereupon , the Diwan - i - Barid ( or Department of Posts ) established official communication across the far - flung empire . The swiftness of the horse messengers finds mention in many of the texts of that period . The first Sultan of Delhi , after the Mughals colonised India , Qutb - ud - din Aybak was Sultan for only four years , 1206 -- 1210 , but he founded the Mamluk Dynasty and created a messenger post system . This was expanded into the dak chowkis , a horse and foot runner service , by Alauddin Khalji in 1296 . Sher Shah Suri ( 1541 -- 1545 ) replaced runners with horses for conveyance of messages along the northern Indian high road , today known as the Grand Trunk Road , which he constructed between Bengal and Sindh over an ancient trade route at the base of the Himalayas , the Uttarapatha . He also built 1700 ' serais ' where two horses were always kept for the despatch of the Royal Mail Akbar introduced camels in addition to the horses and runners . In the South of India , in 1672 Raja Chuk Deo of Mysore began an efficient postal service which was further improved upon by Haider Ali . Posts and the East India Company ( edit ) Thomas Waghorn , ca . 1847 by Sir George Hayter The East India Company took constructive steps to improve the existing systems in India when , in 1688 , they opened a post office in Bombay followed by similar ones in Calcutta and Madras . Lord Clive further expanded the services in 1766 and in 1774 Warren Hastings made the services available to the general public . The fee charged was two annas per 100 miles . The postmarks applied on these letters are very rare and are named ' Indian Bishop Marks ' after Colonel Henry Bishop , the Postmaster General of the United Kingdom who introduced this practice in Britain . The Post Office Department of the East India Company was first established on 31 March 1774 at Calcutta , followed in 1778 at Madras and in 1792 at Bombay . After 1793 , when Cornwallis introduced the Regulation of the Permanent Settlement , the financial responsibility for maintaining the official posts rested with the zamindars . Alongside these , private dawk mail systems sprang up for the commercial conveyance of messages using hired runners . Also , the East India Company created its own infrastructure for the expansion and administration of military and commercial power . The runners were paid according to the distance they travelled and the weight of their letters . Carrying the mail was dangerous work : With the exception of such parts as may be infested by tigers , the post seldom or never fails of arriving within an hour of its appointed time , except , as has been observed , when the waters are out . In this case , many circuitous roads must be followed , whereby the way is considerably lengthened . Taking the average , a hundred miles per day may be run over by the dawk , or post , in fair weather . Each mail - bag is conveyed by an hurkaru ( or runner ) who is attended by one or two doogy - wallahs , or drummers , who keep up a kind of long - roll , as they pass any suspicious place . The Post Office Act XVII of 1837 provided that the Governor - General of India in Council had the exclusive right of conveying letters by post for hire within the territories of the East India Company . Section XX required all private vessels to carry letters at prescribed rates for postage . A handstamp was applied to preadhesive ship letters . The mails were available to certain officials without charge , which became a controversial privilege as the years passed . On this basis the Indian Post Office was established on 1 October 1837 . The urgent European mails were carried overland via Egypt at the isthmus of Suez . This route , pioneered by Thomas Waghorn , linked the Red Sea with the Mediterranean , and thence by steamer via Marseilles , Brindisi or Trieste to European destinations . The Suez Canal did not open until much later ( 17 November 1869 ) . The time in transit for letters using the Overland Mail route was dramatically reduced . Waghorn 's route reduced the journey from 16,000 miles via the Cape of Good Hope to 6,000 miles ; and reduced the time in transit from three months to between 35 and 45 days . The Scinde District Dawk ( edit ) 1852 red sealing wafer Scinde Dawk , Asia 's first adhesive stamp . The use of the Scinde Dawk adhesive stamps to signify the prepayment of postage began on 1 July 1852 in the Scinde / Sindh district , as part of a comprehensive reform of the district 's postal system . A year earlier Sir Bartle Frere had replaced the postal runners with a network of horses and camels , improving communications in the Indus river valley to serve the military and commercial needs of the British East India Company . The new stamps were embossed individually onto paper or a wax wafer . The shape was circular , with `` SCINDE DISTRICT DAWK '' around the rim and the British East India Company 's Merchant 's Mark as the central emblem . The paper was either white or greyish white . The blue stamp was printed onto the paper by the die during the embossing , while the wax version was embossed on a red sealing wax wafer on paper ; but all had the same value of 1 / 2 anna . They were used until October 1854 , and then officially suppressed . These are quite scarce today , with valuations from US $700 to $10,000 for postally used examples . The unused red stamp was previously valued at £ 65,000.00 by Stanley Gibbons ( basis 2006 ) ; however , it now appears that no unused examples have survived . The reforms of 1854 and the first issues ( edit ) 4 annas , 1854 . The first stamps valid for postage throughout India were placed on sale in October 1854 with four values : 1 / 2 anna , 1 anna , 2 annas , and 4 annas . Featuring a youthful profile of Queen Victoria aet. 15 years , all four values were designed and printed in Calcutta , and issued without perforations or gum . All were lithographed except for the 2 annas green , which was produced by typography from copper clichés or from electrotyped plates . The 4 annas value ( illustrated ) was one of the world 's first bicolored stamps , preceded only by the Basel Dove , a beautiful local issue . These stamps were issued following a Commission of Inquiry which had carefully studied the postal systems of Europe and America . In the opinion of Geoffrey Clarke , the reformed system was to be maintained `` for the benefit of the people of India and not for the purpose of swelling the revenue . '' The Commissioners voted to abolish the earlier practice of conveying official letters free of postage ( `` franking '' ) . The new system was recommended by the Governor - General , Lord Dalhousie , and adopted by the East India Company 's Court of Directors . It introduced `` low and uniform '' rates for sending mail efficiently throughout the country within the jurisdiction of the East India Company . The basic rate was 1 / 2 anna on letters not more than 1 / 4 tola in weight . The stamps were needed to show the postage was prepaid , a basic principle of the new system , like the fundamental changes of the British system advocated by Rowland Hill and the Scinde reforms of Bartle Frere . These reforms transformed mail services within India . The De La Rue design for the Recess Printed issues : an 1856 color imprimatur , 2 annas `` bottle green '' The East India Company already had attempted a 1 / 2 anna vermilion stamp in April 1854 , known as the `` 91⁄2 arches essay '' . This could not be produced in quantity because it required an expensive vermilion pigment not readily available from England , and the substituted Indian pigment destroyed the printing stones . A new design for stamps , with Queen Victoria in an oval vignette inside a rectangular frame , was inscribed `` EAST INDIA POSTAGE '' . These stamps were recess printed by De La Rue in England ( who produced all the subsequent issues of British India until 1925 ) . The first of these became available in 1855 . They continued in use well after the British government took over the administration of India in 1858 , following the 1857 Rebellion against the East India Company 's rule . From 1865 the Indian stamps were printed on paper watermarked with an elephant 's head . The reforms of 1866 and the provisionals ( edit ) 6 annas provisional , 1866 Bombay to London by steamer , 28 days . An official letter with Half , One and Two Anna stamps . The volume of mail moved by the postal system increased relentlessly , doubling between 1854 and 1866 , then doubling again by 1871 . The Post Office Act XIV introduced reforms by 1 May 1866 to correct some of the more apparent postal system deficiencies and abuses . Postal service efficiencies also were introduced . In 1863 new lower rates were set for `` steamer '' mail to Europe at 6 annas 8 pies for a 1 / 2 ounce letter . Lower rates were introduced for inland mail , as well . New regulations removed the special postal privileges which had been enjoyed by officials of the East India Company . Stamps for official use were prepared and carefully accounted for to combat the abuse of privileges by officials . In 1854 Spain had printed special stamps for official communications , but in 1866 India was the first country to adopt the simple expedient of overprinting ' Service ' on postage stamps and ' Service Postage ' on revenue stamps . This innovation became widely adopted by other countries in later years . Shortages developed , so these stamps also had to be improvised . Some of the `` Service Postage '' overprinted rarities of this year resulted from the sudden changes in postal regulations . New designs for the 4 annas and `` 6 annas 8 pies '' stamps were issued in 1866 . Nevertheless , there was a shortage of stamps to meet the new rates . Provisional six annas stamps were improvised by cutting the tops and bottoms from a current Foreign Bill revenue stamp , and overprinting `` POSTAGE '' . Another four new designs appeared , one at a time , between 1874 and 1876 . A complete new set of stamps was issued in 1882 for the Empire of India that had been proclaimed five years earlier , in 1877 . The designs consisted of the usual Victoria profile , in a variety of frames , inscribed `` INDIA POSTAGE '' . The watermark also changed to a star shape . These stamps were heavily used and are still quite common today . Three stamps , featuring a detail from Heinrich von Angeli 's 1885 portrait of Queen Victoria , in 2 , 3 and 5 rupee denominations , were introduced in 1895 . Other existing designs were reprinted in new colours in 1900 . Postal history of Indian States ( edit ) Main article : Postage stamps and postal history of the Indian states Anchal Petty ( Post box ) of Travancore 1916 red - brown 2 anna of Orchha , a feudatory state Indian postal service . Promotional card , Suchard Chocolates , late 19th or early 20th century British India had hundreds of Princely States , some 652 in all , but most of them did not issue postage stamps . The stamp - issuing States were of two kinds : the Convention States and the Feudatory States . The postage stamps and postal histories of these States provide great challenges and many rewards to the patient philatelist . Many rarities are to be found here . Although handbooks are available , much remains to be discovered . The Convention States are those which had postal conventions ( or agreements ) with the Post Office of India to provide postal services within their territories . The adhesive stamps and postal stationery of British India were overprinted for use within each Convention State . The first Convention State was Patiala , in 1884 , followed by others in 1885 . The stamps of the Convention States all became invalid on 1 January 1951 when they were replaced with stamps of the Republic of India valid from 1 January 1950 . The Feudatory States maintained their own postal services within their territories and issued stamps with their own designs . Many of the stamps were imperforate and without gum , as issued . Many varieties of type , paper , inks and dies are not listed in the standard catalogues . The stamps of each Feudatory State were valid only within that State , so letters sent outside that State needed additional British India postage . Below is a list of the Convention states and Feudatory Indian states Convention states Feudatory states ( starting -- ending years ) Chamba Faridkot ( formerly feudatory ; convention from 1887 ) Gwalior Jind ( formerly feudatory ; convention from 1885 ) Nabha Patiala Alwar ( 1877 -- 1899 ) Bamra ( 1888 -- 1893 ) Barwani ( 1921 -- 1938 ) Bhopal ( 1876 -- 1932 ) Bhor ( 1879 -- 1901 ) Bijawar ( 1935 -- 1937 ) Bundi ( 1894 -- 1941 ) Bussahir ( 1895 -- 1900 ) Bahawalpur ( 1947 -- 1949 ) Charkhari ( 1894 -- 1943 ) Cochin ( 1892 -- 1933 ) Dhar ( 1897 -- 1898 ) Duttia ( 1893 -- 1916 ) Faridkot ( 1879 -- 1900 ) Hyderabad ( 1869 -- 1949 ) Idar ( 1939 -- 1944 ) Indore ( 1886 -- 1941 ) Jaipur ( 1900 -- 1947 ) Jammu and Kashmir ( 1878 -- 1886 ) Jammu ( 1866 -- 1877 ) Jind ( 1874 -- 1885 ) Kashmir ( 1866 -- 1867 ) Jasdan ( 1942 -- 1942 ) Jhalawar ( 1887 -- 1887 ) Kishangarh ( 1899 -- 1928 ) Las Bela ( 1897 -- 1904 ) Morvi ( 1931 -- 1935 ) Nandgaon ( 1892 -- 1893 ) Nowanuggur ( 1877 -- 1893 ) Orchha ( 1913 -- 1939 ) Poonch ( 1876 -- 1884 ) Rajasthan ( 1949 -- 1949 ) Rajpipla ( 1880 ) Sirmur ( 1879 -- 1899 ) Soruth ( 1864 -- 1937 ) Travancore ( 1888 -- 1946 ) Travancore - Cochin ( 1949 -- 1950 ) Wadhwan ( 1888 -- 1889 ) Both Faridkot and Jind , as feudatory states , issued their own stamps before they joined the Postal Convention . Faridkot joined on 1 January 1887 . Jind joined in July 1885 ; its stamps from the feudatory period became invalid for postage , but they continued to be used for revenue purposes . The early 20th century ( edit ) Edward VII One rupee ( 1902 ) In 1902 a new series depicting King Edward VII generally reused the frames of the Victoria stamps , with some color changes , and included values up to 25 rupees . The higher values were often used for the payment of telegraph and parcel fees . Generally , such usage will lower a collector 's estimation of a stamp 's value ; except those from remote or `` used abroad '' offices . The 1911 stamps of King George V were more florid in their design . It is reported that George V , a philatelist , personally approved these designs . In 1919 a 11⁄2 anna stamp was introduced , inscribed `` ONE AND HALF ANNA '' , but in 1921 this changed to `` ONE AND A HALF ANNAS '' . In 1926 the watermark changed to a pattern of multiple stars . The first pictorial stamps appeared in 1931 . The set of six , showing the fortress of Purana Qila , Delhi and government edifices , was issued to mark the government 's move from Calcutta to New Delhi . Another pictorial set , also showing buildings , commemorated George V 's Silver Jubilee in 1935 . The stamps issued in 1937 depicted various forms of mail transports , with King George VI 's effigy appearing on the higher values . A new issue in 1941 , constrained by the austerity of World War II , consisted of rather plain designs using minimal amounts of ink and paper . As Indian Post Offices annually required some billions of stamps for postage , as a measure of economy the large pictorial stamps were immediately withdrawn and smaller stamps were issued . Even this did not ease the paper situation and it was thought desirable to reduce the size even more . A victory issue in 1946 was followed in November 1947 by a first Dominion issue , whose three stamps were the first to depict the Ashoka Pillar and the new flag of India ( the third showed an aeroplane ) . Postage stamps were generally issued separately from the revenue stamps . However , in 1906 , the set of King Edward VII stamps were issued in two values , half anna and one anna with the caption `` INDIA POSTAGE & REVENUE '' . The George V Series ( 1911 to 1933 ) added two more values , two annas and four annas to the Postage & Revenue stamps . These dual - purpose issues were an exception and generally the two types were issued separately . India security Press ( edit ) The 1931 series celebrated the inauguration of New Delhi as the seat of government . The one rupee stamp shows the Secretariat and Dominion Columns . From 1 January 1926 all printing and overprinting of India ' postage stamps was conducted at India Security Press , Nasik . The possibility of printing postage stamps and other security items in India had been enquired into before the First World War but could not be pursued at that time . In 1922 , the feasibility of this issue was explored in England by Lt Col C.H. Willis , C.I.E. , then master of the Bombay Mint , and Mr F.D. Ascoti , I.C.S. , Controller of Printing , Stationery and Stamps . Their favourable report , followed by a successful demonstration of production techniques in Delhi in 1923 , led to the decision of the Government to establish a security press at Nashik . The responsibility of setting up the Press was entrusted to none other than the London firm of Thomas De La Rue which already had a six - decade long association with Indian stamps . The construction began in 1924 at an original estimate of Rs 271⁄2 lakhs and was completed in 1925 with additional costs of Rs 67 and 1 / 400,000 . The printing of stamps at Nasik began in 1925 . The first stamps produced were the definitive series of George V , printed using typography from the same plates used earlier in England by De La Rue , which were now transferred to India . The watermark was changed by the Press to multiple stars . Lithography was now re-introduced and the first stamps printed with this technique were the first Air Mail series of 1929 . The Security Press continued to use typography for most stamps , reserving the lithographic process for the most important commemorative issues , the next being the 1931 series commemorating the inauguration of New Delhi as the seat of government in 1931 . The one rupee stamp shows the Secretariat and Dominion Columns . This practice continued after independence . The first definitive series to be issued was the misnamed `` Archaeological '' series of 16 values ; the top four values were produced by lithography and the remaining values by typography . The new technique of photogravure printing was installed in 1952 . The October 1952 series of six values on the theme of Saints and Poets was the first to be so produced . However , these were not the first photogravure stamps of India , having been preceded by the first Gandhi series of 1948 , which were printed by Courvoisier of Geneva using the photogravure technique . Since then , photogravure has been used to produce all Indian stamps ; typography and lithography being reserved for service labels only . Independent India ( edit ) The Rs 10 stamp showing Mahatma Gandhi , released 15 August 1948 The First Stamp of Independent India was issued on 21 November 1947 . It depicts the Indian Flag with the patriots ' slogan , Jai Hind ( Long Live India ) , on the top right hand corner . It was valued at three and one - half annas . A memorial to Mahatma Gandhi was issued 15 August 1948 on the first anniversary of Independence . Exactly one year later a definitive series appeared , depicting India 's broad cultural heritage , mostly Hindu , Buddhist , Muslim , Sikh and Jain temples , sculptures , monuments and fortresses . A subsequent issue commemorated the inauguration of the Republic of India on 26 January 1950 . Definitives included a technology and development theme in 1955 , a series all showing the map of India in 1957 , denominated in naye paisa ( decimal currency ) , and a series with a broad variety of images in 1965 . Satrunjaya , Jain temple complex near Palitana , 15 August 1949 . Indian stamps reflect the country 's old and rich cultural heritage . The old inscription of `` INDIA POSTAGE '' was replaced in 1962 with `` भारत INDIA '' , though three stamps issued between December 1962 / January 1963 carried the earlier inscription . India has printed stamps and postal stationery for other countries , mostly neighbours . Countries which have had stamps printed in India include Burma ( before independence ) , Nepal , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Portugal , and Ethiopia . The Indian postal service today ( edit ) Main article : Indian Postal Service The Department of Posts , operating as India Post , is a government - operated postal system , simply referred to within India as `` the post office '' . With its far - flung reach and its presence in remote areas , the Indian postal service provides many services such as small savings banking and financial services . As of 31 March 2011 , the Indian Postal Service has 154,866 post offices , of which 139,040 ( 89.78 % ) are in rural areas and 15,826 ( 10.22 % ) are in urban areas . It has 25,464 departmental POs and 129,402 ED BPOs . At the time of independence , there were 23,344 post offices , which were primarily in urban areas . Thus , the network has registered a sevenfold growth since Independence , with the expansion primarily in rural areas . On an average , a post office serves an area of 21.23 sq ; km and a population of 7,114 people . India is believed to have the most widely distributed system in the world ( China has 57,000 , Russia 41,000 and the United States 38,000 offices ) . This proliferation of offices results from India 's history of having many disparate postal systems , eventually unified in the Indian Union after Independence . India has been divided into 22 postal circles , each circle headed by a Chief Postmaster General . Each Circle is further divided into Regions comprising field units , called Divisions , headed by a Postmaster General , and further divided into units headed by SSPOs & SPOs and Sub Divisions headed by ASPs and IPS . Other functional units like Circle Stamp Depots , Postal Stores Depots and Mail Motor Service exist in various Circles and Regions . Besides the 22 circles , there is a special Base Circle to provide the postal services for the Armed Forces of India . The Base Circle is headed by an Additional Director General , Army Postal Service holding the rank of a Major General . Gandhi , Nehru and other historic personalities continued to appear on the postal issues coming from the country since Independence , with almost half a century seeing the Gandhi definitives of denominations most frequently used in the era concerned , becoming synonymous with a postage stamp to the Indian people of that respective time period . New themes are now finding their place on Indian postage stamps , with some stamps issued jointly with postal agencies of other countries , renewable energy sources , the local flora and fauna and even the special annual issues wishing season 's greetings . On 9 March 2011 India Post launched an online e-post office . The portal provides electronic money orders , instant money orders , stamps for collectors , postal information , tracking of express and international shipments , PIN code search and registration of feedback and complaints online . National Philatelic Museum ( edit ) But I hit upon a much simpler plan . I gathered together all the children in my locality and asked them to volunteer two or three hours ' labour of a morning when they had no school . This they willingly agreed to do . I promised to bless them and give them , as a reward , used postage stamps which I had collected . Mahatma Gandhi , Rajkot 1896 . The National Philatelic Museum of India was inaugurated on 6 July 1968 in New Delhi . It had its beginning at a meeting of the Philatelic Advisory Committee on 18 September 1962 . Besides the large collection of India Postage stamps designed , printed and issued , it has a large collection of Indian states , both confederate and feudatory , early essays , proofs and colour trials , a collection of Indian stamps `` used abroad '' and as well as early Indian postcards , postal stationery and thematic collections . The museum was extensively renovated in 2009 . It now includes more exhibits , a philatelic bureau and other postal objects such as beautiful Victorian post boxes . An international philatelic exhibition was held from 12 -- 18 February 2011 , on the centenary of India 's first official air mail . For the occasion of INDIPEX 2011 India Post brought out a special stamp on Gandhi Ji to commemorate the event . It is printed on `` khadi '' , the handspun cotton material that Gandhi Ji held out as the symbol of self - determination and self - reliance . The Presentation Pack was released by Pratibha Patil , the President of India on Saturday 12 February 2011 at INDIPEX 2011 , the World Philatelic Exhibition held in New Delhi , the capital of India . See also ( edit ) Communications in India Indian Postal Service List of postage stamps of India Inverted Head 4 Annas Philatelic Society of India Postage stamps depicting Mahatma Gandhi Revenue stamps of India References and sources ( edit ) References ^ Jump up to : India Postage Stamps 1947 -- 1988. ( 1989 ) Philately branch , Department of Posts , India . ^ Jump up to : Souvenir sheet of the Independence series of stamps , Indian Posts , 1948 Jump up ^ Mohini Lal Mazumdar , The Imperial Post Offices of British India . Calcutta , Phila Publications , ( 1990 ) p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Pg 29 , Datta et al. ( 2009 ) . Rare stamps of the World . Jump up ^ Mohini Lal Majumdar , Early History and Growth of Postal System in India , RDDHI - India , Calcutta ( 1995 ) , p. 67 . ISBN 81 - 85292 - 07 - 8 Jump up ^ E.G. Oehme , India Post , No. 72 . India Study Circle . Jump up ^ Thomas Williamson , The General East India Guide and Vade Mecum ed . John Gilchrist , Kingsbury , Parbury & Allen , London , ( 1825 ) Jump up ^ Acts of the government of India from 1834 to 1838 inclusive . House of Commons . pp. 65 -- 66 . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ J.L.R. Croft , `` Aden Ship Letters '' , The Philatelist , ( December 1868 ) p. 70 . Jump up ^ Robson Lowe , Encyclopedia of British Empire Postage Stamps , v. III London , Robson Lowe , Ltd. ( 1951 ) , p. 134 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Fletcher Waghorn ( 1800 -- 1850 ) '' . Egypt Study Circle . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ John K. Sidebottom , The Overland Mail : A Postal Historical Study of the Mail Route to India , London : G. Allen and Unwin ( 1948 ) ISBN 1 - 135 - 39399 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Scinde , India '' , First Issues Collectors Club . Retrieved 25 September . Jump up ^ H.D.S. Haverbeck , `` The Sind District Dawk , '' The Collectors Club Philatelist v. 44 no . 2 ( March 1965 ) pp. 79 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Jesper Andersen . `` First Issues Collectors Club of stamps and philatelic material '' . First Issues Collectors Club . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Geoffrey ( 1920 ) . The Post Office of India and its Story . Plymouth : William Brendon & Son , Ltd. p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Indian Mutiny `` . ^ Jump up to : Saksena , Vishnu S. , Notes for the Indian Stamp Collector , Army Postal Service Historic & Philatelic Society . Pratibha Printing Press , New Delhi ( 1989 ) , pp. 84 - 89 Jump up ^ R.M.S. Rangoon was wrecked upon leaving Galle Harbor 1 November 1871 . The Mercury , Hobart , Tasmania , 28 Nov 1871 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Alan C. Campbell , `` The Design Evolution of the United States Official Stamps '' , U.S. Philatelic Classics Society Chronicle , Vol. 48 , Nos. 1 and 2 , Whole Nos. 169 and 170 ( February and May 1996 ) . Jump up ^ In 1840 England had abandoned its first stamp designed for official use ; it resembled the Penny Black , except for the letters VR in the upper corners . Jump up ^ Klug , Janet . `` Into the breach : provisional stamps fill the gap '' . Refresher Course . Linns Stamp News . Jump up ^ `` Royal Collection - Queen Victoria '' . The Royal Collection . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Mohini Lal Mazumdar , Early History and Growth of Postal System in India , Calcutta , Phila Publications , ( 1995 ) p. 358 . Jump up ^ Gerald Davis and Denys Martin , Burma Postal History , including the 1987 Supplement , Robson Lowe , Ltd. , Woods of Perth , Scotland . ( 1971 ) , pp. 184 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Jal Manekji Cooper ( 1969 ) . A Specialised Priced Catalogue of Indian Stamps , 1852 -- 1968 . Bombay : Jal Cooper . p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : India Security Press Jump up ^ `` Ashok Kumar Bayanwala , `` Archaeological Series -- 15th August 1949 '' `` . Indian Philately . Archived from the original on 26 October 2009 . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2011 -- 2012 '' ( PDF ) . India Posts. 2012 . p. 14 . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E-post office : India Post launches online postal transactions service '' . The Times of India . 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India Post launches ePost Office '' . IBNLive . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Saksena , Vishnu S. , Notes for the Indian Stamp Collector , Army Postal Service Historic & Philatelic Society . Pratibha Printing Press , New Delhi ( 1989 ) , Frontispiece Jump up ^ Dayal , Ravi ( 2009 ) Newly Renovated Postal Museum in Jan -- Mar 2009 issue of Philapost , quarterly philatelic journal of the Indian Postal Service . Jump up ^ `` INDIPEX 2011 -- News and Pics '' . Rainbow Stamp Club . 2 February 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Sources Crofton , C.S.F. and Wilmot Corfield ( 1905 ) The Adhesive Fiscal and Telegraph Stamps of British India . Calcutta : Thacker , Spink & Co . Crofton , C.S.F. , L.L.R. Hausburg and C. Stewart - Wilson . ( 1907 ) The Postage and Telegraph Stamps of British India . London : Stanley Gibbons for the Philatelic Society of India . Datta , Jayanta ; Datta , Anjali ; Datta , Jayoti & Datta , Ananya. ( 2008 ) . Rare stamps of the world . Army Philatelic Society , Mumbai . Dawson , L.E. ( 1948 ) The One Anna and Two Annas Postage Stamps of India , 1854 -- 55 . Philatelic Society of India , H. Garratt - Adams & Co. and Stanley Gibbons , Ltd. , London Haverbeck , H.D.S. ( 1985 ) . `` The Sind District Dawk , '' The Collectors Club Philatelist v. 44 no . 2 ( March 1965 ) pp. 79 -- 85 . Lowe , Robson. ( 1951 ) Encyclopedia of British Empire Postage Stamps v. III , pp. 131 -- 6 . `` The Sind District Dawk , '' pp. 149 -- 152 . Smythies , E.A. and Martin , D.R.. ( 1930 ) . The Four Annas Lithographed Stamps of India , 1854 -- 55 . Philatelic Society of India and Stanley Gibbons Ltd. , London . Smythies , E.A. , and Martin , Denys R. ( 1928 ) . The Half Anna Lithographed Stamps of India . Published for the Philatelic Society of India , Lahore , 1928 . Mazumdar , Mohini Lal ( 1995 ) Early History and Growth of Postal System in India . Calcutta , RDDHI - India . ISBN 81 - 85292 - 07 - 8 ( The postal history through 1858 ) Mazumdar , Mohini Lal ( 1990 ) The Imperial Post Offices of British India . Calcutta , Phila Publications . Saksena , Vishnu S. ( 1989 ) Notes for the Indian Stamp Collector . Army Postal Service Historic & Philatelic Society . Pratibha Printing Press , New Delhi . Rossiter , Stuart and John Flower. ( 1986 ) The Stamp Atlas . London : Macdonald . ISBN 0 - 356 - 10862 - 7 Stanley Gibbons Ltd : various catalogues . Stewart - Wilson , Sir Charles . ( 1904 ) . British Indian Adhesive Stamps ( Queen 's Head ) Surcharged for Native States , rev . ed. with B.G. Jones . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stamps of India . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Postal history of India . Ashok K. Bayanwala , `` Survey of Post Independence Indian Postal History '' Welcome to the World of Indian Philately Stampsathi.in Complete listing of India stamps Gallery of Indian Postage Stamps Modern Indian States postage stamp forgeries : an illustrated checklist by David Heppell . 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-2718134774010004490 | La Tomatina | La Tomatina - wikipedia La Tomatina La Tomatina La Tomatina in 2014 Official name La Tomatina Observed by Buñol , Valencia , Spain Date Last Wednesday in August 2017 date August 30 ( 2017 - 08 - 30 ) 2018 date August 29 ( 2018 - 08 - 29 ) 2019 date August 28 ( 2019 - 08 - 28 ) 2020 date August 26 ( 2020 - 08 - 26 ) Frequency annual La Tomatina ( Spanish pronunciation : ( la tomaˈtina ) ) is a festival that is held in the Valencian town of Buñol , a town located in the East of Spain 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) from the Mediterranean , in which participants throw tomatoes and get involved in this tomato fight purely for entertainment purposes . Since 1945 it has been held on the last Wednesday of August , during the week of festivities of Buñol . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Description 3 Rules of the festival 4 In other countries 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) La Tomatina 2010 - 08 - 25 It started the last Wednesday of August in 1945 when some young people spent the time in the town square to attend the Giants and Big - Heads figures parade . The young boys decided to have a place among the retinue of a parade with musician , Giants and Big - Heads figures . The energy of these young people made that one participant fall off . The participant flew into a fit of rage , started to hit everything in his path . There was a market stall of vegetable that fell victim of the furious crowd : people started to pelt each other with tomatoes until the local forces ended that fruit battle . The following year , the young people picked a quarrel by their own decision and brought the tomatoes from home . Although the police broke up the early tradition in the following years , the young boys had made history without being conscious about it . La Tomatina was banned in the early 50s , which was not a problem for the participants who were even arrested . But the people spoke and the festivity was again allowed with more participants and more frenetic feelings . The festivity was again cancelled till 1957 when , as a sign of protest , the tomato burial was held . It was a demonstration in which the residents carried a coffin with a huge tomato inside . The parade was accompanied by a music band which played funeral marches and it was totally successful . La Tomatina Festival was finally allowed and became an official festivity . As a result of the report of Javier Basilio , broadcast in the Spanish television program called Informe Semanal , the festivity started to be known in the rest of Spain . Since then , the number of participants increased year after year as well as the excitement about La Tomatina Festival . In 2002 , La Tomatina of Buñol was declared Festivity of International Tourist Interest by the Secretary Department of Tourism due to its success . Description ( edit ) Preparing the `` palo jabón '' . Throwing tomatoes from a truck . Usually the fight lasts for an hour , after which the town square is literally covered with tomato debris . Fire trucks then hose down the streets and participants often use hoses that locals provide to remove the tomatoes from their bodies . Some participants go to the `` Los Peñones '' pool to wash . The citric acid in the tomatoes leads to the washed surfaces in the town becoming very clean . Since 2013 participation in the event has been restricted to the holders of paid tickets . In 2015 , it was estimated that almost 145 000 kg of tomatoes were thrown . Rules of the festival ( edit ) The city council follows a short list of instructions for the safety of the participants and the festival : Do not throw bottles or hard objects Do not tear or throw tee - shirts Squash tomatoes before throwing them to avoid hurting others Keep a safe distance from trucks Stop throwing tomatoes after the second starter pistol shot Follow the directions of security staff In other countries ( edit ) La Tomatina Buñol has inspired similar celebrations in other parts of the world : Since 1982 , the town of Twin Lakes , Lake County , Colorado has held a tomato fight called the `` Colorado Texas Tomato War , '' in which Texans and Coloradans square off . The Coloradans also attempt to overtake the Texans ' straw Alamo effigy , generally succeeding . Since 2004 the Colombian town of Sutamarchán holds a similar event on 15 June when a surplus of tomatoes is harvested . In Costa Rica the town of San José de Trojas ( Valverde Vega Canton ) celebrates a Tomatina during the local Tomato Fair . In the town of Dongguan in southern Guangdong province in China , a tomato fight is held on October 19 , during which they use up to 15 tons of tomatoes . The City of Reno , Nevada in the United States also has an annual hour - long tomato fight that started in 2009 . The event seems to take place on the last Sunday of August and is organized by the American Cancer Society . Organizers named the festival La Tomatina , and give full credit for the idea to the Spanish festival . In the Indian state of Karnataka , the Karnataka Government banned the hosting of such a Tomatina event in Bangalore and Mysore , after private organizers tried to organize one . Chief Minister D.V. Sadananda Gowda is quoted as saying : `` In the name of ' La Tomatina ' festival , permission should not be granted to waste tomatoes '' . A similar event planned in Delhi was cancelled after it received negative response from the public . Milwaukee 's East Side Association holds an annual Tomato Romp during September in coordination with a Bloody Mary drink contest . Held since at least 2009 it is limited to 250 people in a caged - in area . Funtasia Island , Patna hosted a similar La tomatina Holi event on March 26 , 2013 at Funtasia Water Park in Patna , India . In popular culture ( edit ) The festival was re-created for the song `` Ik Junoon ( Paint It Red ) '' from the 2011 Bollywood film Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara . The opening scene of the film We Need to Talk About Kevin depicts the character Eva attending La Tomatina . The Movie Spanish Masala has a scene showing the La Tomatina festival . The 2014 British musical film Walking on Sunshine features a tomato fight in an Apulian village . It was shot in Nardò , Italy . See also ( edit ) Battle of the Oranges , similar traditional festival in Ivrea , Italy Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain Running of the Bulls References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Studio , Socarrat . `` La Tomatina -- Página oficial '' . latomatina.info ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Deirdre . `` La Tomatina '' . RTE . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Jenn ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` La Tomatina festival : 20,000 people , 130 tons of tomatoes , 1 big mess '' . The Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` La Tomatina '' . The Taste of Spain . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Rules of Tomatina Festival '' . Tomatina . ^ Jump up to : Galván , Javier A. ( June 19 , 2014 ) . They Do What ? A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from around the World : A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from around the World . ABC - CLIO . pp. 309 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 342 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` La Tomatina Tomato Festival Inspires Tomato Battle In USA '' . Odd Culture . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore 's Tomatina festival cancelled '' . NDTV 24x7 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tomato Romp '' . The East Side . Jump up ^ `` Splash of La Tomatina adds to park revelry - Funmakers get drenched in tomatoes instead of gulal ahead of festival '' . Calcutta Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Abhay Deol goes topless ! '' . Hindustan Times . 2011 - 05 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Check out : Hrithik , Katrina , Farhan & Abhay shooting for Tomatina fest in Spain '' . Bollywoodhungama.com. 2011 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ On location : ' Walking on Sunshine ' , Joanne O'Connor , 27 June 2014 , Financial Times External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Tomatina . Official web of La Tomatina Official ticket sales website hide Valencian Community articles History Prehistoric Iberia Treasure of Villena Iberians Contestani Edetani Ilercavones Lady of Elx Roman Hispania Lucentum Visigothic Kingdom Al - Andalus Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Valencia Spanish Empire Spanish transition Autonomous community Languages Valencian Spanish Sports Valencian pilota Tippler Pétanque Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix Valencia Street Circuit Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana Valencia CF Levante UD Villarreal CF Hércules CF Cuisine Paella Arròs negre Fideuà Orxata Coques de Mullador Mistelle Allioli Torró Cabell d'àngel Sangria Gaspatxos Bunyols Gachas Pastisset Wines Musical instruments and typical music Dolçaina Tabalet Valencian Jota Traditions and feasts Muixeranga Ball de diables Bonfires of Saint John Cavalcade of Magi Correfoc Falles Holy Week La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival Mistery play of Elche Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia Moros i cristians Tomatina Bous al carrer Music festivals Benidorm International Song Festival Festival Internacional de Benicàssim Coordinates : 39 ° 25 ′ 10 '' N 0 ° 47 ′ 26 '' W / 39.41944 ° N 0.79056 ° W / 39.41944 ; - 0.79056 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Tomatina&oldid=849414968 '' Categories : August events Festivals in Spain Food and drink festivals in Spain Spanish culture Valencian culture Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 21 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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-5761411030778494275 | Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods | Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods - wikipedia Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 68.7. 31.50 ( talk ) at 16 : 26 , 12 August 2017 ( → Plot ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 16 : 26 , 12 August 2017 by 68.7. 31.50 ( talk ) ( → Plot ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Japanese release poster Directed by Masahiro Hosoda Produced by Rioko Tominaga Gyarmath Bogdan Screenplay by Akira Toriyama Story by Akira Toriyama Based on Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Starring Masako Nozawa Kōichi Yamadera Masakazu Morita Masaharu Satō Hiromi Tsuru Mayumi Tanaka Ryō Horikawa Toshio Furukawa Tōru Furuya Takeshi Kusao Jōji Yanami Music by Norihito Sumitomo Edited by Shinichi Fukumitsu Production company Toei Animation Distributed by Toei Company 20th Century Fox Release date March 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 30 ) ( Japan ) Running time 85 minutes ( theatrical ) 105 minutes ( Fuji TV ) Country Japan Language Japanese Box office $51.2 million Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods ( Japanese : ドラゴンボール Z 神 と 神 , Hepburn : Doragon Bōru Zetto : Kami to Kami , lit . `` Dragon Ball Z : God and God '' ) is the eighteenth Japanese animated feature film based on the Dragon Ball series and the fourteenth to carry the Dragon Ball Z branding , released in theaters on March 30 , 2013 . It is the first Dragon Ball movie in 17 years to have a theatrical release , the last being the tenth anniversary movie in 1996 , which followed the first three Dragon Ball films and the thirteen Dragon Ball Z films . Unlike previous theatrical Dragon Ball releases , this was a full feature - length production with a stand - alone release and not shown as part of the now - discontinued Toei Anime Fair ( formerly the Toei Manga Matsuri ) . It is the first - ever Japanese film to be screened at IMAX Digital Theaters , and was released on Blu - ray and DVD on September 13 , 2013 . Funimation acquired the North American rights to Battle of Gods and produced an English dub that they co-released with 20th Century Fox in North American cinemas in August 2014 . Madman Entertainment acquired the Australasian rights and screened the movie at the 2013 Japanese Film Festival in Australia before screening the English dub to select theaters in August 2014 , and Manga Entertainment released the film in the United Kingdom in November 2014 . Battle of Gods was the first film considered an official part of the Dragon Ball storyline , being set during the time skip in chapter 517 of the original manga , with original creator Akira Toriyama deeply involved . The plot involves Beerus , the God of Destruction , learning of the defeat of the galactic overlord Freeza at the hands of Son Goku . Seeking an opponent worthy of his power , Beerus , along with his companion Whis , travels to the North Galaxy to challenge Goku to a battle . The first story arc of Dragon Ball Super , the newest canonical anime series in the Dragon Ball franchise , retells the events of Battle of Gods . Some details have been altered , scenes added , and dialogue expanded to cover the 14 - episode arc . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Development and production 3.1 Music 4 Marketing 4.1 Promotions 4.2 Collaborations 4.3 Tie - ins with other media 5 Release and reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Home media 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Whis wakes Beerus , the God of Destruction , from his long slumber and tells him that Frieza was defeated by a Saiyan . Thirty - nine years earlier , the Yogen - gyo ( 予言 魚 ) foretold that a mighty opponent would appear before Beerus , the Super Saiyan God . Beerus , with Whis , then tracks down the Saiyan warrior Goku , who defeated Freeza . On Kaiō - sama 's planet , Goku proceeds to challenge Beerus . Despite having powered up to Super Saiyan 3 , Goku is ultimately overwhelmed and defeated in two strikes . Disappointed by the subsequent lack of challenge , Beerus departs in order to seek out more powerful adversaries on Earth . Beerus ' arrival interrupts Bulma 's birthday party . Vegeta , who already knew about Beerus , because of a warning from Kaiō - sama , casts his pride aside in order to put Beerus in a good mood . Meanwhile , Pilaf , Mai , and Shu sneak into the party in order to steal the Dragon Balls , but are not recognized as they have been turned into children ; before the events of the film , they gathered all the Dragon Balls themselves and wished for youth , but Shenlong made them a little too young . Discovering the three of them , Trunks mistakes Pilaf for a monkey and fibs to Goten that Mai is his girlfriend , which leads to the trio being brought in front of the party - goers . When Mai accidentally drops the Dragon Ball she stole , she takes Trunks hostage , but no one seems concerned . A drunk Gohan dares Mai to shoot him ; he deflects the bullets with one finger , but one of them hits Videl 's leg and another one hits Beerus ' forehead . Dende heals Videl and discovers that she is pregnant with Gohan 's child . Videl has been hiding the fact to surprise Gohan later and they do not reveal it to the others yet . When Beerus asks Mr. Boo for one or two of the puddings he has , Boo eats all of them , angering the God of Destruction who decides to destroy the Earth . Boo , Android 18 , Tenshinhan and Piccolo attempt to fight Beerus , but are easily defeated . Gohan powers up and attacks Beerus only to be taken down by a heavy kick . Vegeta tries his hand at defeating Beerus , but he is also taken down . Goten and Trunks fuse into Gotenks and attempt to fight Beerus but are quickly defeated as well . Bulma becomes annoyed at the fighting ruining her birthday party and yells at Beerus before slapping him . When Beerus slaps her back , it sends Vegeta into a fit of rage , becoming even stronger than Goku , however , he is still defeated . Goku appears , having been watching Vegeta 's fight and summons Shenlong to ask what a Super Saiyan God is . A Super Saiyan God once appeared on planet Vegeta to stop evil Saiyans , but failed because of the form 's time limit . The dragon also reveals that they need the power of six pure - hearted Saiyans for one of them to reach the Super Saiyan God form . Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan God , a form far stronger than even the Super Saiyan 3 , thanks to the power of himself , Vegeta , Gohan , Trunks , Goten , and Pan ( from inside her mother Videl ) , fulfilling the prophecy once stated by the Oracle Fish . Goku confronts Beerus again and they wage an intense battle in space , right above planet Earth . The form gives Goku the power to resist Beerus , but he reverts to his regular Super Saiyan form due to its time limit . However , he learns the form 's godlike feeling , which allows him to use some amount of Super Saiyan God power against Beerus . The two seem to be equally strong , but Beerus eventually decides to use his strongest attack . Goku stops the energy sphere , barely holding it back , but after Chi - Chi and Goku 's friends appear in Goku 's mind he is able to absorb the energy sphere and briefly transform into a Super Saiyan God once again . However , Goku is overwhelmed with exhaustion , and at Beerus ' suggestion , finally admits defeat . Beerus recognizes Goku 's effort and reveals that he was the second strongest person he had ever fought , after Whis , who is also his martial arts master and is even stronger than he is . Goku also learns from Beerus and Whis that there are actually other universes with other Gods of Destruction . Back on Earth , Beerus decides to spare the planet and takes his leave with Whis after bidding farewell to Goku and his friends , who return to Bulma 's birthday party . It is revealed by Whis that Beerus used only 70 % of his power while fighting Goku . Voice cast ( edit ) Character Japanese voice actor English voice actor Goku Masako Nozawa Sean Schemmel Vegeta Ryō Horikawa Christopher R. Sabat Gohan Masako Nozawa Kyle Hebert Piccolo Toshio Furukawa Christopher R. Sabat Krillin Mayumi Tanaka Sonny Strait Yamcha Tōru Furuya Christopher R. Sabat Tien Shinhan Hikaru Midorikawa John Burgmeier Trunks Takeshi Kusao Laura Bailey Goten Masako Nozawa Kara Edwards Puar Naoko Watanabe Brina Palencia Oolong Naoki Tatsuta Brad Jackson Master Roshi Masaharu Satō Mike McFarland Bulma Hiromi Tsuru Monica Rial Chi - Chi Naoko Watanabe Cynthia Cranz Android 18 Miki Itō Meredith McCoy Mr. Satan Unshō Ishizuka Chris Rager Mr. Buu Kōzō Shioya Josh Martin Videl Yuko Minaguchi Kara Edwards Dende Aya Hirano Justin Cook Pilaf Shigeru Chiba Chuck Huber Shenron Kenji Utsumi Christopher R. Sabat King Kai Jōji Yanami Sean Schemmel Gotenks Masako Nozawa Takeshi Kusao Kara Edwards Laura Bailey Ox - King Ryūzaburō Ōtomo Kyle Hebert Mai Eiko Yamada Colleen Clinkenbeard Shu Tesshō Genda Chris Cason Dr. Briefs Jōji Yanami Mark Stoddard Bulma 's Mother Yoko Kawanami Cynthia Cranz Beerus Kōichi Yamadera Jason Douglas Whis Masakazu Morita Ian Sinclair Yogen - gyo ( Seer ) Shoko Nakagawa Monica Rial Policewoman Kaori Matsumoto Mary Elizabeth McGlynn Sushi Chef Shinichi Karube T. Axelrod Narrator Jōji Yanami Kyle Hebert Development and production ( edit ) Early in July 2012 , Weekly Shōnen Jump 's official website had already opened a teaser page with a countdown to a `` surprise '' on Saturday , July 14 , the release date of its 33rd issue of the year . On July 14 , the magazine and website , now changed to show Shenlong appearing and then disappearing , revealed some minor information of the upcoming film ; including the premiere date , staff information , and companies involved in the production ( Fox International Productions Japan , Shueisha , Fuji TV , Toei Animation , Bandai , Bandai Namco Games , and Bird Studio ) . The film 's director is Masahiro Hosoda , who directed several Dragon Ball Z episodes back in 1992 , the screenplay was written by Yūsuke Watanabe , who has written manga adaptations before ( namely the 20th Century Boys and Gantz live - action films ) , and the lead animation director is Tadayoshi Yamamuro , who has worked on the series since the Dragon Ball anime . The magazine and official website also published a comment by Akira Toriyama about the movie . The Dragon Ball series creator notes that the adaptation will mark the first time he has been so deeply involved in the production of an anime , in this case as early as the screenwriting stages . Toriyama also said that the film will retain the atmosphere of the original while adding small amounts of modern flavor . Toei Animation released a press statement on July 17 , 2012 , saying it would be set `` between the animation series Z and GT , or in other words from the blank decade between the end of the battle with Majin Boo in chapter 517 of the manga and chapter 518 '' and calling it part of `` the official history of Dragon Ball . '' In September , it was announced that the film was one of four that year , and the only animated one , to receive money from the Japanese government as part of the non-profit organization UNIJAPAN 's `` Co-production Certification Program '' . Toei received 50 million yen ( roughly US $636,000 ) from the Agency for Cultural Affairs , whose aim is to promote Japanese arts and culture , with the United States named as the film 's partner country . This time in particular , we had a request from sensei to leave in not only the action , but also some truly enjoyable ... the truly enjoyable aspects of Dragon Ball ; Dragon Ball 's chaotic feeling , and the action of Gohan 's battles and of the Z Fighters are mixed together very well , so I believe that has also helped make it an enjoyable movie . -- Gyarmath Bogdan , MAG Net , NHK , March 1 , 2013 The December issue of Ultra Jump elaborated on Toriyama 's involvement in the movie , stating he came up with the movie 's story and character designs . On December 2 , the official website was updated with the movies ' cast and entire staff . The following day , a brief introduction to the film 's story was leaked from accessing an unlinked section of the website . In January 2013 , it was announced that Olympic gold medalist in judo Kaori Matsumoto and singer / tarento Shoko Nakagawa will have roles in the film . Nakagawa is a well - known otaku and Matsumoto is a fan of the series as well . Matsumoto voices a policewoman modeled after herself , while Nakagawa plays the Yogen - gyo ( 予言 魚 ) who first leads Beerus to Goku . The Fuji TV announcer Shin - ichi Karube also has a small part in the movie . The April issue of V Jump teased about a new Super Saiyan transformation being in the film , titled `` Super Saiyan God '' ( 超 サイヤ 人 ゴッド , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ) , saying : 39 years ago , the Oracle Fish told Beerus that the Super Saiyan God would appear before him . And that this is the beginning of the movie 's story . In Weekly Shōnen Jump issue # 14 of 2013 , Toriyama said that the plot for Battle of Gods began two years ago with ideas for the God of Destruction and Super Saiyan God , and that he got deeply involved in the story in order to keep it in - line with the series ' original tone so kids could enjoy it . In the following week 's issue , he revealed that Beerus ' design is based on a cat and his clothes based on Egyptian garments . A live greeting by cast members and Toriyama , followed by a preview screening of the film took place across Japan on Tuesday , March 12 , 2013 , with a limited number of attendees determined from a Jump lottery . The lottery tickets were included in 22 different Shueisha magazines ( including Weekly Shōnen Jump , V Jump , Jump SQ , and Ultra Jump ) and 884 pairs ( 1768 people ) were invited . There were five screenings , all the same day and at 6 : 30 p.m : Shinjuku Wald 9 cinema in Tokyo ( 428 people ) , Umeda Burg 7 theater in Osaka ( 440 people ) , 109 Cinemas in Nagoya ( 256 people ) , T - Joy Hakata in Fukuoka ( 322 people ) , and Sapporo Cinema Frontier in Sapporo ( 322 people ) . The special cast greeting at the Tokyo venue was beamed live to the other locations before the screening . A second preview screening with an on - stage greeting and a special guest took place at Differ Ariake Arena on March 16 , 2013 , with 250 pairs ( 500 people ) invited ( determined with lottery tickets included in V Jump , Weekly Shōnen Jump , and Saikyō Jump ) . Music ( edit ) The music in Battle of Gods was composed by Norihito Sumitomo . Its theme song is a cover of Hironobu Kageyama 's `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' , the original opening theme of Dragon Ball Z , by the rock band Flow . The band members commented that they were excited about the opportunity as they have been fans of the series since they were in elementary school . The cover and the film 's insert song , `` Hero ~ Song of Hope ~ '' ( HERO ~ 希望 の 歌 ~ , Hīro ~ Kibō no Uta ~ ) , were released as a double A-side single on March 20 , 2013 . It reached number 24 on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart . The film 's original soundtrack , containing 43 tracks , was released on March 27 , 2013 . Due to licensing agreements , the international editions of the film use English - language versions of Flow 's `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' and `` Hero ~ Song of Hope ~ '' . The music to the trailers in Japan was composed by Immediate Music whom specialize in providing trailer music for films , such as Avatar , the Matrix films and the Harry Potter films . The trailers use the pieces `` Prologue to Conquest '' ( Trailerhead : NU EPIQ ) and `` Emergence of Empires '' ( Trailerhead : Saga ) , both composed by Yoav Goren with the latter based on `` Conquest of Kingdoms '' from Epic Choral Action # 1 and `` Rising Empires '' from Themes for Orchestra & Choir 2 : Abbey Road respectively . Pfeifer Broz . Music supplied `` Evil Island '' for Funimation 's promotions and trailers in North America . Marketing ( edit ) Promotions ( edit ) The July 14 , 2012 issue of Weekly Shōnen Jump published the first promotional images for the film ; featuring Goku , Gohan , Piccolo , Kuririn , Goten , Trunks , Vegeta , and Shenlong , with the tagline `` The mightiest make their move '' ( 最強 、 始動 , Saikyō , Shidō ) , followed by `` All humanity has been waiting . For excitement like none before ... '' ( 全 人類 待望. かつて ない 興奮 へー , Zen jinrui taibō . Katsute nai kōfun e ) . On July 21 , 2012 , a short teaser trailer announcing the film was shown at the Saikyō V Jump Festa , and later that month shown on television . The teaser trailer was added to the movie 's official website in August 2012 . In less than a week the video was viewed over 3.5 million times . With the movie title revealed in November 2012 , a special pre-sale collaboration ticket with the One Piece Film : Z movie was made to commemorate the release of the two films . The dual - ticket good for both films has a special new illustration by both Eiichirō Oda ( author of One Piece ) and Akira Toriyama . Limited to 8,989 across Japan , the tickets went on sale on November 23 , 2012 , for ¥ 2,600 ( US $31.51 ) apiece . The film 's poster and two new characters ' names and voice actors were officially revealed in December 2012 in Weekly Shōnen Jump 's first issue of 2013 ; Beerus , the God of Destruction voiced by Kōichi Yamadera and the mysterious Whis voiced by Masakazu Morita . The film poster displays Super Saiyan Goku combating the God of Destruction Beerus , with Whis floating showered in light in the background . Various other characters from the series are also featured on the poster ( Mr. Satan , Mr. Boo , Videl , the shrunken Pilaf gang , Super Saiyan Goten , Super Saiyan Gohan , Super Saiyan Vegeta , Super Saiyan Trunks , Bulma , Piccolo , Tenshinhan , Kuririn , Yamcha and Puar ) . The first full trailer for the film was aired on Fuji TV on December 7 , 2012 , during the morning show Mezamashi TV . A 30 - minute Battle of Gods discussion panel was held at Jump Festa 2013 ; on the Jump Super Stage , on December 22 , 2012 . Along with the voice actors Masako Nozawa , Mayumi Tanaka , Toshio Furukawa , the film director Masahiro Hosoda , V Jump editor - in - chief Akio Iyoku , and Toei Animation producer Gyarmath Bogdan took part at the discussion which was overseen by former YBS TV announcer Mariko Nakagomi . The second full trailer for the film began being streamed on Cinema Today 's website on February 27 , 2013 . In late March 2013 , Cinema Today 's website began streaming a TV ad for the movie that features Frieza ( Ryūsei Nakao ) and Cell ( Norio Wakamoto ) ; Cell questions why he is n't in the film and Frieza brags that he is , Cell then remarks that Frieza only has a non-speaking appearance . Collaborations ( edit ) During the 30th Prize Fair , which took place in Tokyo on November 7 , 2012 , Bandai showcased some of their new Dragon Ball figures for winter 2012 , as well their World Collectable Figure line produced in conjunction with the 2013 movie . The latter is a set of eight figures around 7 cm tall that covers characters that appear in the movie ; along with Vegeta and Super Saiyan 3 Goku , the three members of the Pilaf gang were among the figures revealed . In February 2013 , several collaborative projects between Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods and KFC in Japan began . On the seventh , the restaurants began selling `` Smile Sets with Strongest Battle Goods -- Parents and Kids Play Together ! '' , which came with Dragon Ball Z games such as reversi and playing cards . On the fifteenth , the KFC restaurants in Sapporo , Sendai , Ebisu , Sakae , Osaka , Hakata and Okinawa dressed their Colonel Sanders statues as Goku , with each one holding a different starred Dragon Ball . They began selling `` Strongest Sets '' that come with `` Light Up ! Dragon Bottles '' or `` Dream Dragon Radar detectors '' on February 28 , and a TV ad featuring Goku began airing . As part of a collaboration with the Japanese J. League Division 1 football team Albirex Niigata , a special poster unveiled on the official Battle of Gods website on February 20 , 2013 , was displayed across Niigata Prefecture in promotion of their match with the defending league Division 1 champions Sanfrecce Hiroshima on March 3 , 2013 . The poster is based on the Battle of Gods poster , with the movie characters replaced by the football team 's players : the figure in the background replacing Whis is the team 's manager Masaaki Yanagishita , Beerus has been replaced by the Sanfrecce Hiroshima goalkeeper Shūsaku Nishikawa , and Goku is replaced by the team 's forward Bruno Lopes . All supporters at the match wore orange , Goku made an `` appearance '' at the stadium , and the Dragon Ball Z theme song was used . From March 5 to April 8 the Lawson convenience stores sold special Battle of Gods inspired food items , such as Dragon Ball pizza balls , Super Saiyan fries , Demon King Piccolo 's Green Tea Cream Puffs , Majin Boo Milk Pudding and Vegeta 's Green Salad . Tie - ins with other media ( edit ) The March 2013 issue of V Jump revealed that Beerus would appear in the Dragon Ball Heroes arcade game as a boss battle , and subsequently in its Nintendo 3DS version titled Dragon Ball Heroes : Ultimate Mission . It also announced the Dragon Ball Z Festival at Toei Kyoto Studio Park from March 16 to September 8 in celebration of Battle of the Gods . Starting on March 30 , Beerus appeared in the Dragon Ball arcade game Zenkai Battle Royale . Beerus , Whis , and Goku 's Super Saiyan God form are all playable characters in the video game Battle of Z . A manga adaptation of Battle of Gods ran in the April 2013 issue of Saikyō Jump , which went on sale on March 4 , 2013 . Drawn by Naho Ōishi , who currently draws the Dragon Ball SD series in the magazine and previously Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock in V Jump , it depicts the beginning of the film . An anime comic version , more commonly known as `` ani - manga '' in the west , of Battle of Gods was released on October 4 , 2013 . Battle of Gods received its television debut on Fuji TV on March 22 , 2014 at 9 : 00pm . Toei Animation producer Gyarmath Bogdan confirmed through Twitter that the broadcast included up to twenty minutes of extra scenes and additional footage . The broadcast earned an average household rating of 13.1 % . The 2015 Dragon Ball Z : Resurrection ' F ' film is a sequel to Battle of Gods and features Beerus and Whis . The first story arc of Dragon Ball Super is a retelling of sorts of Battle of Gods , though some events are altered or expanded in the series ' version of events . The `` Battle of Gods '' arc covers episodes 1 - 14 . Release and reception ( edit ) Battle of Gods is the first - ever Japanese film to be screened at IMAX Digital Theaters , screening at all 16 IMAX Digital Theater locations across Japan . However , it was not shown in 3D . Madman Entertainment announced they had acquired the Australasian rights to the film and screened the movie at the 2013 Japanese Film Festival in Australia from October to December . On May 30 , 2014 , Funimation announced that they had acquired the North American rights to the movie and gave the film a limited theatrical run in North America from August 5 -- 7 and 9 , 2014 . Funimation held a red carpet premiere for Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods in Los Angeles on July 3 . The 8 : 00 p.m. red carpet and 9 : 00 p.m. screening was at the Regal LA Live Stadium 14 Theaters . Madman screened Funimation 's dub at a handful of Australasian theaters on August 30 , 2014 . Manga Entertainment , the United Kingdom 's distributor of the series , announced at the MCM Manchester Comic Con that they licensed the film and would give it a limited theatrical release , including an appearance at the 2014 Scotland Loves Anime convention . In Latin America , the movie was released by Diamond Films during the last days of September and first days of October 2013 ( depending on the country ) with almost every member of the original cast from the Mexican Spanish dub of the series . In Brazil , Battle of Gods was released by Diamond Filmes on October 11 , 2013 , with the original cast from the Brazilian Portuguese Dragon Ball Z dub . In Italy the movie entered theaters on February 1 , 2014 . In Spain , the movie was released in theaters on May 30 , 2014 in Castilian Spanish , Catalan and Basque languages , with the former bringing back almost every member of the original cast from the Castilian Spanish Dragon Ball Z dub while the latter two feature the respective Catalan and Basque voice casts from Dragon Ball Kai ( the Catalan voice cast also being essentially the same one from Dragon Ball Z ) . The extended version home release also featured a Valencian dub with almost every member of the original cast from the Valencian Dragon Ball Z dub . In Philippines , the movie was released subtitled in English by Pioneer Films during the month of April 2013 , making it the second Dragon Ball film to be shown in the country . The Filipino dub of the movie will be released on January 4 , 2015 by ABS - CBN TV Network . Box Office ( edit ) Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods opened at number one in the Japanese box office , earning US $7,307,760 with 561,098 tickets sold in its first two days . The movie 's showings at all 16 of the IMAX Digital theaters in Japan that weekend earned US $450,000 , with an average of US $28,000 per screen . It was ranked number five in the overseas box office chart by Variety , making it the top - grossing non-American film on the chart . While the top four films are playing in over 50 territories each , Battle of Gods ' performance is based only on 328 screens in Japan . By its fifth day , the film had made over US $12,000,000 with 988,790 tickets sold . As a result , the film was projected to sell more than 1 million tickets by its sixth day , making it the fastest film to reach that milestone so far that year in Japan . It was number one in its second week as well , with a total of 1,488,518 tickets sold and an estimated US $19,017,008 total earnings . The film was number one for a third week , raising its total to US $23,618,327 with 1,823,141 tickets sold , making it the fastest - grossing film of 2013 in Japan . It dropped to fourth place the subsequent weekend of April 20 -- 21 , but total tickets sold passed the two million mark and its total revenue climbed to US $26,419,641 . The film dropped to eighth during Golden Week , which is when many new movies open in theaters and is the film industry 's best week in Japan , while the box office gross grew to US $28,162,444 and tickets reached 2,181,328 . The following week it held on to the eighth place , with tickets sold increasing to 2,346,726 and its gross to US $29,172,291 . Toei aimed for Battle of Gods to earn a domestic Japanese box office take of ¥ 3 billion ( about US $30 million ) . In December 2013 , Oricon listed Battle of Gods as the Japanese box office 's eleventh highest - grossing film of the year earning a box office take of ¥ 3 billion . The film earned US $2.8 million in North American theaters in 8 days , placing it eleventh on a list of the highest - grossing theatrically released anime in North America of all time according to Box Office Mojo . Critical reception ( edit ) Richard Eisenbeis writing for Kotaku called the film `` a great nostalgic trip from beginning to end . '' He noted that it was focused on lighthearted moments , but that the `` comedic moments were not only funny but also true to the series , and the fight scenes were excellent one and all . '' He particularly praised the animation as the best of the series , due to technological advancements since the early 1990s , and declared that the highlight of the movie was how in the end the villain was undoubtedly the winner over Goku in a `` complete reversal of the standard DBZ formula '' . Otaku USA 's Matt Schley agreed that it is a comedy heavy film `` more reminiscent of the original Dragon Ball than Z '' . He speculates that the viewer 's enjoyment of the movie depends on what they expect ; `` If you want epic Dragon Ball Z story worthy of the title Battle of Gods , this film may disappoint . But if you 're just happy to see your favorite characters performing a few animated hijinx again after all these years , this film certainly delivers . '' Leah B. Jackson of IGN gave the English dub of the movie a 7.5 out of 10 , praising the animation and fight scenes , particularly the final battle . She was pleased to see Funimation 's voice actors return , but criticized the movie for the lack of iconic techniques and having too much `` filler '' . Theron Martin of Anime News Network ( ANN ) praised the movie for its humor , use of main and supporting cast , the introduction of Beerus and Whis and the overall light - hearted nature and plot . But also criticized the movie for its inconsistent animation , uninspiring fight scenes and use of CGI , stating , `` Ultimately Battle of Gods is entirely a movie for long - established fans , as it has too many in - jokes that those not familiar with wide swaths of the franchise would get . It is not a stellar addition to the franchise but is a worthwhile and at least moderately entertaining one , provided that one does not go into it expecting an action magnum opus . '' Kyle Mills Of DVD Talk highly recommended the movie , praising the dub and the perfect balancing of the humor elements from the first Dragon Ball anime with the action elements of Dragon Ball Z . He finished with , `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods is one hell of a fun flick . For any fan of the Dragon Ball franchise , you need to check it out. ( ... ) ( It is ) a film full of nostalgia , fun characters , legitimate laugh out loud moments , and slick action sequences . It 's a film that showcases perfectly why the Dragon Ball franchise has such long lasting popularity . '' Home media ( edit ) The film was released in Japan in standard and limited edition DVD and Blu - ray formats on September 13 , 2013 . In addition to the design material and trailer collections included in the regular edition , the limited edition includes behind the scenes footage , interviews , and the 2008 short film Dragon Ball : Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! , as well as a figure , booklet , and special postcards . The home video release of Battle of Gods sold approximately 50,381 copies in its first week . By the end of the year , it had sold 46,761 DVDs and 33,737 Blu - rays . The extended TV version of the film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on March 13 , 2015 , selling approximately 1,666 copies in its first week . Funimation released the theatrical and extended TV versions in North America on DVD and Blu - ray on October 7 , 2014 . A similar set was released in the United Kingdom by Manga Entertainment on November 10 , 2014 . Madman Entertainment released the film in Australia and New Zealand on DVD and Blu - ray on November 26 , 2014 . See also ( edit ) Dragon Ball portal Anime and manga portal List of Dragon Ball films References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` FUNimation To Release Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Uncut Version for Home Video '' . Anime News Network . August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods ( 2014 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Dragon Ball Film Set Between 517th & 518th Manga Chapters '' . Anime News Network . July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 's Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Film Story Outlined '' . Anime News Network . December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Akira Toriyama , Toei Make Dragon Ball Z Film Next March '' . Anime News Network . July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 映画 『 ドラゴンボール Z 』 2013 年 3 月 30 日 ( 土 ) 超 拡大 公開 ! '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Dragon Ball Z Film Gets 50 million Yen Support from Japanese Government '' . Crunchyroll . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 文化 庁 、 国際 共同 製作 支援 の 次 年度 の 募集 要項 公開 本年度 は 「 ドラゴンボール Z 」 も '' . Animeanime.biz ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ultra Jump issue # 12 , November 19 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Judoka Matsumoto Kaori & Nakagawa Shoko to lend their voices for new Dragon Ball anime film '' . tokyohive.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ V Jump , issue # 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ Weekly Shōnen Jump , issue # 14 , March 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ Weekly Shōnen Jump , issue # 15 , March 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Weekly Young Jump , issue # 5 / 6 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : V Jump , issue # 3 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` FLOW to cover `` CHA - LA HEAD - CHA - LA '' for new ' Dragon Ball Z ' movie `` . tokyohive.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FLOW announces new single + album + nationwide tour '' . tokyohive.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FLOW の シングル 売り上げ ランキング '' . Oricon ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Original Soundtrack '' . cdjapan.co.jp . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGONBALL Z - ドラゴンボール Z - '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weekly Shōnen Jump issue # 33 , July 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` 2013 Dragon Ball Z Film 's Full Teaser & English Site Posted '' . Anime News Network . August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Dragon Ball Z Film Teaser Streamed 3.9 Million Times '' . Anime News Network . August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Piece / Dragon Ball Z Ticket Set Illustrated by Creators '' . Anime News Network . November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weekly Shōnen Jump issue # 1 , December 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Film 's Latest Footage Aired '' . Anime News Network . December 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods ' 2nd Full Trailer Streamed '' . Anime News Network . February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Dragon Ball Film 's TV Ad Has Voice Cameo by Cell '' . Anime News Network . March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Smile Sets Offered at KFC in Japan '' . Anime News Network . January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` KFC 's Colonel Sanders to Cosplay as Dragon Ball 's Son Goku '' . Anime News Network . January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball 's Goku Chows Down on Fried Chicken in KFC TV Ad '' . Anime News Network . February 28 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` アルビレックス 新潟 × 映画 「 ドラゴンボール Z 神 と 神 」 と の タイ アップ キャンペーン 実施 の お知らせ '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Inspires Super Saiyan Fries , Dragon Pizza Balls '' . Anime News Network . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Z Game 's English Trailer Streamed '' . Anime News Network . September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Saikyō Jump , April issue , March 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL Z 神 と 神 アニメ コミックス ( ジャンプ コミックス ) '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Dragon Ball Z Kai Anime Series to Premiere on April 6 '' . Anime News Network . February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , March 17 -- 23 '' . Anime News Network . April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z 2015 Movie : Frieza 's Resurrection '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball to Be 1st Japanese Film in Imax Digital Theaters '' . Anime News Network . February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corporation , IMAX . `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle Of Gods TM Rolls Into IMAX ® Digital Theatres Across Japan Starting March 30 '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Fukkatsu no F to Be 1st Japanese Film in Imax 3D Theaters '' . Anime News Network . January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Madman Ent . Adds Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods '' . Anime News Network . March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Blasts into U.S. Movie Theaters This August '' . Funimation . May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods to Have Red Carpet Premiere in L.A. '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madman Announce Special Event Screenings for Dragon Ball Z : Battle Of Gods '' . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manga Entertainment Panel Announcements at Manchester '' . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Films : Home '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 「 ドラゴンボール Z 」 初 登場 トップ ! 春休み で ファミリー 映画 が 好調 ! ( 映画 週末 興行 成績 ) '' . cinematoday.jp ( in Japanese ) . April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office Report & Trailer Park -- March 30th / 31st '' . tokyohive.com. April 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' G.I. Joe ' Opens Big with $132 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . March 31 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Variety : Dragon Ball Z Is Top Non-U.S. Film Overseas '' . Anime News Network . April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Dragon Ball Sells 988,790 Tickets for 1.1 Billion Yen '' . Anime News Network . April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office Report & Trailer Park -- April 6th / 7th '' . tokyohive.com. April 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 映画 「 ドラゴンボール Z 」 V2 で 興 収 15 億 円 突破 ! トップ 3 を アニメ 作品 が 占める ! ( 映画 週末 興行 成績 ) '' . cinematoday.jp ( in Japanese ) . April 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office Report & Trailer Park -- April 13th / 14th '' . tokyohive.com. April 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Dragon Ball Film Sells 1.8 Million Tickets for 2.2 Billion Yen '' . Anime News Network . April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office Report & Trailer Park -- April 20th / 21st '' . tokyohive.com. April 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Conan , Shin - chan Films Debut on Top , Pushing Dragon Ball to # 4 '' . Anime News Network . April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office Report & Trailer Park -- April 27th / 28th '' . tokyohive.com . May 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 『 名 探偵 コナン 』 100 万 人 突破 で V2 ! 強敵 『 アイアン マン 』 『 仮面 ライダー 』 に 勝利 ! ( 映画 週末 興行 成績 ) '' . cinematoday.jp ( in Japanese ) . May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office Report -- May 4th / 5th '' . tokyohive.com . May 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 『 名 探偵 コナン 』 V3 で 動員 200 万 人 突破 ! GW 終盤 で ファミリー 映画 が 絶好調 ! ( 映画 週末 興行 成績 ) '' . cinematoday.jp ( in Japanese ) . May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toei Aims for 3 Billion Yen for 2013 Dragon Ball Z Film '' . Anime News Network . March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 年間 映画 興行 ランキング 『 アニメ が TOP3 を 独占 ! ダイナミック な '' 観客 動向 `` の 変化 と メガヒット 時代 の 終焉 』 '' . Oricon ( in Japanese ) . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Entertainment , FUNimation . `` '' Dragon Ball Z : Resurrection ' F ' '' Books Back - To - Back Record Box Offices On First Two Days Of Run `` . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New Dragon Ball Z Movie Is n't Deep or Profound , but it is a Ton of Fun '' . Kotaku. April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Review '' . Otaku USA . April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Leah B. , Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods review , IGN , retrieved August 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Martin , Thron , Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods , Anime News Network , retrieved August 10 , 2014 Jump up ^ Mill , Kyle. , Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods ( Blu Ray ) , DVD Talk , retrieved October 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` '' Dragon Ball Z Battle of Gods '' Japanese Home Video Release Listed `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation DVD Ranking , September 9 -- 15 '' . Anime News Network . September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation Blu - ray Disc Ranking , September 9 -- 15 '' . Anime News Network . September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Animation DVDs in Japan : 2013 '' . Anime News Network . December 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Animation Blu - ray Discs in Japan : 2013 '' . Anime News Network . December 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール Z 神 と 神 スペシャル ・ エディション ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation DVD Ranking , March 9 -- 15 '' . Anime News Network . March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation Blu - ray Disc Ranking , March 9 -- 15 '' . Anime News Network . March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uncut Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Home Video Release Slated for October '' . Anime News Network . August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods and Usagi Drop Released Monday '' . Anime News Network . November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website of the movie Official 20th Century Fox page Funimation official website of the movie Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods ( film ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods on IMDb Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods at Box Office Mojo Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Dragon Ball films and TV specials Animated ( Dragon Ball ) Curse of the Blood Rubies Sleeping Princess in Devil 's Castle Mystical Adventure The Path to Power Animated ( Dragon Ball Z ) Dead Zone The World 's Strongest The Tree of Might Lord Slug Cooler 's Revenge The Return of Cooler Super Android 13 ! Broly -- The Legendary Super Saiyan Bojack Unbound Broly -- Second Coming Bio-Broly Fusion Reborn Wrath of the Dragon Battle of Gods Resurrection ' F ' TV specials Bardock -- The Father of Goku The History of Trunks A Hero 's Legacy OVAs Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans Festival Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! Episode of Bardock Live action Ssawora Son Goku , Igyeora Son Goku The Magic Begins Evolution Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dragon_Ball_Z:_Battle_of_Gods&oldid=795187811 '' Categories : 2013 films Japanese - language films Dragon Ball films 2013 anime films 2010s action films Martial arts fantasy films Toei Animation films IMAX films 20th Century Fox films 20th Century Fox animated films Funimation Japanese films Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from February 2017 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Português ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 16 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does battle of the gods fit in | [
"Battle of Gods was the first film considered an official part of the Dragon Ball storyline, being set during the time skip in chapter 517 of the original manga, with original creator Akira Toriyama deeply involved.[3] The plot involves Beerus, the God of Destruction, learning of the defeat of the galactic overlord Freeza at the hands of Son Goku. Seeking an opponent worthy of his power, Beerus, along with his companion Whis, travels to the North Galaxy to challenge Goku to a battle.[4] The first story arc of Dragon Ball Super, the newest canonical anime series in the Dragon Ball franchise, retells the events of Battle of Gods. Some details have been altered, scenes added, and dialogue expanded to cover the 14-episode arc."
] | [
"during the time skip in chapter 517 of the original manga"
] |
1315307431631590016 | Marla Adams | Marla Adams - Wikipedia Marla Adams Jump to : navigation , search Marla Adams ( 1938 - 08 - 28 ) August 28 , 1938 ( age 79 ) Ocean City , New Jersey , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1961 -- present Marla Adams ( born August 28 , 1938 ; Ocean City , New Jersey ) is an American television actress , best known for her roles as Belle Clemens on The Secret Storm , from 1968 to 1974 , and as Dina Abbott Mergeron on The Young and the Restless . As Belle Clemens , she was the show 's reigning villainess for the last years of its run , stopping at almost nothing to destroy the life of the show 's leading heroine , Amy Ames . Like Vicky and Dorian later on One Life to Live , the two rivals were at one time related through marriage . As Dina Abbott on The Young and the Restless from 1983 to 1986 , in 1991 and again in 1996 , she caused major disruptions in the lives of her three children and ex-husband John Abbott and his wife Jill . She reprised her role as Dina for three episodes on The Young and the Restless in 2008 when Katharine Chancellor was presumed dead . In May 2017 , Adams returned to The Young and the Restless . Right before joining The Young and the Restless , she stepped into the role of the scheming Myrna Clegg , on the defunct daytime drama Capitol after the departure of actress Carolyn Jones who had left for health reasons , prior to Marj Dusay , who remained until the end of the show 's run . As Helen Mullin on Generations , she was involved in a storyline involving racism , although it was her character 's husband , Charles , who was the racist even though he was revealed to have a black mistress . She was the third actress to play Beth Logan , Brooke ( Katherine Kelly Lang ) , Donna ( Carrie Mitchum , now Jennifer Gareis ) , and Katie 's ( Nancy Sloan , now Heather Tom ) mother on The Bold and the Beautiful ( 1991 ) . In 1999 , she appeared on Days of Our Lives as snooty Dr. Claire McIntyre . Adams appeared on Broadway in the 1958 production of `` The Visit '' at the Morosco Theatre with Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne . Filmography ( edit ) Years Title Role Notes 1961 Splendor in the Grass June 1968 -- 1974 Secret Storm , The The Secret Storm Belle Clemens Britton Kincaid The Young and the Restless Dina Abbott Mergeron Recurring role ; 1983 -- 1986 , 1991 , 1996 , 2008 , 2017 -- 1985 Gotcha ! Maria Moore 1989 - 1990 Generations Helen Mullin 1991 The Bold and the Beautiful Beth Logan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pike , Charlie ( May 26 , 1979 ) . `` Pike 's Peeks '' . The Herald Journal . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Exculsive ! Y&R Fave Returns ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Les ( January 18 , 1974 ) . `` ' SECRET STORM ' STILLED BY C.B.S '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` O'GRADY IS BLUE ABOUT LEAVING `` NYPD '' `` . Contra Costa Times . December 22 , 1995 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kevin ( May 3 , 1985 ) . `` ' GOTCHA ! ' TAKES AIM BUT MISSES COMEDY TARGET '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Marla Adams on IMDb Marla Adams at AllMovie VIAF : 7596540 LCCN : no2010188959 ISNI : 0000 0001 0717 7843 BNF : cb14148210h ( data ) This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1930s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marla_Adams&oldid=819548427 '' Categories : 1938 births Actresses from New Jersey American soap opera actresses Living people People from Ocean City , New Jersey 20th - century American actresses American film actresses American television actor , 1930s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia تۆرکجه فارسی Italiano Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays jack abbott's mother on the young and the restless | [] | [] |
5980885459342093928 | Diamond | Diamond - Wikipedia Diamond Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the mineral . For the gemstone , see Diamond ( gemstone ) . For other uses , including the shape ◊ , see Diamond ( disambiguation ) . Diamond The slightly misshapen octahedral shape of this rough diamond crystal in matrix is typical of the mineral . Its lustrous faces also indicate that this crystal is from a primary deposit . General Native minerals Formula ( repeating unit ) Strunz classification 1. CB. 10a Dana classification 1.3. 6.1 Crystal system Cubic Crystal class Hexoctahedral ( m3m ) H-M symbol : ( 4 / m 3 2 / m ) Identification Formula mass 6998120100000000000 ♠ 12.01 g / mol Color Typically yellow , brown , or gray to colorless . Less often blue , green , black , translucent white , pink , violet , orange , purple , and red . Crystal habit Octahedral Twinning Spinel law common ( yielding `` macle '' ) Cleavage 111 ( perfect in four directions ) Fracture Conchoidal ( shell - like ) Mohs scale hardness 10 ( defining mineral ) Luster Adamantine Streak Colorless Diaphaneity Transparent to subtransparent to translucent Specific gravity 7000352000000000000 ♠ 3.52 ± 0.01 Density 3.5 -- 7003353000000000000 ♠ 3.53 g / cm Polish luster Adamantine Optical properties Isotropic Refractive index 2.418 ( at 500 nm ) Birefringence None Pleochroism None Dispersion 0.044 Melting point Pressure dependent References Diamond ( / ˈdaɪəmənd / or / ˈdaɪmənd / ) is a metastable allotrope of carbon , where the carbon atoms are arranged in a variation of the face - centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice . Diamond is less stable than graphite , but the conversion rate from diamond to graphite is negligible at standard conditions . Diamond is renowned as a material with superlative physical qualities , most of which originate from the strong covalent bonding between its atoms . In particular , diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any bulk material . Those properties determine the major industrial application of diamond in cutting and polishing tools and the scientific applications in diamond knives and diamond anvil cells . Because of its extremely rigid lattice , it can be contaminated by very few types of impurities , such as boron and nitrogen . Small amounts of defects or impurities ( about one per million of lattice atoms ) color diamond blue ( boron ) , yellow ( nitrogen ) , brown ( lattice defects ) , green ( radiation exposure ) , purple , pink , orange or red . Diamond also has relatively high optical dispersion ( ability to disperse light of different colors ) . Most natural diamonds are formed at high temperature and pressure at depths of 140 to 190 kilometers ( 87 to 118 mi ) in the Earth 's mantle . Carbon - containing minerals provide the carbon source , and the growth occurs over periods from 1 billion to 3.3 billion years ( 25 % to 75 % of the age of the Earth ) . Diamonds are brought close to the Earth 's surface through deep volcanic eruptions by magma , which cools into igneous rocks known as kimberlites and lamproites . Diamonds can also be produced synthetically in a HPHT method which approximately simulates the conditions in the Earth 's mantle . An alternative , and completely different growth technique is chemical vapor deposition ( CVD ) . Several non-diamond materials , which include cubic zirconia and silicon carbide and are often called diamond simulants , resemble diamond in appearance and many properties . Special gemological techniques have been developed to distinguish natural diamonds , synthetic diamonds , and diamond simulants . The word is from the ancient Greek ἀδάμας -- adámas `` unbreakable '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geology 2.1 Formation in cratons 2.2 Transport from mantle 2.3 Space diamonds 2.4 Misconception about diamonds forming from compressed coal 3 Material properties 3.1 Crystal habit 3.2 Hardness 3.3 Pressure resistance 3.4 Electrical conductivity 3.5 Surface property 3.6 Chemical stability 3.7 Color 3.8 Identification 4 Industry 4.1 Gem - grade diamonds 4.1. 1 Cutting 4.1. 2 Marketing 4.2 Industrial - grade diamonds 4.3 Mining 4.3. 1 Political issues 5 Synthetics , simulants , and enhancements 5.1 Synthetics 5.2 Simulants 5.3 Enhancements 5.4 Identification 6 Stolen diamonds 7 See also 8 References 9 Books 10 External links History See also : Diamond ( gemstone ) The name diamond is derived from the ancient Greek αδάμας ( adámas ) , `` proper '' , `` unalterable '' , `` unbreakable '' , `` untamed '' , from ἀ - ( a - ) , `` un - '' + δαμάω ( damáō ) , `` I overpower '' , `` I tame '' . Diamonds are thought to have been first recognized and mined in India , where significant alluvial deposits of the stone could be found many centuries ago along the rivers Penner , Krishna and Godavari . Diamonds have been known in India for at least 3,000 years but most likely 6,000 years . Diamonds have been treasured as gemstones since their use as religious icons in ancient India . Their usage in engraving tools also dates to early human history . The popularity of diamonds has risen since the 19th century because of increased supply , improved cutting and polishing techniques , growth in the world economy , and innovative and successful advertising campaigns . In 1772 , the French scientist Antoine Lavoisier used a lens to concentrate the rays of the sun on a diamond in an atmosphere of oxygen , and showed that the only product of the combustion was carbon dioxide , proving that diamond is composed of carbon . Later in 1797 , the English chemist Smithson Tennant repeated and expanded that experiment . By demonstrating that burning diamond and graphite releases the same amount of gas , he established the chemical equivalence of these substances . The most familiar uses of diamonds today are as gemstones used for adornment , a use which dates back into antiquity , and as industrial abrasives for cutting hard materials . The dispersion of white light into spectral colors is the primary gemological characteristic of gem diamonds . In the 20th century , experts in gemology developed methods of grading diamonds and other gemstones based on the characteristics most important to their value as a gem . Four characteristics , known informally as the four Cs , are now commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds : these are carat ( its weight ) , cut ( quality of the cut is graded according to proportions , symmetry and polish ) , color ( how close to white or colorless ; for fancy diamonds how intense is its hue ) , and clarity ( how free is it from inclusions ) . A large , flawless diamond is known as a paragon . Geology The formation of natural diamond requires very specific conditions -- exposure of carbon - bearing materials to high pressure , ranging approximately between 45 and 60 kilobars ( 4.5 and 6 GPa ) , but at a comparatively low temperature range between approximately 900 and 1,300 ° C ( 1,650 and 2,370 ° F ) . These conditions are met in two places on Earth ; in the lithospheric mantle below relatively stable continental plates , and at the site of a meteorite strike . Formation in cratons Geologic provinces of the world . The pink and orange areas are shields and platforms , which together constitute cratons . The conditions for diamond formation to happen in the lithospheric mantle occur at considerable depth corresponding to the requirements of temperature and pressure . These depths are estimated between 140 and 190 kilometers ( 87 and 118 mi ) though occasionally diamonds have crystallized at depths about 300 km ( 190 mi ) . The rate at which temperature changes with increasing depth into the Earth varies greatly in different parts of the Earth . In particular , under oceanic plates the temperature rises more quickly with depth , beyond the range required for diamond formation at the depth required . The correct combination of temperature and pressure is only found in the thick , ancient , and stable parts of continental plates where regions of lithosphere known as cratons exist . Long residence in the cratonic lithosphere allows diamond crystals to grow larger . Through studies of carbon isotope ratios ( similar to the methodology used in carbon dating , except with the stable isotopes C - 12 and C - 13 ) , it has been shown that the carbon found in diamonds comes from both inorganic and organic sources . Some diamonds , known as harzburgitic , are formed from inorganic carbon originally found deep in the Earth 's mantle . In contrast , eclogitic diamonds contain organic carbon from organic detritus that has been pushed down from the surface of the Earth 's crust through subduction ( see plate tectonics ) before transforming into diamond . These two different source of carbon have measurably different C : C ratios . Diamonds that have come to the Earth 's surface are generally quite old , ranging from under 1 billion to 3.3 billion years old . This is 22 % to 73 % of the age of the Earth . Transport from mantle Schematic diagram of a volcanic pipe Diamond - bearing rock is carried from the mantle to the Earth 's surface by deep - origin volcanic eruptions . The magma for such a volcano must originate at a depth where diamonds can be formed -- 150 km ( 93 mi ) or more ( three times or more the depth of source magma for most volcanoes ) . This is a relatively rare occurrence . These typically small surface volcanic craters extend downward in formations known as volcanic pipes . The pipes contain material that was transported toward the surface by volcanic action , but was not ejected before the volcanic activity ceased . During eruption these pipes are open to the surface , resulting in open circulation ; many xenoliths of surface rock and even wood and fossils are found in volcanic pipes . Diamond - bearing volcanic pipes are closely related to the oldest , coolest regions of continental crust ( cratons ) . This is because cratons are very thick , and their lithospheric mantle extends to great enough depth that diamonds are stable . Not all pipes contain diamonds , and even fewer contain enough diamonds to make mining economically viable . The magma in volcanic pipes is usually one of two characteristic types , which cool into igneous rock known as either kimberlite or lamproite . The magma itself does not contain diamond ; instead , it acts as an elevator that carries deep - formed rocks ( xenoliths ) , minerals ( xenocrysts ) , and fluids upward . These rocks are characteristically rich in magnesium - bearing olivine , pyroxene , and amphibole minerals which are often altered to serpentine by heat and fluids during and after eruption . Certain indicator minerals typically occur within diamantiferous kimberlites and are used as mineralogical tracers by prospectors , who follow the indicator trail back to the volcanic pipe which may contain diamonds . These minerals are rich in chromium ( Cr ) or titanium ( Ti ) , elements which impart bright colors to the minerals . The most common indicator minerals are chromium garnets ( usually bright red chromium - pyrope , and occasionally green ugrandite - series garnets ) , eclogitic garnets , orange titanium - pyrope , red high - chromium spinels , dark chromite , bright green chromium - diopside , glassy green olivine , black picroilmenite , and magnetite . Kimberlite deposits are known as blue ground for the deeper serpentinized part of the deposits , or as yellow ground for the near surface smectite clay and carbonate weathered and oxidized portion . Once diamonds have been transported to the surface by magma in a volcanic pipe , they may erode out and be distributed over a large area . A volcanic pipe containing diamonds is known as a primary source of diamonds . Secondary sources of diamonds include all areas where a significant number of diamonds have been eroded out of their kimberlite or lamproite matrix , and accumulated because of water or wind action . These include alluvial deposits and deposits along existing and ancient shorelines , where loose diamonds tend to accumulate because of their size and density . Diamonds have also rarely been found in deposits left behind by glaciers ( notably in Wisconsin and Indiana ) ; in contrast to alluvial deposits , glacial deposits are minor and are therefore not viable commercial sources of diamond . Space diamonds Main article : Extraterrestrial diamonds Not all diamonds found on Earth originated on Earth . Primitive interstellar meteorites were found to contain carbon possibly in the form of diamond . A type of diamond called carbonado that is found in South America and Africa may have been deposited there via an asteroid impact ( not formed from the impact ) about 3 billion years ago . These diamonds may have formed in the intrastellar environment , but as of 2008 , there was no scientific consensus on how carbonado diamonds originated . Diamonds can also form under other naturally occurring high - pressure conditions . Very small diamonds of micrometer and nanometer sizes , known as microdiamonds or nanodiamonds respectively , have been found in meteorite impact craters . Such impact events create shock zones of high pressure and temperature suitable for diamond formation . Impact - type microdiamonds can be used as an indicator of ancient impact craters . Popigai crater in Russia may have the world 's largest diamond deposit , estimated at trillions of carats , and formed by an asteroid impact . Scientific evidence indicates that white dwarf stars have a core of crystallized carbon and oxygen nuclei . The largest of these found in the universe so far , BPM 37093 , is located 50 light - years ( 4.7 × 10 km ) away in the constellation Centaurus . A news release from the Harvard - Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics described the 2,500 - mile ( 4,000 km ) - wide stellar core as a diamond . Misconception about diamonds forming from compressed coal Few diamonds are formed from highly compressed coal . More than 99 % of diamonds ever mined have formed in the conditions of extreme heat and pressure about 90 miles ( 140 km ) below the Earth 's surface . Coal is formed from prehistoric plants buried much closer to the surface and is unlikely to migrate below 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) through common geological processes . Most diamonds that have been dated are older than the first land plants and are therefore older than coal . It is possible that diamonds can form from coal in subduction zones and in meteoroid impacts , but diamonds formed in this way are rare , and the carbon source is more likely carbonate rocks and organic carbon in sediments , rather than coal . Material properties Main articles : Material properties of diamond and Crystallographic defects in diamond Theoretically predicted phase diagram of carbon Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of carbon : pure forms of the same element that differ in structure . A diamond is a transparent crystal of tetrahedrally bonded carbon atoms in a covalent network lattice ( sp ) that crystallizes into the diamond lattice which is a variation of the face - centered cubic structure . Diamonds have been adapted for many uses because of the material 's exceptional physical characteristics . Most notable are its extreme hardness and thermal conductivity ( 900 -- 7003232000000000000 ♠ 2320 W m K ) , as well as wide bandgap and high optical dispersion . Above 7003197315000000000 ♠ 1700 ° C ( 7003197300000000000 ♠ 1973 K / 7003224592777777777 ♠ 3583 ° F ) in vacuum or oxygen - free atmosphere , diamond converts to graphite ; in air , transformation starts at ~ 7002973150000000000 ♠ 700 ° C. Diamond 's ignition point is 720 -- 7003107315000000000 ♠ 800 ° C in oxygen and 850 -- 7003127315000000000 ♠ 1000 ° C in air . Naturally occurring diamonds have a density ranging from 3.15 to 7003353000000000000 ♠ 3.53 g / cm , with pure diamond close to 7003352000000000000 ♠ 3.52 g / cm . The chemical bonds that hold the carbon atoms in diamonds together are weaker than those in graphite . In diamonds , the bonds form an inflexible three - dimensional lattice , whereas in graphite , the atoms are tightly bonded into sheets , which can slide easily over one another , making the overall structure weaker . In a diamond , each carbon atom is surrounded by neighboring four carbon atoms forming a tetrahedral shaped unit . Crystal habit One face of an uncut octahedral diamond , showing trigons ( of positive and negative relief ) formed by natural chemical etching Diamonds occur most often as euhedral or rounded octahedra and twinned octahedra known as macles . As diamond 's crystal structure has a cubic arrangement of the atoms , they have many facets that belong to a cube , octahedron , rhombicosidodecahedron , tetrakis hexahedron or disdyakis dodecahedron . The crystals can have rounded off and unexpressive edges and can be elongated . Diamonds ( especially those with rounded crystal faces ) are commonly found coated in nyf , an opaque gum - like skin . Hardness Diamond is the hardest known natural material on both the Vickers scale and the Mohs scale . Diamond 's great hardness relative to other materials has been known since antiquity , and is the source of its name . Diamond hardness depends on its purity , crystalline perfection and orientation : hardness is higher for flawless , pure crystals oriented to the < 111 > direction ( along the longest diagonal of the cubic diamond lattice ) . Therefore , whereas it might be possible to scratch some diamonds with other materials , such as boron nitride , the hardest diamonds can only be scratched by other diamonds and nanocrystalline diamond aggregates . The hardness of diamond contributes to its suitability as a gemstone . Because it can only be scratched by other diamonds , it maintains its polish extremely well . Unlike many other gems , it is well - suited to daily wear because of its resistance to scratching -- perhaps contributing to its popularity as the preferred gem in engagement or wedding rings , which are often worn every day . The extreme hardness of diamond in certain orientations makes it useful in materials science , as in this pyramidal diamond embedded in the working surface of a Vickers hardness tester . The hardest natural diamonds mostly originate from the Copeton and Bingara fields located in the New England area in New South Wales , Australia . These diamonds are generally small , perfect to semiperfect octahedra , and are used to polish other diamonds . Their hardness is associated with the crystal growth form , which is single - stage crystal growth . Most other diamonds show more evidence of multiple growth stages , which produce inclusions , flaws , and defect planes in the crystal lattice , all of which affect their hardness . It is possible to treat regular diamonds under a combination of high pressure and high temperature to produce diamonds that are harder than the diamonds used in hardness gauges . Somewhat related to hardness is another mechanical property toughness , which is a material 's ability to resist breakage from forceful impact . The toughness of natural diamond has been measured as 7.5 -- 10 MPa m . This value is good compared to other ceramic materials , but poor compared to most engineering materials such as engineering alloys , which typically exhibit toughnesses over 100 MPa m . As with any material , the macroscopic geometry of a diamond contributes to its resistance to breakage . Diamond has a cleavage plane and is therefore more fragile in some orientations than others . Diamond cutters use this attribute to cleave some stones , prior to faceting . `` Impact toughness '' is one of the main indexes to measure the quality of synthetic industrial diamonds . Pressure resistance Used in so - called diamond anvil experiments to create high - pressure environments , diamonds are able to withstand crushing pressures in excess of 600 gigapascals ( 6 million atmospheres ) . Electrical conductivity Other specialized applications also exist or are being developed , including use as semiconductors : some blue diamonds are natural semiconductors , in contrast to most diamonds , which are excellent electrical insulators . The conductivity and blue color originate from boron impurity . Boron substitutes for carbon atoms in the diamond lattice , donating a hole into the valence band . Substantial conductivity is commonly observed in nominally undoped diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition . This conductivity is associated with hydrogen - related species adsorbed at the surface , and it can be removed by annealing or other surface treatments . Surface property Diamonds are naturally lipophilic and hydrophobic , which means the diamonds ' surface can not be wet by water , but can be easily wet and stuck by oil . This property can be utilized to extract diamonds using oil when making synthetic diamonds . However , when diamond surfaces are chemically modified with certain ions , they are expected to become so hydrophilic that they can stabilize multiple layers of water ice at human body temperature . The surface of diamonds is partially oxidized . The oxidized surface can be reduced by heat treatment under hydrogen flow . That is to say , this heat treatment partially removes oxygen - containing functional groups . But diamonds ( sp C ) are unstable against high temperature ( above about 400 ° C ( 752 ° F ) ) under atmospheric pressure . The structure gradually changes into sp C above this temperature . Thus , diamonds should be reduced under this temperature . Chemical stability Diamonds are not very reactive . Under room temperature diamonds do not react with any chemical reagents including strong acids and bases . A diamond 's surface can only be oxidized at temperatures above about 850 ° C ( 1,560 ° F ) in air . Diamond also reacts with fluorine gas above about 700 ° C ( 1,292 ° F ) . Color Main article : Diamond color Brown diamonds at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington , D.C. The most famous colored diamond , the Hope Diamond Diamond has a wide bandgap of 6981881197067849999 ♠ 5.5 eV corresponding to the deep ultraviolet wavelength of 225 nanometers . This means that pure diamond should transmit visible light and appear as a clear colorless crystal . Colors in diamond originate from lattice defects and impurities . The diamond crystal lattice is exceptionally strong , and only atoms of nitrogen , boron and hydrogen can be introduced into diamond during the growth at significant concentrations ( up to atomic percents ) . Transition metals nickel and cobalt , which are commonly used for growth of synthetic diamond by high - pressure high - temperature techniques , have been detected in diamond as individual atoms ; the maximum concentration is 0.01 % for nickel and even less for cobalt . Virtually any element can be introduced to diamond by ion implantation . Nitrogen is by far the most common impurity found in gem diamonds and is responsible for the yellow and brown color in diamonds . Boron is responsible for the blue color . Color in diamond has two additional sources : irradiation ( usually by alpha particles ) , that causes the color in green diamonds , and plastic deformation of the diamond crystal lattice . Plastic deformation is the cause of color in some brown and perhaps pink and red diamonds . In order of increasing rarity , yellow diamond is followed by brown , colorless , then by blue , green , black , pink , orange , purple , and red . `` Black '' , or Carbonado , diamonds are not truly black , but rather contain numerous dark inclusions that give the gems their dark appearance . Colored diamonds contain impurities or structural defects that cause the coloration , while pure or nearly pure diamonds are transparent and colorless . Most diamond impurities replace a carbon atom in the crystal lattice , known as a carbon flaw . The most common impurity , nitrogen , causes a slight to intense yellow coloration depending upon the type and concentration of nitrogen present . The Gemological Institute of America ( GIA ) classifies low saturation yellow and brown diamonds as diamonds in the normal color range , and applies a grading scale from `` D '' ( colorless ) to `` Z '' ( light yellow ) . Diamonds of a different color , such as blue , are called fancy colored diamonds and fall under a different grading scale . In 2008 , the Wittelsbach Diamond , a 35.56 - carat ( 7.112 g ) blue diamond once belonging to the King of Spain , fetched over US $24 million at a Christie 's auction . In May 2009 , a 7.03 - carat ( 1.406 g ) blue diamond fetched the highest price per carat ever paid for a diamond when it was sold at auction for 10.5 million Swiss francs ( 6.97 million euros , or US $9.5 million at the time ) . That record was , however , beaten the same year : a 5 - carat ( 1.0 g ) vivid pink diamond was sold for $10.8 million in Hong Kong on December 1 , 2009 . Identification Diamonds can be identified by their high thermal conductivity . Their high refractive index is also indicative , but other materials have similar refractivity . Diamonds cut glass , but this does not positively identify a diamond because other materials , such as quartz , also lie above glass on the Mohs scale and can also cut it . Diamonds can scratch other diamonds , but this can result in damage to one or both stones . Hardness tests are infrequently used in practical gemology because of their potentially destructive nature . The extreme hardness and high value of diamond means that gems are typically polished slowly , using painstaking traditional techniques and greater attention to detail than is the case with most other gemstones ; these tend to result in extremely flat , highly polished facets with exceptionally sharp facet edges . Diamonds also possess an extremely high refractive index and fairly high dispersion . Taken together , these factors affect the overall appearance of a polished diamond and most diamantaires still rely upon skilled use of a loupe ( magnifying glass ) to identify diamonds `` by eye '' . Industry A round brilliant cut diamond set in a ring See also : Diamonds as an investment and Clean Diamond Trade Act The diamond industry can be separated into two distinct categories : one dealing with gem - grade diamonds and another for industrial - grade diamonds . Both markets value diamonds differently . Diamond exports by country ( 2014 ) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity Gem - grade diamonds Main article : Diamond ( gemstone ) A large trade in gem - grade diamonds exists . Although most gem - grade diamonds are sold newly polished , there is a well - established market for resale of polished diamonds ( e.g. pawnbroking , auctions , second - hand jewelry stores , diamantaires , bourses , etc . ) . One hallmark of the trade in gem - quality diamonds is its remarkable concentration : wholesale trade and diamond cutting is limited to just a few locations ; in 2003 , 92 % of the world 's diamonds were cut and polished in Surat , India . Other important centers of diamond cutting and trading are the Antwerp diamond district in Belgium , where the International Gemological Institute is based , London , the Diamond District in New York City , the Diamond Exchange District in Tel Aviv , and Amsterdam . One contributory factor is the geological nature of diamond deposits : several large primary kimberlite - pipe mines each account for significant portions of market share ( such as the Jwaneng mine in Botswana , which is a single large - pit mine that can produce between 12,500,000 and 15,000,000 carats ( 2,500 and 3,000 kg ) of diamonds per year ) . Secondary alluvial diamond deposits , on the other hand , tend to be fragmented amongst many different operators because they can be dispersed over many hundreds of square kilometers ( e.g. , alluvial deposits in Brazil ) . The production and distribution of diamonds is largely consolidated in the hands of a few key players , and concentrated in traditional diamond trading centers , the most important being Antwerp , where 80 % of all rough diamonds , 50 % of all cut diamonds and more than 50 % of all rough , cut and industrial diamonds combined are handled . This makes Antwerp a de facto `` world diamond capital '' . The city of Antwerp also hosts the Antwerpsche Diamantkring , created in 1929 to become the first and biggest diamond bourse dedicated to rough diamonds . Another important diamond center is New York City , where almost 80 % of the world 's diamonds are sold , including auction sales . The De Beers company , as the world 's largest diamond mining company , holds a dominant position in the industry , and has done so since soon after its founding in 1888 by the British imperialist Cecil Rhodes . De Beers is currently the world 's largest operator of diamond production facilities ( mines ) and distribution channels for gem - quality diamonds . The Diamond Trading Company ( DTC ) is a subsidiary of De Beers and markets rough diamonds from De Beers - operated mines . De Beers and its subsidiaries own mines that produce some 40 % of annual world diamond production . For most of the 20th century over 80 % of the world 's rough diamonds passed through De Beers , but by 2001 -- 2009 the figure had decreased to around 45 % , and by 2013 the company 's market share had further decreased to around 38 % in value terms and even less by volume . De Beers sold off the vast majority of its diamond stockpile in the late 1990s -- early 2000s and the remainder largely represents working stock ( diamonds that are being sorted before sale ) . This was well documented in the press but remains little known to the general public . As a part of reducing its influence , De Beers withdrew from purchasing diamonds on the open market in 1999 and ceased , at the end of 2008 , purchasing Russian diamonds mined by the largest Russian diamond company Alrosa . As of January 2011 , De Beers states that it only sells diamonds from the following four countries : Botswana , Namibia , South Africa and Canada . Alrosa had to suspend their sales in October 2008 due to the global energy crisis , but the company reported that it had resumed selling rough diamonds on the open market by October 2009 . Apart from Alrosa , other important diamond mining companies include BHP Billiton , which is the world 's largest mining company ; Rio Tinto Group , the owner of the Argyle ( 100 % ) , Diavik ( 60 % ) , and Murowa ( 78 % ) diamond mines ; and Petra Diamonds , the owner of several major diamond mines in Africa . Diamond polisher in Amsterdam Further down the supply chain , members of The World Federation of Diamond Bourses ( WFDB ) act as a medium for wholesale diamond exchange , trading both polished and rough diamonds . The WFDB consists of independent diamond bourses in major cutting centers such as Tel Aviv , Antwerp , Johannesburg and other cities across the USA , Europe and Asia . In 2000 , the WFDB and The International Diamond Manufacturers Association established the World Diamond Council to prevent the trading of diamonds used to fund war and inhumane acts . WFDB 's additional activities include sponsoring the World Diamond Congress every two years , as well as the establishment of the International Diamond Council ( IDC ) to oversee diamond grading . Once purchased by Sightholders ( which is a trademark term referring to the companies that have a three - year supply contract with DTC ) , diamonds are cut and polished in preparation for sale as gemstones ( ' industrial ' stones are regarded as a by - product of the gemstone market ; they are used for abrasives ) . The cutting and polishing of rough diamonds is a specialized skill that is concentrated in a limited number of locations worldwide . Traditional diamond cutting centers are Antwerp , Amsterdam , Johannesburg , New York City , and Tel Aviv . Recently , diamond cutting centers have been established in China , India , Thailand , Namibia and Botswana . Cutting centers with lower cost of labor , notably Surat in Gujarat , India , handle a larger number of smaller carat diamonds , while smaller quantities of larger or more valuable diamonds are more likely to be handled in Europe or North America . The recent expansion of this industry in India , employing low cost labor , has allowed smaller diamonds to be prepared as gems in greater quantities than was previously economically feasible . Diamonds prepared as gemstones are sold on diamond exchanges called bourses . There are 28 registered diamond bourses in the world . Bourses are the final tightly controlled step in the diamond supply chain ; wholesalers and even retailers are able to buy relatively small lots of diamonds at the bourses , after which they are prepared for final sale to the consumer . Diamonds can be sold already set in jewelry , or sold unset ( `` loose '' ) . According to the Rio Tinto Group , in 2002 the diamonds produced and released to the market were valued at US $9 billion as rough diamonds , US $14 billion after being cut and polished , US $28 billion in wholesale diamond jewelry , and US $57 billion in retail sales . Cutting Main articles : Diamond cutting and Diamond cut The Darya - I - Nur Diamond -- an example of unusual diamond cut and jewelry arrangement Mined rough diamonds are converted into gems through a multi-step process called `` cutting '' . Diamonds are extremely hard , but also brittle and can be split up by a single blow . Therefore , diamond cutting is traditionally considered as a delicate procedure requiring skills , scientific knowledge , tools and experience . Its final goal is to produce a faceted jewel where the specific angles between the facets would optimize the diamond luster , that is dispersion of white light , whereas the number and area of facets would determine the weight of the final product . The weight reduction upon cutting is significant and can be of the order of 50 % . Several possible shapes are considered , but the final decision is often determined not only by scientific , but also practical considerations . For example , the diamond might be intended for display or for wear , in a ring or a necklace , singled or surrounded by other gems of certain color and shape . Some of them may be considered as classical , such as round , pear , marquise , oval , hearts and arrows diamonds , etc . Some of them are special , produced by certain companies , for example , Phoenix , Cushion , Sole Mio diamonds , etc . The most time - consuming part of the cutting is the preliminary analysis of the rough stone . It needs to address a large number of issues , bears much responsibility , and therefore can last years in case of unique diamonds . The following issues are considered : The hardness of diamond and its ability to cleave strongly depend on the crystal orientation . Therefore , the crystallographic structure of the diamond to be cut is analyzed using X-ray diffraction to choose the optimal cutting directions . Most diamonds contain visible non-diamond inclusions and crystal flaws . The cutter has to decide which flaws are to be removed by the cutting and which could be kept . The diamond can be split by a single , well calculated blow of a hammer to a pointed tool , which is quick , but risky . Alternatively , it can be cut with a diamond saw , which is a more reliable but tedious procedure . After initial cutting , the diamond is shaped in numerous stages of polishing . Unlike cutting , which is a responsible but quick operation , polishing removes material by gradual erosion and is extremely time consuming . The associated technique is well developed ; it is considered as a routine and can be performed by technicians . After polishing , the diamond is reexamined for possible flaws , either remaining or induced by the process . Those flaws are concealed through various diamond enhancement techniques , such as repolishing , crack filling , or clever arrangement of the stone in the jewelry . Remaining non-diamond inclusions are removed through laser drilling and filling of the voids produced . Marketing Diamond Balance Scale 0.01 - 25 Carats Jewelers Measuring Tool Marketing has significantly affected the image of diamond as a valuable commodity . N.W. Ayer & Son , the advertising firm retained by De Beers in the mid-20th century , succeeded in reviving the American diamond market . And the firm created new markets in countries where no diamond tradition had existed before . N.W. Ayer 's marketing included product placement , advertising focused on the diamond product itself rather than the De Beers brand , and associations with celebrities and royalty . Without advertising the De Beers brand , De Beers was advertising its competitors ' diamond products as well , but this was not a concern as De Beers dominated the diamond market throughout the 20th century . De Beers ' market share dipped temporarily to 2nd place in the global market below Alrosa in the aftermath of the global economic crisis of 2008 , down to less than 29 % in terms of carats mined , rather than sold . The campaign lasted for decades but was effectively discontinued by early 2011 . De Beers still advertises diamonds , but the advertising now mostly promotes its own brands , or licensed product lines , rather than completely `` generic '' diamond products . The campaign was perhaps best captured by the slogan `` a diamond is forever '' . This slogan is now being used by De Beers Diamond Jewelers , a jewelry firm which is a 50 % / 50 % joint venture between the De Beers mining company and LVMH , the luxury goods conglomerate . Brown - colored diamonds constituted a significant part of the diamond production , and were predominantly used for industrial purposes . They were seen as worthless for jewelry ( not even being assessed on the diamond color scale ) . After the development of Argyle diamond mine in Australia in 1986 , and marketing , brown diamonds have become acceptable gems . The change was mostly due to the numbers : the Argyle mine , with its 35,000,000 carats ( 7,000 kg ) of diamonds per year , makes about one - third of global production of natural diamonds ; 80 % of Argyle diamonds are brown . Industrial - grade diamonds A scalpel with synthetic diamond blade Close - up photograph of an angle grinder blade with tiny diamonds shown embedded in the metal A diamond knife blade used for cutting ultrathin sections ( typically 70 to 350 nm ) for transmission electron microscopy . Industrial diamonds are valued mostly for their hardness and thermal conductivity , making many of the gemological characteristics of diamonds , such as the 4 Cs , irrelevant for most applications . 80 % of mined diamonds ( equal to about 135,000,000 carats ( 27,000 kg ) annually ) are unsuitable for use as gemstones and are used industrially . In addition to mined diamonds , synthetic diamonds found industrial applications almost immediately after their invention in the 1950s ; another 570,000,000 carats ( 114,000 kg ) of synthetic diamond is produced annually for industrial use ( in 2004 ; in 2014 it is 4,500,000,000 carats ( 900,000 kg ) , 90 % of which is produced in China ) . Approximately 90 % of diamond grinding grit is currently of synthetic origin . The boundary between gem - quality diamonds and industrial diamonds is poorly defined and partly depends on market conditions ( for example , if demand for polished diamonds is high , some lower - grade stones will be polished into low - quality or small gemstones rather than being sold for industrial use ) . Within the category of industrial diamonds , there is a sub-category comprising the lowest - quality , mostly opaque stones , which are known as bort . Industrial use of diamonds has historically been associated with their hardness , which makes diamond the ideal material for cutting and grinding tools . As the hardest known naturally occurring material , diamond can be used to polish , cut , or wear away any material , including other diamonds . Common industrial applications of this property include diamond - tipped drill bits and saws , and the use of diamond powder as an abrasive . Less expensive industrial - grade diamonds , known as bort , with more flaws and poorer color than gems , are used for such purposes . Diamond is not suitable for machining ferrous alloys at high speeds , as carbon is soluble in iron at the high temperatures created by high - speed machining , leading to greatly increased wear on diamond tools compared to alternatives . Specialized applications include use in laboratories as containment for high - pressure experiments ( see diamond anvil cell ) , high - performance bearings , and limited use in specialized windows . With the continuing advances being made in the production of synthetic diamonds , future applications are becoming feasible . The high thermal conductivity of diamond makes it suitable as a heat sink for integrated circuits in electronics . Mining See also : List of diamond mines and Exploration diamond drilling Approximately 130,000,000 carats ( 26,000 kg ) of diamonds are mined annually , with a total value of nearly US $9 billion , and about 100,000 kg ( 220,000 lb ) are synthesized annually . Roughly 49 % of diamonds originate from Central and Southern Africa , although significant sources of the mineral have been discovered in Canada , India , Russia , Brazil , and Australia . They are mined from kimberlite and lamproite volcanic pipes , which can bring diamond crystals , originating from deep within the Earth where high pressures and temperatures enable them to form , to the surface . The mining and distribution of natural diamonds are subjects of frequent controversy such as concerns over the sale of blood diamonds or conflict diamonds by African paramilitary groups . The diamond supply chain is controlled by a limited number of powerful businesses , and is also highly concentrated in a small number of locations around the world . Only a very small fraction of the diamond ore consists of actual diamonds . The ore is crushed , during which care is required not to destroy larger diamonds , and then sorted by density . Today , diamonds are located in the diamond - rich density fraction with the help of X-ray fluorescence , after which the final sorting steps are done by hand . Before the use of X-rays became commonplace , the separation was done with grease belts ; diamonds have a stronger tendency to stick to grease than the other minerals in the ore . Siberia 's Udachnaya diamond mine Historically , diamonds were found only in alluvial deposits in Guntur and Krishna district of the Krishna River delta in Southern India . India led the world in diamond production from the time of their discovery in approximately the 9th century BC to the mid-18th century AD , but the commercial potential of these sources had been exhausted by the late 18th century and at that time India was eclipsed by Brazil where the first non-Indian diamonds were found in 1725 . Currently , one of the most prominent Indian mines is located at Panna . Diamond extraction from primary deposits ( kimberlites and lamproites ) started in the 1870s after the discovery of the Diamond Fields in South Africa . Production has increased over time and now an accumulated total of 4,500,000,000 carats ( 900,000 kg ) have been mined since that date . Twenty percent of that amount has been mined in the last five years , and during the last 10 years , nine new mines have started production ; four more are waiting to be opened soon . Most of these mines are located in Canada , Zimbabwe , Angola , and one in Russia . In the U.S. , diamonds have been found in Arkansas , Colorado , New Mexico , Wyoming , and Montana . In 2004 , the discovery of a microscopic diamond in the U.S. led to the January 2008 bulk - sampling of kimberlite pipes in a remote part of Montana . The Crater of Diamonds State Park in Arkansas is open to the public , and is the only mine in the world where members of the public can dig for diamonds . Today , most commercially viable diamond deposits are in Russia ( mostly in Sakha Republic , for example Mir pipe and Udachnaya pipe ) , Botswana , Australia ( Northern and Western Australia ) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . In 2005 , Russia produced almost one - fifth of the global diamond output , according to the British Geological Survey . Australia boasts the richest diamantiferous pipe , with production from the Argyle diamond mine reaching peak levels of 42 metric tons per year in the 1990s . There are also commercial deposits being actively mined in the Northwest Territories of Canada and Brazil . Diamond prospectors continue to search the globe for diamond - bearing kimberlite and lamproite pipes . Political issues Play media Unsustainable diamond mining in Sierra Leone Main articles : Kimberley Process , Blood diamond , and Child labour in the diamond industry In some of the more politically unstable central African and west African countries , revolutionary groups have taken control of diamond mines , using proceeds from diamond sales to finance their operations . Diamonds sold through this process are known as conflict diamonds or blood diamonds . In response to public concerns that their diamond purchases were contributing to war and human rights abuses in central and western Africa , the United Nations , the diamond industry and diamond - trading nations introduced the Kimberley Process in 2002 . The Kimberley Process aims to ensure that conflict diamonds do not become intermixed with the diamonds not controlled by such rebel groups . This is done by requiring diamond - producing countries to provide proof that the money they make from selling the diamonds is not used to fund criminal or revolutionary activities . Although the Kimberley Process has been moderately successful in limiting the number of conflict diamonds entering the market , some still find their way in . According to the International Diamond Manufacturers Association , conflict diamonds constitute 2 -- 3 % of all diamonds traded . Two major flaws still hinder the effectiveness of the Kimberley Process : ( 1 ) the relative ease of smuggling diamonds across African borders , and ( 2 ) the violent nature of diamond mining in nations that are not in a technical state of war and whose diamonds are therefore considered `` clean '' . The Canadian Government has set up a body known as the Canadian Diamond Code of Conduct to help authenticate Canadian diamonds . This is a stringent tracking system of diamonds and helps protect the `` conflict free '' label of Canadian diamonds . Synthetics , simulants , and enhancements Synthetics Main article : Synthetic diamond Synthetic diamonds of various colors grown by the high - pressure high - temperature technique Synthetic diamonds are diamonds manufactured in a laboratory , as opposed to diamonds mined from the Earth . The gemological and industrial uses of diamond have created a large demand for rough stones . This demand has been satisfied in large part by synthetic diamonds , which have been manufactured by various processes for more than half a century . However , in recent years it has become possible to produce gem - quality synthetic diamonds of significant size . It is possible to make colorless synthetic gemstones that , on a molecular level , are identical to natural stones and so visually similar that only a gemologist with special equipment can tell the difference . The majority of commercially available synthetic diamonds are yellow and are produced by so - called high - pressure high - temperature ( HPHT ) processes . The yellow color is caused by nitrogen impurities . Other colors may also be reproduced such as blue , green or pink , which are a result of the addition of boron or from irradiation after synthesis . Colorless gem cut from diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition Another popular method of growing synthetic diamond is chemical vapor deposition ( CVD ) . The growth occurs under low pressure ( below atmospheric pressure ) . It involves feeding a mixture of gases ( typically 1 to 99 methane to hydrogen ) into a chamber and splitting them to chemically active radicals in a plasma ignited by microwaves , hot filament , arc discharge , welding torch or laser . This method is mostly used for coatings , but can also produce single crystals several millimeters in size ( see picture ) . As of 2010 , nearly all 5,000 million carats ( 1,000 tonnes ) of synthetic diamonds produced per year are for industrial use . Around 50 % of the 133 million carats of natural diamonds mined per year end up in industrial use . Mining companies ' expenses average $40 to $60 per carat for natural colorless diamonds , while synthetic manufacturers ' expenses average $2,500 per carat for synthetic , gem - quality colorless diamonds . However , a purchaser is more likely to encounter a synthetic when looking for a fancy - colored diamond because nearly all synthetic diamonds are fancy - colored , while only 0.01 % of natural diamonds are . Simulants Main article : Diamond simulant Gem - cut synthetic silicon carbide set in a ring A diamond simulant is a non-diamond material that is used to simulate the appearance of a diamond , and may be referred to as diamante . Cubic zirconia is the most common . The gemstone moissanite ( silicon carbide ) can be treated as a diamond simulant , though more costly to produce than cubic zirconia . Both are produced synthetically . Enhancements Main article : Diamond enhancement Diamond enhancements are specific treatments performed on natural or synthetic diamonds ( usually those already cut and polished into a gem ) , which are designed to better the gemological characteristics of the stone in one or more ways . These include laser drilling to remove inclusions , application of sealants to fill cracks , treatments to improve a white diamond 's color grade , and treatments to give fancy color to a white diamond . Coatings are increasingly used to give a diamond simulant such as cubic zirconia a more `` diamond - like '' appearance . One such substance is diamond - like carbon -- an amorphous carbonaceous material that has some physical properties similar to those of the diamond . Advertising suggests that such a coating would transfer some of these diamond - like properties to the coated stone , hence enhancing the diamond simulant . Techniques such as Raman spectroscopy should easily identify such a treatment . Identification Early diamond identification tests included a scratch test relying on the superior hardness of diamond . This test is destructive , as a diamond can scratch another diamond , and is rarely used nowadays . Instead , diamond identification relies on its superior thermal conductivity . Electronic thermal probes are widely used in the gemological centers to separate diamonds from their imitations . These probes consist of a pair of battery - powered thermistors mounted in a fine copper tip . One thermistor functions as a heating device while the other measures the temperature of the copper tip : if the stone being tested is a diamond , it will conduct the tip 's thermal energy rapidly enough to produce a measurable temperature drop . This test takes about 2 -- 3 seconds . Whereas the thermal probe can separate diamonds from most of their simulants , distinguishing between various types of diamond , for example synthetic or natural , irradiated or non-irradiated , etc. , requires more advanced , optical techniques . Those techniques are also used for some diamonds simulants , such as silicon carbide , which pass the thermal conductivity test . Optical techniques can distinguish between natural diamonds and synthetic diamonds . They can also identify the vast majority of treated natural diamonds . `` Perfect '' crystals ( at the atomic lattice level ) have never been found , so both natural and synthetic diamonds always possess characteristic imperfections , arising from the circumstances of their crystal growth , that allow them to be distinguished from each other . Laboratories use techniques such as spectroscopy , microscopy and luminescence under shortwave ultraviolet light to determine a diamond 's origin . They also use specially made instruments to aid them in the identification process . Two screening instruments are the DiamondSure and the DiamondView , both produced by the DTC and marketed by the GIA . Several methods for identifying synthetic diamonds can be performed , depending on the method of production and the color of the diamond . CVD diamonds can usually be identified by an orange fluorescence . D-J colored diamonds can be screened through the Swiss Gemmological Institute 's Diamond Spotter . Stones in the D-Z color range can be examined through the DiamondSure UV / visible spectrometer , a tool developed by De Beers . Similarly , natural diamonds usually have minor imperfections and flaws , such as inclusions of foreign material , that are not seen in synthetic diamonds . Screening devices based on diamond type detection can be used to make a distinction between diamonds that are certainly natural and diamonds that are potentially synthetic . Those potentially synthetic diamonds require more investigation in a specialized lab . Examples of commercial screening devices are D - Screen ( WTOCD / HRD Antwerp ) and Alpha Diamond Analyzer ( Bruker / HRD Antwerp ) . Stolen diamonds Occasionally large thefts of diamonds take place . In February 2013 armed robbers carried out a raid at Brussels Airport and escaped with gems estimated to be worth $50 m ( £ 32m ; 37m euros ) . The gang broke through a perimeter fence and raided the cargo hold of a Swiss - bound plane . The gang have since been arrested and large amounts of cash and diamonds recovered . The identification of stolen diamonds presents a set of difficult problems . Rough diamonds will have a distinctive shape depending on whether their source is a mine or from an alluvial environment such as a beach or river -- alluvial diamonds have smoother surfaces than those that have been mined . Determining the provenance of cut and polished stones is much more complex . The Kimberley Process was developed to monitor the trade in rough diamonds and prevent their being used to fund violence . Before exporting , rough diamonds are certificated by the government of the country of origin . Some countries , such as Venezuela , are not party to the agreement . The Kimberley Process does not apply to local sales of rough diamonds within a country . Diamonds may be etched by laser with marks invisible to the naked eye . Lazare Kaplan , a US - based company , developed this method . However , whatever is marked on a diamond can readily be removed . See also Gemology and Jewelry portal Diamondoid List of diamonds List of largest rough diamonds List of minerals Lonsdaleite Superhard material References ^ Jump up to : `` Diamond '' . Mindat . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond '' . WebMineral . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Liddell , H.G. ; Scott , R. `` Adamas '' . A Greek - English Lexicon . Perseus Project . ^ Jump up to : Hershey , W. ( 1940 ) . The Book of Diamonds . New York : Hearthside Press . pp. 22 -- 28 . ISBN 1 - 4179 - 7715 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder ( 2004 ) . Natural History : A Selection . Penguin Books . p. 371 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044413 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese made first use of diamond '' . BBC News . May 17 , 2005 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Epstein , E.J. 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Raman spectroscopy in archaeology and art history . Royal Society of Chemistry . pp. 387 -- 394 . ISBN 0 - 85404 - 522 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Welbourn , C. ( 2006 ) . `` Identification of Synthetic Diamonds : Present Status and Future Developments '' . Gems and Gemology. 42 ( 3 ) : 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Donahue , P.J. ( April 19 , 2004 ) . `` DTC Appoints GIA Distributor of DiamondSure and DiamondView '' . Professional Jeweler Magazine . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SSEF diamond spotter and SSEF illuminator '' . SSEF Swiss Gemmological Institute . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arrests over $50 m Belgium airport diamond heist '' . BBC News . May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who , What , Why : How do you spot a stolen diamond ? '' . BBC News . February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brussels diamond robbery nets ' gigantic ' haul '' . BBC News . February 19 , 2013 . Books C. Even - Zohar ( 2007 ) . From Mine to Mistress : Corporate Strategies and Government Policies in the International Diamond Industry ( 2nd ed . ) . Mining Journal Press . G. Davies ( 1994 ) . Properties and growth of diamond . INSPEC . ISBN 0 - 85296 - 875 - 2 . M. O'Donoghue ( 2006 ) . Gems . Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 5856 - 8 . M. O'Donoghue and L. Joyner ( 2003 ) . Identification of gemstones . Great Britain : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 5512 - 7 . A. Feldman and L.H. Robins ( 1991 ) . Applications of Diamond Films and Related Materials . Elsevier . J.E. Field ( 1979 ) . The Properties of Diamond . London : Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 255350 - 0 . J.E. Field ( 1992 ) . The Properties of Natural and Synthetic Diamond . London : Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 255352 - 7 . W. Hershey ( 1940 ) . The Book of Diamonds . Hearthside Press New York . ISBN 1 - 4179 - 7715 - 9 . S. Koizumi , C.E. Nebel and M. Nesladek ( 2008 ) . Physics and Applications of CVD Diamond . Wiley VCH . ISBN 3 - 527 - 40801 - 0 . L.S. Pan and D.R. Kani ( 1995 ) . Diamond : Electronic Properties and Applications . Kluwer Academic Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 9524 - 7 . Pagel - Theisen , Verena ( 2001 ) . Diamond Grading ABC : the Manual . Antwerp : Rubin & Son . ISBN 3 - 9800434 - 6 - 0 . R.L. Radovic , P.M. Walker and P.A. Thrower ( 1965 ) . Chemistry and physics of carbon : a series of advances . New York : Marcel Dekker . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 0987 - X . M. Tolkowsky ( 1919 ) . Diamond Design : A Study of the Reflection and Refraction of Light in a Diamond . London : E. & F.N. Spon . R.W. Wise ( 2016 ) . Secrets of the Gem Trade : The Connoisseur 's Guide to Precious Gemstones ( Second Edition ) . Brunswick House Press . ISBN 9780972822329 . A.M. Zaitsev ( 2001 ) . Optical Properties of Diamond : A Data Handbook . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 66582 - X . External links Find more aboutDiamondat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Properties of diamond : Ioffe database `` A Contribution to the Understanding of Blue Fluorescence on the Appearance of Diamonds '' . ( 2007 ) Gemological Institute of America ( GIA ) Tyson , Peter ( November 2000 ) . `` Diamonds in the Sky '' . Retrieved March 10 , 2005 . Have You Ever Tried to Sell a Diamond ? 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3727921841725750633 | Proxy (climate) | Proxy ( climate ) - wikipedia Proxy ( climate ) This article is about climatic patterns . For other uses , see Proxy . Preserved physical characteristics allowing reconstruction of past climatic conditions Reconstruction of global temperature over the past 2000 years , comparing results from researchers using different proxy methods In the study of past climates ( `` paleoclimatology '' ) , climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth 's history . Reliable global records of climate only began in the 1880s , and proxies provide the only means for scientists to determine climatic patterns before record - keeping began . Examples of proxies include ice cores , tree rings , sub-fossil pollen , boreholes , corals , lake and ocean sediments , and carbonate speleothems . The character of deposition or rate of growth of the proxies ' material has been influenced by the climatic conditions of the time in which they were laid down or grew . Chemical traces produced by climatic changes , such as quantities of particular isotopes , can be recovered from proxies . Some proxies , such as gas bubbles trapped in ice , enable traces of the ancient atmosphere to be recovered and measured directly to provide a history of fluctuations in the composition of the Earth 's atmosphere . To produce the most precise results , systematic cross-verification between proxy indicators is necessary for accuracy in readings and record - keeping . Proxies can be combined to produce temperature reconstructions longer than the instrumental temperature record and can inform discussions of global warming and climate history . The distribution of proxy records , just like the instrumental record , is not at all uniform , with more records in the northern hemisphere . Contents 1 Proxies 1.1 Ice cores 1.1. 1 Drilling 1.1. 2 Proxy 1.2 Tree rings 1.3 Fossil leaves 1.4 Boreholes 1.5 Corals 1.6 Pollen grains 1.7 Dinoflagellate cysts 1.8 Lake and ocean sediments 1.9 Water isotopes and temperature reconstruction 1.10 Membrane lipids 1.11 Pseudoproxies 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Proxies ( edit ) Main article : Proxy ( statistics ) In science , it is sometimes necessary to study a variable which can not be measured directly . This can be done by `` proxy methods , '' in which a variable which correlates with the variable of interest is measured , and then used to infer the value of the variable of interest . Proxy methods are of particular use in the study of the past climate , beyond times when direct measurements of temperatures are available . Most proxy records have to be calibrated against independent temperature measurements , or against a directly calibrated proxy , during their period of overlap to estimate the relationship between temperature and the proxy . The longer history of the proxy is then used to reconstruct temperature from earlier periods . Ice cores ( edit ) Drilling ( edit ) Ice Core sample taken from drill . Photo by Lonnie Thompson , Byrd Polar Research Center . Ice cores are cylindrical samples from within ice sheets in the Greenland , Antarctic , and North American regions . First attempts of extraction occurred in 1956 as part of the International Geophysical Year . As original means of extraction , the U.S. Army 's Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory used an 80 - foot ( 24 m ) - long modified electrodrill in 1968 at Camp Century , Greenland , and Byrd Station , Antarctica . Their machinery could drill through 15 -- 20 feet of ice in 40 -- 50 minutes . From 1300 to 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) in depth , core samples were 4 1⁄4 inches in diameter and 10 to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) long . Deeper samples of 15 to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) long were not uncommon . Every subsequent drilling team improves their method with each new effort . Proxy ( edit ) δ18O and δD for Vostok , Antarctica ice core . The ratio between the O and O water molecule isotopologues in an ice core helps determine past temperatures and snow accumulations . The heavier isotope ( O ) condenses more readily as temperatures decrease and falls more easily as precipitation , while the lighter isotope ( O ) needs colder conditions to precipitate . The farther north one needs to go to find elevated levels of the O isotopologue , the warmer the period . In addition to oxygen isotopes , water contains hydrogen isotopes - H and H , usually referred to as H and D ( for deuterium ) - that are also used for temperature proxies . Normally , ice cores from Greenland are analyzed for δ O and those from Antarctica for δ - deuterium . Those cores that analyze for both show a lack of agreement . ( In the figure , δ O is for the trapped air , not the ice . δD is for the ice . ) Air bubbles in the ice , which contain trapped greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane , are also helpful in determining past climate changes . From 1989 - 1992 , the European Greenland Ice Core Drilling Project drilled in central Greenland at coordinates 72 ° 35 ' N , 37 ° 38 ' W . The ices in that core were 3840 years old at a depth of 770 m , 40,000 years old at 2521 m , and 200,000 years old or more at 3029 m bedrock . Ice cores in Antarctica can reveal the climate records for the past 650,000 years . Location maps and a complete list of U.S. ice core drilling sites can be found on the website for the National Ice Core Laboratory : http://icecores.org/ Tree rings ( edit ) Tree rings seen in a cross section of a trunk of a tree . Main article : Dendroclimatology Dendroclimatology is the science of determining past climates from trees , primarily from properties of the annual tree rings . Tree rings are wider when conditions favor growth , narrower when times are difficult . Other properties of the annual rings , such as maximum latewood density ( MXD ) have been shown to be better proxies than simple ring width . Using tree rings , scientists have estimated many local climates for hundreds to thousands of years previous . By combining multiple tree - ring studies ( sometimes with other climate proxy records ) , scientists have estimated past regional and global climates ( see Temperature record of the past 1000 years ) . Fossil leaves ( edit ) New approaches retrieve data such as CO content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition , measuring cellular CO concentrations . A 2014 study was able to use the carbon - 13 isotope ratios to estimate the CO amounts of the past 400 million years , the findings hint at a higher climate sensitivity to CO concentrations . Boreholes ( edit ) Borehole temperatures are used as temperature proxies . Since heat transfer through the ground is slow , temperature measurements at a series of different depths down the borehole , adjusted for the effect of rising heat from inside the Earth , can be `` inverted '' ( a mathematical formula to solve matrix equations ) to produce a non-unique series of surface temperature values . The solution is `` non-unique '' because there are multiple possible surface temperature reconstructions that can produce the same borehole temperature profile . In addition , due to physical limitations , the reconstructions are inevitably `` smeared '' , and become more smeared further back in time . When reconstructing temperatures around 1,500 AD , boreholes have a temporal resolution of a few centuries . At the start of the 20th Century , their resolution is a few decades ; hence they do not provide a useful check on the instrumental temperature record . However , they are broadly comparable . These confirmations have given paleoclimatologists the confidence that they can measure the temperature of 500 years ago . This is concluded by a depth scale of about 492 feet ( 150 meters ) to measure the temperatures from 100 years ago and 1,640 feet ( 500 meters ) to measure the temperatures from 1,000 years ago . Boreholes have a great advantage over many other proxies in that no calibration is required : they are actual temperatures . However , they record surface temperature not the near - surface temperature ( 1.5 meter ) used for most `` surface '' weather observations . These can differ substantially under extreme conditions or when there is surface snow . In practice the effect on borehole temperature is believed to be generally small . A second source of error is contamination of the well by groundwater may affect the temperatures , since the water `` carries '' more modern temperatures with it . This effect is believed to be generally small , and more applicable at very humid sites . It does not apply in ice cores where the site remains frozen all year . More than 600 boreholes , on all continents , have been used as proxies for reconstructing surface temperatures . The highest concentration of boreholes exist in North America and Europe . Their depths of drilling typically range from 200 to greater than 1,000 meters into the crust of the Earth or ice sheet . A small number of boreholes have been drilled in the ice sheets ; the purity of the ice there permits longer reconstructions . Central Greenland borehole temperatures show `` a warming over the last 150 years of approximately 1 ° C ± 0.2 ° C preceded by a few centuries of cool conditions . Preceding this was a warm period centered around A.D. 1000 , which was warmer than the late 20th century by approximately 1 ° C . '' A borehole in the Antarctica icecap shows that the `` temperature at A.D. 1 ( was ) approximately 1 ° C warmer than the late 20th century '' . Borehole temperatures in Greenland were responsible for an important revision to the isotopic temperature reconstruction , revealing that the former assumption that `` spatial slope equals temporal slope '' was incorrect . Corals ( edit ) Coral bleached due to changes in ocean water properties Ocean coral skeletal rings , or bands , also share paleoclimatological information , similarly to tree rings . In 2002 , a report was published on the findings of Drs . Lisa Greer and Peter Swart , associates of University of Miami at the time , in regard to stable oxygen isotopes in the calcium carbonate of coral . Cooler temperatures tend to cause coral to use heavier isotopes in its structure , while warmer temperatures result in more normal oxygen isotopes being built into the coral structure . Denser water salinity also tends to contain the heavier isotope . Greer 's coral sample from the Atlantic Ocean was taken in 1994 and dated back to 1935 . Greer recalls her conclusions , `` When we look at the averaged annual data from 1935 to about 1994 , we see it has the shape of a sine wave . It is periodic and has a significant pattern of oxygen isotope composition that has a peak at about every twelve to fifteen years . '' Surface water temperatures have coincided by also peaking every twelve and a half years . However , since recording this temperature has only been practiced for the last fifty years , correlation between recorded water temperature and coral structure can only be drawn so far back . Pollen grains ( edit ) Pollen can be found in sediments . Plants produce pollen in large quantities and it is extremely resistant to decay . It is possible to identify a plant species from its pollen grain . The identified plant community of the area at the relative time from that sediment layer , will provide information about the climatic condition . The abundance of pollen of a given vegetation period or year depends partly on the weather conditions of the previous months , hence pollen density provides information on short - term climatic conditions . The study of prehistoric pollen is palynology . Dinoflagellate cysts ( edit ) Cyst of a dinoflagellate Peridinium ovatum Dinoflagellates occur in most aquatic environments and during their life cycle , some species produce highly resistant organic - walled cysts for a dormancy period when environmental conditions are not appropriate for growth . Their living depth is relatively shallow ( dependent upon light penetration ) , and closely coupled to diatoms on which they feed . Their distribution patterns in surface waters are closely related to physical characteristics of the water bodies , and nearshore assemblages can also be distinguished from oceanic assemblages . The distribution of dinocysts in sediments has been relatively well documented and has contributed to understanding the average sea - surface conditions that determine the distribution pattern and abundances of the taxa ( ) . Several studies , including and have compiled box and gravity cores in the North Pacific analyzing them for palynological content to determine the distribution of dinocysts and their relationships with sea surface temperature , salinity , productivity and upwelling . Similarly , and use a box core at 576.5 m of water depth from 1992 in the central Santa Barbara Basin to determine oceanographic and climatic changes during the past 40 kyr in the area . Lake and ocean sediments ( edit ) Similar to their study on other proxies , paleoclimatologists examine oxygen isotopes in the contents of ocean sediments . Likewise , they measure the layers of varve ( deposited fine and coarse silt or clay ) laminating lake sediments . Lake varves are primarily influenced by : Summer temperature , which shows the energy available to melt seasonal snow and ice Winter snowfall , which determines the level of disturbance to sediments when melting occurs Rainfall Diatoms , foraminifera , radiolarians , ostracods , and Coccolithophores are examples of biotic proxies for lake and ocean conditions that are commonly used to reconstruct past climates . The distribution of the species of these and other aquatic creatures preserved in the sediments are useful proxies . The optimal conditions for species preserved in the sediment act as clues . Researchers use these clues to reveal what the climate and environment was like when the creatures died . The oxygen isotope ratios in their shells can also be used as proxies for temperature . Water isotopes and temperature reconstruction ( edit ) Ocean water is mostly H O , with small amounts of HD O and H O , where D denotes deuterium , i.e. hydrogen with an extra neutron . In Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water ( VSMOW ) the ratio of D to H is 155.76 x10 and O - 18 to O - 16 is 2005.2 x10 . Isotope fractionation occurs during changes between condensed and vapour phases : the vapour pressure of heavier isotopes is lower , so vapour contains relatively more of the lighter isotopes and when the vapour condenses the precipitation preferentially contains heavier isotopes . The difference from VSMOW is expressed as δ O = 1000 ‰ × ( ( ( 18 O ) / ( 16 O ) ) ( ( 18 O ) / ( 16 O ) ) V S M O W − 1 ) ( \ textstyle \ times \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( ( ( ) ^ ( 18 ) O ) / ( ( ) ^ ( 16 ) O ) ) ) ( ( ( ( ) ^ ( 18 ) O ) / ( ( ) ^ ( 16 ) O ) ) _ ( \ mathrm ( VSMOW ) ) ) ) - 1 \ right ) ) ; and a similar formula for δD . δ values for precipitation are always negative . The major influence on δ is the difference between ocean temperatures where the moisture evaporated and the place where the final precipitation occurred ; since ocean temperatures are relatively stable the δ value mostly reflects the temperature where precipitation occurs . Taking into account that the precipitation forms above the inversion layer , we are left with a linear relation : δ O = aT + b This is empirically calibrated from measurements of temperature and δ as a = 0.67 ‰ / ° C for Greenland and 0.76 ‰ / ° C for East Antarctica . The calibration was initially done on the basis of spatial variations in temperature and it was assumed that this corresponded to temporal variations . More recently , borehole thermometry has shown that for glacial - interglacial variations , a = 0.33 ‰ / ° C , implying that glacial - interglacial temperature changes were twice as large as previously believed . A study published in 2017 called the previous methodology to reconstruct paleo ocean temperatures 100 million years ago into question , suggesting it has been relatively stable during that time , much colder . Membrane lipids ( edit ) A novel climate proxy obtained from peat ( lignites , ancient peat ) and soils , membrane lipids known as glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether ( GDGT ) is helping to study paleo environmental factors , which control relative distribution of differently branched GDGT isomers . The study authors note , `` These branched membrane lipids are produced by an as yet unknown group of anaerobic soil bacteria . '' As of 2018 , there is a decade of research demonstrating that in mineral soils the degree of methylation of bacteria ( brGDGTs ) , helps to calculate mean annual air temperatures . This proxy method was used to study the climate of the early Palaeogene , at the Cretaceous -- Paleogene boundary , and researchers found that annual air temperatures , over land and at mid-latitude , averaged about 23 -- 29 ° C ( ± 4.7 ° C ) , which is 5 -- 10 ° C higher than most previous findings . Pseudoproxies ( edit ) The skill of algorithms used to combine proxy records into an overall hemispheric temperature reconstruction may be tested using a technique known as `` pseudoproxies '' . In this method , output from a climate model is sampled at locations corresponding to the known proxy network , and the temperature record produced is compared to the ( known ) overall temperature of the model . See also ( edit ) Paleothermometer Ice core Dendrochronology Historical climatology , the study of climate over human history ( as opposed to the Earth 's ) Palynology Speleothem Paleotempestology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bruckner , Monica . `` Paleoclimatology : How Can We Infer Past Climates ? '' Jump up ^ `` What Are `` Proxy '' Data ? National Centers for Environmental Information ( NCEI ) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) `` . www.ncdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Strom , Robert G. ( 2007 ) . Hot house : global climate change and the human condition . Copernicus Books . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 34179 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change 2001 : 2.3. 2.1 Palaeoclimate proxy indicators . '' Archived 2009 - 12 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Borehole Temperatures Confirm Global Warming Pattern . '' ^ Jump up to : Strom , Robert . Hot House . p. 255 ^ Jump up to : `` Core Location Maps . '' Archived 2009 - 11 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Vardiman , Larry , Ph. D. Ice Cores and the Age of the Earth . p. 9 - 13 Jump up ^ `` Paleoclimatology : the Oxygen Balance . '' Jump up ^ `` The GRIP Coring Effort . '' Jump up ^ Peter J. Franks , Dana L. Royer , David J. Beerling , Peter K. Van de Water , David J. Cantrill , Margaret M. Barbour and Joseph A. Berry ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` New constraints on atmospheric CO2 concentration for the Phanerozoic '' ( PDF ) . Geophysical Research Letters. 31 ( 13 ) . Bibcode : 2014GeoRL ... 41.4685 F . doi : 10.1002 / 2014GL060457 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11676&page=80 ^ Jump up to : Pollack , H.N. ; Huang , S. ; Shen , P.Y. ( 2000 ) . `` Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 403 ( 6771 ) : 756 -- 758 . doi : 10.1038 / 35001556 . PMID 10693801 . ^ Jump up to : Environmental News Network staff . `` Borehole temperatures confirm global warming . '' Archived 2009 - 10 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ BOREHOLES IN GLACIAL ICE Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years ( 2006 ) , pp 81 , 82 Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate ( BASC ) , National Academy of Science , ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 10225 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Coral Layers Good Proxy for Atlantic Climate Cycles . '' Archived 2010 - 03 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bradley , R.S. and Jones , P.D. ( eds ) 1992 : Climate since AD 1500 . London : Routledge . Jump up ^ de Vernal , A. ; Eynaud , F. ; Henry , M. ; Hillaire - Marcel , C. ; Londeix , L. ; Mangin , S. ; Matthiessen , J. ; Marret , F. ; Radi , T. ; Rochon , A. ; Solignac , S. ; Turon , J. - L. ( 1 April 2005 ) . `` Reconstruction of sea - surface conditions at middle to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 24 ( 7 -- 9 ) : 897 -- 924 . Bibcode : 2005QSRv ... 24 ... 897D . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2004.06. 014 . Jump up ^ Radi , Taoufik ; de Vernal , Anne ( 1 January 2004 ) . `` Dinocyst distribution in surface sediments from the northeastern Pacific margin ( 40 -- 60 ° N ) in relation to hydrographic conditions , productivity and upwelling '' . Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 128 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 169 -- 193 . doi : 10.1016 / S0034 - 6667 ( 03 ) 00118 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pospelova , Vera ; de Vernal , Anne ; Pedersen , Thomas F. ( 1 July 2008 ) . `` Distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments from the northeastern Pacific Ocean ( 43 -- 25 ° N ) in relation to sea - surface temperature , salinity , productivity and coastal upwelling '' . Marine Micropaleontology. 68 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 21 -- 48 . Bibcode : 2008MarMP ... 68 ... 21P . doi : 10.1016 / j. marmicro. 2008.01. 008 . Jump up ^ Pospelova , Vera ; Pedersen , Thomas F. ; de Vernal , Anne ( 1 June 2006 ) . `` Dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of climatic and oceanographic changes during the past 40 kyr in the Santa Barbara Basin , southern California '' . Paleoceanography. 21 ( 2 ) : PA2010 . Bibcode : 2006PalOc ... 21.2010 P . doi : 10.1029 / 2005PA001251 . ISSN 1944 - 9186 . Jump up ^ Bringué , Manuel ; Pospelova , Vera ; Field , David B. ( 1 December 2014 ) . `` High resolution sedimentary record of dinoflagellate cysts reflects decadal variability and 20th century warming in the Santa Barbara Basin '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 105 : 86 -- 101 . Bibcode : 2014QSRv ... 105 ... 86B . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2014.09. 022 . Jump up ^ `` Varve . '' Jump up ^ `` Climate Change 2001 : 2.3. 2.1 Palaeoclimate proxy indicators '' Archived 2009 - 12 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bruckner , Monica . `` Paleoclimatology : How Can We Infer Past Climates ? '' . Montana State University . Jump up ^ Shemesh , A. ; Charles , C.D. ; Fairbanks , R.G. ( 1992 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Oxygen Isotopes in Biogenic Silica : Global Changes in Ocean Temperature and Isotopic Composition '' . Science . 256 ( 5062 ) : 1434 -- 1436 . Bibcode : 1992Sci ... 256.1434 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 256.5062. 1434 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 17791613 . Jump up ^ http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11676&page=66 Jump up ^ Jouzel and Merlivat , 1984 ) Deuterium and oxygen 18 in precipitation : Modeling of the isotopic effects during snow formation , Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres , Volume 89 , Issue D7 , Pages 11589 -- 11829 Jump up ^ Cuffey et al. , 1995 , Large Arctic temperature change at the Wisconsin -- Holocene glacial transition , Science 270 : 455 -- 458 Jump up ^ `` The oceans were colder than we thought '' . Eurekalert . October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weijers et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Environmental controls on bacterial tetraether membrane lipid distribution in soils '' . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta . doi : 10.1016 / j. gca. 2006.10. 003 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Naafs et al. ( 2018 ) . `` High temperatures in the terrestrial mid-latitudes during the early Palaeogene '' . Nature Geoscience . doi : 10.1038 / s41561 - 018 - 0199 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ University of Bristol ( 30 July 2018 ) . `` Ever - increasing CO2 levels could take us back to the tropical climate of Paleogene period '' . ScienceDaily . Jump up ^ Mann , M.E. ; Rutherford , S. ( 31 May 2002 ) , `` Climate reconstruction using ' Pseudoproxies ' '' , Geophysical Research Letters , 29 ( 10 ) : 139 -- 1 -- 139 -- 4 , Bibcode : 2002GeoRL ... 29.1501 M , doi : 10.1029 / 2001GL014554 Sources `` Borehole Temperatures Confirm Global Warming Pattern . '' UniSci. 27 Feb. 2001 . 7 Oct. 2009 . ( 1 ) Bruckner , Monica . `` Paleoclimatology : How Can We Infer Past Climates ? '' Microbial Life . 29 Sept. 2008 . 23 Nov. 2009 . ( 2 ) `` Climate Change 2001 : 2.3. 2.1 Palaeoclimate proxy indicators . '' IPCC. 2003 . Sept. 23 , 2009 . ( 3 ) `` Coral Layers Good Proxy for Atlantic Climate Cycles . '' Earth Observatory . Webmaster : Paul Przyborski. 7 Dec. 2002 . 2 Nov. 2009 . ( 4 ) `` Core Location Maps . '' National Ice Core Laboratory . 9 Apr. 2009 . 23 Nov. 2009 . ( 5 ) `` Dendrochronology . '' Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . Merriam - Webster Online . 2009 . 2 Oct. 2009 . ( 6 ) Environmental News Network staff . `` Borehole temperatures confirm global warming . '' CNN.com. 17 Feb. 2000 . 7 Oct. 2009 . ( 7 ) `` The GRIP Coring Effort . '' NCDC. 26 Sept. 2009 . ( 8 ) `` Growth ring . '' Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2009 . 23 Oct. 2009 . ( 9 ) Huang , Shaopeng , et al. `` Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures . '' Nature . 2009 . 6 Oct. 2009 . ( 10 ) `` Objectives - Kola Superdeep Borehole ( KSDB ) - IGCP 408 : ' Rocks and Minerals at Great Depths and on the Surface . ' '' International Continental Scientific Drilling Program . 18 July 2006 . 6 Oct. 2009 . ( 11 ) `` Paleoclimatology : the Oxygen Balance . '' Earth Observatory . Webmaster : Paul Przyborski. 24 Nov. 2009 . 24 Nov. 2009 . ( 12 ) Schweingruber , Fritz Hans . Tree Rings : Basics and Application of Dendrochronology . Dordrecht : 1988 . 2 , 47 - 8 , 54 , 256 - 7 . Strom , Robert . Hot House . New York : Praxis , 2007 . 255 . `` Varve . '' Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . Merriam - Webster Online . 2009 . 2 Nov. 2009 . ( 13 ) Wolff , E.W. ( 2000 ) History of the atmosphere from ice cores ; ERCA vol 4 pp 147 -- 177 External links ( edit ) Chemical climate proxies at Royal Society of Chemistry , January 23 , 2013 Quintana , Favia et al. , 2018 '' Multiproxy response to climate - and human - driven changes in a remote lake of southern Patagonia ( Laguna Las Vizcachas , Argentina ) during the last 1.6 kyr '' , Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana , Mexico , VOL. 70 NO . 1 P. 173 ‒ 186 ( 14 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proxy_(climate)&oldid=860935854 '' Categories : Paleoclimatology Climatology Paleoceanography Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Articles with short description Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2018 , at 02 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is an example of a natural climate record/proxy | [
"Examples of proxies include ice cores, tree rings, sub-fossil pollen, boreholes, corals, lake and ocean sediments, and carbonate speleothems. The character of deposition or rate of growth of the proxies' material has been influenced by the climatic conditions of the time in which they were laid down or grew. Chemical traces produced by climatic changes, such as quantities of particular isotopes, can be recovered from proxies. Some proxies, such as gas bubbles trapped in ice, enable traces of the ancient atmosphere to be recovered and measured directly to provide a history of fluctuations in the composition of the Earth's atmosphere.[3] To produce the most precise results, systematic cross-verification between proxy indicators is necessary for accuracy in readings and record-keeping.[4]\n"
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"ice cores"
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7191667015956278373 | Book of Daniel | Book of Daniel - wikipedia Book of Daniel Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Book of Daniel ( disambiguation ) . Tanakh ( Judaism ) Torah ( Instruction ) ( show ) Genesis Brʾeišyt Exodus Šemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bəmidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im ( Prophets ) ( show ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim ( Writings ) ( hide ) Poetic Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim Old Testament ( Christianity ) Pentateuch ( show ) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical ( show ) Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom Poetry ( show ) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic ( hide ) Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portal The Book of Daniel is a biblical apocalypse , combining a prophecy of history with an eschatology ( the study of last things ) which is both cosmic in scope and political in its focus . In more mundane language , it is `` an account of the activities and visions of Daniel , a noble Jew exiled at Babylon , '' its message being that just as the God of Israel saved Daniel and his friends from their enemies , so he would save all of Israel in their present oppression . In the Hebrew Bible it is found in the Ketuvim ( writings ) , while in Christian Bibles it is grouped with the Major Prophets . The book divides into two parts , a set of six court tales in chapters 1 -- 6 followed by four apocalyptic visions in chapters 7 -- 12 . The deuterocanon contains three additional stories , the Song of the Three Holy Children , Susanna , and Bel and the Dragon . Though the book is traditionally ascribed to Daniel himself , modern scholarly consensus considers it pseudonymous , the stories of the first half legendary in origin , and the visions of the second the product of anonymous authors in the Maccabean period ( 2nd century BC ) . Its influence has resonated through later ages , from the Dead Sea Scrolls community and the authors of the gospels and Revelation , to various movements from the 2nd century to the Protestant Reformation and modern millennialist movements -- on which it continues to have a profound influence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Divisions 1.2 Chiastic structure in the Aramaic section 2 Content 2.1 Induction in Babylon ( chapter 1 ) 2.2 Nebuchadnezzar 's dream of four kingdoms ( chapter 2 ) 2.3 The fiery furnace ( chapter 3 ) 2.4 Nebuchadnezzar 's madness ( chapter 4 ) 2.5 Belshazzar 's feast ( chapter 5 ) 2.6 Daniel in the lions ' den ( chapter 6 ) 2.7 Vision of the beasts from the sea ( chapter 7 ) 2.8 Vision of the ram and goat ( chapter 8 ) 2.9 Vision of the Seventy Weeks ( chapter 9 ) 2.10 Vision of the kings of north and south ( chapters 10 -- 12 ) 2.11 Additions to Daniel ( Greek text tradition ) 3 Historical background 4 Composition 4.1 Development 4.2 Authorship 4.3 Dating 5 Manuscripts 6 Genre , meaning , symbolism and chronology 6.1 Genre 6.2 Meaning , symbolism and chronology 7 Influence 7.1 Religion 7.2 Western culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Bibliography 11 External links Structure ( edit ) Nebuchadnezzar 's dream : the composite statue ( France , 15th century ) . Divisions ( edit ) The Book of Daniel is divided between the court tales of chapters 1 -- 6 and the apocalyptic visions of 7 -- 12 , and between the Hebrew of chapters 1 and 8 -- 12 and the Aramaic of chapters 2 -- 7 . The division is reinforced by the chiastic arrangement of the Aramaic chapters ( see below ) , and by a chronological progression in chapters 1 -- 6 from Babylonian to Median times , and from ( Babylonian to Persian ) in chapters 7 -- 12 . Various suggestions have been made by scholars to explain the fact that the genre division does not coincide with the other two , but it appears that the language division and concentric structure of chapters 2 - 6 are artificial literary devices designed to bind the two halves of the book together . The following outline is provided by Collins in his commentary on Daniel : PART I : Tales ( chapters 1 : 1 -- 6 : 29 ) 1 : Introduction ( 1 : 1 -- 21 -- set in the Babylonian era , written in Hebrew ) 2 : Nebuchadnezzar 's dream of four kingdoms ( 2 : 1 -- 49 -- Babylonian era ; Aramaic ) 3 : The fiery furnace ( 3 : 1 -- 30 -- Babylonian era ; Aramaic ) 4 : Nebuchadnezzar 's madness ( 3 : 31 -- 4 : 34 -- Babylonian era ; Aramaic ) 5 : Belshazzar 's feast ( 5 : 1 -- 6 : 1 -- Babylonian era ; Aramaic ) 6 : Daniel in the lions ' den ( 6 : 2 -- 29 -- Median era with mention of Persia ; Aramaic ) PART II : Visions ( chapters 7 : 1 -- 12 : 13 ) 7 : The beasts from the sea ( 7 : 1 -- 28 -- Babylonian era : Aramaic ) 8 : The ram and the he - goat ( 8 : 1 -- 27 -- Babylonian era ; Hebrew ) 9 : Interpretation of Jeremiah 's prophecy of the seventy weeks ( 9 : 1 -- 27 -- Median era ; Hebrew ) 10 : The angel 's revelation : kings of the north and south ( 10 : 1 -- 12 : 13 -- Persian era , mention of Greek era ; Hebrew ) Chiastic structure in the Aramaic section ( edit ) There is a clear chiasm ( a concentric literary structure in which the main point of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by parallel elements on either side in `` ABBA '' fashion ) in the chapter arrangement of the Aramaic section . The following is taken from Paul Redditt 's `` Introduction to the Prophets '' : A1 ( 2 : 4b - 49 ) -- A dream of four kingdoms replaced by a fifth B1 ( 3 : 1 -- 30 ) -- Daniel 's three friends in the fiery furnace C1 ( 4 : 1 -- 37 ) -- Daniel interprets a dream for Nebuchadnezzar C2 ( 5 : 1 -- 31 ) -- Daniel interprets the handwriting on the wall for Belshazzar B2 ( 6 : 1 -- 28 ) -- Daniel in the lions ' den A2 ( 7 : 1 -- 28 ) -- A vision of four world kingdoms replaced by a fifth Content ( edit ) Chapters of the Book of Daniel Chapter 1 : Induction into Babylon Chapter 2 : Nebuchadnezzar 's Dream Chapter 3 : The Fiery Furnace Chapter 4 : Nebuchadnezzar 's Madness Chapter 5 : Belshazzar 's Feast Chapter 6 : Daniel in the Lions 's Den Chapter 7 : The Four Beasts Chapter 8 : The Ram , He - Goat and Horn Chapter 9 : The Seventy Weeks Chapters 10 - 12 : Daniel 's final vision Additions to Daniel Song of the Three Holy Children Susanna and the Elders Bel and the Dragon Induction in Babylon ( chapter 1 ) ( edit ) In the third year of King Jehoiakim , God allows Jerusalem to fall into the power of Nebuchadnezzar II , king of Babylon . Young Israelites of noble and royal family , `` without physical defect , and handsome , '' versed in wisdom and competent to serve in the palace of the king , are taken to Babylon to be taught the literature and language of that nation . Among them are Daniel and his three companions , who refuse to touch the royal food and wine . Their overseer fears for his life in case the health of his charges deteriorates , but Daniel suggests a trial and the four emerge healthier than their counterparts from ten days of nothing but vegetables and water . They are allowed to continue to refrain from eating the king 's food , and to Daniel God gives insight into visions and dreams . When their training is done Nebuchadnezzar finds them ' ten times better ' than all the wise men in his service and therefore keeps them at his court , where Daniel continues until the first year of King Cyrus . Nebuchadnezzar 's dream of four kingdoms ( chapter 2 ) ( edit ) Main article : Daniel 2 In the second year of his reign Nebuchadnezzar has a dream . When he wakes up , he realizes that the dream has some important message , so he consults his wise men . Wary of their potential to fabricate an explanation the king refuses to tell the wise men what he saw in his dream . Rather , he demands that his wise men tell him what the content of the dream was , and then interpret it . When the wise men protest that this is beyond the power of any man , he sentences all , including Daniel and his friends , to death . Daniel receives an explanatory vision from God : Nebuchadnezzar had seen an enormous statue with a head of gold , breast and arms of silver , belly and thighs of bronze , legs of iron , and feet of mixed iron and clay , then saw the statue destroyed by a rock that turned into a mountain filling the whole earth . Daniel explains the dream to the king : the statue symbolized four successive kingdoms , starting with Nebuchadnezzar , all of which would be crushed by God 's kingdom , which would endure forever . Nebuchadnezzar acknowledges the supremacy of Daniel 's god , raises Daniel over all his wise men , and places Daniel and his companions over the province of Babylon . The fiery furnace ( chapter 3 ) ( edit ) Main article : Shadrach , Meshach , and Abednego Daniel 's companions Shadrach , Meshach , and Abednego refuse to bow to King Nebuchadnezzar 's golden statue and are thrown into a fiery furnace . Nebuchadnezzar is astonished to see a fourth figure in the furnace with the three , one `` with the appearance like a son of the gods . '' So the king called the three to come out of the fire , and blessed the God of Israel , and decreed that any who blasphemed against him should be torn limb from limb . Nebuchadnezzar 's madness ( chapter 4 ) ( edit ) Main article : Daniel 4 Nebuchadnezzar by William Blake ( between c. 1795 and 1805 ) Nebuchadnezzar recounts a dream of a huge tree that is suddenly cut down at the command of a heavenly messenger . Daniel is summoned and interprets the dream . The tree is Nebuchadnezzar himself , who for seven years will lose his mind and live like a wild beast . All of this comes to pass until , at the end of the specified time , Nebuchadnezzar acknowledges that `` heaven rules '' and his kingdom and sanity are restored . Belshazzar 's feast ( chapter 5 ) ( edit ) Main article : Belshazzar 's feast See also : Fall of Babylon Belshazzar and his nobles blasphemously drink from sacred Jewish temple vessels , offering praise to inanimate gods , until a hand mysteriously appears and writes upon the wall . The horrified king summons Daniel , who upbraids him for his lack of humility before God and interprets the message : Belshazzar 's kingdom will be given to the Medes and Persians . Belshazzar rewards Daniel and raises him to be third in the kingdom , and that very night Belshazzar is slain and Darius the Mede takes the kingdom . Daniel in the lions ' den ( chapter 6 ) ( edit ) Daniel 's Answer to the King by Briton Rivière ( 1892 ) Main article : Daniel in the lions ' den Darius elevates Daniel to high office , exciting the jealousy of other officials . Knowing of Daniel 's devotion to his God , his enemies trick the king into issuing an edict forbidding worship of any other god or man for a 30 - day period . Daniel continues to pray three times a day to God towards Jerusalem ; he is accused and King Darius , forced by his own decree , throws Daniel into the lions ' den . But God shuts up the mouths of the lions , and the next morning Darius rejoices to find him unharmed . The king casts Daniel 's accusers into the lions ' pit together with their wives and children to be instantly devoured , while he himself acknowledges Daniel 's God as he whose kingdom shall never be destroyed . Vision of the beasts from the sea ( chapter 7 ) ( edit ) Main article : Daniel 7 See also : Four kingdoms of Daniel In the first year of Belshazzar Daniel has a dream of four monstrous beasts arising from the sea . The fourth , a beast with ten horns , devours the whole earth , treading it down and crushing it , and a further small horn appears and uproots three of the earlier horns . The Ancient of Days judges and destroys the beast , and `` one like a son of man '' is given everlasting kingship over the entire world . A divine being explains that the four beasts represent four kings , but that `` the holy ones of the Most High '' would receive the everlasting kingdom . The fourth beast would be a fourth kingdom with ten kings , and another king who would pull down three kings and make war on the `` holy ones '' for `` a time , two times and a half , '' after which the heavenly judgement will be made against him and the `` holy ones '' will receive the everlasting kingdom . Vision of the ram and goat ( chapter 8 ) ( edit ) Main article : Daniel 8 In the third year of Belshazzar Daniel has vision of a ram and goat . The ram has two mighty horns , one longer than the other , and it charges west , north and south , overpowering all other beasts . A goat with a single horn appears from the west and destroys the ram . The goat becomes very powerful until the horn breaks off and is replaced by four lesser horns . A small horn that grows very large , it stops the daily temple sacrifices and desecrates the sanctuary for two thousand three hundred `` evening and mornings '' ( which could be either 1150 or 2300 days ) until the temple is cleansed . The angel Gabriel informs him that the ram represents the Medes and Persians , the goat is Greece , and the `` little horn '' is a wicked king . Vision of the seventy weeks ( chapter 9 ) ( edit ) Main article : Prophecy of Seventy Weeks In the first year of Darius the Mede , Daniel meditates on the word of Jeremiah that the desolation of Jerusalem would last seventy years ; he confesses the sin of Israel and pleads for God to restore Israel and the `` desolated sanctuary '' of the Temple . The angel Gabriel explains that the seventy years stand for seventy `` weeks '' of years ( 490 years ) , during which the Temple will first be restored , then later defiled by a `` prince who is to come , '' `` until the decreed end is poured out . '' Vision of the kings of north and south ( chapters 10 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Main article : Daniel 's final vision Daniel 10 : In the third year of Cyrus Daniel sees in his vision an angel ( called `` a man '' , but clearly a supernatural being ) who explains that he is in the midst of a war with the `` prince of Persia '' , assisted only by Michael , `` your prince . '' The `` prince of Greece '' will shortly come , but first he will reveal what will happen to Daniel 's people . Daniel 11 : A future king of Persia will make war on the king of Greece , a `` mighty king '' will arise and wield power until his empire is broken up and given to others , and finally the king of the south ( identified in verse 8 as Egypt ) will go to war with the `` king of the north . '' After many battles ( described in great detail ) a `` contemptible person '' will become king of the north ; this king will invade the south two times , the first time with success , but on his second he will be stopped by `` ships of Kittim . '' He will turn back to his own country , and on the way his soldiers will desecrate the Temple , abolish the daily sacrifice , and set up the abomination of desolation . He will defeat and subjugate Libya and Egypt , but `` reports from the east and north will alarm him , '' and he will meet his end `` between the sea and the holy mountain . '' Daniel 12 : At this time Michael will come . It will be a time of great distress , but all those whose names are written will be delivered . `` Multitudes who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake , some to everlasting life , others to shame and everlasting contempt ; those who are wise will shine like the brightness of the heavens , and those who lead many to righteousness , like the stars for ever and ever . '' In the final verses the remaining time to the end is revealed : `` a time , times and half a time '' ( three years and a half ) . Daniel fails to understand and asks again what will happen , and is told : `` From the time that the daily sacrifice is abolished and the abomination that causes desolation is set up , there will be 1,290 days . Blessed is the one who waits for and reaches the end of the 1,335 days . '' Additions to Daniel ( Greek text tradition ) ( edit ) Susanna and the Elders by Guido Reni ( 1820 - 1825 ) Main article : Additions to Daniel See also : Deuterocanonical books The Greek text of Daniel is considerably longer than the Hebrew , due to three additional stories : they were accepted by all branches of Christianity until the Protestant movement rejected them in the 16th century on the basis that they were absent from Hebrew Bibles , but remain in Catholic and Orthodox Bibles . The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children , placed after Daniel 3 : 23 ; The story of Susanna and the Elders , placed before chapter 1 in some Greek versions and after chapter 12 in others ; The story of Bel and the Dragon , placed at the end of the book . Historical Background ( edit ) Daniel refusing to eat at the King 's table , early 1900s Bible illustration The visions of chapters 7 -- 12 reflect the crisis which took place in Judea in 167 -- 164 BC when Antiochus IV Epiphanes , the Greek king of the Seleucid Empire , threatened to destroy traditional Jewish worship in Jerusalem . When Antiochus came to the throne the Jews were largely pro-Seleucid . The High Priestly family was split by rivalry , and one member , Jason , offered the king a large sum to be made High Priest . Jason also asked -- or more accurately , paid -- to be allowed to make Jerusalem a polis , or Greek city . This meant , among other things , that city government would be in the hands of the citizens , which meant in turn that citizenship would be a valuable commodity , to be purchased from Jason . None of this threatened the Jewish religion , and the reforms were widely welcomed , especially among the Jerusalem aristocracy and the leading priests . Three years later Jason was deposed when another priest , Menelaus , offered Antiochus an even larger sum for the post of High Priest . Antiochus invaded Egypt twice , in 169 BC with success , but on the second incursion , in late 168 , he was forced to withdraw by the Romans . Jason , hearing a rumour that Antiochus was dead , attacked Menelaus to take back the High Priesthood . Antiochus drove Jason out of Jerusalem , plundered the Temple , and introduced measures to pacify his Egyptian border by imposing complete Hellenisation : the Jewish Book of the Law was prohibited and on 15 December 167 an `` abomination of desolation '' , probably a Greek altar , was introduced into the Temple . With the Jewish religion now clearly under threat a resistance movement sprang up , led by the Maccabee brothers , and over the next three years it won sufficient victories over Antiochus to take back and purify the Temple . The crisis which the author of Daniel addresses is the defilement of the altar in Jerusalem in 167 BC ( first introduced in chapter 8 : 11 ) : the daily offering which used to take place twice a day , at morning and evening , stopped , and the phrase `` evenings and mornings '' recurs through the following chapters as a reminder of the missed sacrifices . But whereas the events leading up to the sacking of the Temple in 167 and the immediate aftermath are remarkably accurate ( chapter 11 : 21 -- 29 ) , the predicted war between the Syrians and the Egyptians ( 11 : 40 -- 43 ) never took place , and the prophecy that Antiochus would die in Palestine ( 11 : 44 -- 45 ) was inaccurate ( he died in Persia ) . The conclusion is that the account must have been completed near the end of the reign of Antiochus but before his death in December 164 , or at least before news of it reached Jerusalem . Composition ( edit ) Nebuchadnezzar 's dream : the cut down tree ( France , 15th century ) . Development ( edit ) It is generally accepted that Daniel originated as a collection of Aramaic court tales later expanded by the Hebrew revelations . The court tales may have originally circulated independently , but the edited collection was probably composed in the third or early second century BC . When the full collection was assembled , it is likely that the brief Aramaic introduction of chapter 1 was composed to provide historical context , introduce the characters of the tales , and explain how Daniel and his friends came to Babylon . In the third stage the visions of chapters 7 -- 12 were added and chapter 1 was translated into Hebrew . Authorship ( edit ) Daniel is one of a large number of Jewish apocalypses , all of them pseudonymous . Although the entire book is traditionally ascribed to Daniel the seer , chapters 1 -- 6 are in the voice of an anonymous narrator , except for chapter 4 which is in the form of a letter from king Nebuchadnezzar ; only the second half ( chapters 7 -- 12 ) is presented by Daniel himself , introduced by the anonymous narrator in chapters 7 and 10 . The real author / editor of Daniel was probably an educated Jew , knowledgeable in Greek learning , and of high standing in his own community . The book is a product of `` Wisdom '' circles , but the type of wisdom is mantic ( the discovery of heavenly secrets from earthly signs ) rather than the wisdom of learning -- the main source of wisdom in Daniel is God 's revelation . It is possible that the name of Daniel was chosen for the hero of the book because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition . Ezekiel , who lived during the Babylonian exile , mentioned him in association with Noah and Job ( Ezekiel 14 : 14 ) as a figure of legendary wisdom ( 28 : 3 ) , and a hero named Daniel ( more accurately Dan'el , but the spelling is close enough for the two to be regarded as identical ) features in a late 2nd millennium myth from Ugarit . `` The legendary Daniel , known from long ago but still remembered as an exemplary character ... serves as the principal human `` hero '' in the biblical book that now bears his name `` ; Daniel is the wise and righteous intermediary who is able to interpret dreams and thus convey the will of God to humans , the recipient of visions from on high that are interpreted to him by heavenly intermediaries . Dating ( edit ) The prophecies of Daniel are accurate down to the career of Antiochus IV Epiphanes , king of Syria and oppressor of the Jews , but not in its prediction of his death : the author seems to know about Antiochus ' two campaigns in Egypt ( 169 and 167 BCE ) , the desecration of the Temple ( the `` abomination of desolation '' ) , and the fortification of the Akra ( a fortress built inside Jerusalem ) , but he seems to know nothing about the reconstruction of the Temple or about the actual circumstances of Antiochus ' death in late 164 . Chapters 10 -- 12 must therefore have been written between 167 and 164 BCE . There is no evidence of a significant time lapse between those chapters and chapters 8 and 9 , and chapter 7 may have been written just a few months earlier again . Further evidence of the book 's date is in the fact that Daniel is excluded from the Hebrew Bible 's canon of the prophets , which was closed around 200 BCE , and the Wisdom of Sirach , a work dating from around 180 BC , draws on almost every book of the Old Testament except Daniel , leading scholars to suppose that its author was unaware of it . Daniel is , however , quoted in a section of the Sibylline Oracles commonly dated to the middle of the 2nd century BC , and was popular at Qumran at much the same time , suggesting that it was known from the middle of that century . Manuscripts ( edit ) The Book of Daniel is preserved in the twelve - chapter Masoretic Text and in two longer Greek versions , the original Septuagint version , c. 100 BC , and the later Theodotion version from c. 2nd century AD . Both Greek texts contain three additions to Daniel : The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children ; the story of Susannah and the Elders ; and the story of Bel and the Dragon . Theodotion is much closer to the Masoretic Text and became so popular that it replaced the original Septuagint version in all but two manuscripts of the Septuagint itself . The Greek additions were apparently never part of the Hebrew text . A total of eight incomplete copies of the Book of Daniel have been found at Qumran , two in Cave 1 , five in Cave 4 , and one in Cave 6 . None is complete , but between them they preserve text from eleven of Daniel 's twelve chapters , and the twelfth is quoted in the Florilegium ( a compilation scroll ) 4Q174 , showing that the book at Qumran did not lack this conclusion . All eight manuscripts were copied between 125 BC ( 4QDan ) and about 50 AD ( 4QDan ) , showing that Daniel was being read at Qumran only forty years after its composition . All appear to preserve the 12 - chapter Masoretic version rather than the longer Greek text . None reveal any major disagreements against the Masoretic , and the four scrolls that preserve the relevant sections ( 1QDan , 4QDan , 4QDan , and 4QDan ) all follow the bilingual nature of Daniel where the book opens in Hebrew , switches to Aramaic at 2 : 4b , then reverts to Hebrew at 8 : 1 . Genre , meaning , symbolism and chronology ( edit ) Daniel in the lions ' den saved by Habakkuk ( France , 15th century ) . ( This section deals with modern scholarly reconstructions of the meaning of Daniel to its original authors and audience ) Genre ( edit ) The Book of Daniel is an apocalypse - a representative of a literary genre in which a heavenly reality is revealed to a human recipient ; such works are characterized by visions , symbolism , an other - worldly mediator , an emphasis on cosmic events , angels and demons , and pseudonymity ( false authorship ) . The production of apocalypses occurred commonly from 300 BC to 100 AD , not only among Jews and Christians , but also among Greeks , Romans , Persians and Egyptians . Daniel , the book 's hero , is a representative apocalyptic seer , the recipient of the divine revelation : he has learned the wisdom of the Babylonian magicians and surpassed them , because his God is the true source of knowledge ; he is one of the maskilim ( משכלים ) , wise ones , who have the task of teaching righteousness and whose number may be considered to include the authors of the book itself . The Christians of the Book of Revelations may have styled themselves as among the maskilim prophesied in Daniel . The account is also an eschatology : the divine revelation concerns the end of the present age , a moment in which God will intervene in history to usher in the final kingdom . The Book of Daniel gives no real details of the end - time , but it seems that God 's kingdom will be on this earth , that it will be governed by justice and righteousness , and that the tables will be turned on the Seleucids and on those Jews who cooperated with them . Meaning , symbolism and chronology ( edit ) The message of the Book of Daniel is that , just as the God of Israel saved Daniel and his friends from their enemies , so he would save all Israel in their present oppression . The book is filled with monsters , angels , and numerology , drawn from a wide range of sources , both biblical and non-biblical , that would have had meaning in the context of 2nd century Jewish culture , and while Christian interpreters have always viewed these as predicting events in the New Testament -- `` the Son of God '' , `` the Son of Man '' , Christ and the Antichrist - the book 's intended audience is the Jews of the 2nd century BCE . The following explains a few of these predictions , as understood by modern biblical scholars . The four kingdoms and the little horn ( Daniel 2 and 7 ) : The concept of four successive world empires stems from Greek theories of mythological history ; most modern interpreters agree that the four represent Babylon , the Medes , Persia and the Greeks , ending with Hellenistic Seleucid Syria and with Hellenistic Ptolemaic Egypt . The symbolism of four metals in the statue in chapter 2 comes from Persian writings , while the four `` beasts from the sea '' in chapter 7 reflect Hosea 13 : 7 -- 8 , in which God threatens that he will be to Israel like a lion , a leopard , a bear or a wild beast . The consensus among scholars is that the four beasts of chapter 7 , like the metals of chapter 2 , symbolise Babylon , Media , Persia and the Seleucids , with Antiochus IV ( reigned 175 - 164 BC ) as the `` small horn '' that uproots three others ( Antiochus usurped the rights of several other claimants to become king of the Seleucid Empire ) . The Ancient of Days and the one like a son of man ( Daniel 7 ) : The portrayal of God in Daniel 7 : 13 resembles the portrayal of the Canaanite god El as an ancient divine king presiding over the divine court . The `` Ancient of Days '' gives dominion over the earth to `` one like a son of man '' , and then in Daniel 7 : 27 to `` the people of the holy ones of the Most High '' , whom scholars consider the son of man to represent . These people can be understood as the maskilim ( sages ) , or as the Jewish people broadly . The ram and he - goat ( Daniel 8 ) as conventional astrological symbols represent Persia and Syria , as the text explains . The `` mighty horn '' stands for Alexander the Great ( reigned 336 - 323 BC ) and the `` four lesser horns '' represent the four principal generals ( Diadochi ) who fought over the Greek empire following Alexander 's death . The `` little horn '' again represents Antiochus IV . The key to the symbols lies in the description of the little horn 's actions : he ends the continual burnt offering and overthrows the Sanctuary , a clear reference to Antiochus ' desecration of the Temple . The anointed ones and the seventy years ( Chapter 9 ) : Daniel reinterprets Jeremiah 's `` seventy years '' prophecy regarding the period Israel would spend in bondage to Babylon . From the point of view of the Maccabean era , Jeremiah 's promise was obviously not true -- the gentiles still oppressed the Jews , and the `` desolation of Jerusalem '' had not ended . Daniel therefore reinterprets the seventy years as seventy `` weeks '' of years , making up 490 years . The 70 weeks / 490 years are subdivided , with seven `` weeks '' from the `` going forth of the word to rebuild and restore Jerusalem '' to the coming of an `` anointed one '' , while the final `` week '' is marked by the violent death of another `` anointed one '' , probably the High Priest Onias III ( ousted to make way for Jason and murdered in 171 BC ) , and the profanation of the Temple . The point of this for Daniel is that the period of gentile power is predetermined , and is coming to an end . Kings of north and south : Chapters 10 to 12 concern the war between these kings , the events leading up to it , and its heavenly meaning . In chapter 10 the angel ( Gabriel ? ) explains that there is currently a war in heaven between Michael , the angelic protector of Israel , and the `` princes '' ( angels ) of Persia and Greece ; then , in chapter 11 , he outlines the human wars which accompany this -- the mythological concept sees standing behind every nation a god / angel who does battle on behalf of his people , so that earthly events reflect what happens in heaven . The wars of the Ptolemies ( `` kings of the south '' ) against the Seleucids ( `` kings of the north '' ) are reviewed down to the career of Antiochus the Great ( Antiochus III ( reigned 222 - 187 BC ) , father of Antiochus IV ) , but the main focus is Antiochus IV , to whom more than half the chapter is devoted . The accuracy of these predictions lends credibility to the real prophecy with which the passage ends , the death of Antiochus -- which , in the event , was not accurate . Predicting the end - time ( Daniel 8 : 14 and 12 : 7 -- 12 ) : Biblical eschatology does not generally give precise information as to when the end will come , and Daniel 's attempts to specify the number of days remaining is a rare exception . Daniel asks the angel how long the `` little horn '' will be triumphant , and the angel replies that the Temple will be reconsecrated after 2,300 `` evenings and mornings '' have passed ( Daniel 8 : 14 ) . The angel is counting the two daily sacrifices , so the period is 1,150 days from the desecration in December 167 . In chapter 12 the angel gives three more dates : the desolation will last `` for a time , times and half a time '' , or a year , two years , and a half a year ( Daniel 12 : 8 ) ; then that the `` desolation '' will last for 1,290 days ( 12 : 11 ) ; and finally , 1,335 days ( 12 : 12 ) . Verse 12 : 11 was presumably added after the lapse of the 1,150 days of chapter 8 , and 12 : 12 after the lapse of the number in 12 : 11 . Influence ( edit ) Engraving of Daniel 's vision of the four beasts in chapter 7 by Matthäus Merian , 1630 . Religion ( edit ) The concepts of immortality and resurrection , with rewards for the righteous and punishment for the wicked , have roots much deeper than Daniel , but the first clear statement is found in the final chapter of that book : `` Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake , some to everlasting life , and some to everlasting shame and contempt . '' Without this belief , Christianity , in which the resurrection of Jesus plays a central role , would have disappeared , like the movements following other charismatic Jewish figures of the 1st century . Daniel was quoted and referenced by both Jews and Christians the 1st century AD as predicting the imminent end - time . Moments of national and cultural crisis continually reawakened the apocalyptic spirit , through the Montanists of the 2nd / 3rd centuries , persecuted for their millennialism , to the more extreme elements of the 16th century Reformation such as the Zwickau prophets and the Münster Rebellion . During the English Civil War , the Fifth Monarchy Men took their name and political program from Daniel 7 , demanding that Oliver Cromwell allow them to form a `` government of saints '' in preparation for the coming of the Messiah ; when Cromwell refused , they identified him instead as the Beast usurping the rightful place of King Jesus . Daniel remains one of the most influential apocalypses in modern America , foretelling the history of Jesus and the Second Coming . The influence of Daniel has not been confined to Judaism and Christianity : In the Middle Ages Muslims created horoscopes whose authority was attributed to Daniel . More recently the Bahá'í movement , which originated in Persian Shi'ite Islam , justified its existence on the 1,260 - day prophecy of Daniel , holding that it foretold the coming of the Twelfth Imam and an age of peace and justice in the year 1844 , which is the year 1260 of the Muslim era . Western culture ( edit ) Daniel belongs not only to the religious tradition but also to the wider Western intellectual and artistic heritage . It was easily the most popular of the prophetic books for the Anglo - Saxons , who nevertheless treated it not as prophesy but as a historical book , `` a repository of dramatic stories about confrontations between God and a series of emperor - figures who represent the highest reach of man '' . In the early modern period the physicist Isaac Newton paid special attention to it , and Francis Bacon borrowed a motto from it for his work Novum Organum . Philosophers , such as Baruch Spinoza drew on it . In the 20th century its apocalyptic second half attracted the attention of Carl Jung . The book has also inspired musicians , from medieval liturgical drama to the 20th century compositions of Darius Milhaud . Artists including Michelangelo , Rembrandt and Eugène Delacroix have all drawn on its imagery . See also ( edit ) Biblical numerology Christian eschatology Daniel ( Old English poem ) Greek Apocalypse of Daniel Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jehoiakim : King of Judah 608 - 598 BC ; his third year would be either 606 or 605 , depending how years are counted . Jump up ^ Cyrus : Persian conqueror of Babylon , 539 BC . Jump up ^ Darius the Mede : No such person is known to history ( see Levine , 2010 , page 1245 , footnote 31 ) . `` Darius '' is in any case a Persian , not a Median , name . The Persian army which captured Babylon was under the command of a certain Gobryas ( or Gubaru ) , on behalf of Cyrus , the Persian king . The author of Daniel may have introduced the reference to a Mede in order to fulfill Isaiah and Jeremiah , who prophesied that the Medes would overthrow Babylon , confusing the events of 539 with those of 520 BC , when Darius I captured Babylon after an uprising . See Hammer , 1976 , pp. 65 - 66 . Jump up ^ First year of Belshazzar : Probably 553 BC , when Belshazzar was given royal power by his father , Nabonidus . See Levine , 2010 , p. 1248 , footnote 7.1 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Third year of Cyrus '' : 536 BC . The author has apparently counted back seventy years to the `` third year of Jehoiakim , '' 606 BC , to round out Daniel 's prophetic ministry . See Towner , page 149 . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collins1984 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Reid 2000 , p. 315 . ^ Jump up to : Brettler 2005 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Bandstra 2008 , p. 445 . ^ Jump up to : Collins 2002 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005 , p. 452 . ^ Jump up to : Towner 1984 , p. 2 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Collins 1984 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Provan 2003 , p. 665 . ^ Jump up to : Collins 1984 , p. 30 - 31 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Redditt 2009 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 19 - 20 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 31 - 33 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 50 - 51 . Jump up ^ Levine 2010 , p. 1241 . Jump up ^ Hammer 1976 , p. 57 - 60 . Jump up ^ Levine 2010 , p. 1245 - 1247 . Jump up ^ Levine 2010 , p. 1248 - 1249 . Jump up ^ Levine 2010 , p. 1249 - 1251 . Jump up ^ Levine 2010 , p. 1251 - 1252 . Jump up ^ McDonald 2012 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Harrington 1999 , p. 109 - 110 . Jump up ^ Grabbe 2010 , p. 6 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Grabbe 2010 , p. 13 - 16 . Jump up ^ Sacchi 2010 , p. 225 - 226 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 6 - 7 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Collins 1993 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Redditt 2008 , p. 176 - 177 . Jump up ^ Hammer 1976 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Wesselius 2002 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Grabbe 2002b , p. 229 - 230,243 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Redditt 2008 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Collins 2003 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Hammer 1976 , p. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ Harrington 1999 , p. 119 - 120 . Jump up ^ Spencer 2002 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ VanderKam & Flint 2013 , p. 137 - 138 . Jump up ^ Crawford 2000 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Davies 2006 , p. 397 - 406 . ^ Jump up to : Grabbe 2002a , pp. 60 -- 61 , 282 `` It is almost universally agreed among scholars that ' one like a son of man ' in Daniel 7 represents ' the people of the holy ones of the Most High ' , as Dan . 7 : 27 states . This may originally have been the community or group responsible for Daniel , the maskilim of other parts of the book ( see pp. 60 -- 61 above ) . In later interpretation , these people are taken to be the Jewish people . It has been argued that the figure is specifically the archangel Michael , so prominent elsewhere in the book , though Michael would still be functioning as a representative of the Jewish people ( Collins 1977 : 144 -- 46 ; opposed by Davies 1985 : 105 -- 6 ) . Thus , in Daniel itself the term ' son of man ' ( bar ' enaš ) simply means `` human being '' , as it commonly does in Hebrew and Aramaic ; however , in context the ' one like a son of man ' may be a heavenly figure . '' Jump up ^ Steven Thompson , `` Those Who Are Wise : The Maskilim in Daniel and the New Testament '' ; in Understand the Scriptures : Essays in Honor of William H. Shea , ed . David Merling ; Berrien Springs , Michigan : Sigfried H. Horn Archaeological Museum , Andrews University , 1997 ; ISBN 0 - 9642060 - 2 - 1 ; p. 127 . Jump up ^ G.K. Beale , Use of Daniel in Jewish Apocalyptic Literature and in the Revelation of St. John ; Lanham , Maryland : University Press of America , 1984 ; ISBN 0 - 8191 - 4290 - 5 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2000 , p. 420 - 421 . Jump up ^ Redditt 2009 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 1 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Niskanen 2004 , p. 27 , 31 . Jump up ^ Towner 1984 , p. 34 - 36 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Matthews & Moyes 2012 , p. 260,269 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Collins 1998 , p. 108 - 109 . Jump up ^ Matthews & Moyer 2012 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Collins 1998 , p. 110 - 111 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2000 , p. 420 . Jump up ^ Collins 1998 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Collins 1998 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Cohn 2002 , p. 86 - 87 . Jump up ^ Schwartz 1992 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Grabbe 2002 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Weber 2007 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Boyer 1992 , p. 24 , 30 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Doukhan 2000 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Godden 2013 , p. 231 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bandstra , Barry L. ( 2008 ) . Reading the Old Testament : An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible . Wadsworth Publishing Company . ISBN 0495391050 . Bar , Shaul ( 2001 ) . A letter that has not been read : dreams in the Hebrew Bible . Cincinnati : Hebrew Union College Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87820 - 424 - 3 . Boyer , Paul S. ( 1992 ) . When Time Shall Be No More : Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 95129 - 8 . Brettler , Mark Zvi ( 2005 ) . How To Read the Bible . Jewish Publication Society . ISBN 9780827610019 . Carroll , John T. ( 2000 ) . `` Eschatology '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Cohn , Shaye J.D. ( 2006 ) . From the Maccabees to the Mishnah . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664227432 . Collins , John J. ( 1984 ) . Daniel : With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802800206 . Collins , John J. ( 1993 ) . Daniel . Fortress . ISBN 9780800660406 . Collins , John J. ( 1998 ) . The Apocalyptic Imagination : An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802843715 . * Collins , John J. ( 2001 ) . Seers , Sibyls , and Sages in Hellenistic - Roman Judaism . BRILL . ISBN 9780391041103 . Collins , John J. ( 2002 ) . `` Current Issues in the Study of Daniel '' . In Collins , John J. ; Flint , Peter W. ; VanEpps , Cameron . The Book of Daniel : Composition and Reception . BRILL . ISBN 9004116753 . Collins , John J. ( 2003 ) . `` From Prophecy to Apocalypticism : The Expectation of the End '' . In McGinn , Bernard ; Collins , John J. ; Stein , Stephen J. The Continuum History of Apocalypticism . Continuum . ISBN 9780826415202 . Collins , John J. ( 2013 ) . `` Daniel '' . In Lieb , Michael ; Mason , Emma ; Roberts , Jonathan . The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible . Oxford UNiversity Press . ISBN 9780191649189 . Crawford , Sidnie White ( 2000 ) . `` Apocalyptic '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Cross , Frank Leslie ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. ( 2005 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780192802903 . Davies , Philip ( 2006 ) . `` Apocalyptic '' . In Rogerson , J.W. ; Lieu , Judith M. The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies . Oxford Handbooks Online . ISBN 9780199254255 . DeChant , Dell ( 2009 ) . `` Apocalyptic Communities '' . In Neusner , Jacob . World Religions in America : An Introduction . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9781611640472 . Doukhan , Jacques ( 2000 ) . Secrets of Daniel : wisdom and dreams of a Jewish prince in exile . Review and Herald Pub Assoc . ISBN 9780828014243 . Dunn , James D.G. ( 2002 ) . `` The Danilic Son of Man in the New Testament '' . In Collins , John J. ; Flint , Peter W. ; VanEpps , Cameron . The Book of Daniel : Composition and Reception . BRILL . ISBN 0391041282 . Godden , Malcolm ( 2013 ) . `` Biblical Literature '' The Old Testament `` . In Godden and , Malcolm ; Lapidge , Michael . The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107469211 . Grabbe , Lester L. ( 2002a ) . Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period : Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh . Routledge . ISBN 9780203461013 . Grabbe , Lester L. ( 2002b ) . `` A Dan ( iel ) For All Seasons '' . In Collins , John J. ; Flint , Peter W. ; VanEpps , Cameron . The Book of Daniel : Composition and Reception . BRILL . ISBN 9004116753 . Grabbe , Lester L. ( 2010 ) . An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism : History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah , the Maccabees , Hillel , and Jesus . Continuum . ISBN 9780567552488 . Hammer , Raymond ( 1976 ) . The Book of Daniel . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521097659 . Harrington , Daniel J. ( 1999 ) . Invitation to the Apocrypha . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802846334 . Hill , Andrew E. ( 2009 ) . `` Daniel '' . In Garland , David E. ; Longman , Tremper . Daniel -- Malachi . Zondervan . ISBN 9780310590545 . Hill , Charles E. ( 2000 ) . `` Antichrist '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Horsley , Richard A. ( 2007 ) . Scribes , Visionaries , and the Politics of Second Temple Judea . Presbyterian Publishing Corp . ISBN 9780664229917 . Knibb , Michael ( 2002 ) . `` The Book of Daniel in its Context '' . In Collins , John J. ; Flint , Peter W. ; VanEpps , Cameron . The Book of Daniel : Composition and Reception . BRILL . ISBN 9004116753 . Levine , Amy - Jill ( 2010 ) . `` Daniel '' . In Coogan , Michael D. ; Brettler , Marc Z. ; Newsom , Carol A . The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical books : New Revised Standard Version . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199370504 . Lucas , Ernest C. ( 2005 ) . `` Daniel , Book of '' . In Vanhoozer , Kevin J. ; Bartholomew , Craig G. ; Treier , Daniel J. Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible . Baker Academic . ISBN 9780801026942 . Matthews , Victor H. ; Moyer , James C. ( 2012 ) . The Old Testament : Text and Context . Baker Books . ISBN 9780801048357 . McDonald , Lee Martin ( 2012 ) . Formation of the Bible : the Story of the Church 's Canon . Peabody , MA : Hendrickson Publishers . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59856 - 838 - 7 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Miller , Steven R. ( 1994 ) . Daniel . B&H Publishing Group . ISBN 9780805401189 . Niskanen , Paul ( 2004 ) . The Human and the Divine in History : Herodotus and the Book of Daniel . Continuum . ISBN 9780567082138 . Provan , Iain ( 2003 ) . `` Daniel '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3711 - 0 . Redditt , Paul L. ( 2009 ) . Introduction to the Prophets . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802828965 . Reid , Stephen Breck ( 2000 ) . `` Daniel , Book of '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Rowland , Christopher ( 2007 ) . `` Apocalyptic Literature '' . In Hass , Andrew ; Jasper , David ; Jay , Elisabeth . The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199271979 . Ryken , , Leland ; Wilhoit , Jim ; Longman , Tremper ( 1998 ) . Dictionary of Biblical Imagery . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 9780830867332 . Sacchi , Paolo ( 2004 ) . The History of the Second Temple Period . Continuum . ISBN 9780567044501 . Schwartz , Daniel R. ( 1992 ) . Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity . Mohr Siebeck . ISBN 9783161457982 . Seow , C.L. ( 2003 ) . Daniel . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664256753 . Schiffman , Lawrence H. ( 1991 ) . From Text to Tradition : A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism . KTAV Publishing House . ISBN 9780881253726 . Spencer , Richard A. ( 2002 ) . `` Additions to Daniel '' . In Mills , Watson E. ; Wilson , Richard F. The Deuterocanonicals / Apocrypha . Mercer University Press . ISBN 9780865545106 . Towner , W. Sibley ( 1984 ) . Daniel . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664237561 . VanderKam , James C. ( 2010 ) . The Dead Sea Scrolls Today . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802864352 . VanderKam , James C. ; Flint , Peter ( 2013 ) . The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls : their significance for understanding the Bible , Judaism , Jesus , and Christianity . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780062243300 . Waters , Matt ( 2014 ) . Ancient Persia : A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire , 550 -- 330 BC . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107652729 . Weber , Timothy P. ( 2007 ) . `` Millennialism '' . In Walls , Jerry L. The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199742486 . Wesselius , Jan - Wim ( 2002 ) . `` The Writing of Daniel '' . In Collins , John J. ; Flint , Peter W. ; VanEpps , Cameron . The Book of Daniel : Composition and Reception . BRILL . ISBN 0391041282 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Daniel . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Daniel Wikiquote has quotations related to : Book of Daniel Jewish translations Daniel ( Judaica Press ) * translation ( with Rashi 's commentary ) at Chabad.org Christian translations Bible , King James Version ( `` Bible , King James Version '' . quod.lib.umich.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 17. ) Book of Daniel Daniel at The Great Books * ( New Revised Standard Version ) The Book of Daniel * ( Full text from St-Takla.org , also available in Arabic ) Daniel : 2013 Critical Translation with Audio Drama at biblicalaudio Daniel an introduction Bible : Daniel public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Related articles Jewish Encyclopedia : Daniel Daniel : Wise Man and Visionary , by Elias Bickerman Aramaic of Daniel , Patrick Henry College Book of Daniel Major prophets Preceded by Esther Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Ezra - Nehemiah Preceded by Ezekiel Christian Old Testament Succeeded by Hosea Book of Daniel Bible Daniel 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Additions to Daniel Places Babylon Susa People Abednego Belshazzar Cyrus Daniel Darius Gabriel Meshach Michael Nebuchadnezzar Shadrach Jehoiakim Terms Abomination of desolation Belshazzar 's feast Four kingdoms Lion 's den Prophecy of Seventy Weeks Territorial spirit Writing on the wall Sources Hebrew Bible Septuagint Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Ezekiel ( chapter 48 ) Book of Hosea ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book GND : 4011013 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Daniel&oldid=816226613 '' Categories : 2nd - century BC books Book of Daniel Ketuvim Apocalyptic literature Jewish eschatology Hidden categories : Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 02 : 06 . 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"The Book of Daniel is a biblical apocalypse, combining a prophecy of history with an eschatology (the study of last things) which is both cosmic in scope and political in its focus.[1] In more mundane language, it is \"an account of the activities and visions of Daniel, a noble Jew exiled at Babylon,\"[2] its message being that just as the God of Israel saved Daniel and his friends from their enemies, so he would save all of Israel in their present oppression.[3]"
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"Babylon"
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4772034408368611113 | Tower Bridge | Tower bridge - Wikipedia Tower bridge Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 20 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 32 '' W / 51.50556 ° N 0.07556 ° W / 51.50556 ; - 0.07556 For the bridge in Sacramento , California , see Tower Bridge ( California ) . For the station in Co . Cork , Ireland , see Tower Bridge railway station . Tower Bridge Carries A100 Tower Bridge Road Crosses River Thames Locale London boroughs : -- north side : Tower Hamlets -- south side : Southwark Maintained by Bridge House Estates Heritage status Grade I listed structure Preceded by London Bridge Followed by Queen Elizabeth II Bridge Characteristics Design Bascule bridge / Suspension Bridge Total length 801 ft ( 244 m ) Height 213 ft ( 65 m ) Longest span 270 ft ( 82.3 m ) Clearance below 28 ft ( 8.6 m ) ( closed ) 139 ft ( 42.5 m ) ( open ) ( mean high water spring tide ) History Opened 30 June 1894 ; 123 years ago ( 1894 - 06 - 30 ) Tower Bridge is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London built between 1886 and 1894 . The bridge crosses the River Thames close to the Tower of London and has become an iconic symbol of London , resulting in it sometimes being confused with London Bridge , situated some 0.5 mi ( 0.80 km ) upstream . Tower Bridge is one of five London bridges now owned and maintained by the Bridge House Estates , a charitable trust overseen by the City of London Corporation . It is the only one of the Trust 's bridges not to connect the City of London directly to the Southwark bank , as its northern landfall is in Tower Hamlets . The bridge consists of two bridge towers tied together at the upper level by two horizontal walkways , designed to withstand the horizontal tension forces exerted by the suspended sections of the bridge on the landward sides of the towers . The vertical components of the forces in the suspended sections and the vertical reactions of the two walkways are carried by the two robust towers . The bascule pivots and operating machinery are housed in the base of each tower . Before its restoration in the 2010s , the bridge 's colour scheme dated from 1977 , when it was painted red , white and blue for Queen Elizabeth II 's Silver Jubilee . Its colours were subsequently restored to blue and white . The bridge deck is freely accessible to both vehicles and pedestrians , whereas the bridge 's twin towers , high - level walkways and Victorian engine rooms form part of the Tower Bridge Exhibition , for which an admission charge is made . The nearest London Underground tube stations are Tower Hill on the Circle and District lines , London Bridge on the Jubilee and Northern lines and Bermondsey on the Jubilee line , and the nearest Docklands Light Railway station is Tower Gateway . The nearest National Rail stations are at Fenchurch Street and London Bridge . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Inception 1.2 Construction 1.3 Opening 1.4 Second World War 1.5 Modernization 1.6 2008 -- 2012 facelift 1.7 London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics 1.8 2016 renovations 2 Design 2.1 Bridge structure 2.2 Hydraulic system 2.3 Signalling and control 3 Traffic 3.1 Road 3.2 River 4 Tower Bridge Exhibition 5 Reaction 6 Incidents 7 Gallery 8 See also 8.1 Historic places adjacent to Tower Bridge 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Inception ( edit ) Elevation , with dimensions In the second half of the 19th century , an advertisement in the East End of London led to a hiring for a new river crossing downstream of London Bridge . A traditional fixed bridge at street level could not be built because it would cut off access by sailing ships to the port facilities in the Pool of London , between London Bridge and the Tower of London . A Special Bridge or Subway Committee was formed in 1877 , chaired by Sir Albert Joseph Altman , to find a solution to the river crossing problem . It opened the design of the crossing to public competition . Over 50 designs were submitted , including one from civil engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette . Bazalgette 's design was rejected because of a lack of sufficient headroom , and design was not approved until 1884 , when it was decided to build a bascule bridge . Sir John Wolfe Barry was appointed engineer with Sir Horace Jones as architect ( who was also one of the judges ) . An Act of Parliament was passed in 1885 authorising the bridge 's construction . It specified the opening span must give a clear width of 200 feet ( 61 m ) and a headroom of 135 feet ( 41 m ) . Construction had to be in a Gothic style . Barry designed a bascule bridge with two bridge towers built on piers . The central span was split into two equal bascules or leaves , which could be raised to allow river traffic to pass . The two side - spans were suspension bridges , with the suspension rods anchored both at the abutments and through rods contained within the bridge 's upper walkways . Construction ( edit ) Tower Bridge under construction , 1892 Construction started in 1886 and took eight years with five major contractors -- Sir John Jackson ( foundations ) , Baron Armstrong ( hydraulics ) , William Webster , Sir H.H. Bartlett , and Sir William Arrol & Co. -- and employed 432 construction workers . EW Crutwell was the resident engineer for the construction . Two massive piers , containing over 70,000 tons of concrete , were sunk into the riverbed to support the construction . Over 11,000 tons of steel provided the framework for the towers and walkways . This was then clad in Cornish granite and Portland stone , both to protect the underlying steelwork and to give the bridge a pleasing appearance . Jones died in 1886 and George D. Stevenson took over the project . Stevenson replaced Jones 's original brick façade with the more ornate Victorian Gothic style , which makes the bridge a distinctive landmark , and was intended to harmonise the bridge with the nearby Tower of London . The total cost of construction was £ 1,184,000 ( equivalent to £ 122 million in 2015 ) . Opening ( edit ) The bridge was officially opened on 30 June 1894 by The Prince of Wales ( the future King Edward VII ) , and his wife , The Princess of Wales ( Alexandra of Denmark ) . The bridge connected Iron Gate , on the north bank of the river , with Horselydown Lane , on the south -- now known as Tower Bridge Approach and Tower Bridge Road , respectively . Until the bridge was opened , the Tower Subway -- 400 m to the west -- was the shortest way to cross the river from Tower Hill to Tooley Street in Southwark . Opened in 1870 , Tower Subway was among the world 's earliest underground ( `` tube '' ) railways , but it closed after just three months and was re-opened as a pedestrian foot tunnel . Once Tower Bridge was open , the majority of foot traffic transferred to using the bridge , there being no toll to pay to use it . Having lost most of its income , the tunnel was closed in 1898 . The high - level open air walkways between the towers gained an unpleasant reputation as a haunt for prostitutes and pickpockets ; as they were only accessible by stairs they were seldom used by regular pedestrians , and were closed in 1910 . Second world War ( edit ) A Short Sunderland of No. 201 Squadron RAF moored at Tower Bridge during the 1956 commemoration of the Battle of Britain During the Second World War and as a precaution against the existing engines being damaged by enemy action , a third engine was installed in 1942 : a 150 hp horizontal cross-compound engine , built by Vickers Armstrong Ltd. at their Elswick works in Newcastle upon Tyne . It was fitted with a flywheel having a 9 - foot ( 2.7 m ) diameter and weighing 9 tons , and was governed to a speed of 30 rpm . The engine became redundant when the rest of the system was modernised in 1974 , and was donated to the Forncett Industrial Steam Museum by the Corporation of the City of London . Modernization ( edit ) In 1974 , the original operating mechanism was largely replaced by a new electro - hydraulic drive system , designed by BHA Cromwell House , with the original final pinions driven by modern hydraulic motors and gearing . In 1982 , the Tower Bridge Exhibition opened , housed in the bridge 's twin towers , the long - closed high - level walkways and the Victorian engine rooms . The latter still house the original steam engines and some of the original hydraulic machinery . A computer system was installed in 2000 to control the raising and lowering of the bascules remotely . It proved unreliable , resulting in the bridge being stuck in the open or closed positions on several occasions during 2005 until its sensors were replaced . 2008 -- 2012 facelift ( edit ) In April 2008 it was announced that the bridge would undergo a ' facelift ' costing £ 4 million , and taking four years to complete . The work entailed stripping off the existing paint down to bare metal and repainting in blue and white . Each section was enshrouded in scaffolding and plastic sheeting to prevent the old paint falling into the Thames and causing pollution . Starting in mid-2008 , contractors worked on a quarter of the bridge at a time to minimise disruption , but some road closures were inevitable . It is intended that the completed work will stand for 25 years . The renovation of the walkway interior was completed in mid-2009 . Within the walkways a versatile new lighting system has been installed , designed by Eleni Shiarlis , for when the walkways are in use for exhibitions or functions . The new system provides for both feature and atmospheric lighting , the latter using bespoke RGB LED luminaires , designed to be concealed within the bridge superstructure and fixed without the need for drilling ( these requirements as a result of the bridge 's Grade I status ) . The renovation of the four suspension chains was completed in March 2010 using a state - of - the - art coating system requiring up to six different layers of ' paint ' . London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics ( edit ) Tower Bridge with 2012 Olympic rings The bridge featured in publicity for the 2012 Summer Olympics being held in London . In June 2012 a set of Olympic rings was suspended from the bridge to mark one month to go until the start of the games . The rings cost £ 259,817 to make , measured 25 by 11.5 metres ( 82 by 38 ft ) and weighed 13 tonnes ( 14 short tons ) . On 8 July 2012 , the west walkway was transformed into a 200 - foot - long ( 61 m ) Live Music Sculpture by the British composer Samuel Bordoli. 30 classical musicians were arranged along the length of the bridge 138 feet ( 42 m ) above the Thames behind the Olympic rings . The sound travelled backwards and forwards along the walkway , echoing the structure of the bridge . Following the Olympics , the rings were removed from Tower Bridge and replaced by the emblem of the Paralympic Games for the 2012 Summer Paralympics . 2016 renovations ( edit ) Tower Bridge was closed to all road traffic for almost three months in late 2016 ( 1 October to 30 December ) . This was to allow structural maintenance work to take place . The work included : Undertaking major maintenance to the bridge lifting systems Replacing the decking and resurfacing the walkways and road Replacing the expansion joints along the bridge to provide a smoother surface Waterproofing the arches made from brick on the approaches to the bridge During this time the bridge was still open to water borne traffic as required by Act of Parliament . The bridge was open to pedestrians for all but three weekends , where a free ferry service was in operation . Design ( edit ) Tower Bridge from Shad Thames Bridge structure ( edit ) Tower Bridge at dawn The bridge is 800 feet ( 240 m ) in length with two towers each 213 feet ( 65 m ) high , built on piers . The central span of 200 feet ( 61 m ) between the towers is split into two equal bascules or leaves , which can be raised to an angle of 86 degrees to allow river traffic to pass . The bascules , weighing over 1,000 tons each , are counterbalanced to minimise the force required and allow raising in five minutes . The two side - spans are suspension bridges , each 270 feet ( 82 m ) long , with the suspension rods anchored both at the abutments and through rods contained within the bridge 's upper walkways . The pedestrian walkways are 143 feet ( 44 m ) above the river at high tide . The main bridge deck carries two lanes of road traffic between two low - level pedestrian walkways across both suspension spans and the opening bascule section of the bridge , with the walkways separated from the roadway by fences . The roadway passes through each of the two towers , whereas the low - level walkways pass around the outside of the towers . One of the chimneys on the bridge , which are often confused as lamp posts , connects up to an old fireplace in a guardroom of the Tower of London . It is long - disused . Hydraulic system ( edit ) One of the original steam engines The original raising mechanism was powered by pressurised water stored in several hydraulic accumulators . The system was designed and installed by Hamilton Owen Rendel while working for Sir W.G. Armstrong Mitchell & Company of Newcastle upon Tyne . Water , at a pressure of 750 psi ( 5.2 MPa ) , was pumped into the accumulators by two 360 hp ( 270 kW ) horizontal twin - tandem compound stationary steam engines , fitted with Meyer expansion slide valves . Each engine drove a force pump from its piston tail rod . The accumulators each comprise a 20 - inch ( 51 cm ) ram on which sits a very heavy weight to maintain the desired pressure . The entire hydraulic system along with the gas lighting system was installed by William Sugg & Co Ltd. , the well known Westminster gas engineers . The gas lighting was initially by open flame burners within the lanterns but soon after was updated to the later incandescent system . In 1974 , the original operating mechanism was largely replaced by a new electro - hydraulic drive system , designed by BHA Cromwell House . The only components of the original system still in use are the final pinions , which engage with the racks fitted to the bascules . These are driven by modern hydraulic motors and gearing , using oil rather than water as the hydraulic fluid . Some of the original hydraulic machinery has been retained , although it is no longer in use . It is open to the public and forms the basis for the bridge 's museum , which resides in the old engine rooms on the south side of the bridge . The museum includes the steam engines , two of the accumulators and one of the hydraulic engines that moved the bascules , along with other related artefacts . Signalling and control ( edit ) To control the passage of river traffic through the bridge , a number of different rules and signals were employed . Daytime control was provided by red semaphore signals , mounted on small control cabins on either end of both bridge piers . At night , coloured lights were used , in either direction , on both piers : two red lights to show that the bridge was closed , and two green to show that it was open . In foggy weather , a gong was sounded as well . Vessels passing through the bridge had to display signals too : by day , a black ball at least 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) in diameter was to be mounted high up where it could be seen ; by night , two red lights in the same position . Foggy weather required repeated blasts from the ship 's steam whistle . If a black ball was suspended from the middle of each walkway ( or a red light at night ) this indicated that the bridge could not be opened . These signals were repeated about 1,000 yards ( 910 m ) downstream , at Cherry Garden Pier , where boats needing to pass through the bridge had to hoist their signals / lights and sound their horn , as appropriate , to alert the Bridge Master . Some of the control mechanism for the signalling equipment has been preserved and may be seen working in the bridge 's museum . Traffic ( edit ) The tall ship Wylde Swan passing under Tower Bridge decorated for the London Olympics in August 2012 . Note the Olympic rings folded up to allow passage of the mast . Road ( edit ) Tower Bridge is still a busy crossing of the Thames : it is crossed by over 40,000 people ( motorists , cyclists and pedestrians ) every day . The bridge is on the London Inner Ring Road , and is on the eastern boundary of the London congestion charge zone . ( Drivers do not incur a charge by crossing the bridge . ) To maintain the integrity of the structure , the City of London Corporation has imposed a 20 - mile - per - hour ( 32 km / h ) speed restriction , and an 18 tonnes ( 20 short tons ) weight limit on vehicles using the bridge . A camera system measures the speed of traffic crossing the bridge , using a number plate recognition system to send fixed penalty charges to speeding drivers . A second system monitors other vehicle parameters . Induction loops and piezoelectric sensors are used to measure the weight , the height of the chassis above ground level , and the number of axles of each vehicle . River ( edit ) The bascules are raised around 1000 times a year . River traffic is now much reduced , but it still takes priority over road traffic . Today , 24 hours ' notice is required before opening the bridge , and opening times are published in advance on the bridge 's website . There is no charge for vessels to open the bridge . When needing to be raised for the passage of a vessel the bascules are only raised to an angle sufficient for the vessel to safely pass under the bridge , except in the case of a vessel with the Monarch on board in which case they are raised fully no matter the size of the vessel . Tower bridge Exhibition ( edit ) Interior of high - level walkway ( used as an exhibition space ) The Tower Bridge Exhibition is a display housed in the bridge 's twin towers , the high - level walkways and the Victorian engine rooms . It uses films , photos and interactive displays to explain why and how Tower Bridge was built . Visitors can access the original steam engines that once powered the bridge bascules , housed in a building close to the south end of the bridge . The exhibition charges an admission fee . Entrance is from the west side of the bridge deck to the northern tower , from where visitors ascend to level 4 by lift before crossing the high - level walkways to the southern tower . In the towers and walkways is an exhibition on the history of the bridge . The walkways also provide views over the city , the Tower of London and the Pool of London , and include a glass - floored section . From the south tower , visitors can visit the engine rooms , with the original steam engines , which are situated in a separate building beside the southern approach to the bridge . Reaction ( edit ) Although the bridge is an undoubted landmark , professional commentators in the early 20th century were critical of its aesthetics . `` It represents the vice of tawdriness and pretentiousness , and of falsification of the actual facts of the structure '' , wrote Henry Heathcote Statham , while Frank Brangwyn stated that `` A more absurd structure than the Tower Bridge was never thrown across a strategic river '' . Architectural historian Dan Cruickshank selected the bridge as one of his four choices for the 2002 BBC television documentary series Britain 's Best Buildings . Tower Bridge is often mistaken for London Bridge , the next bridge upstream . A popular urban legend is that in 1968 , Robert P. McCulloch , the purchaser of the old London Bridge that was later shipped to Lake Havasu City in Arizona , believed that he was in fact buying Tower Bridge . This was denied by McCulloch himself and has been debunked by Ivan Luckin , the vendor of the bridge . A partial replica of Tower Bridge has been built in the city of Suzhou in China . The replica differs from the original in having no lifting mechanism and having four separate towers . Incidents ( edit ) On 10 August 1912 Francis McClean flew between the bascules and the high - level walkways in his Short Brothers S. 33 floatplane . In December 1952 , the bridge opened while a number 78 double - decker bus was crossing from the south bank . At that time , the gateman would ring a warning bell and close the gates when the bridge was clear before the watchman ordered the raising of the bridge . The process failed while a relief watchman was on duty . The bus was near the edge of the south bascule when it started to rise ; driver Albert Gunter made a split - second decision to accelerate , clearing a 3 - foot ( 0.91 m ) gap to drop 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) onto the north bascule , which had not yet started to rise . There were no serious injuries . Gunter was given £ 10 ( equivalent to £ 260 in 2015 ) by the City Corporation to honour his act of bravery . The Hawker Hunter Tower Bridge incident occurred on 5 April 1968 when a Royal Air Force Hawker Hunter FGA. 9 jet fighter from No. 1 Squadron , flown by Flt Lt Alan Pollock , flew through Tower Bridge . Unimpressed that senior staff were not going to celebrate the RAF 's 50th birthday with a fly - past , Pollock decided to do something himself . Without authorisation , Pollock flew the Hunter at low altitude down the Thames , past the Houses of Parliament , and continued on toward Tower Bridge . He flew the Hunter beneath the bridge 's walkway , remarking afterwards that it was an afterthought when he saw the bridge looming ahead of him . Pollock was placed under arrest upon landing , and discharged from the RAF on medical grounds without the chance to defend himself at a court martial . In the summer of 1973 , a single - engined Beagle Pup was twice flown under the pedestrian walkway of Tower Bridge by 29 - year - old stockbroker 's clerk Paul Martin . Martin was on bail following accusations of stockmarket fraud . He then `` buzzed '' buildings in The City , before flying north towards the Lake District where he died when his aircraft crashed some two hours later . In May 1997 , the motorcade of United States President Bill Clinton was divided by the opening of the bridge . The Thames sailing barge Gladys , on her way to a gathering at St Katharine Docks , arrived on schedule and the bridge was opened for her . Returning from a Thames - side lunch at Le Pont de la Tour restaurant with UK Prime Minister Tony Blair , President Clinton was less punctual and arrived just as the bridge was rising . The bridge opening split the motorcade in two , much to the consternation of security staff . A spokesman for Tower Bridge is quoted as saying : `` We tried to contact the American Embassy , but they would n't answer the phone . '' On 19 August 1999 , Jef Smith , a Freeman of the City of London , drove a flock of two sheep across the bridge . He was exercising a claimed ancient permission , granted as a right to Freemen , to make a point about the powers of older citizens and the way in which their rights were being eroded . Before dawn on 31 October 2003 , David Crick , a Fathers 4 Justice campaigner , climbed a 100 - foot ( 30 m ) tower crane near Tower Bridge at the start of a six - day protest dressed as Spider - Man . Fearing for his safety , and that of motorists should he fall , police cordoned off the area , closing the bridge and surrounding roads and causing widespread traffic congestion across the City and east London . The Metropolitan Police were later criticised for maintaining the closure for five days when this was not strictly necessary in the eyes of some citizens . On 11 May 2009 , six people were trapped and injured after a lift fell 10 feet ( 3 m ) inside the north tower . Gallery ( edit ) See also ( edit ) London portal Crossings of the River Thames Moveable bridges Pool of London Historic places adjacent to Tower Bridge ( edit ) HMS Belfast London Bridge Shad Thames St Katharine Docks Tower of London Comparison of the side elevations of the Tower Bridge and some notable bridges at the same scale . ( click for interactive version ) References ( edit ) Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Tower Bridge restored to true colours Tower Bridge '' . www.thetowerbridge.info . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finishing touches to Tower Bridge Tower Bridge '' . www.thetowerbridge.info . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Bridge Exhibition website '' . Corporation of The City of London . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Weinreb et al. 2008 , p. 922 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Chris , `` Cross River Traffic '' , Granta , 2005 Jump up ^ The Times , 2 July 1894 ^ Jump up to : `` Tower Bridge '' . Archive -- the Quarterly Journal for British Industrial and Transport History . Lightmoor Press ( 3 ) : 47 . 1994 . ISSN 1352 - 7991 . ^ Jump up to : UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Gregory Clark ( 2016 ) , `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' , MeasuringWorth.com . Jump up ^ John Eade ( 22 July 1976 ) . `` Where Thames Smooth Waters Glide '' . Thames.me.uk . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Denis ( 2001 ) . Civil Engineering Heritage : London and the Thames Valley . Thomas Telford . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 0 - 7277 - 2876 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Tower Bridge Engine '' . Forncett Industrial Steam Museum . Retrieved 27 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Firm : BHA Cromwell House '' . G.M. Beresford Hartwell . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hartwell , Geoffrey . `` Tower Bridge , London '' . Retrieved 27 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Us '' . Tower Bridge Exhibition . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fix to stop bridge getting stuck '' . BBC News . 17 January 2006 . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Bridge to get £ 4m facelift '' . BBC News . 7 April 2008 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Bridge lighting '' . Interior Event & Exhibition Lighting Design scheme . ES Lighting Design . 29 April 2009 . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Bridge restored to true colours '' . Tower Bridge Restoration Website. 10 March 2010 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Olympics rings Tower over London , Daily Mail ( London ) , accessed 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Bridge is London 's Latest Venue -- Classic FM Music News and Features '' . Classicfm.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Bridge as a musical instrument '' . Classical-Music.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Topping , Alexandra ( 13 August 2012 ) . `` London 2012 : let the Paralympics preparations begin '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Bridge closure '' . Transport for London . Jump up ^ `` 11 Secret Features Of Famous London Landmarks '' . Londonist. 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bridge History '' . Towerbridge.org.uk. 1 February 2003 . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Lane , MR ( 1989 ) . The Rendel Connection : a dynasty of engineers . Quiller press , London . ISBN 1 - 870948 - 01 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` History William Sugg & Co Westminster gas lighting cooking heating appliance manufacturer '' . Jump up ^ Fleet Sail Royal Greenwich ^ Jump up to : Speed Check Services . `` Bridge Protection Scheme '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bridge Lifts '' . Tower Bridge Official Website . Archived from the original on 12 September 2007 . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bridge Lift Times '' . Tower Bridge Exhibition . City of London . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Step Inside '' . Tower Bridge Exhibition . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Statham , H.H. , `` Bridge Engineering '' , Wiley , 1916 . Jump up ^ Brangwyn , F. , and Sparrow , W.S. , `` A Book of Bridges '' , John Lane , 1920 . Jump up ^ Cruickshank , Dan . `` Choosing Britain 's Best Buildings '' . BBC History . Retrieved 3 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Jason Cochran , Pauline Frommer ( 2007 ) . Pauline Frommer 's London . Frommer 's . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 05228 - 0 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How London Bridge was sold to the States ( From This Is Local London ) '' . Thisislocallondon.co.uk . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Silk , Michael ; Manley , Andrew ( 3 June 2014 ) . `` From Tower Bridge to Sydney Harbour , welcome to China 's city of clones '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.towerbridge.org.uk/bridge-history/ Jump up ^ https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/10-august-1912/ Jump up ^ `` Tower Bridge , London , UK '' . BBC . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Jumping Bus '' . Time . 12 January 1953 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Car Journals . `` Mind The Gap When Jumping Over Tower Bridge '' . Car Journals . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ p. 157 , Shaw , Michael ' No. 1 Squadron ' , Ian Allan 1986 Jump up ^ `` Hawker Hunter History '' . ( scroll down half - way ) . Thunder & Lightnings. 29 February 2004 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gives Suicide Plan To Crash Plane into Tower of London , Dies in Crash 240 Miles Away '' . Lundington Daily News . 1 August 1973 . Retrieved 14 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential visits abroad '' . ( William J. Clinton III ) . US Department of State . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Shore , John ( July 1997 ) . `` Gladys takes the rise out of Bill '' . Regatta Online . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Protest Freeman herds sheep over Tower Bridge '' . BBC News . 19 August 1999 . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spiderman protest closes Tower Bridge '' . BBC News . 31 October 2003 . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spiderman cordon criticised '' . BBC News . 3 November 2003 . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Spiderman ' cleared over protest '' . BBC News . 14 May 2004 . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Six injured in Tower Bridge lift '' , BBC News , 11 May 2009 . Sources Weinreb , Ben ; Hibbert , Christopher ; Keay , John ; Keay , Julia ( 2008 ) . The London Encyclopaedia ( 2nd ed . ) . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 405 - 04924 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tower Bridge . Official Tower Bridge Exhibition website Bridge Lift Times Winchester , Clarence , ed. ( 1938 ) . `` Building the Tower Bridge '' . Wonders of World Engineering . London : Amalgamated Press . pp. 575 -- 580 . 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-6616706098173526336 | Politics of the United States | Politics of the United States - Wikipedia Politics of the United States Jump to : navigation , search See also : Elections in the United States This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Political system of the United States The United States is a federal republic in which the president , Congress , and federal courts share powers reserved to the national government according to its Constitution . The federal government shares sovereignty with the state governments . The executive branch is headed by the President and is formally independent of both the legislature and the judiciary . The cabinet serves as a set of advisers to the President . They include the Vice President and heads of the executive departments . Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of Congress , the Senate and the House of Representatives . The judicial branch ( or judiciary ) , composed of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts , exercises judicial power . The judiciary 's function is to interpret the United States Constitution and federal laws and regulations . This includes resolving disputes between the executive and legislative branches . The federal government 's structure is codified in the Constitution . Two political parties , the Democratic Party and the Republican Party , have dominated American politics since the American Civil War , although smaller parties exist such as the Libertarian Party , the Green Party , and the Constitution Party . Generally , the Democratic Party is commonly known as the left - wing party within the United States , while the Republican Party is commonly known as the United States ' right - wing party . There are a few major differences between the political system of the United States and that of most other developed democracies . These include greater power in the upper house of the legislature , a wider scope of power held by the Supreme Court , the separation of powers between the legislature and the executive , and the dominance of only two main parties . Third parties have less political influence in the United States than in other democratically run developed countries ; this is because of a combination of stringent historic controls . These controls take shape in the form of state and federal laws , informal media prohibitions , and winner - take - all elections , and include ballot access issues and exclusive debate rules . There have been five United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Political culture 1.1 Colonial origins 1.2 American ideology 1.3 Usage of `` left -- right '' politics 1.4 Suffrage 2 State government 3 Local government 3.1 Mayor - council 3.2 Commission 3.3 Council - manager 3.4 County government 3.5 Municipal government 4 Campaign finance 5 Political parties and elections 5.1 Political parties 5.2 Elections 5.3 Organization of American political parties 5.4 General developments 5.5 Development of the two - party system in the United States 5.6 Gerrymandering 6 Political pressure groups 7 Concerns about oligarchy and a diminishing democracy 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Further reading 10 External links Political culture ( edit ) Main article : Political culture of the United States Scholars from Alexis de Tocqueville to the present have found a strong continuity in core American political values since the time of the American Revolution in the late 18th century . Colonial origins ( edit ) Main article : Colonial history of the United States Some of Britain 's North American colonies became exceptional in the European world for their vibrant political culture , which attracted the most talented and ambitious young men into politics . Reasons for this American exceptionalism included : Suffrage was the most widespread in the world , with every man who owned a certain amount of property allowed to vote . While fewer than 20 % of British men could vote , a majority of white American men were eligible . While the roots of democracy were apparent , nevertheless deference was typically shown to social elites in colonial elections . That deference declined sharply with the American Revolution . In each colony , elected bodies , especially the assemblies and county governments , decided a wide range of public and private business . Topics of public concern and debate included land grants , commercial subsidies , and taxation , as well as oversight of roads , poor relief , taverns , and schools . Americans spent a great deal of time in court , as private lawsuits were very common . Legal affairs were overseen by local judges and juries , with a central role for trained lawyers . This promoted the rapid expansion of the legal profession , and the dominant role of lawyers in politics was apparent by the 1770s , as attested by the careers of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson , among many others . The North American colonies were exceptional in the world context because of the growth of representation of different interest groups . Unlike in Europe , where royal courts , aristocratic families and established churches exercised control , the American political culture was open to merchants , landlords , petty farmers , artisans , Anglicans , Presbyterians , Quakers , Germans , Scotch Irish , Yankees , Yorkers , and many other identifiable groups . Over 90 % of the representatives elected to the legislature lived in their districts , unlike in the United Kingdom where it was common to have an absentee member of Parliament . Americans became fascinated by and increasingly adopted the political values of republicanism , which stressed equal rights , the need for virtuous citizens , and the evils of corruption , luxury , and aristocracy . None of the colonies had political parties of the sort that formed in the 1790s , but each had shifting factions that vied for power . American ideology ( edit ) Republicanism , along with a form of classical liberalism , remains the dominant ideology . Central documents include the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) , Constitution ( 1787 ) , The Federalist Papers ( 1788 ) , Bill of Rights ( 1791 ) , and Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address ( 1863 ) , among others . The political scientist Louis Hartz articulated this theme in American political culture in The Liberal Tradition in America ( 1955 ) . Hartz saw the antebellum South as breaking away from this central ideology in the 1820s as it constructed a fantasy to support hierarchical , feudal society . Others , such as David Gordon of the libertarian , Alabama - based Mises Institute argue that the secessionists who formed the Confederacy in 1861 retained the values of classical liberalism . Among the core tenets of this ideology are the following : Civic duty : Citizens have the responsibility to understand and support the government , participate in elections , pay taxes , and perform military service . Opposition to Political corruption Democracy : The government is answerable to citizens , who may change the representatives through elections . Equality before the law : The laws should attach no special privilege to any citizen . Government officials are subject to the law just as others are Freedom of religion : The government can neither support nor suppress religion Freedom of speech : The government can not restrict through law or action the personal speech of a citizen ; a marketplace of ideas In response to Hartz and others , political scientist Rogers M. Smith argued in Civic Ideals ( 1999 ) that in addition to liberalism and republicanism , United States political culture has historically served to exclude various populations from access to full citizenship . Terming this ideological tradition `` ascriptive inegalitarianism , '' Smith traces its relevance in nativist , sexist , and racist beliefs and practices alongside struggles over citizenship laws from the early colonial period to the Progressive Era , and further political debates in the following century . At the time of the United States ' founding , agriculture and small private businesses dominated the economy , and state governments left welfare issues to private or local initiative . Laissez - faire ideology was largely abandoned in the 1930s during the Great Depression . Between the 1930s and 1970s , fiscal policy was characterized by the Keynesian consensus , a time during which modern American liberalism dominated economic policy virtually unchallenged . Since the late 1970s and early 1980s , however , laissez - faire ideology , as explained especially by Milton Friedman , has once more become a powerful force in American politics . While the American welfare state expanded more than threefold after World War II , it has been at 20 % of GDP since the late 1970s . As of 2014 modern American liberalism , and modern American conservatism are engaged in a continuous political battle , characterized by what The Economist describes as `` greater divisiveness ( and ) close , but bitterly fought elections . '' Usage of `` left -- right '' politics ( edit ) Main article : Usage of `` left -- right '' politics in the United States The modern American political spectrum and the usage of the terms `` left -- right politics '' , `` liberalism '' , and `` conservatism '' in the United States differs from that of the rest of the world . According to American historian Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. ( writing in 1956 ) , `` Liberalism in the American usage has little in common with the word as used in the politics of any European country , save possibly Britain '' . Schlesinger noted that American liberalism does not support classical liberalism 's commitment to limited government and laissez - faire economics . Because those two positions are instead generally supported by American conservatives , historian Leo P. Ribuffo noted in 2011 , `` what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or neoliberalism . '' In American politics , the Democratic Party is commonly known as the well - established center - left national party , while the smaller Green Party is infamous for being closer to the `` true '' anti-capitalist left - wing of modern American politics . The Republican Party is commonly known as the dominant right - wing national party , and the alternative Libertarian Party attracts some independent - leaning voters who tend to be more left - leaning on social issues and fiscally conservative on economic policy . Suffrage ( edit ) Main article : Voting rights in the United States The right of suffrage is nearly universal for citizens eighteen years of age and older . All states and the District of Columbia contribute to the electoral vote for President . However , the District , and other U.S. holdings like Puerto Rico and Guam , lack federal representation in Congress . These constituencies do not have the right to choose any political figure outside their respective areas . Each commonwealth , territory , or district can only elect a non-voting delegate to serve in the House of Representatives . Women 's suffrage became an important issue after the American Civil War of 1861 - 65 . After the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1870 , giving African - American men the right to vote , various women 's groups wanted the right to vote as well . Two major interest groups formed . The first group was the National Woman Suffrage Association , formed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton , that wanted to work for suffrage on the federal level and to push for more governmental changes , such as the granting of property rights to married women . The second group , the American Woman Suffrage Association formed by Lucy Stone , aimed to give women the right to vote . In 1890 , the two groups merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) . The NAWSA then mobilized to obtain support state - by - state , and by 1920 , the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified , giving women the right to vote . Student activism against the Vietnam War in the 1960s prompted the passage of the Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which lowered the voting age from twenty - one to eighteen , the legal age of the draft . State government ( edit ) See also : State governments of the United States States governments have the power to make laws that are not granted to the federal government or denied to the states in the U.S. Constitution for all citizens . These include education , family law , contract law , and most crimes . Unlike the federal government , which only has those powers granted to it in the Constitution , a state government has inherent powers allowing it to act unless limited by a provision of the state or national constitution . Like the federal government , state governments have three branches : executive , legislative , and judicial . The chief executive of a state is its popularly elected governor , who typically holds office for a four - year term ( although in some states the term is two years ) . Except for Nebraska , which has unicameral legislature , all states have a bicameral legislature , with the upper house usually called the Senate and the lower house called the House of Representatives , the House of Delegates , Assembly or something similar . In most states , senators serve four - year terms , and members of the lower house serve two - year terms . The constitutions of the various states differ in some details but generally follow a pattern similar to that of the federal Constitution , including a statement of the rights of the people and a plan for organizing the government . However , state constitutions are generally more detailed . Local government ( edit ) See also : Urban politics in the United States The United States has 89,500 local governments , including 3,033 counties , 19,492 municipalities , 16,500 townships , 13,000 school districts , and 37,000 other special districts that deal with issues like fire protection . Local governments directly serve the needs of the people , providing everything from police and fire protection to sanitary codes , health regulations , education , public transportation , and housing . Typically local elections are nonpartisan -- local activists suspend their party affiliations when campaigning and governing . About 28 % of the people live in cities of 100,000 or more population . City governments are chartered by states , and their charters detail the objectives and powers of the municipal government . The United States Constitution only provides for states and territories as subdivisions of the country , and the Supreme Court has accordingly confirmed the supremacy of state sovereignty over municipalities . For most big cities , cooperation with both state and federal organizations is essential to meeting the needs of their residents . Types of city governments vary widely across the nation . However , almost all have a central council , elected by the voters , and an executive officer , assisted by various department heads , to manage the city 's affairs . Cities in the West and South usually have nonpartisan local politics . There are three general types of city government : the mayor - council , the commission , and the council - manager . These are the pure forms ; many cities have developed a combination of two or three of them . Mayor - council ( edit ) This is the oldest form of city government in the United States and , until the beginning of the 20th century , was used by nearly all American cities . Its structure is like that of the state and national governments , with an elected mayor as chief of the executive branch and an elected council that represents the various neighborhoods forming the legislative branch . The mayor appoints heads of city departments and other officials , sometimes with the approval of the council . He or she has the power of veto over ordinances ( the laws of the city ) and often is responsible for preparing the city 's budget . The council passes city ordinances , sets the tax rate on property , and apportions money among the various city departments . As cities have grown , council seats have usually come to represent more than a single neighborhood . Commission ( edit ) This combines both the legislative and executive functions in one group of officials , usually three or more in number , elected citywide . Each commissioner supervises the work of one or more city departments . Commissioners also set policies and rules by which the city is operated . One is named chairperson of the body and is often called the mayor , although his or her power is equivalent to that of the other commissioners . Council - manager ( edit ) The city manager is a response to the increasing complexity of urban problems that need management ability not often possessed by elected public officials . The answer has been to entrust most of the executive powers , including law enforcement and provision of services , to a highly trained and experienced professional city manager . The city manager plan has been adopted by a large number of cities . Under this plan , a small , elected council makes the city ordinances and sets policy , but hires a paid administrator , also called a city manager , to carry out its decisions . The manager draws up the city budget and supervises most of the departments . Usually , there is no set term ; the manager serves as long as the council is satisfied with his or her work . County government ( edit ) The county is a subdivision of the state , sometimes ( but not always ) containing two or more townships and several villages . New York City is so large that it is divided into five separate boroughs , each a county in its own right . On the other hand , Arlington County , Virginia , the United States ' smallest county , located just across the Potomac River from Washington , D.C. , is both an urbanized and suburban area , governed by a unitary county administration . In other cities , both the city and county governments have merged , creating a consolidated city -- county government . In most U.S. counties , one town or city is designated as the county seat , and this is where the government offices are located and where the board of commissioners or supervisors meets . In small counties , boards are chosen by the county ; in the larger ones , supervisors represent separate districts or townships . The board collects taxes for state and local governments ; borrows and appropriates money ; fixes the salaries of county employees ; supervises elections ; builds and maintains highways and bridges ; and administers national , state , and county welfare programs . In very small counties , the executive and legislative power may lie entirely with a sole commissioner , who is assisted by boards to supervise taxes and elections . In some New England states , counties do not have any governmental function and are simply a division of land . Municipal government ( edit ) Thousands of municipal jurisdictions are too small to qualify as city governments . These are chartered as towns and villages and deal with local needs such as paving and lighting the streets , ensuring a water supply , providing police and fire protection , and waste management . In many states of the US , the term town does not have any specific meaning ; it is simply an informal term applied to populated places ( both incorporated and unincorporated municipalities ) . Moreover , in some states , the term town is equivalent to how civil townships are used in other states . The government is usually entrusted to an elected board or council , which may be known by a variety of names : town or village council , board of selectmen , board of supervisors , board of commissioners . The board may have a chairperson or president who functions as chief executive officer , or there may be an elected mayor . Governmental employees may include a clerk , treasurer , police and fire officers , and health and welfare officers . One unique aspect of local government , found mostly in the New England region of the United States , is the town meeting . Once a year , sometimes more often if needed , the registered voters of the town meet in open session to elect officers , debate local issues , and pass laws for operating the government . As a body , they decide on road construction and repair , construction of public buildings and facilities , tax rates , and the town budget . The town meeting , which has existed for more than three centuries in some places , is often cited as the purest form of direct democracy , in which the governmental power is not delegated , but is exercised directly and regularly by all the people . Campaign finance ( edit ) Main article : Campaign finance in the United States Successful participation , especially in federal elections , requires large amounts of money , especially for television advertising . This money is very difficult to raise by appeals to a mass base , although in the 2008 election , candidates from both parties had success with raising money from citizens over the Internet , as had Howard Dean with his Internet appeals . Both parties generally depend on wealthy donors and organizations -- traditionally the Democrats depended on donations from organized labor while the Republicans relied on business donations . This dependency on donors is controversial , and has led to laws limiting spending on political campaigns being enacted ( see campaign finance reform ) . Opponents of campaign finance laws cite the First Amendment 's guarantee of free speech , and challenge campaign finance laws because they attempt to circumvent the people 's constitutionally guaranteed rights . Even when laws are upheld , the complication of compliance with the First Amendment requires careful and cautious drafting of legislation , leading to laws that are still fairly limited in scope , especially in comparison to those of other countries such as the United Kingdom , France or Canada . Fundraising plays a large role in getting a candidate elected to public office . Without money , a candidate may have little chance of achieving their goal . In the 2004 general elections , 95 % of House races and 91 % of senate races were won by the candidates who spent the most on their campaigns . Attempts to limit the influence of money on American political campaigns dates back to the 1860s . Recently , Congress passed legislation requiring candidates to disclose sources of campaign contributions , how the campaign money is spent , and regulated use of `` soft money '' contributions . Political parties and elections ( edit ) The United States Constitution does not mention political parties , primarily because the Founding Fathers did not intend for American politics to be partisan . In Federalist Papers No. 9 and No. 10 , Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , respectively , wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic political factions . In addition , the first President of the United States , George Washington , was not a member of any political party at the time of his election or during his tenure as president . Washington hoped that political parties would not be formed , fearing conflict and stagnation . Nevertheless , the beginnings of the American two - party system emerged from his immediate circle of advisers . Hamilton and Madison ended up being the core leaders in this emerging party system . In modern times , in partisan elections , candidates are nominated by a political party or seek public office as an independent . Each state has significant discretion in deciding how candidates are nominated , and thus eligible to appear on the election ballot . Typically , major party candidates are formally chosen in a party primary or convention , whereas minor party and Independents are required to complete a petitioning process . Political parties ( edit ) Main article : Political parties in the United States The modern political party system in the United States is a two - party system dominated by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party . These two parties have won every United States presidential election since 1852 and have controlled the United States Congress since 1856 . The Democratic Party generally positions itself as left - of - center in American politics and supports a modern American liberal platform , while the Republican Party generally positions itself as right - of - center and supports a modern American conservative platform . Third parties have achieved relatively minor representation from time to time at local levels . The Libertarian Party is the largest third party in the country , claiming more than 250,000 registered voters in 2013 ; it generally positions itself as centrist or radical centrist and supports a classical liberal position . Other contemporary third parties include the left - wing Green Party , supporting Green politics , and the right - wing Constitution Party , supporting paleoconservatism . Elections ( edit ) Further information : Elections in the United States Unlike in some parliamentary systems , Americans vote for a specific candidate instead of directly selecting a particular political party . With a federal government , officials are elected at the federal ( national ) , state and local levels . On a national level , the President , is elected indirectly by the people , through an Electoral College . In modern times , the electors virtually always vote with the popular vote of their state . All members of Congress , and the offices at the state and local levels are directly elected . Various federal and state laws regulate elections . The United States Constitution defines ( to a basic extent ) how federal elections are held , in Article One and Article Two and various amendments . State law regulates most aspects of electoral law , including primaries , the eligibility of voters ( beyond the basic constitutional definition ) , the running of each state 's electoral college , and the running of state and local elections . Organization of American political parties ( edit ) See also : Political party strength in U.S. states American political parties are more loosely organized than those in other countries . The two major parties , in particular , have no formal organization at the national level that controls membership , activities , or policy positions , though some state affiliates do . Thus , for an American to say that he or she is a member of the Democratic or Republican party , is quite different from a Briton 's stating that he or she is a member of the Conservative or Labour party . In the United States , one can often become a `` member '' of a party , merely by stating that fact . In some U.S. states , a voter can register as a member of one or another party and / or vote in the primary election for one or another party . Such participation does not restrict one 's choices in any way . It also does not give a person any particular rights or obligations within the party , other than possibly allowing that person to vote in that party 's primary elections . A person may choose to attend meetings of one local party committee one day and another party committee the next day . The sole factor that brings one `` closer to the action '' is the quantity and quality of participation in party activities and the ability to persuade others in attendance to give one responsibility . Party identification becomes somewhat formalized when a person runs for partisan office . In most states , this means declaring oneself a candidate for the nomination of a particular party and intent to enter that party 's primary election for an office . A party committee may choose to endorse one or another of those who is seeking the nomination , but in the end the choice is up to those who choose to vote in the primary , and it is often difficult to tell who is going to do the voting . The result is that American political parties have weak central organizations and little central ideology , except by consensus . A party really can not prevent a person who disagrees with the majority of positions of the party or actively works against the party 's aims from claiming party membership , so long as the voters who choose to vote in the primary elections elect that person . Once in office , an elected official may change parties simply by declaring such intent . An elected official once in office may also act contradictory to many of his or her party 's positions ( this had led to terms such as `` Republican In Name Only '' ) . At the federal level , each of the two major parties has a national committee ( See , Democratic National Committee , Republican National Committee ) that acts as the hub for much fund - raising and campaign activities , particularly in presidential campaigns . The exact composition of these committees is different for each party , but they are made up primarily of representatives from state parties and affiliated organizations , and others important to the party . However , the national committees do not have the power to direct the activities of members of the party . Both parties also have separate campaign committees which work to elect candidates at a specific level . The most significant of these are the Hill committees , which work to elect candidates to each house of Congress . State parties exist in all fifty states , though their structures differ according to state law , as well as party rules at both the national and the state level . Despite these weak organizations , elections are still usually portrayed as national races between the political parties . In what is known as `` presidential coattails '' , candidates in presidential elections become the de facto leader of their respective party , and thus usually bring out supporters who in turn then vote for his party 's candidates for other offices . On the other hand , federal midterm elections ( where only Congress and not the president is up for election ) are usually regarded as a referendum on the sitting president 's performance , with voters either voting in or out the president 's party 's candidates , which in turn helps the next session of Congress to either pass or block the president 's agenda , respectively . General developments ( edit ) See also : History of the United States Republican Party and History of the United States Democratic Party Most of the Founding Fathers rejected political parties as divisive and disruptive . By the 1790s , however , most joined one of the two new parties , and by the 1830s parties had become accepted as central to the democracy . By the 1790s , the First Party System was born . Men who held opposing views strengthened their cause by identifying and organizing men of like mind . The followers of Alexander Hamilton , were called `` Federalists '' ; they favored a strong central government that would support the interests of national defense , commerce and industry . The followers of Thomas Jefferson , the Jeffersonians took up the name `` Republicans '' ; they preferred a decentralized agrarian republic in which the federal government had limited power . By 1828 , the First Party System had collapsed . Two new parties emerged from the remnants of the Jeffersonian Democracy , forming the Second Party System with the Whigs , brought to life in opposition to President Andrew Jackson and his new Democratic Party . The forces of Jacksonian Democracy , based among urban workers , Southern poor whites , and western farmers , dominated the era . In the 1860s , the issue of slavery took center stage , with disagreement in particular over the question of whether slavery should be permitted in the country 's new territories in the West . The Whig Party straddled the issue and sank to its death after the overwhelming electoral defeat by Franklin Pierce in the 1852 presidential election . Ex-Whigs joined the Know Nothings or the newly formed Republican Party . While the Know Nothing party was short - lived , Republicans would survive the intense politics leading up to the Civil War . The primary Republican policy was that slavery be excluded from all the territories . Just six years later , this new party captured the presidency when Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 . By then , parties were well established as the country 's dominant political organizations , and party allegiance had become an important part of most people 's consciousness . Party loyalty was passed from fathers to sons , and party activities , including spectacular campaign events , complete with uniformed marching groups and torchlight parades , were a part of the social life of many communities . By the 1920s , however , this boisterous folksiness had diminished . Municipal reforms , civil service reform , corrupt practices acts , and presidential primaries to replace the power of politicians at national conventions had all helped to clean up politics . Development of the two - party system in the United States ( edit ) See also : Causes of a two - party system This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since the 1790s , the country has been run by two major parties . Many minor or third political parties appear from time to time . They tend to serve a means to advocate policies that eventually are adopted by the two major political parties . At various times the Socialist Party , the Farmer - Labor Party and the Populist Party for a few years had considerable local strength , and then faded away -- although in Minnesota , the Farmer -- Labor Party merged into the state 's Democratic Party , which is now officially known as the Democratic -- Farmer -- Labor Party . At present , the Libertarian Party is the most successful third party . New York State has a number of additional third parties , who sometimes run their own candidates for office and sometimes nominate the nominees of the two main parties . In the District of Columbia , the D.C. Statehood Green Party has served as a strong third party behind the Democratic Party and Republican Party . Most officials in America are elected from single - member districts and win office by beating out their opponents in a system for determining winners called first - past - the - post ; the one who gets the plurality wins , ( which is not the same thing as actually getting a majority of votes ) . This encourages the two - party system ; see Duverger 's law . In the absence of multi-seat congressional districts , proportional representation is impossible and third parties can not thrive . Although elections to the Senate elect two senators per constituency ( state ) , staggered terms effectively result in single - seat constituencies for elections to the Senate . Another critical factor has been ballot access law . Originally , voters went to the polls and publicly stated which candidate they supported . Later on , this developed into a process whereby each political party would create its own ballot and thus the voter would put the party 's ballot into the voting box . In the late nineteenth century , states began to adopt the Australian Secret Ballot Method , and it eventually became the national standard . The secret ballot method ensured that the privacy of voters would be protected ( hence government jobs could no longer be awarded to loyal voters ) and each state would be responsible for creating one official ballot . The fact that state legislatures were dominated by Democrats and Republicans provided these parties an opportunity to pass discriminatory laws against minor political parties , yet such laws did not start to arise until the first Red Scare that hit America after World War I. State legislatures began to enact tough laws that made it harder for minor political parties to run candidates for office by requiring a high number of petition signatures from citizens and decreasing the length of time that such a petition could legally be circulated . It should also be noted that while more often than not , party members will `` toe the line '' and support their party 's policies , they are free to vote against their own party and vote with the opposition ( `` cross the aisle '' ) when they please . `` In America the same political labels ( Democratic and Republican ) cover virtually all public officeholders , and therefore most voters are everywhere mobilized in the name of these two parties , '' says Nelson W. Polsby , professor of political science , in the book New Federalist Papers : Essays in Defense of the Constitution . `` Yet Democrats and Republicans are not everywhere the same . Variations ( sometimes subtle , sometimes blatant ) in the 50 political cultures of the states yield considerable differences overall in what it means to be , or to vote , Democratic or Republican . These differences suggest that one may be justified in referring to the American two - party system as masking something more like a hundred - party system . '' Gerrymandering ( edit ) Main article : Gerrymandering in the United States U.S. congressional districts covering Travis County , Texas ( outlined in red ) in 2002 , left , and 2004 , right . In 2003 , the majority of Republicans in the Texas legislature redistricted the state , diluting the voting power of the heavily Democratic county by parcelling its residents out to more Republican districts . Shaw v. Reno was a United States Supreme Court case involving the redistricting and racial gerrymandering of North Carolina 's 12th congressional district ( pictured ) . The United States has a long tradition of gerrymandering . In some states , bipartisan gerrymandering is the norm . State legislators from both parties sometimes agree to draw congressional district boundaries in a way that ensures the re-election of most or all incumbent representatives from both parties . Rather than allowing more political influence , some states have shifted redistricting authority from politicians and given it to non-partisan redistricting commissions . The states of Washington , Arizona , and California 's Proposition 11 ( 2008 ) and Proposition 20 ( 2010 ) have created standing committees for redistricting following the 2010 census . Rhode Island and New Jersey have developed ad hoc committees , but developed the past two decennial reapportionments tied to new census data . Florida 's amendments 5 and 6 , meanwhile , established rules for the creation of districts but did not mandate an independent commission . International election observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights , who were invited to observe and report on the 2004 national elections , expressed criticism of the U.S. congressional redistricting process and made a recommendation that the procedures be reviewed to ensure genuine competitiveness of Congressional election contests . Political pressure groups ( edit ) See also : Advocacy group and Lobbying in the United States Special interest groups advocate the cause of their specific constituency . Business organizations will favor low corporate taxes and restrictions of the right to strike , whereas labor unions will support minimum wage legislation and protection for collective bargaining . Other private interest groups , such as churches and ethnic groups , are more concerned about broader issues of policy that can affect their organizations or their beliefs . The Israel lobby is the diverse coalition of those who , as individuals and as groups , seek to influence the foreign policy of the United States in support of Zionism , Israel or the specific policies of its government . The Israel lobby is known for its success in encouraging U.S. lawmakers to support the policies that it supports . One type of private interest group that has grown in number and influence in recent years is the political action committee or PAC . These are independent groups , organized around a single issue or set of issues , which contribute money to political campaigns for U.S. Congress or the presidency . PACs are limited in the amounts they can contribute directly to candidates in federal elections . There are no restrictions , however , on the amounts PACs can spend independently to advocate a point of view or to urge the election of candidates to office . `` The number of interest groups has mushroomed , with more and more of them operating offices in Washington , D.C. , and representing themselves directly to Congress and federal agencies , '' says Michael Schudson in his 1998 book The Good Citizen : A History of American Civic Life . `` Many organizations that keep an eye on Washington seek financial and moral support from ordinary citizens . Since many of them focus on a narrow set of concerns or even on a single issue , and often a single issue of enormous emotional weight , they compete with the parties for citizens ' dollars , time , and passion . '' The amount of money spent by these special interests continues to grow , as campaigns become increasingly expensive . Many Americans have the feeling that these wealthy interests , whether corporations , unions or PACs , are so powerful that ordinary citizens can do little to counteract their influences . Concerns about oligarchy and a diminishing democracy ( edit ) Some views suggest that the political structure of the United States is in many respects an oligarchy , where a small economic elite overwhelmingly determines policy and law . Some academic researchers suggest a drift toward oligarchy has been occurring by way of the influence of corporations , wealthy , and other special interest groups , leaving individual citizens with less impact than economic elites and organized interest groups in the political process . A study by political scientists Martin Gilens ( Princeton University ) and Benjamin Page ( Northwestern University ) released in April 2014 suggested that when the preferences of a majority of citizens conflicts with elites , elites tend to prevail . While not characterizing the United States as an `` oligarchy '' or `` plutocracy '' outright , Gilens and Page do give weight to the idea of a `` civil oligarchy '' as used by Jeffrey A. Winters , saying , `` Winters has posited a comparative theory of ' Oligarchy , ' in which the wealthiest citizens -- even in a ' civil oligarchy ' like the United States -- dominate policy concerning crucial issues of wealth - and income - protection . '' In their study , Gilens and Page reached these conclusions : When a majority of citizens disagrees with economic elites and / or with organized interests , they generally lose . Moreover , because of the strong status quo bias built into the US political system , even when fairly large majorities of Americans favor policy change , they generally do not get it ... ( T ) he preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule , near - zero , statistically non-significant impact upon public policy . -- Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page , 2014 E.J. Dionne Jr. described what he considers the effects of ideological and oligarchical interests on the judiciary . The journalist , columnist , and scholar interprets recent Supreme Court decisions as ones that allow wealthy elites to use economic power to influence political outcomes in their favor . `` Thus , '' Dionne wrote , in speaking about the Supreme Court 's McCutcheon et al. v. FEC and Citizens United v. FEC decisions , `` has this court conferred on wealthy people the right to give vast sums of money to politicians while undercutting the rights of millions of citizens to cast a ballot . '' Nobel Prize - winning economist Paul Krugman wrote : The stark reality is that we have a society in which money is increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few people . This threatens to make us a democracy in name only . -- Paul Krugman , 2012 The effects of oligarchy on democracy and the economy were key points of the 2016 presidential campaigns of Bernie Sanders and Green Party candidate Jill Stein . Bernie Sanders said about the Citizens United verdict and the Republicans ' rise to power in Congress , I fear that we may be on the verge of becoming an oligarchic form of society where a handful of billionaires control not just the economy , but the political life of this country . And that 's just something we 're going to have wrestle with . -- Bernie Sanders , 2014 See also ( edit ) American exceptionalism Criticism of United States foreign policy Deep state in the United States Fifth Party System Issue voting Money loop Political arguments of gun politics in the United States Political culture of the United States Political divisions of the United States Political ideologies in the United States American Left Progressivism in the United States Modern liberalism in the United States Alt - right Conservativism in the United States List of political parties in the United States Constitution Party Democratic Party Green Party Libertarian Party Modern Whig Party Reform Party Republican Party Socialist Party USA Politics of the Southern United States Reform topics Campaign finance reform in the United States Electoral reform in the United States Health care reform in the United States Marijuana law reform in the United States Tort reform in the United States Sixth Party System Tea Party movement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Samuel P. Huntington ( 1981 ) . American Politics : The Promise of Disharmony . Harvard University Press . pp. 21 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , A Factious People : Politics and Society in Colonial New York ( Columbia U.P. , 1971 ) p. 281 Jump up ^ Richard R. Beeman , `` The Varieties of Deference in Eighteenth - Century America , '' Early American Studies : An Interdisciplinary Journal , Volume 3 # 2 Fall 2005 , pp. 311 -- 40 Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , A Factious People : Politics and Society in Colonial New York ( Columbia U.P. , 1971 ) pp. 281 -- 2 Jump up ^ Anton - Hermann Chroust , The Rise of the legal profession in America ( 2 vol. 1965 ) , vol. 1 . Jump up ^ Bonomi , A Factious People , pp. 281 -- 86 Jump up ^ Cal Jillson ( 2013 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change . Taylor & Francis . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Hartz , Louis . The Liberal Tradition in America : An Interpretation of American Political Thought since the Revolution . Orlando : Harcourt , 1955 . Jump up ^ David Gordon , ed. ( 2002 ) . Secession , State , and Liberty . Transaction Publishers . p. 99 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Robert E. Shalhope , `` Republicanism and Early American Historiography , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 39 ( April 1982 ) , pp. 334 -- 56 in JSTOR ( registration required ) Jump up ^ `` Civic Ideals Yale University Press '' . yalebooks.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , B. ( 1998 ) . Political economy : A comparative approach . Westport , CT : Preager . Jump up ^ Alber , J. ( 1988 ) . Is There a crisis of the welfare state ? Cross-national evidence from Europe , North America , and Japan . European Sociological Review , 4 ( 3 ) , 181 -- 207 . Jump up ^ Barr , N. ( 2004 ) . Economics of the welfare state . New York : Oxford University Press ( USA ) . Jump up ^ `` Economist Intelligence Unit . ( July 11 , 2007 ) . United States : Political Forces '' . The Economist . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liberalism in America : A Note for Europeans by Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. ( 1956 ) from : The Politics of Hope ( Boston : Riverside Press , 1962 ) . Jump up ^ Leo P. Ribuffo , `` 20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy '' , Historically Speaking Jan 2011 v. 12 # 1 pp. 2 -- 6 , quote on p. 6 Jump up ^ Ellen Carol Dubois , Woman Suffrage and Women 's Rights ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Andrea Moore Kerr , Lucy Stone : speaking out for equality ( 1992 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Paul D. Buchanan , American Women 's Rights Movement : A Chronology of Events ( 2009 ) p. 129 Jump up ^ Statistical Abstract : 2010 p. 416 . Jump up ^ Ann O 'M . Bowman and Richard C. Kearney , State and Local Government : The Essentials ( 2008 ) p. 78 Jump up ^ `` City Commission '' . Talgov.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Public Funding of Presidential Elections Brochure '' . Fec.gov . January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mishak , Michael ( September 28 , 2009 ) . `` Recession means there 's less money for political campaigns '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Revolutionizes Campaign Fundraising '' . America.gov . July 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty - Ninth Congress . -- Second Session . Senate ... House of Representatives '' . New York Times . March 2 , 1867 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Washington 's Farewell Address Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about the Libertarian Party '' . Libertarian National Committee . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; VandeHei , Jim ( November 8 , 2006 ) . `` A Voter Rebuke For Bush , the War And the Right '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Bush and senior adviser Karl Rove tried to replicate that strategy this fall , hoping to keep the election from becoming a referendum on the president 's leadership . Jump up ^ `` Election ' 98 Lewinsky factor never materialized '' . CNN . November 4 , 1998 . Americans shunned the opportunity to turn Tuesday 's midterm elections into a referendum on President Bill Clinton 's behavior , dashing Republican hopes of gaining seats in the House and Senate . Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter , The Idea of a Party System : The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States , 1780 -- 1840 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ William Nisbet Chambers , Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe , What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Siegel , Harry ; Siegel , Fred ( October 7 , 2009 ) . `` New York 's Two - Party System '' . City-Journal.org . City Journal . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. BOARD OF ELECTIONS MONTHLY REPORT OF VOTER REGISTRATION STATISTICS '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics . December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Washington State Redistricting Commission `` Washington State Redistricting Commission '' . Redistricting.wa.gov . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission `` Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission '' . Azredistricting.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Reapportionment Commission '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2007 . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Jump up ^ `` Election 2010 : Palm Beach County & Florida Voting , Candidates , Endorsements The Palm Beach Post '' . Projects.palmbeachpost.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` XI '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mearsheimer , John J. and Walt , Stephen . The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy , London Review of Books , Volume 28 Number 6 , March 22 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sevcik , J.C. ( April 16 , 2014 ) `` The US is not a democracy but an oligarchy , study concludes '' UPI Jump up ^ Gilens & Page ( 2014 ) Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens , Perspectives on Politics , Princeton University . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 067443000X p. 514 : * `` the risk of a drift towards oligarchy is real and gives little reason for optimism about where the United States is headed . '' Jump up ^ ( French economist Thomas Piketty ) , Associated Press , December 23 , 2017 , Q&A : A French economist 's grim view of wealth gap , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... The main problem to me is really the proper working of our democratic institutions . It 's just not compatible with an extreme sort of oligarchy where 90 percent of the wealth belongs to a very tiny group ... '' Jump up ^ Alan Wolfe ( book reviewer ) , October 24 , 2010 , The Washington Post , Review of `` The Mendacity of Hope , '' by Roger D. Hodge , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... Although Hodge devotes a chapter to foreign policy , the main charge he levels against Obama is that , like all politicians in the United States , he serves at the pleasure of a financial oligarchy ... '' Jump up ^ Gilens , M. and B.I. Page ( 2014 ) `` Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens '' Perspectives on Politics Jump up ^ Gilens , M. and B.I. Page ( 2014 ) `` Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens '' Perspectives on Politics . '' Accessed November 6 , 2015 , `` ... When the preferences of economic elites and the stands of organized interest groups are controlled for , the preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule , near - zero , statistically non-significant impact upon public policy ... '' Jump up ^ E.J. Dionne Jr. , April 6 , 2014 , Washington Post , Supreme oligarchy , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... Thus has this court conferred on wealthy people the right to give vast sums of money to politicians while undercutting the rights of millions of citizens to cast a ballot ... '' Jump up ^ Paul Krugman , The New York Times , November 3 , 2011 , Oligarchy , American Style , Accessed April 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bernie Sanders ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` No To Oligarchy '' . The Nation . Jump up ^ George Galloway ( February 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Clinton & Trump both representatives of oligarchy ' - Jill Stein , Green Party presidential candidate '' . RT . Jump up ^ Democracy Now , November 5 , 2014 , ( 1 ) , Accessed February 4 , 2017 Further reading ( edit ) Barone , Michael et al . The Almanac of American Politics , 2012 ( 2011 ) ; covers every member of Congress and governor in depth ; rich details on politics of each state Edwards , George C. , Martin P. Wattenberg , and Robert L. Lineberry . Government in America : People , Politics , and Policy ( 15th Edition , 2010 ) Finkelman , Paul , and Peter Wallenstein , eds . The Encyclopedia Of American Political History ( 2001 ) , short essays by scholars Greene , Jack P. , ed . Encyclopedia of American Political History : Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas ( 3 vol. 1984 ) , long essays by scholars Hansen , Susan B. ( January 2016 ) . `` Women 's equality , candidate difference , and the vote '' . Journal of Women , Politics & Policy . Taylor and Francis . 37 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 67 . doi : 10.1080 / 1554477X. 2016.1116917 . Harrington , Mona . The Dream of Deliverance in American Politics . New York : A.A. Knopf , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 54973 - 2 Hershey , Marjorie R. Party Politics in America ( 14th Edition , 2010 ) Hetherington , Marc J. , and Bruce A. Larson . Parties , Politics , and Public Policy in America ( 11th edition , 2009 ) Kazin , Michael , Rebecca Edwards , and Adam Rothman , eds . The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History ( 2 vol. 2009 ) ; Concise edition ( 2011 ) Maisel , L. Sandy , ed . Political Parties and Elections in the United States : an Encyclopedia 2 vol . ( Garland , 1991 ) . ( ISBN 0 - 8240 - 7975 - 2 ) , short essays by scholars Maisel , L. Sandy . American Political Parties and Elections : A Very Short Introduction ( 2007 ) O'Connor , Karen , Larry J. Sabato , and Alixandra B. Yanus . American Government : American Government : Roots and Reform ( 11th ed. 2011 ) Swirski , Peter . Ars Americana Ars Politica : Partisan Expression in Contemporary American Literature and Culture . Montreal , London : McGill - Queen 's University Press ( 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 3766 - 8 Wilson , James Q. , and John J. Diiulio and Meena Bose . American Government : Institutions and Policies ( 12th ed. 2010 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Politics of the United States . 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2684104098088260052 | Back to the Future | Back to the Future - Wikipedia Back to the Future Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the first film in the trilogy . For the franchise , see Back to the Future ( franchise ) . For other uses , see Back to the Future ( disambiguation ) . Back to the Future Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Robert Zemeckis Produced by Bob Gale Neil Canton Written by Robert Zemeckis Bob Gale Starring Michael J. Fox Christopher Lloyd Lea Thompson Crispin Glover Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Arthur Schmidt Harry Keramidas Production company Amblin Entertainment Universal Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 3 , 1985 ( 1985 - 07 - 03 ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $19 million Box office $381.1 million Back to the Future is a 1985 American science - fiction adventure comedy film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale . It stars Michael J. Fox as teenager Marty McFly , who is sent back in time to 1955 , where he meets his future parents in high school and accidentally becomes his mother 's romantic interest . Christopher Lloyd portrays the eccentric scientist Dr. Emmett `` Doc '' Brown , Marty 's friend who helps him repair the damage to history by helping Marty cause his parents to fall in love . Marty and Doc must also find a way to return Marty to 1985 . Zemeckis and Gale wrote the script after Gale mused upon whether he would have befriended his father if they had attended school together . Various film studios rejected the script until the financial success of Zemeckis ' Romancing the Stone . Zemeckis approached Steven Spielberg , who agreed to produce the project at Amblin Entertainment , with Universal Pictures as distributor . The first choice for the role of Marty McFly was Michael J. Fox . However , he was busy filming his television series Family Ties and the show 's producers would not allow him to star in the film . Consequently , Eric Stoltz was cast in the role . During filming , Stoltz and the filmmakers decided that the role was miscast , and Fox was again approached for the part . Now with more flexibility in his schedule and the blessing of his show 's producers , Fox managed to work out a timetable in which he could give enough time and commitment to both . Back to the Future was released on July 3 , 1985 , grossing over $381 million worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing film of 1985 . It won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film , and the Academy Award for Best Sound Effects Editing , as well as receiving three additional Academy Award nominations , five BAFTA nominations , and four Golden Globe nominations , including Best Motion Picture ( Musical or Comedy ) . Ronald Reagan even quoted the film in his 1986 State of the Union Address . In 2007 , the Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry , and in June 2008 the American Film Institute 's special AFI 's 10 Top 10 designated the film as the 10th - best film in the science fiction genre . The film marked the beginning of a franchise , with two sequels , Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) and Back to the Future Part III ( 1990 ) , as well as an animated series , theme park ride , and several video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Legacy 7 Sequels 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In Hill Valley , California , Marty McFly goes to a utility shed until receiving a phone call from Dr. Emmett Brown , realizing that he is late for school . At Hill Valley High School , Marty meets his girlfriend , Jennifer Parker , and both are confronted by Mr. Strickland for showing up late . Marty attempts to audition for Battle of the Bands , but is rejected for being `` too darn loud '' . Marty goes home , where his father , George , is bullied by his supervisor , Biff Tannen , while his mother Lorraine is an overweight , depressed alcoholic . Lorraine recalls one night , she met George when her father hit him with a car . On October 26 , 1985 , Marty meets Doc at a shopping mall parking lot in the early morning hours . Doc unveils a time machine built from a modified DeLorean and powered by plutonium stolen from Libyan terrorists . Doc demonstrates the time navigation system by setting the date to November 5 , 1955 : the day he invented time travel . A moment later , the Libyans arrive and shoot Doc . Marty escapes in the DeLorean , but inadvertently activates the time machine , traveling to 1955 without enough plutonium to return . There , Marty encounters the teenaged George , who is bullied by his classmate Biff . Marty is knocked unconscious after saving George from an oncoming car , and awakens to find himself tended to by an infatuated Lorraine . Marty leaves and tracks down Doc 's younger self to help him return to 1985 . With no plutonium , Doc explains that the only power source capable of generating the necessary 1.21 gigawatts of electricity for the time machine is a bolt of lightning . Marty shows Doc a flyer from the future that recounts a lightning strike at the town 's courthouse due to happen the coming Saturday night . Doc instructs Marty to not leave his house or interact with anyone , as he could inadvertently change the course of history and alter the future ; because of this , Doc refuses to heed warnings from Marty about his death in 1985 . Marty realizes that he has prevented his parents from meeting , and Doc warns Marty that he will be erased from existence if he does not find a way to introduce George to Lorraine . Doc formulates a plan to harness the power of the lightning while Marty sets about introducing his parents , but he antagonizes Biff and his gang in the process . When Lorraine asks Marty to the upcoming school dance , Marty concocts a plan for George to `` rescue '' her from his feigned inappropriate advances . The plan goes awry when a drunken Biff attempts to force himself on Lorraine . George arrives to rescue her from Marty , but finds Biff instead . Empowered by his anger , George knocks out Biff , and Lorraine follows George to the dance floor , where they kiss and fall in love while Marty plays music with the band . Satisfied that he has secured his future existence , Marty leaves to meet Doc . As the storm arrives , Marty returns to the clock tower and the lightning strikes on cue , sending Marty back to October 1985 . He finds that Doc is not dead , as he had listened to Marty 's warnings , and worn a bullet - proof vest . Doc takes Marty home and then departs to the future . Marty awakens the next morning to discover some changes : George is a self - confident , successful author , Lorraine is physically fit and happy , his brother David is a successful businessman , his sister Linda works in a boutique and has many `` boyfriends '' and Biff is now an obsequious auto valet . As Marty reunites with Jennifer , the DeLorean appears with Doc , dressed in a futuristic outfit , insisting they accompany him to 2015 to resolve a problem with their future children . The trio board the DeLorean and warp to the future . Cast ( edit ) Michael J. Fox as Marty McFly Christopher Lloyd as Dr. Emmett `` Doc '' Brown Lea Thompson as Lorraine Baines - McFly Crispin Glover as George McFly Thomas F. Wilson as Biff Tannen Claudia Wells as Jennifer Parker James Tolkan as Mr. Strickland Marc McClure as Dave McFly Wendie Jo Sperber as Linda McFly Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Writer and producer Bob Gale conceived the idea after he visited his parents in St. Louis , Missouri after the release of Used Cars . Searching their basement , Gale found his father 's high school yearbook and discovered he was president of his graduating class . Gale thought about the president of his own graduating class , who was someone he had nothing to do with . Gale wondered whether he would have been friends with his father if they went to high school together . When he returned to California , he told Robert Zemeckis his new concept . Zemeckis subsequently thought of a mother claiming she never kissed a boy at school when , in fact , she was highly promiscuous . The two took the project to Columbia Pictures , and made a development deal for a script in September 1980 . Zemeckis and Gale said that they had set the story in 1955 because a 17 - year - old traveling to meet his parents at the same age arithmetically required the script to travel to that decade . The era also marked the rise of teenagers as an important cultural element , the birth of rock n ' roll , and suburb expansion , which would flavor the story . In an early script , the time machine was designed as a refrigerator , and its user needed to use the power of an atomic explosion at the Nevada Test Site to return home . Zemeckis was `` concerned that kids would accidentally lock themselves in refrigerators '' , and found that it would be more convenient if the time machine were mobile . The DeLorean DMC - 12 was chosen because its design made the gag about the family of farmers mistaking it for a flying saucer believable . Zemeckis and Gale found it difficult to create a believable friendship between Marty and Brown before they created the giant guitar amplifier , and only resolved his Oedipal relationship with his mother when they wrote the line `` It 's like I 'm kissing my brother . '' Biff Tannen was named after studio executive Ned Tanen , who behaved aggressively toward Zemeckis and Gale during a script meeting for I Wanna Hold Your Hand . The first draft of Back to the Future was finished in February 1981 and presented to Columbia , who put the film in turnaround . `` They thought it was a really nice , cute , warm film , but not sexual enough , '' Gale said . `` They suggested that we take it to Disney , but we decided to see if any other of the major studios wanted a piece of us . '' Every major film studio rejected the script for the next four years , while Back to the Future went through two more drafts . During the early 1980s , popular teen comedies ( such as Fast Times at Ridgemont High and Porky 's ) were risqué and adult - aimed , so the script was commonly rejected for being too light . Gale and Zemeckis finally decided to pitch Back to the Future to Disney . `` They told us that a mother falling in love with her son was not appropriate for a family film under the Disney banner , '' Gale said . The two were tempted to ally themselves with Steven Spielberg , who produced Used Cars and I Wanna Hold Your Hand , which were both box office bombs . Zemeckis and Gale initially had shown the screenplay to Spielberg , who had `` loved '' it . Spielberg , however , was absent from the project during development because Zemeckis felt if he produced another flop under him , he would never be able to make another film . Gale said `` we were afraid that we would get the reputation that we were two guys who could only get a job because we were pals with Steven Spielberg . '' Zemeckis chose to direct Romancing the Stone instead , which was a box office success . Now a high - profile director , Zemeckis reapproached Spielberg with the concept . Agreeing to produce Back to the Future , Spielberg set the project up at his production company , Amblin Entertainment , with Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall joining Spielberg as executive producers on the film . The script remained under Columbia 's shelf until legal issues forced them to withdraw . The studio was set to begin shooting a comedic send - up of Double Indemnity entitled Big Trouble . Columbia 's legal department determined that the film 's plot was too similar to Double Indemnity and they needed the permission of Universal Pictures , owners of the earlier film , if the film was ever to begin shooting . With Big Trouble already set to go , desperate Columbia executives phoned Universal 's Frank Price to get the necessary paperwork . Price was a former Columbia executive who had been quite fond of the script for Back to the Future during his tenure there . As a result , Universal agreed to trade the Double Indemnity license in exchange for the rights to Back to the Future . Thus , the film finally had a home at Universal . Executive Sidney Sheinberg made some suggestions to the script , changing Marty 's mother 's name from Meg to Lorraine ( the name of his wife , actress Lorraine Gary ) , to change Brown 's name from Professor Brown to Doc Brown and replace his pet chimpanzee with a dog . Sheinberg also wanted the title changed to Spaceman from Pluto , convinced no successful film ever had `` future '' in the title . He suggested Marty introduce himself as `` Darth Vader from the planet Pluto '' while dressed as an alien forcing his dad to ask out his mom ( rather than `` the planet Vulcan '' ) , and that the farmer 's son 's comic book be titled Spaceman from Pluto rather than Space Zombies from Pluto . Appalled by the new title that Sheinberg wanted to impose , Zemeckis asked Spielberg for help . Spielberg subsequently dictated a memo back to Sheinberg , wherein Spielberg convinced him they thought his title was just a joke , thus embarrassing him into dropping the idea . In addition , the original climax was deemed too expensive by Universal executives and was simplified by keeping the plot within Hill Valley and incorporating the clocktower sequence . Spielberg later used the omitted refrigerator and Nevada nuclear site elements in his film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . Casting ( edit ) Eric Stoltz as originally cast for Marty McFly Michael J. Fox as McFly in the finished film Michael J. Fox was the first choice to play Marty McFly , but he was committed to the show Family Ties . Family Ties producer Gary David Goldberg felt that Fox was essential to the show 's success . With co-star Meredith Baxter on maternity leave , he refused to allow Fox time off to work on a film . Back to the Future was originally scheduled for a May 1985 release and it was late 1984 when it was learned that Fox would be unable to star in the film . Zemeckis ' next two choices were C. Thomas Howell and Eric Stoltz . Stoltz impressed the producers enough with his earlier portrayal of Roy L. Dennis in Mask ( which had yet to be released ) that they selected him to play Marty McFly . Because of the difficult casting process , the start date was pushed back twice . Four weeks into filming , Zemeckis determined Stoltz had been miscast . Although he and Spielberg realized re-shooting the film would add $3 million to the $14 million budget , they decided to recast . Spielberg explained Zemeckis felt Stoltz was not comedic enough and gave a `` terrifically dramatic performance '' . Gale further explained they felt Stoltz was simply acting out the role , whereas Fox himself had a personality like Marty McFly . He felt Stoltz was uncomfortable riding a skateboard , whereas Fox was not . Stoltz confessed to director Peter Bogdanovich during a phone call , two weeks into the shoot , that he was unsure of Zemeckis and Gale 's direction , and concurred that he was wrong for the role . Fox 's schedule was opened up in January 1985 when Baxter returned to Family Ties following her pregnancy . The Back to the Future crew met with Goldberg again , who made a deal that Fox 's main priority would be Family Ties , and if a scheduling conflict arose , `` we win '' . Fox loved the script and was impressed by Zemeckis and Gale 's sensitivity in releasing Stoltz , because they nevertheless `` spoke very highly of him '' . Per Welinder and Bob Schmelzer assisted on the skateboarding scenes . Fox found his portrayal of Marty McFly to be very personal . `` All I did in high school was skateboard , chase girls and play in bands . I even dreamed of becoming a rock star . '' Christopher Lloyd was cast as Doc Brown after the first choice , John Lithgow , became unavailable . Having worked with Lloyd on The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai ( 1984 ) , producer Neil Canton suggested him for the part . Lloyd originally turned down the role , but changed his mind after reading the script and at the persistence of his wife . He improvised some of his scenes , taking inspiration from Albert Einstein and conductor Leopold Stokowski . Brown pronounces gigawatts as `` jigawatts '' , which was the way a physicist said the word when he met with Zemeckis and Gale as they researched the script , rather than with an initial hard `` g '' , although both pronunciations are acceptable . Doc Brown 's notable hunch came about because at 6'1 '' Lloyd was considerably taller than Fox at 5'5 `` , and they needed to look closer in height . Crispin Glover played George McFly . Zemeckis said Glover improvised much of George 's nerdy mannerisms , such as his shaky hands . The director joked he was `` endlessly throwing a net over Crispin because he was completely off about fifty percent of the time in his interpretation of the character '' . Due to a contract disagreement , Glover was replaced by Jeffrey Weissman in Part II and Part III . Lea Thompson was cast as Lorraine McFly because she had acted opposite Stoltz in The Wild Life ; the producers noticed her as they had watched the film while casting Stoltz . Her prosthetic makeup for scenes at the beginning of the film , set in 1985 , took three and a half hours to apply . Thomas F. Wilson was cast as Biff Tannen because the producers felt that the original choice , J.J. Cohen , was n't physically imposing enough to bully Stoltz. Cohen was recast as Skinhead , one of Biff 's cohorts . Had Fox been cast from the beginning , Cohen probably would have won the part because he was sufficiently taller than Fox . Melora Hardin was originally cast in the role of Marty 's girlfriend Jennifer , but was let go after Stoltz was dismissed , with the explanation that the actress was now too tall to be playing against Fox . Hardin was dismissed before she had a chance to shoot a single scene and was replaced with Claudia Wells . Actress Jill Schoelen had also been considered to play Marty 's girlfriend . Filming ( edit ) Courthouse Square as it appeared in Back to the Future on Universal Studios backlot Following Stoltz 's departure , Fox 's schedule during weekdays consisted of filming Family Ties during the day , and Back to the Future from 6 : 30 pm to 2 : 30 am . He averaged five hours of sleep each night . During Fridays , he shot from 10 pm to 6 or 7 am , and then moved on to film exterior scenes throughout the weekend , as only then was he available during daytime hours . Fox found it exhausting , but `` it was my dream to be in the film and television business , although I did n't know I 'd be in them simultaneously . It was just this weird ride and I got on . '' Zemeckis concurred , dubbing Back to the Future `` the film that would not wrap '' . He recalled that because they shot night after night , he was always `` half asleep '' and the `` fattest , most out - of - shape and sick I ever was '' . Lyon Estates set used in the film The Hill Valley town square scenes were shot at Courthouse Square , located in the Universal Studios backlot ( 34 ° 08 ′ 29 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 59 '' W / 34.141417 ° N 118.349771 ° W / 34.141417 ; - 118.349771 ) . Gale explained it would have been impossible to shoot on location `` because no city is going to let a film crew remodel their town to look like it 's in the 1950s . '' The filmmakers `` decided to shoot all the 50s stuff first , and make the town look real beautiful and wonderful . Then we would just totally trash it down and make it all bleak and ugly for the 1980s scenes . '' The interiors for Doc Brown 's house were shot at the Robert R. Blacker House , while exteriors took place at Gamble House . The exterior shots of the Twin Pines Mall , and later the Lone Pine Mall ( from 1985 ) were shot at the Puente Hills Mall in City of Industry , California . The exterior shots and some interior scenes at Hill Valley High School were filmed at Whittier High School in Whittier , California . The Battle of the Bands tryout scene was filmed at the McCambridge Park Recreation Center in Burbank , and the `` Enchantment Under the Sea '' dance was filmed in the gymnasium at Hollywood United Methodist Church . The scenes outside of the Baines ' house in 1955 were shot at Bushnell Avenue , South Pasadena , California . Filming wrapped after 100 days on April 20 , 1985 , and the film was delayed from May to August . But after a highly positive test screening ( `` I 'd never seen a preview like that , '' said Frank Marshall , `` the audience went up to the ceiling '' ) , Sheinberg chose to move the release date to July 3 . To make sure the film met this new date , two editors , Arthur Schmidt and Harry Keramidas , were assigned to the picture , while many sound editors worked 24 - hour shifts on the film . Eight minutes were cut , including Marty watching his mom cheat during an exam , George getting stuck in a telephone booth before rescuing Lorraine , as well as much of Marty pretending to be Darth Vader . Zemeckis almost cut out the `` Johnny B. Goode '' sequence as he felt it did not advance the story , but the preview audience loved it , so it was kept . Industrial Light & Magic created the film 's 32 effects shots , which did not satisfy Zemeckis and Gale until a week before the film 's completion date . The compositing involved for the film 's time travel sequences , as well as for the lightning effects in the climactic clock tower scene , was handled by animation supervisor Wes Takahashi , who would also work on the subsequent two Back to the Future films with the rest of the ILM crew . Music ( edit ) See also : Back to the Future : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Alan Silvestri collaborated with Zemeckis on Romancing the Stone , but Spielberg disliked that film 's score . Zemeckis advised Silvestri to make his compositions grand and epic , despite the film 's small scale , to impress Spielberg . Silvestri began recording the score two weeks before the first preview . He also suggested Huey Lewis and the News create the theme song . Their first attempt was rejected by Universal , before they recorded `` The Power of Love '' . The studio loved the final song , but were disappointed it did not feature the film 's title , so they had to send memos to radio stations to always mention its association with Back to the Future . In the end , the track `` Back in Time '' was featured in the film , playing during the scene when Marty wakes up after his return to 1985 and also during the end credits . Although it appears that Fox is actually playing a guitar , music supervisor Bones Howe hired Hollywood guitar coach and musician Paul Hanson to teach Fox to simulate playing all the parts so it would look realistic , including playing behind his head . Fox lip - synched `` Johnny B. Goode '' to vocals by Mark Campbell ( of Jack Mack and the Heart Attack fame ) , with the guitar solo played by Tim May . The original 1985 soundtrack album only included two tracks culled from Silvestri 's compositions for the film , both Huey Lewis tracks , the songs played in the film by the fictional band Marvin Berry and The Starlighters ( and Marty McFly ) , one of the vintage 1950s songs in the movie , and two pop songs that are only very briefly heard in the background of the film . On November 24 , 2009 , an authorized , limited - edition two - CD set of the entire score was released by Intrada Records . Release ( edit ) Back to the Future opened on July 3 , 1985 , on 1,200 screens in North America . Zemeckis was concerned the film would flop because Fox had to film a Family Ties special in London and was unable to promote the film . Gale was also dissatisfied with Universal Pictures ' tagline `` Are you telling me my mother 's got the hots for me ? '' . When the film was released on VHS in 1986 , Universal added a `` To be continued ... '' graphic at the end to increase awareness of production on Part II . This caption is omitted on the film 's DVD release in 2002 and on subsequent Blu - ray and DVD releases . In October 2010 , in commemoration for the film 's 25th anniversary , Back to the Future was digitally restored and remastered for a theatrical re-release in the US , the UK and Italy . The release also coincided with Universal Pictures Home Entertainment 's Blu - ray Disc releases of the trilogy . On October 21 , 2015 , the futuristic date depicted in Part II , the entire trilogy was re-released theatrically for one day in celebration of the film 's 30th anniversary . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Back to the Future spent 11 weeks at number one . Gale recalled `` Our second weekend was higher than our first weekend , which is indicative of great word of mouth . National Lampoon 's European Vacation came out in August and it kicked us out of number one for one week and then we were back to number one . '' The film went on to gross $210.61 million in North America and $173.2 million in foreign countries , accumulating a worldwide total of $383.87 million . Back to the Future had the fourth - highest opening weekend of 1985 and was the top - grossing film of the year . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 59 million tickets in the US . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 , the film received an average score of 86 / 100 , which indicates `` universal acclaim '' , based on 12 reviews . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 96 % of critics gave the film a positive review , based on 77 reviews , certifying it `` Fresh '' , with an average rating of 8.7 out of 10 and the consensus : `` Inventive , funny , and breathlessly constructed , Back to the Future is a rousing time - travel adventure with an unforgettable spirit . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times felt Back to the Future had similar themes to the films of Frank Capra , especially It 's a Wonderful Life . Ebert commented `` ( Producer ) Steven Spielberg is emulating the great authentic past of Classical Hollywood cinema , who specialized in matching the right director ( Robert Zemeckis ) with the right project . '' He gave the film 3 1 / 2 out of 4 stars . Janet Maslin of The New York Times believed the film had a balanced storyline : `` It 's a cinematic inventing of humor and whimsical tall tales for a long time to come . '' Christopher Null , who first saw the film as a teenager , called it `` a quintessential 1980s flick that combines science fiction , action , comedy , and romance all into a perfect little package that kids and adults will both devour . '' Dave Kehr of Chicago Reader felt Gale and Zemeckis wrote a script that perfectly balanced science fiction , seriousness and humor . Variety praised the performances , arguing Fox and Lloyd imbued Marty and Doc Brown 's friendship with a quality reminiscent of King Arthur and Merlin . BBC News lauded the intricacies of the `` outstandingly executed '' script , remarking that `` nobody says anything that does n't become important to the plot later . '' Dennis Fischer of Cinefantastique gave the film four stars out of five , calling it an `` instant classic '' . Back to the Future appeared on Gene Siskel 's top ten film list of 1985 . Accolades ( edit ) At the 58th Academy Awards , Back to the Future won for Best Sound Effects Editing , while Zemeckis and Gale were nominated for Best Original Screenplay , `` The Power of Love '' was nominated for Best Original Song , and Bill Varney , B. Tennyson Sebastian II , Robert Thirlwell and William B. Kaplan were nominated for Best Sound Mixing . The film won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film . Michael J. Fox and the visual effects designers won categories at the Saturn Awards . Zemeckis , composer Alan Silvestri , the costume design and supporting actors Christopher Lloyd , Lea Thompson , Crispin Glover and Thomas F. Wilson were also nominated . The film was nominated for numerous BAFTAs at the 39th British Academy Film Awards , including Best Film , original screenplay , visual effects , production design and editing . At the 43rd Golden Globe Awards , Back to the Future was nominated for Best Motion Picture ( Musical or Comedy ) , original song ( for `` The Power of Love '' ) , Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( Fox ) and Best Screenplay for Zemeckis and Gale . Legacy ( edit ) President Ronald Reagan , a fan of the film , referred to the film in his 1986 State of the Union Address when he said , `` Never has there been a more exciting time to be alive , a time of rousing wonder and heroic achievement . As they said in the film Back to the Future , ' Where we 're going , we do n't need roads ' . '' When he first saw the joke about him being president , he ordered the projectionist of the theater to stop the reel , roll it back , and run it again . The film ranked number 28 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 Best High School Movies . In 2008 , Back to the Future was voted the 23rd greatest film ever made by readers of Empire . It was also placed on a similar list by The New York Times , a list of 1000 movies . In January 2010 , Total Film included the film on its list of The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time . In 2007 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . In 2006 , the original screenplay for Back to the Future was selected by the Writers Guild of America as the 56th best screenplay of all time . In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed the AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- the best ten films in ten classic American film genres -- after polling more than 1,500 people from the creative community . Back to the Future was acknowledged as the 10th best film in the science fiction genre . A musical theater production , also called Back to the Future , is in development for a debut in London 's West End theatre during the film 's 30th anniversary in 2015 . Zemeckis and Gale reunited to write the play , while Silvestri and Glen Ballard provide music . The scenes of Marty McFly skateboarding in the film occurred during the infancy of the skateboarding sub-culture and numerous skateboarders , as well as companies in the industry , pay tribute to the film for its influence in this regard . Examples can be seen in promotional material , in interviews in which professional skateboarders cite the film as an initiation into the action sport , and in the public 's recognition of the film 's influence . Back to the Future is also among Film4 's 50 Films to See Before You Die , being ranked 10th . Sequels ( edit ) Back to the Future 's success led to two film sequels : Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III . Part II was released on November 22 , 1989 , to similar financial and critical success as the original , finishing as the third highest - grossing film of the year worldwide . The film continues directly from the ending of Back to the Future and follows Marty and Doc as they travel into the future of 2015 , an alternative 1985 , and 1955 where Marty must repair the future while avoiding his past self from the original film . Part II became notable for its 2015 setting and predictions of technology such as hoverboards . Part III , released on May 25 , 1990 , continued the story , following Marty as he travels back to 1885 to rescue a time - stranded Doc . Part III , however , was less financially successful than its predecessors despite being better received by critics than Part II . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Back to the Future '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BACK TO THE FUTURE ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 8 , 1985 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Back to the Future ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . 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Archived from the original on June 19 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future musical announced '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . January 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Sieben ; Stacey Lowery ( June 23 , 2012 ) . `` Welcome Back to the Future Of Radical '' . Roger Skateboards . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Henry Hanks ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` Going ' Back to the Future , ' 25 years later '' . CNN Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Film4 's 50 Films To See Before You Die '' . Film4 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future Part II '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Ever Movie Sequels : Back To The Future Part II '' . Empire . 2009 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bricken , Rob ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` 20 Lies Back to the Future II Told Us ( Besides the Hoverboard ) '' . io9 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We rode a $10,000 hoverboard , and you can too '' . Engadget. 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future Part III ( 1990 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Bibliography ( edit ) Kagan , Norman ( 2003 ) . `` Back to the Future I ( 1985 ) , II ( 1989 ) , III ( 1990 ) '' . The Cinema of Robert Zemeckis . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 293 - 6 . Klastornin , Michael ; Hibbin , Sally ( 1990 ) . Back to the Future : The Official Book to the Complete Movie Trilogy . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 57104 - 1 . Gale , Bob & Robert Zemeckis ( 1990 ) . `` Foreword '' . Back to the Future : The Official Book to the Complete Movie Trilogy . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 57104 - 1 . Joseph McBride ( 1997 ) . Steven Spielberg : A Biography . New York : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) George Gipe . Back to the Future : A Novel . ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 08205 - 8 . Shail , Andrew ; Stoate , Robin ( 2010 ) . Back to the Future . BFI Film Classic . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84457 - 293 - 9 . Ni Fhlainn , Sorcha ( 2010 ) . The Worlds of Back to the Future : Critical Essays on the Films . McFarland Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4400 - 7 . Ni Fhlainn , Sorcha ( 2015 ) . `` ' There 's Something Very Familiar About This ' : Time Machines , Cultural Tangents and Mastering Time in H.G. Wells ' The Time Machine and the Back to the Future Trilogy '' . Adaptation . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / adaptation / apv028 . Rich Handley . A Matter of Time : The Unauthorized Back to the Future Lexicon . Hasslein Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 578 - 11344 - 9 . Greg Mitchell & Rich Handley . Back in Time : The Unauthorized Back to the Future Chronology . Hasslein Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 578 - 13085 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Official website Back to the Future on IMDb Back to the Future at the TCM Movie Database Back to the Future at the American Film Institute Catalog Back to the Future at Box Office Mojo Back to the Future at Rotten Tomatoes Back to the Future at Metacritic Back to the Future Films Back to the Future Back to the Future Part II Back to the Future Part III Characters Marty McFly Emmett Brown Biff Tannen Music Back to the Future `` The Power of Love '' `` Back in Time '' Back to the Future Part III `` Doubleback '' The Back to the Future Trilogy ( soundtrack ) Video games Back to the Future ( 1985 video game ) Back to the Future ( 1989 video game ) Back to the Future Part III Back to the Future Part II & III Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure Back to the Future : The Game Other media Back to the Future : The Ride Back to the Future : The Animated Series Back to the Future ( musical ) Back to the Future : The Pinball Back in Time Universe DeLorean time machine Hill Valley Hoverboard Nike Mag Films directed by Robert Zemeckis I Wanna Hold Your Hand ( 1978 ) Used Cars ( 1980 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) Back to the Future Part III ( 1990 ) Two - Fisted Tales ( 1992 ) Death Becomes Her ( 1992 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Contact ( 1997 ) What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) Cast Away ( 2000 ) The Polar Express ( 2004 ) Beowulf ( 2007 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Flight ( 2012 ) The Walk ( 2015 ) Doc Brown Saves the World ( 2015 ) Allied ( 2016 ) The Women of Marwen ( 2018 ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... 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6172997764148143590 | List of Game of Thrones episodes | List of Game of Thrones episodes - wikipedia List of Game of Thrones episodes Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The series is based on the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by author George R.R. Martin . The series takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms . The series starts when House Stark , led by Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( Sean Bean ) is drawn into schemes against King Robert Baratheon ( Mark Addy ) when the Hand of the King Jon Arryn ( Robert 's chief advisor ) dies mysteriously . The series premiered on April 17 , 2011 , on HBO . David Benioff and D.B. Weiss both serve as executive producers along with Carolyn Strauss , Frank Doelger , Bernadette Caulfield and George R.R. Martin . Filming for the series has taken place in a number of locations , including Croatia , Northern Ireland , Iceland and Spain . Episodes are broadcast on Sunday at 9 : 00 pm Eastern Time , and the episodes are between 50 and 81 minutes in length . The first seven seasons are available on DVD and Blu - ray . As of August 27 , 2017 , 67 episodes of Game of Thrones have aired , concluding the seventh season . The series will conclude with its eighth season , which will consist of six episodes and is set to air in 2019 . The show 's episodes have won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2015 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2016 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2017 ) 2.8 Season 8 3 Home media releases 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Avg . U.S. viewers ( millions ) First aired Last aired 10 April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 2.52 10 April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) 3.80 10 March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 4.97 10 April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 6.84 5 10 April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 6.88 6 10 April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 7.69 7 7 July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 10.26 8 6 2019 ( 2019 ) 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Winter Is Coming '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) 2.22 `` The Kingsroad '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 24 ) 2.20 `` Lord Snow '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 01 ) 2.44 `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' Brian Kirk Bryan Cogman May 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 08 ) 2.45 5 5 `` The Wolf and the Lion '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 15 ) 2.58 6 6 `` A Golden Crown '' Daniel Minahan Story by : David Benioff & D.B. Weiss Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) 2.44 7 7 `` You Win or You Die '' Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 29 ) 2.40 8 8 `` The Pointy End '' Daniel Minahan George R.R. Martin June 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 05 ) 2.72 9 9 `` Baelor '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) 2.66 10 10 `` Fire and Blood '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 3.04 Season 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` The North Remembers '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) 3.86 12 `` The Night Lands '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) 3.76 13 `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman April 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) 3.77 14 `` Garden of Bones '' David Petrarca Vanessa Taylor April 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 22 ) 3.65 15 5 `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' David Petrarca David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 29 ) 3.90 16 6 `` The Old Gods and the New '' David Nutter Vanessa Taylor May 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 06 ) 3.88 17 7 `` A Man Without Honor '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) 3.69 18 8 `` The Prince of Winterfell '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) 3.86 19 9 `` Blackwater '' Neil Marshall George R.R. Martin May 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 27 ) 3.38 20 10 `` Valar Morghulis '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) 4.20 Season 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Valar Dohaeris '' Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D.B. Weiss March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 4.37 22 `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' Daniel Minahan Vanessa Taylor April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) 4.27 23 `` Walk of Punishment '' David Benioff David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) 4.72 24 `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) 4.87 25 5 `` Kissed by Fire '' Alex Graves Bryan Cogman April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) 5.35 26 6 `` The Climb '' Alik Sakharov David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) 5.50 27 7 `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' Michelle MacLaren George R.R. Martin May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) 4.84 28 8 `` Second Sons '' Michelle MacLaren David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) 5.13 29 9 `` The Rains of Castamere '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 5.22 30 10 `` Mhysa '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 5.39 Season 4 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 31 `` Two Swords '' D.B. Weiss David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) 6.64 32 `` The Lion and the Rose '' Alex Graves George R.R. Martin April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 6.31 33 `` Breaker of Chains '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 20 ) 6.59 34 `` Oathkeeper '' Michelle MacLaren Bryan Cogman April 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) 6.95 35 5 `` First of His Name '' Michelle MacLaren David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 04 ) 7.16 36 6 `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 6.40 37 7 `` Mockingbird '' Alik Sakharov David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 7.20 38 8 `` The Mountain and the Viper '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) 7.17 39 9 `` The Watchers on the Wall '' Neil Marshall David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) 6.95 40 10 `` The Children '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 7.09 Season 5 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 41 `` The Wars to Come '' Michael Slovis David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 8.00 42 `` The House of Black and White '' Michael Slovis David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 6.81 43 `` High Sparrow '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 6.71 44 `` Sons of the Harpy '' Mark Mylod Dave Hill May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 6.82 45 5 `` Kill the Boy '' Jeremy Podeswa Bryan Cogman May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 6.56 46 6 `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' Jeremy Podeswa Bryan Cogman May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 6.24 47 7 `` The Gift '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 24 ) 5.40 48 8 `` Hardhome '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 31 ) 7.01 49 9 `` The Dance of Dragons '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) 7.14 50 10 `` Mother 's Mercy '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 8.11 Season 6 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 51 `` The Red Woman '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 7.94 52 `` Home '' Jeremy Podeswa Dave Hill May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 7.29 53 `` Oathbreaker '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 7.28 54 `` Book of the Stranger '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 7.82 55 5 `` The Door '' Jack Bender David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 7.89 56 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' Jack Bender Bryan Cogman May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 6.71 57 7 `` The Broken Man '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 7.80 58 8 `` No One '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 7.60 59 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 7.66 60 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 8.89 Season 7 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 68 TBA David Nutter Dave Hill 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 69 TBA David Nutter Bryan Cogman 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 70 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 71 TBA David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 72 5 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 73 6 TBA David Benioff & D.B. Weiss David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD Home media releases ( edit ) Season Episodes DVD release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 10 March 6 , 2012 March 5 , 2012 August 10 , 2012 10 February 19 , 2013 March 4 , 2013 March 6 , 2013 10 February 18 , 2014 February 17 , 2014 February 19 , 2014 10 February 17 , 2015 February 16 , 2015 February 18 , 2015 5 10 March 15 , 2016 March 14 , 2016 March 16 , 2016 6 10 November 15 , 2016 November 14 , 2016 November 16 , 2016 7 7 December 12 , 2017 December 11 , 2017 December 11 , 2017 Ratings ( edit ) `` The template below ( Game of Thrones ratings ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` Winter is Coming '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` HBO turns Fire into fantasy series '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Josh ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Where HBO 's hit ' Game of Thrones ' was filmed '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' casts a bear and shoots in Los Angeles for major Season 3 scene '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burgen , Stephen ( July 6 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones fifth series : more than 10,000 Spaniards apply to be extras '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , June ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` How Much Gold Is Game of Thrones Worth '' . Slate . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dwilson , Stephanie Dube ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Episode 9 : What Time & Channel Does It Air Tonight ? '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . HBO . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO confirms season 8 will be last '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : 10 Behind - the - Scenes Secrets We Learned From the SXSW Panel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones Will Return in 2019 '' . HBO . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 finale smashes more records for HBO '' . TV Series Finale . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Storage Wars , ' ' Ax Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' + ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Sam Axe , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' Death of Bin Laden ' Ratings ; ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Bulls / Hawks Tops + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Slam Dunks + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Scores Big + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Killing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Movie Awards ' Leads Night , ' Game of Thrones ' Series High , ' Real Housewives , ' ' ABDC ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Real Housewives , ' ' Kardashians , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Falling Skies , ' ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Killing , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Returns To Series High ; + ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing ' , ' Mad Men , ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Leads + Atlanta ' Housewives , ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' The Client List ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Rises , Ties NBA Playoffs + ' Real Housewives , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Army Wives , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' , ' Mad Men ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game Of Thrones ' Tops , ' Real Housewives NJ , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs , + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Sister Wives ' , + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Girls ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' Finale , MTV Movie Awards , ' Sister Wives ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Longmire ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Bible ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Shameless ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Kourtney & Kim Take Miami ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' NBA Playoffs ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Vikings ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Vikings ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Ax Men ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' River Monsters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' North America ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Devious Maids ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Bar Rescue ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' River Monsters ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + NHL Conference Finals , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta : Kandi 's Wedding ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & Moreh '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Veep ' , ' Turn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Royals ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta , ' ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Royals ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Conference Finals Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , NASCAR , ' Botched ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' opens slightly lower , still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' slips , ' Kardashians ' premiere steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' rises , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' has decent debut , ' Game of Thrones ' ties season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' hits season low on Memorial Day weekend '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' back to usual numbers , ' Preacher ' holds up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Silicon Valley ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' holds up opposite NBA Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series high with Season 6 finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 : Directors revealed for all episodes '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' DP Fabian Wagner on Zack Snyder 's Cut , Superman 's Black Suit & ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carson , Biz ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The final season of ' Game of Thrones ' will only be six episodes '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- HBO 's Official Press Release with Full Details of The Complete 1st Season on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 1 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- Winter is Coming , with The Complete 2nd Season : Date , Extras , Boxes ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 2 ( DVD ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 2 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- 2014 Release Date , Package Art for The Complete 3rd Season , on DVD , Blu '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 3 ( DVD ) ( 2014 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 3 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- ' The Complete 4th Season ' Press Release : Date , Art , Cost , Extras '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 4 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 5 ( Blu - ray + Digital HD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 5 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 6 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 6 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 7 ( Blu - ray + Amazon Exclusive Bonus Disc ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 7 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones at Rotten Tomatoes George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Fire and Blood ( 2018 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Myrcella Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 1 `` Winter Is Coming '' `` The Kingsroad '' `` Lord Snow '' `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' `` The Wolf and the Lion '' `` A Golden Crown '' `` You Win or You Die '' `` The Pointy End '' `` Baelor '' `` Fire and Blood '' Season 2 `` The North Remembers '' `` The Night Lands '' `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' `` Garden of Bones '' `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' `` The Old Gods and the New '' `` A Man Without Honor '' `` The Prince of Winterfell '' `` Blackwater '' `` Valar Morghulis '' Season 3 `` Valar Dohaeris '' `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' `` Walk of Punishment '' `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' `` Kissed by Fire '' `` The Climb '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Second Sons '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` Mhysa '' Season 4 `` Two Swords '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' `` Breaker of Chains '' `` Oathkeeper '' `` First of His Name '' `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' `` Mockingbird '' `` The Mountain and the Viper '' `` The Watchers on the Wall '' `` The Children '' Season 5 `` The Wars to Come '' `` The House of Black and White '' `` High Sparrow '' `` Sons of the Harpy '' `` Kill the Boy '' `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' `` The Gift '' `` Hardhome '' `` The Dance of Dragons '' `` Mother 's Mercy '' Season 6 `` The Red Woman '' `` Home '' `` Oathbreaker '' `` Book of the Stranger '' `` The Door '' `` Blood of My Blood '' `` The Broken Man '' `` No One '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Game_of_Thrones_episodes&oldid=849879260 '' Categories : Game of Thrones episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of fantasy television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikidata Languages Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 01 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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1751632950742575863 | Minors and abortion | Minors and abortion - wikipedia Minors and abortion Jump to : navigation , search The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . The reason given is : needs more detail . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / Concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Many jurisdictions have laws applying to minors and abortion . These parental involvement laws require that one or more parents consent or be informed before their minor daughter may legally have an abortion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Minors and abortion in law 1.1 Australia 1.2 Canada 1.3 France 1.4 Greece 1.5 India 1.6 Italy 1.7 New Zealand 1.8 Poland 1.9 South Africa 1.10 Spain 1.11 Sweden 1.12 United Kingdom 1.13 United States 2 Debate 2.1 Arguments in support 2.2 Arguments in opposition 2.3 Stance of the Roman Catholic Church 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Minors and abortion in law ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Main article : Abortion in Australia A minor does not require parental consent or notification except in Western Australia , where in the event of the woman being under 16 years of age one of her parents must be notified , except where permission has been granted by the Children 's Court or the woman does not live with her parents . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Abortion in Canada In Canada , abortion is subject to general medical legislation , as there are no laws regulating abortion . Access varies by province and by region ; though there are no legal restrictions to abortion . Most medical facilities in Canada do not share medical information with a parent without consent of their child who is seeking an abortion . In 1989 , the Supreme Court ruled that the woman 's partner , the father of the baby , has no right to veto her decision to undergo an abortion . Abortion is funded by the government . France ( edit ) Main article : Abortion in France A pregnant girl under the age of 18 may ask for an abortion without consulting her parents first , but she has to be accompanied to the clinic by an adult of her choice . This adult must not tell her parents or any third party about the abortion . Greece ( edit ) Main article : Abortion in Greece Girls under the age of 18 must get written permission from a parent or guardian before being allowed an abortion . India ( edit ) Main article : Abortion in India Minor girls under 18 need parental consent . Under the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act , 1971 , abortion is permitted on liberal grounds until 20 weeks of pregnancy . Abortions after 20 weeks are illegal , but a court may authorize such a late abortion in exceptional circumstances . Italy ( edit ) Main article : Abortion in Italy Parental authorisation is required if the woman is under 18 . New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : Abortion in New Zealand New Zealand has no parental notification restrictions on under - sixteen access for abortion . Poland ( edit ) Main article : Abortion in Poland Parental consent is always required if the woman seeking abortion is a minor . South Africa ( edit ) Main article : Abortion in South Africa In South Africa , any woman of any age can get an abortion on request with no reasons given if she is less than 13 weeks pregnant . A woman under the age of 18 will be advised to consult her parents , but she can decide not to inform or consult them if she so chooses . However , she must give informed consent , meaning that if she is unable to understand the consequences of an abortion she can not consent to one without the assistance of her parents or guardian . Spain ( edit ) Main article : Abortion in Spain In 2009 , the Socialist government passed a bill that states that girls aged 16 and 17 must inform her parents ( but does not need parental consent ) for an abortion except if the girl comes from an abusive household and such news will cause more strife . Sweden ( edit ) Main article : Abortion in Sweden The current legislation is the Abortion Act of 1974 . This states that up until the end of the eighteenth week of the pregnancy the choice of an abortion is entirely up to the woman , for any reason whatsoever . The law makes no distinction with regards to the age of the pregnant woman . United kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Abortion in the United Kingdom Parental involvement laws in the UK ; if the girl is seen as competent by medical staff no disclosure to parents is allowed . In most cases , girls aged 13 or above will be covered by this provision but pre-teenagers will not and parents , social workers and police can become involved to protect the child . Around 120 12 - year - olds , at least five 11 - year - olds and two nine - year - olds have had legal abortions since 1996 . In 2005 , Sue Axon , of Manchester , wanted the law changed to prevent girls under 16 getting confidential advice . However , the High Court had rejected a review of guidelines which state that terminations do not need parents ' consent and doctors should respect girls ' confidentiality . See also : Teenage pregnancy and sexual health in the United Kingdom United states ( edit ) Main article : Abortion in the United States Map showing which states require parental notification . Parental notification or consent not required One parent must be informed beforehand Both parents must be informed beforehand One parent must consent beforehand Both parents must consent beforehand One parent must consent and be informed beforehand Parental notification law currently enjoined Parental consent law currently enjoined In the United States , most states typically require one of two types of parental involvement -- consent or notification , or both . 37 states require parental involvement in a minor 's decision to have an abortion ( 21 states require parental consent only , 3 of which require both parents to consent , 11 states require parental notification only , 1 of which requires that both parents be notified , 5 states require both parental consent and notification , 8 states require the parental consent documentation to be notarized ) . In Delaware the law only applies to minors under 16 , and in South Carolina to minors under 17 . Parental involvement laws played a key role in forcing the Court to clarify its position on abortion regulation . The Court ruled , in essence , that parental involvement laws ( and all other abortion regulation ) can legally make it more difficult for a female to acquire an abortion . But there is a threshold beyond which the increased difficulties become unconstitutional . Requiring spousal involvement before a woman can acquire an abortion has been interpreted as falling on the unconstitutional side of that threshold , while parental involvement has been interpreted as falling on the constitutional side . Or , to use the language of Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey ( 1992 ) , spousal notification laws place an `` undue burden '' on a woman 's ability to get an abortion , whereas parental involvement laws do not . Parental involvement laws have three basic features . First , they are binding on minors , not adults . Second , they require , at minimum , that minors notify their parents before an abortion is performed , and in some cases consent from the parents . And third , they allow minors to acquire a judicial bypass if consent can not be acquired . These regulations are but one example of the detailed fabric of abortion legislation and regulation that has evolved since the Supreme Court 's decision to legalize abortion in its 1973 Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton . The first major case involving parental involvement legislation was decided in 1976 in Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth . This case involved a Missouri law that required consent from various parties before an abortion could be performed -- written consent by the patient , spousal consent for married individuals , and parental consent for minors , specifically . The court ruled that the parental consent provision was unconstitutional due to its universal enforcement . The ability of a minor to acquire an abortion against her parent 's wishes became a recurring theme in several more cases following Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth . Bellotti v. Baird ( 1979 ) addressed a Massachusetts law that required a minor to acquire parental consent before an abortion was performed . But , unlike the Danforth case , this law allowed for judicial bypass if consent could not be acquired . Similar reasoning can be found in H.L. v. Matheson ( 1981 ) . This case ruled on the relatively milder regulation of parental notification as opposed to parental consent . In this case , the Court ruled that parental notification is constitutional since the parent could not veto the adolescent 's final decision to acquire an abortion . In Planned Parenthood of Kansas City v. Ashcroft ( 1983 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that parental consent is constitutional so long as it also allowed a judicial bypass if such consent could not be acquired . In Planned Parenthood of S.E. Pennsylvania v. Casey ( 1992 ) , the Court placed parental involvement firmly within a broader set of legal principles governing a woman 's constitutional right to an abortion . Parental involvement , and other regulations , were constitutional so long that they did not place an `` undue burden '' on a woman 's ability to acquire an abortion . In November 2011 , the Illinois Supreme Court agreed to consider whether the state must begin enforcing a 1995 law requiring parental notification . The Court ultimately agreed in July 2013 that the law ought to be enforced , with the parental notification law taking effect on August 15 . Debate ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Arguments in support ( edit ) Advocacy groups have made a number of arguments in favor of parental notification . Minors must have parental approval for most types of medical procedures . A study by the Heritage Foundation stated that overall , parental involvement laws reduce the number of teenage abortions . The pregnant minor might be pressured into having an abortion by an older boyfriend , so as to conceal the fact that he is guilty of statutory rape . Currently , the parents of the minor are financially responsible for any complications resulting from the abortion , unless said minor has been legally emancipated . Notification and consent laws give parents a chance to counsel their teenage daughters about the possible consequences of abortion . Not notifying parents supports pedophiles crimes to remain hidden . Arguments in opposition ( edit ) Advocacy groups on the other side have also made a number of arguments against parental notification : It has been argued that parental notification and consent laws increase the number of unsafe , illegal abortions . Women 's health organizations say , without providing supporting statistics , that in states that have notification or consent laws , there has been an increase in unsafe , illegal , `` back alley '' abortions . Many young women feel they can not talk to their parents about their sex lives or about rape or incest that they may have suffered , and may or may not seek illegal abortions as a result . In states that have notification or consent laws , minors will sometimes travel to a nearby state to have an abortion . Delays mean increased risks : Delaying an abortion may increase the likelihood of complications arising from abortion procedures . The risk of death to the mother as well , or major complications significantly increases for each week into pregnancy , particularly if the abortion is delayed until the third trimester . Judge Nixon of The District Court in Tennessee estimated `` that even under the best of circumstances , the ( judicial ) waiver process would take twenty - two days to complete -- a significant problem given the time - sensitive nature of pregnancy and the increased risk involved in later abortions . '' The American Academy of Pediatrics issued the following statement : `` Legislation mandating parental involvement does not achieve the intended benefit of promoting family communication , but it does increase the risk of harm to the adolescent by delaying access to appropriate medical care ... ( M ) inors should not be compelled or required to involve their parents in their decisions to obtain abortions , although they should be encouraged to discuss their pregnancies with their parents and other responsible adults . '' An American Medical Association study in 1992 showed that mandatory parental involvement laws `` increase the gestational age at which the induced pregnancy termination occurs , thereby also increasing the risk associated with the procedure . '' A study of abortions by researchers at Baruch College at City University of New York showed that Texas teens who were between 17 years , 6 months old and 18 years old were 34 % more likely to have an abortion in the much riskier second trimester than young women who were 18 or older when they became pregnant . Lawrence Finer , spokesperson for the Guttmacher Institute said : `` It just shows how laws like this can lead to health risks for teens . Abortion is a safe procedure , but it 's less safe later in the pregnancy . '' He suggest that parental involvement laws have a small effect on abortion rates compared with improved sexual education and birth control access and usage . Many minors of childbearing age are sufficiently mature to make abortion decisions by themselves . Other reproductive health issues such as STD testing and treatment do not require parental consent . Stance of the roman Catholic Church ( edit ) In 2009 , Archbishop José Cardoso Sobrinho excommunicated , or rather declared excommunicated ( since the canon law invoked imposes the excommunication automatically ) , the mother and doctors of a 9 - year - old girl for carrying out an abortion on the girl 's twin fetuses . The girl was impregnated by her own stepfather , who had repeatedly raped her since she was six years old . The doctors recommended the abortion because they believed the girl 's youth would prevent her from delivering the twins safely . The affair shocked the Brazilian government and provoked disgust from President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . Pope Benedict XVI later gave a controversial speech in Angola where he condemned all forms of abortion , even those considered to be therapeutic . Therapeutic abortion is the term for abortions that are typically performed to save the life of the mother or in which the fetus has been found to have a defect incompatible with life . See also ( edit ) Abortion Abortion debate Abortion law Age of consent Conscience clause ( medical ) Emancipation of minors Mature minor doctrine Gillick competence Informed consent Paternal rights and abortion Parental consent Legal protection of access to abortion Teenage pregnancy Teenage pregnancy and sexual health in the United Kingdom Youth rights References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ProChoice.org Jump up ^ Abortion Guide ( in French ) Archived 2012 - 09 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . pages 34 and 35 , from the French Ministry of Health Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41172796 Jump up ^ Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act , 1996 ( Act No. 92 of 1996 ) Jump up ^ Christian Lawyers Association v Minister of Health and Others ( Reproductive Health Alliance as amicus curiae ) 2005 ( 1 ) SA 509 ( T ) ( 24 May 2004 ) , Transvaal Provincial Division Jump up ^ https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/parental-involvement-minors-abortions Jump up ^ https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/teens/preventing-pregnancy-stds/parental-consent-and-notification-laws Jump up ^ https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/parental-involvement-minors-abortions Jump up ^ Long , Ray ( 1 December 2011 ) . `` State High Court to Hear Dispute About Abortion Parental Notification Law '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-07-11/news/chi-abortion-parental-notification-20130711_1_illinois-supreme-court-said-lorie-chaiten-parental-notification . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Age of Majority '' . West 's Encyclopedia of American Law . 2nd Ed . Ed . Jeffrey Lehman and Shirelle Phelps . Gale Cengage , 2005 . eNotes.com. 2006 . Retrieved 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Heritage Foundation : Analyzing the Effect of State Legislation on the Incidence of Abortion Among Minors ^ Jump up to : `` Parental Consent and Notification for Teen Abortions : The Pros and Cons of Compulsory Parental Involvement '' . ReligiousTolerance.org . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Genevra Pittman , `` Abortion safer than giving birth : study '' , Reuters , 23 January 2012 Jump up ^ Mahkorn , `` Pregnancy and Sexual Assault '' , The Psychological Aspects of Abortion , eds . Mall & Watts , ( Washington , D.C. , University Publications of America , 1979 ) 55 - 69 Jump up ^ Choice Matters : Good Reasons to Oppose Parental Consent Laws ^ Jump up to : Pro Choice America `` The Status of Women 's Reproductive Rights in the United States '' Jump up ^ CARAL Reproductive Health and right Center , `` District Court Invalidates Tennessee Parental Consent for Abortions '' Choice.org Jump up ^ American Academy of Pediatrics , Committee on Adolescence , `` The Adolescent 's Right to Confidential Care When Considering Abortion '' , Pediatrics , Vol. 97 , # 5 ( 1996 - MAY ) , Page 746 . Jump up ^ American Medical Association , `` Induced Termination of Pregnancy Before and After Roe v. Wade , Trends in the Mortality and Morbidity of Women '' , JAMA , Vol. 268 , # 22 ( 1992 - DEC ) , Page 3238 . Jump up ^ Lisa Falkenberg : `` Study : Texas parental law might lower -- and delay -- teen abortion '' Houston Chronicle , 2006 - MAR - 09 Jump up ^ BELLOTTI V. BAIRD , 443 U.S. 622 ( 1979 ) - Declares a Massachusetts parental consent law unconstitutional because it does n't allow minors who are mature enough to consent to forgo parental consent requirements via a judicial bypass . Jump up ^ Ertelt , Steven ( 2008 - 03 - 05 ) . `` Brazil Catholic Church Excommunicates Doctors Who Did Abortion on Little Girl '' . Lifenews.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pope reiterates church ban on abortion Jump up ^ Radio Vatican External links ( edit ) In support Why We Need The Child Custody Protection Act -- NRLC Analyzing the Effect of State Legislation on the Incidence of Abortion Among Minors -- Heritage Foundation In opposition Restrictions on Young Women 's Access to Abortion -- NARAL Parenthood.org/news-articles-press/laws-requiring-parental-consent-of-notification-for-minors-abortions.htm Laws Requiring Parental Consent or Notification for Minors ' Abortions -- Planned Parenthood Neutral HealthVote.org -- Non-partisan Analysis of California 's Proposition 85 ( Parental Notification & Waiting Period for Minors ' Abortions -- November 2006 Election ) Abortion Main topics History of abortion Methods of abortion Abortion debate Abortion law Movements Abortion - rights movements Anti-abortion movements Issues Abortion and mental health Beginning of human personhood Beginning of pregnancy controversy Abortion - breast cancer hypothesis Anti-abortion violence Birth control Crisis pregnancy center Ethical aspects of abortion Eugenics Fetal rights Forced abortion Genetics and abortion Late - 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-2852743115057183004 | Amelia Heinle | Amelia Heinle - wikipedia Amelia Heinle This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Amelia Heinle Heinle in 2014 Amelia March Heinle ( 1973 - 03 - 17 ) March 17 , 1973 ( age 45 ) Phoenix , Arizona , U.S. Other names Amelia Weatherly Occupation Actress Years active 1993 -- present Spouse ( s ) Michael Weatherly ( m . 1995 ; div. 1997 ) Thad Luckinbill ( m . 2007 ; div. 2017 ) Children Amelia Heinle Luckinbill ( née Amelia March Heinle , formerly Weatherly ; born March 17 , 1973 ) is an American actress best known for her roles in American soap operas . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Amelia March Heinle was born in Phoenix , Arizona , and has four younger siblings . She grew up in Arizona and moved to New Jersey with her family when she was 15 years old . Career ( edit ) From 1993 to 1995 she played the role of Stephanie `` Steffi '' Brewster on the soap opera Loving . She also played the character for two months in that show 's short - lived spin off The City from November 1995 until January 1996 . In 1994 she was nominated for a Soap Opera Digest Award for `` Outstanding Female Newcomer '' . Through the 1990s she appeared in many made for TV movies , as well as a role in the 1999 Steven Soderbergh film , The Limey , as Peter Fonda 's girlfriend . She appeared in the music video for `` I Will Buy You a New Life '' by Everclear . In 2001 she returned to the world of daytime television , this time in the role of Mia Saunders on All My Children , the heretofore unknown half - sister of Liza Colby ( Marcy Walker ) . Although she started as a front - burner character , her romantic pairing with Jake Martin ( J. Eddie Peck ) did n't work out because of the actor 's exit from the show , and so Mia was limited to being a background character . In 2004 , Heinle opted not to renew her contract with All My Children and left the show . On March 21 , 2005 , Heinle joined the cast of the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless , as Victoria Newman , replacing the popular Heather Tom in the role . She won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2014 and again in 2015 for the role . In April 2009 Heinle appeared in season 4 , episode 20 , of Ghost Whisperer , entitled `` Stage Fright '' , with husband Thad Luckinbill and fellow daytime drama actress Lesli Kay . Personal Life ( edit ) In February 1995 , she married her Loving co-star and on - screen love interest , Michael Weatherly , who played the role of `` Cooper Alden '' . On January 10 , 1996 , Heinle gave birth to her first child , a son . She and Weatherly divorced in 1997 . In March 2007 she married her Young and the Restless co-star , Thad Luckinbill , notable for portraying her onscreen ex-husband , J.T. Hellstrom . The couple welcomed their first child together , a son , on November 2 , 2007 . They welcomed their second child , a daughter , on December 17 , 2009 . On March 1 , 2017 , Luckinbill filed for divorce from Heinle , citing `` irreconcilable differences '' . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 At Sachem Farm Laurie 1999 Liar 's Poker Rebecca 1999 The Limey Adhara 2003 Another Night Woman Short Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1993 -- 1995 Loving Stephanie Brewster TV series 1995 The City Stephanie Brewster TV series Quicksilver Highway Darlene TV film 1998 Black Cat Run Sara Jane Bronnel TV film 1999 Purgatory Rose / Betty McCullough TV film 1999 Jack & Jill Jacqueline ' Jack ' Barrett Unaired pilot , replaced by Amanda Peet 2000 Sally Hemings : An American Scandal Harriet Hemings TV film 2000 The Only Living Boy in New York Olivia TV film Earth vs. the Spider Stephanie Lewis TV film 2001 -- 2004 All My Children Mia Saunders TV series 2005 -- present The Young and the Restless Victoria Newman Regular role 2009 CSI : Miami Elizabeth Corbett `` Chip / Tuck '' 2009 Ghost Whisperer Prof. Brook Dennis `` Stage Fright '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of acting awards and nominations Year Award Title Result Ref . 2014 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Won 2015 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Soap Opera Digest ( vol. 35 , no. 17 , pg. 65 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Amelia Heinle 411 '' . Soap Opera Digest . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amelia Heinle Biography '' . TV.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Joe ( 27 April 2015 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Awards : ' Days ' and ' Restless ' in a tie - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ People.com ( November 13 , 2007 ) `` Amelia Heinle and Thad Luckinbill Welcome Thaddeus Rowe '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leon , Anya ( December 23 , 2009 ) `` Thad Luckinbill and Amelia Heinle Welcome Daughter Georgia March '' . People.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About The Young and the Restless : Baby News '' . CBS . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Real - Life Y&R Couple Splits '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 41st Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Winners '' . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . June 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Winners '' . Burbank : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . April 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Amelia Heinle on IMDb Amelia Heinle Interview Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Suzanne Rogers ( 1979 ) Francesca James ( 1980 ) Jane Elliot ( 1981 ) Dorothy Lyman ( 1982 ) Louise Shaffer ( 1983 ) Judi Evans ( 1984 ) Beth Maitland ( 1985 ) Leann Hunley ( 1986 ) Kathleen Noone ( 1987 ) Ellen Wheeler ( 1988 ) Nancy Lee Grahn / Debbi Morgan ( 1989 ) Julia Barr ( 1990 ) Jess Walton ( 1991 ) Maeve Kinkead ( 1992 ) Ellen Parker ( 1993 ) Susan Haskell ( 1994 ) Rena Sofer ( 1995 ) Anna Holbrook ( 1996 ) Michelle Stafford ( 1997 ) Julia Barr ( 1998 ) Sharon Case ( 1999 ) Sarah Joy Brown ( 2000 ) Lesli Kay ( 2001 ) Crystal Chappell ( 2002 ) Vanessa Marcil ( 2003 ) Cady McClain ( 2004 ) Natalia Livingston ( 2005 ) Gina Tognoni ( 2006 ) Genie Francis ( 2007 ) Gina Tognoni ( 2008 ) Tamara Braun ( 2009 ) Julie Pinson ( 2010 ) Heather Tom ( 2011 ) Nancy Lee Grahn ( 2012 ) Julie Berman ( 2013 ) Amelia Heinle ( 2014 ) Amelia Heinle ( 2015 ) Jessica Collins ( 2016 ) Kate Mansi ( 2017 ) Camryn Grimes ( 2018 ) WorldCat Identities BNF : cb140225120 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 1440 9569 VIAF : 32196621 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amelia_Heinle&oldid=855700819 '' Categories : American soap opera actresses American television actresses 1973 births Living people Actresses from Phoenix , Arizona People from Casa Grande , Arizona 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from March 2009 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 06 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays victoria in young and the restless | [
"Amelia Heinle Luckinbill (née Amelia March Heinle, formerly Weatherly;[1] born March 17,[2] 1973) is an American actress best known for her roles in American soap operas.\n"
] | [
"Amelia Heinle Luckinbill"
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4858104570205975706 | I Can Hear Your Voice | I Can Hear Your Voice - wikipedia I Can Hear Your Voice Jump to : navigation , search I Can Hear Your Voice Promotional poster Also known as I Hear Your Voice The Voice You Ca n't Hear Genre Legal drama Romance Fantasy Written by Park Hye - ryun Directed by Jo Soo - won Starring Lee Bo - young Lee Jong - suk Yoon Sang - hyun Lee Da - hee Opening theme `` Echo '' by Every Single Day Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of episodes 18 Production Executive producer ( s ) Son Jung - hyun Kim Uno Son Ki - won Producer ( s ) Lee Seong - hoon Shin Bong - cheol Kim Jung - mi Park Bo - gyeong Cinematography Lee Jae - woo Editor ( s ) Ahn Cheol - hwan Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) DRM Media Kim Jong - hak Productions Release Original network Seoul Broadcasting System Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release June 5 ( 2013 - 06 - 05 ) -- August 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 01 ) External links Website I Can Hear Your Voice ( Hangul : 너의 목소리 가 들려 ; RR : Neoui Moksoriga Deulryeo ) is a 2013 South Korean television series starring Lee Bo - young , Lee Jong - suk , Yoon Sang - hyun and Lee Da - hee . It aired on SBS from June 5 to August 1 , 2013 , on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21 : 55 for 18 episodes . Originally set for 16 episodes , due to its successful ratings , the series was extended by 2 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 2.3 Special appearances 3 Ratings 4 Awards and nominations 5 Original soundtrack 5.1 Part . 1 5.2 Part . 2 5.3 Part . 3 5.4 Part . 4 5.5 Part . 5 5.6 OST 6 International broadcast 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) After overcoming poverty and a difficult childhood , Jang Hye - sung ( Lee Bo - young ) becomes a lawyer , specifically a public defender , but she is pragmatic , self - preserving and jaded . Her life changes when she encounters Park Soo - ha ( Lee Jong - suk ) , a high school senior with the supernatural ability to read other people 's thoughts by looking into their eyes . Soo - ha gained his mind - reading ability when witnessing his father getting murdered ten years previously . His father 's death had initially been dismissed as a car accident until Hye - sung , then a high school girl ( Kim So - hyun ) , gave a decisive testimony in court despite the killer 's threats ( Jung Woong - in ) . Soo - ha has been searching for her ever since . As Hye - sung works with Soo - ha and a cop - turned - lawyer Gwan - woo ( Yoon Sang - hyun ) , she gradually lets go of her pursuit of money and glory . Together , this unlikely team uses unconventional methods to solve their cases , proving that while sometimes justice is blind to a fault , she can still hear your voice . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Lee Bo - young as Lawyer Jang Hye - sung Kim So - hyun as 15 - year - old Hye - sung Smart and hardworking , Hye - sung was raised by a poor but loving mother . After being falsely accused of causing an incident involving fireworks , she gets expelled from high school . She bravely testifies on the witness stand , causing the murderer of Park Soo - ha 's father to be convicted and imprisoned . But both experiences change her , and ten years later , Hye - sung is an apathetic public defender who does n't care about her clients and only does her job for the salary . Lee Jong - suk as Park Soo - ha Goo Seung - hyun as 9 - year - old Soo - ha After witnessing his father killed ( and almost getting killed himself ) , 9 year old Soo - ha gains the supernatural ability to read people 's minds by looking at their eyes . When high school teenager Hye - sung testified in court to corroborate his testimony regarding the killer , he swore that he would always protect and guard her . He nurses a crush on her for a decade , but when he meets her again , he 's dismayed to find her completely different from what he has expected . Yoon Sang - hyun as Cha Gwan - woo A cop who brings his idealism , empathy and attention to detail to his new job as a public defender . Though outwardly geeky and meek , he has a keen intelligence that sees new angles in his cases . Lee Da - hee as Seo Do - yeon Jung Min - ah as 15 - year - old Do - yeon A prosecutor who comes from a rich , well - connected family , with her father being a judge and her mother a doctor . Do - yeon has always pushed herself to become the perfect daughter to please her parents . She was in rivalry with Hye - sung in high school and when a fireworks accident nearly caused her to lose her eyesight , she blames Hye - sung for it , despite the latter 's denials . Do - yeon was also a witness to the murder of Park Soo - ha 's father , but at the last minute , she loses her courage and does n't testify . Supporting ( edit ) Jung Woong - in as Min Joon - gook , murderer of Soo - ha 's father Yoon Joo - sang as Lawyer Shin Sang - deok Choi Sung - joon as Choi Yoo - chang , clerk of the public defenders ' office Kim Kwang - kyu as Judge Kim Gong - sook Kim Ga - eun as Go Sung - bin , Soo - ha 's classmate Park Doo - shik as Kim Choong - ki , Soo - ha 's classmate Kim Hae - sook as Eo Choon - shim , Hye - sung 's mother Kim Byung - ok as Hwang Dal - joong , Joon - gook 's cellmate Jung Dong - hwan as Judge Seo Dae - seok , Do - yeon 's father Jang Hee - soo as Do - yeon 's mother Jo Deok - hyeon as Park Joo - hyeok , Soo - ha 's father Kim Soo - yeon as Moon Dong - hee , Sung - bin 's classmate who is an upcoming entertainer Jang Hee - woong as Prosecutor Jo , nicknamed `` Mr. Grass - like Hair '' Special appearances ( edit ) So Yi - hyun as Joon - gook 's lawyer ( cameo , ep 1 , 12 ) Kim Sung - kyun as detective ( cameo , ep 1 ) Jeon Soo - kyung as dental pad lady ( cameo , ep 1 ) Han Ki - won as Jeong Pil - jae , the elder twin ( guest appearance , ep 4 -- 6 ) Han Ki - woong as Jeong Pil - seung , the younger twin ( guest appearance , ep 4 -- 6 ) Lee Byung - joon as head of free newspaper company ( cameo , ep 7 ) Kim Hwan as newscaster ( voice only , ep 8 ) Kim Gi - cheon as swindler disguised as a visually handicapped person ( cameo , ep 9 ) Kim Hak - rae as spa customer ( cameo , ep 10 ) Kim Mi - kyung as Jeon Young - ja / Seon Chae - ok , Dal - joong 's wife ( guest appearance , ep 12 -- 14 , 16 ) Ahn Moon - sook as head of the orphanage ( cameo , ep 13 ) Kim Min - jong as Lawyer Choi Yoon ( cameo , ep 14 ) Um Ki - joon as Lawyer Um Ki - joon ( cameo , ep 14 ) Pyeon Sang - wook as newscaster ( cameo , ep 15 ) Kim Mi - ryu as necklace shop clerk ( cameo , ep 16 ) Ahn Young - mi as necklace shop customer ( cameo , ep 16 ) Kangnam of M.I.B as pickpocket ( cameo , ep 17 ) Jung Man - sik as police academy interviewer ( cameo , ep 18 ) Ratings ( edit ) Episode # Original broadcast date Episode title Average audience share TNmS Ratings AGB Nielsen Ratings Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area June 05 , 2013 I Hear Your Voice 7.8 % 8.9 % 7.7 % 9.0 % June 06 , 2013 Bad Girl , Good Girl 11.6 % 13.6 % 12.7 % 14.0 % June 12 , 2013 I 'll be there 14.0 % 16.5 % 15.0 % 16.5 % June 13 , 2013 Him in My Vague Memory 17.3 % 20.1 % 16.1 % 17.5 % 5 June 19 , 2013 Words That Ca n't Be Trusted 16.6 % 19.3 % 16.1 % 17.7 % 6 June 20 , 2013 Me , Abandoned All Alone at the Edge of the World 16.6 % 19.9 % 17.8 % 19.9 % 7 June 26 , 2013 Why Is a Sad Premonition Never Wrong ? 15.1 % 17.0 % 16.1 % 18.4 % 8 June 27 , 2013 For Whom Are You Living ? 18.1 % 20.7 % 16.4 % 18.1 % 9 July 03 , 2013 If Even You Leave in Difficult Days 17.3 % 20.5 % 17.9 % 19.4 % 10 July 04 , 2013 Why Am I Lost Searching for Painful Memories ? 19.8 % 23.2 % 19.7 % 20.9 % 11 July 10 , 2013 I 'm Sorry , I Hate You 22.2 % 26.0 % 22.1 % 24.6 % 12 July 11 , 2013 Etude of Memories 22.2 % 25.8 % 22.8 % 24.8 % 13 July 17 , 2013 The One Word in My Heart That I Ca n't Keep Inside 22.6 % 25.7 % 21.6 % 23.7 % 14 July 18 , 2013 Things That I Have to Be Silent in My Memory 23.6 % 27.9 % 23.1 % 26.2 % 15 July 24 , 2013 I Do n't Ruin Anything 24.2 % 27.4 % 23.0 % 24.8 % 16 July 25 , 2013 The Thieving Magpie Overture 25.2 % 28.1 % 24.1 % 26.7 % 17 July 31 , 2013 Without Your Eyes , I Ca n't Even See in Front of Myself 23.7 % 25.8 % 22.3 % 24.7 % 18 August 01 , 2013 Through the Light in the Darkness , You Remain with Me 26.2 % 29.0 % 23.1 % 24.8 % Average 19.1 % 22.0 % 18.8 % 20.7 % Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result 2013 Mnet 20 's Choice Awards 20 's Drama Star -- Male Lee Jong - suk Nominated 20 's Drama Star -- Female Lee Bo - young Nominated Korea Drama Awards Best Couple Award Lee Jong - suk and Lee Bo - young Won Best New Actress Kim Ga - eun Nominated Excellence Award , Actor Lee Jong - suk Won Excellence Award , Actress Lee Da - hee Nominated Top Excellence Award , Actor Jung Woong - in Won Best Writer Park Hye - ryun Nominated Best Production Director Jo Soo - won Won Best Drama I Can Hear Your Voice Nominated Grand Prize ( Daesang ) Lee Bo - young Won APAN Star Awards Best Couple Award Lee Jong - suk and Lee Bo - young Won Acting Award , Actor Jung Woong - in Won Excellence Award , Actor Lee Jong - suk Won Top Excellence Award , Actress Lee Bo - young Won Mnet Asian Music Awards Best OST `` Why Did You Just Come Now ? '' -- Jung Yeop Nominated Korean Culture and Entertainment Awards Top Excellence Award , Actor in Drama Lee Jong - suk Won Hallyu Grand Award Lee Jong - suk Won SBS Drama Awards New Star Award Lee Da - hee Won Top 10 Stars Lee Bo - young Won Lee Jong - suk Won Actor / Actress of the Year ( selected by directors ) Lee Bo - young Won Special Award , Actor in a Miniseries Jung Woong - in Won Kim Kwang - kyu Nominated Special Award , Actress in a Miniseries Kim Hae - sook Nominated Excellence Award , Actor in a Miniseries Lee Jong - suk Won Yoon Sang - hyun Nominated Excellence Award , Actress in a Miniseries Lee Da - hee Nominated Top Excellence Award , Actress in a Miniseries Lee Bo - young Nominated Grand Prize ( Daesang ) Lee Bo - young Won 2014 Baeksang Arts Awards Most Popular Actor ( TV ) Lee Jong - suk Nominated Yoon Sang - hyun Nominated Most Popular Actress ( TV ) Lee Bo - young Nominated Best Actor ( TV ) Lee Jong - suk Nominated Best Actress ( TV ) Lee Bo - young Won Best Director ( TV ) Jo Soo - won Nominated Best Drama I Can Hear Your Voice Nominated Seoul International Drama Awards Outstanding Korean Drama OST `` Echo '' -- Every Single Day Nominated `` Why Did You Just Come Now ? '' -- Jung Yeop Nominated Outstanding Korean Drama I Can Hear Your Voice Nominated Original soundtrack ( edit ) I Can Hear Your Voice OST Part 1 Soundtrack album by Every Single Day Released June 13 , 2013 Genre Soundtrack Length 14 : 10 Language Korean Label KT Music Part . 1 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Length 1 . `` Dolphins ( 돌고래 , Dolgorae ) '' ( Every Single Day ) Moon Seong - nam Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 3 : 04 2 . `` Echo ( 에코 , Eko ) '' ( Every Single Day ) Moon Seong - nam Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 4 : 01 3 . `` Dolphins ( Instrumental ) '' ( Every Single Day ) Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 3 : 04 4 . `` Echo ( Instrumental ) '' ( Every Single Day ) Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 4 : 01 Total length : 14 : 10 I Can Hear Your Voice OST Part 2 Soundtrack album by Jung Yeop Released June 17 , 2013 Genre Soundtrack Length 7 : 50 Language Korean Label KT Music Part . 2 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Length 1 . `` Why Did You Just Come Now ? ( 왜 이제야 왔니 ? , Wae Ijeya Watni ? ) '' ( Jung Yeop ) Jung Yeop , Eco Bridge Jung Yeop , Eco Bridge 3 : 55 2 . `` Why Did You Just Come Now ? ( Instrumental ) '' ( Jung Yeop ) Jung Yeop , Eco Bridge 3 : 55 Total length : 7 : 50 I Can Hear Your Voice OST Part 3 Soundtrack album by Kim Yeon - ji and Na - rae Released July 1 , 2013 Genre Soundtrack Length 7 : 54 Language Korean Label KT Music Part . 3 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Length 1 . `` In My Eyes ( 두 눈 에 . 두 볼 에 . 가슴 에 , Du Nune . Du Bole . Gaseume ) '' ( Kim Yeon - ji ) 다시 봐도 촌놈 , 알고 보니 혼수 상태 알고 보니 혼수 상태 3 : 31 2 . `` The Days We Were Happy ( 우리 사랑 했던 날들 , Woori Saranghatdeon Naldeul ) '' ( Na - rae ) Kim Beom - joo Kim Beom - joo 4 : 22 Total length : 7 : 54 I Can Hear Your Voice OST Part 4 Soundtrack album by Shin Seung - hun Released July 9 , 2013 Genre Soundtrack Length 7 : 28 Language Korean Label KT Music Part . 4 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Length 1 . `` Words You Ca n't Hear ( 너 에겐 들리지 않는 그 말 , Neoegen Deulriji Anneun Geu Mal ) '' ( Shin Seung - hun ) Yang Jae - seon Shin Seung - hun 3 : 42 2 . `` Words You Ca n't Hear ( Instrumental ) '' ( Shin Seung - hun ) Shin Seung - hun 3 : 42 Total length : 7 : 28 I Can Hear Your Voice OST Part 5 Soundtrack album by Melody Day Released July 16 , 2013 Genre Soundtrack Length 6 : 46 Language Korean Label KT Music Part . 5 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Length 1 . `` Sweetly Lalala ( 달콤 하게 랄랄라 , Dalkomhage Ralralra ) '' ( Melody Day ) Lee Boo - mi Lee Boo - mi , Woo Ji - hoon 3 : 23 2 . `` Sweetly Lalala ( Instrumental ) '' ( Melody Day ) Lee Boo - mi , Woo Ji - hoon 3 : 23 Total length : 6 : 46 I Can Hear Your Voice OST Soundtrack album by Various artists Released July 30 , 2013 Genre Soundtrack Length 58 : 30 Language Korean Label KT Music OST ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Length 1 . `` Echo ( 에코 , Eko ) '' ( Every Single Day ) Moon Seong - nam Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 4 : 01 2 . `` Why Did You Just Come Now ? ( 왜 이제야 왔니 ? , Wae Ijeya Watni ? ) '' ( Jung Yeop ) Jung Yeop , Eco Bridge Jung Yeop , Eco Bridge 3 : 55 3 . `` The Days We Were Happy ( 우리 사랑 했던 날들 , Woori Saranghatdeon Naldeul ) '' ( Na - rae ) Kim Beom - joo Kim Beom - joo 4 : 22 4 . `` Words You Ca n't Hear ( 너 에겐 들리지 않는 그 말 , Neoegen Deulriji Anneun Geu Mal ) '' ( Shin Seung - hun ) Yang Jae - seon Shin Seung - hun 3 : 42 5 . `` Dolphins ( 돌고래 , Dolgorae ) '' ( Every Single Day ) Moon Seong - nam Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 3 : 04 6 . `` In My Eyes ( 두 눈 에 . 두 볼 에 . 가슴 에 , Du Nune . Du Bole . Gaseume ) '' ( Kim Yeon - ji ) 다시 봐도 촌놈 , 알고 보니 혼수 상태 알고 보니 혼수 상태 3 : 31 7 . `` Sweetly Lalala ( 달콤 하게 랄랄라 , Dalkomhage Ralralra ) '' ( Melody Day ) Lee Boo - mi Lee Boo - mi , Woo Ji - hoon 3 : 23 8 . `` Echo ( Acoustic Version ) '' ( Every Single Day ) Moon Seong - nam Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 3 : 28 9 . `` Echo Strings '' ( Various artists ) Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 3 : 20 10 . `` Sea and Stars '' ( Various artists ) Jeong Jae - woo 3 : 22 11 . `` Breaking Moment '' ( Various artists ) Romantisco 3 : 13 12 . `` Sus 4 '' ( Various artists ) Jeong Cha - shik 2 : 25 13 . `` Return '' ( Various artists ) Lee Gyeong - shik 3 : 17 14 . `` Do n't Forget '' ( Various artists ) Ko Gyeong - cheon 2 : 30 15 . `` Circus in Court Strings '' ( Various artists ) Moon Seong - nam 2 : 35 16 . `` Unhappy Misery '' ( Various artists ) Kang Hee - chan 4 : 20 17 . `` Echo Arp . '' ( Various artists ) Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 4 : 02 Total length : 58 : 30 International broadcast ( edit ) It aired in Japan on cable channel KNTV beginning March 15 , 2014 , and cable channel WOWOW beginning July 23 , 2014 , and aired in the Philippines by GMA Network beginning August 11 , 2014 under the title I Hear Your Voice . In Thailand aired on Workpoint TV beginning April 9 , 2014 . In Malaysia aired on 8TV beginning June 20 until October 17 , 2015 . In Sri Lanka it aired on Sirasa TV from November 30 , 2015 until February 29 , 2016 under the title Himathuhina ( හිමතුහින ) and was dubbed in Sinhalese with a total of sixty six episodes . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Each of the episode titles is excerpted from the titles or lyrics of well - known songs . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` Chau Chau '' ( Hangul : 챠우 챠우 ; RR : Chauchau ) , performed by Delispice . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the song of the same title , performed by Miss A . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the song of the same title , performed by The Jackson 5 . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the song of the same title ( Hangul : 흐린 기억 속의 그대 ; RR : Heurin Gieok Soge Geudae ) , performed by Hyun Jin - young . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the song of the same title ( Hangul : 믿어 선 안 될 말 ; RR : Mideoseon An Doel Mal ) , performed by Nell . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` You Are Another Me '' ( Hangul : 넌 또 다른 나 ; RR : Neon Tto Dareun Na ) , performed by Lee Seung - chul . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` Heart for Only One '' ( Hangul : 한 사람 을 위한 마음 ; RR : Han Sarameul Wihan Maeum ) , performed by Lee Seung - hwan . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the song of the same title ( Hangul : 누구 를 위한 삶 인가 ? ; RR : Nugureul Wihan Salminga ? ) , performed by Leessang featuring Hwang Jung - min and Ryoo Seung - bum . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` My Love by My Side '' ( Hangul : 내 사랑 내 곁에 ; RR : Nae Sarang Nae Gyeote ) , performed by Kim Hyun - sik . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` Past Days '' ( Hangul : 지난 날 ; RR : Jinan Nal ) , performed by Yu Jae - ha . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the song of the same title ( Hangul : 미안해 , 널 미워해 ; RR : Mianhae , Neol Miwohae ) , performed by Jaurim . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the song of the same title ( Hangul : 기억 의 습작 ; RR : Gieokui Seupjak ) , performed by Exhibition . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` I Love You '' ( Hangul : 사랑 합니다 ; RR : Saranghamnida ) , performed by Tim . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` The Days '' ( Hangul : 그날 들 ; RR : Geunaldeul ) , performed by Kim Kwang - seok . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` Left - Handed '' ( Hangul : 왼손잡이 ; RR : Oensonjabi ) , performed by Panic . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the overture to The Thieving Magpie ( Hangul : 도둑 까치 서곡 ; RR : Dodukggachi Seogok ) , written by Gioachino Rossini . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` Without You '' , performed by 1TYM . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` White Night '' ( Hangul : 백야 ; RR : Baekya ) , performed by Zitten . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lee , Hye - ji ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Bo - young , Lee Jong - suk , Yoon Sang - hyun to Star in New Drama '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yang , Seong - hee ; Lee , Sun - min ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Drama gives Voice to unique storylines '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sun - min ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Stars promote I Hear Your Voice '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Eun - ah ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Jong - suk 's I Can Hear Your Voice Extended by 2 Episodes '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jang , Seo - yoon ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Courtroom Drama Meets Fantasy Romance for SBS drama I Can Hear Your Voice '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Kwang - guk ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` REVIEW : SBS Wed / Thu Drama I Can Hear Your Voice -- Episode 1 '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yun , Chloe ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Jong - suk turns into a supernatural mind reader ? '' . BNTNews . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Bo - Young and Lee Jong - Suk take adorable photos in school uniforms '' . Asia Today . June 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lim , Mi - jin ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` May -- November romances change , in song , film and TV '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kim , Joy ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` SBS new drama I Hear Your Voice will start from June '' . BNTNews . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Verdict Is Out on Lee Da - hee 's Breakthrough in Courtroom Drama '' . The Chosun Ilbo . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hong , Grace Danbi ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` I Hear Your Voice 's Jung Woong In to Run with Running Man '' . enewsWorld . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Gwang - kuk ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` My name is : Kim Ga - eun '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Gwang - kuk ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` INTERVIEW : Actress Kim Ga - eun '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Gwang - kuk ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` My name is : Park Doo - sick '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Gwang - kuk ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` INTERVIEW : Actor Park Doo - sick '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . 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-6204321391380785332 | Eggs Benedict | Eggs Benedict - wikipedia Eggs Benedict Jump to : navigation , search Eggs Benedict Course Breakfast , brunch Place of origin New York City , United States Main ingredients Eggs , English muffin , Canadian bacon , hollandaise sauce Variations multiple Cookbook : Eggs Benedict Media : Eggs Benedict Eggs Benedict is a traditional American brunch or breakfast dish that consists of two halves of an English muffin each of which is topped with Canadian bacon , ham or sometimes bacon , a poached egg , and hollandaise sauce . The dish was first popularized in New York City . Many variations on the basic recipe are served . Eggs Benedict is often confused as `` Eggs Benny '' , while the current recipe calls for truffle in some form , while `` Eggs Benny '' does not , and like its name , is a more familiar slang . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Variations 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Origin ( edit ) There are conflicting accounts as to the origin of Eggs Benedict . Delmonico 's in lower Manhattan says on its menu that `` Eggs Benedict was first created in our ovens in 1860 . '' One of its former chefs , Charles Ranhofer , also published the recipe for Eggs à la Benedick in 1894 . In an interview recorded in the `` Talk of the Town '' column of The New Yorker in 1942 , the year before his death , Lemuel Benedict , a retired Wall Street stock broker , said that he had wandered into the Waldorf Hotel in 1894 and , hoping to find a cure for his morning hangover , ordered `` buttered toast , poached eggs , crisp bacon , and a hooker of hollandaise '' . Oscar Tschirky , the maître d'hôtel , was so impressed with the dish that he put it on the breakfast and luncheon menus but substituted ham for the bacon and a toasted English muffin for the toast . Eggs Benedict with smoked salmon in place of Canadian bacon , also known as Eggs Royale Another , later claim to the creation of Eggs Benedict was circuitously made by Edward P. Montgomery on behalf of Commodore E.C. Benedict . In 1967 Montgomery wrote a letter to then The New York Times food columnist Craig Claiborne which included a recipe he said he had received through his uncle , a friend of the commodore . Commodore Benedict 's recipe -- by way of Montgomery -- varies greatly from Ranhofer 's version , particularly in the hollandaise sauce preparation -- calling for the addition of a `` hot , hard - cooked egg and ham mixture '' . Variations ( edit ) Eggs Benedict with bacon Several variations of Eggs Benedict exist . Eggs Blackstone substitutes streaky bacon for the ham and adds a tomato slice . Eggs Blanchard substitutes Béchamel sauce for Hollandaise . Eggs Florentine substitutes spinach for the ham or adds it underneath . Older versions of eggs Florentine add spinach to poached or shirred eggs . Eggs Chesapeake substitutes a Maryland blue crab cake in place of the ham . Eggs Mornay substitutes Mornay ( cheese ) sauce for the Hollandaise . Eggs Trivette adds Creole mustard to the Hollandaise and adds a topping of Crayfish . Eggs Omar ( also known as a steak benedict ) substitutes a small steak in place of the ham , and sometimes replaces the hollandaise with béarnaise . Eggs Atlantic , Eggs Hemingway , or Eggs Copenhagen ( also known as Eggs Royale and Eggs Montreal in New Zealand ) substitutes salmon or smoked salmon for the ham . This is a common variation found in Australia , New Zealand , Canada and the United Kingdom . This is also known as `` Eggs Benjamin '' in some restaurants in Canada . Huevos Benedictos substitutes sliced avocado and / or Mexican chorizo for the ham , and is topped with both a salsa ( such as salsa roja or salsa brava ) and hollandaise sauce . Eggs Hussarde substitutes Holland rusks for the English muffin and adds Bordelaise sauce . Irish Benedict replaces the ham with corned beef or Irish bacon . Dutch Benedict replaces the ham or bacon with scrapple . Popular in the eastern region of Pennsylvania . Eggs Hebridean replaces the ham with black pudding , often from Stornoway . Eggs Cochon , a variation from New Orleans restaurants which replaces the ham with pork `` debris '' ( slow roasted pork shredded in its own juices ) and the English muffin with a large buttermilk biscuit . Eggs Dean substitutes the English muffin for cheese and chorizo pancakes , bacon in place of ham , and the hollandaise with cheese and jalapeno sauce . See also ( edit ) Food portal List of breakfast foods List of brunch foods List of egg dishes List of foods named after people List of regional dishes of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Delmonico 's Menu '' . Delmonico 's Restaurant . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The epicurean -- A complete treatise of analytical and practical studies on the culinary art , including table and wine service , how to prepare and cook dishes , etc. , and a selection of interesting bills of fare of Delmonico 's from 1862 to 1894 '' . The Internet Archive . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Benedict , Cutts . `` Eggs Benedict New York : Feedback '' . Archived from the original on December 1 , 1998 . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Talk of the Town '' . The New Yorker . December 19 , 1942 . Notes : This has n't been verified at the source , but is instead taken from the letter to Karpf by Cutts Benedict and the page of J.J. Schnebel . Jump up ^ Claiborne , Craig ( September 9 , 1967 ) . `` American Classic : Eggs Benedict '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Rombauer , Irma S. ; Marion Rombauer Becker ( 1995 ) ( 1975 ) . `` Egg Dishes '' . The Joy of Cooking . Illustrated by Ginnie Hofmann and Ikki Matsumoto ( 1st Scribner Edition 1995 ed . ) . New York , NY : Scribner . p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 604570 - 2 . Notes : Title of recipe is poached eggs Blackstone . Uses fried slice of flour dipped tomato , minced bacon , poached eggs , and hollandaise . No bread for base . Jump up ^ `` The Heritage House -- Menu '' . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2006 . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . Eggs Blackstone , poached eggs served with house made English muffin , apple smoked bacon , tomatoes and hollandaise . Notes : Located in Mendocino , California . Jump up ^ `` Rulloff 's -- Sunday Brunch Menu '' . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2005 . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . Eggs Blackstone poached eggs over crispy bacon and thin sliced tomatoes on a toasted English muffin , with hollandaise sauce Notes : Located in Ithaca , New York . Jump up ^ Hirtzler , Victor ( 1988 ) . The 1910 Hotel St. Francis cook book ( 1st ed . ) . Sausalito , Calif. : Windgate Press . ISBN 978 - 0915269068 . Jump up ^ `` Rich mix of patrons makes Moto 's special '' . The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution . December 18 , 1986 . pp. A / 6 . `` eggs Florentine ( $3.95 ) , eggs poached and topped with Hollandaise sauce , served on spinach and English muffin '' Notes : Not directly verified . Viewed through Google News Archive snippet view . Jump up ^ `` Good Stuff Hermosa Beach -- Menu '' . Good Stuff Restaurants . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2006 . Retrieved March 8 , 2007 . Eggs Florentine The same good stuff as the benedict , only with fresh spinach instead of ham Notes : Located in Hermosa Beach , California . Jump up ^ `` The Buff Restaurant -- Menu '' . The Buff Restaurant . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2006 . Retrieved March 8 , 2007 . EGGS FLORENTINE -- SPINACH , CREAM CHEESE , TOMATO , AND MUSHROOMS TOPPED WITH HOLLANDAISE ON A MUFFIN Notes : Located in Boulder , Colorado . Jump up ^ The Editors of Saveur Magazine ( 28 October 2014 ) . SAVEUR : The New Classics Cookbook : 1,000 Recipes + Expert Advice , Tips , and . Weldon Owen . p. 461 . ISBN 978 - 1616287351 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Claiborne , Craig ( May 26 , 1960 ) . `` Maligned Vegetable Has Loyal Fans '' . The New York Times . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Julie R. `` 17 Twists On The Classic Eggs Benedict Recipe '' . Jump up ^ `` Eggs Hemingway ( or eggs Atlantic ) with smoked salmon Shelf5 '' . Shelf5 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eggs Hemingway '' . Instructables . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eggs Benjamin breakfast - Picture of Symposium Cafe Restaurant & Lounge , Markham - TripAdvisor '' . www.tripadvisor.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Huevos Benedictos '' . Instructables . Jump up ^ DeMers , John ( 1998 ) . Food of New Orleans : Authentic Recipes from the Big Easy . Food photography by John Hay ( 1st ed . ) . Boston : Periplus Editions . p. 44 . ISBN 962 - 593 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Recipes -- Eggs Hussarde '' . Brennan 's Restaurant . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2006 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Notes : Located in New Orleans , Louisiana . Jump up ^ Townsend , Elisabeth ( July 24 , 2005 ) . `` Dining Out '' . The Boston Globe . `` Irish Benedict ( $7.50 ) : two poached Eggs and corned beef hash on an English muffin covered with hollandaise sauce '' Notes : Not directly verified . Viewed through Google News Archive snippet view . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast Menu '' . The Field Irish Pub . Retrieved March 30 , 2007 . Toasted muffin topped with Irish bacon & poached eggs finished with Hollandaise sauce . Notes : Located in San Diego , California . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast Menu '' . Strafford Farms Restaurant . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2006 . Retrieved March 30 , 2007 . IRISH BENEDICT 3.95 two poached eggs on an English muffin with corn beef hash topped with a hollandaise sauce Notes : Located in Dover , New Hampshire . Jump up ^ Watts , Phyllis ( December 8 , 2009 ) . Where Food and People Meet ( 1st ed . ) . Xlibris . p. 532 . ISBN 1441571906 . Jump up ^ `` Glad Café Menu '' ( PDF ) . The Glad Café . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Eggs ... Hebridean w. black pudding Notes : Located in Glasgow , Scotland . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast Menu Café Gandolfi '' . Café Gandolfi . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Eggs Hebridean with Stornoway black pudding . Notes : Located in Glasgow , Scotland . Jump up ^ `` Eggs Cochon du Lait '' Eat Your World Jump up ^ `` Five places for great cochon du lait '' Gambit External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eggs Benedict and variations . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Eggs Benedict Who Cooked That Up ? page on origin of the dish with a recipe `` Was He the Eggman ? '' An account in The New York Times about Lemuel Benedict and the efforts of Jack Benedict , the son of Lemuel 's first cousin , to promote Lemuel 's story . Article includes link to an audio slide show . 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